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[ "Call him the Bard of Avon or England’s national poet or ShakeyP, there’s no doubt that William Shakespeare is one of the top contributors in the business today. ", "That’s why we were positively exploding with anticipation when we learned he’d be dropping by our office with a recent build of his latest project, tentatively entitled Hamlet. ", "To our disappointment, Hamlet wasn’t a cross between ham and an omelette, as tasty as that sounds. ", "No, it’s a new play, one that according to its author will break new ground in the often staid tragedy genre. ", "But will Shakespeare’s Hamlet really live up to all the hype? ", "Hit the jump to find out how our demo went.", "\n\nThe scene we were presented with shows the titular Hamlet talking to his mother, Gertrude. ", "Apparently, Hamlet’s father has been killed, and his uncle Claudius sits on the throne under somewhat suspicious circumstances. ", "As best as we could make out, another man, Polonius, is spying on the conversation, and Hamlet, mistaking him for his villainous uncle, stabs him through a sheet. ", "Or would have if the sword actually penetrated it– a Shakespeare rep was quick to point out that the plastic sword we saw would be replaced by a very realistic looking sword in the final shipping version of the play. ", "After that, a ghost shows up and says some more stuff that we didn’t quite get– the plot gets very convoluted at this point, and all we could tell was that Gertrude was mad at her son and that he would be off to England. ", "All in all, though, it was a pretty engaging scene and we were left with a definite sense of what Hamlet is going to be all about.", "\n\nWhat did we like?", "\n\nThe words: If ShakeyP is famous for anything it’s for his way with words. ", "Everyone’s speech was beautifully written and listening to the flowery soliloquies was like experiencing genuine literature.", "\n\nThe action: The only action sequence we got to witness was Hamlet stabbing Polonius, but we were impressed with what we saw. ", "Hamlet convincingly lashed out and both Polonius and the sheet in front of him reacted realistically, with the cloth waving around and the old man dropping to one knee before he died. ", "It’s nuances like this that have given Shakespeare the name he has today.", "\n\nWhat didn’t we like?", "\n\nWhiny young protagonist: Well, maybe ShakeyP’s been taking a little too many cues from the JRPG bag of tricks these days. ", "Hamlet himself is a pretty unlikeable hero, one who spends too much time dithering about what to do and not enough time kicking ass. ", "The devs are trying to portray him as a red-blooded young lad by giving him a love interest named Ophelia, but he seems suspiciously more at home with his buddies Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. ", "How gamers are going to identify with him is beyond us.", "\n\nThe words: Did we mention the play is long and full of words? ", "We found ourselves nodding off a certain points. ", "We suggested some kind of skip function, and the Bard seemed to like our idea, saying that not everyone really needs to hear all of that stuff. ", "We’ll see if something like that gets implemented for the final version.", "\n\nGraphics: The visuals have never been the strongest suit of Shakespeare’s works, but the ones we saw in Hamlet were a little bit concerning. ", "The scene we watched only had three characters on the stage at any one time, and the bedroom setting was so sparse it looked like it could have been something from a couple generations back. ", "Hopefully by the time the play comes out they’ll have passed a few more renders over the whole thing to bring it up to more modern standards." ]

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[ "\n\nShow HN: Heynay. ", "friendly, local neighbor-to-neighbor rentals - raimille1\nhttp://www.heynay.com\n\n======\nraimille1\nStarted this app a few months ago with some co-workers. ", "It's my first shot at\na client-server app. ", "Been learning a ton! ", "I'm originally from Chile, so I plan\non expanding it there as well once we validate the concept.", "\n\nWait for the React web based app! ", "Just came out of Fluent Conference VERY\ninspired with all the new technologies coming up.", "\n\nLooking forward to your feedback!", "\n\n~~~\nnostrademons\nCool app. ", "Is it aimed at transactions between neighbors who don't know each\nother, or neighbors who already have some sort of relationship? ", "If it's the\nformer, how do you handle trust problems like \"How do I know I'm going to get\nmy stuff back?\" ", "If it's the latter, what advantage do you have over sending\nthem a text saying \"Hey, can I borrow X?\"", "\n\nAlso, I'm curious what your experiences have been with market validation? ", "Are\nyou building first and then finding customers, or finding customers and then\nbuilding based on their feedback? ", "What have been the most annoying parts of\nthe process? ", "I'm somewhat interested in building tools to make it easier to\nget to the MVP/validation stage, since in my experience so far, it takes a\nsurprisingly large amount of effort just to get to the point where you can\nshow a potential customer something to react to.", "\n\n~~~\nraimille1\nThanks for the feedback!", "\n\nTo answer you first questions, it's aimed towards both known and unknown\nneighbors. ", "We'll have soon the ability to show you which neighbors you have\nfriends or friends of friends in common so you can opt for those only. ", "How do\nyou know you're getting the stuff back is by security deposit right now.", "\nWorking on a long term more sustainable partnership with an insurance company\nand include it in the service fee.", "\n\nDecided to go with the first. ", "We're two developers mainly, it's been free to\ndevelop in our free time, why not build and let the market talk to us! ", "It is\nexactly what we're doing, by trying to show it off a bit more to the\ncommunity.", "\n\nLastly, all it takes is passion for what you're doing. ", "Dedicating some nights\nof \"oh crap it's 3 am I need some sleep\" but you just can't stop coding. ", "As\nlong as you remain passionate and focused, you'll achieve it! ", "We did this in\nbarely 3 months 10-20 man hours a weekend. ", "With all the free-for-startups\ninfrastructure and tools we have today it's amazing how fast you can prove\nconcepts.", "\n\n------\nerr4nt\nI love the idea, is part of the fee Heynay takes covering insurance if theres\nsomething wrong with the deal?", "\n\nEven if you weren't renting items but were just loaning them to friends it\nmight be nice to have all your loaned/rented items in one spot. ", "For this,\nmaking private listings might be a good feature.", "\n\n~~~\nraimille1\nThanks for the feedback! ", "I;m using the concept of security deposits for now,\nso a hold is placed on the renter's credit card. ", "It's all under the good-faith\nof neighbors.", "\n\nWorking on a more sustainable insurance plan that'll be included as part of\nour service. ", "If not, why not just go and knock on your neighbor's door\nyourself right?", "\n\n------\nxpop2027\nThis looks neat!", "\n\n------\nwnoto\nlooks great\n\n" ]

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[ "Does your child dread math? ", "There’s an app for that. ", "Need help with her focus and memory? ", "There’s an app for that too. ", "With the hundreds of educational apps available, however, it can be challenging to find the right ones. ", "That’s why I love finding lists of best apps to help with this or that." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDjango piston, doesn't work, some TypRerror\n\nWhere could be the error? ", "\nMy code is pretty usual.", "\nhttp://pastebin.com/cFfNNGm5 http://wklej.org/id/518600/ < - This is it\nAnd some my code:\nhttp://wklej.org/id/518601/ \nWithout imports \n\nA:\n\nIt seems that you added your authentication inappropriately: resource.", "Resource(... authentication=MyAuthenticationClass) instead of resource.", "Resource(..., authentication=MyAuthenticationClass()). ", "Types don't match (a type instead of its instance), hence the whole problem.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "A conventional speaker is basically provided with a function for outputting sound or high and low sound levels depending on a user's preference. ", "In a Karaoke room equipped with an accompaniment machine, a user sings a song along with the accompaniment outputted through a speaker, while watching a monitor screen, which displays a background image along with lyrics.", "\nHowever, in the conventional art, since a monitor and a speaker are separately installed in a limited and narrow space, the user may feel inconvenience owing to the limited and narrow space. ", "In addition, since a background image displayed on a monitor may not be synchronized with the sound outputted from the speaker, the user may feel bored. ", "The speaker installed at a huge event concert is expensive and installed at multiple places, so that the monitors or screens showing images may be overlapped with the speakers. ", "It is not easy to properly install multiple speakers and monitors in the limited spaces, so that it is impossible to maximize the event effects." ]

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[ "Reports:PSG to hijack Barcelona deal for star midfielder\n\nFrench football club paris st germain are reportedly set to hijack Barcelona deal for Ajax starlet frenkie de jong.", "\n\nThe Ajax midfielder was set to sign for the catalan club, but psg have now logged a late bid in the eleventh hour.", "\n\nIt is understood that The 21-year-old’s Dutch agent, who is due in Paris at the end of next week, has reached an agreement with the Ligue 1 champions’ board over a 5-year contract worth €8m a year.", "\n\nAlthough Barcelona are still in the hunt for De Jong, the Catalan club’s Sporting Director Eric Abidal has a difficult relationship with key agent Ali Dursun, because of the commission that the latter is seeking in an eventual deal." ]

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[ "The Richmond Roughriders of Arena Pro Football will continue their quest for a perfect season at 7 p.m. Saturday, May 20 at Richmond Coliseum against the Atlanta Furious. ", "Fans can can take advantage of special pricing on tickets and concessions as they cheer for the Roughriders and enjoy in-game entertainment from the Roughriders dance team and Mascots for a Cure’s Sir Braveheart.", "\n\nLower-level tickets will be available for just $12 at the box office only. ", "Fans can also purchase regular-priced tickets in advance by calling (800) 745-3000 or online at Ticketmaster.com. ", "Discounted group tickets are available by calling (804) 592-3401. ", "The Roughriders and Richmond Coliseum will also offer food and drink combos the entire family can enjoy, as well as Bud Light 16 oz bottles for $5. ", "See below for details." ]

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[ "Adrian Klemens: Legacy builder\n\nIt’s a journey that started with a bang! ", "After a broken collarbone forced him to change career path, Adrian has spent the last 20 years forging a sporting legacy up in Finsbury Park. ", "It’s a legacy built on teamwork and community both on and off the field, and his story is not about what he has achieved for himself, but about what he has done for others. ", "This is what defines him as a generous and a selfless gentleman.", "\n\nA long way from his native Australia, Adrian (otherwise known also as Coach K) is in his 20th year coaching the London Blitz American Football Club. ", "He first joined as a coach of the adult squad, there being no youth program at the time, and after just one season was promoted to Head Coach at the age of just 23. ", "He has since been instrumental in building the club into the national powerhouse it is today, taking the team to their first National Championship win in 2007.", "\n\nAdrian then moved to the U19s program, where he continued to make waves, taking the team from winning just a handful of games a year, to a team that has now won five of the last seven National Championships.", "\n\n2017 National Champions\n\nAdrian has had an unparalleled impact on the London Blitz, and on the British American Football community, and the achievements of the London Blitz U19s are a testament to his hard work and dedication. ", "However, while most might might stop for a breather at that point, Coach K was just getting started, and every season he has continued to add to his dynasty.", "\n\nOff the field, Adrian’s work in the wider community centres around the Dynamic Sports Academy (DSA). ", "Adrian founded the DSA in 2007 as a way to engage predominantly young people through multi-sport training. ", "The goal is to get young people to make more positive and productive life choices, and to give focus to their lives. ", "Demonstrating their success, 97% of DSA members go onto further/higher education, compared to a local average of just 35%. ", "The DSA’s Total Athlete Development Program includes speed, strength, performance vision, sport psychology, and workshops on a range of topics including nutrition, sleep & injury prevention.", "\n\nDSA\n\nFurthermore, Adrian is helping young athletes in the community to reach new heights by helping them to secure places at US High Schools and Universities (ranging from Junior College to NCAA Division 1). ", "He is helping others by giving them the tools to realize their dreams.", "\n\nIn addition to his roles at the London Blitz and Dynamic Sports Academy, he is also a trustee for the Finsbury Park Sports Partnership charity, of which he is a founding member. ", "When Finsbury Park Stadium was due to be closed due to council cutbacks, Adrian and others from local clubs formed a charity and took a 35-year lease on the facility. ", "This has allowed the facility to not only stay open for the local community, but they have also managed to raise over £1 million in funding, enabling them to renovate the gym, as well as having a new track and field installed.", "\n\nAdrian’s incredible achievements were recognised on Thursday March 8th, where at Wembley Stadium he was selected from over 300 nominations to be awarded the Volunteer of the Year Award.", "\n\nWinning the Volunteer of the Year award\n\nAdrian has high hopes and optimism for the future, stating that he hopes “receiving this award will bring the organisations I work with into the spotlight for the incredible work they do, and lead to further funding and connections with others who can help them achieve their goals”. ", "However, Adrian is still not done, and he’s looking for “more funding, more volunteers and more connections” to grow these organisations to help “as many people as possible and have a positive impact on their lives”.", "\n\nAdrian’s passion for the game of American Football and his hard work for the wider community exemplify his legacy. ", "Anyone can see that he is a generous kind-hearted gentleman. ", "He strives for the success of others, builds talent and helps others accomplish their dreams. ", "He does all this with such humility, always praising the support he receives from his team at the London Blitz, Dynamic Sports Academy, Finsbury Park Sports Partnership, and most importantly from his wife, who takes the lead on raising their 3 children aged 2, 3 and 5.", "\n\nThrough all of the personal, professional and political hurdles that Adrian has has overcome to build his legacy, he has never backed down, choosing every time to face them head on. ", "Has has cemented his place in the club’s history, earning the love and respect of the entire organisation - we will be forever grateful." ]

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[ "Cute Summer Hairstyles\n\nCute Summer Hairstyles Game. ", "You can play Cute Summer Hairstyles in your browser for free. ", "You run a beauty parlor in the city. ", "People in and around the place will always flock to the shop. ", "These days you have many customers. ", "The reason behind is that summer is it approaching very close by. ", "Emma is the prettiest girl in the city. ", "She always prefers your beauty parlor. ", "She is in your shop now. ", "Adorn the girl with the pretty hair-style. ", "You can take your own time. ", "The lady always wants to look different. ", "So adorn the hair in a manner that everyone would be taken aback. ", "Try to maintain your reputation. ", "Have a good time with the customers.", "\nCute Summer Hairstyles All copyrights and trademarks of this game are held by owners and their use is allowed under the fair use clause of the Copyright Law. ", "If you believe we violating your copyrights, please advise us at [email protected] in order that we can solve the problems." ]

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[ "Q:\n\ncss :after and click function\n\nMy need is to have a watermark on row's table.", "\nI use this code (link to jsfiddle) to have the watermark.", "\nThis is working fine, but I have a click function on some td element and this is covered by watermark.", "\nHow update css to have click and watermark visible. ", "z-index is not working :/\nThanks for your help.", "\n\nA:\n\nSet pointer-events: none; to the watermark. ", "Then it works (http://jsfiddle.net/6YSXC/11/).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The present disclosures relate to electrostatic discharge protection, and more particularly, to an ESD protection circuit with an isolated diode element and method thereof.", "\nElectrostatic Discharge (ESD) events are high electrical potentials with limited energy that can damage the gate oxides of Field Effect Transistors (FET), by forcing currents to flow through the oxides resulting in a weakened oxide, or reaching sufficient potential to rupture the oxide resulting in a gate short (low resistance path) to another device terminal. ", "ESD events can be caused by human body or machines such as wafer saw.", "\nAn ESD protection circuit is comprised of a positive turn-on voltage clamp and a negative turn-on voltage clamp. ", "The positive turn-on voltage clamp design should take into consideration the voltage swing of the signal. ", "It must be designed to sink ESD current at a preset voltage. ", "In most ESD protection circuits, while the design of the positive turn-on voltage clamp requires great attention, the negative turn-on voltage clamp is only designed to sink ESD current at any voltage before device breakdown. ", "Typically, the negative turn-on voltage clamp simply uses a forward diode.", "\nAmong various RF circuits, power amplifiers have stringent requirements in both ESD protection and RF performance. ", "In addition, a problem in the art exists with junction isolated ESD circuits in that a junction isolated ESD circuit is subject to ‘turn on’ when the circuit experiences bias conditions of opposite polarity from its intended normal operating conditions. ", "For radio frequency (RF) field-effect transistors (FETs), such a condition can occur on the gates of the RF FETs (relative to the body) depending upon the drive levels and the class of operation. ", "When the ESD circuit turns on, it can interact with the input signal and bias circuitry, resulting in distortion of the input signal and poor RF performance.", "\nPrior solutions include use of diodes for ESD circuits that are generally fabricated in the single crystal portion of the semiconductor substrate. ", "In addition, isolation provided and used by such diodes is not intended to resolve issue of opposite bias polarity. ", "Furthermore, isolated poly diodes have been used as fuses for programmable cross point arrays, such as in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,670,824 B2. ", "Isolated poly diodes have also been used for input drive protection, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,139,959A. However, isolated poly diodes have not been known to be related to an ESD circuit element to address the problems as discussed herein.", "\nFIG. ", "1 is a schematic representation view 10 of a standard ESD circuit and protected device, as is known in the art. ", "Problems occur with respect to conduction of standard grounded gate n-type Laterally Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor (LDMOS) ggNMOSFET ESD circuits during −Vgs conditions (i.e., negative Vgs voltage conditions). ", "The ESD circuit 14 is formed with a common source with the protected device 12. ", "During operation, a −Vgs on the gate of the main FET 12 is a −Vds on the ggNMOSFET ESD circuit 14 and undesirably forward biases the drain-source junction of ESD circuit 14. ", "Protected device 12 includes, for example, an RF LDMOS FET or other transistor device. ", "For an RF amplifier application, the input can include, for example, a DC bias coupled with an RF signal on top of the DC bias.", "\nAccordingly, there is a need for an improved method and apparatus for overcoming the problems in the art as discussed above.", "\nThe use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items. ", "Skilled artisans will also appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. ", "For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve the understanding of the embodiments of the present invention." ]

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[ "a locus for updates, events, short reflections, and musings about philosophy, politics, religion, language, and whatever else I decide to post" ]

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[ "Great New Zealand Argument\n\nEdited by Russell Brown\n\nPostcards from Elsewhere\n\nBy Graham Reid\n\nPublic Address writer Graham Reid travels from the back roads of America to a cockroach-ridden hotel in Taiwan, from ancient Spain to modern-day Korea. ", "Reid makes these journeys informative, amusing and sometimes downright strange...Read MoreBuy Now\n\nCivil War & Other Optimistic Predictions\n\nBy David Slack\n\nWhen a Maori academic predicted there would be 'civil war' if the Government's seabed and foreshore legislation was passed, a book idea was born...Read MoreBuy Now\n\nBullshit, Backlash & Bleeding Hearts\n\nBy David Slack\n\nA book that digs behind the slogans, myths, mud-slinging and misconceptions on all sides of the current Treaty and race debate to explain exactly where we are, how we got here and where we're heading...Read MoreBuy Now" ]

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[ "Chris Ray\n\nChristopher Thomas Ray (born January 12, 1982) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. ", "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Texas Rangers, San Francisco Giants, and Seattle Mariners.", "\n\nEarly life and career\nRay graduated from Hillsborough High School in Tampa, Florida, and attended The College of William and Mary, where he started on their baseball team. ", "In 2002, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Bourne Braves of the Cape Cod Baseball League. ", "He was selected by the Orioles in the third round of the 2003 Major League Baseball Draft.", "\n\nProfessional career\n\nMinor leagues\nHe spent the and seasons in the Orioles minor league system before being called up in June of .", "\n\nBaltimore Orioles\n\n2005\nIn 2005, Ray allowed only two earned runs in just under 20 innings. ", "However, during the month of August, Ray was optioned to the Orioles' Double-A affiliate, the Bowie Baysox. ", "His stint at Bowie was brief, as he was called up again in late August. ", "The second stint with the Orioles saw Ray allow 4 earned runs in 16 innings. ", "Ray finished 2005 with a 2.66 ERA in 40 innings pitched over 41 games, compiling a record of 1-3 with 8 holds. ", "Ray also compiled a 1.28 WHIP.", "\n\nThe Orioles coaching staff had been so impressed by Ray's 2005 season that they were considering him their closer of the future. ", "But, since the Orioles have had little success with rushing prospects into big league roles, they planned to ease Ray into the closer role sometime in . ", "However, closer B.J. Ryan left the Orioles as a free agent to the Toronto Blue Jays, and the Orioles were unable to sign a closer on the free agent market to serve as a short term solution, causing Ray to be the Orioles' de facto closer.", "\n\n2006\nRay became the full-time closer of Baltimore Orioles for the start of the season. ", "Ray had a very successful first season as the closer for the O's. ", "Ray compiled 33 saves with a 2.73 ERA and 51 strikeouts and allowed an opponent batting average of just .193. ", "Given his success, the Orioles stuck with Ray as their closer for the 2007 regular season. ", "However, his success would not carry over, resulting in a sub par year. ", "During the 2007 season Ray's numbers dropped to 16 saves with a 4.43 ERA and 44 strikeouts.", "\n\n2007-09\nRay underwent Tommy John surgery on August 17, 2007. ", "In August 2008 he made nine rehabilitation appearances in the minor leagues, but did not pitch for the Orioles during the season. ", " In 2009, he made the opening day roster but posted an era of 7.27.", "\n\nTexas Rangers\nRay was traded to the Texas Rangers on December 9, 2009 for Kevin Millwood. ", "He had 35 appearances and an ERA of 3.40.", "\n\nSan Francisco Giants\nRay was traded to the San Francisco Giants, along with pitching prospect Michael Main, for Bengie Molina on June 30, 2010.", "\n\nOn December 2, 2010, the Giants non-tendered Ray, making him a free agent.", "\n\nSeattle Mariners\nRay signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners on January 25, 2011. ", "The deal included an invite to spring training. ", "On August 1, 2011, Ray was placed on the 15-day disabled list with a strained right shoulder latissimus dorsi. ", " He was released on August 16.", "\n\nCleveland Indians\nRay attended spring training in 2012 with the Cleveland Indians as a non-roster invitee. ", "Reassigned to minor-league camp on , Ray began the season pitching in the Triple-A Columbus Clippers opening game on . ", "Ray was released by the Indians on July 7.", "\n\nOakland Athletics\nOn July 13, Ray signed with the Oakland Athletics and was assigned to the Triple-A Sacramento River Cats. ", "He was released on July 26. ", "In the 2012-2013 offseason, he retired.", "\n\nPersonal life\nChris and his wife Alice have two children, Virginia and Thomas. ", "Chris stated in a March 2013 interview he was now retired from baseball.", "\n\nIn November 2012 Chris, his brother Phil Ray, and their families opened a craft brewery in Ashland, Virginia, Center Of The Universe (COTU) Brewing.", "\n\nRay is an avid homebrewer and released a collaborative charity beer with Fremont Brewing Company in July 2011, benefiting Operation Homefront. ", "Named Homefront IPA, it was sold at Safeco Field, Fremont Brewing Company and various retail stores in the Seattle area. ", " In 2013 Homefront IPA was collaboratively produced by nine breweries from all over the country, including Center of the Universe Brewing. ", " In 2014 eleven breweries were involved.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1982 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Baltimore Orioles players\nCategory:Texas Rangers players\nCategory:San Francisco Giants players\nCategory:Seattle Mariners players\nCategory:Baseball players from Florida\nCategory:William & Mary Tribe baseball players\nCategory:Major League Baseball pitchers\nCategory:Aberdeen IronBirds players\nCategory:Delmarva Shorebirds players\nCategory:Frederick Keys players\nCategory:Bowie Baysox players\nCategory:Gulf Coast Orioles players\nCategory:Norfolk Tides players\nCategory:San Jose Giants players\nCategory:Columbus Clippers players\nCategory:Sacramento River Cats players\nCategory:Bourne Braves players" ]

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[ "This application relates to scanning-beam display systems including systems that use polygon scanners to scan one or more optical beams on screens.", "\nIn a scanning-beam display system, an optical beam can be scanned over a screen to form images on the screen. ", "Many display systems such as laser display systems use a polygon scanner with multiple reflective facets to provide horizontal scanning and a vertical scanning mirror such as a galvo-driven mirror to provide vertical scanning. ", "In operation, one facet of the polygon scanner scans one horizontal line as the polygon scanner spins to change the orientation and position of the facet and the next facet scans the next horizontal line. ", "The horizontal scanning and the vertical scanning are synchronized to each other to project images on the screen.", "\nSuch scanning-beam display systems can be in various configurations. ", "For example, scanning-beam display systems may use passive screens that do not emit light but make light of the scanning beam visible to a viewer by one or a combination of mechanisms, such as optical reflection, optical diffusion, optical scattering and optical diffraction. ", "Various front and rear projection displays use passive screens. ", "Scanning-beam display systems can also use active screens such as fluorescent screens that include fluorescent materials to emit colored light under optical excitation where the emitted light forms the images visible to viewers." ]

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[ "Samsung Galaxy Ace\n\nThe Samsung Galaxy Ace (also known as Samsung Galaxy Cooper in some territories) is a smartphone manufactured by Samsung that runs the open source Android operating system. ", "Announced and released by Samsung in February 2011, the Galaxy Ace features an 800 MHz Qualcomm MSM7227 processor with the Adreno 200 GPU. ", "It is available in black, with back covers in three different colors: black, purple and white.", "\n\nIn January 2012, Samsung announced its successor, the Galaxy Ace Plus, and have since released as successor models the Galaxy Ace 2 in May 2012, the Galaxy Ace 3 in July 2013, and the Galaxy Ace 4 in August 2014.", "\n\nThe Galaxy Ace is a 3G smartphone, offering quad-band GSM and announced with two-band HSDPA (900/2100) at 7.2 Mbit/s. The display is a 3.5 inch TFT LCD capacitive touchscreen with its protection by a Gorilla Glass and has HVGA (320x480) resolution. ", "There is also a 5-megapixel camera with LED flash, capable of recording videos at QVGA (320x240) resolution and VGA (640x480) resolution with the Gingerbread update, and a 1350 mAh Li-Ion battery.", "\n\nAndroid firmware for S5830i can be flashed on S5839i (or vice versa) because they use the same hardware, but not S5830, as it does not.", "\n\nCamera\nThe Samsung Galaxy Ace has a 5-megapixel auto-focus camera with a resolution of 2560 x 1920 pixels. ", "It has a LED flash along with the camera for low-light scenes. ", "It also has face and smile detection and geotagging, but does not have a shutter key. ", "The contrast and brightness can be adjusted through on screen menu. ", "It is also capable of up to 2x camera zoom.", "\n\nVideo recording\n\nGaming\nHaving an Adreno 200 GPU, and a lower processor with a lower screen resolution, the Galaxy Ace cannot run high-definition games; however, third-party developers can port some games to work on the Galaxy Ace. ", "As in the GT-S5830i model, the device uses VideoCore IV which may introduce some improved characteristics but has major issues with games since neither Broadcom nor Samsung shares the source code; 3D games that work in original model might have incompatibilities with GT-S5830i. ", "Games and Applications that are ported for the ARM6 do work on this phone.", "\n\nSamsung Galaxy Ace Plus\n\nThe Samsung Galaxy Ace Plus (GT-S7500[L/T/W]) is a later generation of the Samsung Galaxy Ace (GT-S5830), which was released in 2011. ", "It features an 800 MHz single core processor and it also includes the upgraded GUI and TouchWiz 4.0 interface.", "\n\nSee also\n\nSamsung Galaxy Ace Plus\nSamsung Galaxy Ace 2\nSamsung Galaxy Ace 3\nSamsung Galaxy Ace 4\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nApps for Samsung Galaxy Ace\n\nI5800\nI5800\nCategory:Smartphones\nCategory:Android (operating system) devices\nCategory:Mobile phones introduced in 2011" ]

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[ "[Enzyme activity in cell cultures infected with herpesvirus suis].", "\nThe activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactage dehydrogenase (LDH) was studied in chick-embryo fibroblast cultures after inoculation of the virulent strain \"A2\" and the avirulent strain \"MK\" of herpesvirus suum. ", "Strain \"A2\" reduced SDH activity, and so did strain MK, but here the decrease of enzyme activity was slower, and it did not become evident until the 24th hour. ", "LDH activity fluctuated after \"A2\" infection but was generally increased, while there was no change in LDH activity, compared with uninfected control cells, after \"MK\" infection. ", "When interaction of cell and virus took place in the presence of 5-iodo-2-desoxyuridine (IUDR), strain \"A2\" produced little change in the enzymes, but \"MK\" infection was accompanied by a definite fall in SDH and a slight increase in LDH. ", "The presence of IUDR inhibited the proliferation of the virulent strain but had no apparent effect on proliferation of the attenuated strain \"MK\". ", "Investigation of the enzyme activity of cells infected with Aujeszky's disease virus has revealed new biological properties of the virus, which might serve to distinguish between different strains of the virus." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nunderstanding how @HostBinding works in angular for toggleClass directive\n\nI came across the following angular directive:\nimport { Directive , HostListener , HostBinding } from '@angular/core';\n\n@Directive({\n selector: '[appDropdown]'\n})\n\nexport class DropdownDirective {\n @HostBinding('class.open') isOpen = false;\n\n @HostListener('click') toggleOpen() {\n this.isOpen = !", "this.isOpen;\n }\n}\n\nWhile surfing code online , basically the code only toggles the open class on the element the directive is used on , so this directive can be used like so:\n<ul class=\"nav navbar-nav navbar-right\">\n <li class=\"dropdown\" appDropdown>\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"dropdown-toggle\" role=\"button\">Manage <span class=\"caret\"></span></a>\n <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n <li><a href=\"#\">Save Data</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"#\">Fetch Data</a></li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n</ul>\n\nNow what i don't understand is the below line of code in the directive:\n @HostBinding('class.open') isOpen = false;\n\nWhats exactly is it doing and how exactly does it function ? ", "I am not quite understanding the above line of code. ", "can somebody please explain ?", "\n\nA:\n\n@HostBinding allows you to define a binding for a host element of your directive. ", "As you probably know there's a special binding syntax for the class that looks like this:\n<element [class.class-name]=\"expression\">...</element>\n\nYou can read specifics of implementation in How [class] [attr] [style] directives work.", "\nIn your example the li element is the host element and the expression is isOpen so the host binding your referenced essentially defines the following:\n<li class=\"dropdown\" appDropdown [class.open]=\"isOpen\">\n\n" ]

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[ "Chain Letter: texting can be deadly – new clip and trailer\n\nSix friends receive a mysterious chain letter via text messaging and in their email accounts from a maniac who’s hunting down teenagers who fail to forward his online chain letter. ", "Who knew they should take the threats in the chain letter seriously?", "\n\nOr that chain letters using the teens’ favorite technologies to track them can kill? ", "This maniacal game pits friend against friend as they race to beat rules that seem impossible to escape. ", "Break the chain, lose a life. ", "Do you pass it on? ", "Does friendship mean anything?” ", "stars Michael Bailey Smith, Nikki Reed, Noah Segan, Brad Dourif, Keith David, Betsy Russell,Matthew Cohen, Cody Kasch, Michael J. Pagan, Cherilyn Wilson, and Clifton Powell." ]

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[ "Batman and Harley Quinn Hits Theaters\n\nAugust 11th, 2017\n\nFans of Harley Quinn and Batman: The Animated Series are in for a summer treat: the new animated movie, Batman and Harley Quinn, will be released for one night only in the U.S. this August 14th. ", "Using the same animation style as our favorite 90s cartoon, Batman and Harley Quinn is an original story created by legendary Batman Animated Series icon, Bruce Timm. ", "Some of the cast will also sound familiar: Kevin Conroy, of Batman: The Animated Series fame, reprised his role as the Dark Knight along with Loren Lester, the original voice for Robin, as Nightwing. ", "Sadly, Arleen Sorkin, who not only voiced Harley Quinn, but was the inspiration for her creation, did not return. ", "The role of Harley was taken on by The Big Bang Theory's Melissa Rauch.", "\n\nWhen Poison Ivy and The Floronic Man discover a way to save the planet from mankind by turning people into plants, it is up to Batman to stop her –– but he and Nightwing can't do it alone. ", "To catch Ivy, the Dynamic Duo must enlist Ivy's best gal pal and frequent partner in crime, Harley Quinn to help them. ", "In an adventure that will no doubt see the hilarious and untrustworthy Harley test Batman's patience, fans are sure to get all the action, adventure and laughs we enjoyed as kids.", "\n\nBatmanand Harley Quinn promises to be more comedic in nature than Dc's other recent animated films, particularly its controversial version of The Killing Joke. ", "While The Killing Joke received mostly negative reviews from fans and critics alike, it did well financially. ", "This inspired Warner Bros. to release Batman and Harley Quinn in theaters for one night only before releasing it on Blu-ray, DVD, and for digital download." ]

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[ "Leif Efskind\n\nLeif Efskind (10 May 1904 – 26 February 1987) was a Norwegian surgeon. ", "He was the first to perform regular heart surgery in Norway.", "\n\nHe was born at Verdal in Nord-Trøndelag, Norway. ", "He graduated from the University of Oslo. ", "He was associated with the Rikshospitalet and was a professor of surgery at the University of Oslo. ", "He was the father of Lasse Efskind.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1904 births\nCategory:1987 deaths\nCategory:People from Verdal\nCategory:University of Oslo alumni\nCategory:University of Oslo faculty\nCategory:Grini concentration camp survivors\nCategory:Norwegian cardiac surgeons" ]

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[ "Check out our new site Makeup Addiction\n\nlost virginity to a hooker in vegas disappointed" ]

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[ "Isolation of adenoviruses and reoviruses from avian species other than domestic fowl.", "\nAdenoviruses and reoviruses were isolated from pigeons and mallard ducks. ", "In addition, adenoviruses were isolated from budgerigars and a bantam and a reovirus was isolated from a turkey. ", "Primary identification of these viruses was by electron-microscope examination. ", "It was further possible to assign the 4 adenoviruses to recognized fowl serotypes, and the reoviruses shared a common antigen with fowl reoviruses. ", "These viruses were isolated from a variety of clinical conditions." ]

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[ "Gioacchino Pagliei\n\nGioacchino Pagliei (born 1852 in Subiaco, Lazio, died 1896 in Rome) was an Italian painter who worked in the Neo-Pompeian genre.", "\n\nEducation and career\nPagliei studied in Rome at the Accademia di San Luca, where in 1871 he won an award for a drawing and essay. ", "In 1875, he won the Stanziani competition.", "\n\nA follower of F. Grandi, he worked on the decoration of the church of San Lorenzo in Damaso. ", "He also worked at the Palazzo del Quirinale and the Villino Gamberini.", "\n\nHis oil painting style followed the Neo-Pompeian genre.", "\n\nHe was introduced to the Società degli Amatori e Cultori delle Belle Arti in the 1880s where he exhibited A Costume of the Empire, 1882; The Embarrassment, 1884; and Nella scala, 1895-1896.", "\n\nWorks\nPagliei's works include:\n The Naiads, 1881\n Gallant Dragoon\n The Finishing Touches\n La danza \n At the Ball\n Young Girls Dancing by a Fountain\n A Costume of the Empire, 1882\n The Embarrassment, 1884\n Nella scala, 1895-1896.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1852 births\nCategory:1896 deaths\nCategory:19th-century Italian painters\nCategory:Italian male painters\nCategory:Neo-Pompeian painters" ]

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[ "Well-Known Member\n\nIt's so sad that my tax money can't help those fire fighters and their families. ", "Instead it's used to kill brown people overseas. ", "J&G sales is pretty cool, I've done business with them in the past and I will continue to do so in the future.", "\n\nMember\n\nI'm still dumbfounded and unbelievably sad that these folks died, and baffled as to how it could have happened to an entire crew. ", "I was in the trade for 5 years, and my dad has been a wildland firefighter for over 35 years, and i really can't believe it still.......\n\nWELCOME!", "\n\nNorthwest Firearms provides a place for gun owners of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho a place to converse,\norganize, learn, educate, trade, and most importantly, work together to preserve our Second Amendment rights.", "\n\nParticipation is completely free and registration takes only a few moments.", "\n\nAbout Northwest Firearms\n\nWe believe the 2nd Amendment is best defended through grass-roots organization, education, and advocacy centered around individual gun owners. ", "It is our mission to encourage, organize, and support these efforts throughout Oregon, Washington, and Idaho." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAppleScript:IF command doesn't execute\n\nI am a beginner at AppleScript so I really don't know a lot. ", "I have been trying to make the user select from a list of situations and then based on what they choose have an appropriate response. ", "However, I have run into a few problems:\n\nThe script runs but doesn't display the notification.", "\nIs there a better way than just chaining a lot of IF statements?", "\n\nPS: I am nowhere near finishing this whole script.", "\non run\n choose from list {\"Thunderstorm\", \"Flood\", \"Heatwave\", \"Hazmat\"} with prompt \"Please select one of the emergency situations below\" without multiple selections allowed and empty selection allowed\n return the result as string\n if string is Thunderstorm then display notification \"hello\"\nend run\n\nA:\n\nYou made some pretty good guesses about what the sample code you were looking at does; but some of those guesses were wrong. ", "With time you’ll get a better feel for how AppleScript works.", "\n\nYou have the situation names entered correctly as strings in the choose from list line, by surrounding their text with quotes. ", "But in the check to see whether it’s a thunderstorm, you do not surround that text with quotes. ", "AppleScript is looking in a variable called Thunderstorm for its contents, not looking at the string of text “Thunderstorm”.", "\nreturn the result as string does not create a variable called string but rather ends the handler called run, returning the result to whatever code called run, as a string of text. ", "To assign the result of choose from list to a variable, use something like set theSituation to the result as string.", "\n\nHere’s an example of how your code might work better:\non run\n --get the situation we're dealing with\n choose from list {\"Thunderstorm\", \"Flood\", \"Heatwave\", \"Hazmat\"} with prompt \"Please select one of the emergency situations below\" without multiple selections allowed and empty selection allowed\n copy the result as string to theSituation\n\n --Thunderstorms require that the user be immediately notified\n if theSituation is \"Thunderstorm\" then display notification \"hello\"\nend run\n\nSince you have this as a run handler, you probably don’t want to return any result, as you rarely call run handlers. ", "But if you do need to return the result, the last line of the handler (just before end run) would be:\nreturn theSituation\n\nYou might look around for an AppleScript tutorial that fits your needs. ", "Apple has their Introduction to AppleScript Language Guide.", "\nIF statements can be chained using if/else if/else if:\non run\n --get the situation we're dealing with\n choose from list {\"Thunderstorm\", \"Flood\", \"Heatwave\", \"Hazmat\"} with prompt \"Please select one of the emergency situations below\" without multiple selections allowed and empty selection allowed\n copy the result as string to theSituation\n\n --Thunderstorms require that the user be immediately notified\n if theSituation is \"Thunderstorm\" then\n display notification \"hello\"\n else if theSituation is \"Flood\" then\n display notification \"hike pants\"\n else if theSituation is \"Heatwave\" then\n display notification \"Play Bing Crosby\"\n else if theSituation is \"Hazmat\" then\n display notification \"Use highway 183\"\n end if\nend run\n\nThere is no switch/case control structure in AppleScript.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPHP handling XML Feed with Simple XML\n\nI am using the UK Met office api to use some weather information. ", "The XML is layed out as the following:\n<SiteRep>\n <Wx>\n <Param name=\"F\" units=\"C\">Feels Like Temperature</Param>\n <Param name=\"G\" units=\"mph\">Wind Gust</Param>\n <Param name=\"H\" units=\"%\">Screen Relative Humidity</Param>\n <Param name=\"T\" units=\"C\">Temperature</Param>\n <Param name=\"V\" units=\"\">Visibility</Param>\n <Param name=\"D\" units=\"compass\">Wind Direction</Param>\n <Param name=\"S\" units=\"mph\">Wind Speed</Param>\n <Param name=\"U\" units=\"\">Max UV Index</Param>\n <Param name=\"W\" units=\"\">Weather Type</Param>\n <Param name=\"Pp\" units=\"%\">Precipitation Probability</Param>\n </Wx>\n<DV dataDate=\"2013-08-28T08:00:00Z\" type=\"Forecast\">\n<Location i=\"22\" lat=\"53.5797\" lon=\"-0.3472\" name=\"HUMBERSIDE AIRPORT\" country=\"ENGLAND\" continent=\"EUROPE\">\n <Period type=\"Day\" value=\"2013-08-28Z\">\n <Rep D=\"SSW\" F=\"19\" G=\"9\" H=\"59\" Pp=\"0\" S=\"4\" T=\"20\" V=\"VG\" W=\"3\" U=\"3\">720</Rep> \n </Period>\n</Location>\n<Location i=\"25\" lat=\"53.8658\" lon=\"-1.6606\" name=\"LEEDS BRADFORD INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT\" country=\"ENGLAND\" continent=\"EUROPE\">\n <Period type=\"Day\" value=\"2013-08-28Z\">\n <Rep D=\"SW\" F=\"17\" G=\"11\" H=\"72\" Pp=\"7\" S=\"7\" T=\"18\" V=\"GO\" W=\"7\" U=\"3\">720</Rep>\n </Period>\n</Location>\n</DV>\n</SiteRep>\n\nIf I load this XML feed using simplexml_load_file and print_r I get the following output:\n[Wx] => SimpleXMLElement Object\n (\n [Param] => Array\n (\n [0] => Feels Like Temperature\n [1] => Wind Gust\n [2] => Screen Relative Humidity\n [3] => Temperature\n [4] => Visibility\n [5] => Wind Direction\n [6] => Wind Speed\n [7] => Max UV Index\n [8] => Weather Type\n [9] => Precipitation Probability\n )\n\n )\n\n[DV] => SimpleXMLElement Object\n (\n [@attributes] => Array\n (\n [dataDate] => 2013-08-28T08:00:00Z\n [type] => Forecast\n )\n\n [Location] => Array\n (\n [0] => SimpleXMLElement Object\n (\n [@attributes] => Array\n (\n [i] => 22\n [lat] => 53.5797\n [lon] => -0.3472\n [name] => HUMBERSIDE AIRPORT\n [country] => ENGLAND\n [continent] => EUROPE\n )\n\n [Period] => SimpleXMLElement Object\n (\n [@attributes] => Array\n (\n [type] => Day\n [value] => 2013-08-28Z\n )\n\n [Rep] => 720\n )\n\n )\n\n [1] => SimpleXMLElement Object\n (\n [@attributes] => Array\n (\n [i] => 25\n [lat] => 53.8658\n [lon] => -1.6606\n [name] => LEEDS BRADFORD INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT\n [country] => ENGLAND\n [continent] => EUROPE\n )\n\n [Period] => SimpleXMLElement Object\n (\n [@attributes] => Array\n (\n [type] => Day\n [value] => 2013-08-28Z\n )\n\n [Rep] => 720\n )\n\n )\n\nMy issue is the vital data I want are within Rep but I can't seem to handle it when using simplexml? ", "should I do this another way or am i missing something?", "\n\nA:\n\nTry this one for getting Rep\n$xml = simplexml_load_file('file.xml');\n\nforeach($xml->DV->Location as $location)\n{\n $att = $location->Period->Rep->attributes();\n\n echo $att['D'];\n echo $att['F'];\n echo $att['G'];\n echo $att['H'];\n\n etc...\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "I ordered these hoping they were smaller than regular Vitamin C capsules. ", "Very disappointed, they are actually larger, the size of horse pills. ", "Ended up giving them to my husband, because I can not swallow a piil this large. ", "They would be perfect if they were smaller." ]

