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[ "Flagship Anthropology Journal goes Open Access\n\nChronicle of Higher Education blog, Wired Campus, relays the news that the American Anthropological Association is converting its flagship publication Cultural Anthropology to open access.", "\n\n“Brad Weiss, the society’s president, said in a statement posted on the group’s Web site. ", "He said that “Cultural Anthropology will be the first major, established, high-impact journal in anthropology to offer open access to all of its research” and that the society hopes the experiment will be useful to other open-access publishing efforts in the social sciences and humanities.”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIn PHP how to create a new directory every time?", "\n\nI have a Shell script that is calling under a PHP script :-\n<?", "php\nshell_exec(\"sh /home/folder/R.sh /home/folder/input/OM_22_3.txt \n/home/folder/output\");\n\n$directoryName = basename(getcwd());\nCheck if the directory already exists.", "\nif(!is_dir($directoryName)){\nDirectory does not exist, so lets create it.", "\nmkdir($directoryName, 0755);\n}\n?", ">\n\nIn this script R.sh is a Shell script, OM_22_3.txt is input file and output is output folder. ", "But this program is not working. ", "I want to make it dynamic like every time when I will run this PHP script it will generate a new output folder for result files. ", "How can I make this dynamic?, ", "What modification is required? ", "\n\nA:\n\nfunction CreateDirectory($DirName) {\n if (mkdir($DirName . ", "date(Y-m-d), 0777)) {\n return true;\n } else {\n return false;\n }\n}\n\nThis will create a directory every day with date, month and year, if you want with time you can append date('h-i-s') also. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Benefits and Vouchers\n\nDaycare Trust has launched a new Website, www.payingforchildcare.org.uk, a one-stop guide through the maze of finding help with childcare costs.", "\n\nThe website provides targeted information for a wide range of circumstances - aimed at working parents, those thinking of studying or training, and parents of disabled children. ", "It provides easy-to-read introductions to each of the main types of benefits, grants and subsidies that are available to help ease the financial burden of paying for childcare.", "\n\nFlexible Benefits\n\nLancaster University have set up a voluntary flexible scheme for University Staff with children in the Pre-School Centre. ", "Staff who are eligible to participate in the scheme have the potential to reduce their tax and national insurance contributions." ]

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[ "Some widgets have options that are only available when you get a Premium Membership.", "\n\nWe've split the page into zones!", "\n\nCertain widgets can only be added to certain zones.", "\n\n\"Why,\" you ask? ", "Because we want profile pages to have freedom of customization, but also to have some consistency. ", "This way, when anyone visits a deviant, they know they can always find the art in the top left, and personal info in the top right.", "\n\nActivity\n\nThe rain made a door for me and I went through it; The stones made a throne for me and I sat upon it; Three kingdoms were given to me to be mine forever; England was given to me to be mine forever. ", "The nameless slave wore a silver crown; The nameless slave was a king in a strange country…\n\nSequel to this comic paperflower86.deviantart.com/a…. ", "Inspired by a text post about Steve accidentally killing the Winter Soldier before he realizes it’s Bucky. ", "I can’t draw fight scenes for shit so I heavily referenced the movie.", "\n\nThe events of The Winter Soldier trial told in a series of tweets. ", "Inspired by two amazing mixed-media fics that play with the possibility of what might happen if Bucky was put on trial after the events of CATWS:\n\nThis is more of a re-mix than actual fic illustration, though all credit for the idea and the tweets goes to the respective authors. ", "Stylewise I was going for a mix between actual pictures and courtroom sketches. ", "References used courtesy of Getty Images. ", "And thanks to johanirae for being my art-beta.", "\n\nI have these big finals coming right tomorrow. ", "I was already heading to bed when I suddenly (for no reason) decided to check the hobbit thread in /cm/ and BAM! ", "There was this one picture of yours there and when I saw it, it was as if a lightning had struck me because I thought it looked so good.", "\n\nSo then I managed to trace you back to here halfway through the web and god you're so talented I want to cry and I have no time to check out your gallery at the moment even though I desperately want to.", "\n\nI'm sorry if I sound weird here, but you've got to believe me that you have exactly the kind of imaginative and curious style I've always longed to have. ", "You use so many different techniques--how can you be so good in all of them?", "\n\nI'll watch you now and I'll come back in a few weeks (after I'm done with my finals) so that I can truly study all of your work.", "\n\nasldfkjsdfj my ears are glowing from so much praise, you just completely made my day, thank you so much!", "\n\nI'm really glad that you enjoy my artwork. ", "Re the techniques thing, I get easily bored, I guess? ", "I'm really into crafty things especially if there's paper involved, so I experiment a lot with different media. ", "As much as I love messing around with Photoshop it's also nice to mess around with paper, paint and glue.", "\n\nThanks, I think I did pretty well... won't get the results until the end of may, but for now I'm pretty confident.", "\n\nIt's also nice to get back to the internet and especially to checking your lovely gallery. ", "I gotta say, I feel mighty inspired by all the pieces you've done. ", "Maybe I'll get something nice done myself now, who knows!" ]

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[ "Broniki\n\nBroniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rychwał, within Konin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. ", "It lies approximately north-west of Rychwał, south-west of Konin, and east of the regional capital Poznań.", "\n\nReferences\n\nBroniki" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We construct a new polynomial invariant of maps (graphs embedded in a compact surface, orientable or non-orientable), which contains as specializations the Krushkal polynomial, the Bollobás–Riordan polynomial, the Las Vergnas polynomial, and their extensions to non-orientable surfaces, and hence in particular the Tutte polynomial. ", "Other evaluations include the number of local flows and local tensions taking non-identity values in a given finite group.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Andrew Goodall[^1]'\n- 'Bart Litjens[^2]'\n- 'Guus Regts[^3]'\n- 'Lluís Vena[^4]'\nbibliography:\n- 'surfaceTutte.bib'\ntitle: 'A Tutte polynomial for maps II: the non-orientable case[^5]'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn [@tutte54] Tutte defined the *dichromate* of a graph $\\Gamma$ as a bivariate polynomial graph invariant that includes the chromatic polynomial of $\\Gamma$ and the flow polynomial of $\\Gamma$ as univariate specializations. ", "The latter two polynomials can be (and usually are) defined by their evaluations at positive integers. ", "Let ${\\mathbb{Z}}_n$ denote the additive cyclic group of order $n$ and suppose we fix an arbitrary orientation of the edges of $\\Gamma$. A nowhere-zero ${\\mathbb{Z}}_n$-flow of $\\Gamma$ is an assignment of non-zero elements of ${\\mathbb{Z}}_n$ to the edges of $\\Gamma$ such that Kirchhoff’s law is satisfied at each vertex. (", "It then follows that for any edge cutset the sum of the values on edges in one direction is equal to the sum of values on edges in the other direction. ", "It is also evident that the number of nowhere-zero ${\\mathbb{Z}}_n$-flows is an invariant of the graph $\\Gamma$, as this number does not depend on the choice of orientation of edges of $\\Gamma$.) For each positive integer $n$, the flow polynomial of $\\Gamma$ evaluated at $n$ is equal to the number of nowhere-zero ${\\mathbb{Z}}_n$-flows of $\\Gamma$. The chromatic polynomial evaluated at $n$ counts the number of proper $n$-colourings of $\\Gamma$. A proper colouring of $\\Gamma$ induces a nowhere-zero ${\\mathbb{Z}}_n$-tension of $\\Gamma$, which is to say an assignment of non-zero elements of ${\\mathbb{Z}}_n$ to edges of $\\Gamma$ such that, for each closed walk, the sum of the values on forward edges equals the sum of the values on backward edges. ", "Upon fixing the colour of a vertex in each connected component of $\\Gamma$ there is a one-to-one correspondence between proper $n$-colourings and nowhere-zero $\\mathbb Z_n$-tensions of $\\Gamma$.\n\nThe dichromate was to become better known as the Tutte polynomial and not only contains as evaluations many other important graph invariants, but also extends its domain from graphs to matroids, and has revealed fruitful connections between graphs and many other combinatorial structures, such as the Potts model of statistical physics and, more topologically, knots. ", "Another natural way to extend the domain of graphs is to *maps*, that is, graphs embedded in a compact surface (an [*orientable map*]{} if the surface is orientable, and a [*non-orientable map*]{} otherwise). [*", "Local flows*]{} and [*local tensions*]{} of a map are defined similarly to flows and tensions of a graph, and coincide for a plane map with flows and tensions of the underlying planar graph. ", "Furthermore, values in a local flow may be taken from a nonabelian group, as the cyclic ordering of edges around vertices of a map determines in which order to multiply elements together when verifying that Kirchhoff’s law holds. (", "We adopt the convention that in nonabelian groups composition is multiplication, while in abelian groups composition is addition and the identity is zero.) ", "Just as the flow polynomial of a graph evaluated at a positive integer $n$ is equal to the number of nowhere-zero ${\\mathbb{Z}}_n$-flows, so for each finite group $G$ we have a map invariant equal to the number of nowhere-identity local $G$-flows. ", "Local tensions are defined dually (just facial walks rather than all closed walks being involved in the definition: the correspondence of tensions with proper vertex colorings is not preserved, but see [@litjens17]). ", "The question is then whether there is a polynomial map invariant which contains as evaluations the number of nowhere-identity local $G$-flows and the number of nowhere-identity local $G$-tensions, in a similar way to how the Tutte polynomial of a graph contains the flow polynomial and the chromatic polynomial as specializations.", "\n\nVarious extensions of the Tutte polynomial to maps have been defined, notably by Las Vergnas [@vergnas80], Bollobás and Riordan [@bollobas01; @bollobas02], and Krushkal [@krushkal11; @butler12], each of which have properties analogous to those of the Tutte polynomial such as having a deletion-contraction recurrence formula or extending from graphs to matroids (the relevant extension from maps being to $\\Delta$-matroids [@CMNR16]). ", "However, none of these extensions of the Tutte polynomial contain for every finite group $G$ the number of nowhere-identity local $G$-flows and the number of nowhere-identity local $G$-tensions as evaluations. ", "Recently such an extension of the Tutte polynomial to orientable maps, called the [*surface Tutte polynomial*]{}, was discovered by three of the authors together with Krajewski [@goodall16]. ", "The surface Tutte polynomial of an orientable map includes the Krushkal polynomial of an orientable map, and hence the Las Vergnas polynomial and Bollobás–Riordan polynomial of an orientable map, as specializations.", "\n\nIn the present paper we extend the domain of the surface Tutte polynomial of [@goodall16] to include non-orientable maps and show that this map invariant contains for every finite group $G$ the number of nowhere-identity local $G$-flows and the number of nowhere-identity local $G$-tensions as evaluations, as well as containing further specializations such as