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[ "Izrail Leplevsky\n\nIzrail Moiseyevich Leplevsky (Russian: Израиль Моисеевич Леплевский; 1894 - July 28, 1938) was the head of the GPU. ", "He was part of the Intelligence Service and Secret police apparatus in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, then People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR from June 14, 1937 to January 25, 1938. ", "His brother Gregory Leplevsky also worked in senior positions in the Soviet Union, including as Prosecutor of the USSR.", "\n\nEarly years\nBorn into a Jewish family in Brest-Litovsk, Grodno Governorate, Leplevsky received a home education and worked afterwards in a hat shop, and in a pharmacy warehouse. ", "In 1914 he was enrolled as a conscript in the Russian army and served on the Turkish front from October 1914 till June 1917.", "\n\nPolitical career\nIn March 1917, Leplevsky became active in the Bolshevik party in Tbilisi. ", "From June 1917 he was a member of the military organization of the RSDLP (Bolshevik) in Yekaterinoslav. ", "Afterwards he made a career in the Soviet secret service, the GPU, in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, culminating in his appointment as People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR from June 14, 1937 to January 25, 1938 during this period he was in charge of mass repressions in Ukraine. ", "established the plan for the elimination of the enemies of the people was responsible for the death of more than 63.950 people.", "\n\nHe was arrested on April 26, 1938, and on 28 July he was shot according to a sentence passed by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR.", "\n\nCategory:1894 births\nCategory:1938 deaths\nCategory:People from Brest, Belarus\nCategory:People from Brestsky Uyezd\nCategory:Belarusian Jews\nCategory:Imperial Russian Jews\nCategory:Soviet Jews\nCategory:Bundists\nCategory:Old Bolsheviks\nCategory:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members\nCategory:First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union\nCategory:People's Commissars for Internal Affairs of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic\nCategory:Soviet interior ministers of Ukraine\nCategory:Commissars 2nd Class of State Security\nCategory:State Political Directorate officers\nCategory:Jewish socialists\nCategory:Belarusian people of World War I\nCategory:Russian military personnel of World War I\nCategory:Recipients of the Order of Lenin\nCategory:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner\nCategory:Great Purge victims from Belarus\nCategory:Jews executed by the Soviet Union" ]

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[ "When an x-ray image is obtained, there is generally an optimal alignment between the radiation source and the two dimensional receiver that records the image data. ", "In most cases, it is preferred that the x-ray source provide radiation in a direction that is perpendicular to the surface of the recording medium. ", "For this reason, large-scale radiography systems mount the radiation head and the recording medium holder at a specific angle relative to each other. ", "Orienting the head and the receiver typically requires a mounting arm of substantial size, extending beyond the full distance between these two components. ", "With such large-scale systems, unwanted tilt or skew of the receiver is thus prevented by the hardware of the imaging system itself.", "\nWith the advent of mobile or portable radiation imaging apparatus, such as those used in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) environments, a fixed angular relationship between the radiation source and two-dimensional radiation receiver is no longer imposed by the mounting hardware of the system itself. ", "Instead, an operator is required to aim the radiation source toward the receiver surface, providing as perpendicular an orientation as possible, typically using a visual assessment.", "\nIn computed radiography (CR) systems, the two-dimensional image-sensing device itself is a portable cassette that stores the readable imaging medium. ", "In direct digital radiography (DR) systems, the two-dimensional image-sensing device is a portable digital detector with either flat, rigid, or flexible substrate support.", "\nFIG. ", "1 shows a mobile x-ray apparatus that can be employed for computed radiography (CR) and/or digital radiography (DR). ", "A mobile radiography unit 600 has a frame 620 that includes a display 610 for display of obtained images and related data and a control panel 612 that allows functions such as storing, transmitting, modifying, and printing of the obtained image. ", "For mobility, unit 600 has one or more wheels 615 and one or more handle grips 625, typically provided at waist-, arm-, or hand-level, that help to guide unit 600 to its intended location. ", "A self-contained battery pack 626 can provide a power source, eliminating the need for operation near a power outlet.", "\nMounted to frame 620 is a support member 635 that supports an x-ray source 640, also termed an x-ray tube, tube head, or generator mounted on a boom apparatus, more simply termed a boom 70. ", "In the embodiment shown, support member 635 has a vertical column 64 of fixed height. ", "Boom 70 extends outward a variable distance from support member 635 and rides up and down column 64 to the desired height for obtaining the image on a portable receiver 10. ", "Boom 70 may extend outward by a fixed distance or may be extendible over a variable distance. ", "Height settings for the x-ray source 640 can range from low height for imaging feet and lower extremities to shoulder height and above for imaging the upper body portions of patients in various positions. ", "In other embodiments, the support member for the x-ray source is not a fixed column, but is rather an articulated member that bends at a joint mechanism to allow movement of the x-ray source over a range of vertical and horizontal positions.", "\nIn computed radiography (CR) systems, the two-dimensional image-sensing receiver 10 is a portable cassette that stores the readable imaging medium. ", "In direct digital radiography (DR) systems, the two-dimensional image-sensing receiver 10 is a portable digital detector with either flat, rigid, or flexible substrate support. ", "Receiver 10, however, because it is portable, may not be visible to the technician once it is positioned behind the patient. ", "This complicates the alignment task for portable systems, requiring some method for measuring source-to-image distance (SID), tilt angle, and centering, and making it more difficult to use a grid effectively for reducing the effects of scatter. ", "Because of this added complexity with a portable radiography system, the technician may choose not to use a grid; the result without a grid, however, is typically a lower-quality image.", "\nThere have been a number of approaches to the problem of providing methods and tools to assist operator adjustment of x-ray source-to-receiver angle. ", "One conventional approach has been to provide mechanical alignment in a more compact fashion, such as that described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,752,948 entitled “Mobile Radiography Alignment Device” to MacMahon. ", "A platform is provided with a pivotable standard for maintaining alignment between an imaging cassette and radiation source. ", "However, complex mechanical solutions of this type tend to reduce the overall flexibility and portability of these x-ray systems. ", "Another type of approach, such as that proposed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,422,750 entitled “Digital X-ray Imager Alignment Method” to Kwasnick et al. ", "uses an initial low-exposure pulse for detecting the alignment grid; however, this method would not be suitable for portable imaging conditions where the receiver must be aligned after it is fitted behind the patient.", "\nOther approaches project a light beam from the radiation source to the receiver in order to achieve alignment between the two. ", "Examples of this approach include U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,388,143 entitled “Alignment Method for Radiography and Radiography Apparatus Incorporating Same” and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,241,578 entitled “Optical Grid Alignment System for Portable Radiography and Portable Radiography Apparatus Incorporating Same”, both to MacMahon. ", "Similarly, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,154,522 entitled “Method, System and Apparatus for Aiming a Device Emitting Radiant Beam” to Cumings describes the use of a reflected laser beam for alignment of the radiation target. ", "However, the solutions that have been presented using light to align the film or CR cassette or DR receiver are constrained by a number of factors. ", "The '143 and '578 MacMahon disclosures require that a fixed Source-to-Image Distance (SID) be determined beforehand, then apply triangulation with this fixed SID value. ", "Changing the SID requires a number of adjustments to the triangulation settings. ", "This arrangement is less than desirable for portable imaging systems that allow a variable SID. ", "Devices using lasers, such as that described in the '522 Cumings disclosure, in some cases can require much more precision in making adjustments than is necessary.", "\nOther examples in which light is projected from the radiation source onto the receiver are given in U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "4,836,671 entitled “Locating Device” to Bautista and 4,246,486 entitled “X-ray Photography Device” to Madsen. ", "Both the Bautista '671 and Madsen '486 approaches use multiple light sources that are projected from the radiation source and intersect in various ways on the receiver.", "\nSignificantly, the solutions noted above are often of little of no value where the receiver and its accompanying grid are hidden from view, lying fully behind the patient as may be the case, for example, for chest x-ray imaging with a portable system. ", "Today's portable radiation imaging devices allow considerable flexibility for placement of the film cassette, CR cassette, or Digital Radiography DR receiver by the radiology technician. ", "The patient need not be in a horizontal position for imaging, but may be at any angle, depending on the type of image that is needed and on the ability to move the patient for the x-ray examination. ", "The technician can manually adjust the position of both the portable cassette or receiver and the radiation source independently for each imaging session. ", "Thus, it can be appreciated that an alignment apparatus for obtaining the desired angle between the radiation source and the grid and image receiver must be able to adapt to whatever orientation is best suited for obtaining the image. ", "Tilt sensing, as has been conventionally applied and as is used in the device described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "7,156,553 entitled “Portable Radiation Imaging System and a Radiation Image Detection Device Equipped with an Angular Signal Output Means” to Tanaka et al. ", "and elsewhere, does not provide sufficient information on cassette-to-radiation source orientation, except in the single case where the cassette lies level. ", "More complex position sensing devices can be used, but can be subject to sampling and accumulated rounding errors that can grow worse over time, requiring frequent resynchronization.", "\nThus, it is apparent that conventional alignment solutions may be workable for specific types of systems and environments; however, considerable room for improvement remains. ", "Portable radiography apparatus must be compact and lightweight, which makes the mechanical alignment approach such as that given in the '948 MacMahon disclosure less than desirable. ", "The constraint to direct line-of-sight alignment reduces the applicability of many types of reflected light based methods to a limited range of imaging situations. ", "The complex sensor and motion control interaction required by the Tanaka et al. '", "553 solution would add considerable expense, complexity, weight, and size to existing designs, with limited benefits. ", "Many less expensive portable radiation imaging units do not have the control logic and motion coordination components that are needed in order to achieve the necessary adjustment. ", "None of these approaches gives the operator the needed information for making a manual adjustment that is in the right direction for correcting misalignment, particularly where an anti-scatter grid is used.", "\nA related problem is the need to achieve a source-to-image distance (SID) that is well-suited for the image to be obtained and for the grid used. ", "Conventional alignment solutions do not provide SID information, leaving it to the technician to make separate measurements or to make an approximate SID adjustment. ", "Moreover, conventional solutions do not provide the technician with tools to help reduce backscatter, caused by misalignment or poor adjustment of the collimator blades. ", "This type of scatter, while not particularly problematic with other types of radiographic imaging, such as dental and mammographic imaging, can be troublesome with portable radiographic imaging apparatus, since the radiation is directed over a broad area. ", "Radiation that works past the imaging receiver and any blocking element associated with the receiver can inadvertently be reflected back into the receiver, adversely affecting image quality. ", "To reduce backscatter as much as possible for chest x-rays and other types of x-ray, the technician is required to estimate the location and orientation or outline of the imaging receiver and to adjust the collimator accordingly.", "\nSignificantly, none of these conventional solutions described earlier is particularly suitable for retrofit to existing portable radiography systems. ", "That is, implementing any of these earlier solutions would be prohibitive in practice for all but newly manufactured equipment and could have significant cost impact.", "\nYet another problem not addressed by many of the above solutions relates to the actual working practices of radiologists and radiological technicians. ", "A requirement for perpendicular delivery of radiation, given particular emphasis in the Tanaka et al. '", "553 application, is not optimal for all types of imaging. ", "In fact, there are some types of diagnostic images for which an oblique (non-perpendicular) incident radiation angle is most desirable. ", "For example, for the standard chest anterior-posterior (AP) view, the recommended central ray angle is oblique from the perpendicular (normal) by approximately 3-5 degrees. ", "Conventional alignment systems, while they provide for normal incidence of the central ray, do not adapt to assist the technician for adjusting to an oblique angle.", "\nThus, it can be seen that there is a need for an apparatus that enables proper angular alignment and positioning of a radiation source relative to an image detection device and an optional antiscatter grid for recording a radiation image." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to Make Array Items As Separate Links in Link Label\n\nI have a LinkLabel which is set up to receive some URLs that result from making a selection in a ComboBox. ", "What I'm trying to accomplish is for the user to select a state from my combo, and then be able to click the individual links that appear in link label. ", "\nHaving my links in array, what I'm getting is the array displays the links as \"one whole\" string, and I want them to separate links. ", "Here's what I have:\nPublic arrAlabama(2) As String\nPrivate Sub Form1_Load(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles MyBase.", "Load\n ' Create array for Alabama and add items.", "\n\n arrAlabama(0) = \"http://www.rolltide.com/\"\n arrAlabama(1) = \"http://www.crimsontidehoops.com/\"\n arrAlabama(2) = \"http://centralalabamapride.org/\"\n\nEnd Sub\n\nPrivate Sub cboSelectState_SelectedIndexChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles cboSelectState.", "SelectedIndexChanged\n ' Populate the link label.", "\n If cboSelectState.", "SelectedIndex = 0 Then\n lnklblLinkbox.", "Text = arrAlabama(0) _\n & vbNewLine & arrAlabama(1) _\n & vbNewLine & arrAlabama(2)\n End If\n\nEnd Sub\n\nI'll have about 3 other arrStateName type arrays, so my SelectedIndex will span from [0] to [3], and each array will contain 3 URL links. ", "\nSo where am I going wrong here? ", "If anyone can give me a boost in the right direction I would appreciate it. ", "Some suggested using Dictionary data type, but I'm new to and when I tried test it out, I got frustrated because it doesn't seem to produce the results I want. ", "Using the TKey and TValue throws me off, and I can never get all of my links to display in the box. ", "I used Integer for my keys, and String for my values (links), but couldn't make it work. ", "Some much needed guidance would be appreciated. ", "Is what I'm trying to do possible, or should I be using some other control types?", "\n\nA:\n\nAdd a RichTextBox and set Detect Urls = true, BorderStyle = None, Backcolor = color of form, if it is on form. ", "The size should be large enough to hold the url's. ", "Then\nPrivate Sub cboSelectState_SelectedIndexChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles cboSelectState.", "SelectedIndexChanged\n 'Populate RichTextBox1.", "\n If cboSelectState.", "SelectedIndex = 0 Then\n RichTextBox1.Text = arrAlabama(0) _\n & vbNewLine & arrAlabama(1) _\n & vbNewLine & arrAlabama(2)\n End If\n\nEnd Sub\n\nIn\nPrivate Sub RichTextBox1_LinkClicked(sender As System.", "Object, e As System.", "Windows.", "Forms.", "LinkClickedEventArgs) Handles RichTextBox1.LinkClicked\n Dim txt As String = e.LinkText 'txt is the link you clicked\nEnd Sub\n\nvalter\n\n" ]

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[ "Clemens, in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,842,194, discloses a capacitive video disc playback system which includes a high density information record having a conductive surface. ", "Initially, information records for this system were of a layered construction, i.e. the record consisted of a plastic disc coated with a layer of conductive metal which was in turn coated with a layer of a dielectric material, such as polystyrene. ", "Subsequently, information discs for this system were improved by replacing the layered construction with a thermoplastic matrix having finely divided carbon particles distributed therein. ", "However, in order to make such improved discs sufficiently conductive to obtain capacitive playback, a fairly high loading of carbon black is required. ", "Formulations presently utilized to prepare capacitive information discs contain about 15 percent by weight of a low density carbon black in a poly(vinyl chloride)-based resin. ", "Suitable conductive molding compositions for these discs are disclosed by Martin et al. ", "in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,228,050. ", "Such formulations contain, in addition to the two principal ingredients, a number of additives such as compatible lubricants, stabilizers, processing aids and the like.", "\nMolding compositions, such as described by Martin et al., ", "are comparatively expensive due principally to the amount of high quality, low density, conductive carbon black contained therein. ", "The number of additives present also contributes to the cost of the disc as each must be separately produced or purchased, checked for purity, stored and the like. ", "It would be beneficial to be able to significantly reduce the amount of carbon black and additives present in each disc without losing the conductivity necessary for capacitive playback of high quality video, audio and color signal information.", "\nA potential means of reducing the carbon black content of a capacitive electronic disc would be to produce a disc having a nonconductive central core with conductive regions or layers on the outer surfaces.", "\nDiscs having a laminated structure are known in the audio record art. ", "For example, audio records have been produced by laminating transparent plastic outer layers onto a picture mounted onto a central core. ", "Audio records, of course, do not require a conductive outer surface. ", "Japanese patent publications Nos. ", "53-119017 and 49-114412 suggest a sandwich-type capacitive electronic disc. ", "These publications, however, are not enabling in that they do not disclose a suitable molding composition for such discs, or any specific process parameters of how a suitable disc might be formed.", "\nO'Mara, in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,390,487, discloses a method of forming a sandwich-type capacitive electronic disc in which the conductive plastic is injected into a compression mold and a nonconductive core material injected inside the conductive material to form a layered preform which is compression molded to form a multilayered capacitive electronic disc. ", "Discs made by this process contain up to about 70 percent by weight of nonconductive material.", "\nRuda, in copending U.S. patent application Ser. ", "No. ", "522,332, filed Aug. 11, 1983, discloses a sandwich-type capacitive electronic disc having conductive layers which are thin in comparison to those in a disc prepared according to O'Mara. ", "In Ruda, the conductive plastic composition is formed into sheets about 2 to 30 mils thick by passing between rollers in commercial calendering equipment or in a two-roll mill. ", "Sandwich discs are formed by compression molding a plastic core between two such sheets. ", "The core is comprised of a conventional audio record formulation. ", "The conductive composition is, in essence, that described by Martin et al.", "\nIn accordance with this invention, a method has been provided to prepare unique sandwich-type capacitive electronic discs which method is advantageous over previous methodologies." ]

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[ "\nICO Marketing Basics That Work - CoinViewApp\nhttps://medium.com/coinviewapp/ico-marketing-basics-511a65eba599\n======\nelliekelly\nThis is terrible advice. ", "Particularly given the SEC's recent focus on ICO's\nand fraud. ", "For example, Google \"SEC Testimonial Rule\" and see how your section\non video interviews is prohibited. ", "That's just one of the many rules you're\nadvising people to run afoul of. ", "No one should do _any_ ICO marketing without\nhaving a securities lawyer look at it.", "\n\nYou should really consider removing this post from medium.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Thursday, October 26, 2006\n\n\"The poor of the rich countries subsidizing the rich of the poor countries\"\n\nFor various reasons I missed Gerard Baker’s very funny and very angry piece about the self-righteous campaign Gap (the store that will sell somewhat inferior goods for superior prices).", "\n\nThe company has joined forces with Bono and the Product Red campaign that has signed up some of the most blue chip of names such as American Express and Motorola. ", "It is pledging to give half of the profits from its iconic red T-shirts and leather jackets to Aids/HIV relief. ", "The campaign was launched here last week, with the always crucial imprimatur of Hollywood. ", "It features stars such as Steven Spielberg and Penelope Cruz in red T-shirts with one-word messages that say, with a modesty that doesn’t fit quite as well as the clothes, INSPI(RED) and ADMI(RED).", "\n\nThat’s Bono of U2, incidentally, the group that has relocated its music publishing company to the Netherlands as the Irish government decided to stop tax allowances for “artists”. ", "Far it be from me to decry good business practice that means you can halve your tax bill but it ill behoves the same people to scream abuse at Western governments for not handing over more tax money (that’s your money and mine, by the way) to a bunch of unaccountable, kleptocratic tyrants.", "\n\nGerard Baker goes through all the various arguments, mentioning inter alia that fifty years of aid have resulted in an Africa whose countries are considerably poorer than they had been when they became independent. ", "This has now been accepted by such luminaries as Richard Downden of the Royal Africa Society.", "\n\nThe aid that has gone to Africa for over 40 years has long ago outstripped the Marshall aid that the West European countries received for 4 years (which was then repaid) with nothing but negative results. ", "And, Mr Baker adds, the only thing that will help poor countries is free trade, that is people in the rich west buying the goods that is produced by the poor in the poor countries.", "\n\nI am sick and TI(RED) of companies trying to demonstrate to me how seriously they take their supposed duty to bring joy to and remove pain from the world. ", "They can take their charge card (S, CREW-necks and mobile phones and ask THEMSELVES) whether this is really the sort of thing they should be doing with their shareholders' money.", "\n\nNow I don’t here intend to demean the charitable spirit or the work of good people such as Bono or Sir Bob Geldof, nor the perfectly decent motivation of millions in the wealthy world who genuinely want to help to improve the wretched lives of those less fortunate than themselves.", "\n\nDon’t get me wrong; charity remains one of the finest of virtues and should, in almost all instances, be encouraged.", "\n\nNor am I going to point out the nauseating conspicuousness of the consumption represented by the RED campaign (“Look,” it says, “I not only look good. ", "I AM good!”) ", "Nor am I even going to dwell on the fact, though I could, that for all the aid Africa has received over the past 50 years, the continent remains poorer than ever, and certainly poorer than parts of the world that have received little in the way of charity in that time.", "\n\nMy problem here is with what this does for the very idea of capitalism, for companies pursuing their real and entirely wholesome responsibility of making money. ", "Free market capitalism, untrammelled by marketing people in alliance with special interest groups on a mission to save the world, has done more to alleviate poverty than any well-intentioned anti-poverty campaign in the history of the globe.", "\n\nBy concentrating on selling quality, low-priced goods, some of them made with labour that would otherwise lie idle (and dying) in the developing world, Gap saves lives.", "\n\nWell, it would do if the goods were low-priced but let that pass. ", "I suspect they are lower priced in the States than here.", "\n\nGerard Baker is a little worried about the fact that companies like Gap actually uses its clout to campaign against capitalism, which cannot be a good thing either for the developed or the developing world.", "\n\nHowever, Tim Worstall, takes a different view. ", "In his opinion, the Gap campaign is nothing but capitalism, red in tooth and claw, at work.", "\n\nThat there are people out there so deluded as to refuse to purchase goods manufactured by the poor of the world, thus making said poor richer, is obviously true. ", "So, create a new brand, which mollifies these people's (entirely misguided) concerns. ", "Take the money off them and use it to purchase goods from the poor of the world and thus make said poor richer. …", "\n\nIn the standard business textbooks this would be a form of branding, of product differentiation, no different from the same companies making both cheap and expensive soap powders that are exactly the same except for their packaging. ", "Consumers get an increase in their utility by buying something that more accords with their self-image of themselves, companies get greater profits because they are able to price discriminate between those with those different self-images.", "\n\nThere is much to be said for Mr Worstall’s point of view. ", "Gap is not going to be the loser by that campaign. ", "Whether the people of sub-Saharan Africa gain anything by it is, at least, open to discussion." ]

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[ "Ashley Lane\n\nAshley Lane may refer to:\n\n Ashley Lane (Hendon), nature reserve in London\n Madison Rayne, American professional wrestler formerly known as Ashley Lane" ]

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[ "In the manufacture of integrated circuits, copper interconnects are generally formed on a semiconductor substrate using a copper dual damascene process. ", "Such a process begins with a trench being etched into a dielectric layer and filled with a barrier layer, an adhesion layer, and a seed layer. ", "A physical vapor deposition (PVD) process, such as a sputtering process, or an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process, may be used to deposit a tantalum nitride (TaN) barrier layer and a tantalum (Ta) or ruthenium (Ru) adhesion layer (i.e., a TaN/Ta or TaN/Ru stack) into the trench. ", "The TaN barrier layer prevents copper from diffusing into the underlying dielectric layer. ", "The Ta or Ru adhesion layer is required because the subsequently deposited metals do not readily adhere to the TaN barrier layer. ", "This may be followed by a PVD sputter process to deposit a copper seed layer into the trench. ", "An electroplating process is then used to fill the trench with copper metal to form the interconnect.", "\nAs device dimensions scale down, the aspect ratio of the trench becomes more aggressive as the trench becomes narrower. ", "This gives rise to issues such as trench overhang during the copper seed PVD deposition, leading to pinched-off trench openings and inadequate gapfill. ", "Additionally, as trenches decrease in size, the ratio of barrier metal to copper metal in the overall interconnect structure increases, thereby increasing the electrical line resistivity and RC delay of the interconnect.", "\nIn addition to the above, seed integration issues are observed at the 32 nanometers (nm) and below nodes using conventional seed/barrier processes. ", "With respect to manufacturing, use of separate barrier and seed layers makes tooling expensive thereby increasing the overall price of production.", "\nThe TaN barrier layer may be deposited by ALD using amine-containing tantalum precursors and ammonia gas (NH3). ", "Unreacted ammonia can cause photoresist “poisoning” in subsequent fabrication operations.", "\nRecently, low thermal stability ruthenium precursors have been used to deposit ruthenium films in seed/barrier applications in an attempt to address the problems discussed above. ", "Typically, the ruthenium precursor is deposited in the presence of molecular oxygen using ALD. ", "In one example, the precursor Ru3CO12 was used to deposit a ruthenium-containing layer, resulting in layers with high carbon and oxygen contamination." ]

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[ "In this\nvideo, I explained how you can find your mobile IMEI no and then how can you\ncheck that your mobile IMEI no is compliant, non-compliant, Valid or blocked.", "PTA will block mobiles in Pakistan after some days, and\nyou can also be affected. ", "I recommend you to that you must check your mobile\nwhen you purchase any new or old mobile phone in Pakistan." ]

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[ "Accusing Senator Ted Cruz of voter fraud, Donald Trump today argued that Mr. Cruz “stole” the election in Iowa.", "\n\n“That is why all of the polls were so wrong, and why he got far more votes than anticipated,” Mr. Trump said on Twitter, suggesting no one predicted that Mr. Cruz would win:\n\nTed Cruz didn't win Iowa, he stole it. ", "That is why all of the polls were so wrong and why he got far more votes than anticipated. ", "Bad! — ", "Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) February 3, 2016\n\nMr. Trump then went further, saying Mr. Cruz committed fraud, suggesting that Cruz’s campaign suggesting that Ben Carson would drop out amounted to fraud, as did his campaign’s mailers about “voting violations:”\n\nMany people voted for Cruz over Carson because of this Cruz fraud. ", "Also, Cruz sent out a VOTER VIOLATION certificate to thousands of voters. — ", "Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) February 3, 2016\n\nThe Voter Violation certificate gave poor marks to the unsuspecting voter(grade of F) and told them to clear it up by voting for Cruz. ", "Fraud — Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) February 3, 2016\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "An experimental latex agglutination test for antibody detection in human African trypanosomiasis.", "\nA latex card agglutination test for detection of antibodies in human African trypanosomiasis is presented. ", "The latex was covalently coated with semipurified surface glycoprotein of Variable Antigen Type LiTat 1.6 of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. ", "Sera from 100 patients infected with T.b. ", "gambiense, 26 patients infected with T.b. ", "rhodesiense and 707 individuals without trypanosomiasis, including 132 malaria seropositives, have been tested. ", "At serum dilution 1:16, sensitivity of the test was 91% for the T.b. ", "gambiense and 42.3% for the T.b. ", "rhodesiense group. ", "Specificity was over 99%. ", "The reagent remained stable at +/- 6 degrees C for at least 3 months. ", "Reagent kept at 37 degrees C for 3 months retained its sensitivity and showed a slight decrease in specificity." ]

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[ "More Information\n\nProperty Description\n\nUnique country property, gorgeous setting with 13.533 acres and huge pond, ranch home situated back off the road for privacy, early 1980’s constructed home that will need some updating, features include an open great room floor plan with living room, dining area, stainless appliance filled kitchen and sun room with stunning views, massive vaulted ceiling family room with easy care laminate flooring, owners suite with double closets and private bath, walkout lower level with rec room plus two bonus rooms that could be used as bedrooms, enclosed sun porch, relaxing rear deck and patio space, attached and oversized 2 car garage, whole house generator, detached 30 x 30 pole barn, located just East of the Gambier Village and Kenyon College, a must see home for $205,000.", "\n\nEqual Housing Opportunity\n\nTotal Access grants you the ability to download reports, disclosures, virtual tours, home database\ninformation, and much more! ", "Registration is easy. ", "Sign up today and your confirmation will be sent\ndirectly to your inbox!" ]

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[ "President Donald Trump’s apparent attempts to gain leverage over CNN's coverage come after he adamantly opposed the deal that allowed him to call for a boycott of AT&T. | Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images White House Trump suggests AT&T boycott to force changes in CNN coverage\n\nPresident Donald Trump kicked off his state visit to the United Kingdom on Monday with a complaint about CNN, the cable network he loves to hate, urging a boycott of the network’s new corporate owner, AT&T.\n\nAs the president traveled to Buckingham Palace in London for lunch with the royal family, Trump fired off a pair of tweets complaining that CNN, whose coverage the president often says is unfair to his administration, \"is the primary source of news available from the U.S.\" in the UK. ", "Trump, known to be a voracious consumer of cable news, wrote that he felt compelled to turn the channel off.", "\n\n\nHe went on to suggest that the network's parent company, AT&T, \"do something\" about CNN's coverage and leveled a threat against the company.", "\n\n“I believe that if people stoped [sic] using or subscribing to @ATT, they would be forced to make big changes at @CNN, which is dying in the ratings anyway,” Trump vented in a tweet blasted out to his 60 million followers. “", "It is so unfair with such bad, Fake News! ", "Why wouldn’t they act. ", "When the World watches @CNN, it gets a false picture of USA. ", "Sad!”", "\n\nA CNN spokeswoman did not immediately return a request for comment.", "\n\nTrump’s apparent attempts to gain leverage over the network's coverage come after he adamantly opposed the deal that allowed him to call for a boycott of AT&T.\n\nAT&T recently acquired Time Warner, the company that owns CNN and its properties, in a deal that Trump vowed to block as a presidential candidate and that the Justice Department fought in court on antitrust grounds until earlier this year. ", "In February, a federal appeals court upheld a lower-court ruling rejecting the Justice Department’s challenge to the merger, allowing it to go forward.", "\n\nThe next month, The New Yorker reported that earlier in his administration, Trump had instructed then-National Economic Council Director Gary Cohn to pressure the Justice Department into filing suit over the merger, a directive Cohn resisted. ", "The article piqued the attention of House Democrats investigating the president, but the White House in April rebuffed their requests for documents about discussions relating to the merger." ]

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[ "<html>\n\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\">\n<meta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 11 (filtered)\">\n<title>Report Description: Profiler Trace Analysis</title>\n<style>\n<!--", "\n /* Font Definitions */\n @font-face\n\t{font-family:Wingdings;\n\tpanose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}\n@font-face\n\t{font-family:PMingLiU;\n\tpanose-1:2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}\n@font-face\n\t{font-family:\"Trebuchet MS\";\n\tpanose-1:2 11 6 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;}\n@font-face\n\t{font-family:\"\\@PMingLiU\";\n\tpanose-1:2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}\n /* Style Definitions */\n p.MsoNormal, li.", "MsoNormal, div.", "MsoNormal\n\t{margin:0in;\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\n\tfont-family:\"Trebuchet MS\";}\nh1\n\t{margin-top:12.0pt;\n\tmargin-right:0in;\n\tmargin-bottom:3.0pt;\n\tmargin-left:0in;\n\tpage-break-after:avoid;\n\tfont-size:16.0pt;\n\tfont-family:\"Trebuchet MS\";}\nh2\n\t{margin-top:12.0pt;\n\tmargin-right:0in;\n\tmargin-bottom:3.0pt;\n\tmargin-left:0in;\n\tpage-break-after:avoid;\n\tfont-size:14.0pt;\n\tfont-family:\"Trebuchet MS\";\n\tfont-style:italic;}\nh3\n\t{margin-top:12.0pt;\n\tmargin-right:0in;\n\tmargin-bottom:3.0pt;\n\tmargin-left:0in;\n\tpage-break-after:avoid;\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\n\tfont-family:\"Trebuchet MS\";}\n@page Section1\n\t{size:8.5in 11.0in;\n\tmargin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;}\ndiv.", "Section1\n\t{page:Section1;}\n /* List Definitions */\n ol\n\t{margin-bottom:0in;}\nul\n\t{margin-bottom:0in;}\n-->\n</style>\n\n</head>\n\n<body lang=EN-US>\n\n<div class=Section1>\n\n<h1><span lang=EN-ZW>Report Description: Profiler Trace Analysis</span></h1>\n\n<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZW>The purpose of the Profiler Trace Analysis\ntop-level report is to graph the rate of query execution and the amount of CPU\nand I/O used over time, and to identify the most expensive queries in your\nworkload.", "  </span></p>\n\n<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZW>&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZW>Use the graph of query execution statistics\nat the top of the report to identify which type of activity appears to be the\nbottleneck in your system.", "  Then use the Expensive Queries list at the bottom\nof the report to identify the query that is using the most of that resource.", " \nFor example, suppose that you had imported a profiler trace that was captured\nwhen your server was CPU-bound.", "  You would sort the Expensive Queries list by\nCPU use by clicking the sort icon on the CPU column header (click the icon twice\nto sort in descending order).", "  Once you have identified the offending query,\nclick the query text to drill into a similar report showing the execution\nstatistics for that particular query.", "  In the child report you can see whether\nthe rate of execution of the query increased, or whether the CPU cost per\nexecution changed, for example due to a different query plan.", "  </span></p>\n\n<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZW>&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZW>Other comments: </span></p>\n\n<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>\n <li class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZW>Each 1000 CPU (ms)/sec represents 100%\n CPU utilization for one logical processor (hyperthreading processors or\n processors with multiple cores may expose more than one logical processor\n per socket).", "  If you have a 4 processor system, for example, a query that\n used an average of 2000 ms of CPU time each second would have be\n responsible for an overall system CPU utilization rate of 50%.", "  </span></li>\n <li class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZW>One of the primary advantages of this\n report is that it shows the total cost of a query across all executions of\n queries with the same form.", "  The Profiler utility that is included with\n SQL Server allows you to order a trace to identify the individual query\n instance that consumed the most CPU time, but it is very often the case\n that the most expensive query on a system is a relatively quick, but\n frequently-executed, query.", "  For example, a query that consumes just 250ms\n of CPU time per execution will completely saturate an 8-processor server\n if it is executed more than 30 times each second.", "  It is extremely\n difficult to determine what query you should focus on without the type of\n aggregated view of query cost that this report provides.", "  </span></li>\n <li class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZW>This report is based on data loaded into\n the Diagnostic Data Warehouse by a utility called TraceBuster.exe (located\n in the “Collection” directory within the SQL Nexus startup folder).", "  This\n utility parses query text and strips out inline query parameter data,\n leaving a “template” form of the query that is the same for all executions\n of the query. ", "</span></li>\n <li class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZW>If you want to zoom in on a particular\n time window within the trace, click the parameters button on the report\n toolbar and choose a Start Time and End Time. ", "</span></li>\n <li class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZW>You can use the Profiler Trace Analysis\n reports for both live server monitoring and for offline analysis of trace\n data captured during a previous problem period.", "  For more information\n about the latter scenario, see the <b><i>Quick Start (Postmortem Analysis)</i></b>\n </span>help topic.", "  </li>\n</ul>\n\n<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZW>&nbsp;</span></p>\n\n</div>\n\n</body>\n\n</html>\n" ]

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[ "Introduction {#sec1-1}\n============\n\nThe ontogenesis of B-lymphocytes in humans takes place in the bone marrow.^[@ref1],[@ref2]^ The first recognizable B-cell precursors are called hematogones (HGs) and are lymphoid-appearing cells. ", "Their morphology, in the first stages of development, is similar to that of lymphoblasts, while more mature HGs resemble mature B-lymphocytes. ", "Although HG detection is possible by light microscopy in bone marrow histological samples and/or aspirates,^[@ref3]^ the most precise tool to identify and enumerate them is represented by multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC), which allows to characterize various stages of development of HGs and to study all phases of B-lymphocyte ontogenesis.^[@ref5],[@ref6]^\n\nHG phenotype is characterized by a dynamic evolution of antigens associated with B-cell development, with progressive down-regulation of CD34, CD10 and CD38, and progressive up-regulation of CD45, CD20, CD22 and surface immunoglobulin light chains. ", "Using MFC, three main stages (stage 1, 2 and 3) of HGs can be detected, and they can be distinguished from the final stages of B-cell ontogenesis, which includes both transitional and mature, naïve B-lymphocytes.", "\n\nSeveral papers, dealing with HG recognition and enumeration, have so far been published, and recent interesting reviews have provided an extensive survey of such a topic.^[@ref5],[@ref6]^ To the best of our knowledge, all previous investigations were carried out by 4-color MFC, requiring the organization of more than one antibody combination, without the possibility of detecting HGs and assessing clonality of mature B-lymphocytes in the same sample.", "\n\nIn the current paper we describe a rapid, simple 7-color tube which can be used for routine purposes and allows to identify normal and neoplastic B-lymphocytes, to assess their clonality, and to detect and enumerate HGs. ", "Since our laboratory is particularly involved in hematological malignancies diagnosis, we applied this diagnostic MFC tube to samples obtained from patients suffering from B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs). ", "The current paper deals with 171 consecutive cases and includes patients in different phases of disease (at diagnosis, under chronic observation), either with or without bone marrow involvement by disease.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#sec1-2}\n=====================\n\nPatients {#sec2-1}\n--------\n\nOne hundred and seventy-one patients, suffering from various types of B-NHL were studied: 95 were males and 76 females, with age ranging 20-83 ([Table 1](#table001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "B-NHL subtypes were diagnosed according to the 2008 WHO classification.^[@ref7]^ Ninety-five patients (mean age 60.58, SD 13.39, SEM 1.37, range 20-83) were studied at diagnosis, when bone marrow samples were obtained in the course of disease staging. ", "Seventy-six patients (mean age 60.63 ys, SD 11.24, SEM 1.16, range 38-82) were evaluated during follow-up, after at least 12 months from terminating chemotherapy. ", "Both bone marrow biopsy (BMB) and myeloaspirate (MA) were obtained from all patients, in order to carry out synchronous histological and cytological evaluation and to analyze aspirate samples by MFC.", "\n\nMyeloaspirate evaluation {#sec2-2}\n------------------------\n\nMA smears, stained by May-Grünwald-Giemsa, were observed at light microscopy in order to identify hemodiluted samples, which were not considered for our study.", "\n\nBone marrow histology {#sec2-3}\n---------------------\n\nBone marrow trephines were fixed in Myelodec® reagent A (Bio-Optica, Milan, Italy) for 2 hr, decalcified, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 3-5 µm sections. ", "Morphological evaluations were carried out on hematoxylin-eosin, Giemsa, and Gordon-Sweet for reticulin-stained sections. ", "Immunohistochemical stainings were performed using a peroxidase-based system and included antibodies specific for CD20/L6, CD3/PS1, CD5/4C7, CD23/1B12, CD45, CD79a, bcl-2/100-D5, cyclin-D1 (DSC-6), CD43, CD10, CD1a/EP3622, CD4/SP35, CD8/SP57, CD30/Ber-H2, CD45RO/UCHL-1, CD56/123C3, CD57/NK-1, CD68/KP1, CD68R/PGM-1, Granzyme B policlonal, MUM-1/MRQ-43, lysozyme/polyclonal, glicophorin A/GA-R2, myeloperoxidase/polyclonal, and polyclonal antibodies directed to immunoglobulin γ and µ heavy chains, and K and λ light chains. ", "A BenchMark automated Slide Stainer (Ventana, Milan, Italy) was used.", "\n\nFlow cytometry reagents and devices {#sec2-4}\n-----------------------------------\n\nMFC was carried out by a FacsCanto II cytometer (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) equipped with three lasers (488, 633, 405 nm) and capable of analyzing combinations of the following fluorochromes: FITC, PE, PerCP-Cy5.5, PE-Cy.7, APC, APC-Cy.7, Am-Cyan/Horizon V500, Pacific Blue/Horizon V450. ", "Data were analyzed by the FacsDiva software (Becton Dickinson). ", "The following monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), all purchased from Becton Dickinson, were used: CD45, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD10, CD11c, CD16-56, CD5, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD23, CD25, CD34, CD38, CD43, CD79b, CD81, CD103, CD200. ", "For clonality assessment, F(ab')~2~ polyclonal rabbit antibodies directed to human immunoglobulin K and λ light chains, purchased from Dako, were used. ", "Different combinations of antibodies were used, in order to identify HGs, normal and neoplastic B-lymphocytes, minimal residual disease. ", "The setup of the cytometer was carried out by the BD cytometer setup and tracking beads kit (Becton Dickinson) and fluorescence compensation was performed automatically.", "\n\nFlow cytometric detection of hematogones and simultaneous clonality assessment {#sec2-5}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nMyeloaspirate samples (50 µL), were subjected to preliminary erythrocyte lysis by NH~4~Cl (5 min), followed by two washings with PBS (300 g for 5 min). ", "The cell pellets were pre-incubated with heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (50 µL, 15 minutes). ", "B-lymphocyte clonality assessment and HG detection and enumeration were carried out by a single, seven-color tube. ", "In 50 cases the antibody panel included: K/FITC; λ/PE; CD20/PerCP-Cy5.5; CD5/PE-Cy.7; CD10/APC; CD19/APC-Cy.7; CD45/Am-Cyan. ", "In the remaining samples, the antibody panel included: K/FITC; λ/PE; CD20/PerCP-Cy5.5; CD19/PE-Cy.7; CD10/APC; CD45/APC-Cy.7; CD5/Horizon V450. ", "Saturating amounts of antibodies (FITC- and PE-conjugated antibodies, 7 µL; for the other ones, 5 µL) were used. ", "After incubation for 20 minutes, samples were processed by acquisition of 100.000 events and a well-defined cluster of at least 10 cells in the CD45/SSC display was considered as suitable for analysis, thus allowing a 0.01% sensitivity. ", "In preliminary tests, additional tubes were organized, in order to obtain a more detailed analysis of HGs, using the following MoAb combinations: CD45/CD10/CD19/CD20/CD34; CD45/CD19/CD22/CD34/CD38.", "\n\nRoutine flow cytometric analysis of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas {#sec2-6}\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nRoutine MFC assays were used for diagnostic purposes by means the following MoAb combinations: i) CD38,CD4,CD8,CD5,CD19,CD16-56,CD3,CD45 (orientation tube, identification of CD19+/CD5+ lymphocytes; ii) CD19,CD20, CD22,CD79b,CD5,CD45,CD23 (for the differential diagnosis of B-NHLs;) iii) CD19,CD20,CD5, CD200,CD25,CD11c,CD103,CD45 (for the differential diagnosis between hairy cell leukemia and marginal zone lymphomas, and among CD5+ B-NHLs; iv) CD45,CD19,CD20,CD5,CD43, CD81 (for the diagnosis of CLL and identification of minimal residual disease). ", "Analysis was carried out by acquiring 100.000 events/tube and, considering as suitable a well-defined cluster of 10 cells in the CD45/SSC display, sensitivity was 10^--4^. Criteria for bone marrow involvement were: clonal K or λ restriction (reference values: 0.5:1-3:1); specific immunophenotype (such as the CD19+/CD20+/CD103+/CD11c+/CD25+/CD200+ co-expression in hairy cell leukemia); typical immunophenotypic pattern (such as CD19+/CD5+/CD23+CD200+/CD43+/CD20+^weak^/CD81-/CD79b- in CLL; CD19+/CD5+/CD23-/CD20+^bright^/CD79b+/CD200- in MCL, or CD10+/CD20+CD19+^weak^/CD43- in follicular lymphoma).^[@ref8]^\n\nStatistics {#sec2-7}\n----------\n\nMeans, standard deviations and standard errors of means were calculated by routine methods. ", "When necessary, the Spearman correlation test was used. ", "Differences were considered as statistically significant with P\\<0.05.", "\n\nResults {#sec1-3}\n=======\n\nSimultaneous identification of hematogones and mature B-lymphocytes {#sec2-8}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n[Figure 1](#fig001){ref-type=\"fig\"} is representative of the single-tube seven-color analysis of a normal bone marrow sample (in this case, obtained from a patient with a follicular lymphoma limited to a single lesion of the skin). ", "A sequential gating analysis was carried out. ", "The first gate (P1, [Figure 1](#fig001){ref-type=\"fig\"}) was set to include both lymphocytes and events within the so-called *blast gate,*^[@ref11],[@ref12]^ and the second gate (P2, [Figure 1](#fig001){ref-type=\"fig\"}) included CD19+ cells. ", "In several samples, as shown in this case, a distinct CD19+/CD5+^weak^ B-cell population could be gated (P3). ", "In the following cytogram ([Figure 1](#fig001){ref-type=\"fig\"}), the P2 population was found to be composed of three different populations: HGs, with either negative or heterogeneously positive CD20 (P4 and P5, respectively) and mature B-lymphocytes (P6), which were polyclonal, while the two HG subsets lacked surface immunoglobulin light chains. ", "The cell population with CD19+/CD5+^weak^ co-expression (P3) was found to lack CD10 and to be polyclonal and CD20+, thus resulting similar to mature B-lymphocytes. ", "Finally, back gating of the four B-cell subsets demonstrated a different CD45 expression ([Figure 1](#fig001){ref-type=\"fig\"}), with increasing positivity starting from the P4 population, which resulted the most immature. ", "CD5+^weak^ mature B-lymphocytes were found within the lymphocytic gate.", "\n\nPreliminary tests to dissect the hematogone population {#sec2-9}\n------------------------------------------------------\n\n[Figure 1](#fig001){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the different expression of additional markers shown by HGs and mature B-lymphocytes, after CD19 gating (P2, [Figure 1](#fig001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The most immature HG subset, called stage 1 HGs, showed co-expression of CD19,CD34, CD10^bright^,CD38^bright^. HGs negative for CD34 resulted positive for CD10 and CD38. ", "Mature B-lymphocytes were negative for CD34 and CD10, and resulted to be negative or weakly positive for CD38, with heterogeneous expression.", "\n\nSuch additional tests showed that the CD10+/CD20- HG subset consisted of type 1 and type 2 HGs (as demonstrated in [Figure 1](#fig001){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and that all CD34-negative HGs were similar in terms of CD38 and CD22 expression.", "\n\nWe found that the prevalent HG subset was CD34-/CD20- (stage 2 HGs) and accounted for about 60% (mean values), while stage 1 and stage 3 HGs accounted for about 15% and 25% of all HGs, respectively (data not shown).", "\n\nEnumeration of hematogones and mature B-lymphocytes and data reporting {#sec2-10}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAccording to the above results, using the seven-color tube developed for routine purposes, HGs were enumerated as a whole population which consisted of all CD19+/CD10+ events, irrespectively from CD20 levels, with intermediate CD45 levels and without surface immunoglobulin light chains. ", "Mature B-lymphocytes were enumerated as the cell population consisting of polyclonal CD19+/CD20+/CD5-/CD10- events plus polyclonal CD19+/CD20+/CD5+ events (if present). ", "Data were expressed in term of percentage of the total events acquired. ", "B-cell clonality was expressed as K/λratio.", "\n\nHematogones and mature B-lymphocytes in non-infiltrated bone marrow samples from B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients at diagnosis and in patients in follow-up {#sec2-11}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nOne-hundred and twenty-nine bone marrow samples (75 at diagnosis, 54 in the course of follow-up) were found to be not interested by neoplastic infiltration by combination of morphology and immunophenotypic assays. ", "Results are shown in [Table 2](#table002){ref-type=\"table\"}: we observed that both the percentage of HGs and the percentage of polyclonal B-lymphocytes were higher in patients during follow-up, with a statistically significant difference. ", "In such samples, HGs were always detected and a wide range of values was registered.", "\n\nPercentages of hematogones and B-lymphocytes in patients with infiltrated bone marrow {#sec2-12}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSamples with bone marrow involvement by disease were 42 (CLL: 16; MZL: 10; FL: 5; HCL: 3; MCL: 2; SLL: 2; LPL: 2; WM: 2). ", "Neoplastic infiltration was associated with a significant decrease in the percentage of HGs. ", "This reduction was observed essentially in samples with \\>25% neoplastic infiltration ([Table 2](#table002){ref-type=\"table\"}) and correlation tests showed a clear relationship between decreasing HG percentage and increasing lymphomatous infiltration ([Figure 2](#fig002){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nFailure to detect hematogones in infiltrated samples concerned only 4 patients included in the subset of samples with \\>25% bone marrow infiltration. ", "Therefore, the percentage of samples without detectable HGs, using our diagnostic conditions, resulted very low (2.3%). ", "HGs were easily distinguished from both normal and neoplastic B-lymphocytes, as shown in representative cases of CLL and follicular lymphoma ([Figure 3](#fig003){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nSamples with hematogone hyperplasia {#sec2-13}\n-----------------------------------\n\nThe percentage of samples with HG hyperplasia, defined as HGs \\>3.5%, resulted to be very low, since only one sample (patient at diagnosis, uninvolved bone marrow) showed 5.4% HGs, and other 5 samples showed HGs ranging 3.6-4.7. ", "Thus, HG hyperplasia accounted for 3.5% of all samples. ", "Despite the use of a diagnostic tube which included CD5, we were not able to find HGs positive for this molecule, since the B-lymphocyte subset co-expressing this molecule was always found to overlap the phenotype of polyclonal, mature B-lymphocytes and to show polyclonal expression of surface immunoglobulin light chains.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec1-4}\n==========\n\nHuman B-lymphocyte ontogenesis occurs in the bone marrow, starting from a common myeloid-lymphoid precursor, through several development stages. ", "The most immature progenitors of B-lymphocytes are very rare cells and cannot be detected by routine methods.^[@ref1],[@ref13]^\n\nThe first B-lymphocyte precursors recognizable by MFC are called HGs and can be identified by means of combination of some antibodies directed to markers which are down- or up-regulated in the course of evolution towards mature cells.^[@ref6]^ Using the flow cytometric approach, HGs can be distinguished in three main subsets.^[@ref14]^\n\nStage 1 HGs are characterized by positivity for TdT,CD34,CD19,CD38 and CD10. ", "Stage 2 HGs lack TdT and CD34 and are positive for CD 19, CD10, CD38, cytoplasmic IgM. Stage 3 HGs are similar to the previous stage, but show a progressive expression of CD20 and surface immunoglobulin light chains. ", "In this stage initial expression of CD22 occurs, along with a progressive reduction in CD10 expression. ", "The expression of CD45 progressively increases during maturation from stage 1 to stage 3 HGs. ", "According to the current literature, stage 2 HGs are the main population, accounting for about 65% of all the HG population.", "\n\nThe final B-lymphocyte development leads to the formation of mature cells which show the brightest expression of CD45 and are positive for CD19,CD20, surface IgM and IgD. Such cells are polyclonal, show down-regulation of CD38 and lack CD27 (*i.e.,* they are naïve cells). ", "Several bone marrow specimens show the presence of a subset of mature, polyclonal B-lymphocytes which co-express CD5,^[@ref19],[@ref20]^ and have been termed transitional B-lymphocytes.", "\n\nThe bone marrow, however, is a frequent site of localization of B-NHLs. ", "This behavior, which is characteristic of CLL and HCL, concerns variable percentages of the other NHL histotypes.^[@ref21]^ Bone marrow investigation is one of the steps of disease staging, since evidence for bone marrow involvement results in a diagnosis of stage IV disease and is associated with shortened survival.", "\n\nMFC is one of the methods currently used to analyze bone marrow samples in B-NHLs and provides important data in order to measure lymphomatous infiltration, to improve differential diagnosis and to detect minimal residual disease.^[@ref8],[@ref22],[@ref23]^\n\nOur laboratory is involved in diagnosis and monitoring of NHLs and routine analysis is carried out by combinations of 7 or 8 antibodies.^[@ref9]^ Among the various diagnostic tubes, we developed a 7-color method to perform a simultaneous detection of normal B-lymphocytes, neoplastic cells and hematogones, using CD45, CD19, the main B-cell markers which are differently regulated during B-lymphocyte development (CD10 and CD20), antibodies specific for K and λ light chains, and CD5.", "\n\nUsing our technical approach, we were able to detect HGs in 97.6% of cases, with failure only in a few samples with marked neoplastic infiltration. ", "We found that uninvolved bone marrow samples from patients in follow-up, studied at least 12 months from last chemotherapy, showed higher HG percentages than patients with normal bone marrow, but evaluated at diagnosis. ", "The mean percentage of HGs enumerated in patients in follow-up was 1.3% and resulted very similar to the results (1.1%) reported by McKenna *et al.* ", "in 207 specimens evaluated by the same NH~4~Cl lysis procedure as ours.^[@ref15]^ Similarly, results were characterized by high standard deviation values, due to a very wide range. ", "To date, the percentage of HGs in normal subject remains unknown, as discussed by Chantepie *et al.", ",*^[@ref6]^ but it is probable that values of 1.1-1.3% might be considered as near to normal figures.", "\n\nIt should be underlined the fact that our patients' population consisted of only NHLs cases and that mean age was about 60 years, with no patients under 20 years. ", "Thus, some differences might be due to patients' characteristics, since children usually show higher HG percentages than adults, and since HGs seem to decline with age.^[@ref15]^\n\nIn pathologic, infiltrated bone marrow samples our diagnostic tube was found to distinguish neoplastic lymphocytes from both residual, normal B-lymphocytes and HGs. ", "Thus, with a single analysis it was possible to study B-cell ontogenesis in the course of NHL observation. ", "This approach might be interesting when a prospective analysis of bone marrow samples is required. ", "This could be the case of patients treated with chemo-immunotherapy, when anti-CD20 antibodies (Rituximab) are used,^[@ref24]^ and when immunotherapy is chosen as maintenance therapy, for example in follicular lymphoma.^[@ref25]^\n\nIn such cases, monitoring CD20+ lymphocytes may be useful to optimize maintenance therapy and the use of the single 7-color tube allows to confirm the absence of lymphomatous infiltration.", "\n\nWe were able to distinguish normal from pathologic CD10+ B-cells, as found in cases of follicular lymphoma. ", "In addition, the inclusion of CD5 in the MoAb panel allows to distinguish normal, transitional B-lymphocytes from lymphomatous cells, and this appears to be very useful in all CD5-expressing NHLs. ", "Such a purpose is particularly important when minimal residual disease evaluation is required.^[@ref26]^\n\nWe were not able to detect CD5-expressing HGs. ", "The existence of this HG subset has been reported previously in cases with HG hyperplasia (defined as HGs more than 3.5%).^[@ref27]^\n\nHowever, we found that in normal, non-infiltrated bone marrow samples, CD5+ B-cells were always polyclonal, CD20+ and CD10-, thus very close to naïve B-lymphocytes from a phenotypical point of view. ", "It should be underlined, however, that CD5+ normal bone marrow B-lymphocytes are usually characterized by dim expression of such a molecule and that fluorochromes selection has to be considered as an important variable that might influence the recognition of CD5+ B-cells.^[@ref26]^\n\nConclusions {#sec1-5}\n===========\n\nIn conclusion, MFC performed with the association of seven antibodies appears to be an useful diagnostic tool in cases of NHLs, when routine evaluation of B-cell ontogenesis and disease assessment are required. ", "The MoAb panel can be expanded up to 8 fluorescences or more, depending on the technical characteristics of cytometers and on MoAb availability. ", "Thus, similar approaches might be proposed to study HGS and B-cell development in other clinical conditions. ", "In fact, there is an increasing interest in studying HGs in different diseases, such as acute myeloid leukemia both at diagnosis and after therapy,^[@ref28],[@ref29]^ in myelodysplastic syndromes,^[@ref30]^ in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cells transplantation.^[@ref4],[@ref31]^\n\n{#fig001}\n\n{#fig002}\n\n{#fig003}\n\n###### \n\nGeneral characteristics of patients.", "\n\n -----------------------------------------------------\n Disease Males\\ Females\\ Total\\ Age, years\\\n (n=95) (n=76) (n=171) (range)\n --------- -------- ---------- --------- -------------\n FL 24 34 58 20-82\n\n DLBCL 21 14 35 23-83\n\n MZL 14 12 26 45-80\n\n CLL 17 6 23 46-80\n\n HCL 6 0 6 56-74\n\n MALT 1 4 5 45-74\n\n MCL 8 4 12 53-76\n\n LPL 1 1 2 80-81\n\n SLL 2 0 2 45-71\n\n WM 1 1 2 53-73\n -----------------------------------------------------\n\nFL, follicular lymphoma; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; MZL, marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (including both splenic MZL and nodal MZL); CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; HCL, hairy cell leukemia; MALT, Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; MCL, mantle cell lymphoma; LPL, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma; SLL, small lymphocytic lymphoma; WM, Waldenström macroglobulinemia.", "\n\n###### \n\nPercentages of hematogones and B-lymphocytes.", "\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Patients No. ", " Hematogones %\\ B-lymphocytes %\\ K/λ ratio\\\n (range) (range) (range)\n ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ------------\n At diagnosis, normal bone marrow 75 0.88±0.89[\\*](#tfn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}\\ 1.77±1.20[\\*\\*](#tfn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}\\ 1-2\n (0.1-5.4) (0.3-6.9) \n\n Follow-up, normal bone marrow 54\\ 1.31±1.21[\\*](#tfn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}\\ 3.02±2.63[\\*\\*](#tfn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1-2.5\n (0.1-4.7) (0.1-12) \n\n Infiltrated bone marrow, all cases 42 0.72±0.80\\ 19.26±21.02\\ NA\n (0-3.6) (0.12-85.6) \n\n Infiltrated bone marrow \\<25% 28 0.98±0.86\\ 7.66±5.75\\ NA\n (0.1-3.6) (0.12-19.2) \n\n Infiltrated bone marrow \\>25% 14 0.23±025[\\*\\*\\*](#tfn003){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}\\ 42.48±21.30\\ NA\n (0-0.9) (25-85.6) \n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nData are expressed as percentages±standard deviation. ", "NA, not applicable.", "\n\n\\*P=0.018;\n\n\\*\\*P=0.002;\n\n\\*\\*\\*P=0.001 (*vs* all the other groups).", "\n\n[^1]: Contributions: the authors contributed equally.", "\n\n[^2]: Conflict of interests: the authors declare no potential conflict of interest.", "\n" ]

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[ "RNC chair Reince Priebus is facing backlash after suggesting that former Republican presidential hopefuls considering a 2020 White House bid may face challenges if they refuse to support Donald Trump.", "\n\n“People who agreed to support the nominee, that took part in our process, they used tools from the RNC,” Priebus told John Dickerson CBS News’ Face the Nation. “", "Those people need to get on board. ", "And if they’re thinking they’re going to run again someday, I think we’re going to evaluate the process…and I don’t think it’s going to be easy for them”\n\nIn a fiery rebuttal, John Weaver, chief strategist for former GOP presidential candidate and current Ohio Gov. John Kasich, slammed Priebus.", "\n\n“(Kasich) will not be bullied by a Kenosha political operative that is unable to stand up for core principles or beliefs,” Weaver said in a statement referring to Priebus’ Wisconsin hometown. “", "In fact, Reince should be thanking the Governor for standing for an inclusive, conservative vision that can actually win a national election and improve our country.”", "\n\nGet Breaking News Delivered to Your Inbox\n\nDuring a pre-taped interview with Meet the Press, Kasich addressed Priebus’ earlier suggestion that Republicans who have not backed the party’s nominee will ultimately help Clinton get elected.", "\n\n“I don’t take my cues on what I’m going to do in the public arena or anywhere else from him. ", "I’ll decide what I want to decide, and then I’ll let people know when I want to,” Kasich said.", "\n\nIt isn’t the first time Kasich’s team, which is sharply critical of Trump’s rhetoric and concerned about his candidacy’s lasting effect on the future of the Republican party, has sparred with the RNC chair. ", "Last Spring, Priebus called Trump the likely GOP nominee even though Kasich was still in the GOP primary race and before any Republican candidate clinched the needed 1,237 delegates.", "\n\n“I was still in it and I think he dissed me, and I think it’s inappropriate,” Kasich told the Washington Post after suspending his White House bid.", "\n\nAnd with less than eight weeks before the general election, Kasich has yet to endorse Trump even though he signed the RNC’s pledge to support the eventual nominee.", "\n\nThe governor maintains that he will not vote for Hillary Clinton, who he says is a “top-down person” who has an “enthusiasm gap” among voters in Ohio, but has signaled that a Trump endorsement is far-fetched.", "\n\n“I’m unlikely to cast that vote [for Trump], the chances are minuscule,” Kasich told Todd. ", "Kasich added that he’d have to see a “fundamental change” in Trump’s policies and behavior before he could support the nominee.", "\n\nLast week, in a meeting that raised eyebrows among GOP operatives, Kasich made his case for the Trans-Pacific Partnership during a White House visit with President Obama.", "\n\nWhen asked about the Trump’s assertion that President Obama was born in the United Stated, Kasich, standing behind the White House podium in the West Wing’s Press Briefing Room, quipped, “Bruce Springsteen has to be really happy because born in the USA’s probably gonna sell a lot more albums.”" ]

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[ "Nirvana restaurant has been shuttered recently, undergoing an extensive remodel inside and a complete reinvention of its menu.", "\n\nWhen the restaurant re-opens this Friday, diners will find themselves not in an Indian restaurant, but in a restaurant featuring food from the world over and a lounge and dining area designed, according to owners Rohit and Shivali Sharma, with diners’ comfort in mind.", "\n\n“Every restaurant we go to, the first thing we ask is how comfortable we feel,” Rohit said last week as he stood amid the chaos of an active remodel. “", "And that’s what we want — for people to feel as comfortable as possible.”", "\n\nBeing restaurateurs, naturally, they also want their patrons to eat well. ", "Rohit, 29, bought the restaurant a year ago, and both he and Shivali, 28, said that although the eaterie was doing well, they had come to see that Nirvana was, for many people, a special occasion restaurant and that serving only Indian food was proving limiting. ", "Even as Indians themselves, Shivali said, they do not eat Indian food all that often.", "\n\nRohit, influenced by frequent travels to many parts of the globe, decided to broaden the restaurant’s offerings.", "\n\n“We want to represent the world,” he said. “", "Even a fusion restaurant is inaccurate. ", "We’re taking ideas and making them our own.”", "\n\nAnd so, with the assistance of head chef Robert Erickson, who came to the restaurant last spring first as a patron and then a consultant, the Sharmas are remaking the menu. ", "Erickson has more than 30 years of restaurant experience, including training at the Culinary Institute of America and stints at Maxim’s in Paris and Spago in Los Angeles. ", "Most recently he was the head chef at the Shelburne Inn on the Washington coast. ", "Under his direction, the restaurant will provide a small number of Indian dishes and will offer several other options as well, including small plates, such as open-faced samosas, asparagus and artichoke fondue and ale-steamed clams, and main dishes, such as cioppino, Tandoori chicken, New York strip loin with an espresso crust and an array of seafood dishes.", "\n\nThe quality of the food and the dining experience will be top notch, both the Sharmas say, and the menu will change with the seasons.", "\n\n“You can do a four-star restaurant and be very affordable and unpretentious,” Erickson said. “", "It’s going to be for everybody. ", "It won’t kill your wallet.”", "\n\nOn a recent tour of the restaurant, Rohit noted that the bar, previously in the hallway, has been relocated to the smaller dining room, a lounge that will offer more privacy to both lounge guests and diners.", "\n\nThe walls, previously red, are now painted a deep brown and the ceilings gold, though red accents show up throughout the restaurant, often in large photographs of famous cities throughout the world.", "\n\nShivali has taken charge of the decorating, including the color scheme.", "\n\nBoth Rohit and Shivali know that several restaurants have preceded them in that space, but they are focused on their own work and future.", "\n\n“A good restaurant with good service and good food at a reasonable price is going to be successful,” Rohit said.", "\n\nShivali and Rohit, who married this summer, say they are well suited to the tasks at hand. ", "Rohit grew up in California, where his family still owns Indian restaurants, and he worked in them for many years. ", "Shivali, from Vancouver, B.C., has a bachelor’s degree in business administration and worked as a human resources manager, acquiring skills important to running a restaurant.", "\n\nRohit attended medical school for three years in Grenada, but left after his father became ill. ", "He will not be going back to medical school, and seated in a corner of Nirvana, he said, “I have found my path.”", "\n\nThe path to Nirvana was serendipitous, put in motion by the couple’s parents, who know one another and suggested the two meet. ", "Both opposed the idea, but began emailing — Rohit in California and Shivali in Vancouver. ", "Quickly the emails turned to long phone calls and then a visit in the neutral territory of Seattle, where they took a ferry ride to Vashon and ate at the Spice Route restaurant in the spring of 2011, when that restaurant was for sale.", "\n\nA few months later, the restaurant belonged to Rohit, who opened it Oct. 8 last year and proposed to Shivali in the dining room.", "\n\nBoth say they have come to love the Island and believe its best days for food lie ahead.", "\n\n“I think Vashon is going to become something spectacular as far as food is concerned,” Rohit said.", "\n\nThe two plan for Nirvana to be part of that transformation.", "\n\n“I’m really excited to see where this goes,” Shivali said.", "\n\n“We’re very confident,” Rohit added.", "\n\nNirvana will re-open on Friday for dinner; reservations for the first week are recommended. ", "Call 463-4455.", "\n\nAfter its first week, Nirvana will resume normal hours, including serving lunch and its Pacific Northwest breakfasts on the weekends. ", "It will also be open Mondays, with the chef creating a bar menu for Monday night football.", "\n\nWe encourage an open exchange of ideas on this story's topic, but we ask you to follow our guidelines for respecting community standards. ", "Personal attacks, inappropriate language, and off-topic comments may be removed, and comment privileges revoked, per our Terms of Use. ", "Please see our FAQ if you have questions or concerns about using Facebook to comment." ]

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[ "Anemia-inducing factor expressed in gastric cancer is homologous with complement regulatory factor CD59?", "\nAnemia-inducing factor (AIF) was isolated from gastric cancer tissue; however, the human placenta used as the volume of AIF for further analysis did not prove sufficient. ", "This substance was named placental anemia-inducing factor (PAIF). ", "PAIF directly reduces the number of erythrocytes in vitro and reduces the RBC count in rabbits to 80% when i.v. ", "administration of 27 microg/kg of body weight is given. ", "The aim of this study is to better define PAIF and to examine whether the identifical substance expresses on either the surface or in the cytoplasm of established gastric cancer cell lines. ", "PAIF is a glycoprotein with about 20 KD, whose 17 amino acid residues of N terminus were sequenced after Edman treatment. ", "The N-terminus of PAIF were determined as Lqcyncpnptadcktav. ", "This is homologous with that of CD59, which is thought as a regulator of membrane attack complex of complement system. ", "Expression of PAF or CD59 in four established gastric cancer cell lines were examined by indirect immunofluorescence method and by Northern blot hybridization. ", "The cells (1 x 106) were seeded into plastic plates for three days and reacted overnight at 4 degrees C in 0.5 ml of PBS with anti-PAIF polyclonal antibody or with anti CD59 rat monoclonal antibody. ", "Both PAIF and CD59 were stained positively on the surface and/or in the cyroplasm. ", "The total RNAs were prepared from the four kinds of cell lines and normal human lymphocytes. ", "CD59 mRNA was probed in all cell lines by BamH1-EcoR1 fragment of PSRa CD59. ", "The signal levels of MKN-28, MKN-45 and KATO-III were stronger than that of MKN-74, whereas the signal of normal lymphocytes was the lowest. ", "Although there is no decisive evidence that PAIF is exactly the same substance as CD59, and although the biological functions of these two substances are conflictive, and still to be further investigated, the 17 amino acid residues of N-terminus of PAIF expressed in gastric cancer cells were homologous with those of CD59. ", "A derivative of CD59 may exist in gastric cancer." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDownvotes related to reputation\n\nReading around on meta you realize that downvoting here is not the same as on stackoverflow.", "\nDownvoting is quite more \"subjective\" as many questions here don't deal with technical problems, but instead deal with discussions that can be related to quite a few topics.", "\nA Stack Overflow profile is a professional representation of yourself.", "\nIn the same way, your Meta Stack Overflow profile can be taken like that by some people as well - who may not be informed or know exactly how Meta works.", "\nApologies if this has already been discussed somewhere else; my main point is that connecting downvotes or disagreements to reputation causes reputation to be affected by popular subjective opinion. ", "Doesn't look good to see a question or answer with -20 to someone who doesn't understand Meta.", "\nMy question asks three things and states one last: \n\nShould reputation by connected to downvotes \nIf reputation doesn't mean anything why have it? ", "Was it supposed to mean something else but since many are not happy with the way things work they say \"ignore it\". ", "If something is broken just ignore it?", "\nCould rep penalization fear lead to people being wary of contributing?", "\nFinally, negative reputation on MSO could be misinterpreted outsiders.", "\n\nA:\n\nI think what you're trying to ask is Are there potential negative professional consequences due to the subjective nature of voting on Meta? ", "and, by extension, If so, should we remove reputation loss from downvotes?", "\nFirst off, reputation on meta is largely meaningless. ", "The only real purpose it serves is to grant additional privileges. ", "It is, as you're already aware, a reflection on whether people agree with your opinions, and not necessarily an indication of your ability to communicate or solve problems effectively.", "\nCould heavily downvoted questions/answers on meta potentially affect your job prospects? ", "Possibly, but should you care? ", "If a company is using your profiles on the various SE sites to judge your suitability, you should expect them to know how the sites actually operate; if they're using a tool they don't understand you probably don't want to work for them in the first place.", "\nIf they do know how the sites operate then there shouldn't be an issue. ", "They'll know that reputation on meta is mostly meaningless and either ignore it completely or actually take the time to read your posts and judge for themselves.", "\nIn the end, all voting is subjective. ", "People are free to up- or down-vote for whatever reasons they like, at any time, and post score isn't necessarily directly linked to quality. ", "I wouldn't necessarily consider my highest voted answers to be the best ones I've written.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Melatonin attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptotic liver damage in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice.", "\nD-Galactosamine (GalN) depletes UTP primarily in liver, resulting in decreased RNA synthesis in hepatocytes. ", "When given together with a sublethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), GalN highly sensitizes animals to produce apoptotic liver injury with severe hepatic congestion, resulting in rapid death. ", "Melatonin is a cytokine modulator, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic agent. ", "In the present study, we investigated the effect of melatonin on LPS-induced apoptotic liver damage in GalN-sensitized mice. ", "Female CD-1 mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) ", "injected with melatonin (5.0mg/kg) 30min before GalN/LPS (700mg10microg/kg, i.p.), ", "another two doses of melatonin (2.5mg/kg, i.p.) ", "being administered 1 and 2h after GalN/LPS. ", "Results showed that serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were markedly increased 8h after GalN/LPS treatment, massive hemorrhage being observed in histological sections of liver from GalN/LPS-treated mice. ", "Melatonin significantly attenuated GalN/LPS-induced elevation of serum ALT. ", "In parallel, melatonin distinctly improved GalN/LPS-induced congestion. ", "Additional experiment showed that melatonin significantly attenuated GalN/LPS-induced hepatic apoptosis, measured by inhibition of caspase-3 activities and attenuation of DNA laddering. ", "Furthermore, melatonin markedly increased hepatic Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GSH-Rd) activities and attenuated hepatic glutathione (GSH) depletion in GalN/LPS-treated mice. ", "Increases in serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), which were observed in GalN/LPS-treated mice, were significantly reduced by melatonin. ", "However, melatonin had no effect on LPS-evoked nitric oxide production in GalN-sensitized mice. ", "Taken together, these results indicate that melatonin protected against LPS-induced liver damage in GalN-sensitized mice through its strong ROS-scavenging, antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic effects." ]