the number of quasi-trees of given genus. ", "In this way the surface Tutte polynomial of a map is the analogue of the dichromate of a graph as defined by Tutte to include the number of nowhere-zero $\\mathbb Z_n$-flows and the number of nowhere-zero $\\mathbb Z_n$-tensions as evaluations. ", "Furthermore, the Kruskhal polynomial of a non-orientable map (as defined by Butler [@butler12]) remains a specialization of the surface Tutte polynomial extended to maps. ", "While extending the surface Tutte polynomial of [@goodall16] from orientable maps to non-orientable maps suggested itself as a natural step to take, and the theorems we prove are generalizations of the theorems in [@goodall16], in each case the added complications of non-orientability necessitated a substantial development of technique in order to achieve the required lifting of a theorem about orientable maps to a theorem about maps. (", "A like remark could be made for Bollobás and Riordan’s extension of their polynomial from orientable maps [@bollobas01] to include non-orientable maps [@bollobas02].)", "\n\nThe surface Tutte polynomial of a map is formally more akin to the universal $V$-function of Tutte [@tutte47; @tutte54] (see also [@tutte01 Chapter IX]) than it is to the dichromate in that it has an unbounded number of variables (although for a given map the number of variables is finite): Tutte’s universal $V$-function of a graph has variables indexed by the nullities of the connected components of subgraphs; the surface Tutte polynomial of a map has variables indexed by the orientability and genus of the connected components of submaps. ", "Having infinitely many variables is unavoidable if the number of nowhere-identity local $G$ flows is to be included as an evaluation, because of the way the number of such flows depends on the dimensions of the irreducible representations of $G$ (and not just on the size of $G$). (", "Tutte [@tutte49] showed the number of nowhere-zero flows of a graph taking values in an additive abelian group depends only on the size of the group.) ", "While the surface Tutte polynomial is not itself an invariant of the underlying $\\Delta$-matroid of a map, it contains specializations that do have this property, including, apart from the Krushkal polynomial, an as yet unstudied four-variable $\\Delta$-matroid invariant that we introduce in Section \\[sec:Q\\]. (", "In this respect the surface Tutte polynomial is similar to the $U$-polynomial of Noble and Welsh [@NW99], a graph invariant in infinitely many variables, which is not itself an invariant of the underlying matroid of the graph, even though it contains many such matroid invariants as specializations, including the Tutte polynomial.)", "\n\n### Organization {#organization .unnumbered}\n\nAs well as the motivation given by Tutte’s definition of the dichromate of a graph, we have also in this paper drawn on Tutte’s permutation axiomatization of maps [@tutte01 Chapter X], which is particularly well-suited to the study of local flows and local tensions of maps, and moreover permits us to rigorously establish some key properties of map operations. ", "While other representations of maps, such as the chord diagram representation used for example by Bollobás and Riordan [@bollobas01], the ribbon graph representation used by Bollobás and Riordan  [@bollobas02], Krushkal [@krushkal11], and others, or the combinatorial embedding used for instance by Mohar and Thomassen [@mohar01], have many advantages, we found Tutte’s premap representation of maps the most convenient for our purposes.", "\n\nAn outline of the paper follows to help orient the reader.", "\n\nIn Section \\[section:notation\\] we start by viewing maps more conventionally as graphs embedded in compact surfaces, introduce numerical map parameters such as the genus, and then proceed in the remainder of the section to describe Tutte’s permutation axiomatization of maps, define the (surface) dual of a map and deletion and contraction of edges in maps, and derive properties of these operations. (", "The proof of Lemma \\[lem:genus\\_submaps\\] in this already lengthy section is deferred to Appendix \\[s.proof\\_s\\].)", "\n\nThe subject of this paper, the surface Tutte polynomial for maps, is introduced in Section \\[sec:surface\\_Tutte\\]. ", "We derive some elementary properties of the surface Tutte polynomial and show that it includes Butler’s extension [@butler12] of the Krushkal polynomial [@krushkal11] to maps (non-orientable as well as orientable).", "\n\nIn Section \\[section:flowstensions\\] we use Tutte’s permutation axiomatization of maps to give a streamlined definition of local flows and local tensions of maps taking values in a finite group. ", "The key result of this paper is Theorem \\[theorem:flow\\_count\\], giving an explicit formula for the number of local flows of a map taking non-identity values in a given finite group. ", "The main steps in the proof of this theorem are given in Section \\[subsec:proof of eval\\], after stating some of its immediate corollaries in Section \\[section:corollariesofflowcount\\], including those evaluations of the surface Tutte polynomial that give the number of nowhere-identity local flows and number of nowhere-identity local tensions of a map. ", "One of the two key ingredients needed in the proof of Theorem \\[theorem:flow\\_count\\] is a combinatorial version of the classification theorem for compact surfaces. ", "As a reference for this theorem, and for the language of cell complexes that is needed to utilize it, we found the relatively new book [@gaxu13] suitable. ", "The other key ingredient is a result on counting homomorphisms from the fundamental group of a surface to a given finite group. ", "This result can be found in the literature but is not readily accessible to combinatorialists. ", "We have therefore included a proof in Appendix \\[sec:proof of flow count\\] that is new and only uses elementary representation theory.", "\n\nAs well as the number of nowhere-identity local flows and nowhere-identity local tensions the surface Tutte polynomial contains other significant map invariants as specializations. ", "In Section \\[section:otherevaluations\\] we consider evaluations analogous to those of the Tutte polynomial of a connected graph that enumerate spanning trees, spanning forests and connected spanning subgraphs. ", "In this section we also introduce a different normalization of the surface Tutte polynomial in Proposition \\[prop:surface\\_tutte\\_renorm\\] and a four-variable specialization of it in Definition \\[def:Q\\] similar in form to the Krushkal polynomial.", "\n\nGraphs, maps and operations on maps {#section:notation}\n===================================\n\nGraphs in this paper are finite but may contain loops and multiple edges. ", "Let $\\Gamma = (V, E)$ be a graph with vertex set $V$ and edge set $E$. For an edge $e \\in E$, the graph $\\Gamma\\backslash e$ obtained from $\\Gamma$ by *deletion* of $e$ is the graph $( V, E\\setminus\\{e\\})$. The graph $\\Gamma/e$ obtained from $\\Gamma$ by *contraction* of $e$ is defined by first deleting $e$ and then identifying the endpoints of $e$. If $e$ is a loop in $\\Gamma$ then $\\Gamma/e=\\Gamma\\backslash e$.\n\nGraphs embedded into compact surfaces\n-------------------------------------\n\nA *surface* is a two-dimensional topological manifold. ", "By the classification theorem for compact surfaces, a compact surface is either orientable and homeomorphic to a sphere with $g\\geq 0$ handles (connected sum of $g$ tori; a sphere if $g=0$) or non-orientable and homeomorphic to a sphere with $g\\geq 1$ cross-caps (connected sum of $g$ real projective planes). ", "The non-negative integer $g$ is called the (non-)orientable [*genus*]{} of the surface.", "\n\nPerhaps the most usual way to define a map is as a 2-cell embedding of a graph, see e.g.  [@mohar01]:\n\n\\[definition:map\\] A $\\emph{connected map}$ $M$ is a connected graph $\\Gamma$ embedded in a connected surface $\\Sigma$ (i.e., considered as a subset $\\Gamma \\subset \\Sigma$) such that\n\n1. ", " vertices are represented as distinct points in the surface,\n\n2. ", " edges are represented as continuous curves in the surface only intersecting at vertices (endpoints),\n\n3. ", " the complement $\\Sigma\\setminus\\Gamma$ of $\\Gamma$ inside $\\Sigma$ is a disjoint union of connected components, called the $\\emph{faces}$ of $M$. Each face is homeomorphic to an open disc in ${\\mathbb{R}}^2$.\n\nA *map* is a disjoint union of connected maps, each embedded in its own surface.", "\n\n\\[definition:genus\\] Let $M$ be a connected map embedded in a surface $\\Sigma$. The *genus* $g(M)$ of $M$ is the genus of $\\Sigma$. The [*Euler genus*]{} $s(M)$ of $M$ is the Euler genus of $\\Sigma$, i.e., $$s(M)=\\begin{cases} 2g(M) & \\mbox{if $M$ is embedded in orientable $\\Sigma$,}\\\\\n g(M) & \\mbox{if $M$ is embedded in non-orientable $\\Sigma$.}\\end{cases}$$ The [*signed genus*]{} $\\bar{g}(M)$ of $M$ is the parameter $$\\bar{g}(M)=2s(M)-3g(M)=\\begin{cases} g(M) & \\mbox{if $M$ is embedded in orientable $\\Sigma$,}\\\\\n -g(M) & \\mbox{if $M$ is embedded in non-orientable $\\Sigma$.}\\end{cases}$$\n\nFor a connected map $M$ given by embedding a graph $\\Gamma = (V,E)$ in a surface $\\Sigma$, we identify vertices and edges of $\\Gamma$ with their representations in $\\Sigma$; the set of vertices of $M$ is thereby identified with $V$ and the set of edges of $M$ with $E$. A face of $M$ is identified with the multiset of edges of $\\Gamma$ that compose its boundary. ", "The collection of faces of $M$ is denoted by $F$. Two connected maps are said to be *equivalent* if there exists a homeomorphism between the surfaces in which the two graphs are embedded, which when restricted to the graphs is a graph isomorphism. ", "The map $M$ is determined up to equivalence by the triple $(V,E,F)$.\n\nFor a connected map $M= (V,E,F)$, set $v(M) := |V|, e(M) := |E|$ and $f(M): = |F|$.\n\nThe [*Euler characteristic*]{} of $M$ is defined by $$\\chi(M) := v(M) - e(M) + f(M).$$ Euler’s formula states that $$\\chi(M)=2-s(M).$$\n\nWe extend the parameters $v,e,f,g,s$ and $\\chi$ additively over disjoint unions of connected maps to maps that are not connected. ", "Defining for a map $M$ the parameter $k(M)$ to be equal to the number of connected maps of which it is composed, Euler’s formula is $$\\label{eq:Euler}\\chi(M)=2k(M)-s(M).$$\n\nIn Definition \\[definition:map\\] we introduced maps as 2-cell embedded graphs; we shall however find the language of combinatorial maps more convenient for our purposes. ", "Tutte’s permutation axiomatization [@tutte01] of maps is not only well suited for defining local flows and tensions of a map, but also allows us to define contraction and deletion of edges of a map in a way that permits rigorous proofs of properties of these operations. ", "While some of the results we derive in the remainder of this section can be found elsewhere (in different forms), see e.g. [@damlien03; @EMM13; @mohar01; @tutte01], we include them for the sake of completeness.", "\n\nPremaps and Tutte’s permutation axiomatization for maps {#sec:premaps}\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe draw on Chapter X of Tutte’s monograph [@tutte01] in defining maps, orientable or non-orientable, in terms of permutations on a finite set. ", "For permutations $\\alpha_1,\\dots,\\alpha_t$ of the same set, we denote by $\\langle \\alpha_1,\\dots,\\alpha_t \\rangle$ the group of permutations generated by them. ", "The identity permutation is denoted by $\\iota$.\n\n\\[def:premap\\] A [*connected premap*]{} is an ordered triple $(\\theta, \\sigma, \\tau)$ of permutations, each acting on a set $C$ of $4m$ elements (called [*crosses*]{}), where $m$ is a nonnegative integer, such that\n\n(1) $\\theta^2=\\sigma^2=\\iota$ and $\\theta\\sigma=\\sigma\\theta$,\n\n(2) for any $a\\in C$ the elements $a, \\theta a, \\sigma a, \\theta\\sigma a$ are distinct,\n\n(3) $\\tau\\sigma=\\sigma \\tau^{-1}$,\n\n(4) for each $a\\in C$, the orbits of $a$ and $\\sigma a$ under the action of $\\langle \\tau \\rangle$ are distinct,\n\n(5) $\\langle \\theta,\\sigma, \\tau\\rangle$ acts transitively on $C$.", "\n\nIf $m=0$, the permutations $\\theta,\\sigma$ and $\\tau$ are empty; the permutation $\\tau$ is, for formal reasons, set equal to the product of two empty cycles, written as $(\\;)(\\;)$.