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nEsophageal carcinoma is a common malignant solid tumor of the digestive tract. ", "An acidic extracellular microenvironment is an important characteristic of solid tumors ([@b1-or-39-03-0921]), and acidification of the extracellular environment (even mild acidification) influences cell signaling pathways that affect apoptosis and proliferation. ", "Recent studies revealed that extracellular acidification and the expression of various ion exchange channels in tumor cells were associated with tumor cell hypoxia and played an important role in the progression of tumors.", "\n\nOur previous studies and other related studies have indicated that V-ATPase is a proton pump that is closely related to establishment and maintenance of an acidic microenvironment, and is expressed highly in tumor tissues ([@b2-or-39-03-0921],[@b3-or-39-03-0921]). ", "Diphyllin is a natural component of traditional Chinese medicine, which belongs to the lignan compounds and has good antitumor activity with relatively few side-effects. ", "However, the exact mechanism is not yet clear. ", "In a previous study, we found inhibition of V-ATPase expression in the human gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 by diphyllin ([@b3-or-39-03-0921]). ", "In the present study, we investigated whether diphyllin inhibits V-ATPase activity in esophageal cancer and further explored its role in malignant behavior.", "\n\nMetastasis of esophageal cancer is the main reason for poor prognoses, and blood circulation is the major pathway of metastasis ([@b4-or-39-03-0921]). ", "Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), including VEGF-A, VEGF-C and VEGF-D, play an important role in the formation of new blood vessels and are related to the mechanism ([@b5-or-39-03-0921],[@b6-or-39-03-0921]). ", "Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is an upstream gene of VEGF, which regulates the formation of new vessels. ", "Our previous study revealed that HIF-1α expression in esophageal cancer was correlated with VEGF-C/-D expression and was closely related to the metastasis of esophageal cancer ([@b7-or-39-03-0921],[@b8-or-39-03-0921]). ", "In addition, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an important regulator of the upstream molecules of HIF-1α ([@b9-or-39-03-0921],[@b10-or-39-03-0921]). ", "mTOR forms two complexes, namely mTORC1 and mTORC2, which play important roles by affecting different signaling pathways. ", "Among them, mTORC1 regulates HIF-1α ([@b11-or-39-03-0921]). ", "Therefore, mTORC1/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling is a major regulatory signal in the metastasis of cancer.", "\n\nPrevious studies have indicated a significantly lower pH in lysosomes of tumor cells *in vitro* than in normal cells, which is conducive to increase autophagy and intracellular free amino acids, thus activating mTORC1 signaling. ", "Furthermore, mature lysosomes and extracellular acidic maintenance are closely related to the role of V-ATPase. ", "Therefore, we hypothesized that diphyllin may inhibit the activity of V-ATPase and mTORC1/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling. ", "In the present study, we tested our hypothesis and explored the possible mechanism of diphyllin in the inhibition of esophageal cancer metastasis.", "\n\nMaterials and methods\n=====================\n\n### Drugs\n\nDiphyllin was kindly provided by Dr Zhaoyu (Nantong University, Jiangsu, China). ", "Diphyllin and bafilomycin A1 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma) and stored at −20°C.", "\n\n### Cell lines and culture\n\nHuman esophageal squamous cancer cell lines TE-1 and ECA-109 purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA) were maintained in Dulbecco\\'s modified Eagle\\'s medium (DMEM; HyClone, Logan, UT, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; ScienCell, Carlsbad, CA, USA). ", "Reagents for cell culture were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). ", "The cells were incubated at 37°C with 5% CO~2~.\n\n### In vitro cytotoxicity assay of diphyllin\n\nTE-1 and ECA-109 cells were seeded into a 96-well clear polystyrene microplate (Corning, Corning, NY, USA USA) at 4,000 cells/well at 20 h prior to the experiment. ", "Diphyllin was 2-fold serially diluted in culture medium and added to the cell monolayer in triplicate. ", "The final DMSO concentration was no \\>0.5% in all wells. ", "After 2 days, the culture supernatant was removed and 100 µl DMEM with 10 µl Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) reagent was added to each well, followed by incubation at 37°C for 4 h. The absorbance values were assessed at 430 nm with a reference wavelength of 490 nm on a Bio-Rad iMark (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). ", "Control cells (without diphyllin/bafilomycin A1 treatment) were assumed to represent 100% cell viability. ", "Normalized cell viability data were plotted against diphyllin concentrations and fitted to a non-linear regression curve using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). ", "The 50% cytotoxicity concentration (IC~50~; the concentration of diphyllin at which cellular viability was reduced to 50%) was accordingly obtained.", "\n\n### Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)\n\nTE-1 and ECA-109 cells were grown into a 6-well clear polystyrene microplate with culture medium at pH 6.6. ", "The levels of VEGF-C in the culture supernatants of TE-1/ECA-109 cells were assessed using a human ELISA kit (Cloud-Clone Corp., Houston, TX, USA) after treatments with diphyllin/bafilomycin A1 for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h.\n\n### Colony formation assay\n\nCells (400/well) were seeded into 6-well plates with 2 ml DMEM containing 10% FBS in the presence or absence of various concentrations of diphyllin at 37°C. ", "After culture for 11 days, colonies with cell numbers of \\>50 were counted under a microscope.", "\n\n### Cell cycle detection\n\nCell cycle detection was performed using a propidium iodide (PI) staining detection kit (KeyGen Biotech, Nanjing, China) by MoFlo XDP (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, CA, USA). ", "Briefly, the cells were trypsinized, washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), centrifuged and fixed with 70% cold ethanol (500 µl) for 2 h, and then washed with PBS. ", "The cells were incubated with 100 µl RNase A solution for 30 min at 37°C. ", "PI (400 µl) was added and the cells were incubated for another 30 min at 4°C. ", "The samples were analyzed within 1 h by MoFlo XDP with Summit software. ", "The data were analyzed by ModFit LT (4.1).", "\n\n### Transwell and scratch wound assays\n\nTranswell chambers (Corning cat. ", "no. ", "3422l; 6.5-mm Transwell with an 8.0-µm pore polycarbonate membrane insert) were placed in 24-well plates (Corning), and 1×10^4^ ECA-109 cells were cultured/well. ", "Diphyllin/bafilomycin A1 were added after 20 h, and then cell migration was observed after 48 h of treatment.", "\n\nTE-1 and ECA-109 cells were grown into 6-well plates (Corning) at 4×10^5^ cells/well 20 h prior to experiments. ", "A scratch wound was made along the bottom of the well with a pipette tip, the scratch area, and then the cells were washed with PBS. ", "After adding fresh medium, cell migration was detected at 12, 24 and 48 h.\n\n### V-ATPase activity assay\n\nWe employed a colorimetric assay to assess V-ATPase activity using a spectrophotometer to detect the release of phosphate, according to the manufacturer\\'s instructions (V-ATPase assay kit; Genmed Scientifics Inc., Arlington, MA, USA). ", "Briefly, the cells were cultured in complete DMEM at 37°C with 5% CO~2~. With different solubility of drug-treated cells, the cells were cultured for 48 h and then collected. ", "The activity of V-ATPase was determined in a quartz cuvette. ", "The sample absorbance at 340 nm was detected at 0 and 20 min. ", "The experiment was repeated three times.", "\n\n### Real-time quantitative PCR\n\nTotal RNA was isolated from ECA-109 cells using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer\\'s instructions. ", "Reverse transcription reactions were conducted with a Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Takara, Otsu, Japan). ", "PCR primers were designed by BGI (China). ", "Real-time PCR with SYBR-Green PCR Master Mix (Takara) was performed using a CFX96 (Bio-Rad). ", "Fluorescence signals were assessed during the extension phase. ", "Cq values of the sample were calculated, and transcript levels were calculated using the 2^−ΔΔCq^ method.", "\n\n### Detection of proliferation, migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured in various culture supernatants\n\nCells were seeded in 12-well culture plates at 2×10^6^ cells/well. ", "After treatment with diphyllin or bafilomycin for 12, 24 and 48 h culture supernatants were collected, centrifuged and stored at −80°C. ", "HUVECs were seeded in 96-well culture plates at 8×10^3^ cells/well in 100 µl of culture supernatant. ", "Cell proliferation and migration were detected as described above. ", "HUVECs were seeded in 12-well culture plates at 1×10^5^ cells/well. ", "After 6 h of culture, migration and the formation of tube-like structures were observed under a microscope, and the number of lumens was statistically calculated.", "\n\n### Statistical analysis\n\nStatistical comparisons were performed using SPSS 16.0 software package (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), using the Student\\'s t-test for paired observations or one-way analysis of variance with Student-Newman-Keuls, for least significant difference, and Dunnett\\'s tests. ", "All data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). ", "P\\<0.05 was considered as statistically significant (P\\<0.05, P\\<0.01). ", "Mean values and SD were calculated for experiments carried out in triplicate.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\n### Growth inhibition of TE-1 and ECA-109 cells by diphyllin\n\nA standard CCK-8 assay was used to determine the proliferation ([Fig. ", "1C and F](#f1-or-39-03-0921){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and cytotoxicity ([Fig. ", "1A and B](#f1-or-39-03-0921){ref-type=\"fig\"}) of diphyllin in TE-1 and ECA-109 cells. ", "After 48 h of incubation, the IC~50~ value of diphyllin was 0.2792 µM in ECA-109 cells and 0.2058 µM in TE-1 cells ([Fig. ", "1A and B](#f1-or-39-03-0921){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nNext, we assessed the effect of diphyllin on colony formation of ECA-109 and TE-1 cells. ", "On day 11 post-treatment, diphyllin suppressed colony formation of the cells ([Fig. ", "1G and H](#f1-or-39-03-0921){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n### Cell cycle distribution after diphyllin treatment\n\nTo determine the role of diphyllin in cell cycle distribution, flow cytometric analysis was performed. ", "The results revealed that the diphyllin group exhibited significant S arrest compared with the normal group both in TE-1 and ECA-109 cells ([Fig. ", "2](#f2-or-39-03-0921){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n### Migration of TE-1 and ECA-109 cells treated with diphyllin\n\nWe investigated cell migration and found a decrease induced by diphyllin treatment in the Transwell assay. ", "In addition, the scratch wound assay revealed inhibition of lateral cell migration ([Fig. ", "3](#f3-or-39-03-0921){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results demonstrated that diphyllin inhibited the migration of TE-1 and ECA-109 cells.", "\n\n### Effects of diphyllin on V-ATPase activity\n\nWe assessed the inhibitory effects of V-ATPase activity. ", "ECA-109 and TE-1 cells treated with diphyllin for 48 h were assessed for V-ATPase activity using a V-ATPase assay kit. ", "After diphyllin treatment at various concentrations, the activity of V-ATPase was altered compared with the NC group. ", "The activities of V-ATPase in 0.3 µM diphyllin groups were significantly less than in the NC group (P\\<0.05). ", "The activity of V-ATPase was also significantly decreased in cells treated with the same concentrations of bafilomycin for 48 h ([Fig. ", "4](#f4-or-39-03-0921){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n### Role of diphyllin in mTORC1/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling\n\nWe further detected exocrine VEGF-C expression of cells treated with diphyllin. ", "After 24 h of diphyllin treatment, VEGF-C levels were decreased in culture supernatants ([Fig. ", "5A and B](#f5-or-39-03-0921){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Then, we detected the mRNA expression of VEGF-C, HIF-1α and mTORC1 in TE-1 and ECA-109 cells treated with diphyllin or bafilomycin. ", "The results revealed that diphyllin inhibited mTORC1, HIF-1α and VEGF-C mRNA expression ([Fig. ", "5C and D](#f5-or-39-03-0921){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n### Proliferation of HUVECs treated with various culture supernatants\n\nTE-1 and ECA-109 cells were treated for 24 h with diphyllin or bafilomycin, and their culture supernatants were used to treat HUVECs for 24 h. The proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs were detected. ", "The results revealed that HUVEC proliferation, migration and tube formation ability were decreased significantly in the drug treatment groups compared with the control group.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nDiphyllin is a natural component of traditional Chinese medicine with a naphthalene and one hydroxyl lignans ([@b12-or-39-03-0921]--[@b14-or-39-03-0921]), which promotes blood circulation and exerts a detoxicating detumescence effect. ", "Recent studies have found that diphyllin also possesses an antitumor effect with few side-effects, but its exact mechanism of action is unclear. ", "We treated esophageal TE-1 and ECA-109 cells with diphyllin and found inhibition of their proliferation and migration as well as induction of cell cycle arrest. ", "These results revealed that diphyllin can be used as a tumor suppressor in esophageal cancer.", "\n\nRegulation of lymphangiogenesis by VEGF signaling is an important mechanism of tumor metastasis ([@b6-or-39-03-0921],[@b7-or-39-03-0921],[@b13-or-39-03-0921]). ", "When tumor cells proliferate to a certain extent, they secrete a number of lymphatic growth regulators of which the most important is VEGF. ", "In the present study, we found that diphyllin inhibited VEGF expression in esophageal cancer cells, indicating that diphyllin inhibits metastasis through VEGF signaling, but the mechanism remains to be elucidated.", "\n\nRecent studies revealed that mTOR regulates the secretion of VEGF in tumor cells by HIF-1α, thereby affecting the formation of new tumor vessels ([@b9-or-39-03-0921],[@b15-or-39-03-0921],[@b16-or-39-03-0921]). ", "mTOR forms two protein complexes with different structures and functions (mTORC1 and mTORC2), and mTORC1 plays a role in regulation of HIF-1α ([@b15-or-39-03-0921],[@b16-or-39-03-0921]). ", "Lysosomal pH value within tumor cells is significantly lower than in normal cells, which is conducive to increased cell autophagy and intracellular free amino acids, thereby activating mTORC1 signaling, regulating HIF-1α, and promoting lymphangiogenesis and secretion of VEGF. ", "Conversely, when the acidic environment of lysosomes within tumor cells is decreased, autophagy diminishes, intracellular free amino acid content decreases, and mTORC1 signaling is suppressed, thereby preventing tumor metastasis and accelerating lymphatic tumor cell death ([@b10-or-39-03-0921],[@b17-or-39-03-0921]). ", "Studies have shown that maintenance of the acidity of mature lysosomes is closely related to V-ATPase ([@b5-or-39-03-0921],[@b6-or-39-03-0921],[@b23-or-39-03-0921]).", "\n\nRecent studies indicate that diphyllin inhibits the activity of V-ATPase ([@b18-or-39-03-0921],[@b19-or-39-03-0921]), but there are no studies on esophageal cancer cells. ", "V-ATPase expression in the cell membrane and membrane vesicles of tumor cells are significantly higher than that in normal tissue ([@b3-or-39-03-0921]). ", "H^+^ is pumped out or into vesicles, causing extracellular vesicle and lysosomal acidification to maintain the acidic environment of tumor cells and vesicles, thereby limiting damage by H^+^ and promoting proliferation, invasion, and metastasis ([@b20-or-39-03-0921]--[@b23-or-39-03-0921]). ", "We determined that treatment of esophageal cancer cell lines TE-1 and ECA-109 with diphyllin led to a decrease in V-ATPase activity, inhibition of mTORC1, HIF-1α, and VEGF mRNA expression, and a decrease in secreted VEGF-C protein levels. ", "Therefore, we hypothesized that diphyllin may inhibit metastasis through the V-ATPase/mTORC1/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. ", "To test our hypothesis, we treated TE-1 and ECA-109 cells with diphyllin and used the culture supernatants to treat HUVECs. ", "Thus, diphyllin inhibited their proliferation, migration and tube formation.", "\n\nIn conclusion, diphyllin can be used as a tumor inhibitor to inhibit esophageal cancer cell proliferation and migration. ", "As a new V-ATPase inhibitor, diphyllin may suppress metastasis of esophageal cancer. ", "Its mechanism may be related to blocking the mTORC1/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway inhibiting the formation of tumor vessels, but the specific mechanism remains to be elucidated.", "\n\nThe present study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program) (grant no. ", "31670857), the Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. ", "BK20161152 and BK20171157), and the Open Research Fund of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy (KF-XY201405).", "\n\nCompeting interests\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\n{#f1-or-39-03-0921}\n\n{#f2-or-39-03-0921}\n\n{#f3-or-39-03-0921}\n\n{#f4-or-39-03-0921}\n\n{#f5-or-39-03-0921}\n\n{#f6-or-39-03-0921}\n\n[^1]: Co-first authorship\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "There are a surprising number of programmers training Brazilian Jiu Jitsu in my professional network. ", "BJJ and programming seem like they have absolutely nothing in common, so why would two completely unrelated activities attract similar people? ", "Although they are an unlikely pairing of interests, these two diverse activities complement each other astonishingly well. ", "If you’re looking to improve your coding chops, consider the following.", "\n\n1. ", "Get moving\n\nProgrammers are stationary for much of the day. ", "Research has linked sitting for long periods of time with a number of health concerns, including obesity and metabolic syndrome — a cluster of conditions that includes increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist and abnormal cholesterol levels. ", "Too much sitting also seems to increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease and cancer.", "\n\nSpending just one hour grappling a few times a week will dramatically offset any negative effects of a sedentary programming lifestyle.", "\n\nThe American Medical Association (AMA) recommends standing desks as one alternative to sitting, and many companies are providing standing desks as an option for their employees. ", "However, new studies show that being on your feet for long periods of time at work can lead to painful back and muscle problems in later life.", "\n\nTraining one hour of BJJ burns over 1000 calories. ", "The movements involved activate the entire core, including the abdominals, back, and hips. ", "BJJ is unique among martial arts in that opponents can perform at 100% intensity without major risk of injury. ", "Spending just one hour grappling a few times a week will dramatically offset any negative effects of a sedentary programming lifestyle.", "\n\n2. ", "Understand the importance of humility\n\nThere is absolutely nothing more humbling than having to tap out from a submission when rolling jiu jitsu. ", "Everyone who trains BJJ has experienced this on a regular basis. ", "Tapping is part of learning. ", "And like grapplers, programmers should be acutely aware of the things they do not know.", "\n\nI know that I do not know.", "\n\nSocrates\n\nIn programming, as in many things, your greatest adversary is yourself. ", "If you think you know it all, you are not actively improving your skill-set. ", "Learning programming, and learning jiu jitsu, never stops. ", "New techniques are constantly emerging, and it takes a significant effort to stay up to speed on the latest and greatest, or risk falling behind.", "\n\nHumility will incentivize you to improve yourself, constantly. ", "Stay humble, and keep learning.", "\n\n3. ", "Sharpen your technical chops\n\nDetails matter. ", "In BJJ, the difference of just one inch can often mean scoring a submission, or losing your position. ", "The techniques taught to beginners are constantly refined as a BJJ practitioner advances in rank. ", "When I was a blue belt, I specifically remember re-learning the Americana (an arm drag), one of the first submissions taught to white belts, by changing the angle to make a much more effective submission.", "\n\nSimply copying and pasting a solution into a production application without fully understanding what it does could spell disaster.", "\n\nSimilarly, the difference between a web request that takes milliseconds, and a request that takes 15 seconds could mean the loss of real money. ", "As a programmer, the ability to optimize algorithms and queries, and to understand what is really happening when performing math or logic within an app is invaluable. ", "Finding an answer on Stack Overflow, and simply copying and pasting a solution into a production application without fully understanding what it does could spell disaster for a project.", "\n\nHaving the respect for the attention to detail required for stable, optimized code will make you an indispensable programmer.", "\n\n4. ", "Work together, yet individually\n\nProgramming requires extended periods of time working alone, highly focused on the task at hand. ", "However, it also requires being able to collaborate with other team members, and even paired programming in some situations. ", "So really, you need the ability to work alone, managing your own time and effort, and the ability to work as a group, delegating and communicating effectively with others.", "\n\nBJJ teaches both individual responsibility and teamwork.", "\n\nBJJ is not a team sport, in the same way that golf or singles tennis is not a team sport. ", "But you are often part of a team — representing your school or organization at competitions, and training with the same people at your gym day in and day out. ", "When learning new techniques, it’s important to be a good drilling partner — providing just the right amount of resistance so that your partner can effectively complete the move without making the situation unrealistic. ", "But when it comes down to competition, it’s just you against your opponent, and it’s up to you alone to face the task at hand.", "\n\nBJJ teaches both individual responsibility and teamwork, the balance of which transfers directly over to life as a programmer.", "\n\n5. ", "Learn to improvise\n\nThings rarely go exactly as planned. ", "No matter how much time is spent up-front planning a project, unexpected issues or changes will inevitably materialize throughout the course of production. ", "Being able to think on your feet, face the problem at hand, and quickly implement an effective solution is the mark of an experienced programmer.", "\n\nEven though a chess board is setup the exact same way for each match, it’s impossible to predict exactly how everything will play out.", "\n\nThe same holds true in jiu jitsu. ", "The sport is often compared to chess in its complexity and strategy. ", "Even though a chess board is setup the exact same way for each match, and you may have an extensive plan in place for your opponent, it’s impossible to predict exactly how everything will play out. ", "Experienced BJJ practitioners will react quickly and instinctively to a change in plan without even having to think about it.", "\n\nAccepting that things will not always go according to plan will help prepare you for when new challenges or change requests arise in any project.", "\n\n6. ", "Embrace a lifelong endeavor\n\nAchieving the level of black belt in BJJ can take upwards of 10 or more years of training. ", "But the journey doesn’t end there. ", "The sport is constantly evolving. ", "New techniques are developed regularly, triggering even more new techniques to counteract those. ", "At the highest level, black belts are continually learning and creating new techniques and counters as the sport continues to mature.", "\n\nEmbracing and falling in love with the lifelong journey is paramount to staying effective and relevant.", "\n\nSimilarly, a successful programmer is constantly learning. ", "New web capabilities are emerging rapidly, the mobile space is only just beginning, and brand new technologies like artificial intelligence and virtual reality are still yet to go mainstream.", "\n\nEmbracing and falling in love with the lifelong journey is paramount to staying effective and relevant.", "\n\n7. ", "Become what you love\n\nWe are more than our actions, but immersing ourselves in our passion transforms us into something greater.", "\n\nImmersing ourselves in our passion transforms us into something greater.", "\n\nBJJ is addictive. ", "It’s not for everyone, and the overwhelming majority of white belts never receive their black belt. ", "But for those who connect with the sport, a flame is ignited in their soul, and BJJ becomes a part of them. ", "This passion drives us to excel, to train harder, and to study the sport every way we can. ", "It becomes the reason for the food you eat, why you trim your nails, how you look at the world.", "\n\nProgramming can simply be your job. ", "Or it can just be a hobby. ", "But when it becomes your passion, everything changes. ", "Get involved with the programming community, follow leaders in the industry, and build your own side-projects. ", "When you surround yourself with the art of coding, everything gets easier. ", "You’ll solve challenging programming problems in your sleep. ", "You’ll build works of substance. ", "And you’ll give back to others.", "\n\nBrazilian Jiu Jitsu’s technical nature, required dedication to learn, and its reliance on individual willpower and strength to succeed separates the sport from other endeavors. ", "These qualities parallel the life of a programmer. ", "I encourage every programmer to learn more about the sport, and to see for themselves how the principles and culture of BJJ will help to bring their skill-set to the next level. ", "Most importantly, be passionate, have fun, and make awesome things!" ]

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[ "Risk factors for colonization of salivary lactobacilli and Candida in children.", "\nWe analyzed the occurrence of salivary lactobacilli and Candida in a sample of 166 children aged 1-4 years (mean, 2.5 years) in relation to possible risk factors for colonization of the microbes. ", "The risk factors examined were sucking habits, feeding habits, symptoms of respiratory infections, and antibiotic therapy at the time of sampling. ", "Lactobacilli occurred in 18% of the children's saliva, and Candida in 24%. ", "In the logistic modeling the variables most strongly associated with the occurrence of lactobacilli were pacifier-sucking (relative risk (RR), 2.9; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-7.0; P = 0.01) and antibiotic therapy (RR, 4.6; CI, 1.2-16.9; P = 0.01). ", "The association between positive Candida test and use of a pacifier was also significant (RR, 4.8; CI, 2.1-10.7; P = 0.0001). ", "The results of the study suggest that the use of a pacifier increases the occurrence of both salivary lactobacilli and Candida. ", "It could therefore be a factor influencing caries susceptibility and activity in children." ]

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[ "Clinical Experience With Mammary Ductoscopy.", "\nMost breast cancers begin in the ductal epithelium with normal cells and progress to atypia and finally to carcinoma. ", "Mammary ductoscopy enables one to directly visualize and sample the ductal epithelium and, therefore, identify early changes cytologically. ", "This article describes our initial experience with mammary ductoscopy at Beth Israel Medical Center. ", "A prospective review of all patients who underwent ductoscopy at Beth Israel Medical Center from November 2001 to February 2004 was performed. ", "The indications for ductoscopy were a persistent nipple discharge, high-risk status, or intraoperative margin assessment in patients undergoing lumpectomy. ", "Seventy-four patients underwent ductoscopic evaluation of 88 ducts. ", "Of the 32 patients who underwent office ductoscopy, 15 were high risk, and 17 had spontaneous nipple discharge. ", "Spontaneous nipple discharge was the indication for ductoscopy in 40 of 42 intraoperative procedures. ", "The remaining two patients underwent ductoscopy for margin assessment during breast conservation, and final pathologic analysis revealed negative margins. ", "Thirty-eight of the 40 patients who had spontaneous nipple discharge had abnormal findings during ductoscopy and therefore underwent ductoscopically guided duct excision. ", "Carcinoma was the final diagnosis in 5 (8.8%) of the 57 patients who were scoped for nipple discharge. ", "Mammary ductoscopy is a potentially useful tool in the evaluation of patients with spontaneous nipple discharge. ", "This is a well-tolerated office procedure with minimal risks and complications. ", "Mammary ductoscopy may have a role in the assessment of high-risk women. ", "Further research is necessary to confirm these potential applications." ]

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[ "Encaustic Art – Rubber stamping\n\nThe rubber stamps give the message and the encaustic art wax creates the environment for that stamped image. ", "silhouette stamps are best for this, but clip art printed on an inkjet is great too – use the correct encaustic art card stock!" ]

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[ "“That (small forward) position — a guy who can rebound, handle (the ball) and make decisions — is huge,” Boylen said. “", "So when I heard we were getting a true small forward — positional size, knockdown shooter … and everything I heard about him is he’s a great kid. ", "And usually Georgetown guys are workers and they care. ", "They’ve been like Michigan State guys. ", "They’ve been part of a culture." ]

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[ "Kurt Nimmo\n\nInfowars.com\n\nSeptember 2, 2011\n\nIn the video below, former four star general and NATO commander Wesley Clark talks about the neocon plan to invade seven countries in five years. ", "Included in the plan was an attack on Libya. ", "Clark mentions the plan at two minutes, 26 seconds into the video.", "\n\nThe video was recorded on October 3, 2007, at the Commonwealth Club of California in San Francisco.", "\n\nClark’s revelation is nothing new, although it reminds us that the attack on Libya fits into a larger context and there are horrific conflicts to come if the globalists have their way.", "\n\nFollowing the election of Obama and a reshuffling of the same old deck in Congress in 2008, it was believed the bad old days of neocon wars were finally behind us. ", "Obama said he would close down the wars and bring home the troops. ", "Instead, he intensified the effort to spread chaos, mayhem and mass murder in the Middle East and South Asia, thus underscoring the fact there is absolutely no difference between Democrats and Republicans when it comes to creative destruction (it is telling that the neocon Michael Leeden has used the term – creative destruction is a Marxist concept).", "\n\nClark has talked about the neocon plan on several occasions. ", "He said the following during a speech at the University of Alabama in October of 2006, recounting a conversation with a general at the Pentagon:\n\nI said, “Are we still going to invade Iraq?” “", "Yes, Sir,” he said, “but it’s worse than that.” ", "I said, “How do you mean?” ", "He held up this piece of paper. ", "He said, “I just got this memo today or yesterday from the office of the Secretary of Defense upstairs. ", "It’s a… five-year plan. ", "We’re going to take down seven countries in five years. ", "We’re going to start with Iraq, then Syria, Lebanon, then Libya, Somalia, Sudan, we’re going to come back and get Iran in five years. ", "I said, “Is that classified, that paper?” ", "He said, “Yes Sir.” ", "I said, “Well, don’t show it to me, because I want to be able to talk about it.”", "\n\nThe neocons, of course, are merely one of a number of establishment factions, all of them reading from the same script. ", "Obama’s attack on Libya and the impending attack on Syria under the ruse popularly known as the “Arab Spring” (pushed by elite NGOs and the CIA) is interchangeable with the Bush regime’s call to action against the Axis of Evil. ", "The only difference between Democrat Obama and the (supposedly) Republican neocons (who have roots in Trotskyism) is that the neocons are decidedly Israeli-centric in their geopolitical stance.", "\n\nA d v e r t i s e m e n t\n\n{openx:74}\n\nThe global elite do not care about Israel or any other nation-state, but are not above using the neocons – who are highly organized and motivated (despite propaganda depicting them as inept) – in their quest to destroy Arab and Muslim nationalism that directly threatens their drive for hegemonic rule (in particular, Sharia law with its restrictions on banking poses a threat to the banksters).", "\n\nSyria is the next target followed by the big Kahuna, Iran. ", "For the globalists, who are determined to wreck all nation-states and eradicate national sovereignty and borders, the fact this effort will precipitate the destruction of the “world’s policeman,” the United States, is an extra added bonus.", "\n\nMultiple wars in multiple and far-stretched “theaters” will ultimately bankrupt the United States, as Ron Paul and a handful of others have warned. ", "Obama has made if perfectly clear that the U.S. will not leave Iraq and Afghanistan and plans to continue attacking Pakistan and failed states in Africa where the CIA cut-out al-Qaeda has appeared on cue.", "\n\nWesley Clark’s warning is prescient, but nearly a decade too late. ", "Clark is, at best, disingenuous because he himself a war criminal for the role he played in the slaughter of civilians in Yugoslavia.", "\n\nThe Emergency Election Sale is now live! ", "Get 30% to 60% off our most popular products today!" ]

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[ "Cainsville is a series of novels written by Kelley Armstrong. ", "Beginning in 2013, the books center on Olivia Taylor Jones. ", "Not all families are the same. ", "And people learn that they are adopted every single day, so it’s hardly the most disturbing of occurrences.", "\n\nOrder of Cainsville Series\n\nHowever, for Jones the revelation shattered her life. ", "It wasn’t enough that the people she thought were her parents had only adopted her. ", "Even worse was the fact that Todd and Pamela Larsen, her real parents, were notorious serious killers that would spend the rest of their lives in prison.", "\n\nJones’ life is only further complicated by the unwanted publicity that her fiancé and adopted family must weather when this revelation finally comes to light. ", "Rather than face the maelstrom, Jones chooses to flee, eventually finding herself in Cainsville, a town with particular significance to her parents’ history and the events that drove them down their dark path.", "\n\nHowever, Cainsville is hardly inviting. ", "And enemies wait around every corner, determined to keep their secrets and persistent in their efforts to stop her investigations.", "\n\nKelley Armstrong kicked the series off with Omens. ", "The first book in the series, Omens introduced readers to Olivia Taylor Jones’ perfect life and then slowly destroyed it, forcing the protagonist to seek out the secrets surrounding her parents’ crimes.", "\n\nKelley studied psychology. ", "She loves to delve into the identities of her characters, causing them to question who they are and where they fit. ", "She also enjoys taking them on journeys during which they learn to embrace their roots even in the face of resistance from the rest of the world.", "\n\nThe Cainsville books do just that. ", "They place Olivia Taylor Jones into a situation where she must question what she thought she knew even while rediscovering her identity.", "\n\nBest Cainsville Books\n\nThe Cainsville books have no notable awards to speak of; they have, none the less, been widely accepted by Kelley Armstrong’s many followers, with some of the best books in the Cainsville series including the following:\n\nOmens: Olivia Taylor Jones lived a perfect life. ", "As the twenty-four-year-old daughter of a wealthy family, Olivia’s Ivy League Education and engagement to a handsome tech firm CEO put her on the fast track to a happy ending.", "\n\nBut it all comes crashing down when Olivia learns that Todd and Pamela Larsen are her real parents. ", "News of the notorious serial killers, who are serving a life sentence, gives Olivia no opportunity to absorb the shock as the unwanted publicity drives her to flee to the small town of Cainsville in Illinois.", "\n\nThe old community could hold the truth to Todd and Pamela Larsen’s past. ", "Pamela was quite certain that if Olivia delved into their last crime, their innocence would be proven. ", "And Olivia went about doing just that.", "\n\nWith Gabriel, her mother’s lawyer, by her side, Olivia begins to discover her gifts, abilities that haven’t surfaced since she was a child and which prove useful to the community of Cainsville. ", "But she also draws the attention and ire of unknown enemies.", "\n\nFans of Kelley Armstrong should control their expectations before reading this book because it isn’t the paranormal or urban fantasy the author is known for. ", "In fact, only a tiny percentage of the book delves into the paranormal.", "\n\nThe books also feature very little in the way of romance.", "\n\nVisions: The second book in the Cainsville series finds Olivia Taylor Jones still living in the secluded town of Cainsville. ", "Olivia and Gabriel’s success from the first book is short-lived, especially when Gabriel’s past mistakes begin to tear the team apart at a time when Olivia really needs Gabriel.", "\n\nOlivia begins working the case of a young woman who went missing some days ago; the same woman whose corpse she finds in her car, dressed to look like her. ", "Olivia pursues the case because the body disappeared quickly before anyone else could see it.", "\n\nOlivia thinks the woman was killed as a warning to her but she doesn’t know why.", "\n\nThis book does a great job of building upon Gabriel and Olivia’s friendship. ", "It also thickens the plot surrounding all the Cainsville mysteries.", "\n\nOther Book Series you May Like\n\nThe “Casey Duncan Series” by Kelley Armstrong centers on Casey Duncan as a homicide detective. ", "No one knows that she killed a man in college, specifically the grandson of a mobster. ", "She tries to do her job even while knowing that her past crime will eventually catch up to her.", "\n\nThe “Age of Legends Trilogy” by Kelley Armstrong. ", "Moria and Ashyn are the keeper and the seeker, twin sisters that must control the enraged souls of the damned in the Forest of the Dead where the worst criminals in the Empire are cast. ", "Their attempts to overcome personal tragedy throw Moria and Ashyn against terrible enemies.", "\n\nWhat Is The Next Book in The Cainsville Series?", "\n\nThere doesn't seem to be an upcoming book in The Cainsville Series. ", "The newest book is Lost Souls and was released on December, 15th 2016.", "\n\nRecent Author Interviews\n\nAbout Us\n\nWe're a group of book lovers whose sole goal is to eventually list every author and book series there is in publication order and chronological order. ", "The site is updated daily with new authors and series." ]

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[ "PARTYNEXTDOOR Releases New EP COLOURS 2, Stream It Here\n\nPARTYNEXTDOOR just dropped a brand new project on us, COLOURS 2. ", "The sequel to his 2014 EP COLOURS is the official follow-up to his 2016 project P3 project. ", "The 4-track EP is executive produced by OMO/Férina in-house producer G. Ry. ", "Songs include “Peace of Mind,” “Freak In You,” “Low Battery” and “Rendezvous.” ", "Stream the album via Apple Music below and grab your copy on iTunes." ]

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[ "Presently, if you have installed ConfigMgr 2012 with SQL Server 2008 R2, and attempt to edit a report from the console, you will get an error message that states “Report Builder not available”. ", "The problem here, ConfigMgr 2012 is designed to work out of the box with Report Builder 2.0 as explained here:\n\nSince you have installed SQL Server 2008 R2, which ships with Report Builder 3.0, you can indeed use Report Builder 3.0, just open it directly from SSRS Report Manager.", "\n\nWhile notsupported or endorsed by Microsoft, a workaround is available to integrate RB 3.0 from the console, as follows:\n\nYou’ll need to set a registry key to name the RB 3.0 application manifest. ", "The key in question is “HKLM\\Software\\Wow6432Node\\Microsoft\\ConfigMgr10\\AdminUI\\Reporting\\ReportBuilderApplicationManifestName”. ", "Change its value from “ReportBuilder_2_0_0_0.application” to “ReportBuilder_3_0_0_0.application” on any machine from which you want to launch RB 3.0.", "\n\nRecently was working at client, we caused ourselves a slight reporting issue. ", "We had exported all the reports from a previous site, including custom reports. ", "When we imported those into the new site, we overwrote the stock reports. ", "What happens when you do this is that it breaks all the built in reporting links.", "\n\nYou lose the links like this example below.", "\n\nIn order to recreate the stock reports and ensure the appropriate links are there, we simply need to duplicate the process that creates the original reports. ", "This can be achieved by running a mofcomp against the smsrprt.mof file that is located in \\installpath\\bin\\i386.", "\n\nOne you have done this, you will be able to look at the stock reports and all the links that were previously missing will now be there. ", "This creates the original stock 332 reports, this doesn’t include the AI, FSP or FEP reports that might be added when additional features are added or installed.", "\n\nIn addition during this process and testing, there isn’t a nice way to delete multiple reports. ", "No way to do this via the ConfigMgr console is provided. ", "So I wrote a simple script to allow you to delete multiple reports.", "\n\nThe following VBscript will delete multiple reports and you can specify the ID range you want to delete. ", "if you uncomment out the echo commands, you can be prompted as each report is deleted, but that isn’t very efficient if you are deleting a lot of reports.", "\n\nIf you have more than a couple thousand clients in your SCCM 2007 site and have ever tried to run a large report (like “Hardware 01A – Summary of computers in a specific collection” against the All Systems collection, for example), you’ve probably encountered this HTTP 500 error:\n\nThis problem and resolution are pretty well documented for Windows Server 2003 and IIS6, but in this particular case we’re running Windows Server 2008 SP2, so we’re using IIS7. ", "The underlying cause is the same (default ASP Buffering Limit is set too low to handle the size of the report) and the fix is the same (increase the limit), but the steps to fix are just a little different for IIS7\n\nThere are often questions on the forums about writing reports and SQL queries for SCCM. ", "These are often people who have no SQL experience at all. ", "There’s no easy way to learn to write these reports but I’m going to show you how I learned to do it and how I still do many of my reports today.", "\n\nRan into an issue at a client this week that I haven’t run into before. ", "When trying to access the new R3 power management reports, we were receiving an access denied. ", "The errors we received were the following:\n\nAn error has occurred during report processing. (", "rsProcessingAborted) Query execution failed for dataset ‘DataSet2’. (", "rsErrorExecutingCommand) For more information about this error navigate to the report server on the local server machine, or enable remote errors\n\nAll other reports in Reporting Services worked fine. ", "The reason turned out to be that the new R3 reports use some stored procedures in the ConfigMgr database. ", "Web reports are typically just queries that use tables and views. ", "The new R3 reports are the first ones for ConfigMgr that are Reporting Services only reports. ", "Typically when locking down permissions on reports or a reporting service account, you would just assign the account DB_Reader rights in the SQL database. ", "This works for all the web reports but didn’t work for the R3 reports. ", "DB_Reader doesn’t have access to run the stored procedures that are required for the power management reports.", "\n\nIn order for the R3 reports to run successfully, we need to add the service account to the “smsschm_users” database role. ", "Huge thanks to Kent Agerlund and Garth Jones for providing me with the appropriate fix.", "\n\nFirst, lets open up the database and drill down to the database roles:\n\nNext we need to go into the properties of the \"smsschm_users” role:\n\nNext we need to add our service account to be a Role Member:\n\nSelect “Browse” and then select the service account you want to use.", "\n\nHere we have our service account selected, then click “ok”.", "\n\nOnce you verified the service account is listed in the Role Members pane, then select “ok”.", "\n\nAnother way to add the necessary rights is to go into the login properties of your service account. ", "Then go to “user mapping” and select the SMS/ConfigMgr DB and check the database role membership. ", "This is probably the easier method (less clicks), but it’s good to know there are 2 ways to do it\n\nKent Agerlund also has a post on this. ", "I wasn’t able to find his post when I encountered the issue and used Google, however I was told that using Bing would have resolved my issue, but I haven’t tested that.", "\n\nSymptoms\n\nUsers may be unable to view and execute the System Center Configuration Manager 2007 reports hosted on SQL Reporting Services. ", "Problem 1: Trying to access http://<SQLServerName>/reports returns blank window. ", "Problem 2: When trying to execute one of the reports you get the following error:\n\nFor more information about this error navigate to the report server on the local server machine, or enable remote errors.", "\n\nCause\n\nThis can occur due to a lack of permissions on the Reporting Server and the Database.", "\n\nResolution\n\nThe basic configuration to allow an end user to view and execute the Configuration Manager Reports hosted via Reporting Services Point are as follows: 1. ", "Create a Global Security Group for users with Read access to the Reports. ", "2. ", "Add all of the users to this group who need to access to the Reports. ", "3. ", "Open the Reports website with admin privileges (e.g. http://<SQLServerName>/reports). ", "4. ", "Click on the Properties Tab > Click on New Role Assignment. ", "5. ", "In the Group or User name box type in the domain\\<GlobalSecurityGroup> you created in step 1. ", "This will allow those users to view the reports but will fail to execute them. ", "They will get the error described in Problem 2. ", "To resolve Problem 2 follow the below steps: 1. ", "Add the Global Security Group in SQL using the SQL Server Management Studio Security > Logins > New Login > User Mapping. ", "2. ", "Check the box for the SCCM DB and Check “db_datareader” role.", "\n\nSelect “Client Status Reporting” from the main installation wizard under the “Additional Content” section. ", "You can also browse to the “Client Status Reporting” folder on the CD as the install will take you there anyways.", "\n\nLaunch the “Clientstatusreporting” MSI.", "\n\nSelect “Next”.", "\n\nSelect “I accept the license agreement” and select “Next”.", "\n\nSelect the destination folder and select “Next”.", "\n\nSelect “Next” to start the installation.", "\n\nSelect “Finish”.", "\n\nYou will have a new menu option in the Start menu. ", "Launch the “Configure Client Status Reporting” to finalize the installation.", "\n\nOn the “Site Settings” tab, you will need to configure the SQL server and instance, along with what account you want the Client Status reporting to run under. ", "I typically will configure it to use the local system account.", "\n\nOn the Options tab, you will want to select the “Update Configuration Manager 2007 site database with inactive client information”, you will also want to configure the client activity periods for your environment.", "\n\nOn the Schedule tab, you will want to enable the Client pulse settings along with the Client ping settings. ", "You will also want to configure the schedules for those settings.", "\n\nAfter completing this lab, you will be better able to install and configure System Center Configuration Manager 2007 Dashboard, create and Customize Data sets, and control access and configure Data Displays in System Center Configuration Manager Dashboard.", "\n\nI wanted to take some time to show you some of the power management reports that are provided with R3. ", "There are quite a number of reports, however there are a few key ones that I think most people will want to use.", "\n\nFor all of these reports I will be showing data against my hyper-v environment. ", "So you probably will see different data in your own test environment if you have physical machines, and for that matter, just more data in general.", "\n\nI think one of the first ones that people will look at is the “Power Capabilities Report”, this report will show you the capabilities of the targeted systems.", "\n\n“Power Computer Activity” is a neat one because it’ll show you when the computers are on, and when users are actually using the computers. ", "It will also show you the monitor activity, however I don’t have data to show that from my virtual environment.", "\n\n“Environmental Impact Report” displays a graph showing carbon dioxide emissions saved by a given collection over a specified time period.", "\n\n“Power Consumption” displays the total computer power consumptions (in kW) for a specified collection over a specified time period.", "\n\n“Power Cost” displays the total computer power consumption cost (in dollars) for a specified collection over a specified time period.", "\n\n“Power Settings” displays an aggregated list of power settings used by computers in the specified collection. ", "You can drill-down into this report to see a list of computers using specific power settings. (", "Note this is not the full report, there are many more options not in this screenshot)" ]

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[ "This research would represent the first national study of multiple parameters of financial conflicts-of-interest, and how they may be correlated with practices thought to impact the integrity of research. ", "Data from this project would inform the committee of new policy recommendations by identifying, for the first time, those arrangements that are associated with, or which best predict when an investigator may engage in conduct that may impact the integrity of research. ", "This will allow for a better allocation of future resources to address those arrangements that are in the greatest need of regulatory oversight and/or educational initiatives. ", "The research is innovative, in that the focus is on practices of investigators, rather than upon institutional policies, and would provide the first national data on financial conflicts-of-interest in both the medical and nursing school settings. ", "Industry-funded research is the sole focus of this proposal. ", "National surveys of life-science faculty at medical and nursing schools will be conducted to accomplish the following specific aims: 1) Determine A) the national prevalence of various financial arrangements undertaken by investigators, that may constitute a financial conflict of interest; B) determine the national prevalence of various, questionable practices in the conduct and reporting of research; and C) survey investigator knowledge of policies governing financial conflicts-of-interest. ", "Frequencies and descriptive statistics will be prepared for each relevant survey question, and will be reported taking into account the margin of error. ", "2) Determine if there is any difference between nursing and medical schools in A) the prevalence of financial arrangements that can give rise to conflicts-of-interest; B) in the prevalence of questionable integrity practices; and C) in the investigator knowledge of policies governing financial conflicts-of-interest. ", "3) Determine which financial arrangements are associated with specific, questionable integrity practices. ", "Chi square tests will be used to ascertain the statistical significance of relationships between categorical questions. ", "T-tests will be used to test for differences in means where appropriate. ", "4) Explore the utility of using data reduction techniques and appropriate, multi-variate modeling techniques to show which types of financial arrangements predict questionable integrity practices." ]

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[ "[The scientific bases for determining the health losses of the affected population in catastrophic flooding].", "\nThe article focuses on methodological approaches to the determination of sanitary losses among population in a catastrophic flood. ", "An emergency is considered that can arise in the destruction of the water-development project assemblies. ", "The following items were taken account of in working out of the above approaches: population density in the territories found to be in the zone of flood: notification and evacuation of the population from the zone of catastrophe in a timely fashion, the distance from the site of formation of the wave of breaking to the populated locality, the height and velocity of the wave of breaking, time of the year and day of the catastrophe. ", "Scientific and methodological approaches and the mathematical model \"Povin'\" (\"Flood\") developed with the aid of such approaches permit analyzing the situation having presented itself, working out administrative decisions for the territorial public health services directing bodies to be taken in the current situation, instituting measures designed to eliminate medicosanitary effects of the catastrophic flood within the shortest time possible." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSpecifying column to dataset\n\nI did not know what exactly to write in the title. ", "If you think its an incorrect title I'll change it.", "\nHeres the problem. ", "I am binding a dropdownlist to a dataset (a table) from where I need fields like Name, AddressLine1, AddressLine2, City, Email, Country, etc... And I want to display these fields (values) on labels. ", "Heres the complete code:\n public String GetSessionObject()\n {\n string strSession = \"\";\n if (HttpContext.", "Current.", "Session[\"SessionEmail\"] !", "= null)\n {\n strSession = HttpContext.", "Current.", "Session[\"SessionEmail\"].ToString();\n\n }\n return strSession;\n }\n\n public DataSet BindDropDownListToAUserAddress()\n {\n\n DataSet ds = new DataSet();\n SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(System.", "Configuration.", "ConfigurationManager.", "AppSettings[\"ConnectionString\"]);\n con.", "Open();\n string strQuery = \"SELECT *, FirstName +' '+ LastName as FullName from AUserAddress where AUser_ID = (Select ID from AUser where Email='\" + GetSessionObject() + \"')\";\n SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(strQuery, con);\n using (SqlDataAdapter da = new SqlDataAdapter(cmd))\n da.", "Fill(ds, \"AUserAddress\");\n con.", "Close();\n return ds;\n }\n\n ddlName.", "DataSource = objBindDDL.BindDropDownListToAUserAddress().Tables[\"AUserAddress\"];\n ddlName.", "DataTextField = \"FullName\";\n ddlName.", "DataBind();\n lblDisplayAddressLine1.Text = objBindDDL.BindDropDownListToAUserAddress().Tables[\"AUserAddress\"].Columns.(\"AddressLine1\").ToString();-----------???? ", "\n\nThis is where I am stuck. ", "I need values from specific columns to go on specific labels. ", "What option(s) do I have? ", "Please guide....\n\nA:\n\nWhat I have understand your problem, for that you can do this\n // Get User's Details\n DataSet ds=BindDropDownListToAUserAddress();\n\n // Now from this dataset you can get the specific column like this\n if(ds!=null && ds.", "Tables.", "Count>0)\n {\n // I am assuming that your table contains single row of specific user\n string AddressLine1= ds.", "Tables[0].Rows[0][\"AddressLine1\"].ToString();\n string AddressLine2= ds.", "Tables[0].Rows[0][\"AddressLine2\"].ToString();\n }\n\n" ]

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[ "Culturally competent diabetes education for Mexican Americans: the Starr County Study.", "\nFew culturally competent health programs have been designed for Mexican Americans, a group that bears a disproportionate burden of Type 2 diabetes. ", "In Starr County, a Texas-Mexico border community, investigators designed and tested a culturally competent intervention aimed at improving the health of this target population. ", "The purpose of this article is to describe the development process of this diabetes education and support group intervention. ", "The development stages were (1) community assessment, (2) intervention design, (3) selection or development of outcomes, (4) pilot testing, and (5) a randomized clinical investigation. ", "Focus group participants identified knowledge deficits regarding diabetes and self-management strategies, and suggested characteristics of an effective intervention for Mexican Americans. ", "Outcome measures included metabolic control indicators, a newly developed knowledge instrument, and an existing health belief instrument. ", "Preliminary analyses indicated that the intervention was successful in significantly improving metabolic control in the target population. ", "Developing successful diabetes interventions for minority groups requires a number of stages, careful planning, assessment of cultural characteristics of the target population, and a systematic approach to implementation." ]

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[ "Canada's big six banks, which have long ruled the country's street corners with their vast branch networks, face a challenge to their dominance by the Internet and the rise of new \"virtual banks.\"", "\nTelephone and computer banking, debit cards and automated teller machines (ATMs) are rapidly transforming Canada's old-style bricks-and-mortar banking system.", "\nNew technology has eliminated the need for costly branch networks and lured offshore rivals to jump into Canada's $66.5 billion consumer banking market.", "\n\"Virtual banks have the potential to send our branch networks the way of the passenger train -- much loved, but seldom used,\" said Bank of Montreal chairman Matthew Barrett in a speech to Toronto's business community.", "\nBIG BANKS PREPARE TO MEET THE CHALLENGE\nThe big banks, which dominate regular banking, trust and brokerages in Canada, are marshalling their forces against this cyber-onslaught.", "\nRoyal Bank of Canada, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Bank of Montreal, Bank of Nova Scotia, Toronto-Dominion Bank and National Bank of Canada are spending millions of dollars to develop new distribution channels and upgrade branches.", "\nING Groep N.V., with nearly $260 billion in assets, is by far the biggest electronic challenger. ", "The Dutch financial services giant dwarfs Royal Bank, the country's biggest financial institution with assets of $147 billion.", "\nING, already a player in Canada's insurance market, plans to offer a wide range of electronic banking services through a new subsidiary, ING Trust Co. of Canada, based in Toronto.", "\nING is keeping a low profile until its application for a trust licence is approved, but bank officials are confident of success where others have failed.", "\nIn recent years, several foreign banks abandoned Canada because of its restrictive banking laws and stiffer than expected competition from the big domestic banks.", "\n\"It would be fair to say that we will be competing on several fronts. ", "It won't be hard to offer better service,\" said Jim Kelly, vice-president of marketing for ING's Canadian operations.", "\nING WILL DRAW ON ITS EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE\nHe said ING will draw on its extensive experience in electronic banking in Europe.", "\nAnalysts have said ING can use Canada to fine tune its virtual bank before offering similar services in the larger U.S. market. ", "But Kelly said there are no plans yet to take ING's virtual bank south of the border.", "\n\"To say we're definitely going to the U.S. would be wrong. ", "To say that we would look at it and see if there is a market opportunity, yes, of course we would,\" he said.", "\nAlso eyeing Canada's consumer banking market is Citibank Canada, a unit of U.S. giant Citicorp, which is joining with Canadian fund manager AGF Management Ltd., to create a virtual trust company.", "\nThe venture is Citibank's second foray into Canadian consumer banking after abandoning a bid to establish a traditional branch system in the 1980s.", "\nCharles Stuart, country manager of Citibank's consumer banking operations in Canada, said the joint venture gives the bank access to AGF's customer base. ", "Citibank plans to offer customers a full-service banking package, including credit cards, access to ATM service and telephone banking.", "\n\"We're not locked into the costs of a bricks-and-mortar structure. ", "So we can serve them through technology and that enables us to price ourselves very competitively,\" he said.", "\nThe Citibank/AGF venture could set a pattern for other foreign banks seeking to enter Canada with an established customer base, Stuart said.", "\nBIG BANKS UNDER PRESSURE FROM LOCAL RIVALS\nThe Big Six banks are pressured by local rivals as well.", "\nLast month, Vancouver City Savings Credit Union, the country's biggest credit union with $3.6 billion in assets, applied to open a nationwide branchless bank early next year.", "\nWhile cyber competitors are poised to invade the retail market, Canada's major banks are also on the move.", "\nThe banks spent a record $1.7 billion on new technology in 1995 and that is expected to reach $1.9 billion by 1998, according to a report by accounting firm Ernst &amp; Young.", "\nMuch of the money is being poured into alternative delivery channels such as point-of-sale credit and debit cards, ATMs, telephone and computer banking.", "\nCards account for more than a third of all payment transactions in Canada, up from 25 percent a year ago.", "\nTelephone and computer transactions are climbing as well. ", "Traditional bank transactions are seen falling to 21 percent in 1998 from 38 percent last year.", "\nAmong Canadian banks, Royal Bank is the top player in telephone banking with more than 800,000 subscribers. ", "Bank officials expect 40 percent of their eight million customers to be using alternative channels in five years.", "\nLast month, Royal Bank joined 14 other North American banks to set up a computer banking network with computer giant IBM in early 1997.", "\nAll the banks are struggling to decide the future of their branch networks, but CIBC has taken the first steps to overhaul its 1,400 branches.", "\nIn a recent pilot project, CIBC employed greeters to guide customers to ATMs for their basic banking needs. ", "Bank tellers were retrained to advise customers on such products as mutual funds, loans and mortgages.", "\nBilling it as the bank branch of the future, CIBC said transaction costs had fallen dramatically, while customer lineups were much thinner.", "\nBut by using these low-cost channels, customers will expect a break on service fees, which many consumers complain are too high, Ernst &amp; Young said.", "\nBank of Nova Scotia has taken the acquisition route to boost its Internet services. ", "It recently bought a 10 percent stake in iSTAR Internet Inc., an Internet solutions firm, to help develop new channels and services for the bank.", "\n" ]

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[ "2013 articles\n\nUnion of Concerned Scientists respond again to Pam Ronald's attacks\n\nPam Ronald's continuing to duck and dive over her attacks on the Union of Concerned Scientists only helps to underline the value of their work.", "\n\nIt all started in the September issue of the \"Boston Review\" in which the well known GM supporter Dr Pamela Ronald launched a scathing attack on the Union of Concerned Scientists.", "\n\nAfter Ronald was challenged over this attack by Doug Gurian-Sherman of UCS, she published a correction which replaced the broadbrush dismissal of UCS's reports on GM with some specific points of criticism. ", "This then enabled Gurian-Sherman to challenge Ronald's claims, which he did very effectively.", "\n\nhttp://gmwatch.org/index.php/news/archive/2013/15049\n\nBut, bizarrely, instead of trying to counter any of the points Gurian-Sherman had made, Ronald then responded by issuing what she said was her understanding of UCS's position on GM. ", "This involved a list of 9 statements that made it seem like UCS had few if any concerns about GM crops. ", "Point no. ", "5, for instance, claimed UCS's position was that the GM crops \"currently on the market are safe to eat and safe for the environment\".", "\n\nUCS responded with a terse statement: \"Pam Ronald’s statements ... do not represent positions of the Union of Concerned Scientists. ", "If anyone wants to know our views about agriculture, we urge them to read our blogs, our website and our reports. ", "Margaret Mellon and Doug Gurian-Sherman.\" ", "They later amended this by adding that Ronald had been right in one thing she said: \"We do support increased funding for public breeding programs.\"", "\n\nhttp://blogs.scientificamerican.com/food-matters/2013/09/10/update-to-boston-review-forum-on-gmos/\n\nAs UCS and Pam Ronald have been in dispute for years over the safety and efficacy of GM crops, Ronald's presumption in appointing herself their spokeswoman is not unlike an employer suddenly turning mouthpiece for a group of striking workers! ", "And one can only assume that this extraordinary gambit was intended to try and deflect attention from - rather than answer - UCS's very precise take down of her claims about their reports.", "\n\nHappily, the \"Boston Review\" have now retracted her unsupportable claim that UCS's reports were \"widely discredited\". ", "Below Margaret Mellon of UCS explains why Ronald was so wrong about this and considers the real value of these reports which, contrary to Ronald's claims, have stood up well to the test of time.", "\n\n---\n\n---\n\nImportant Reports on GE Crops Missed by the Boston Review Magazine Forum\n\nMargaret Mellon, sr. ", "scientist, Food & Environment\n\nUCS, September 16 2013\n\nhttp://blog.ucsusa.org/important-reports-on-ge-crops-missed-by-the-boston-review-magazine-forum-240\n\nI was recently a participant in a virtual forum sponsored by the Boston Review magazine called, rather grandly, “The Truth About GMOs”. ", "I was one of eight respondents asked to provide short comments on an article by Dr. Pamela Ronald advocating greater acceptance of genetic engineering. ", "The forum also gave Dr. Ronald space to reply to the respondents’ comments.", "\n\nWhile the forum could have been more comprehensive in its selection of respondents, it provided an interesting and timely array of views.", "\n\nAgainst that background, I was very disappointed that Dr. Ronald replied to my comment with gratuitous attacks on UCS and an unprofessional dismissal of three groundbreaking reports produced by my colleague, Dr. Doug Gurian-Sherman, as “widely discredited”, This remark, which is wholly untrue, originally appeared without even explanation or citations to back it up.", "\n\nThe unfair characterization of Doug’s reports has now been removed from the online version of the \"Boston Review\" Magazine forum. ", "In its place are two paragraphs of specific criticisms of one of the reports, Failure to Yield. ", "Those criticisms are primarily complaints about what was not in the report, for example, studies from the developing world—rather than scientific criticisms of methods or findings. ", "Strangely, although they were covered in both her original and revised characterizations, Dr. Ronald provides no discussion, much less criticism, of the other two reports.", "\n\nDoug has ably responded to Dr. Ronald’s specific criticisms elsewhere in comments on the forum.", "\n\nHere I would like to reiterate why these reports, whose findings have stood the test of time, are so important.", "\n\nFailure to Yield\n\nFailure to Yield (2009) presented a detailed analysis of the studies, done primarily by land grant university scientists, comparing yields of GE versions of corn and soybean and their closely matched non-GE counterparts. ", "The availability of closely matched, non-GE varieties of crops allowed scientists to tease out the contribution of the GE traits from other contributors to yield performance.", "\n\nThat was important because, before Failure To Yield, the possibility that anything other than GE could contribute to yield was rarely discussed. ", "It was easy to think that all of the 1 to 2% yearly yield increases observed in corn and soybeans were the result of the introduction of biotechnology crops. ", "The question was whether that was true…and report found it wasn’t.", "\n\nThe analysis presented in Failure to Yield differentiated between intrinsic and operational yield. ", "Intrinsic yield is the yield under the best possible conditions–good soil, good weather and no pests—and is the bedrock of gains in agricultural productivity. ", "Operational yield, also very important, refers to increases in the presence of stress. ", "Pest resistance, for example, can enable a farmer to harvest more when insects threaten, but the yield is bounded at the upper end by the intrinsic characteristics of the crop.", "\n\nThe studies showed that the predominant GE traits found in corn and soybeans—herbicide tolerance and BT toxin—did not contribute to annual increases in intrinsic yield observed in corn, but–and here’s the important part—increases in intrinsic yield were the result of conventional breeding and agronomic practices.", "\n\nNo one has ever challenged this key finding of Failure to Yield. ", "In part, this is because it simply makes sense. ", "The steady 1-2% increases in intrinsic yields in corn were evident long before the advent of GE and so couldn’t be solely attributable to GE. ", "Also, it’s hard to imagine how a trait that enabled farmers to use different herbicide could affect intrinsic yield.", "\n\nBut nevertheless the result caused a stir.", "\n\nThis may be why. ", "As long as no one highlighted the central role of conventional breeding in increasing intrinsic yield, promoters of biotechnology were able to imply it was their doing.", "\n\nBut even more importantly, here was proof from land grant scientists that conventional breeding and agronomics were outperforming genetic engineering on a fundamental agronomic trait. ", "That doesn’t comport with the image of biotechnology as a transformational technology essential to solving all the world’s problems.", "\n\nDoug’s analysis of the contribution of biotechnology crops to operational yield found that indeed BT crops had increased yields by fending off pests. ", "He estimated a range of operational yield increases for corn root worm and corn borer traits of about 3-4% over 13 years– a genuine benefit on the GE side of the ledger. ", "This was rigorous and fair analysis.", "\n\nNo Sure Fix and High and Dry\n\nDoug’s other two reports, No Sure Fix (2009) and High and Dry (2012), are also carefully done and give transgenic crops credit where credit is due. ", "Both reports aim to assess the performance of the biotechnology industry in producing crops with the long promised traits of drought resistance and increased water use efficiency (High and Dry) or increased nitrogen use efficiency (No Sure Fix).", "\n\nThe two reports identify products approved for commercialization or in the pipeline by analyzing USDA databases and the peer-reviewed scientific literature.", "\n\nNo Sure Fix revealed that there are no crops genetically engineered to increase use nitrogen efficiency on the market and relatively few are in the pipeline.", "\n\nHigh and Dry found no crop varieties on the market genetically engineered for water use efficiency (despite Monsanto’s early extravagant claims) and only one variety engineered to be drought tolerant near to commercialization. (", "That crop is now on the market).", "\n\nIn both reports, Doug scoured the scientific literature to assess the prospects for transgenics in the future, and noted that investigators continue to work in these fields. ", "After careful analysis, he concluded that that science might yet produce successful nitrogen use efficient, drought tolerant or water use efficient varieties. ", "But for now, twenty years into the biotechnology era, the performance record outside herbicide-tolerance and BT is slim. ", "This is not because of regulation…transgenic crops that increase intrinsic yield, nitrogen use efficiency or drought tolerance would sail through the US regulatory system. ", "These disappointing results simply signal that transgenic technology is more complicated and difficult than early proponents expected.", "\n\nBut just as with intrinsic yield, Doug documented that conventional breeding has already produced many drought-tolerant and nitrogen-efficient plants. ", "Together, the three reports provide a compelling picture of the power of conventional breeding to solve major agricultural problems. ", "Many varieties are available right now and many more could be if our agricultural research establishment were to prioritize conventional breeding (including marker-assisted techniques) and agroecology over genetic engineering.", "\n\nWhat part of yes don’t we understand?", "\n\nThe truth about GMOs is that GE is not the transformational technology promised in its early days and that it cannot begin to match the record of conventional breeding for producing fundamentally important traits in crops. ", "By consuming so much attention, biotechnology impedes better solutions, like those laid out by UCS in its Healthy Farm: A Vision of Agriculture. ", "In our world, faced with growing populations and climate change, finding the right solutions matters.", "\n\nOf course, this is not to say that transgenics will not play important roles in the agriculture of the future. ", "They well may, but for now a little humility is in order. ", "Proponents of GE should step back a bit and let conventional breeding and agroecology take center stage.", "\n\nMaybe the next \"Boston Review\" forum should focus on conventional breeding!" ]

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[ "(CNN) — Supergirl has some super news.", "\n\nActress Melissa Benoist, star of CW's \"Supergirl,\" has announced she's expecting her first child with her husband, actor Chris Wood.", "\n\n\"A non-canine child is coming to our family very soon!!!\" ", "Benoist wrote on Instagram. \"", "@christophrwood has always been an old dad by nature but now he's going to be a real one!\"", "\n\nThe couple announced their marriage in November.", "\n\n\"Supergirl\" is currently in its fifth season.", "\n\nThis story was first published on CNN.com, \"'Supergirl' star Melissa Benoist pregnant with first child\"" ]

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[ "Quantitative structure-activity (affinity) relationship (QSAR) study on protonation and cationization of alpha-amino acids.", "\nA quantitative structure-activity (affinity) relationship (QSAR) study is carried out to model the proton, sodium, copper, and silver cation affinities of alpha-amino acids (AA). ", "Stepping multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares (PLS), and artificial neural network (ANN) approaches are applied to elucidate the multiple factors affecting these affinities. ", "The MLR and PLS models reveal that the variation in proton affinity is attributed to the highest electrophilic superdelocalizability of nitrogen (major) and the number of rotatable bonds (minor) in AA. ", "The noncovalent interactions, especially ion-dipole interactions, are responsible for the changes in Na+ affinity. ", "The ionization potential, dipole moment of the side chain, and degree of linearity are the properties of AA that give the best correlation with the Cu+ and Ag+ affinities. ", "The ANN models are developed to study the relationships (linear or nonlinear) between the molecular descriptors and binding affinities. ", "The ANN models show higher predictive power. ", "The QSAR models are used to study the binding forms of AA (neutral vs zwitterionic) upon protonation/cationization. ", "To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to carry out a QSAR study on protonated/cationized AlphaAlpha to elucidate their binding properties. ", "In virtue of the Na+ affinity ANN model, the Na+ affinities of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) were predicted. ", "This work may pave the way for the success of applying similar approaches to peptides or proteins (with AA as the building blocks) in the future." ]

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[ "Despite his second-term battles with the national GOP, Mayor Bloomberg is set to introduce a pro-gun-rights Republican congressman at a Manhattan breakfast next week.", "\n\nHe’ll help bring Rochester Rep. Tom Reynolds up on stage at a breakfast held by the Association for a Better New York. ", "Reynolds is leading the effort to elect GOP House members across the nation.", "\n\nWord of the plan has raised eyebrows since Bloomberg launched his second term with a crusade against illegal guns and lawmakers who kowtow to the gun lobby.", "\n\n“Mayor Bloomberg has said again and again that no two people are going to see eye to eye on all issues,” the mayor’s press secretary, Stu Loeser, said yesterday. “", "But New Yorkers should back . . . ", "lawmakers who back us. ", "Reynolds has been an extraordinary supporter of New York City.”", "\n\nL.D. Platt, a spokesman for Reynolds, who helped secure billions in federal aid for the Big Apple after 9/11, agreed.", "\n\n“We can have differences of opinion,” he said. “", "That is what makes the Republican party [run].”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAbility to freely transform KineticJS objects like FabricJS\n\nI love KineticJS, its speed, marriage with GSAP, but what is making my head spin is there a way to freely transform KineticJS objects like the way in FabricJS? ", "Here is the link reference to what I am trying to say: http://fabricjs.com/customization/\nI don't want to use FabricJs as its really slow, and its low performance evident from various unit tests. ", "\nI am really looking forward to finding a way to be able to freely transform object in KineticJS as it would make life so much easier.", "\nIs there a way to do it?", "\nThanks for your help,\nPraney\n\nA:\n\nLike markE said, this tutorial on Eric's (creator of KineticJS) tutorial site is the basis for all free transforming within KineticJS.", "\nI'll go into detail about the actual free transform logic, there are 2 main functions:\nfunction addAnchor(group, x, y, name) {\n var stage = group.getStage();\n var layer = group.getLayer();\n\n //Create the anchor shape\n var anchor = new Kinetic.", "Circle({\n x: x,\n y: y,\n stroke: '#666',\n fill: '#ddd',\n strokeWidth: 2,\n radius: 8,\n name: name,\n draggable: true,\n dragOnTop: false\n });\n\n //Calls the update function which handles the transform logic\n anchor.on('dragmove', function() {\n update(this);\n layer.draw();\n });\n //When the anchor is selected, we want to turn dragging off for the group\n //This is so that only the anchor is draggable, and we can transform instead of drag\n anchor.on('mousedown touchstart', function() {\n group.setDraggable(false);\n this.moveToTop();\n });\n //Turn back on draggable for the group\n anchor.on('dragend', function() {\n group.setDraggable(true);\n layer.draw();\n });\n // add hover styling\n anchor.on('mouseover', function() {\n var layer = this.getLayer();\n document.body.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n this.setStrokeWidth(4);\n layer.draw();\n });\n anchor.on('mouseout', function() {\n var layer = this.getLayer();\n document.body.style.cursor = 'default';\n this.setStrokeWidth(2);\n layer.draw();\n });\n\n group.add(anchor);\n}\n\nThe addAnchor function, like the name says, adds a single anchor (or free transform handle) to a Kinetic.", "Group. ", "By default it uses a Kinetic.", "Circle but really you can use any shape you want.", "\n\ngroup - the group to add the anchor to\nx - the x position of the anchor\ny - the y position of the anchor\nname - name of the anchor (usually describe which position the anchor represents, like topLeft or bottomRight\n\nYou'll notice a bunch of events attached to the newly created anchor, most of these are pretty straight-forward but the one you want to pay attention to is the dragmove event - this event is the one that calls the update function which handles all the logic for transforming the group/node. ", "It's useful to note that the update function is called for every pixel that you are dragging an anchor.", "\nThe tutorial uses 4 corner anchors (thus calling addAnchor 4 times for each group/node), but if you wanted 8 anchors (4 corners - 4 sides) then you just have to adjust the logic to position the anchors correctly and to move the anchors properly when transforming.", "\nBy the way, the reason we're adding Anchors to a Group, is because we need them to group with the node in question, and stick with each node through dragging and transforming.", "\nThe second method is the update function:\nfunction update(activeAnchor) {\n var group = activeAnchor.getParent();\n\n //Get each anchor inside the group, by name. ", "Keep a standard set of names for every anchor you use and note they have to be names not ids because there will be multiple anchors named .topLeft in your app\n var topLeft = group.get('.topLeft')[0];\n var topRight = group.get('.topRight')[0];\n var bottomRight = group.get('.bottomRight')[0];\n var bottomLeft = group.get('.bottomLeft')[0];\n var image = group.get('.image')[0];\n\n var anchorX = activeAnchor.getX();\n var anchorY = activeAnchor.getY();\n\n // update anchor positions\n switch (activeAnchor.getName()) {\n case 'topLeft':\n //When topLeft is being dragged, topRight has to update in the Y-axis\n //And bottomLeft has to update in the X-axis\n topRight.setY(anchorY);\n bottomLeft.setX(anchorX);\n break;\n case 'topRight':\n topLeft.setY(anchorY);\n bottomRight.setX(anchorX);\n break;\n case 'bottomRight':\n bottomLeft.setY(anchorY);\n topRight.setX(anchorX); \n break;\n case 'bottomLeft':\n bottomRight.setY(anchorY);\n topLeft.setX(anchorX); \n break;\n }\n\n image.setPosition(topLeft.getPosition());\n\n //New height and width are calculated with a little math\n //by calculating the distance between the update anchor positions.", "\n var width = topRight.getX() - topLeft.getX();\n var height = bottomLeft.getY() - topLeft.getY();\n if(width && height) {\n image.setSize(width, height);\n }\n}\n\nThe update function only takes one argument: the activeAnchor which is the anchor being dragged.", "\nAfter that, it selects the other anchors within the group (using static names that you need to give each node and keep consistent throughout your app) so that we can translate their positions while the activeAnchor is being dragged.", "\nThe switch statement can get pretty large if you use 8 anchors instead of 4. ", "This is because you need to consider translating almost all the other anchors while dragging one of them. ", "\nFor an 8 anchor example: If you drag the topLeft anchor, you need to update the y position of the topRight anchor, the x position of the bottomLeft anchor, and for the topMid and leftMid anchors you need to adjust both the x,y values to stay in between the other anchors. ", "\nAfter updating the anchor position, the function handles the logic to resize the shape. ", "Notice that the shape is selected by var image = group.get('.image')[0]; But, what you can do is use the get function to select by type and do something like:\nvar shape = group.get('Shape')[0];\nObviously this will work best if you just have 1 shape per group (to transform) + 4 or 8 anchors.", "\nLet me know if you have any other questions or comments! ", "Good luck!", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Scientific American has a new article, “20 big questions about the future of humanity“, in which twenty well known scientists prognosticate about our collective fate. ", "It’s not clear whether the questions were generated by the scientists themselves or by the magazine, but most of them, and the answers, don’t inspire me much. ", "It’s not that I think the answers are bad, I just think that predictions of this sort—will sex become obsolete? ", "will humans survive the next 500 years? ", "when and where will we find extraterrestrial life?—are shots in the dark, and the answers not that enlightening. ", "After all, the extraterrestrial question is simply a big fat unknown.", "\n\nBut one question and answer, called to my attention by reader John O., intrigued me for obvious reasons. ", "The respondent is the well known philosopher Patricia Churchland. ", "Here’s the question and her answer, and the bold bit in the answer is my own emphasis.", "\n\nWill brain science change criminal law? “", "In all likelihood, the brain is a causal machine, in the sense that it goes from state to state as a function of antecedent conditions. ", "The implications of this for criminal law are absolutely nil. ", "For one thing, all mammals and birds have circuitry for self-control, which is modified through reinforcement learning (being rewarded for making good choices), especially in a social context. ", "Criminal law is also about public safety and welfare. ", "Even if we could identify circuitry unique to serial child rapists, for example, they could not just be allowed to go free, because they would be apt to repeat. ", "Were we to conclude, regarding, say, Boston priest John Geoghan, who molested some 130 children, ‘It’s not his fault he has that brain, so let him go home,’ the result would undoubtedly be vigilante justice. ", "And when rough justice takes the place of a criminal justice system rooted in years of making fair-minded law, things get very ugly very quickly.”", "\n\n—Patricia Churchland, professor of philosophy and neuroscience at the University of California, San Diego\n\nThis seems to me both wrongheaded and very superficial, especially when you consider that punishment is part of criminal law. ", "But at least she’s a determinist and a naturalist. ", "We can argue (not this time!) ", "about what this means for conceptions of free will, but I think it’s almost a given that a philosophy involving determinism (either hard determinism or compatibilism) will have implications for criminal law different from those coming from a philosophy of dualism.", "\n\nThat’s certainly the case in practice, for the concept of whether someone could have done otherwise, versus whether he was “compelled” by uncontrollable circumstances in a criminal situation, has played a big role in our judicial system. ", "If you’re considered mentally incompetent, for example, or have a brain tumor that makes you aggressive, or don’t “know right from wrong”, your punishment can vary drastically. ", "If you’re considered mentally ill, you may be hospitalized; if you do know “right from wrong” (even if your circumstances allow you to know it but not act on that knowledge) you will be put in a pretty bad prison situation; and if there are extenuating circumstances that may have influenced your behavior (like an abused woman killing her abuser), your sentence may be light—or you may be even set free.", "\n\nUnder determinism, nobody has a choice of how to act, in other words, there are always “extenuating circumstances” in the form of environmental and genetic factors that caused you to transgress. ", "The way the justice system deals with these factors will, of course, differ from person to person; but it’s vitally important to realize that no criminal had a free choice about what he did. (", "I’m using “he” here since most criminals are male.) ", "And we can’t deny that lots of punishments are based not on deterrence, rehabilitation, or public safety, but on pure retribution: a vile sentiment that presupposes that someone could have done otherwise.", "\n\nEven Sean Carroll, a compatibilist, realizes the implications of neuroscience on our justice system. ", "As I quoted him the other day from his new book The Big Picture:\n\nTo the extent that neuroscience becomes better and better at predicting what we will do without reference to our personal volition, it will be less and less appropriate to treat people as freely acting agents. ", "Predestination will become part of our real world.", "\n\nNow I’m not sure I agree with Sean that predicting behavior has anything to do with treating people as “freely acting agents,” for we already know that they’re not freely acting agents. ", "Prediction has to do with your strategy for “punishing” the offender (it affects recidivism and public safety); perhaps that’s what Sean means, but it’s not clear.", "\n\nFurther, Churchland goes badly wrong when she thinks that determinism is solely about understanding why someone does something, and then exculpating them when we do. ", "That’s ludicrous. ", "We need to prevent an offender from reoffending if they’re freed, which means rehabilitation; we need to protect the public even if we do understand why someone commits a crime (what if their neurons make them psychopathic?); ", "and we need to deter others by example from committing crimes. (", "Deterrence is certainly compatible with determinism: seeing someone get punished affects your brain, often making you less likely to transgress.) ", "I have no idea how Churchland draws a connection between understanding the correlates of behavior and letting people go free, and then—vigilante justice! ", "We already know that “criminal law is about public safety and welfare,” and no determinist thinks otherwise. ", "Determinists are not a group of people hell-bent on freeing criminals!", "\n\nAt any rate, the more we learn about brain function, the more we’ll be able to understand those factors that compel people to behave in a certain way when faced with the appearance of choice. ", "And when we know that, we’ll be better able to treat them. ", "But as we learn more about the brain, my hope is that we will be less and less willing to punish people on the assumption that they made the “wrong choice”, avoid retribution, and begin to design a system of punishment that not only protects society and deters others, but, above all, fixes the problems, both social and neurological, that lead people to break the law." ]

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[ "This application claims benefit of Korean patent application number P2000-08667, filed Feb. 23, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.", "\nThis invention relates to a liquid crystal display having a tape carrier package including a mounted integrated circuit, and more particularly to a tape carrier package with dummy pads that are capable of fortifying a bonding force in bonding the tape carrier package onto a liquid crystal panel. ", "Also, the present invention is related to a method of fabricating a liquid crystal display with dummy pads that are capable of fortifying a bonding force between the tape carrier package and the liquid crystal panel.", "\nGenerally, an active matrix liquid crystal display uses thin film transistors (TFTs) as switching devices to display a natural-looking moving picture. ", "Since such a liquid crystal display can be made into a smaller-size device than a cathode ray tube, it is commercially viable for use as a monitor such as a portable television, lap-top personal computer or other consumer device.", "\nThe active matrix liquid crystal display displays a picture corresponding to video signals such as television signals on a pixel (or picture element) matrix having pixels arranged at each intersection between gate lines and data lines. ", "Each pixel includes a liquid crystal cell for controlling a transmitted light quantity in accordance with a voltage level of a data signal from a data line. ", "A TFT (thin film transistor) is installed at an intersection between a gate line and a data line to switch a data signal to be transferred to the liquid crystal cell in response to a scanning signal (i.e., a gate pulse) from the gate line.", "\nSuch a liquid crystal display requires a number of integrated circuits (ICs) connected to the data lines and the gate lines to apply data signals and scanning signals to the data lines and the gate lines, respectively. ", "The ICs are installed between the print wiring board (PWB) and the liquid crystal panel to apply signals supplied from the PWB to the data lines and the gate lines. ", "IC mounting methods include chip on board, hereinafter referred to as xe2x80x9cCOBxe2x80x9d, tape automated bonding, hereinafter referred to as xe2x80x9cTABxe2x80x9d, and chip on glass, hereinafter referred to as xe2x80x9cCOGxe2x80x9d. (", "Other methods are also possible.) ", "The COB system is ainly used for a monochromatic liquid crystal display having a pixel pitch of more than 300 xcexcm. ", "As shown in FIG. ", "1, in this COB system, ICs 8 are mounted on a PWB 6 and a heat-seal connector 10 connects the PWB 6 and a glass substrate 3 in a liquid crystal panel 2. ", "In this case, a back light unit 4 used as a light source is provided between the liquid crystal panel 2 and the PWB 6. ", "As shown in FIG. ", "2, in the TAB system, ICs 14 are mounted on a tape carrier package (TCP) 12. ", "The TCP 12 is connected between the PWB 6 and the liquid crystal panel 3. ", "As shown in FIG. ", "3, in the COG system, an IC chip 20 is directly mounted on a glass substrate 17 in a liquid crystal panel 16.", "\nThe above mentioned TAB IC mounting method has been widely employed because it can widen an effective area of the panel and has a relatively simple mounting process.", "\nAs shown in FIG. ", "4, the TCP 12 employed in the TAB system includes a base film 22 on which is mounted an IC 14. ", "The base film 22 is also provided with input and output pads 24 and 26 connected to input and output pins of the ICs 14. ", "The input and output pads 24 and 26 have a two-layer structure in which copper(Cu) is plated with tin(Sn) for preventing an oxidation. ", "Line widths of the input pads 24 are set to be larger than those of the output pads 26. ", "As shown in FIG. ", "5, the input pads 24 of the base film 22 are connected, via an anisotropic conductive film (ACF) 30, to pads 28 on the PWB 6. ", "The output pads 26 are also connected via the ACF 30 to pads 28 on the liquid crystal panel 2.", "\nRecently, in order to fortify a bonding force between the liquid crystal panel and the TCP 42, separate dummy pads 50 and 52 have been provided at a liquid crystal panel 44 and a TCP 42 as shown in FIG. ", "6. ", "The dummy pads 50 and 52 function to increase a bonding force between the TCP 42 and the liquid crystal panel 44 by widening a bonded area without being connected to a signal wiring. ", "The dummy pads 50 and 52 are bonded to each other with the ACF 30 therebetween upon bonding the output pads 46 of the TCP 42 to the gate/data pads 48 of the liquid crystal panel 44. ", "Line widths of the dummy pads 52 and 54 are set to be equal to those of the output pads 46 of the TCP 42 and the gate/data pads 48 of the liquid crystal panel 44. ", "Accordingly, the bonding forces of each dummy pad 50 and 52 are the same.", "\nHowever, the TCP 42 and the liquid crystal panel 44 having the conventional dummy pads have a problem in that, since the bonding forces of each dummy pad 50 and 52 are same, a bonding force generated by the dummy pads 50 and 52 is not satisfactory. ", "As a result, in the liquid crystal display with the conventional dummy pads, the TCP 42 can be separated from the liquid crystal panel 44 due to an impact force applied from the exterior thereof in the course of its fabrication process or its usage. ", "The conventional TCPs 12 and 42 have limited usefulness because of such weak bonding force.", "\nAccordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a liquid crystal display having dummy pads with an increased bonding force between a tape carrier package and a liquid crystal panel.", "\nA further object of the present invention is to provide a method of fabricating a liquid crystal display having dummy pads that with an increased bonding force between a tape carrier package and a liquid crystal panel.", "\nIn order to achieve these and other objects of the invention, a liquid crystal display with dummy pads according to one aspect of the present invention includes a tape carrier package including first and second dummy pads to which signals are not applied, the first dummy pad having a larger width than the second dummy pad; and a liquid crystal panel including third and fourth dummy pads corresponding to the first and second dummy pads, respectively.", "\nA liquid crystal display with dummy pads according to another aspect of the present invention includes a tape carrier package including output pads for outputting signals from an integrated circuit and dummy pads to which signals are not applied, at least one of said dummy pads having a width different from the output pads; and a liquid crystal panel including dummy pads corresponding to said dummy pads.", "\nA method of fabricating a liquid crystal display with dummy pads according to still another aspect of the present invention includes the steps of forming first and second dummy pads on the tape carrier package in such a manner that the first dummy pad has a width different from the second dummy pad; forming third and fourth dummy pads corresponding to the first and second dummy pads, respectively, on the liquid crystal panel; and bonding the tape carrier package on the liquid crystal panel in such a manner that the first and second dummy pads correspond to the third and fourth dummy pads, respectively." ]

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[ "Pan-EU policy on terrorism offences adopted\n\nIncitement to commit terrorist acts, as well as the training and recruitment of terrorists, should be considered criminal acts in all EU states, interior ministers from the group’s 27 member states decided on 18 April.", "\n\nThe acting European commissioner for justice and home affairs, Jacques Barrot, hailed the decision as a measure of “great political and symbolic importance”.", "\n\nThere had been differences of opinion about the rules governing which member state would have jurisdiction over a particular crime, and, in particular, about whether thwarted efforts at incitement and unsuccessful attempts to train and recruit terrorists should be criminalised. ", "Germany, Sweden and the Czech Republic opposed their criminalisation. ", "In the end, a compromise was struck, with member states not being obliged to start criminal proceedings in such cases.", "\n\nAll member states agreed, though, that statements that do not directly call for an attack can be judged to be incitement to terrorism.", "\n\nOther clauses oblige member states to accept responsibility for crimes committed on behalf of businesses registered in their territory and for crimes committed against EU institutions located on their soil.", "\n\nThe deal stipulates that the punishments for terrorist-related offences should be “effective, proportionate and dissuasive” and includes provisions designed to protect citizens’ rights, among them one that obliges member states to ensure that criminalisation is “proportionate” to the criminal’s aims and to exclude “any form of arbitrariness and discrimination”.", "\n\nThe agreement now needs be formally adopted by the Council of Ministers, which is expected to vote on the issue at the next meeting of its Justice and Home Affairs Council on 5-6 June." ]