\n\nA *premap* is a union of connected premaps, called its connected components.", "\n\nTwo premaps are said to be *equivalent* if there exists a bijection between the sets of crosses that maps the ordered triple of permutations of the one premap to the ordered triple of permutations of the other premap.", "\n\nLet us return to the notion of a connected map $M$ in the sense of Definition \\[definition:map\\] as a graph 2-cell-embedded in a surface $\\Sigma$, and give an account of Tutte’s [@tutte01] construction of a connected premap from the connected map $M$, which we adapt from Goulden and Jackson [@GJ97]. ", "Each edge $e$ of the connected map $M$ is a simple curve in $\\Sigma$ and has two ends (each of the ends of the curve after puncturing it) and two sides (since the surface is locally orientable, for each edge two sides can be distinguished).", "\n\nA [*side-end position*]{} of $e$ is one of the four possible pairings of a side and an end of $e$. [^6] Side-end positions correspond to crosses of a connected premap, and the correspondence extends further:\n\n\\[thm:Tutte\\_premap\\_map\\] Let $M$ be a connected map in the sense of Definition \\[definition:map\\], and let $C$ be a set of $4m$ symbols assigned bijectively to the side-end positions of $M$. Let $\\theta$ be the permutation that interchanges symbols at the same side but different ends of an edge, for each edge. ", "Let $\\sigma$ be the permutation that interchanges symbols at the same end but different sides of an edge, for each edge.", "\n\n- [Vertices:]{} Let $v$ be a vertex of $M$ and $(a_1, a_2, \\cdots , a_{2k})$ the list of symbols encountered in a tour of the side-end positions incident with $v$ starting at an arbitrary symbol $a_1$, in the unique (local) direction such that $a_2=\\sigma a_1$. Then the permutation $\\tau$ in Definition \\[def:premap\\] is the permutation whose disjoint cycles are associated in pairs with each vertex $v$, and have the form $(a_{1} \\; a_{3} \\; \\cdots a_{2k-1})$ and $(a_{2k} \\; a_{2k-2} \\; \\cdots a_2)=(\\sigma a_{2k-1} \\; \\sigma a_{2k-3} \\; \\cdots \\sigma a_1)$. The degree of $v$ is $k$. (If $k=0$ we have a pair of empty cycles associated with the isolated vertex $v$.)\n\n- [Edges:]{} For each $a\\in C$, the elements of $\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$ are the symbols assigned to the four side-end positions of the same edge.", "\n\n- [Faces:]{} Let $f$ be a face of $M$ and $(b_1, b_2, \\cdots , b_{2j})$ the list of symbols encountered in a tour of the side-end positions incident with $f$ starting at an arbitrary symbol $b_1$, in the unique (local) direction such that $b_2=\\theta b_1$. Then the disjoint cycles of $\\varphi:=\\tau\\theta\\sigma$ are associated in pairs with each face $f$, and have the form $(b_{1} \\; b_{3} \\; \\cdots b_{2j-1})$ and $(b_{2j} \\; b_{2j-2} \\; \\cdots b_2)=(\\theta b_{2j-1} \\; \\theta b_{2j-3} \\; \\cdots \\theta b_1)$. The degree of $f$ is $j$. (If $j=0$ we have a pair of empty cycles associated with the isolated face $f$.)\n\nAxiom (4) of Definition \\[def:premap\\] says that the crosses $a$ and $\\sigma a$ (same end, different sides of an edge) belong to two different cycles of $\\tau$. Likewise, the crosses $a$ and $\\theta a$ (same side, different ends of an edge) belong to two different cycles of $\\varphi=\\tau\\theta\\sigma$.\n\nTutte [@tutte01 X.5] gives a reverse construction to Theorem \\[thm:Tutte\\_premap\\_map\\], building a connected map in the sense of Definition \\[definition:map\\] from a connected premap. ", "We need not therefore distinguish between a map and its associated premap, and we shall use the notions and notation of either representation interchangeably.", "\n\nA premap $(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau)$ on a set of crosses $C$, and the map $M$ represented by it, will be denoted by $(\\theta, \\sigma, \\tau;C)$. An orbit of $\\langle\\theta,\\sigma\\rangle$, consisting of four crosses, is an [*edge*]{}, and a pair of orbits of $\\langle\\tau\\rangle$ in which crosses $a$ in one of the orbits appear as $\\sigma a$ in the other orbit is a [*vertex*]{} of $M$. An edge and a vertex are incident if some cross belongs to both. ", "An edge is a [*loop*]{} of $M$ if its crosses are all contained in one vertex, and a [*non-loop*]{}[^7] of $M$ otherwise. ", "With this definition of incidence, the vertices and edges (loops and non-loops) of $M$ are the vertices and edges (loops and non-loops) of a graph $\\Gamma(M)$, which we shall call the [*underlying graph*]{} of $M$. The underlying graph of a map $M$ in the sense of Definition \\[definition:map\\] is the graph of which $M$ is an embedding into a surface.", "\n\nGiven a premap $(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$ and setting $\\varphi=\\tau\\theta\\sigma$, the quadruple $(\\sigma,\\theta,\\varphi;C)$ is again a premap, as it satisfies the axioms of Definition \\[def:premap\\]. ", "The roles of vertices and faces played in Theorem \\[thm:Tutte\\_premap\\_map\\] are reversed in $(\\sigma,\\theta,\\varphi;C)$ from their role in $(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$; likewise for the roles of sides and ends of an edge. ", "We thus arrive at a simple description of surface duality for maps in terms of premaps:\n\n\\[d.dual\\_map\\] Let $M=(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$ be a map, and let $\\varphi=\\tau\\theta\\sigma$. The [*dual*]{} of $M$ is the map $M^*=(\\sigma,\\theta,\\varphi;C)$.\n\nA loop of a map $(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$, equal to an edge $\\{a,\\sigma a,\\theta a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$ whose crosses appear in only two permutation cycles of $\\tau$, is *twisted* if $a$ and $\\theta a$ appear in the same cycle of $\\tau$, while it is [*non-twisted*]{} if $a$ and $\\theta \\sigma a$ appear in the same cycle of $\\tau$.\n\n\\[example:standardbouquets\\] Up to equivalence there are two connected maps with one vertex and one edge:\\\n\nLet $C=\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a, \\theta\\sigma a\\}$. Then the premap $(\\theta,\\sigma, \\tau;C)$ in which $$\\tau=( a \\;\\; \\theta\\sigma a)\\:( \\theta a \\;\\; \\sigma a),$$ and $$\\varphi=\\tau\\theta\\sigma =(a)\\:(\\theta\\sigma a)\\:( \\theta a )\\:( \\sigma a),$$ represents a loop on a single vertex in the plane. ", "The dual map, switching $\\theta$ and $\\sigma$, and $\\tau$ and $\\varphi$, has two vertices of degree one and a face of degree two.", "\n\nThe premap $(\\theta,\\sigma, \\tau;C)$ in which $$\\tau=(a \\;\\;\\theta a)\\:(\\sigma a \\;\\; \\theta\\sigma a),$$ and $$\\varphi=\\tau\\theta\\sigma =(a \\;\\; \\sigma a)\\:(\\theta a \\;\\; \\theta\\sigma a),$$ represents a twisted loop on a single vertex (a loop embedded in the projective plane). ", "The dual map is the same map (that is, it is self-dual).", "\n\nA connected map in the sense of Definition \\[definition:map\\] is [*orientable*]{} if the surface in which it is embedded is orientable, and [*non-orientable*]{} if this surface is non-orientable. ", "These terms are extended to maps generally by stipulating that a map is orientable if all of its connected components are orientable, and non-orientable if at least one of its connected components is non-orientable. ", "The distinction between orientable and non-orientable connected maps translates as follows when maps are represented by premaps:\n\n\\[theorem:orient\\] Let $M = (\\theta, \\sigma, \\tau;C)$ be a connected premap. ", "Then the action of $\\langle \\theta\\sigma, \\tau \\rangle$ on $C$ is either transitive (that is, there is precisely one orbit), in which case $M$ is non-orientable, or there are precisely two orbits, in which case $M$ is orientable.", "\n\nTheorem \\[theorem:orient\\], along with the construction in Theorem \\[thm:Tutte\\_premap\\_map\\] of a connected premap from a connected map, may be seen to be a reformulation of the fact that orientable surfaces in an orientable ambient space are two-sided, while non-orientable surfaces in an orientable ambient space are one-sided.", "\n\nLet $M = (\\theta, \\sigma, \\tau; C)$ be a connected map. ", "As $\\langle \\theta\\sigma, \\tau \\rangle = \\langle \\sigma\\theta, \\varphi \\rangle$, where $\\varphi = \\tau\\theta\\sigma$, Theorem \\[theorem:orient\\] and the equalities $v(M) = f(M^*), e(M) = e(M^*)$ and $f(M) = v(M^*)$ imply that $M^*$ is embedded in the same surface as $M$.\n\nSuppose $M = (\\theta, \\sigma,\\tau;C)$ is a connected orientable map. ", "Let $D$ be one of the two orbits of $C$ under the action of $\\langle \\theta\\sigma, \\tau \\rangle$. Then the ordered pair of permutations $(\\theta\\sigma, \\tau)$, in which the domains of $\\theta\\sigma$ and $\\tau$ are both restricted to $D$, corresponds with the connected map $(\\alpha,\\tau)$ on the set of darts $D$ as defined in [@goodall16]. ", "Conversely, every connected orientable map on a set of darts as given by Definition 3.2 in [@goodall16] yields a connected orientable map on a set of crosses [@tutte01 Theorem $X.13$], informally speaking by viewing the connected orientable map from either side of the surface in which it is embedded.", "\n\nDeletion and contraction of edges in maps {#section:operations}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nDeletion and contraction are (surface) dual operations for plane graphs, and this duality extends to matroids more generally (and in this way the Tutte polynomial of a graph lifts to a matroid invariant). ", "However, for non-plane maps this type of duality fails: surface duality and matroid duality no longer coincide. ", "Deletion of an edge in the dual map $M^*$ when interpreted in $M$ yields a definition of edge contraction in maps which differs from contraction of the corresponding edge in the underlying graph.", "\n\nThe purpose of this section is to give a clear, workable definition of deletion and contraction of edges in maps and to establish properties of these operations that will be used in the sequel.", "\n\n\\[d.deletion\\] Let $M=(\\theta, \\sigma,\\tau;C)$ be a map, and let\\\n$e=\\{a,\\theta a, \\sigma a, \\theta\\sigma a\\}$ be an edge of $M$. Then the map $M\\backslash e$ obtained from $M$ by *deleting* $e$ is given by the map $(\\theta',\\sigma',\\tau';C')$ in which $C'=C\\setminus\\{a, \\theta a,\\sigma a, \\theta \\sigma a\\}$ and the permutations are defined as follows. ", "For any $b\\in C'$,\n\n- $\\theta'b=\\theta b$.\n\n- $\\sigma'b=\\sigma b$.\n\n- $\\tau'b=\\tau^jb$, where $j\\geq 1$ is the minimum positive integer for which $\\tau^jb\\notin \\{a,\\sigma a,\\theta a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$. Equivalently, since a cycle of $\\tau$ contains at most two crosses among $\\{a,\\sigma a,\\theta a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$, $$\\tau'b=\\begin{cases}\n \\tau b & \\text{ if } \\tau b\\in C',\\\\\n \\tau^2 b & \\text{ if } \\tau b\\in \\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\} \\text{ and } \\tau^2b\\in C',\\\\\n \\tau^3 b & \\text{ if } \\tau b,\\tau^2 b\\in \\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}.\\\\ \\end{cases}$$\n\n- Empty cycles of $\\tau$ remain as empty cycles of $\\tau'$, and $\\tau'$ has an extra empty cycle for each cycle of $\\tau$ that contains only crosses in $\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a, \\theta\\sigma a\\}$.\n\nAs described in Theorem \\[thm:Tutte\\_premap\\_map\\], the orbits of $\\tau$ in a map $M=(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$ occurring in pairs correspond to vertices of $M$. To a vertex $v$ of degree $d$ corresponds a pair of orbits $(\\;Z\\;)$ and $(\\;Z^{-1}\\;)$, where $Z=(c_1 \\; c_2 \\; \\ldots \\; c_d)$ is a sequence of $d$ crosses and $Z^{-1}:=(\\sigma c_d \\; \\ldots \\; \\sigma c_2 \\; \\sigma c_1)$. To an isolated vertex corresponds a pair of empty cycles $(\\:)(\\:)$. Conjugation of the cycle $(\\, Z\\,)$ cyclically shifts the sequence $Z$ without changing the permutation $\\tau$. We shall call this operation [*rotation*]{} about the vertex $v$.