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[ "\"As a matter of fact I only work with the feeling of something magical, something seemingly significant. ", "And to keep it magical I don't want to know the story involved, I just want the hypnotic effect of it somehow seeming significant without knowing why.\" - ", "Len Lye\n\nThe 52-year-old fell into a coma on Saturday after suffering a cardiac arrest at his New York home.", "\n\nReeve had been paralysed from the neck down in a near-fatal horse-riding accident nine years ago.", "\n\nThe former actor spent most of his time since in a wheelchair and became an advocate for spinal cord research.", "\n\nFuckin a..\n\nI am seriously bummed to hear about Reeve's death. ", "I really believed that one day he would make a recovery and his efforts would lead to millions of people being able to walk again and recover from spinal injuries." ]

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[ "The government has decided 'in principle' to allow former army chief General (retd) Raheel Sharif to head the Saudi-led military alliance of 34 Muslim nations, Defence Minister Khawaja Asif confirmed on Saturday.", "“It has been decided in principle that Gen (retd) Raheel Sharif will go there [to Saudi Arabia] to lead the alliance,” the minister told a private news channel, putting to rest weeks of speculation. “", "The formal process in this regard has yet to be completed,” he said.", "Asif said Saudi Arabia's government had requested Pakistan to allow the former army chief to lead the 34-nation allowance. ", "When asked about whether Gen Raheel had applied for a no objection certificate (NOC), the minister said \"it is not needed after the two countries have come to an agreement.", "\"\"It is only a matter of time before Gen Raheel leaves for Saudi Arabia to put in place a structure for the alliance,\" Asif said. \"", "The alliance has no structure as of yet. ", "Gen Raheel will adopt a framework once he arrives in the Kingdom.", "\"The minister added that a body comprising the defence ministers of all member states will function as an advisory council for the alliance. ", "The council is expected to hold its first meeting in May, he said.", "Asif on January 6 confirmed reports that Saudi Arabia had decided to appoint Gen Raheel as the head of the military alliance of Muslim countries it had announced last year. ", "However, the minister kicked up controversy five days later when he told the Senate that the former army chief had not asked the government for clearance to lead the coalition.", "This had led to weeks of debate and speculation about whether the government would allow Gen Raheel to take up the position." ]

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[ "[Expression, purification of proteasome subunit PSMB1 and application in screening of possible proteasome inhibitors].", "\nProteasome is a multi-subunit protease complex in eukaryocytes, and plays an important role in ubiquitin-proteosome pathway. ", "Recombinant proteasome can be used to screen proteasome inhibitors. ", "In this study, recombinant plasmid of pET28a-PSMB1 was constructed by inserting human proteasome catalytic subunit (PSMB1) cDNA (726 bp) into the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a(+), and transforming the plasmid into E. coli BL21(DE3) cells for expression. ", "After overnight induction (1 mmol/L IPTG, 20 degrees C), an expected protein band with molecular weight of 27 kDa was observed on SDS-PAGE gel. ", "The recombinant protein was then purified through affinity chromatography, and the purity is more than 95%. ", "The amino acid sequence of the recombinant protein was validated by NanoLC-MS/MS. ", "The data from in vitro BIAcore analysis showed that the recombinant PSMB1 could bind to celastrol. ", "The binding affinity between PSMB1 and 10 micromol/L celastrol was more than 27RU." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "This article contains tips that can help you get the cheapest last minute flights.", "\n\n‘Astounding’ customized Mercedes fitted with airplane components and left unblemished for 40 years is expected to offer for more than $1million\n\n3 years following the death of Sigurd Nygren, a self-made marine professional which rose from depths of poverty, their stepson Wally Rogers had been tasked with checking out what Nygren put aside. ", "As he joined the messy hangar in l . ", "a ., ", "he found a …Airplane – BingNews" ]

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[ "How big is better?", "\n\nRecommended Posts\n\nWhat size should a profile picture be? ", "The allowed size was increased awhile ago, and now my image (and others' images) show up funny here in the forum. ", "The settings page shows what size a banner image should be, but not the profile picture's size." ]

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", "If you are only browsing, we may collect the following information (whenever possible): IP address, domain name, the type of browser and operating system used to access the website, the date and time you access the website, the pages you visit (click-through), and if you linked to the website from another website, the address of that website as well as additional information related to your visit.", "\n\nCookiesWe may place “cookies” on your personal computer. “", "Cookies” are small identifiers sent from a web server and stored on your computer’s hard drive, similar to a license plate, that help us to recognize you if you visit the website again. ", "We use cookies to record session information, such as which pages you access or visit, your past activity in order to provide better service when you return to the website, ensure that you are not repeatedly sent the same banner ads, to customize website content based on your browser type, and to track how you found the website. 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[ "Q:\n\nRun setState when 2 states are the same\n\nI am trying to do a 4 digit auth using this react-input-code\nOn input change, I am setting the state: usesrAuth and I have another static state: code. ", "I am trying to achieve when these two states matched, I want to set another state: isAuthenticated to true. ", "What happens is, when state changes and these two states are the same, isAuthenticated state doesn't change. ", "Can you help me how I can check for 2 states is truthy and update the 3rd state?", "\nstate = {\n userAuth: '',\n code: '1234',\n cart: [],\n currentItem: { \n text: '',\n key: ''\n },\n isAuthenticated: false\n}\n\nOn change from react-input-code component will update the userAuth state.", "\n<ReactCodeInput\n type='number'\n fields={4}\n onChange={ this.props.authInput } \n/>\n\n// props passed function\nhandleAuthInput = (e) => {\n this.setState({\n userAuth: e\n })\n}\n\nWhat I am trying to achieve is this when this.state.userAuth === this.state.code. ", "I want to set the state isAuthenticated: true which will then show/hide some HTML depending on this isAuthenticated state.", "\nstate = {\n userAuth: '1234',\n code: '1234',\n isAuthenticated: false\n}\n\nLet me know how I can achieve this? ", "Thanks!", "\n\nA:\n\nWhen you update your state you can check if the new userAuth and code match and set isAuthenticated to true if that's the case.", "\nExample\n\nclass App extends React.", "Component {\r\n state = {\r\n userAuth: \"1234\",\r\n code: \"\",\r\n isAuthenticated: false\r\n };\r\n\r\n onChange = e => {\r\n const { name, value } = e.target;\r\n this.setState(prevState => {\r\n const state = { ...prevState, [name]: value };\r\n state.isAuthenticated = state.userAuth === state.code;\r\n return state;\r\n });\r\n };\r\n\r\n render() {\r\n const { userAuth, code, isAuthenticated } = this.state;\r\n return (\r\n <div>\r\n <input name=\"userAuth\" value={userAuth} onChange={this.onChange} />\r\n <input name=\"code\" value={code} onChange={this.onChange} />\r\n <div>{isAuthenticated ? \"", "Match!\" : \"", "No match\"}</div>\r\n </div>\r\n );\r\n }\r\n}\r\n\r\nReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById(\"root\"));\n<script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react/16.6.3/umd/react.production.min.js\"></script>\r\n<script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react-dom/16.6.3/umd/react-dom.production.min.js\"></script>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"root\"></div>\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nKendo UI with asp.net\n\nHi can someone tell me how to use Kendo UI with asp.net web application? ", "\nBecause when I try to create an asp.net application and added kendo.mvc.dll in my bin folder.", "\nNow I've added \n<%= Html.", "Kendo().Calendar().Name(\"calendar\") %>\n\nin my default.aspx page. ", "Now it is saying \"The name HTML does not exist in the current context\"\nCan someone help me what is the issue in that?", "\nThanks in advance\n\nA:\n\nYou are trying to use Kendo for MVC when your web application is not MVC.", "\nYou need to use Kendo UI WEB\nhttp://www.kendoui.com/download.aspx\n\n" ]

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[ "/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */\n/*\n *\n * Includes for cdc-acm.c\n *\n * Mainly take from usbnet's cdc-ether part\n *\n */\n\n/*\n * CMSPAR, some architectures can't have space and mark parity.", "\n */\n\n#ifndef CMSPAR\n#define CMSPAR\t\t\t0\n#endif\n\n/*\n * Major and minor numbers.", "\n */\n\n#define ACM_TTY_MAJOR\t\t166\n#define ACM_TTY_MINORS\t\t256\n\n/*\n * Requests.", "\n */\n\n#define USB_RT_ACM\t\t(USB_TYPE_CLASS | USB_RECIP_INTERFACE)\n\n/*\n * Output control lines.", "\n */\n\n#define ACM_CTRL_DTR\t\t0x01\n#define ACM_CTRL_RTS\t\t0x02\n\n/*\n * Input control lines and line errors.", "\n */\n\n#define ACM_CTRL_DCD\t\t0x01\n#define ACM_CTRL_DSR\t\t0x02\n#define ACM_CTRL_BRK\t\t0x04\n#define ACM_CTRL_RI\t\t0x08\n\n#define ACM_CTRL_FRAMING\t0x10\n#define ACM_CTRL_PARITY\t\t0x20\n#define ACM_CTRL_OVERRUN\t0x40\n\n/*\n * Internal driver structures.", "\n */\n\n/*\n * The only reason to have several buffers is to accommodate assumptions\n * in line disciplines. ", "They ask for empty space amount, receive our URB size,\n * and proceed to issue several 1-character writes, assuming they will fit.", "\n * The very first write takes a complete URB. ", "Fortunately, this only happens\n * when processing onlcr, so we only need 2 buffers. ", "These values must be\n * powers of 2.", "\n */\n#define ACM_NW 16\n#define ACM_NR 16\n\nstruct acm_wb {\n\tunsigned char *buf;\n\tdma_addr_t dmah;\n\tint len;\n\tint use;\n\tstruct urb\t\t*urb;\n\tstruct acm\t\t*instance;\n};\n\nstruct acm_rb {\n\tint\t\t\tsize;\n\tunsigned char\t\t*base;\n\tdma_addr_t\t\tdma;\n\tint\t\t\tindex;\n\tstruct acm\t\t*instance;\n};\n\nstruct acm {\n\tstruct usb_device *dev;\t\t\t\t/* the corresponding usb device */\n\tstruct usb_interface *control;\t\t\t/* control interface */\n\tstruct usb_interface *data;\t\t\t/* data interface */\n\tunsigned in, out;\t\t\t\t/* i/o pipes */\n\tstruct tty_port port;\t\t\t \t/* our tty port data */\n\tstruct urb *ctrlurb;\t\t\t\t/* urbs */\n\tu8 *ctrl_buffer;\t\t\t\t/* buffers of urbs */\n\tdma_addr_t ctrl_dma;\t\t\t\t/* dma handles of buffers */\n\tu8 *country_codes;\t\t\t\t/* country codes from device */\n\tunsigned int country_code_size;\t\t\t/* size of this buffer */\n\tunsigned int country_rel_date;\t\t\t/* release date of version */\n\tstruct acm_wb wb[ACM_NW];\n\tunsigned long read_urbs_free;\n\tstruct urb *read_urbs[ACM_NR];\n\tstruct acm_rb read_buffers[ACM_NR];\n\tint rx_buflimit;\n\tspinlock_t read_lock;\n\tu8 *notification_buffer;\t\t\t/* to reassemble fragmented notifications */\n\tunsigned int nb_index;\n\tunsigned int nb_size;\n\tint transmitting;\n\tspinlock_t write_lock;\n\tstruct mutex mutex;\n\tbool disconnected;\n\tunsigned long flags;\n#\t\tdefine EVENT_TTY_WAKEUP\t0\n#\t\tdefine EVENT_RX_STALL\t1\n\tstruct usb_cdc_line_coding line;\t\t/* bits, stop, parity */\n\tstruct work_struct work;\t\t\t/* work queue entry for line discipline waking up */\n\tunsigned int ctrlin;\t\t\t\t/* input control lines (DCD, DSR, RI, break, overruns) */\n\tunsigned int ctrlout;\t\t\t\t/* output control lines (DTR, RTS) */\n\tstruct async_icount iocount;\t\t\t/* counters for control line changes */\n\tstruct async_icount oldcount;\t\t\t/* for comparison of counter */\n\twait_queue_head_t wioctl;\t\t\t/* for ioctl */\n\tunsigned int writesize;\t\t\t\t/* max packet size for the output bulk endpoint */\n\tunsigned int readsize,ctrlsize;\t\t\t/* buffer sizes for freeing */\n\tunsigned int minor;\t\t\t\t/* acm minor number */\n\tunsigned char clocal;\t\t\t\t/* termios CLOCAL */\n\tunsigned int ctrl_caps;\t\t\t\t/* control capabilities from the class specific header */\n\tunsigned int susp_count;\t\t\t/* number of suspended interfaces */\n\tunsigned int combined_interfaces:1;\t\t/* control and data collapsed */\n\tunsigned int throttled:1;\t\t\t/* actually throttled */\n\tunsigned int throttle_req:1;\t\t\t/* throttle requested */\n\tu8 bInterval;\n\tstruct usb_anchor delayed;\t\t\t/* writes queued for a device about to be woken */\n\tunsigned long quirks;\n};\n\n#define CDC_DATA_INTERFACE_TYPE\t0x0a\n\n/* constants describing various quirks and errors */\n#define NO_UNION_NORMAL\t\t\tBIT(0)\n#define SINGLE_RX_URB\t\t\tBIT(1)\n#define NO_CAP_LINE\t\t\tBIT(2)\n#define NO_DATA_INTERFACE\t\tBIT(4)\n#define IGNORE_DEVICE\t\t\tBIT(5)\n#define QUIRK_CONTROL_LINE_STATE\tBIT(6)\n#define CLEAR_HALT_CONDITIONS\t\tBIT(7)\n#define SEND_ZERO_PACKET\t\tBIT(8)\n" ]

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[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nThe controller-to-total-asthma-medication ratio has been used to assess the quality of asthma care using the United States claims data \\[[@CR1]-[@CR3]\\]. ", "Patients with controller-to-total-asthma-medication ratio values of 50% and higher exhibited fewer asthma exacerbations than those with lower ratios, as assessed by proxies such as hospitalizations or visits to emergency departments \\[[@CR1],[@CR3]\\]. ", "Consistent results were also obtained after restraining controllers to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and calculating ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratios using French claims data \\[[@CR4]\\]. ", "To our knowledge, controller-to-total-asthma-medication ratios and particularly the ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratio have not been computed using prescribing data from primary care electronic medical records (EMRs), though other ratios have been studied, such as ICS-to-reliever ratios \\[[@CR5],[@CR6]\\] and controller-to-reliever ratios \\[[@CR7]\\]. ", "Further, the distributions within the low and high ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratio subgroups have been little explored. ", "It is unclear whether these distributions are homogenous, or if distinct subgroups with specific characteristics can be identified within high and/or low-ICS-ratio groups.", "\n\nPrescribing data reflect health care professional's (HCP) diagnoses and decisions and, therefore, provide information that is complementary to claims data, which result from both HCP's prescribing and patients' compliance with prescription orders. ", "Hence, using prescribing data, it is possible to assess if high-ICS-ratio patients present fewer asthma exacerbations than those with lower ratio values. ", "Further, as prescribing may be affected by the local organization of health care, e.g. national prescribing guidelines, it was of interest to explore the relationship between ratios and medical resource utilisation in countries with two different health care systems, i.e. France and the United Kingdom (UK). ", "In the United Kingdom, GPs are employed by the NHS or by general practices whereas most French primary care physicians have a liberal status, and their incomes primarily depend on the volume of their activity. ", "In contrast, the quality of care impacts British physicians' salary due to the presence of a pay for performance scheme***.*** ", "This system rewards general practices that achieve targets set over a wide range of clinical indicators. ", "For instance, physicians are encouraged to perform annual disease reviews for their asthma patients, which include an assessment of disease control \\[[@CR8]\\].", "\n\nOur objective was to determine whether ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratios, computed in primary care prescribing data, could be used to detect patients at risk of asthma exacerbation, by comparing prescriptions and medical contacts between non-ICS users, low- and high-ICS-ratio groups.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nStudy design and data sources {#Sec3}\n-----------------------------\n\nWe conducted a database study using primary care electronic medical records data from the UK and France (The Health Improvement Network or THIN and Longitudinal Patient Data or LPD). ", "The data between 1st January 2007 and 31th December 2008 were extracted for all patients with at least one prescription in 2007 of respiratory drug ATC: R03. ", "Extractions included patients' age, gender, and information on general practitioner visits and medication prescribing in 2007 and 2008.", "\n\nTHIN collects anonymized longitudinal primary care patient records including demographic, medical and prescription information at an individual patient level from participating general practices in the UK that routinely record these data. ", "The data collection was approved by the NHS South-East Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee in 2003. ", "The THIN data were shown to be generalizable to the UK population \\[[@CR9],[@CR10]\\].", "\n\nTo derive data for the French patients, the LPD database was used. ", "The database includes anonymous data on patient consultations and prescribed medications. ", "General practitioners belonging to the LPD Network are representative of the French GP population based on age, gender and geographical region. ", "LPD holds an ethical approval from the French National Data Protection Authority (CNIL) for data collection since 2002. ", "As our study utilized anonymized patients data only, no additional ethical approval was needed.", "\n\nCohort selection {#Sec4}\n----------------\n\nWe received extractions of patients with at least one prescribed asthma drug (ATC Classification: R03) in 2007, from THIN (United-Kingdom) and the LPD database (France). ", "From these data, we selected patients aged between 16 and 40 years who received at least 4 prescriptions for asthma medications in 2007 \\[[@CR11]\\] and at least one prescription for an asthma medication in 2008. ", "We excluded patients receiving tiotropium during the study time frame. ", "Exclusion criteria were used to limit the presence of patients with chronic obstructive respiratory disease (COPD). ", "Differentiation of asthma and COPD can be challenging in primary care. ", "Additionally, both diseases are mostly treated by the same drug classes. ", "However, COPD typically occurs after the age of 40 and tiotropium was one of the few respiratory drugs specific to COPD at the time of the study.", "\n\nICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratio (ICS/R03) {#Sec5}\n----------------------------------------------\n\nRespiratory medications included short-acting beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists (SABA), anticholinergics, SABA/anticholinergic fixed combinations, long-acting beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists (LABA), inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), LABA/ICS fixed combinations, leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA), xanthines and cromones.", "\n\nThe ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratio constituted the proportion of prescribed units of ICS out of the overall number of respiratory medication units \\[[@CR11]\\] prescribed during 2008. ", "In French data, we employed units of prescribed medications (i.e., 1 unit = 1 canister for inhaled therapy or 1 packaging for oral therapy) in the calculation of the ratios as patients can receive more than one canister/package with one prescription in France. ", "As the number of prescribed units was not available in the THIN data for oral therapy, the ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratio in the UK was computed based on the number of prescriptions recorded. ", "In both countries, LABA/ICS fixed combinations and not combined ICS were all counted as one ICS unit in ratios, both in numerator and denominator. ", "Three groups were defined according to the value of ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratio in 2008: R = 0% (non ICS users), 0% \\< R \\< 50% (low-ICS-ratio group) and R ≥ 50% (high-ICS-ratio group).", "\n\nOutcomes {#Sec6}\n--------\n\nThe outcomes were prescriptions for systemic corticosteroids and respiratory antibiotics (beta-lactams, first to third generation cephalosporins, macrolides and fluoroquinolones). ", "All outcomes were assessed from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2008.", "\n\nStatistical analyses {#Sec7}\n--------------------\n\nWe analysed the data from the UK and France according to the same statistical analysis plan, in four successive steps.", "Distribution of ratios and definition of groupsThe distribution of the ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratios was first examined. ", "The patients were then assigned into the ratio groups (non ICS users, low-ICS-ratio group and high-ICS-ratio group, as defined in the specific paragraph).b.", "Univariate analysesThen, the different groups of patients were compared according to patients' age and gender, number of GP visits, and the total number of prescribed asthma medications in 2008 (marker of asthma severity), and the systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics prescribing levels (outcomes). ", "Chi^2^ test and ANOVA were used for univariate analyses.c.", "Multivariate analysesMultivariate logistic regression models were then conducted among ICS-treated patients only (low and high-ICS ratio groups) to determine the adjusted risk of receiving systemic corticosteroids (respiratory antibiotics) according to ratio value (high vs. low). ", "Adjustments were made for age, gender, use of a fixed LABA-ICS combinations in 2008, and the number of respiratory medications prescribed in 2008 (\\<6, ≥ 6). ", "For all models, the low-ICS-users group was used as the reference.d.", "Sensitivity analysesSensitivity analyses on prescriptions for systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics in patients receiving ≥ 6 prescribed units of respiratory medications (≥6 prescriptions in the UK) were also performed in univariate analyses, as some ratios may be high as a consequence of low prescribing levels of respiratory medications (small denominator). ", "Furthermore, in case of clearly distinguishable subgroups within the low, or within the high-ICS-ratio group in the main analysis, complementary comparisons between the different subgroups were performed in the given group according to patient number of medical contacts, studied outcomes and prescribed asthma medications in 2008.", "\n\nAll analyses were performed using SAS statistical software, version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina). ", "All reported p-values are 2-tailed, with significance level set at 5%.", "\n\nResults {#Sec8}\n=======\n\nThe extractions of patients under respiratory therapy in 2007 included 343,156 patients in the UK and 119,265 in France. ", "After applying inclusion criteria, we identified in the extractions 38,637 patients (11.2%) in the UK THIN data (mean age = 29 years, 53% females) and 4,587 patients (3.8%) in the French LPD data (mean age = 28 years, 54% females). ", "The ratio distributions for the UK and France are presented in Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}.Figure 1Distribution of ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratio in the UK (n = 38,637) and in France (n = 4,587).", "\n\nThe shape of the observed ICS-to-total-medication ratios distribution was similar in both countries; however there were differences in the proportion of non ICS users (26% in France vs. 18% in the UK). ", "In the low-ICS-ratio groups, the distributions presented a Gaussian-like pattern in both countries, with a maximal frequency in the 30--39.9% interval.", "\n\nMore than 40% of British and French patients belonged to the high-ICS-ratio group (43.3% and 44.7%, respectively) and three distinct sub-groups were identified within this group in both countries. ", "We observed a clear distribution peak right after the 50% threshold, in the 50--59.9% interval. ", "These patients accounted for 65% of the high-ICS-ratio group in the UK and 38% in France. ", "Another sub-population could be identified for the highest ratio values, the 90% and greater, notably in France (33% of the high-ICS-ratio group), and to a lesser extent, in the UK (12% of this group).", "\n\nThe medical resource utilization data for the three groups are presented in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} and Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The groups were found to be similar in age and gender. ", "The patients in the low-ICS-ratio group received more prescriptions for systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics and visited GPs more frequently. ", "When the analyses were restricted to patients with ≥6 prescriptions in the UK (and ≥ 6 prescribed units in France) in 2008, the findings were consistent with the main analyses. ", "Systemic corticosteroids and LABA/ICS fixed combinations were found to be prescribed more frequently in France than in the UK.", "\n\nWe were able to identify three subgroups in the high-ICS-ratio groups (50--59.9%, 60%-89.9%, and ≥90%). ", "These subgroups were compared in terms of number of GP visits and prescribed therapy. ", "In both countries, patients with the highest ratio values (≥90%) were prescribed fewer systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics as well as asthma medications, more markedly in the UK, where these patients also visited their GPs less frequently. ", "The differences between the 50--59.9% and 60--89.9% subgroups, however, were less pronounced for systemic corticosteroids. ", "We did not observe any apparent uniform downward trend in number of systemic corticosteroids and antibiotic prescriptions in the three subgroups as the ratio increased (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nIn the multivariate main analyses performed on the UK data, the high-ICS-ratio group had a significantly lower risk of receiving a prescription for systemic corticosteroids or antibiotics than the low-ICS-ratio group. ", "The conclusions for French patients were similar, suggesting that there was an association between the high-ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratio and lower number of systemic corticosteroids prescriptions, while decreased risks of receiving antibiotics were also observed. ", "It approached significance in France (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 1**Medical resource utilization and prescribed medications in 2008 (United Kingdom)R = 0%0% \\< R \\< 50%R ≥ 50%p-value*All patients*Number of patients**6,99614,90316,738**Age, years (mean)**28.929.429.4\\<0.0001**Gender, female (%)**49.6%53.8%55.1%\\<0.0001**Number of GP visits (mean)**5.57.76.6\\<0.0001**Prescribed therapyNumber of respiratory medication prescriptions (mean)**3.612.96.9\\<0.0001**Patients with ≥ 1 prescription of LABA-**-41.1%44.3%\\<0.0001**ICS fixed combination (%)Number of short-acting beta agonists prescriptions (mean)**3.46.72.7\\<0.0001**Systemic corticosteroidsPatients with ≥ 1 prescription (%)**6.2%22.5%12.7%\\<0.0001**Number of prescriptions (mean)**0.10.50.2\\<0.0001**Antibiotics** ^**(a)**^**Patients with ≥ 1 prescription (%)**34.5%47.9%41.4%\\<0.0001**Number of prescriptions (mean)**0.710.8\\<0.0001***Patients with at least 6 prescriptions of respiratory medications in 2008*Number of patients**1,38411,8358,391**Systemic corticosteroidsPatients with ≥ 1 prescription (%)**8.2%24.6%15.5%\\<0.0001**Number of prescriptions (mean)**0.20.50.3\\<0.0001**Antibiotics** ^**(a)**^**Patients with ≥ 1 prescription (%)**35%49.3%44.8%\\<0.0001**Number of prescriptions (mean)**0.81.10.9\\<0.0001^(a)^Beta-lactams, cephalosporins (first to third generation), macrolides and fluoroquinolones.", "Table 2**Medical resource utilization and prescribed medications in 2008 (France)R = 0%0% \\< R \\< 50%R ≥ 50%p-value*All patients*Number of patients**1,1761,3582,053**Age, years (mean)**28.128.429.5\\<0.0001**Gender, female (%)**54.7%53.5%55%0.66**Number of GP visits (mean)**5.36.55.6\\<0.0001**Prescribed therapy** ^**(a)**^**Number of respiratory medication units (mean)**5.118.68.7\\<0.0001**Patients with ≥ 1 prescription of LABA-ICS fixed combination (%)**-71.2%81.2%\\<0.0001**Number of short-acting beta agonists units (mean)**2.961.8\\<0.0001**Systemic corticosteroidsPatients with ≥ 1 prescription (%)**21.9%36.1%30.5%\\<0.0001**Number of units (mean)**0.61.20.8\\<0.0001**Antibiotics** ^**(b)**^**Patients with ≥ 1 prescription (%)**46.5%55.7%53%\\<0.0001**Number of units (mean)**1.32.11.7\\<0.0001***Patients with at least 6 prescriptions of respiratory medications in 2008*Number of patients**3671,1531,152**Systemic corticosteroidsPatients with ≥ 1 prescription (%)**21%36%32.1%\\<0.0001**Number of units (mean)**0.71.210.05**Antibiotics** ^**(b)**^**Patients with ≥ 1 prescription (%)**43.9%55.3%52%0.0006**Number of units (mean)**1.321.8\\<0.0001^(a)^Canisters for inhaled therapy and packages for oral therapy in France.^(b)^Beta-lactams, cephalosporins (first to third generation), macrolides and fluoroquinolones.", "Table 3**Complementary analyses: Medical resource utilization and prescribed medications in 2008 in the 3 subgroups identified within the high-ICS-ratio group50% ≤ R \\< 60%60% ≤ R \\< 90%90% ≤ Rp-valueUKNumber of patients**10,9293,7152,094**Number of respiratory medication prescriptions (mean)**7.56.863.62\\<0.0001**Systemic corticosteroidsPatients with ≥ 1 prescription (%)**12.7%14.7%8.9%\\<0.0001**Number of prescriptions (mean)**0.20.240.160.0006**Antibiotics** ^**(a)**^**Patients with ≥ 1 prescription (%)**41.9%43.4%35.5%\\<0.0001**Number of prescriptions (mean)**0.80.860.70.0001**Patients with ≥ 1 prescription of LABA-ICS fixed combination (%)**38.9%56.2%51%\\<0.0001**Number of GP visits (mean)**6.57.25.9\\<0.0001**France** ^**(b)**^**Number of patients**783597673**Number of respiratory medication prescriptions units (mean)**9.61115.67\\<0.0001**Systemic corticosteroidsPatients with ≥ 1 prescription (%)**29.9%33.3%28.7%0.178**Number of units** ^**(b)**^ **(mean)**0.840.820.770.811**Antibiotics** ^**(a)**^**Patients with ≥ 1 prescription (%)**50.7%55.8%53.3%0.17**Number of units** ^**(b)**^ **(mean)**1.611.911.520.0159**Patients with ≥ 1 prescription of LABA-ICS fixed combination (%)**75.5%89.9%82%\\<0.0001**Number of GP visits (mean)**5.45.85.60.273^(a)^Beta-lactams, cephalosporins (first to third generations), macrolides and fluoroquinolones**.**^(b)^Canisters for inhaled therapy and packages for oral therapy.", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec9}\n==========\n\nIn this database study utilizing primary care data we calculated ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratios and assessed asthma related outcomes in more than 40,000 patients from the UK and France. ", "Although not identical, the distributions of therapeutic ratios presented similarities in both countries, with a Gaussian-like pattern in the low-ICS-ratio groups. ", "Patients untreated by ICs were more numerous in France. ", "In both countries, patients in the low-ICS-ratio group (\\<50%) were prescribed more systemic corticosteroids, antibiotics and asthma medications than patients from other groups. ", "These patients also visited their GPs more frequently than the high-ICS-ratio group.", "\n\nOur findings are consistent with prior research on the controller-to-total-asthma-medication ratios performed in claims data using asthma-related hospital contact as outcome \\[[@CR1],[@CR3]\\]. ", "A lower risk of being dispensed systemic corticosteroids was also observed in patients with high-ICS-to-total-medication ratios compared to those with lower ratios \\[[@CR4]\\]. ", "Also, these findings are in line with a better asthma control, as observed in patients with higher ratios (≥50%) by validation studies \\[[@CR12],[@CR13]\\].", "\n\nThe interpretation of ratio values computed from primary care prescribing data differs from that of claims data. ", "A high ratio in prescribing data may not reflect patients' actual exposure to ICS, as prescriptions not dispensed by community-pharmacies are included in analyses. ", "Conversely, unlike claims databases, a low ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratio in primary care data is fully attributable to insufficient prescribing of ICS by physicians, irrespective of patients' behaviour, except in case of fragmented care.", "\n\nOur findings suggest that some GPs insufficiently prescribe ICS and that such prescribing patterns may facilitate asthma exacerbations \\[[@CR14]\\]. ", "Utilising General Practice records to identify patients that receive insufficient ICS treatment relative to overall asthma therapy and introducing corrective interventions can, therefore, help decrease the burden of asthma.", "\n\nThe guidelines \\[[@CR15],[@CR16]\\] recommend a daily use of controllers in persistent asthma, particularly ICS. ", "Patients untreated by ICS were more numerous in France, which might be explained by a poorer adherence to the guidelines than in the UK. ", "However, it could also be that some non-ICS patients might have intermittent or milder asthma while others might be treated with LTRAs monotherapy. ", "The non-ICS group was characterised by a lower number of prescriptions for systemic corticosteroids as well as for asthma medications.", "\n\nIn patients receiving ICS, we selected the 50% ratio value as a cut-off to classify the patients into the low-ICS-ratio and the high-ICS-ratio group. ", "Altogether, more than one third of all patients were in the low-ICS-to-total-asthma-medication group. ", "Patients from this group were prescribed more asthma medications, systemic corticosteroids, and they visited their GP more frequently. ", "Our multivariate models suggested that, compared to these patients, the high-ICS-ratio group presented lower risks of both receiving systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "It cannot be excluded that the increased resource utilisation in the low-ICS ratio may be partly due to a higher severity of asthma, as suggested by the higher number of asthma medications prescribed to this group. ", "Also, our findings were not substantially affected after restricting the analyses to patients with at least 6 prescribed units of respiratory medications (prescriptions in the UK), confirming the robustness of our findings. ", "Additionally, as ratio denominator comprises all respiratory medications prescribed during the 12-month period, the severity of asthma, as measured by intensity of treatment, is partially accounted for \\[[@CR2],[@CR17]\\], thus further limiting the risk of an indication bias.", "Table 4**Logistic regression models: Risks of receiving in 2008 ≥ one prescription of systemic corticosteroids (model 1) and risk of receiving ≥ one prescription of antibiotics (model 2), according to ratio groups in ICS-treated patients (non ICS users excluded)Model 1: Risks of receiving in 2008 ≥ one prescription of systemic corticosteroidsModel 2: Risks of receiving in 2008 ≥ one prescription of antibioticsAdjusted OR** ^**(a)**^**95% CIAdjusted OR** ^**(a)**^**95% CIUK (n = 31,641)Low ratio (0% \\< R \\< 50%)**1-1-**High ratio (R ≥ 50%)**0.540.50-0.570.800.76-0.84**France (n = 3,411)Low ratio (0% \\< R \\< 50%)**1-1-**High ratio (R ≥ 50%)**0.780.67-0.910.870.75-1.01^(a)^Adjusted for age, gender, ≥ 1 dispensing of LABA-ICS fixed combination, the number of dispensed respiratory medication classes in 2008 (\\<6, 6+).", "\n\nThe low-ICS-ratio patients also tended to be prescribed fewer fixed LABA-ICS fixed combinations, particularly in France. ", "Patients prescribed fixed LABA-ICS combinations may require less SABA and non-combined LABA which in turn decreases the ratio denominator. ", "This higher use of fixed combinations in the high ICS ratio group has been observed previously \\[[@CR18]\\].", "\n\nUpon examining the distribution within the high-ICS-ratio group we identified three subgroups (50--59.9%, 60--89.9%, ≥90%). ", "In France the three subgroups did not differ significantly from one another in terms of systemic corticosteroids, antibiotics prescribing and medical visits. ", "In the UK, however, the ≥90% subgroup patients received fewer systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics, while they visited their GPs less frequently. ", "Also, the number of prescriptions for all respiratory medications was lower in patients in this subgroup with the highest ratios (≥90%), both in the UK and in France, which could suggest a milder asthma or less regular prescribing. ", "The 90% threshold, however, is not clinically meaningful in assessing the quality of care as only a marginal proportion of patients with a milder disease can be identified. ", "Therefore, our data supports the choice of the 50% threshold value, as the outcomes in the three high-ICS-ratio subgroups showed no steady trend towards improvement in asthma control with increasing ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratio. ", "A possible direction for further research will be to bring together primary care prescribing data, medication dispensation data and patient-reported data to determine the best cut-off values for ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratio threshold.", "\n\nWe were not able to use an identical ratio definition in both countries due to differences in the data on prescribed medications. ", "The UK data did not contain information allowing counting the number of prescribed packages for oral therapy. ", "We therefore calculated the ratios for the UK patients using the number of ICS prescriptions in the numerator and the number of all respiratory medication prescriptions in the denominator. ", "However, this potential bias should not have affected the validity of this definition as both the numerator and denominator were similarly approximated. ", "Despite these discordant definitions, consistent results were obtained between the two countries. ", "Our definitions of ratio did not take into account the dosing of ICS canisters nor the potency of the molecule, hence can be considered 'unweighted'. ", "In comparison with a more elaborate alternative \\[[@CR19]\\], this turned out to be more discriminating, as severe patients at a higher risk of asthma exacerbations tend to receive more potent ICS and, therefore, would likely qualify in the high-ICS ratio group. ", "Further, the ratio that can be obtained by a more basic calculation has a practical benefit as it can be computed in practice without elaborate programming.", "\n\nOur study has some limitations. ", "As we wanted to include patients receiving regular prescribing for asthma, our study population corresponded to a minority of selected persistent asthmatics with a close supervision in primary care. ", "Thus, these patients were not representative of the overall population of asthmatics. ", "Prescriptions from physicians not affiliated to the study networks were not available in the database. ", "Henceforth, the number of prescriptions might have been underestimated if fragmented care or partial supervision by specialists did occur. ", "Nevertheless, we believe that this bias may not affect our conclusions. ", "Firstly, analyses were conducted in patients with at least four annual prescriptions of asthma medications during baseline period (2007). ", "Then, the underestimation of prescriptions should be similar in both numerator and denominator of therapeutic ratios. ", "As another limitation, major outcomes such as hospital admissions or emergency room visits were not available in these databases. ", "We used proxies, such as systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics prescriptions, to identify asthma exacerbations. ", "Unlike systemic corticosteroids, antibiotics however are not listed as outcomes for asthma \\[[@CR20],[@CR21]\\], though they are commonly used in asthma \\[[@CR22],[@CR23]\\]. ", "Nonetheless, the consistency of our data on systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics support the validity of our results. ", "Finally, the ICS-to-total-asthma-medication ratio did not take into account leukotriene-receptor antagonists. ", "Our preceding studies nonetheless showed that the addition of LTRA to ICS in the numerator yielded close conclusions regarding the ability to detect at-risk patients \\[[@CR4],[@CR13]\\].", "\n\nBased on these findings, it should be of interest to verify whether patients of the low ratio group are more likely to be supervised by specific profiles of GPs. ", "In such case, the reasons that lead these physicians to prescribe a limited amount of ICS compared to other anti-asthma drugs needs to be better understood. ", "Then, targeted educational campaigns should be carried out in primary care to improve the quality of prescribing in asthma, specifically among low prescribers of ICS.", "\n\nConclusions {#Sec10}\n===========\n\nIn conclusion, our findings suggest that insufficient prescribing of ICS in primary care may lead to asthma exacerbations and, consequently, increased medical resource utilization. ", "Quality of care could improve if the ICS-to-total-asthma-medications ratios were used to screen irregular use of ICS in asthma before potential occurrence of adverse outcomes.", "\n\nATC\n\n: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (classification)\n\nLPD\n\n: Longitudinal Patient Data\n\nEMRs\n\n: Electronic medical records\n\nHCP\n\n: Health care professional\n\nICS\n\n: Inhaled corticosteroids\n\nLABA\n\n: Long-acting beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists\n\nLTRA\n\n: Leukotriene receptor antagonists\n\nSABA\n\n: Short-acting beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists\n\nUK\n\n: United Kingdom\n\n**Competing interests**\n\nEric Van Ganse had supports (Grants, Consultancy Expert Testimony) from the French National Health Service, Danone, ALK-ABELLO, UCB, IMS, MSD, GSK in the past 3 years, but not in relation with the present analyses.", "\n\nGilles Devouassoux had supports (Grants, Consultancy Expert Testimony) from GSK, Novartis, ALK-ABELLO, Chiesi in the past 3 years, but not in relation with the present analyses.", "\n\nHence, we consider that these competing interests are virtually non-existent in the context of the present study, as analyses were performed only at drug-class level. ", "Then, conclusions only encourage a more regular use of controller in asthma, as fostered by international guidelines.", "\n\nLaurent Laforest, Idlir Licaj, Gérard Chatté, Pascal Caillet, Irene Eriksson, Manon Belhassen declare no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 years.", "\n\n**Authors' contributions**\n\nStudy concept and design EVG, LL. ", "Acquisition of data EVG. ", "Analysis and interpretation of data LL, EVG, IL, GD, GC. ", "Drafting of the manuscript LL, EVG, IE, MB. ", "Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: IE, PC, GC, GD, MB. ", "Statistical analyses: IL, LL. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nFunding/Support and the role of the Sponsor: No funding was obtained from any organization for these analyses.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Improvement of XTT assay performance for studies involving Candida albicans biofilms.", "\n2, 3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) reduction assay has been used to study Candida biofilm formation. ", "However, considering that the XTT reduction assay is dependent on cell activity, its use for evaluating mature biofilms may lead to inaccuracies since biofilm bottom cell layers tend to be relatively quiescent at later stages of biofilm formation. ", "The aim of this study was to improve XTT reduction assay by adding glucose supplements to the standard XTT formulation. ", "Candida albicans ATCC 90028 was used to form 24-, 48- and 72-h biofilms. ", "The oxidative activity at 90, 180 and 270 min of incubation was evaluated. ", "The control consisted of standard XTT formulation without glucose supplements, and was modified by the addition of 50, 100 and 200 mM of glucose. ", "The XTT assay with 200 mM glucose showed more accurate and consistent readings correlating with biofilm development at 24, 48 and 72 h. Biofilm growth yield after 180 min incubation, when evaluated with the 200 mM glucose supplemented XTT, produced the most consistent readings on repetitive testing. ", "It may be concluded that glucose supplementation of XTT could minimize variation and produce more accurate data for the XTT assay." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.005952380952380952, 0.004032258064516129, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0.006644518272425249, 0.015384615384615385 ]

[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nMost countries in Africa depend heavily on two vector control interventions in their battle against malaria: long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). ", "These tools use insecticides from four chemical classes: organochlorines, pyrethroids, carbamates and organophosphates. ", "Whereas 14 formulations belonging to these classes are approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for use in IRS \\[[@CR1]\\], only pyrethroids are approved for use in LLINs \\[[@CR2]\\] because of their low mammalian toxicity, excito-repellent properties and rapid knock-down and killing effect \\[[@CR3]\\]. ", "It has been estimated that since 2000 more than 670 million cases of malaria have been averted by combining IRS and LLINs with case management and community education \\[[@CR4], [@CR5]\\]. ", "In Rwanda, the national scale-up of vector control interventions has contributed to a steady reduction of malaria cases from 1.6 million in 2005 to 472,000 cases in 2012 \\[[@CR6], [@CR7]\\]. ", "This reduction has been attributed to the combined effects of universal coverage with LLINs \\[[@CR7]\\] and targeted IRS operations in districts with the highest malaria endemicity (5 out of 30 districts) based on epidemiologic and entomologic data. ", "The Rwanda Malaria Indicator Survey carried out in 2013 showed that overall LLIN coverage is high with 83% of the households owning at least one LLIN and 74% reported to have slept under a LLIN the previous night for pregnant women and children under five \\[[@CR8]\\]. ", "From 2005 to 2013, the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) of the Rwanda Ministry of Health has distributed approximately 11.2 million LLINs to a population of an estimated 11 million people \\[[@CR9]\\].", "\n\nFrom 2007 to 2012, nationwide distributions of LLIN have been conducted in conjunction with annual IRS applications of pyrethroids in high malaria transmission districts either in focal sectors or district-wide by blanket spraying, covering an estimated 98% of the targeted structures. ", "In 2013, the NMCP shifted from pyrethroids to the use of carbamates (Bendiocarb 80% WP) for IRS as part of an insecticide resistance management strategy. ", "This switch was because of confirmed pyrethroid resistance and following the WHO guidance of using active ingredients with different modes of action in rotation \\[[@CR6], [@CR10]\\].", "\n\nThe main mechanisms by which mosquitoes display resistance to insecticides are the expression of elevated levels of detoxifying enzymes (metabolic resistance) and target site insensitivity (knock-down mutations or altered acetylcholinesterase) \\[[@CR10], [@CR11]\\]. ", "Two point mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel are associated with knock down resistance (*kdr*) to DDT and pyrethroids in the malaria mosquito *Anopheles gambiae s.s.* ", "\\[[@CR12]\\]. ", "One mutation involves a leucine (TTA) to phenylalanine (TTT) substitution at residue 1014 of the gene (L1014F). ", "This mutation is mainly found in West Africa and hence named *kdr*-west \\[[@CR13]\\]. ", "The other mutation involves a leucine (TTA) to serine (TCA) substitution at the same residue (L1014S) and is mostly found in East Africa (*kdr*-east) \\[[@CR14]\\], although both mutations co-occur in some parts of Africa \\[[@CR15]\\].", "\n\nIn 2012, the WHO reported that insecticide resistance in malaria vectors had already been found in more than 64 malaria endemic countries worldwide, with the majority reporting resistance to pyrethroids \\[[@CR10]\\]. ", "This spread is alarming as it poses serious threats to the efficacy of vector control interventions and the gains made in malaria control over the last 10 years. ", "Therefore, it is concerning that most national malaria control programmes (NMCPs) continue to use pyrethroid insecticides for vector control. ", "The situation is also compounded by the extensive use of pyrethroids in agriculture, which poses an additional selection pressure on malaria vectors, for example via insecticide-contaminated ground water that permeates to mosquito larval habitats \\[[@CR14], [@CR16], [@CR17]\\].", "\n\nThe WHO calls for all countries to develop and implement insecticide resistance management strategies in their malaria control programmes in order to curb the spread of resistance as well as preserve the effectiveness of LLINs \\[[@CR10]\\]. ", "Many African countries have now implemented entomological monitoring and susceptibility testing. ", "To inform decisions in the control of malaria in Rwanda, the NMCP has been conducting entomological monitoring of malaria vectors in 12 sentinel sites throughout the country since 2010. ", "Both *An. ", "gambiae s.l.* (", "94.3%) and *Anopheles funestus* (5%) were the dominant *Anopheles* species. *", "Anopheles arabiensis* was the predominant sibling species of the *An. ", "gambiae* complex (E.H., unpublished data). ", "Mosquito susceptibility to the WHO recommended classes of insecticides are included annually in this routine survey to monitor resistance to organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and carbamates \\[[@CR18]\\]. ", "Here, findings of susceptibility tests conducted in 2011 and 2013 to detect knock-down mutations and mortality rates in female *An. ", "gambiae s.l.* ", "mosquitoes are described. ", "This is the first report presenting nationwide results on the composition of the *An. ", "gambiae* complex and its susceptibility to insecticides used for malaria control.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nStudy area {#Sec3}\n----------\n\nThe study was carried out in 2011 and 2013 in 12 sentinel sites that are distributed over the three provinces of Rwanda (Eastern, Southern and Western province) and Kigali City, all having different levels of malaria endemicity. ", "The 12 sentinel sites are: Busoro, Mbuga and Karambi in Southern Province; Rukara, Mimuri, Bukora and Mareba in Eastern Province; Mashesha, Kivumu, Mubuga and Kibogora in Western Province; and Kicukiro in Kigali City (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Fig.", " 1Geographic location of the 12 sentinel sites used for insecticide resistance studies, Rwanda, 2011 and 2013\n\nMosquito collection {#Sec4}\n-------------------\n\nMosquito larvae were collected in the 12 sentinel sites with standard dippers (350 ml) from stagnant water bodies particularly in rice paddies and other temporal breeding habitats typical for *Anopheles* mosquitoes. ", "All mosquito larvae were collected between 8 and 11 a.m. and brought to a malaria entomology laboratory in the field site where they were reared to adults. ", "Emerging adult *Anopheles* mosquitoes were put in holding cages and fed with 10% sugar solution from cotton wool pads. ", "The adult holding room temperature was between 22 and 28 °C with a relative humidity of 70--80%. ", "Approximately 15,000 *An. ", "gambiae s.l.* ", "mosquitoes were reared to the adult stage, of which 13,807 female mosquitoes were tested for insecticide susceptibility according to WHO protocols \\[[@CR18], [@CR19]\\]. ", "A sample of 10% of these mosquitoes was sent to the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (*icipe*), Kenya for molecular identification and *kdr* genotyping \\[[@CR20], [@CR21]\\].", "\n\nSusceptibility tests {#Sec5}\n--------------------\n\nTests were conducted using kits and insecticide-impregnated filter papers supplied by the WHO collaborating center at the University Sains Malaysia \\[[@CR18]\\]. ", "A batch of 20--25 non blood-fed female mosquitoes that were between 2 and 3 days old were exposed for 1 h to the standard diagnostic concentrations of deltamethrin (0.05%), permethrin (0.75%), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%), DDT (4%), bendiocarb (0.1%) and fenitrothion (1%). ", "Each test was run in four replicates and there was one control of 25 field-collected *An. ", "gambiae s.l.* ", "per test. ", "The control mosquitoes were exposed to silicone oil impregnated paper for a similar period. ", "The number of knocked down mosquitoes was recorded at 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min \\[[@CR18]\\]. ", "After 60 min, tested mosquitoes were transferred into the holding tube and supplied with 10% sugar solution for 24 h after which the final mortality was scored.", "\n\nIn order to explore metabolic resistance, a pre-exposure of adult female mosquitoes for 1 h to a synergist (piperonyl butoxide: PBO 4%) was carried out according to WHO protocols in six sites where resistance to pyrethroids was confirmed \\[[@CR19]\\]. ", "These tests were only carried out in 2013 and conducted alongside the susceptibility testing with the main insecticides used for malaria control, permethrin 0.75% and deltamethrin 0.05%. ", "After 1 h pre-exposure to PBO, the mosquitoes were transferred to the tubes lined with the corresponding insecticide-impregnated paper. ", "The counting of knockdown and mortality of mosquitoes pre-exposed to PBO was conducted as described.", "\n\nMosquito identification {#Sec6}\n-----------------------\n\nAll mosquitoes were identified to species based on morphological characteristics \\[[@CR22]\\] and stored individually over silica gel awaiting molecular identification and detection of *kdr* mutations. ", "From each sentinel site, 10% of female mosquitoes plus all mosquitoes classified as 'resistant' from each site were sent for molecular characterization to the *icipe* laboratory in Kenya where genomic DNA was extracted from the mosquitoes and amplified using specific diagnostic primers for *An. ", "gambiae* \\[[@CR20], [@CR21]\\].", "\n\nMutations associated with knock-down resistance (*kdr*) genes were assayed \\[[@CR11]\\] and the DNA products electrophoresed on a 2% agarose gel with ethidium bromide stain and visualized under UV light to identify the presence of susceptible and resistant alleles.", "\n\nInterpretation of susceptibility test results {#Sec7}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nIn all tests conducted, the observed mortality in the control tubes was less than 5% and therefore Abott's correction was not applied \\[[@CR18], [@CR19]\\]. ", "Mortality was calculated as the percentage of individuals that died within 24 h of exposure. ", "Mosquito populations were considered 'susceptible' when mortality was between 98 and 100%. ", "When mortality was below 90%, the mosquitoes were classified as 'resistant'. ", "According to the WHO protocol, an intermediate mortality of 90--97% is suggestive of the existence of resistance and indicates that further investigations are needed \\[[@CR19]\\]. ", "For the prior exposure of mosquitoes to the synergist, a return to full susceptibility to the insecticide in the WHO tube test compared to the WHO tube test with the insecticide-impregnated paper alone indicates that metabolic resistance plays a role in the insecticide resistance observed.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec8}\n--------------------\n\nThe mortality data were analysed and compared using a Generalized Linear Model with a binomial distribution (IBM SPSS statistics V.20, Chicago, IL, USA). ", "The output provided estimated marginal means of mortality, 95% confidence intervals, standard errors and p values based on Chi square tests.", "\n\nResults {#Sec9}\n=======\n\nMorphological and molecular identification {#Sec10}\n------------------------------------------\n\nA total of 14,311 mosquitoes tested for insecticide resistance was morphologically identified as *An. ", "gambiae s.l.* ", "Of these, 1406 samples collected from 10 sentinel sites were identified by PCR of which 1165 (82.9%) were *An. ", "arabiensis* and 241 (17.1%) *An. ", "gambiae s.s.* (", "Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Except for Mimuri, *An. ", "arabiensis* was the dominant species in all sentinel sites.", "Table 1Species composition of *Anopheles gambiae s.l.* ", "collected in Rwanda, 2011 and 2013 for insecticide resistance testsCollection siteTotal number tested*An. ", "gambiae s.s.", "An. ", "arabiensis*Bukora20032 (16%)168 (84.0%)Busoro15410 (6.5%)144 (93.5%)Kicukiro175 (29.4%)12 (70.6%)Kivumu563 (5.4%)53 (94.6%Mareba26116 (6.1)245 (93.9%)Mashesha22453 (23.7%)171 (76.3%)Mimuri14489 (61.8%)55 (38.2%)Mubuga1835 (2.7%)178 (97.3%)Kibogora10125 (24.8%)76 (75.2%)Rukara663 (4.5%)63 (95.5%)Total1406241 (17.1%)1165 (82.9%)\n\nMortality rates {#Sec11}\n---------------\n\nIn 2011, mortality results showed that out of the 12 sentinel sites, mosquitoes were fully susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin in all sites except for Mashesha, where resistance was potentially emerging with a mortality rate of 97.6%. ", "Mosquitoes were fully susceptible to permethrin in 33% of the sites, were suggested to be resistant in 33% of sites (i.e. had an intermediate mortality of 90--97%) and were classified as resistant in the remaining 34% of sites. ", "The permethrin resistant populations were from Bukora (84% mortality), Kibogora (89% mortality), Mimuri (86% mortality) and Rukara (84% mortality). ", "For deltamethrin, mosquitoes were fully susceptible in 58% of sites. ", "In 33% of sites, the existence of resistance was suggested. ", "Resistance to deltamethrin was confirmed for one site: Bukora (85% mortality). ", "For DDT, 28% of sites showed full susceptibility, 36% of sites had a suspicion of resistance and resistance was confirmed in another 36% of sites surveyed: Bukora (77% mortality), Kibogora (75% mortality), Kicukiro (52% mortality) and Mashesha (88% mortality). ", "Mosquitoes were fully susceptible to bendiocarb in 92% of sites. ", "In one site (Kibogora), the mortality of 96% is suggestive of the existence of resistance to bendiocarb. ", "Fenitrothion was the only insecticide to which mosquitoes showed full susceptibility in all the sites tested with 100% mortality after 24 h (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 2Mortality rates of female *Anopheles gambiae s.l.* ", "tested for insecticide resistance to six insecticides in 2011 and 2013 in 12 sentinel sites in RwandaInsecticide20112013SiteN\\# ReplicatesMortality (%)N\\# ReplicatesMortality (%)χ^2^ valuep valueLambdacyhalothrin 0.05%Bukora86499 ± 1100463 ± 551.3\\<0.001\\*Busoro824100200872 ± 377.78\\<0.001\\*Karambi84410099493 ± 37.530.006\\*Kibogora81499 ± 1100485 ± 413.29\\<0.001\\*Kicukiro824100191875 ± 364.112\\<0.001\\*Kivumu8241001004100Mareba884100100443 ± 5132.1\\<0.001\\*Mashesha92498 ± 194487 ± 38.370.04\\*Mbuga81410097495 ± 25.270.02\\*Mimuri854100100457 ± 575.44\\<0.001\\*Mubuga83410085498 ± 22.050.15Rukara824100100478 ± 428.020.000\\*Permethrin 0.75%Bukora85484 ± 4200884 ± 30.10.92Busoro1004100100495 ± 25.260.02\\*Karambi88491 ± 399491 ± 300.98Kibogora84489 ± 3100492 ± 30.3670.54Kicukiro83499 ± 397497 ± 20.7720.38Kivumu8041001004100Mareba92499100463 ± 553.9\\<0.001\\*Mashesha183896 ± 394490 ± 33.040.08Mbuga87495 ± 3974100Mimuri87486 ± 4100466 ± 511.03\\<0.001\\*Mubuga90497 ± 285494 ± 30.720.39Rukara86484 ± 5100492 ± 32.950.09Deltamethrin 0.05%Bukora168885 ± 397474 ± 43.850.05Busoro844100200888 ± 228.57\\<0.001\\*Karambi82499 ± 1100497 ± 10.720.4Kibogora83493 ± 397489 ± 30.920.34Kicukiro86490 ± 3194482 ± 33.10.08Kivumu8541001004100Mareba97499100467 ± 545.1\\<0.001\\*Mashesha99499 ± 295497 ± 21.220.27Mbuga89497 ± 28641002.050.15Mimuri86498 ± 2100481 ± 415.42\\<0.001\\*Mubuga9049990498 ± 21.340.56Rukara87494.5 ± 2100490 ± 21.370.24DDT 4%Bukora86477 ± 594n/an/aBusoro844100100489 ± 312.36\\<0.001\\*Karambi86495 ± 295487 ± 33.80.05\\*Kibogora84475 ± 204n/aKicukiro83452 ± 693443 ± 51.370.242Kivumu88495 ± 210041004.20.04\\*Mareba88499100481 ± 419.9\\<0.001\\*Mashesha94488 ± 399470 ± 314.070.001\\*Mbuga83410084496 ± 23.110.08Mimuri85495 ± 2100476 ± 513.22\\<0.001\\*Mubuga90496 ± 289496 ± 20.0000.99Rukaran/an/an/a100494 ± 2Bendiocarb 0.1%Bukora874100100491 ± 38.810.003\\*Busoro8841001004100Karambi84499 ± 183498 ± 10.2020.65Kibogora83496 ± 29741003.110.08Kicukiro934100964100Kivumu824100100496 ± 23.10.08Mareba8741001004100Mashesha9341001004100Mbuga864998841001.010.31Mimuri834100884100Mubuga914100814100Rukara86499964100Fenitrothion 1%Bukora834100974100Busoro9341001004100Karambi824100944100Kibogora814n/a904100Kicukiro854100984100Kivumu8441001004100Mareba8441001004100Mashesha18381001004100Mbuga8141001928100Mimuri824100884100Mubuga824100884100Rukara8241001004100\n\nTwo years later, in 2013, susceptibility to lambda-cyhalothrin was recorded in one site only, while recorded mortalities in 25% of sites were suggestive of the existence of resistance. ", "Resistance was confirmed in 66% of sites. *", "Anopheles gambiae s.l.* ", "was resistant to permethrin in 25% of sites, showed susceptibility to permethrin in 16% of sites, and mortalities from 58% of the sites were suggestive of the existence of resistance. ", "For deltamethrin, the mosquitoes showed susceptibility in 25% of the sites, a suggestion of the existence of resistance in 25% of sites, and full resistance in 50% of sites. ", "The test of resistance to DDT was carried out in 10 sites only, and susceptibility was recorded in 10% of sites, whereas 30% of sites suggested the existence of resistance, and full resistance was observed in 60% of sites. ", "Mosquitoes were fully susceptible to bendiocarb in 83% of sites, and two sites (Bukora and Kivumu) suggested the existence of resistance. ", "Mosquitoes were susceptible to fenitrothion in all sites.", "\n\nComparing the mortality rates of 2011 and 2013, there was a significant increase in resistance levels to lambda-cyhalothrin in 83% of the sites, to permethrin in 25% of sites, to deltamethrin in 25% of sites and to DDT in 50% of sites. ", "A significant decrease of susceptibility of *An. ", "gambiae s.l.* ", "to bendiocarb was found in one site (Bukora) and, as in 2011, all mosquitoes tested remained 100% susceptible to fenitrothion in 2013 (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n*kdr* Genotypes {#Sec12}\n---------------\n\nSeven hundred and twenty-five (134 *An. ", "gambiae s.s.* ", "and 591 *An. ", "arabiensis*) mosquitoes collected in 2011 and 2013 were genotyped for *kdr*-east (L1014S). ", "Of the 134 *An. ", "gambiae s.s.* ", "genotyped, 67 (50%) possessed susceptibility (SS) alleles, while 35 (26.1%) and 32 (23.9%) had heterozygous (RS) and homozygous (RR) alleles, respectively. ", "Of the 591 *An. ", "arabiensis* that were genotyped, 425 (71.9%) possessed homozygous (SS) alleles, while 158 (26.7%) and 8 (1.4%) had heterozygous (RS) and homozygous (RR) alleles, respectively. *", "Anopheles gambiae s.s.* ", "and *An. ", "arabiensis* from Mimuri (Eastern Province) contributed disproportionately to the total observed frequency of the homozygous resistance genotype (RR), with 36 and 12% for the two species, respectively (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 3Variation of *kdr* genotypes (RR, RS and SS) in *An. ", "gambiae s.s.* ", "and *An. ", "arabiensis* collected from seven sentinel sites in 2011 and 2013SiteTotal tested*An gambiae s.s.* ", "genotype count (allele frequency)*An. ", "arabiensis* genotype count (allele frequency)NSS (%)RS (%)RR (%)NSS (%)RS (%)RR (%)Busoro4440 (0.00)4 (1.00)0 (0.00)012 (0.30)28 (0.70)0 (0.00)Kicukiro1750 (0.00)5 (1.00)0 (0.00)120 (0.00)12 (1.00)0 (0.00)Kivumu5633 (1.00)0 (0.00)0 (0.00)5353 (1.00)0 (0.00)0 (0.00)Mareba2561716 (0.94)1 (0.06)0 (0.00)239226 (0.96)13 (0.04)0 (0.00)Mashesha24120 (0.00)12 (1.00)0 (0.00)121 (0.08)11 (0.92)0 (0.00)Mimuri1458843 (0.49)13 (0.15)32 (0.36)5749 (0.86)1 (0.02)7 (0.12)Mubuga18355 (1.00)0 (0.00)0 (0.00)17884 (0.47)93 (0.52)1 (0.01)Total72513467 (50.0)35 (26.1)32 (23.9)591425 (71.9)158 (26.7)8 (1.4)RR denotes the homozygous resistant L1014S genotype and SS denotes the homozygous susceptible wild genotype. ", "The *An. ", "gambiae s.s.* ", "and *An. ", "arabiensis* genotypes count for the 2 years of study were pooled\n\nPre-exposure of *Anopheles gambiae s.l.* ", "to piperonyl butoxide {#Sec13}\n--------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe pre-exposure of *Anopheles gambiae s.l.* ", "to the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was conducted in six sites where resistance to pyrethroids was confirmed. ", "The test was conducted only with permethrin 0.75% and deltamethrin 0.05%. ", "In all sites, susceptibility was restored and ranged from 98 to 100% (Tables [4](#Tab4){ref-type=\"table\"}, [5](#Tab5){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Table 4Comparison of mortality rates of *Anopheles gambiae s.l.* ", "exposed to permethrin 0.75% alone and permethrin 0.75% + piperonyl butoxide (PBO) per site in 2013SitesPermethrin 0.75%Permethrin 0.75% + PBOChi squareTotal testedMortality (%)Total testedMortality (%)χ^2^*df*pBukora20084 ± 310098 ± 29.410.02Kibogora10092 ± 310099 ± 15.910.015Kicukiro9797 ± 21001003.110.08Mareba10063 ± 510010058.71\\<0.001Mimuri10066 ± 510098 ± 241.91\\<0.001Rukara10075 ± 5100100321\\<0.001 Table 5Comparison of mortality rates of *Anopheles gambiae s.l.* ", "exposed to deltamethrin 0.05% alone and deltamethrin 0.05% + piperonyl butoxide (PBO) per site in 2013SitesDeltamethrin 0.05%Deltamethrin 0.05% + PBOChi squareTotal testedMortality (%)Total testedMortality (%)χ^2^*df*pBukora9789 ± 310010012.41\\<0.001Kibogora9789 ± 310010012.41\\<0.001Kicukiro19484 ± 49810017.81\\<0.001Mareba10067 ± 510010049.21\\<0.001Mimuri10081 ± 410098 ± 213.91\\<0.001Rukara10084 ± 4100100191\\<0.001\n\nDiscussion {#Sec14}\n==========\n\nIn Rwanda, integrated malaria control interventions (artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), LLINs and targeted IRS) have been in use since 2006. ", "This has contributed to a significant reduction in clinical malaria cases in the country \\[[@CR7]\\]. ", "However, the gains made are fragile due to the decrease of efficacy of interventions, partially as a result of insecticide resistance development that has spread throughout Africa \\[[@CR4], [@CR23], [@CR24]\\]. ", "Rwanda achieved universal coverage with LLINs in 2011, but the major challenge is to maintain this coverage and use with effective mosquito nets, especially after it was recently reported for Rwanda that LLIN effectiveness lasts less than 3 years due to the rapid loss of insecticidal activity and physical deterioration in the field \\[[@CR25]\\]. ", "LLIN deterioration problems were also shown in recent findings from Senegal where damaged nets provided less protection from malaria compared to intact ones \\[[@CR26]\\].", "\n\nThe fact that millions of nets may have lost their effectiveness and thus continue to expose mosquitoes to a sub-lethal dose of pyrethroids is of major concern, because this may contribute to the further development of resistance. ", "Similarly, annual consecutive use of pyrethroids in IRS, combined with extensive use of pyrethroids in agriculture has also implications for emerging insecticide resistance \\[[@CR27]\\]. ", "Hence, Rwanda with the support of PMI and the Global Fund has been keen to monitor insecticide resistance so that it can take action to mitigate the emergence of resistance. ", "In 2010, an initial susceptibility survey was conducted in eight sites in which mosquitoes were tested with deltamethrin, permethrin, bendiocarb, malathion and DDT using the CDC bottle assay \\[[@CR28], [@CR29]\\]. ", "These mosquitoes were found to be fully susceptible, except to DDT in two sites (E.H., unpublished data).", "\n\nThe data collected in the current surveys (2011 and 2013) confirm that resistance to DDT has been on the rise since 2011. ", "In addition, the results show resistance to the pyrethroids (deltamethrin, permethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin) being present in 2011 and further increasing in 2013. ", "Although DDT was banned for usage in Rwanda in 1989, high levels of resistance are of concern because resistance to DDT confers cross-resistance to pyrethroids \\[[@CR10]\\]. ", "Mosquitoes were fully susceptible to fenitrothion in all the sites, while possible emergence of resistance to bendiocarb was reported in the present study. ", "Nevertheless, a switch to IRS with bendiocarb was made from September 2013 onwards so that the two main vector control interventions (LLINs and IRS) employed different classes of insecticide to delay resistance development.", "\n\nThe presence of *kdr* mutations recorded in some sites can be explained by intense indoor interventions with IRS and LLINs, as was reported in Burundi and Tanzania \\[[@CR30], [@CR31]\\]. ", "However, it should be noted that the frequency of *kdr* in the vector population may not be a reliable marker for actual resistance \\[[@CR32]\\] and that care should be taken when interpreting such data as other resistance mechanisms can play a role as well. ", "In current study, metabolic resistance involving oxidases was proven by using piperonyl butoxide (PBO). ", "Susceptibility was fully restored in the six selected sites where resistance to pyrethroids had been identified. ", "This suggests that metabolic resistance may even account for all observed resistance in bioassays with malaria vectors from Rwanda.", "\n\nThe resistance level in Mimuri (Nyagatare District) could explain the high number of malaria cases occurring in this district: about 42% of all malaria cases of the 30 districts in 2011 were found here \\[[@CR33]\\] before the introduction of bendiocarb for IRS. ", "This site, as well as Mashesha, Mareba, and Kibogora, is characterized by rice growing in which agricultural pesticides, and pyrethroids in particular, are extensively used.", "\n\nIn response to these findings, Rwanda developed and implemented an insecticide resistance management (IRM) plan in 2013 that recommended transitioning to non-pyrethroid IRS to mitigate pyrethroid resistance and to lengthen the effectiveness of LLINs \\[[@CR6]\\]. ", "Rwanda transitioned to carbamate (bendiocarb) for IRS and the country will switch to a long-lasting organophosphate (Actellic--pirimiphos-methyl CS) in 2016 due to the reported trends of suggestive resistance to bendiocarb. ", "The question remains, however, whether Rwanda should continue with blanket IRS treatment in an entire district when data on resistance is reported from only one sentinel site per district. ", "To answer this question, it is recommended that additional sites should be identified in the targeted districts in order to determine whether or not the spread of resistance is homogeneous throughout the district. ", "Similar to a recent report from Malawi, the use of long-lasting IRS formulations, such as pirimiphos-methyl, may be costly initially, but cost-effective in the longer term in managing insecticide resistance \\[[@CR34]\\].", "\n\nIn this study, characterization of *An. ", "gambiae s.l.* ", "from 10 sentinel sites revealed that the predominant sibling species is *An. ", "arabiensis* (83%). ", "This is contrary to a study conducted in one site near Kigali City in 2007 by PMI-Rwanda, in which it was reported that *An. ", "gambiae s.s.* ", "accounted for 93.6% of the total 157 *An. ", "gambiae s.l.* ", "examined by PCR while *An. ", "arabiensis* accounted for only 6.4% \\[[@CR35]\\]. ", "Although the earlier sampling was carried out in one site only, the results suggest that *An. ", "gambiae s.s.* ", "was the predominant species before the scale-up of interventions with LLINs and IRS. ", "Such a shift in species composition has been reported in neighbouring countries, for instance in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania \\[[@CR36]--[@CR38]\\]. ", "This phenomenon has important implications for malaria epidemiology and control given that *An. ", "arabiensis* is an opportunistic feeder which has a tendency to rest and feed on humans outdoors \\[[@CR39]\\]. ", "Outdoor-biting mosquitoes are less susceptible to indoor interventions and therefore outdoor interventions that supplement LLINs and IRS will need to be instituted in the context of an integrated approach to vector management \\[[@CR38], [@CR40]\\]. ", "Although *An. ", "arabiensis* is the dominant vector in Rwanda and resistance levels are high in *An. ", "gambiae s.l.* ", "populations, future studies should include testing of resistance by sibling species to assess differences in susceptibility levels.", "\n\nWith the goal of reaching the pre-elimination phase of malaria by 2018, the Ministry of Health developed an integrated vector management (IVM) strategy which aims at improving the efficiency, effectiveness, ecological soundness and sustainability of vector control interventions in Rwanda \\[[@CR41]\\]. ", "Entomological monitoring, including testing for insecticide resistance, is now a major part of the NMCP in Rwanda and a rotation strategy for management of insecticide resistance has been adopted in line with IVM.", "\n\nMeanwhile, with spreading insecticide resistance and behavioural change of malaria vectors, there is an interest to integrate other innovative interventions which do not rely on insecticides \\[[@CR42], [@CR43]\\]. ", "Larval control interventions have proven cost-effective across a range of different settings and include application of environmental management, insect growth regulators, and biological control \\[[@CR44]\\]. ", "Recently, successful field experiments have been carried out with microbial larvicides in Tanzania, Kenya, the Gambia and Benin. ", "These showed a substantial impact on malaria disease \\[[@CR45]--[@CR47]\\]. ", "It was demonstrated that for a sustainable solution, a horizontally organized community-based programme that takes the needs and wishes of people into account has to be established and technically empowered \\[[@CR48], [@CR49]\\]. ", "Currently, Rwanda is supporting a research project in Ruhuha (South East Rwanda) that aims to involve communities in the application of the microbial larvicide *Bacillus thuringiensis* var. *", "israelensis* (Bti) (E.H., unpublished data). ", "This may form the basis for the integration of alternative vector control interventions for the management of insecticide resistance \\[[@CR42]\\].", "\n\nConclusion {#Sec15}\n==========\n\nThe results of the study show that resistance to pyrethroids and organochlorines (DDT) was documented in 2011 and has been on the rise between 2011 and 2013. ", "An emerging resistance to carbamates (bendiocarb) was found in few sites and gives reasons for concern of its efficacy in the near future. ", "No resistance was recorded for organophosphates (fenitrothion). ", "Probably due to the use of indoor insecticide-based interventions, the more opportunistic and outdoor feeding *An. ", "arabiensis* was the dominant sibling species in the country. ", "To curb further spread of pyrethroid resistance and to preserve the effectiveness of LLINs, Rwanda implemented an insecticide resistance management strategy in 2013 and switched to carbamates (bendiocarb) for IRS. ", "It plans to implement a rotational strategy of insecticides, including organophosphates, every 2--3 years. ", "The results reported here are the first results on the status of insecticide resistance in Rwanda and indicate that the NMCP should continue monitoring insecticide resistance for target site insensitivity and metabolic resistance so as to guide future decisions on insecticide use for public health.", "\n\nACT\n\n: artemisinin-based combination therapy\n\n*Bti*\n\n: *Bacillus thuringiensis* var. *", "israelensis*\n\nCDC\n\n: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\n\nDDT\n\n: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane\n\n*kdr*\n\n: knockdown resistance\n\nLLIN\n\n: long-lasting insecticide-treated net\n\nIRS\n\n: indoor residual spraying\n\nIVM\n\n: integrated vector management\n\nNMCP\n\n: National Malaria Control Programme\n\nPBO\n\n: piperonyl butoxide\n\nPCR\n\n: polymerase chain reaction\n\nPMI\n\n: President's Malaria Initiative\n\nWHO\n\n: World Health Organization\n\nEH designed the study, trained and supervised technical staff, performed resistance and laboratory tests, compiled and analysed data and drafted the manuscript. ", "DM trained and supervised technical staff involved in mosquito rearing and bio-assays, performed laboratory tests and reviewed the manuscript. ", "GI supervised technical staff involved in mosquito rearing and bio-assays, performed bioassays tests and reviewed the manuscript. ", "JET contributed to the data analysis and review of the manuscript. ", "JG contributed to the data analysis, draft of the manuscript, technical guidance and review of the manuscript. ", "CK contributed to the design and implementation of the study, mobilized funds for monitoring activities and reviewed the manuscript. ", "WT contributed to the design of manuscript outlines, data analysis and critical review of the manuscript. ", "AB contributed to the design of the study, and review of the manuscript. ", "CJMK contributed to the data analysis, writing and review of manuscript. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nAcknowledgements {#FPar1}\n================\n\nGreat appreciation is extended to Mr. Alphonse Mutabazi, and Alphonse Rukundo who contributed to the mapping of study sites, and data analysis, respectively. ", "We express our sincere gratitude to the entomology technicians who conducted mosquito larval collections and mosquito rearing, as well as the district and community leadership for their cooperation and support during the study. ", "Staff from *icipe*, Kenya, is acknowledged for their help with carrying out the molecular analyses.", "\n\nCompeting interests {#FPar2}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nAvailability of data and materials {#FPar3}\n==================================\n\nThe datasets during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "\n\nFunding {#FPar4}\n=======\n\nThe President's Malaria Initiative of the US Government (PMI) and the Global Fund Malaria SSF Project provided the financial and technical support to strengthen insecticide resistance monitoring, as well as malaria control and prevention in Rwanda. ", "EH and CJMK are supported by a Grant from the Global Health Systems and Health Policy Research program of the Dutch NWO-WOTRO Science for Global Development.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nKotlin: Accessing Enum Value generates nullpointerexception\n\nI am trying to pass an enum as a parameter to another class, so I can override its price Value.", "\nHere is my approach: \nBase class Product:\nopen class Product(val productName: String, open val price: Double) {\n val profit = price\n}\n\nEnum class: \nenum class Discount(val factor: Int) {\n BIGSALE(20),\n LITTLESALE(10),\n NOSALE(0)\n}\n\nDiscount Product:\nclass DiscountProduct(\n val discount: Discount,\n productName_param: String, price_param: Double\n) : Product(productName_param, price_param) {\n\n // Nullpointer Exception\n override val price: Double\n get() = super.price - ((super.price / 100) * discount.factor)\n}\n\nApp (main):\nval newProduct = DiscountProduct(Discount.", "BIGSALE, \"Prod1\", 100)\n\nI appreciate every help. ", "Thank you! ", "\nERROR:\nException in thread \"main\" java.lang.", "NullPointerException\n at DiscountProduct.getPrice(DiscountProduct.kt:6)\n at Product.<init>(Product.kt:2)\n at DiscountProduct.<init>(DiscountProduct.kt:3)\n at AppKt.main(App.kt:2)\n at AppKt.main(App.kt)\n\nA:\n\nThe actual constructor for DiscountProduct, when viewed as Java code, will look something like this:\npublic DiscountProduct(@NotNull Discount discount, @NotNull String productName_param, double price_param) {\n Intrinsics.checkParameterIsNotNull(discount, \"discount\");\n Intrinsics.checkParameterIsNotNull(productName_param, \"productName_param\");\n super(productName_param, price_param);\n this.discount = discount;\n}\n\nSo the super constructor (i.e. Product's constructor) is called first, and then the discount member is initialized.", "\nProduct's constructor looks something like this:\npublic Product(@NotNull String productName, double price) {\n Intrinsics.checkParameterIsNotNull(productName, \"productName\");\n super();\n this.productName = productName;\n this.price = price;\n this.profit = this.getPrice();\n }\n\nWhen you get to this.profit = this.getPrice(); (which corresponds to the kotlin line val profit = price) you're calling DiscountProduct's getPrice method, which tries to use the discount member, which hasn't yet been initialized. ", "And that's why you get a NullPointerException.", "\n\nThere are probably a few different ways in which you could fix this. ", "One possible solution would be to make profit a lazy property, so that it doesn't get initialized until the first time you try to use it:\nval profit: Double by lazy { price }\n\nAnother possible solution would be:\nval profit: Double get() = price\n\nThe difference between this and a lazy property is that here the price gets calculated every time you use profit, not just the first time.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "If the Buffalo Sabres decide to trade premier center Ryan O'Reilly, they have at at least three potential suitors.", "\n\nThe center-needy Montreal Canadiens, Carolina Hurricanes, and St. Louis Blues have all shown interest in O'Reilly, according to The Athletic's Pierre LeBrun. ", "The Habs and Canes have both \"had talks,\" while the Blues have \"at least inquired\" about O'Reilly's services, LeBrun notes.", "\n\nO'Reilly is one of the best two-way centers in the game. ", "He finished this past season with 24 goals and 61 points in 81 games, but was also one of three players in the NHL with at least 65 takeaways, but less than 40 giveaways. ", "He also set an NHL record for faceoff wins in a single season, and is a nominee for the Lady Byng Trophy, as he collected just two penalty minutes all season.", "\n\nO'Reilly has a cap hit of $7.5 million through 2022-23. ", "However, he is due a $7.5-million bonus on July 1, LeBrun adds. ", "His base salary is only $1 million through the remainder of his deal, but he is due a $5-million bonus for the last four years of his deal, per Cap Friendly.", "\n\nA team with deep pockets, such as the the Canadiens, could look to make a push before July 1, because once that bonus is paid, Buffalo's asking price may go up. ", "A team like the Hurricanes may want to wait until after July 1.", "\n\nMarc Bergevin has been searching for a legitimate No. ", "1 center during his entire tenure as the Habs' GM. ", "The Hurricanes haven't had a top-notch center since Eric Staal departed, while the Blues are likely looking to replace Paul Stastny, whom they dealt to the Winnipeg Jets at the trade deadline.", "\n\nBoth the Hurricanes and Blues have several blue-chip prospects they could offer. ", "The same can't be said for the Canadiens, but they do have nine picks in the first four rounds of the NHL draft they could dangle as trade bait.", "\n\nIt's possible a fresh start could bring new life to O'Reilly's game, as he said after another losing season with the Sabres this year that he \"lost the love of the game multiple times.\"", "\n\nSince O'Reilly is under contract, the Sabres are fine keeping him if they don't get an offer to their liking, LeBrun says." ]

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[ "The European Commission president studiously refused to hold Donald Trump’s hand during a diplomatic visit to Washington – in stark contrast to Theresa May.\n\nJean-Claude Juncker and the US president announced plans for a new pact to head off a trade war late on Wednesday evening – in an apparent warming of relations between the EU and United States.", "\n\nBut despite the apparent emerging entente Mr Juncker was seen firmly rejecting Mr Trump’s overtures while the two stood at a podium at the White House.", "\n\nThe British Prime Minister was pictured holding Donald Trump’s hand during her diplomatic visit to Washington DC last year. ", "She repeated the action again when the US president visited her this year, supporting him – and even later offering another hand which was ignored by the president.", "\n\nMr Trump reportedly has a deep-seated fear of steps and slopes and sometimes seeks assistance from those around him while going up or down them.", "\n\nHis vulnerable conduct in these situations has sparked interest in part because it contrasts with the US president’ usually brash and overconfident public persona.", "\n\nBut Ms May’s willingness to physically support her US colleague in the highly scrutinised arena of international diplomacy was seen as a sign of the two politicians’ closeness." ]