\n\nThe pairs of orbits of $\\tau$ corresponding to the endvertices of a non-loop take the form $$\\label{eq:non-loop}\\left(\\begin{array}{cc} a & X \\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{cc} \\sigma a & X^{-1}\\end{array}\\right), \\quad\\mbox{ and }\\quad \\left(\\begin{array}{cc} \\theta\\sigma a & Y \\end{array}\\right)\\: \\left(\\begin{array}{cc} \\theta a & Y^{-1}\\end{array}\\right).$$\n\nThe pair of orbits for a vertex incident with a non-twisted loop take the form $$\\label{eq:non-twisted_loop}\\left(\\begin{array}{cccc} a & X & \\theta\\sigma a & Y\\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{cccc} \\sigma a & Y^{-1} & \\theta a & X^{-1}\\end{array}\\right),$$ where $X, Y$ are (possibly empty) sequences of crosses.", "\n\nSimilarly, the pair of orbits for a vertex incident with a twisted loop take the form $$\\label{eq:twisted_loop}\\left(\\begin{array}{cccc} a & X & \\theta a & Y\\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{cccc} \\sigma a & Y^{-1} & \\theta\\sigma a & X^{-1}\\end{array}\\right).$$\n\n\\[obs:deletion\\] According to Definition \\[d.deletion\\], deleting a non-loop $\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$ gives a permutation $\\tau'$ equal to $\\tau$ restricted to $C\\setminus\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$ except for the two pairs of orbits  containing crosses in $\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$, which are replaced by $$\\left(\\begin{array}{c} X \\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{c} X^{-1} \\end{array}\\right), \\quad\\mbox{ and }\\quad \\left(\\begin{array}{c} Y \\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{c} Y^{-1} \\end{array}\\right).$$ Likewise, deleting a non-twisted (twisted) loop $\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$ preserves $\\tau$ except for the pair of orbits  (respectively ) containing crosses in $\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$, which are replaced by $$\\left(\\begin{array}{cc} X & Y\\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{cc} Y^{-1} & X^{-1}\\end{array}\\right).$$\n\nDeletion of an edge $e$ in a map $M$ with underlying graph $\\Gamma$ gives a map $M\\backslash e$ whose underlying graph is $\\Gamma\\backslash e$. In this sense map edge deletion coincides with graph edge deletion. ", "We have $v(M)=v(M\\backslash e)=v(\\Gamma\\backslash e)=v(\\Gamma)$, $e(M)-1=e(M\\backslash e)=e(\\Gamma\\backslash e)=e(\\Gamma)-1$ and $k(M\\backslash e)=k(\\Gamma\\backslash e)$. However, deletion of $e$ may reduce the genus, in which case $\\Gamma\\backslash e$ is embedded in a different surface than $\\Gamma$.\n\n\\[d.contraction\\] Let $M=(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$ be a map, and let $e=\\{a,\\theta a, \\sigma a, \\theta\\sigma a\\}$ be an edge of $M$. Then the map $M/ e$ obtained from $M$ by *contracting* $e$ is the map $(\\theta'',\\sigma'',\\tau'';C'')$ in which $C''=C\\setminus\\{a,\\theta a, \\sigma a, \\theta \\sigma a\\}$ and the permutations are defined as follows. ", "For any $b\\in C''$,\n\n- $\\theta'' b=\\theta b$.\n\n- $\\sigma'' b=\\sigma b$.\n\n- $\\tau''b=\n \\begin{cases}\n \\tau b & \\text{ if } \\tau b\\in C'',\\\\\n \\tau \\theta\\sigma \\tau b & \\text{ if } \\tau b\\in \\{a,\\sigma a, \\theta a, \\theta \\sigma a\\} \\text{ and } \\tau \\theta\\sigma \\tau b\\in C'',\\\\\n \\tau(\\theta \\sigma \\tau)^2 b & \\text{ if } \\tau b, \\tau\\theta\\sigma \\tau b\\in\\{a,\\sigma a, \\theta a, \\sigma \\theta a\\}.\\\\ \\end{cases}$\n\n- Empty cycles of $\\tau$ remain as empty cycles of $\\tau''$, and $\\tau''$ has an extra empty cycle for each cycle of $\\tau$ that contains only crosses in $\\{a,\\sigma a, \\theta a, \\theta\\sigma a\\}$.\n\n\\[obs:contraction\\] According to Definition \\[d.contraction\\], contracting a non-loop $\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$ gives a permutation $\\tau''$ equal to $\\tau$ restricted to $C\\setminus\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$ except for the two pairs of orbits  containing crosses in $\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$, which are replaced by the single pair $$\\left(\\begin{array}{cc} X & Y\\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{cc} X^{-1} & Y^{-1}\\end{array}\\right).$$ Contracting a non-twisted loop $\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$ preserves $\\tau$ except for the pair of orbits  containing crosses in $\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$, which are replaced by the two pairs $$\\left(\\begin{array}{c} X \\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{c} X^{-1}\\end{array}\\right)\\quad\\mbox{ and }\\quad\\left(\\begin{array}{c} Y\\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{c} Y^{-1}\\end{array}\\right).$$ Finally, contracting a twisted loop $\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$ preserves $\\tau$ except for the pair of orbits  containing crosses in $\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$, which are replaced by the pair $$\\left(\\begin{array}{cc} X & Y^{-1}\\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{cc} X^{-1} & Y\\end{array}\\right).$$\n\nContraction of a non-loop or twisted loop $e$ in a map $M$ with underlying graph $\\Gamma$ gives a map $M/e$ whose underlying graph is $\\Gamma/e$ (equal to $\\Gamma\\backslash e$ when $e$ is a loop). ", "When $e$ is a non-twisted loop, however, the underlying graph of $M/e$ is not isomorphic to $\\Gamma/e$, as it has one more vertex.", "\n\nRewriting Definition \\[d.contraction\\] in terms of $\\varphi=\\tau\\theta\\sigma$ makes it apparent that contraction of an edge of a map corresponds to deletion of the same edge in the dual map.", "\n\n\\[p.del\\_dual\\_cont\\] Let $M=(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$ be a map and $M^{\\ast}=(\\sigma,\\theta,\\tau\\theta\\sigma;C)$ its dual. ", "For an edge $e=\\{a, \\theta a,\\sigma a, \\theta\\sigma a\\}$, we have $(M/e)^{\\ast}=M^{\\ast}\\backslash e$ and $(M\\backslash e)^{\\ast}=M^{\\ast} / e$.\n\nWe show that $(M/e)^{\\ast}=M^{\\ast}\\backslash e$; the other case follows by the identity $(M^*)^*=M$ directly from the first. ", "Using the notation of Definition \\[d.contraction\\], if $M=(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$ then $M/e=(\\theta'',\\sigma'',\\tau'';C'')$, with $C''=C\\setminus e$. Hence, $(M/e)^{\\ast}=(\\sigma'',\\theta'',\\tau''\\theta''\\sigma'';C'')$. On the other hand, $M^{\\ast}=(\\sigma,\\theta,\\tau\\theta\\sigma;C)$ by Definition \\[d.dual\\_map\\]. ", "Therefore $M^{\\ast}\\backslash e=(\\sigma',\\theta',(\\tau\\theta\\sigma)';C')$ with $C'=C''$.\n\nThe permutations $\\theta'$ and $\\theta''$ are equal as they are both equal to the restriction of $\\theta$ to $C\\backslash e$, and likewise $\\sigma'=\\sigma''$. Thus it remains to show that $(\\tau\\theta\\sigma)'=\\tau''\\theta''\\sigma''$.\n\nFor $b\\in C\\backslash e$, we have $c:=\\theta\\sigma b =\\theta''\\sigma'' b\\in C\\backslash e$. Then we have, by Definition \\[d.contraction\\] applied to $c$, $$\\tau'' c=\n \\begin{cases}\n \\tau c & \\text{ if } \\tau c\\in C'',\\\\\n \\tau \\theta\\sigma \\tau c & \\text{ if } \\tau c\\in \\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a, \\theta \\sigma a\\} \\text{ and } \\tau \\theta\\sigma \\tau c\\in C'',\\\\\n \\tau(\\theta \\sigma \\tau)^2 c & \\text{ if } \\tau c,\\tau\\theta\\sigma\\tau c\\in \\{a,\\sigma a, \\theta a, \\sigma \\theta a\\},\\\\ \\end{cases}$$ and, by Definition \\[d.deletion\\] and Definition \\[d.dual\\_map\\] applied to $b$, $$(\\tau\\theta\\sigma)' b=\n \\begin{cases}\n (\\tau\\theta\\sigma) b & \\text{ if } (\\tau\\theta\\sigma) b\\in C'',\\\\\n (\\tau\\theta\\sigma)^2 b & \\text{ if } (\\tau\\theta\\sigma)b\\in \\{a,\\sigma a, \\theta a, \\theta\\sigma a\\} \\text{ and } (\\tau\\theta\\sigma)^2 b\\in C'',\\\\\n (\\tau\\theta\\sigma)^3 b & \\text{ if } (\\tau\\theta\\sigma)b,(\\tau\\theta\\sigma)^2b \\in \\{a,\\sigma a, \\theta a, \\theta\\sigma a\\}.\\\\ \\end{cases}$$ Since $c=\\theta\\sigma b$, we conclude that $(\\tau\\theta\\sigma)'=\\tau''\\theta''\\sigma''$.\n\nFinally, $(\\tau\\theta\\sigma)'$ and $\\tau''\\theta''\\sigma''$ have the same number of empty cycles, since in both cases we add empty cycles for those cycles in $\\tau\\theta\\sigma$ containing crosses exclusively in $\\{a,\\sigma a, \\theta a, \\theta\\sigma a\\}$.\n\nJust as for ordinary graphs, the order in which edges are contracted and deleted is immaterial.", "\n\n\\[l.order\\_immaterial\\] Given sets of edges $A,B$ of a map $M$ with $A\\cap B=\\emptyset$, then $(M/A)\\backslash B$ is well defined, and $(M/A)\\backslash B=(M\\backslash B)/A$.\n\nIt suffices to show that that $(M\\backslash e)/f=(M/f)\\backslash e$ for two distinct edges $e$ and $f$. Let $e=\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a, \\theta\\sigma a\\}$ and $f=\\{b,\\theta b,\\sigma b,\\theta\\sigma b\\}$. Then the map after deleting $e$ and contracting $f$ is the map $(\\theta''',\\sigma''',\\tau''';C''')$ in which $C'''=C\\setminus \\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a, \\theta\\sigma a,b,\\theta b,\\sigma b, \\theta\\sigma b\\}$ and the permutations are defined as follows. ", "For $c\\in C'''$ we have $\\theta'''c=\\theta c$, $\\sigma'''c=\\sigma c$. The permutation $\\tau'''$ is obtained by the following procedure. ", "For $c \\in C'''$,\n\n1. ", " \\[st.1\\] Set $d:=\\tau c$. Move to the next step.", "\n\n2. ", " If $d\\in\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a, \\theta\\sigma a\\}$, then $c:=\\tau d$ and move to step \\[st.1\\]. ", "Otherwise move to the next step.", "\n\n3. ", " If $d\\in \\{b,\\theta b,\\sigma b,\\theta\\sigma b\\}$, then $c:=\\tau\\theta \\sigma d$ and move to step \\[st.1\\]. ", "Otherwise move to the next step.", "\n\n4. ", " Set $\\tau'''c:=d$.\n\nSince $e \\cap f = \\emptyset$, the conditions of steps 2 and 3 are mutually exclusive. ", "Hence, the order of these steps can be switched without affecting the outcome of the procedure. ", "It follows that the procedure does not depend on whether we delete $e$ first and then contract $f$ or vice versa.", "\n\nWe conclude this section by recording the effect of contracting a non-loop on various map parameters, starting with a result shown by Tutte for orientability.", "\n\n\\[l.cont\\_edge\\_orient\\] Let $M$ be a connected map and let $e$ be a non-loop of $M$. Then $M$ is orientable if and only if $M/e$ is orientable.", "\n\n\\[l.param\\_edge\\_cont\\_maint\\] If $e$ is a non-loop of a map $M$ then $v(M/e)=v(M)-1$, $e(M/e)=e(M)-1$, $f(M/e)=f(M)$, and $k(M/e)=k(M)$. In particular for a connected map $M$ we have $\\chi(M/e)=\\chi(M)$, $g(M/e)=g(M)$, and $s(M/e)=s(M)$. Dually, if $e$ is a non-loop in $M^{\\ast}$ then $v(M\\backslash e)=v(M)$, $e(M\\backslash e)=e(M)-1$, $f(M\\backslash e)=f(M)-1$, and $k(M\\backslash e)=k(M)$. In particular for a connected map $M$ we have $\\chi(M\\backslash e)=\\chi(M)$, $g(M\\backslash e)=g(M)$, and $s(M\\backslash e)=s(M)$.\n\nLet $e = \\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a, \\theta\\sigma a\\}$ be as in the first assertion. ", "It is clear that $e(M/e)=e(M)-1$. Since $e$ is a non-loop each cross belongs to a different cycle of $\\tau$. By Observation \\[obs:contraction\\] contraction of $e$ merges the cycle containing $a$ with that containing $\\theta\\sigma a$, and the cycle containing $\\theta a$ with the one containing $\\sigma a$. Thus $v(M/e)=v(M)-1$.\n\nThe number of connected components of $M$ stays the same upon contracting a non-loop $e$. Indeed, if $M$ has underlying graph $\\Gamma$ then $M/e$ has underlying graph $\\Gamma/e$, and so $k(M/e)=k(\\Gamma/e)=k(\\Gamma)=k(M)$.\n\nTo show that $f(M/e)=f(M)$ we make the straightforward observation that $v(M\\backslash e)=v(M)$ and, since $M/e=(M^{\\ast}\\backslash e)^{\\ast}$ by Proposition \\[p.del\\_dual\\_cont\\], we have $f(M/e)=v(M^{\\ast}\\backslash e)=v(M^\\ast)=f(M)$. We now have that $\\chi(M/e)=\\chi(M)$. Euler’s formula  then yields that $s(M/e)=s(M)$, and by Lemma \\[l.cont\\_edge\\_orient\\] it follows that $g(M/e)=g(M)$, finishing the proof of the first statement.", "\n\nThe dual statement now follows upon applying Proposition \\[p.del\\_dual\\_cont\\] and using Observation \\[obs:contraction\\].", "\n\nOur last technical lemma concerns the Euler genus.", "\n\n\\[lem:genus\\_submaps\\] For a subset $A$ of edges of a map $M$, $$\\label{equation:sgenus}\ns(M\\backslash A^c)+s(M/A)\\leq s(M),$$ where $A^c := E\\setminus A$. ", "Furthermore, there is equality in (\\[equation:sgenus\\]) if and only if $$k(M\\backslash A^c) -k(M) - f(M\\backslash A^c) +k(M/A)=0 \\text{ and }k(M/A)-k(M)-v(M/A)+k(M\\backslash A^c)=0.$$\n\nWe refer to Appendix \\[s.proof\\_s\\] for a proof. ", "A simple but useful corollary of Lemma \\[lem:genus\\_submaps\\] is that neither deletion nor contraction of edges increases the Euler genus.", "\n\n\\[l.cor\\] For a subset $A$ of edges of a map $M$, $s(M\\backslash A^c)\\leq s(M)$ and $s(M/A)\\leq s(M)$.\n\nThe surface Tutte polynomial {#sec:surface_Tutte}\n============================\n\nFirst we recall how the Tutte polynomial of a graph is defined.", "\n\nThe number of vertices, edges and connected components of a graph $\\Gamma$ are denoted by $v(\\Gamma), e(\\Gamma)$ and $k(\\Gamma)$ respectively; $r(\\Gamma) := v(\\Gamma) - k(\\Gamma)$ is the rank of $\\Gamma$ and $n(\\Gamma) := e(\\Gamma) - r(\\Gamma)$ its nullity.", "\n\nThe Tutte polynomial $T(\\Gamma;x,y)$ of a graph $\\Gamma=(V,E)$ is given by the following bivariate subgraph expansion $$\\label{eq:tutte}\nT(\\Gamma;x,y) := \\sum_{A \\subseteq E}(x-1)^{r(\\Gamma)-r(\\Gamma\\backslash A^{c})}(y-1)^{n(\\Gamma\\backslash A^{c})},$$ where $A^{c} := E\\setminus A$ is the complement of $A \\subseteq E$.\n\nThe *rank* and *nullity* of a map $M$ are, similarly as for graphs, defined by $$r(M) := v(M) - k(M)\\;\\text{ and }\\;n(M) := e(M) - r(M).$$ The *dual rank* and *dual nullity* are defined by $$r^*(M) = f(M) - k(M)\\; \\text{ and }\\;n^*(M) = e(M) - r^*(M).$$ Whereas the rank and nullity of a map coincide with the rank and nullity of its underlying graph, the dual rank and dual nullity implicitly involve the Euler genus. ", "For graphs, rank and nullity are related by (matroid) duality, with $r(\\Gamma^*)=n(\\Gamma)$ for a planar graph $\\Gamma$, while for rank and nullity as map parameters we have by Euler’s formula  that $r(M)=n^*(M)-s(M)$ and $n(M)=r^*(M)+s(M)$.\n\nWe now have all the definitions needed to introduce the map invariant that is the subject of this paper.", "\n\n\\[def:surface\\_Tutte\\] Let ${\\mathbf{x}}= (x;\\dots, x_{-2},x_{-1}, x_0,x_1,x_2,\\dots)$ and ${\\mathbf{y}}= (y; \\dots, y_{-2},y_{-1},y_0,y_1,y_2,\\dots)$ be infinite sequences of indeterminates (variables indexed by $\\mathbb Z$ apart from the first). ", "The *surface Tutte polynomial* of a map $M=(V,E,F)$ is the multivariate polynomial $$\\label{eq:surface_Tutte}\n{\\mathcal{T}}(M;{\\mathbf{x}},{\\mathbf{y}}) := \\sum_{A \\subseteq E}x^{n^*(M/A)}y^{n(M\\backslash A^c)} \\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{conn. }", "\\text{ }\\mathrm{cpts}\\\\ M_i \\text{ }\\mathrm{of}\\text{ } M/A}}x_{\\bar{g}(M_i)} \\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{conn. }", "\\text{ }\\mathrm{cpts}\\\\ M_j \\text{ }\\mathrm{of}\\text{ } M\\backslash A^c}}y_{\\bar{g}(M_j)},$$ where $A^c = E\\backslash A$ for $A \\subseteq E$ and $\\bar{g}(M)$ is the signed genus of $M$ (negative when non-orientably embedded, positive when orientably embedded).", "\n\nFor an orientable map $M$ the surface Tutte polynomial of Definition \\[def:surface\\_Tutte\\] coincides with the polynomial defined in [@goodall16 Definition 3.9]. ", "Consequently, by [@goodall16 Proposition 3.14] the surface Tutte polynomial of a plane map $M$ with underlying graph $\\Gamma$ reduces to the Tutte polynomial of $\\Gamma$, with $$\\label{eq:surface_Tutte_planar}\n{\\mathcal{T}}(M;{\\mathbf{x}},{\\mathbf{y}})=(x_0y_0)^{k(\\Gamma)}T(\\Gamma;y_0x+1,x_0y+1).$$\n\nThe surface Tutte polynomial ${\\mathcal{T}}(M;{\\mathbf{x}},{\\mathbf{y}})$ of a map $M$ is multiplicative over the connected components of $M$.\n\nDeletion and contraction are distributive over disjoint unions, the parameters $n^{*}$ and $n$ are additive over disjoint unions, and the connected components of a disjoint union of maps are the disjoint union of the connected components of the maps in the disjoint union.", "\n\nSimilarly to the Tutte polynomial under matroid duality, the surface Tutte polynomial ${\\mathcal{T}}$ under map duality involves a simple switch of variables.", "\n\n\\[proposition:duality\\] For a map $M$ and its dual $M^*$ we have ${\\mathcal{T}}(M;{\\mathbf{x}},{\\mathbf{y}}) = {\\mathcal{T}}(M^*;{\\mathbf{y}},{\\mathbf{x}})$.\n\nThis follows since $n^{\\ast}(M)=n(M^{\\ast})$ and $(M\\backslash A)^{\\ast}=M^{\\ast} / A$ by Proposition \\[p.del\\_dual\\_cont\\], and the range of the summation  defining ${\\mathcal{T}}(M)$ is all subsets of edges, which is closed under complementation.", "\n\nIn [@butler12] Butler defines an extension of the Krushkal polynomial to graphs embedded in non-orientable surfaces and proves that it contains the Bollobás-Riordan polynomial (as defined in [@bollobas02]), the Las Vergnas polynomial (as defined in [@vergnas80]) and the Tutte polynomial as specializations. ", "Using Butler’s definition, the *Krushkal polynomial* of a map $M$ is given by $${\\mathcal{K}}(M;x,y,a^{1/2},b^{1/2}) = \\sum_{A \\subseteq E}(x-1)^{k(M\\backslash A^c)-k(M)}y^{n(M\\backslash A^c)}a^{s(M/A)/2}b^{s(M\\backslash A^c)/2},$$ in which $s(M)= 2k(M) - \\chi(M)$ is the Euler genus of $M$ (as per Definition \\[definition:genus\\] and Euler’s formula ).", "\n\nThe surface Tutte polynomial specializes to the Krushkal polynomial. ", "For a map $M$, we have that $${\\mathcal{K}}(M;X,Y,A^{1/2},B^{1/2}) = (X-1)^{-k(M)}{\\mathcal{T}}(M;{\\mathbf{x}},{\\mathbf{y}}),$$ in which ${\\mathbf{x}}$ and ${\\mathbf{y}}$ are set equal to the following values: $x=1, x_g = A^{g}, y = Y, y_g = (X-1)B^g$ for $g \\geq 0$, and $x_{-g} = A^{g/2}$ and $y_{-g} = (X-1)B^{g/2}$ for $g \\geq 1$.\n\nMaking the given substitution $x\\leftarrow 1, \\: y\\leftarrow Y$ and $$x_g\\leftarrow A^g,\\quad y_g\\leftarrow (X-1)B^g, \\quad x_{-g}\\leftarrow A^{g/2}, \\quad y_{-g}\\leftarrow (X\\!-\\!1)B^{g/2}, \\quad\\quad\\mbox{for $g=0,1,2,\\dots$}$$ in the surface Tutte polynomial $${\\mathcal{T}}(M;{\\mathbf{x}},{\\mathbf{y}}) = \\sum_{A \\subseteq E}x^{n^*(M/A)}y^{n(M\\backslash A^c)} \\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{conn. }", "\\text{ }\\mathrm{cpts}\\\\ M_i \\text{ }\\mathrm{of}\\text{ } M/A}}x_{\\bar{g}(M_i)} \\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{conn. }", "\\text{ }\\mathrm{cpts}\\\\ M_j \\text{ }\\mathrm{of}\\text{ } M\\backslash A^c}}y_{\\bar{g}(M_j)},$$ gives, using Euler’s formula, the specialization $$\\sum_{A \\subseteq E}Y^{n(M\\backslash A^c)} \\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{conn. }", "\\text{ }\\mathrm{cpts}\\\\ M_i \\text{ }\\mathrm{of}\\text{ } M/A}}A^{s(M_i)/2} \\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{conn. }", "\\text{ }\\mathrm{cpts}\\\\ M_j \\text{ }\\mathrm{of}\\text{ } M\\backslash A^c}}(X\\!-\\!1)B^{s(M_j)/2}.$$ Using additivity of the Euler genus over disjoint unions and collecting together the factors in each product this is the same as $$\\sum_{A \\subseteq E}Y^{n(M\\backslash A^c)}(X-1)^{k(M\\backslash A^c)}A^{s(M/A)/2} B^{s(M\\backslash A^c)/2}.$$ A comparison with the definition of the Krushkal polynomial above establishes the proposition.", "\n\nAs the Krushkal polynomial specializes to the Tutte polynomial, it follows that the surface Tutte polynomial of a map $M$ contains the Tutte polynomial of the underlying graph of $M$ not only when $M$ is plane (equation ) but for maps in general. ", "For an arbitrary embedding of graph $\\Gamma$ in a surface as a map $M$, $$T(\\Gamma;X,Y)=(X-1)^{-k(M)}\\mathcal{T}(M;\\mathbf x,\\mathbf y)$$ in which ${\\mathbf{x}}$ and ${\\mathbf{y}}$ are set equal to the following values: $x=1, y = Y-1$, and $x_g = 1, y_g = X-1$ for $g \\in\\mathbb Z$.\n\nEnumerating local flows and local tensions {#section:flowstensions}\n==========================================\n\nIn this section – returning to the original motivation behind our definition of the surface Tutte polynomial – we give evaluations of the surface Tutte polynomial that count the number of local flows and local tensions of a map taking non-identity values in any given finite group.", "\n\nLocal flows and local tensions. {#", "subsection:tensionflow}\n-------------------------------\n\nWe start by defining local flows and tensions for maps represented by triples of permutations on a set of crosses.", "\n\n\\[d.flows\\_premaps\\] Let $M=(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$ be a map. ", "Let $G$ be a finite group with identity element $1$.\n\nA [*local $G$-flow*]{} of $M$ is a function $f:C\\to G$ with the property that\n\n- $f(\\sigma a)=f(a)^{-1}$ and $f(\\theta a)=f(a)$, for each $a\\in C$,\n\n- $f(a)f(\\tau a)\\cdots f(\\tau^{-1}a)=1$ for each cycle $(a \\; \\tau a \\; \\cdots \\; \\tau^{-1}a)$ of $\\tau$.\n\nA [*local $G$-tension*]{} of $M$ is a function $f:C\\to G$ with the property that\n\n- $f(\\theta a)=f(a)^{-1}$ and $f(\\sigma a)=f(a)$, for each $a\\in C$,\n\n- $f(b)f(\\varphi b)\\cdots f(\\varphi^{-1}b)=1$ for each cycle $( b \\; \\varphi b \\; \\cdots \\; \\varphi^{-1}b)$ of $\\varphi:=\\tau\\theta\\sigma.$\n\nBy item (1) of Theorem \\[thm:Tutte\\_premap\\_map\\], according to condition (ii) defining a local $G$-flow, the equation $$f(a)f(\\tau a)\\cdots f(\\tau^{-1}a)=1$$ for the cycle $(a \\; \\tau a \\; \\cdots \\; \\tau^{-1}a)$ of $\\tau$ is paired with the equation $$f(\\sigma \\tau^{-1}a) \\cdots f(\\sigma\\tau a)f(\\sigma a)=1$$ for the cycle $(\\sigma \\tau^{-1}a \\; \\cdots \\; \\sigma\\tau a \\; \\sigma a)$ of $\\tau$. By condition (i) defining a local $G$-flow, the latter is equivalent to $$f(\\tau^{-1}a)^{-1}\\cdots f(\\tau a)^{-1}f(a)^{-1}=1,$$ that is, the same equation as the former, by taking the inverse of both sides.", "\n\nA similar observation holds for the equations defining a local $G$-tension: cycles of $\\varphi$ that are paired together (via $\\varphi\\theta=\\theta\\varphi^{-1}$) define equations equivalent to each other by taking inverses.", "\n\nAs $M^*=(\\sigma,\\theta,\\varphi;C)$ is the dual of $M=(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$, tension-flow duality is transparent.", "\n\n\\[proposition:flowdualtension\\]\n\nA local $G$-tension of a map $M$ is a local $G$-flow of the dual map $M^*$, and conversely.", "\n\nEven if the group $G$ is abelian, local $G$-flows on a map are essentially different from $G$-flows on the underlying graph of the map. ", "For instance, a local $G$-flow on the map $M$ from Example \\[example:standardbouquets\\] (ii) corresponds precisely to a solution of the equation $x^2 = 1$ in $G$ (where $G$ is written multiplicatively). ", "However, the assignment of any value in $G$ to the loop in the underlying graph of $M$ yields a $G$-flow of the underlying graph.", "\n\nUsually (see for instance [@bouchet83]) local $G$-flows of a map $M$ are defined in terms of half-edges of $M$ represented as a signed graph, in which an orientation of half-edges is chosen that is compatible with edge signatures. ", "An assignment of elements of $G$ to the edges of the map $M$ as a signed graph with half-edge orientations is a local flow if at each vertex Kirchhoff’s law is satisfied. ", "The number of flows is then shown to not depend on the choice of orientation. ", "That our definition of a local flow is equivalent to this definition can be shown with the help of Theorem \\[thm:Tutte\\_premap\\_map\\]. ", "In Remark \\[rmk:signed\\] we briefly discuss local flows for signed graphs taking values in a finite abelian group.", "\n\nEnumerating local flows and local tensions {#enumerating-local-flows-and-local-tensions}\n------------------------------------------\n\nWe denote the number of local $G$-flows of $M$ by $q^1_G(M)$ and the number of nowhere-identity local $G$-flows of $M$ by $q_G(M)$. The number of local $G$-tensions of $M$ is denoted by $p_G^1(M)$ and the number of nowhere-identity local $G$-tensions of $M$ by $p_G(M)$. Proposition \\[proposition:flowdualtension\\] immediately yields the following as a corollary.", "\n\n\\[corollary:flowdualtension\\] Let $M$ be a map and $G$ a finite group. ", "Then $q_G(M^*) = p_G(M)$.