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[ "As Michael blogged early last week, on Thursday I flew to Canberra to meet with Ministers and Shadow Ministers to discuss small business development and innovation in the online retail space in Australia.", "\n\nI arrived at Australia's Parliament House to a 21 gun salute. ", "It was spectacular and as we craned our necks from the taxi we were informed that the Malaysian Prime Minister had also arrived at Parliament House.", "\n\nHosted by PayPal, we were invited along with Paul Greenberg, Co-Founder of Deals Direct and Vahid Ta'eed, Co-Founder of Envato to present the issues that we face as small online businesses in Australia. ", "We had the pleasure of meeting with:\n\nBelinda Dennett, Senior Advisor, from the office of Stephen Conroy, Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy; and\n\nNick Sherry, Minister for Small Business.", "\n\nVisiting Parliament House was incredibly exciting. ", "In our meetings we covered off a reasonable range of issues and most importantly, we left with the agreement that our current frameworks were created with only bricks and mortar retail in mind and so require revisiting by our government to embrace online retailers and spur on small business development. ", "Michael has already outlined some areas where we see specific gaps in previous posts, so at the risk of repetition, as I similarly outlined to a minister who asked what I'd do if I was prime minister for the day, here are the points in short:\n\nGrants - The majority of business grants in place make requirements for eligibility that are impossible for many small online businesses to meet. ", "For example, Commercialisation Australia's requirement of a patentable concept or strong design is impractical for many small businesses. ", "It assumes no value in a business that may have many other barriers to entry that contribute to value in a business.", "\n\nEducation - My thoughts on this evolved since last Monday's post. ", "For Australians to become global online business leaders, change must start in the education system. ", "Subjects taught in business school must incorporate better online business instruction so that this is a natural aspect of business in the minds of tomorrow's business people. ", "This point is prompted by a comment left on the Power Retail blog for us in response to Monday's cross-post. ", "Further, we should also encourage more students to study software engineering with a view to producing more and better digital minds domestically. ", "It goes hand-in-hand to say that it is important that innovative Australian online businesses have the support to grow in to global leaders, as it will be their task to become big enough and interesting enough to keep these graduates in the country.", "\n\nPostal Services - Often the most difficult part of our customer experience, our postal services are currently below par, particularly internationally. ", "We heard noises of commitment to change on Thursday on this front and I look forward to seeing the evolution. ", "Thanks to Jeni for her input on our blog on this point!", "\n\nGST - This issue has prompted a productivity enquiry and was merely acknowledged in discussions without need for further exploration.", "\n\nBanking regulation - Banking options available to small businesses in Australia are often financially onerous and time consuming to set up and maintain. ", "We love using PayPal because it circumvents the majority of these issues and has helped Shoes of Prey to grow more quickly than we could have otherwise. ", "There is a need for regulation reform so that there is room for more innovative banking solutions for small businesses. ", "You can expect submissions to commence on this in the near future.", "\n\nOur discussions were positive and it's exciting to have had the opportunity to seed our concerns and give context to these concerns with government. ", "We now have some clear paths through which to continue discussions and hopefully inspire change. ", "I think realistically it will take time for change to be implemented, but acceptance of the ideas for change under the focus of the productivity enquiry is certainly clearance of the first hurdle.", "\n\n1 comment:\n\nGreat to hear that the trip went well! ", "I'm also really glad to hear that the importance of education realignment, that I mentioned on power retail's blog, made it onto the agenda!", "\n\nThanks for being open to discussion suggestions and also letting us know how it went. ", "Change will take time but it has to start somewhere =) All online retailers should definitely stay tuned and watch this space!" ]

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[ "George Whatley\n\nGeorge Whatley, Esq, was a contemporary, friend and correspondent of Benjamin Franklin. ", " He was also Vice-President (1772–1779) and Treasurer (1779–1791) of the Foundling Hospital in London.", "\n\nWhatley was the author of Principles of Trade, published in 1774, which expounded the benefits of laissez faire economics, which is similar in concept to free trade. ", " Some sources claim Franklin co-authored the book with Whatley, while Franklin gives full credit to Whatley. ", "However, according to historian Jared Sparks in his book The works of Benjamin Franklin, 1840, Sparks gives Franklin credit for the notes which are in the view of noted economist Jacob Viner, superior to the text, see footnote 97 for chapter 2, Studies in the Theory of International Trade.", "\n\nWhatley's portrait by an unknown painter is part of the Foundling Hospital art collection and can today be seen in the Picture Gallery at the Foundling Museum.", "\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Year of birth missing\nCategory:1791 deaths\nCategory:English lawyers" ]

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[ "Write about the activities you like.", "\nSergey : “I like swimming. ", "I started to learn when I was about seven years old. ", "I think that swimming is something like music or language. ", "That is why very good to start as early as possible if you want to be good at it. ", "I visit swimming pool every week. ", "Swimming helps me to stay in good shape.”", "\nОвсянникова И.В. \"СОШ №83\"\n\nHome task.", "\nDo a project “Popular sports in Great Britain”.", "\nFind out and write:\nWhat kinds of sports are popular in Great Britain?", "\nDescribe one of these sports: hame, history, equipment, manner of play, tournaments, and greatest sportsmen.", "\nОвсянникова И.В. \"СОШ №83\"" ]

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[ "Doppler sonography measurements of renal vascular resistance in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease.", "\nThe aim of this study was to assess the clinical usefulness of duplex Doppler sonography in ADPKD patients by measuring the resistive indices (RIs) and pulsatility indices (PIs) of renal and interlobar arteries and investigating the correlation between these parameters and relevant clinical data. ", "RI and PI in renal and interlobar arteries of 61 patients with ADPKD and 27 healthy subjects were calculated and correlated with age, serum creatinine, age at diagnosis, and duration of disease. ", "In the control subjects the median RI was 0.61 (interquartile range: 0.075) in the renal arteries and 0.58 (0.06) in the interlobar arteries vs. 0.72 (0.1) and 0.69 (0.1), respectively, in the ADPKD patients. ", "Median PI was 1.07 (0.1425) in the renal arteries and 0.94 (0.1525) in the interlobar arteries vs. 1.41 (0.655) and 1.25 (0.395), respectively, in the ADPKD patients. ", "Doppler indices were significantly higher in the ADPKD patients (p<0.0001). ", "Almost all Doppler indices correlated positively and significantly with age, serum creatinine, age at diagnosis, and duration of disease. ", "No significant correlation was observed between the indices and blood pressure. ", "Because of the strong correlation between Doppler measurements of renovascular resistance and renal function tests together and duration of the disease observed in this study, this method, despite its pitfalls such as the influence of high blood pressure, compression by renal cysts, vascular calcification, and age, could be useful in the evaluation of disease progression in patients with ADPKD." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to integrated circuit testing and, more particularly, to built-in self-testing of embedded memories.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nDuring development testing of an integrated circuit (IC) that includes a memory array, it is typically important to fully test the memory across various manufacturing process changes. ", "For example, when a device is first manufactured, typically referred to as first silicon, the wafer fabrication process may need to be adjusted to accommodate all processing corners. ", "For devices with memory arrays, a bitmap of the array may be created during memory testing to ensure or establish the various process corners of the process. ", "A bitmap is a mapping of each memory location in a particular memory array. ", "The bitmap may show the pass/fail status of each location, or it may show other data. ", "Generally speaking, a bitmap may be created by test software running on a device test system using pass/fail information, for example, sent to the tester from the device under test during testing. ", "There are various techniques to generate such a bitmap.", "\nHowever, depending on how the memory array pass/fail information is provided back to the tester, bitmapping large arrays can be test time intensive. ", "For example, in one technique each memory location may be read, and the data and a pass fail indication may be sent to the tester after each read (referred to as normal mode bitmapping). ", "This technique can be very time consuming.", "\nIn another technique, known as nth fail mode, each location is read and after some predetermined number (n) of failures the clock is stopped and the data for the current failed location is sent to the tester. ", "Using this technique, testing can be done at-speed. ", "In some cases nth fail mode testing may be done as much as 60 times as fast as normal mode bitmapping. ", "However, there can be significant drawbacks to nth fail mode bitmapping, particularly for high frequency devices. ", "For example, stopping on the nth fail to output the data requires locking of the compare data in the same cycle that the error is detected. ", "To do so in high frequency devices can be expensive in terms of additional hardware overhead (e.g., use of additional “shadow flops” or high power flops) to stop the clock. ", "Alternatively, to reduce the hardware complexity, there are some hardware simplifications such as partial locking, that may be used. ", "But to do so can compromise the bitmap data quality." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs there a way to include an armv6 lib in an armv7 project?", "\n\nI have an iPhone project in xcode that needs to be compiled for armv7 architecture. ", "I recently needed to include a library that I only have compiled for armv6.", "\nIs there a way to include an armv6 lib in an armv7 project?", "\nadditional notes:\n\nThe project really has to be compiled in armv7.", "\nI can't recompile the armv6 library to armv7 (closed source).", "\n\nA:\n\nI'm afraid the answer to your question is no. ", "You can include the static library compiled for armv6 architecture in your project, but it will never link correctly when you build for armv7. ", "The only solution seems to be to get the library sources and build it for armv7 yourself, but I see this is not possible in your case. ", "I had a similar problem recently, I asked the library owner to build it in the architecture that I required, and they did. ", "Good luck.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Sign up to FREE email alerts from Mirror - Arsenal FC Subscribe Thank you for subscribing We have more newsletters Show me See our privacy notice Invalid Email\n\nBayern Munich midfielder Arturo Vidal has urged Arsenal to attack ahead of the Champions League clash between the two sides.", "\n\nArsenal make the trip to Munich for the last 16 first-leg on Wednesday night.", "\n\nThe Gunners picked up a much-needed win on Saturday as they saw off Hull at the Emirates.", "\n\nBut they are once again the underdogs in Europe as they take on the Bundesliga leaders, who won 15 of their 20 matches so far.", "\n\nBayern have knocked Arsenal out at this stage three times already but Vidal hopes the Gunners try and match them at the Allianz Arena.", "\n\nVideo Loading Video Unavailable Click to play Tap to play The video will start in 8 Cancel Play now\n\n(Image: Getty) (Image: Getty) (Image: Getty)\n\n\"Here in Germany, all teams set out to defend when they are playing Bayern,\" Vidal told TZ.", "\n\n\"In the Champions League, all teams are trying to play football.", "\n\n\"I hope Arsenal will play like they have been playing all season in England and want to play football against us.", "\n\n\"Teams have to show what they are made of in Europe. ", "That is why Bayern will show its true face in the Champions League.\"", "\n\nVideo Loading Video Unavailable Click to play Tap to play The video will start in 8 Cancel Play now\n\n(Image: Getty)\n\n(Image: Getty) (Image: Getty)\n\nCarlo Ancelotti put his side through their paces as they trained on Monday.", "\n\nFormer Manchester City defender Jerome Boateng completed the session, despite being a doubt with a knee problem.", "\n\nThe clash will come too soon for Franck Ribery, who went through some work with the fitness coaches.", "\n\nBayern warmed up for their encounter with a 2-0 win at Ingolstadt on Saturday." ]

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[ "<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?", ">\n<!-- ", "\n/*\n* Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project\n*\n* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n* You may obtain a copy of the License at\n*\n* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n*\n* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n* distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n* limitations under the License.", "\n*/\n -->\n\n<resources xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n xmlns:xliff=\"urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2\">\n <string name=\"app_name\" msgid=\"649227358658669779\">\"ലോഞ്ചർ3\"</string>\n <string name=\"folder_name\" msgid=\"7371454440695724752\"></string>\n <string name=\"work_folder_name\" msgid=\"3753320833950115786\">\"ഔദ്യോഗികം\"</string>\n <string name=\"activity_not_found\" msgid=\"8071924732094499514\">\"അപ്ലിക്കേഷൻ ഇൻസ്‌റ്റാളുചെ‌യ്‌തിട്ടില്ല.\"</string>\n <string name=\"activity_not_available\" msgid=\"7456344436509528827\">\"അപ്ലിക്കേഷൻ ലഭ്യമല്ല\"</string>\n <string name=\"safemode_shortcut_error\" msgid=\"9160126848219158407\">\"ഡൗൺലോഡുചെയ്‌ത അപ്ലിക്കേഷൻ സുരക്ഷാ മോഡിൽ പ്രവർത്തനരഹിതമാക്കി\"</string>\n <string name=\"safemode_widget_error\" msgid=\"4863470563535682004\">\"സുരക്ഷിത മോഡിൽ വിജറ്റുകൾ പ്രവർത്തനരഹിതമാക്കി\"</string>\n <string name=\"shortcut_not_available\" msgid=\"2536503539825726397\">\"കുറുക്കുവഴി ലഭ്യമല്ല\"</string>\n <string name=\"home_screen\" msgid=\"806512411299847073\">\"ഹോം സ്‌ക്രീൻ\"</string>\n <string name=\"custom_actions\" msgid=\"3747508247759093328\">\"ഇഷ്‌ടാനുസൃത പ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾ\"</string>\n <string name=\"long_press_widget_to_add\" msgid=\"7699152356777458215\">\"ഒരു വിജറ്റ് ചേർക്കുന്നതിന് അത് സ്‌പർശിച്ച് പിടിക്കുക.\"</string>\n <string name=\"long_accessible_way_to_add\" msgid=\"4289502106628154155\">\"വിജറ്റ് തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കാനോ ഇഷ്ടാനുസൃത പ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾ ഉപയോഗിക്കാനോ രണ്ടുതവണ ടാപ്പുചെയ്ത് പിടിക്കുക.\"</string>\n <string name=\"widget_dims_format\" msgid=\"2370757736025621599\">\"%1$d × %2$d\"</string>\n <string name=\"widget_accessible_dims_format\" msgid=\"3640149169885301790\">\"%1$d വീതിയും %2$d ഉയരവും\"</string>\n <string name=\"add_item_request_drag_hint\" msgid=\"5899764264480397019\">\"സ്വമേധയാ സ്ഥാപിക്കുന്നതിന് സ്‌പർശിച്ചുപിടിക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"place_automatically\" msgid=\"8064208734425456485\">\"സ്വയമേവ ചേർക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"all_apps_search_bar_hint\" msgid=\"1390553134053255246\">\"ആപ്പുകൾ തിരയുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"all_apps_loading_message\" msgid=\"5813968043155271636\">\"ആപ്പുകൾ ലോഡുചെയ്യുന്നു...\"</string>\n <string name=\"all_apps_no_search_results\" msgid=\"3200346862396363786\">\"\\\"<xliff:g id=\"QUERY\">%1$s</xliff:g>\\\" എന്നതുമായി പൊരുത്തപ്പെടുന്ന ആപ്പുകളൊന്നും കണ്ടെത്തിയില്ല\"</string>\n <string name=\"all_apps_search_market_message\" msgid=\"1366263386197059176\">\"കൂടുതൽ ആപ്പുകൾക്ക് തിരയുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"notifications_header\" msgid=\"1404149926117359025\">\"അറിയിപ്പുകൾ\"</string>\n <string name=\"long_press_shortcut_to_add\" msgid=\"4524750017792716791\">\"തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കുന്നതിന് കുറുക്കുവഴി സ്‌പർശിച്ച് പിടിക്കുക.\"</string>\n <string name=\"long_accessible_way_to_add_shortcut\" msgid=\"3327314059613154633\">\"കുറുക്കുവഴി തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കാനോ ഇഷ്‌ടാനുസൃത പ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾ ഉപയോഗിക്കാനോ 2 തവണ ടാപ്പ് ചെയ്‌ത് പിടിക്കുക.\"</string>\n <string name=\"out_of_space\" msgid=\"4691004494942118364\">\"ഈ ഹോം സ്‌ക്രീനിൽ ഒഴിവൊന്നുമില്ല.\"</string>\n <string name=\"hotseat_out_of_space\" msgid=\"7448809638125333693\">\"പ്രിയപ്പെട്ടവയുടെ ട്രേയിൽ ഒഴിവൊന്നുമില്ല\"</string>\n <string name=\"all_apps_button_label\" msgid=\"8130441508702294465\">\"അപ്ലിക്കേഷനുകളുടെ ലിസ്‌റ്റ്\"</string>\n <string name=\"all_apps_button_personal_label\" msgid=\"1315764287305224468\">\"വ്യക്തിഗത ആപ്പുകളുടെ ലിസ്റ്റ്\"</string>\n <string name=\"all_apps_button_work_label\" msgid=\"7270707118948892488\">\"ഔദ്യോഗിക ആപ്പുകളുടെ ലിസ്റ്റ്\"</string>\n <string name=\"all_apps_home_button_label\" msgid=\"252062713717058851\">\"ഹോം\"</string>\n <string name=\"remove_drop_target_label\" msgid=\"7812859488053230776\">\"നീക്കംചെയ്യുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"uninstall_drop_target_label\" msgid=\"4722034217958379417\">\"അൺഇൻസ്റ്റാളുചെയ്യുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"app_info_drop_target_label\" msgid=\"692894985365717661\">\"ആപ്പ് വിവരം\"</string>\n <string name=\"install_drop_target_label\" msgid=\"2539096853673231757\">\"ഇൻസ്‌റ്റാൾ ചെയ്യുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"permlab_install_shortcut\" msgid=\"5632423390354674437\">\"കുറുക്കുവഴികൾ ഇൻസ്റ്റാളുചെയ്യുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"permdesc_install_shortcut\" msgid=\"923466509822011139\">\"ഉപയോക്തൃ ഇടപെടൽ ഇല്ലാതെ കുറുക്കുവഴികൾ ചേർക്കാൻ അപ്ലിക്കേഷനെ അനുവദിക്കുന്നു.\"</string>\n <string name=\"permlab_read_settings\" msgid=\"1941457408239617576\">\"ഹോം ക്രമീകരണങ്ങളും കുറുക്കുവഴികളും റീഡുചെയ്യുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"permdesc_read_settings\" msgid=\"5833423719057558387\">\"ഹോമിലെ ക്രമീകരണങ്ങളും കുറുക്കുവഴികളും റീഡുചെയ്യാൻ അപ്ലിക്കേഷനെ അനുവദിക്കുന്നു.\"</string>\n <string name=\"permlab_write_settings\" msgid=\"3574213698004620587\">\"ഹോം ക്രമീകരണങ്ങളും കുറുക്കുവഴികളും റൈറ്റുചെയ്യുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"permdesc_write_settings\" msgid=\"5440712911516509985\">\"ഹോമിലെ ക്രമീകരണങ്ങളും കുറുക്കുവഴികളും മാറ്റാൻ അപ്ലിക്കേഷനെ അനുവദിക്കുന്നു.\"</string>\n <string name=\"msg_no_phone_permission\" msgid=\"9208659281529857371\">\"ഫോൺ കോൾ ചെയ്യാൻ <xliff:g id=\"APP_NAME\">%1$s</xliff:g> എന്നതിനെ അനുവദിച്ചിട്ടില്ല\"</string>\n <string name=\"gadget_error_text\" msgid=\"6081085226050792095\">\"വിജറ്റ് ലോഡുചെയ്യുന്നതിൽ പ്രശ്നമുണ്ട്\"</string>\n <string name=\"gadget_setup_text\" msgid=\"8274003207686040488\">\"സജ്ജീകരിക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"uninstall_system_app_text\" msgid=\"4172046090762920660\">\"ഇതൊരു സിസ്‌റ്റം അപ്ലിക്കേഷനായതിനാൽ അൺഇൻസ്‌റ്റാളുചെയ്യാനാവില്ല.\"</string>\n <string name=\"folder_hint_text\" msgid=\"6617836969016293992\">\"പേരുനൽകാത്ത ഫോൾഡർ\"</string>\n <string name=\"disabled_app_label\" msgid=\"6673129024321402780\">\"<xliff:g id=\"APP_NAME\">%1$s</xliff:g> പ്രവർത്തനരഹിതമാക്കി\"</string>\n <plurals name=\"badged_app_label\" formatted=\"false\" msgid=\"7948068486082879291\">\n <item quantity=\"other\"><xliff:g id=\"APP_NAME_2\">%1$s</xliff:g>-ന്, <xliff:g id=\"NOTIFICATION_COUNT_3\">%2$d</xliff:g> അറിയിപ്പുകൾ ഉണ്ട്</item>\n <item quantity=\"one\"><xliff:g id=\"APP_NAME_0\">%1$s</xliff:g>-ന്, <xliff:g id=\"NOTIFICATION_COUNT_1\">%2$d</xliff:g> അറിയിപ്പ് ഉണ്ട്</item>\n </plurals>\n <string name=\"default_scroll_format\" msgid=\"7475544710230993317\">\"പേജ് %1$d / %2$d\"</string>\n <string name=\"workspace_scroll_format\" msgid=\"8458889198184077399\">\"ഹോം സ്‌ക്രീൻ %1$d / %2$d\"</string>\n <string name=\"workspace_new_page\" msgid=\"257366611030256142\">\"പുതിയ ഹോം സ്ക്രീൻ പേജ്\"</string>\n <string name=\"folder_opened\" msgid=\"94695026776264709\">\"ഫോൾഡർ തുറന്നു, <xliff:g id=\"WIDTH\">%1$d</xliff:g> / <xliff:g id=\"HEIGHT\">%2$d</xliff:g>\"</string>\n <string name=\"folder_tap_to_close\" msgid=\"4625795376335528256\">\"ഫോൾഡർ അടയ്ക്കുന്നതിന് ടാപ്പുചെയ്യുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"folder_tap_to_rename\" msgid=\"4017685068016979677\">\"പേരുമാറ്റം സംരക്ഷിക്കുന്നതിന് ടാപ്പുചെയ്യുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"folder_closed\" msgid=\"4100806530910930934\">\"ഫോൾഡർ അടച്ചു\"</string>\n <string name=\"folder_renamed\" msgid=\"1794088362165669656\">\"ഫോൾഡറിന്റെ പേര് <xliff:g id=\"NAME\">%1$s</xliff:g> എന്നായി മാറ്റി\"</string>\n <string name=\"folder_name_format\" msgid=\"6629239338071103179\">\"ഫോൾഡർ: <xliff:g id=\"NAME\">%1$s</xliff:g>\"</string>\n <string name=\"widget_button_text\" msgid=\"2880537293434387943\">\"വിജറ്റുകൾ\"</string>\n <string name=\"wallpaper_button_text\" msgid=\"8404103075899945851\">\"വാൾപേപ്പർ\"</string>\n <string name=\"settings_button_text\" msgid=\"8873672322605444408\">\"ഹോം ക്രമീകരണം\"</string>\n <string name=\"msg_disabled_by_admin\" msgid=\"6898038085516271325\">\"അഡ്മിൻ പ്രവർത്തനരഹിതമാക്കിയിരിക്കുന്നു\"</string>\n <string name=\"allow_rotation_title\" msgid=\"7728578836261442095\">\"ഹോം സ്ക്രീൻ തിരിക്കൽ അനുവദിക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"allow_rotation_desc\" msgid=\"8662546029078692509\">\"ഫോൺ തിരിച്ച നിലയിലായിരിക്കുമ്പോൾ\"</string>\n <string name=\"icon_badging_title\" msgid=\"874121399231955394\">\"അറിയിപ്പ് ഡോട്ടുകൾ\"</string>\n <string name=\"icon_badging_desc_on\" msgid=\"2627952638544674079\">\"ഓൺ\"</string>\n <string name=\"icon_badging_desc_off\" msgid=\"5503319969924580241\">\"ഓഫ്\"</string>\n <string name=\"title_missing_notification_access\" msgid=\"7503287056163941064\">\"അറിയിപ്പിനായുള്ള ആക്‌സസ് ആവശ്യമാണ്\"</string>\n <string name=\"msg_missing_notification_access\" msgid=\"281113995110910548\">\"അറിയിപ്പ് ഡോട്ടുകൾ കാണിക്കുന്നതിന്, <xliff:g id=\"NAME\">%1$s</xliff:g> എന്നയാളിനായുള്ള ആപ്പ് അറിയിപ്പുകൾ ഓണാക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"title_change_settings\" msgid=\"1376365968844349552\">\"ക്രമീകരണം മാറ്റുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"icon_badging_service_title\" msgid=\"2309733118428242174\">\"അറിയിപ്പ് ഡോട്ടുകൾ കാണിക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"auto_add_shortcuts_label\" msgid=\"8222286205987725611\">\"ഹോം സ്ക്രീനിലേക്ക് ഐക്കൺ ചേർക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"auto_add_shortcuts_description\" msgid=\"7117251166066978730\">\"പുതിയ ആപ്പുകൾക്ക്\"</string>\n <string name=\"icon_shape_override_label\" msgid=\"2977264953998281004\">\"ഐക്കണിന്റെ ആകാരം മാറ്റുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"icon_shape_override_label_location\" msgid=\"3841607380657692863\">\"ഹോം സ്‌ക്രീനിൽ\"</string>\n <string name=\"icon_shape_system_default\" msgid=\"1709762974822753030\">\"സിസ്‌റ്റം ഡിഫോൾട്ട് ഉപയോഗിക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"icon_shape_square\" msgid=\"633575066111622774\">\"ചതുരം\"</string>\n <string name=\"icon_shape_squircle\" msgid=\"5658049910802669495\">\"ചതുരവൃത്തം\"</string>\n <string name=\"icon_shape_circle\" msgid=\"6550072265930144217\">\"വൃത്തം\"</string>\n <string name=\"icon_shape_teardrop\" msgid=\"4525869388200835463\">\"കണ്ണുനീര്‍ തുള്ളി\"</string>\n <string name=\"icon_shape_override_progress\" msgid=\"3461735694970239908\">\"ഐക്കൺ ആകാര മാറ്റങ്ങൾ പ്രയോഗിക്കുന്നു\"</string>\n <string name=\"package_state_unknown\" msgid=\"7592128424511031410\">\"അജ്ഞാതം\"</string>\n <string name=\"abandoned_clean_this\" msgid=\"7610119707847920412\">\"നീക്കംചെയ്യുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"abandoned_search\" msgid=\"891119232568284442\">\"തിരയുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"abandoned_promises_title\" msgid=\"7096178467971716750\">\"ഈ അപ്ലിക്കേഷൻ ഇൻസ്റ്റാളുചെയ്‌തിട്ടില്ല\"</string>\n <string name=\"abandoned_promise_explanation\" msgid=\"3990027586878167529\">\"ഈ ഐക്കണുവേണ്ടി അപ്ലിക്കേഷൻ ഇൻസ്റ്റാളുചെയ്‌തിട്ടില്ല. നിങ്ങൾക്കത് നീക്കംചെയ്യാനാകും അല്ലെങ്കിൽ അപ്ലിക്കേഷനുവേണ്ടി തിരഞ്ഞുകൊണ്ട് അത് സ്വമേധയാ ഇൻസ്റ്റാളുചെയ്യുക.\"</string>\n <string name=\"app_downloading_title\" msgid=\"8336702962104482644\">\"<xliff:g id=\"NAME\">%1$s</xliff:g> ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുന്നു, <xliff:g id=\"PROGRESS\">%2$s</xliff:g> പൂർത്തിയായി\"</string>\n <string name=\"app_waiting_download_title\" msgid=\"7053938513995617849\">\"ഇൻസ്റ്റാൾ ചെയ്യാൻ <xliff:g id=\"NAME\">%1$s</xliff:g> കാക്കുന്നു\"</string>\n <string name=\"widgets_bottom_sheet_title\" msgid=\"2904559530954183366\">\"<xliff:g id=\"NAME\">%1$s</xliff:g> വിജറ്റുകൾ\"</string>\n <string name=\"action_add_to_workspace\" msgid=\"8902165848117513641\">\"ഹോം സ്ക്രീനിൽ ചേർക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"action_move_here\" msgid=\"2170188780612570250\">\"ഇനം ഇവിടേക്ക് നീക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"item_added_to_workspace\" msgid=\"4211073925752213539\">\"ഹോം സ്‌ക്രീനിൽ ഇനം ചേർത്തു\"</string>\n <string name=\"item_removed\" msgid=\"851119963877842327\">\"ഇനം നീക്കംചെയ്‌തു\"</string>\n <string name=\"action_move\" msgid=\"4339390619886385032\">\"ഇനം നീക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"move_to_empty_cell\" msgid=\"2833711483015685619\">\"വരി <xliff:g id=\"NUMBER_0\">%1$s</xliff:g> നിര <xliff:g id=\"NUMBER_1\">%2$s</xliff:g>-ലേക്ക് നീക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"move_to_position\" msgid=\"6750008980455459790\">\"<xliff:g id=\"NUMBER\">%1$s</xliff:g>-ലേക്ക് നീക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"move_to_hotseat_position\" msgid=\"6295412897075147808\">\"ഇഷ്‌ടമുള്ള <xliff:g id=\"NUMBER\">%1$s</xliff:g> സ്ഥാനത്തേക്ക് നീക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"item_moved\" msgid=\"4606538322571412879\">\"ഇനം നീക്കി\"</string>\n <string name=\"add_to_folder\" msgid=\"9040534766770853243\">\"ഫോൾഡറിൽ ചേർക്കുക: <xliff:g id=\"NAME\">%1$s</xliff:g>\"</string>\n <string name=\"add_to_folder_with_app\" msgid=\"4534929978967147231\">\"<xliff:g id=\"NAME\">%1$s</xliff:g> ഉള്ള ഫോൾഡറിൽ ചേർക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"added_to_folder\" msgid=\"4793259502305558003\">\"ഫോൾഡറിൽ ഇനം ചേർത്തു\"</string>\n <string name=\"create_folder_with\" msgid=\"4050141361160214248\">\"ഇതുപയോഗിച്ച് ഫോൾഡർ സൃഷ്‌ടിക്കുക: <xliff:g id=\"NAME\">%1$s</xliff:g>\"</string>\n <string name=\"folder_created\" msgid=\"6409794597405184510\">\"ഫോൾഡർ സൃഷ്‌ടിച്ചു\"</string>\n <string name=\"action_move_to_workspace\" msgid=\"1603837886334246317\">\"ഹോം സ്‌ക്രീനിലേക്ക് നീക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"action_resize\" msgid=\"1802976324781771067\">\"വലുപ്പംമാറ്റുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"action_increase_width\" msgid=\"8773715375078513326\">\"വീതി കൂട്ടുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"action_increase_height\" msgid=\"459390020612501122\">\"ഉയരം കൂട്ടുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"action_decrease_width\" msgid=\"1374549771083094654\">\"വീതി കുറയ്‌ക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"action_decrease_height\" msgid=\"282377193880900022\">\"ഉയരം കുറയ്‌ക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"widget_resized\" msgid=\"9130327887929620\">\"വീതി <xliff:g id=\"NUMBER_0\">%1$s</xliff:g> ഉയരം <xliff:g id=\"NUMBER_1\">%2$s</xliff:g>-ലേക്ക് വിഡ്‌ജെറ്റിന്റെ വലുപ്പം മാറ്റി\"</string>\n <string name=\"action_deep_shortcut\" msgid=\"2864038805849372848\">\"കുറുക്കുവഴികൾ\"</string>\n <string name=\"shortcuts_menu_with_notifications_description\" msgid=\"8985659504915468840\">\"<xliff:g id=\"APP_NAME\">%3$s</xliff:g> ആപ്പിനായുള്ള <xliff:g id=\"NUMBER_OF_SHORTCUTS\">%1$d</xliff:g> കുറുക്കുവഴികളും <xliff:g id=\"NUMBER_OF_NOTIFICATIONS\">%2$d</xliff:g> അറിയിപ്പുകളും\"</string>\n <string name=\"action_dismiss_notification\" msgid=\"5909461085055959187\">\"നിരസിക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"notification_dismissed\" msgid=\"6002233469409822874\">\"അറിയിപ്പ് നിരസിച്ചു\"</string>\n <string name=\"all_apps_personal_tab\" msgid=\"4190252696685155002\">\"വ്യക്തിപരം\"</string>\n <string name=\"all_apps_work_tab\" msgid=\"4884822796154055118\">\"ജോലി\"</string>\n <string name=\"work_profile_toggle_label\" msgid=\"3081029915775481146\">\"ഔദ്യോഗിക പ്രൊഫൈൽ\"</string>\n <string name=\"bottom_work_tab_user_education_title\" msgid=\"5785851780786322825\">\"ഔദ്യോഗിക ആപ്പുകൾ ഇവിടെ കണ്ടെത്തുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"bottom_work_tab_user_education_body\" msgid=\"2818107472360579152\">\"എല്ലാ ഔദ്യോഗിക ആപ്പിനും ഒരു ബാഡ്‌ജ് ഉണ്ട്, നിങ്ങളുടെ സ്ഥാപനം അത് സുരക്ഷിതമായി സൂക്ഷിക്കുന്നു. എളുപ്പത്തിൽ ആക്സസ് ചെയ്യാൻ ആപ്പുകളെ ഹോം സ്‌ക്രീനിലേക്ക് നീക്കുക.\"</string>\n <string name=\"work_mode_on_label\" msgid=\"4781128097185272916\">\"നിങ്ങളുടെ സ്ഥാപനം നിയന്ത്രിക്കുന്നത്\"</string>\n <string name=\"work_mode_off_label\" msgid=\"3194894777601421047\">\"അറിയിപ്പുകളും ആപ്പുകളും ഓഫാണ്\"</string>\n <string name=\"bottom_work_tab_user_education_close_button\" msgid=\"4224492243977802135\">\"അടയ്ക്കുക\"</string>\n <string name=\"bottom_work_tab_user_education_closed\" msgid=\"1098340939861869465\">\"അടച്ചു\"</string>\n</resources>\n" ]

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[ "Are you looking for some heartfelt thank you messages in Hindi to send to your family and friends who wished you on your birthday? ", "Thank You messages significantly shows your gratitude towards the person. ", "With the increasing trend of technology, it is neither hard to find messages nor there is any issue while sending messages to your beloved people. ", "The thank you messages which are shared here expresses your gratitude and a feel to stay in touch with us forever.", "\n\nThank You message for those who wish you on your special day, your birthday is a must, not just because it shows your good manners, but it is the right thing to do. ", "Now-a-days, people don’t even remember your birthday until and unless they get a notification on Facebook. ", "But, also there are many people who just wait for this day to wish you a very happy birthday. ", "And it is the right time to show them that their wishes did not go unnoticed and you are thankful to them for their blessings.", "\n\nJust take out a few moments and start typing in your mother tongue language, Hindi, which is widely used in our daily lives and even shows little more gratitude than the words used in English. ", "You can simply put your status on WhatsApp or share Thank you message on your Facebook wall in Hindi. ", "Choose the best Hindi thank you message for people who showered their blessings on your birthday." ]

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[ "SAN JOSE — Police are still looking for a man who eluded an hours-long search after he and a car full of other suspects reportedly tried to run down an officer with their car and led then on a chase into the East San Jose foothills Sunday night.", "\n\nOne of the captured suspects was a teenage boy wanted for attempted murder, police said.", "\n\nOfficers pulled into the parking lot of Marina Foods near Monterey and Senter roads in South San Jose around 7:30 p.m. after they observed a “disturbance” and tried to contact a man in the lot. ", "The man ignored them and got into a waiting car.", "\n\nPolice said one of the officers recognized an occupant of the car as a suspect in an unspecified attempted murder case, and so they pulled their patrol vehicle in front of the car to keep it from leaving.", "\n\nReading this on your phone? ", "Stay up to date on San Jose crime and other news with our free mobile app. ", "Get it from the Apple app store or the Google Play store.", "\n\nAs one of the officers got out to approach the car, the driver put it into reverse in an apparent attempt to flee, and accelerated toward the officer now on foot, and he had to get out of the way to avoid getting hit, police said.", "\n\nThe car then lurched forward and hit a parked car, which prompted one of the occupants — but not the wanted teen — to exit and try to run away, but he was swiftly caught and arrested.", "\n\nMeanwhile, the car, with two men and the teen, sped away. ", "Police briefly lost track of the car, but later spotted it eight miles north in the area of Alum Rock Avenue and North White Road. ", "Police said the car continued north on Alum Rock to Harriet Avenue, where the three occupants hit a parked car, then ditched their car and ran away.", "\n\nTwo of the suspects were quickly caught and arrested, police said.", "\n\nThe at-large suspect remains unaccounted for despite an extensive search of the area with the assistance of the Santa Clara County Sheriff’s Office, which dispatched deputies because the unincorporated area is in their jurisdiction.", "\n\nWhile searching the getaway car — which was determined to be stolen and possibly linked to an armed robbery — police recovered a firearm and what appeared to be body armor, a source told this news organization.", "\n\nNo officers were injured in the encounters. ", "Additional details were not immediately released.", "\n\n\n\nLike our Facebook page for more conversation and news coverage from San Jose, the Bay Area and beyond.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Pages\n\nMonday, 28 December 2015\n\nBengali Tomator Chutney ( Tomato Chutney)\n\nHi guys, once again I am back in Kolkata for my holidays. ", "Spending my days indulging in a lot of travel and food experiments. ", "I love this time of the year in this city when the vegetable markets are full with fresh seasonal produce. ", "Even simple recipes turn very flavorful with the use of such fresh vegetables.", "\n\nApart from the vegetables the thing I am enjoying everyday with my meals is chutney. ", "Chutneys are an intrinsic part of a Bengali meal, mostly used as a palate cleanser after the main meal and before the dessert. ", "Bengali chutneys are mostly on the sweeter side since we are well known to have a sweet tooth. ", "The recipe I am writing about today is super easy and quick to make.", "\n\nPreparation Time: 5 minutes\n\nCooking Time: 15 minutes\n\nServes: 2\n\nCuisine: Bengali\n\nIngredients:\n\nRipe Tomatoes - 3 medium\n\nTamarind paste - 1/2 tsp\n\nFennel seeds - 1/2 tsp\n\nKalonji - 1/4 tsp\n\nFenugreek seeds or Methi dana - 1/4 tsp\n\nDried Red Chilli - 1\n\nMustard Oil - 1 tsp\n\nSugar as per taste\n\nSalt - a pinch\n\nProcedure1. ", "Discard the woody tops and rinse the tomatoes. ", "Roughly dice them. ", "Add a pinch of salt and pressure cook to make them slightly mushy, for one whistle or as required. ", "Immediately remove the lid so that the tomatoes are not over boiled.", "\n\n3. ", "When the spices are flavorful, add the boiled tomatoes and the Dried Red Chilli.", "\n\n4. ", "Add sugar as per taste.", "\n\n5. ", "Fold in the tamarind paste. ", "This adds the necessary tang to the chutney. ", "If you feel the tomatoes are tangy enough then you might skip adding the tamarind paste. ", "Cook till a nice boil comes. ", "Turn off the flame and let the chutney cool down.", "\n\nYou can serve this as a side to your main course or you may also use this as a dip for a grilled meat preparation. ", "Use it any way you like, because chutney's are always finger licking good!", "\n\nShareThis\n\nTranslate\n\nAbout Me\n\nFolks, welcome to this small corner of the world which is my kitchen. ", "I am a Bengali which by default makes me a certified connoisseur of food, but most of the time in kitchen I follow my own rules. ", "Being poor at remembering the recipes I end up experimenting a lot with my food and still manage to keep it edible.", "\n\nI am a software engineer by profession and a writer at heart. ", "I love photography and travelling. ", "Creativity is my forte. ", "I hate being stereotype, so this space won’t be just limited to food ideas and recipes, but a lot more about the day to day unnoticed stories that goes into making that signature dish of yours. ", "My blog is a humble attempt to present our culinary heritage to one and all and document traditional recipes which gets passed on through generations just by word of mouth." ]

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