\n\nTo determine the number of local flows, we assume some familiarity with the representation theory of finite groups; see for example [@serre77] for background information. ", "Let $G$ be a finite group and $\\rho$ a representation of $G$ with character $\\chi_{\\rho}$. Define $$\\label{fsindicator}\n{\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho) := \\frac{1}{|G|}\\sum_{g \\in G}\\chi_{\\rho}(g^2),$$ the *Frobenius-Schur indicator* (see chapter $4$ of [@isaacs94] or the section called ‘The indicator function’ in chapter $23$ of [@james01]). ", "Frobenius and Schur [@frob06] proved that when restricted to irreducible representations, ${\\mathcal{F}}$ only takes values in $\\{-1,0,1\\}$. Let $\\widehat{G}$ denote the set of (equivalence classes of) irreducible representations of $G$.\n\n\\[theorem:flow\\_count\\] Let $G$ be a finite group with irreducible representations $\\rho$ of dimensions $n_{\\rho}$ and let $M=(V,E,F)$ be a map. ", "The number of nowhere-identity local $G$-flows of $M$ is given by $$\\label{eq:flow count}\n q_G(M) = \\sum_{A \\subseteq E}(-1)^{|A^c|}|G|^{|A|-|V|}\\prod_{\\substack{ \\mathrm{orient.}\\\\\n \\mathrm{conn.} ", "\\;\\mathrm{cpts} \\\\ M_i \\; \\mathrm{ of }\\hspace{1mm} M\\backslash A^c}}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}n_{\\rho}^{2-2g(M_i)}\n\\:\\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{non-orient.}\\\\\n \\mathrm{conn.} ", "\\;\\mathrm{cpts} \\\\ M_j \\; \\mathrm{of} \\; M\\backslash A^c}}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}{\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho){_{\\vphantom{0}}}^{g(M_j)}n_{\\rho}^{2-g(M_j)}.", "\n $$\n\nA brief sketch of the proof of Theorem \\[theorem:flow\\_count\\] goes as follows. ", "First we use Proposition \\[corollary:flowdualtension\\] to reduce the problem of finding the number of local flows for maps to finding the number of local tensions, which will turn out more convenient. ", "Considering the cell complex associated to a (connected) map allows us to use a combinatorial version of the classification theorem for compact surfaces. ", "We are then faced with finding the number of local tensions for ‘standard bouquets’, which are a special type of map on one vertex in which the loops are arranged in a simple way. ", "Counting the number of local tensions for standard bouquets is the content of Theorem \\[thm:flows standard bouquets\\]. ", "Finally, the inclusion-exclusion principle is used to determine the number of nowhere-identity local tensions. ", "The exact statements and details of the argument can be found in Section \\[subsec:proof of eval\\]; the more representation-theoretic proof is postponed to Appendix \\[sec:proof of flow count\\] (proof of Theorem \\[thm:flows standard bouquets\\]).", "\n\nCorollaries to Theorem \\[theorem:flow\\_count\\] {#section:corollariesofflowcount}\n----------------------------------------------\n\nTheorem \\[theorem:flow\\_count\\] implies that the number of nowhere-identity local $G$-flows and, by Propositions \\[corollary:flowdualtension\\] and \\[proposition:duality\\], the number of nowhere-identity local $G$-tensions can be found as evaluations of the surface Tutte polynomial.", "\n\n\\[t.tutte\\_flow\\_evaluation\\] Let $G$ be a finite group with irreducible representations $\\rho$ of dimensions $n_{\\rho}$ and let $M$ be a map. ", "The number of nowhere-identity local $G$-flows of $M$ is given by $$\\label{equation:numberflow}\n q_G(M) = (-1)^{e(M)-v(M)}{\\mathcal{T}}(M;{\\mathbf{x}},{\\mathbf{y}}),$$ in which ${\\mathbf{x}}$ and ${\\mathbf{y}}$ are set equal to the following values: $x = 1, y= -|G|$; $x_g = 1$ and $y_g = -|G|^{-1}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}n_{\\rho}^{2-2g}$ for $g \\geq 0$; and $x_{-g} = 1$ and $y_{-g} = -|G|^{-1}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}{\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho){_{\\vphantom{0}}}^gn_{\\rho}^{2-g}$ for $g \\geq 1$.\\\nThe number of nowhere-identity local $G$-tensions of $M$ is given by $$\\label{equation:numbertension}\n p_G(M) = (-1)^{e(M)-f(M)}{\\mathcal{T}}(M;{\\mathbf{y}},{\\mathbf{x}}),$$ with the same ${\\mathbf{x}}$ and ${\\mathbf{y}}$ as above.", "\n\nThe number of nowhere-identity local $G$-flows of a map with $G$ equal to the dihedral group of order eight and with $G$ equal to the quaternion group (also of order eight) coincide, as shown by DeVos [@devos00]. ", "Theorem \\[theorem:flow\\_count\\], however, shows that this does not extend to non-orientable maps.", "\n\nLet $D_8$ denote the dihedral group of order eight and let $Q_8$ denote the quaternion group. ", "DeVos [@devos00] showed directly that for orientable maps the number of nowhere-identity local $D_8$-flows equals the number of nowhere-identity local $Q_8$-flows. ", "In [@goodall16] and [@litjens17] it was observed that this follows from the formula in equation , as the multiset of dimensions of irreducible representations of $D_8$ and $Q_8$ agree. ", "However, the types of representations according to the Frobenius-Schur indicator differ: ${\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho) = 1$ for every $\\rho \\in \\widehat{D_8}$, while the group $Q_8$ has a unique $2$-dimensional representation $\\rho \\in \\widehat{Q_8}$ for which ${\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho) = -1$. Therefore for a non-orientable map the number of nowhere-identity local $D_8$-flows may differ from the number of nowhere-identity local $Q_8$-flows. ", "An example is given by the standard bouquet (see Definition \\[definition:standardbouquet\\] below or Example \\[example:standardbouquets\\] (ii)) embedded in the projective plane.", "\n\nThe general expression  for the number of nowhere-identity $G$-flows of $M$ in Theorem \\[theorem:flow\\_count\\] takes a simpler form when restricting $G$ or $M$ to certain classes. ", "We highlight three cases in the following series of corollaries.", "\n\nLet $G$ be a finite group for which $\\mathcal F(\\rho)\\neq 0$ for each $\\rho\\in\\widehat{G}$ (for instance, all symmetric groups have this property) and let $M=(V,E,F)$ be a map. ", "Then $$q_G(M) = \\sum_{A \\subseteq E}(-1)^{|A^c|}|G|^{|A|-|V|}\\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{conn.} ", "\\hspace{1mm}\\mathrm{cpts} \\\\ M_i \\hspace{1mm}\\mathrm{ of }\\hspace{1mm} M\\backslash A^c}}\\Big(\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}{\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho)^{\\chi(M_i)}n_{\\rho}^{\\chi(M_i)}\\Big).$$\n\nIn equation , if $\\mathcal F(\\rho)\\neq 0$ for each $\\rho\\in\\widehat{G}$ then $\\mathcal{F}(\\rho)^{2-2g(M_i)}=1$ for an orientable connected component $M_i$ of a submap of $M$, as $\\mathcal{F}(\\rho)\\in\\{-1,+1\\}$ for each $\\rho\\in\\widehat{G}$.\n\nIf the map $M$ is orientable then for every subset $A$ of the edges of $M$ each connected component of $M\\backslash A^c$ is orientable as well and the general expression  for the number of nowhere-identity $G$-flows of $M$ in Theorem \\[theorem:flow\\_count\\] takes a simpler form, as does its proof (for which see [@goodall16] and [@litjens17]).", "\n\nLet $G$ be a finite group and let $M=(V,E,F)$ be an orientable map. ", "The number of nowhere-identity local $G$-flows of $M$ is given by $$\\label{equation:orientedcase}\n q_G(M) = \\sum_{A \\subseteq E}(-1)^{|A^c|}|G|^{|A|-|V|}\\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{conn.} ", "\\hspace{1mm}\\mathrm{cpts} \\\\ M_i \\hspace{1mm}\\mathrm{ of }\\hspace{1mm} M\\backslash A^c}}\\Big(\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}n_{\\rho}^{2-2g(M_i)}\\Big).$$\n\nTheorem \\[theorem:flow\\_count\\] also takes a simpler form when $G$ is an abelian group, the irreducible representations of which all have dimension one.", "\n\n\\[corollary:abeliancase\\] Let $G$ be a finite abelian group and let $d$ be the largest integer for which $G$ has a subgroup isomorphic to ${\\mathbb{Z}}_2^d$. Write $|G| = 2^dm$, in which $m \\geq 1$. Then, for a map $M=(V,E,F)$, the number of nowhere-zero local $G$-flows of $M$ is given by $$q_G(M) = \\sum_{A \\subseteq E}(-1)^{|A^c|}(2^d)^{|A|-|V|+k(M\\backslash A^c)}m^{|A|-|V|+k_{\\mathrm{o}}(M\\backslash A^c)},$$ where $k_{\\text{o}}(M\\backslash A^c)$ denotes the number of orientable connected components of $M\\backslash A^c$ and $k(M\\backslash A^c)$ the total number of connected components of $M\\backslash A^c$.\n\nSince $G$ is abelian, $n_{\\rho} = 1$ for all $\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}$. Thus any $\\rho\\in \\widehat{G}$ equals its character $\\chi_\\rho$. Let $\\rho\\in \\widehat{G}$ and let $h\\in G$. Then, using the fact that $\\rho$ is multiplicative and $G$ is abelian, we obtain $$\\rho(h)^2{\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho)=\\frac{1}{|G|}\\sum_{g\\in G}\\rho(h^2)\\rho(g^2)=\\frac{1}{|G|}\\sum_{g\\in G}\\rho((gh)^2)={\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho).$$ This implies that either ${\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho)=0$ or $\\rho(h)^2=1$, for all $h \\in G$. Hence, if ${\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho) \\neq 0$ then ${\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho) = 1$. For $i\\in \\{-1,0,1\\}$, set $L_i:=\\{\\rho\\in \\widehat G\\mid {\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho)=i\\}$. Then $L_{-1}$ is empty and $\\rho\\in L_1$ if and only if $\\rho(g)\\in \\{-1,1\\}$ for each $g\\in G$. As $|\\widehat{G}| = |G|$, equation  simplifies to $$q_G(M) = \\sum_{A \\subseteq E}(-1)^{|A^c|}|G|^{|A|-|V|+k_{\\mathrm{o}}(M\\backslash A^c)}|L_{1}|^{k(M\\backslash A^c)-k_{\\mathrm{o}}(M\\backslash A^c)}.$$ It now remains to determine $|L_1|$.\n\nBy the classification theorem for finite abelian groups we can write $$G \\cong \\prod_{i=1}^{r}{\\mathbb{Z}}_{n_i},$$ for some $r \\geq 1$ and $n_i \\in {\\mathbb{N}}$ that are prime powers. ", "Let $$T := \\{i \\in [r] \\mid n_i \\text{ even}\\}$$ and let $d = |T|$, which is the largest integer for which $G$ has a subgroup isomorphic to ${\\mathbb{Z}}_2^d$. Then $|G| = 2^dm$, for some $m \\geq 1$. We claim that $|L_{1}| = 2^d$. In order to see this, note first that for $\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}$ we can write $$\\rho = \\rho_1 \\cdots \\rho_r,$$ where $\\rho_i \\in \\widehat{{\\mathbb{Z}}_{n_i}}$ for $i \\in [r]$. Now $\\rho$ is real-valued if and only if $$\\rho_i =\\begin{cases} \\rho_{\\text{triv}} \\hspace{16.3mm}\\text{ for } i \\in [r]\\setminus T, \\\\ \\rho_{\\text{triv}} \\text{ or } \\rho_{\\text{sign}} \\hspace{3mm}\\text{ for } i \\in T,\\end{cases}$$ where $ \\rho_{\\text{triv}}$ is the trivial character (taking value just 1) and $ \\rho_{\\text{sign}}$ is the character of a cyclic group of even order taking values $1$ or $-1$. This is because any irreducible representation of a cyclic group ${\\mathbb{Z}}_{n}$ with $n > 1$ and $2\\nmid n$ takes some values in ${\\mathbb{C}}\\backslash{\\mathbb{R}}$. This proves the claim and the statement of the corollary follows.", "\n\nCorollary \\[corollary:abeliancase\\] may of course be proved directly, without using Theorem \\[theorem:flow\\_count\\].", "\n\n\\[rmk:signed\\] Corollary \\[corollary:abeliancase\\], when translated into the language of signed graphs, for which there is a notion of a local $G$-flow when $G$ is abelian, is equivalent to Theorem 1.3 in [@devos17]. ", "Underlying a map $M$ is a signed graph, namely the underlying graph of $M$ with a positive or negative sign attached to each edge according as it is non-twisted or twisted[^8] (the signing of edges is the same as that used in e.g. [@mohar01] to define combinatorial embeddings by vertex rotations and edge signs). ", "A cycle is [*balanced*]{} in a signed graph if the number of negative signs is even, and [*unbalanced*]{} otherwise; the signed graph as a whole is balanced if every cycle is balanced, otherwise it is unbalanced. ", "A map is orientable if and only if its underlying signed graph is balanced.", "\n\nTo define local $G$-flows of a signed graph for an abelian group $G$, the edges are split into two half-edges, each receiving an orientation (aligned when the edge is positive, opposite when the edge is negative) and the same value in $G$ is given to the two half-edges of an edge. ", "For the assignment of values in $G$ to be a local $G$-flow Kirchhoff’s law must hold at each vertex (the half-edges directed into the vertex have the same sum of values as the half-edges directed out of the vertex). ", "Local $G$-flows of a signed graph correspond to local $G$-flows of a map with this signed graph underlying it. ", "The orientable connected components of a submap correspond to the balanced connected components of the underlying signed subgraph. ", "We can now see that Corollary \\[corollary:abeliancase\\] is equivalent to Theorem 1.3 in [@devos17]. ", "Furthermore, the expression in Corollary \\[corollary:abeliancase\\] is an evaluation of the following trivariate specialization of the surface Tutte polynomial, which depends only on the underlying signed graph of $M$ and hence yields a signed graph invariant: $$S(M; X,Y,Z)=\\sum_{A\\subseteq E}(X-1)^{k(M\\backslash A^c)-k(M)}(Y-1)^{|A|-|V|+k_o(M\\backslash A^c)}(Z-1)^{k(M\\backslash A^c)-k_o(M\\backslash A^c)},$$ where $k(M\\backslash A^c)$ and $k_o(M\\backslash A^c)$ denote the number of connected components and orientable connected components of $M\\backslash A^c$ respectively, for $A \\subseteq E$. The polynomial $S(M;X,Y,Z)$ is equal to $(X-1)^{-k(M)}T(M;{\\mathbf{x}},{\\mathbf{y}})$ in which ${\\mathbf{x}}$ and ${\\mathbf{y}}$ are set equal to the following values: $x=1$, $y=Y-1$, $x_g=1$ for all $g\\in {\\mathbb{Z}}$, $y_g=X-1$ if $g\\geq 0$ and $y_g=(X-1)(Z-1)/(Y-1)$ if $g\\leq -1$. This polynomial invariant of the underlying signed graph of $M$ is different from the “signed Tutte polynomial\" of Kauffman [@kauf89] as it is also invariant under switchings of signs at a vertex. (", "This new triviariate Tutte polynomial for signed graphs appears in the slides of a talk [@kriocon13] given by Krieger and O’Connor in 2013, but we have not found any further reference to it.) ", "As a specialization of the surface Tutte polynomial of $M$ to an invariant of the underlying signed graph of $M$ the signed graph invariant $S(M;X,Y,Z)$ is formed in a similar way to the Tutte polynomial of the underlying graph of $M$.\n\nProof of Theorem \\[theorem:flow\\_count\\] {#subsec:proof of eval}\n----------------------------------------\n\nTo prove Theorem \\[theorem:flow\\_count\\] we require a number of auxiliary definitions and results.", "\n\nA [*bouquet*]{} is a connected map which has just one vertex – in the representation of $M$ as a premap $(\\theta, \\sigma, \\tau;C)$ the permutation $\\tau$ has exactly two cycles.", "\n\n\\[definition:standardbouquet\\] A bouquet $M=(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$ is a [*standard bouquet*]{} if the permutation $\\tau$ takes the form $$\\label{eq:non-orientable sb}\n\\arraycolsep=3pt\n\\left(\\begin{array}{cccccccccccccc}a_1 & a_2 & \\theta\\sigma a_1 & \\theta\\sigma a_2 & \\cdots & a_{2g-1} & a_{2g} & \\theta\\sigma a_{2g-1} & \\theta\\!\\sigma a_{2g} & a_{2g+1} & \\theta\\sigma a_{2g+1} & \\cdots & a_m& \\theta\\sigma a_m\\end{array}\\right)$$ along with its paired cycle (reversed cycle with application of $\\sigma$), when it is orientably embedded, and $$\\label{eq:orientable sb}\n\\arraycolsep=3pt\n\\left(\\begin{array}{cccccccccccc} \na_1 & \\theta a_1 & a_2 & \\theta a_2 & \\cdots & a_{g} & \\theta a_{g} & a_{g+1} & \\theta\\sigma a_{g+1} & \\cdots & a_m & \\theta\\sigma a_m\\end{array}\\right)$$ along with its paired cycle (reversed cycle with application of $\\sigma$), when it is non-orientably embedded.", "\n\nFor an orientable standard bouquet we have $$\\varphi=\\tau\\theta\\sigma=\n\\arraycolsep=3pt\n\\left(\\begin{array}{cccccccccccccc}\na_1 & \\theta\\sigma a_2 & \\theta\\sigma a_1 & a_2 & \\cdots & a_{2g-1} & \\theta\\sigma a_{2g} & \\theta\\sigma a_{2g-1} & a_{2g} & a_{2g+1} & a_{2g+2} & \\cdots & a_m\\end{array}\\right)$$ $$(\\theta\\sigma a_{2g+1})\\;(\\theta\\sigma a_{2g+2})\\cdots (\\theta\\sigma a_{m}),$$ along with the paired cycles (reversed cycles with application of $\\theta$). ", "Therefore the number of faces is equal to $m-2g+1$. Since there is one vertex and $m$ edges, this gives Euler characteristic $1-m+m-2g+1=2-2g$, and by Euler’s formula the (orientable) genus is $g$.\n\nFor a non-orientable standard bouquet we have $$\\varphi=\\tau\\theta\\sigma=\n\\arraycolsep=3pt\n\\left(\\begin{array}{ccccccccccc} \na_1 & \\sigma a_1 & a_2 & \\sigma a_2 & \\cdots & a_{g} & \\sigma a_{g} & a_{g+1} & a_{g+2} & \\cdots & a_m\\end{array}\\right)$$ $$(\\theta\\sigma a_{g+1})\\;(\\theta\\sigma a_{g+2})\\cdots (\\theta\\sigma a_{m}),$$ along with the paired cycles (reversed cycles with application of $\\theta$). ", "Therefore the number of faces is equal to $m-g+1$, there is one vertex, and $m$ edges. ", "The Euler characteristic is $1-m+m-g+1=2-g$, and by Euler’s formula the (non-orientable) genus is $g$.\n\nLet $M$ be a standard bouquet with one face (a [*canonical map*]{} in Tutte’s terminology [@tutte01 Chapter X]) and with compact surface $\\Sigma$. If $\\Sigma$ is of genus $g$, then its fundamental group $\\pi_1(\\Sigma)$ has the presentation $$\\pi_1(\\Sigma) \\cong \\begin{cases} \\langle a_1,\\dots,a_g,b_1,\\dots,b_g \\mid a_1b_1a_1^{-1}b_1^{-1}\\cdots a_gb_ga_g^{-1}b_g^{-1} = 1 \\rangle \\hspace{3.5mm}\\text{ if } \\Sigma \\text{ is orientable,}\\\\ \\langle c_1,\\dots,c_g \\mid c_1^2\\cdots c_g^2 = 1 \\rangle \\hspace{52mm}\\text{ if } \\Sigma \\text{ is not orientable.}\\end{cases}$$ Local $G$-tensions of $M$ therefore correspond one-to-one with homomorphisms from $\\pi_1(\\Sigma)$ to $G$. The number of surjections from $\\pi_1(\\Sigma)$ to $G$ can be counted using an algebraic version of the Möbius inversion formula due to Hall [@hall36]. ", "Surjections from $\\pi_1(\\Sigma)$ to $G$ are in bijection with certain surface coverings of $\\Sigma$ [@jones95].", "\n\n\\[thm:flows standard bouquets\\] Let $M$ be a standard bouquet of dual nullity $n^*$ and genus $g$ and let $G$ be a finite group. ", "The number $p_G^1(M)$ of local $G$-tensions on $M$ is given by $$p_G^1(M) = \\begin{cases} |G|^{n^*-1}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}{\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho){_{\\vphantom{0}}}^gn_{\\rho}^{2-g} \\hspace{4mm} \\text{ if $M$ is non-orientable,}\\\\\n|G|^{n^*-1}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}n_{\\rho}^{2-2g} \\hspace{12.4mm} \\text{ if $M$ is orientable.}\\end{cases}$$\n\nWe provide an elementary proof of Theorem \\[thm:flows standard bouquets\\] in Appendix \\[sec:proof of flow count\\].", "\n\nWe can enumerate local $G$-tensions of an arbitrary map $M$ by first applying a sequence of operations reducing $M$ to a standard bouquet of the same dual nullity, genus and orientability as $M$.\n\n\\[theorem:tensioncount\\] Let $M$ be a connected map. ", "Then the number $p_G^{1}(M)$ of local $G$-tensions on $M$ is given by $$p_G^{1}(M) = \\begin{cases} |G|^{n^*(M)-1}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}\\mathcal{F}(\\rho){_{\\vphantom{0}}}^{g(M)}n_{\\rho}^{2-g(M)} \\hspace{2.1mm} \\text{if $M$ is non-orientable},\\\\\n|G|^{n^*(M)-1}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}n_{\\rho}^{2-2g(M)} \\hspace{16mm} \\text{if $M$ is orientable}.\\end{cases}$$\n\nTo prove Theorem \\[theorem:tensioncount\\] we use the classification theorem for compact surfaces, which for our purposes is most conveniently formulated in [@gaxu13]. ", "Before stating it we first need some terminology and definitions. ", "For a set $X$, we define $X^{-1} = \\{x^{-1} \\mid x \\in X\\}$, the set of formal inverses of elements in $X$. We assume that $X \\cap X^{-1} = \\emptyset$ and that $(x^{-1})^{-1} = x$, for $x \\in X$. The next definition is taken from [@gaxu13].", "\n\nA *cell complex* $K$ is a triple $K = ({\\mathfrak{f}},{\\mathfrak{e}},{\\mathfrak{b}})$, where ${\\mathfrak{f}}$ is a finite non-empty collection of *faces*, ${\\mathfrak{e}}$ is a finite (possibly empty) set of *edges*, and ${\\mathfrak{b}}$ is the *boundary function* that assigns to a face $A \\in {\\mathfrak{f}}\\cup {\\mathfrak{f}}^{-1}$ a cyclic permutation of edges in ${\\mathfrak{e}}\\cup {\\mathfrak{e}}^{-1}$ (called the boundary of the face) and that satisfies the following conditions:\n\n1. ", " If ${\\mathfrak{b}}(A) = a_1\\cdots a_n$, then ${\\mathfrak{b}}(A^{-1}) = a_n^{-1}\\cdots a_1^{-1}$.\n\n2. ", " If $A_1,A_2 \\in {\\mathfrak{f}}$ and $A_1 \\neq A_2$, then ${\\mathfrak{b}}(A_1) \\neq {\\mathfrak{b}}(A_2)$.\n\n3. ", " Every $e \\in {\\mathfrak{e}}\\cup {\\mathfrak{e}}^{-1}$ occurs precisely twice among the elements of all boundaries.", "\n\n4. ", " The complex $K$ is not the union of two disjoint systems satisfying the above conditions.", "\n\nWe describe how to construct a cell complex from a map and vice versa. ", "Let $M = (\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$ be a connected map with $|C| = 4m$, for some $m \\geq 1$ (the case of an isolated vertex is trivial). ", "Set ${\\mathfrak{e}}= \\{e_1,...,e_m\\}$ and let $T: C \\rightarrow {\\mathfrak{e}}\\cup {\\mathfrak{e}}^{-1}$ be a function satisfying the following two conditions:\n\n1. ", " If $a, b \\in C$ and $a \\notin \\{b, \\theta b, \\sigma b, \\theta\\sigma b\\}$, then $T(a) \\notin \\{T(b),T(b)^{-1}\\}$.\n\n2. ", " For all $a \\in C$, $T(\\theta\\sigma a) = T(\\theta a) = T(a)^{-1} = T(\\sigma a)^{-1}$.\n\nThese conditions imply that $T$ is a two-to-one surjection. ", "Let ${\\mathfrak{f}}= \\{A \\mid A \\in F\\}$, the set consisting of formal elements that are the faces of $M$. Then ${\\mathfrak{f}}^{-1} = F^{-1}$. The boundary function ${\\mathfrak{b}}$ is defined as follows. ", "If $A$ is a face of $M$ given by $$\\left(\\begin{array}{ccc} a_1 & \\cdots & a_{2m} \\end{array}\\right)\\left(\\begin{array}{ccc} \\theta a_{2m} & \\cdots & \\theta a_1 \\end{array}\\right)\\hspace{-.5mm},$$ then $${\\mathfrak{b}}(A) = T(a_1)\\cdots T(a_{2m}) \\text{ and } {\\mathfrak{b}}(A^{-1}) = T(\\theta a_{2m})\\cdots T(\\theta a_1).$$ That ${\\mathfrak{b}}$ is a boundary function follows from the second condition defining the function $T$. Hence $({\\mathfrak{f}},{\\mathfrak{e}},{\\mathfrak{b}})$ is a cell complex.", "\n\nFor the other direction, let $K = ({\\mathfrak{f}},{\\mathfrak{e}},{\\mathfrak{b}})$ be a given cell complex. ", "We may write ${\\mathfrak{e}}= \\{e_1,...,e_m\\}$, for some $m \\geq 1$. Set $C := \\{a_1,...,a_m,a_1',...,a_m',b_1,...,b_m,b_1',...,b_m'\\}$. Define two permutations $\\theta$ and $\\sigma$ on $C$ by\n\n- $\\theta(a_i) = a_i', \\hspace{1mm} \\theta(b_i) = b_i'$, for all $i$, and $\\theta^2 = \\iota$.\n\n- $\\sigma(a_i) = b_i, \\hspace{1mm} \\sigma(a_i') = b_i'$, for all $i$, and $\\sigma^2 = \\iota$.\n\nNext we define the permutation $\\varphi$ (corresponding to the faces of the map to be constructed) by describing its collection of pairs of permutation cycles, there being a pair for each face $A \\in {\\mathfrak{f}}$. Since $\\varphi = \\tau\\theta\\sigma$, this will uniquely define $\\tau$. In the boundaries ${\\mathfrak{b}}(A)$, where $A$ ranges over ${\\mathfrak{f}}$, every edge $e \\in {\\mathfrak{e}}$ occurs at least once (if $e^{-1}$ occurs twice, then interchange the role of $e$ and $e^{-1}$). ", "If it occurs twice (overall), replace one of the instances by the formal element $^{\\sigma}e$. Let $S: {\\mathfrak{e}}\\cup {\\mathfrak{e}}^{-1} \\rightarrow C$ be the map given by $S(e_i) = a_i$ and $S(e_i^{-1}) = a_i'$, for all $i$. Then for $A \\in {\\mathfrak{f}}$ with ${\\mathfrak{b}}(A) = e_{i_1}\\cdots e_{i_t}$ we define the corresponding cycle in $\\varphi$ to be $S(e_{i_1})\\cdots S(e_{i_t})$, and we write $\\sigma S(e_{i_j})$ whenever $^{\\sigma}e_{i_j}$ occurs. ", "It is now easy to verify that $(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$ is a connected map.", "\n\nThere are two types of *normal form* of a cell complex. ", "Write $K= ({\\mathfrak{f}},{\\mathfrak{e}},{\\mathfrak{b}})$. Then the two types both have ${\\mathfrak{f}}= \\{A\\}$ and are otherwise given by\n\n${\\mathfrak{e}}= \\{a_1,...a_g,b_1,...,b_g\\}$ and ${\\mathfrak{b}}(A) = a_1b_1a_1^{-1}b_1^{-1}\\cdots a_gb_ga_g^{-1}b_g^{-1}$, with $g \\geq 0$.\n\n${\\mathfrak{e}}= \\{a_1,...,a_g\\}$ and ${\\mathfrak{b}}(A) = a_1a_1\\cdots a_ga_g$, with $g \\geq 1$.\n\nVia the construction outlined above, the type (i) and type (ii) cell complexes are seen to correspond to the orientable and non-orientable standard bouquet of genus $g$, respectively.", "\n\nLet $K$ and $K'$ be cell complexes. ", "Then $K'$ is *an elementary subdivision of* $K$ if $K'$ is obtained from $K$ by one of the following two operations:\n\n- Two edges $a$ and $a^{-1}$ in $K$ are replaced by $bc$ and $c^{-1}b^{-1}$ in all boundaries, where $b$ and $c$ are distinct new edges not belonging to $K$.\n\n- A face $A$ in $K$ with boundary $a_1\\cdots a_pa_{p+1}\\cdots a_n$ is replaced by two faces, $A'$ and $A''$, in $K'$ which have boundaries $a_1\\cdots a_pd$ and $d^{-1}a_{p+1}\\cdots a_n$ respectively, where $d$ is a new edge not belonging to $K$.\n\nOperation (P2) for maps corresponds in the dual map to the vertex-splitting operation defined by Tutte in Section X.7 of [@tutte01]. ", "Vertex-splitting is the inverse operation of contracting a non-loop, and leaves the number of local flows on a map invariant. ", "The operations (P1) and (P2) both preserve the number of local $G$-tensions up to a factor of $|G|$; more precisely, we have the following result.", "\n\n\\[lemma:gcount\\] Let $K$ and $K'$ be two cell complexes and let $M$ and $M'$ denote the maps corresponding to $K$ and $K'$ respectively. ", "If $K'$ is an elementary subdivision of $K$, then $$|G|^{f(M)-e(M)}p^1_G(M) = |G|^{f(M')-e(M')}p^1_G(M').$$\n\nOn the one hand, if $K'$ is obtained from $K$ by operation (P1) then clearly $f(M') = f(M)$ and $e(M') = e(M)+1$. Furthermore, we have that $p^1_G(M') = |G|p^1_G(M)$, as replacing an edge $a$ in a boundary by $bc$ yields precisely one extra degree of freedom for specifying a local $G$-tension. ", "Hence the lemma follows in this case. ", "On the other hand, if $K'$ is obtained from $K$ by operation (P2) then $f(M') = f(M)+1$ and $e(M') = e(M)+1$. Also, $p^1_G(M') = p^1_G(M)$, as every local $G$-tension on $M$ uniquely yields a local $G$-tension on $M'$, and vice versa. ", "This finishes the proof.", "\n\nWe may now state the classification theorem for compact surfaces.", "\n\n\\[theorem:class\\] Every cell complex $K$ can be converted to a cell complex in normal form by using operations $(P1)$ and $(P2)$ and their inverses.", "\n\nThis allows us to enumerate local $G$-tensions of a map.", "\n\nLet $M$ be a connected map and let $K$ be the cell complex corresponding to $M$. We apply Theorem \\[theorem:class\\] to obtain a cell complex $K'$ in normal form, which in turn corresponds to the standard bouquet $M'$ of the same genus and orientability type as map $M$. We then calculate that $$\\begin{aligned}\np^1_G(M) &= |G|^{f(M')-e(M')+e(M)-f(M)}p^1_G(M')\\\\\n&= |G|^{n^*(M)-1}|G|^{-n^*(M')+1}p^1_G(M')\\\\\n&= \\begin{cases} |G|^{n^*(M)-1}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}\\mathcal{F}(\\rho){_{\\vphantom{0}}}^{g(M')}n_{\\rho}^{2-g(M')} \\hspace{2mm} \\text{ if $M'$ is non-orientable,}\\\\\n|G|^{n^*(M)-1}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}n_{\\rho}^{2-2g(M')} \\hspace{16.7mm} \\text{ if $M'$ is orientable,}\n\\end{cases}\\\\\n&= \\begin{cases} |G|^{n^*(M)-1}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}\\mathcal{F}(\\rho){_{\\vphantom{0}}}^{g(M)}n_{\\rho}^{2-g(M)} \\hspace{4mm} \\text{ if $M$ is non-orientable,}\\\\\n|G|^{n^*(M)-1}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}n_{\\rho}^{2-2g(M)} \\hspace{18mm} \\text{ if $M$ is orientable,}\n\\end{cases}\\end{aligned}$$ where we have used Lemma \\[lemma:gcount\\] in the first equality and Theorem \\[thm:flows standard bouquets\\] in the third equality.", "\n\nBy enumerating nowhere-identity local $G$-tensions we arrive at a proof of Theorem \\[theorem:flow\\_count\\] (counting nowhere-identity local $G$-flows).", "\n\nFix a map $M=(V,E,F)$ and a finite group $G$. Partitioning local $G$-tensions according to the set $A$ of edges on which the tension value equals the identity, we have $$p_G^1(M) = \\sum_{A \\subseteq E}p_G(M\\backslash A).$$ Inclusion-exclusion then gives $$\\label{equation:incl}\np_G(M) = \\sum_{A \\subseteq E}(-1)^{|A^c|}p_G^1(M\\backslash A^c),$$ where $A^c = E\\setminus A$.", "\n\nThe expression for $p_G(M)$ now follows from equation  by using Theorem \\[theorem:tensioncount\\] to give an expression for $p_G^1(M\\backslash A^c)$ as a product of its values on each of the connected components of $M\\backslash A^c$, and using that $n^*(M\\backslash A^c)$ is the sum of the dual nullities of the connected components of $M\\backslash A^c$. Equation  then follows by duality, using Proposition \\[corollary:flowdualtension\\].", "\n\nOther evaluations of the surface Tutte polynomial {#section:otherevaluations}\n=================================================\n\nIn this section we give evaluations of the surface Tutte polynomial that are topological analogues of the number of spanning trees and the number of spanning forests, equal to evaluations of the ordinary Tutte polynomial. ", "We start with the analogue of spanning trees.", "\n\nQuasi-trees of given genus\n--------------------------\n\nA *quasi-tree* is a connected map which has a single face. ", "In other words, a quasi-tree is the dual map of a bouquet. ", "In particular, for a plane map a quasi-tree is just a spanning tree of the underlying graph. ", "The following renormalization of the surface Tutte polynomial will be useful for some of the specializations given in this section.", "\n\n\\[prop:surface\\_tutte\\_renorm\\] Given a map $M=(V,E,F)$, the specialization $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{T}}(M;\\mathbf x,\\mathbf y)$ of the surface Tutte polynomial $\\mathcal T(M;\\mathbf x,\\mathbf y)$ given by replacing $x_g$ by $x^{-2g}x_g$, $x_{-g}$ by $x^{g}x_{-g}$, $y_g$ by $y^{-2g}y_g$ and $y_{-g}$ by $y^{g}y_{-g}$ for $g=0,1,2,\\dots$, is equal to $$\\label{eq:surface_Tutte_renorm}\\widetilde{\\mathcal T}(M;\\mathbf x,\\mathbf y)=\\sum_{A\\subseteq E}x^{r(M/A)}y^{r^*(M\\backslash A^c)}\\prod_{\\stackrel{\\mbox{\\rm \\tiny conn. ", "cpts}}{\\mbox{\\rm \\tiny $M_i$ of $M/A$}}}x_{\\bar{g}(M_i)}\\prod_{\\stackrel{\\mbox{\\rm \\tiny conn. ", "cpts }}{\\mbox{\\rm \\tiny $M_j$ of $M\\backslash A^c$}}}y_{\\bar{g}(M_j)},$$ where $r(M)=v(M)-k(M)$, $r^*(M)=f(M)-k(M)$, $\\bar{g}(M)$ is the signed genus of $M$, and $A^c=E\\setminus A$ for $A\\subseteq E$.\n\nThe surface Tutte polynomial is by definition given by $${\\mathcal{T}}(M;{\\mathbf{x}},{\\mathbf{y}}) = \\sum_{A \\subseteq E}x^{n^*(M/A)}y^{n(M\\backslash A^c)} \\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{conn. }", "\\text{ }\\mathrm{cpts}\\\\ M_i \\text{ }\\mathrm{of}\\text{ } M/A}}x_{\\bar{g}(M_i)} \\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{conn. }", "\\text{ }\\mathrm{cpts}\\\\ M_j \\text{ }\\mathrm{of}\\text{ } M\\backslash A^c}}y_{\\bar{g}(M_j)},$$ in which $n^*(M)=e(M)-f(M)+k(M)$, $n(M)=e(M)-v(M)+k(M)$, and $\\bar{g}(M)$ is the signed genus of $M$. Euler’s relation  gives $-s(M)=-2k(M)+v(M)-e(M)+f(M)$, in which $$-s(M)=\\begin{cases} -2\\bar{g}(M) & \\mbox{ when }\\bar{g}(M)\\geq 0,\\\\\n\\bar{g}(M) & \\mbox{ when }\\bar{g}(M)<0.\\end{cases}$$ Upon making the substitutions $$x_g\\leftarrow x^{-2g}x_g, \\:\\:x_{-g}\\leftarrow x^{g}x_{-g},\\quad y_g\\leftarrow y^{-2g}y_g, \\:\\:y_{-g}\\leftarrow y^{g}y_{-g}, \\quad\\quad\\mbox{ for $g=0,1,2,\\dots$},$$ thereby scaling the variables in the surface Tutte polynomial as defined above, the product over variables $x_g$ becomes $$\\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{orient. \\; ", "conn. }", "\\text{ }\\mathrm{cpts}\\\\ M_i \\text{ }\\mathrm{of}\\text{ } M/A}}x^{-2\\bar{g}(M_i)}x_{\\bar{g}(M_i)}\\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{non-orient. \\; ", "conn. }", "\\text{ }\\mathrm{cpts}\\\\ M_i \\text{ }\\mathrm{of}\\text{ } M/A}}x^{\\bar{g}(M_i)}x_{\\bar{g}(M_i)}=x^{-s(M/A)}\\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{conn. }", "\\text{ }\\mathrm{cpts}\\\\ M_i \\text{ }\\mathrm{of}\\text{ } M/A}}x_{\\bar{g}(M_i)},$$ and the product over variables $y_g$ becomes $$\\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{orient.\\; conn. }", "\\text{ }\\mathrm{cpts}\\\\ M_j \\text{ }\\mathrm{of}\\text{ } M\\backslash A^c}}y^{-2\\bar{g}(M_j)}y_{\\bar{g}(M_j)}\\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{non-orient. ", "\\;conn. }", "\\text{ }\\mathrm{cpts}\\\\ M_j \\text{ }\\mathrm{of}\\text{ } M\\backslash A^c}}y^{\\bar{g}(M_j)}y_{\\bar{g}(M_j)}= y^{-s(M\\backslash A^c)}\\prod_{\\substack{\\mathrm{conn. }", "\\text{ }\\mathrm{cpts}\\\\ M_j \\text{ }\\mathrm{of}\\text{ } M\\backslash A^c}}y_{\\bar{g}(M_j)},$$ in which we use the additivity of the Euler genus $s$ over disjoint unions of maps. ", "An easy calculation shows that $n^*(M)-s(M)=r(M)$ and $n(M)-s(M)=r^*(M)$, and the statement of the proposition now follows.", "\n\n\\[prop:genus\\_xy\\] Let $M$ be a connected map and write $\\bar{g}(M)=\\bar{g}$. Let $\\bar{h}$ be an integer with $| \\bar{h}|\\leq |\\bar{g}|$. Then the evaluation of $\\widetilde{\\mathcal T}(M;\\mathbf x,\\mathbf y)$ (defined in Proposition \\[prop:surface\\_tutte\\_renorm\\]) at $x=y=0$, $x_{i}=0$ for $i\\neq \\bar{g}-\\bar{h}$, $x_{\\bar{g}-\\bar{h}}=1$, $y_j=0$ for $j\\neq \\bar{h}$, and $y_{\\bar{h}}=1$, is equal to the number of quasi-trees of $M$ of signed genus $\\bar{h}$ (which is also equal to the number of quasi-trees of $M^*$ of signed genus $\\bar{g}-\\bar{h}$.)\n\nIf $M$ is orientably embedded (then $\\bar{g} \\geq 0$), so is each submap of $M$. This case is taken care of by Proposition 4.5 in [@goodall16]. ", "Suppose that $M$ is non-orientably embedded. ", "Then $s(M)=g(M)$ and $\\bar{g}(M)=\\bar{g}=-g(M)<0$. We can then assume $\\bar{h}\\leq 0$ (as $\\bar{g}-\\bar{h}$ would otherwise be less than $\\bar{g}$, and there are no submaps with signed genus less than $\\bar{g}$).", "\n\nLet $A\\subseteq E$ be a subset of the edges giving a nonzero contribution to the sum  with the given values assigned to the indeterminates $\\mathbf x, \\mathbf y$. Then $r(M/A)+r^*(M\\backslash A^c)=0$ (from the fact that $x=0=y$), each component of $M/A$ has signed genus $\\bar{g}-\\bar{h}$ and each component of $M\\backslash A^c$ has signed genus $\\bar{h}$ (from the fact that $x_{\\bar{g}-\\bar{h}}=1=y_{\\bar{h}}$ while $x_i=0$ for $i\\neq \\bar{g}-\\bar{h}$ and $y_j=0$ for $j\\neq \\bar{h}$). ", "Hence each component of $M/A$ has Euler genus at least $|\\bar{g}-\\bar{h}|$ and each component of $M\\backslash A^c$ has Euler genus at least $|\\bar{h}|$. By additivity of the (non-negative) Euler genus over connected components, this immediately implies that $s(M/A)\\geq |\\bar{g}-\\bar{h}|$ and $s(M\\backslash A^c)\\geq |\\bar{h}|$. By Lemma \\[lem:genus\\_submaps\\], $$|\\bar{g}|=s(M)\\geq s(M\\backslash A^c)+s(M/A)\\geq|\\bar{g}-\\bar{h}|+|\\bar{h}|\\geq |\\bar{g}|,$$ and so equality holds, that is $s(M/A)= |\\bar{g}-\\bar{h}|$ and $s(M\\backslash A^c)= |\\bar{h}|$.\n\nSince rank and dual rank take non-negative values, we have $r(M/A)=0=r^*(M\\backslash A^c)$, whence $$\\label{eq:vkfk} v(M/A)=k(M/A)\\quad\\mbox{ and }\\quad f(M\\backslash A^c)=k(M\\backslash A^c).$$ As $s(M)=s(M/A)+s(M\\backslash A^c)$ we know by Lemma \\[lem:genus\\_submaps\\], $$\\label{eq:kf} k(M/A)+k(M\\backslash A^c)= k(M)+f(M\\backslash A^c),$$ and, dually, $$\\label{eq:vk} k(M/A)+k(M\\backslash A^c)= k(M)+v(M/A).$$\n\nFrom equations  and  we have $k(M\\backslash A^c)=k(M)=1$ (the latter equality since by assumption $M$ is connected) and from equations  and  we have $k(M/A)=k(M)=1$. Hence $M\\backslash A^c$ is a quasi-tree and $\\bar{h}=\\bar{g}(M\\backslash A^c)$, while $M^*\\backslash A\\cong (M/A)^*$ is a quasi-tree and $\\bar{g}-\\bar{h}=\\bar{g}(M/A)=\\bar{g}(M^*\\backslash A)$.\n\nConversely, if $M\\backslash A^c$ is a quasi-tree of signed genus $\\bar{h}$ (or $M^*\\backslash A$ a quasi-tree of signed genus $\\bar{g}-\\bar{h}$) then $A$ contributes $1$ to the sum  with the given values assigned to the indeterminates. ", "Hence for $|\\bar{h}|\\leq |\\bar{g}|$ the given evaluation is equal to $$\\#\\{A\\subseteq E : f(M\\backslash A^c)=k(M\\backslash A^c)=1, \\bar{g}(M\\backslash A^c)=\\bar{h}\\},$$ that is, the number of quasi-trees of $M$ of signed genus $\\bar{h}$.\n\nQuasi-forests {#sec:Q}\n-------------\n\nWe now consider a topological analogue of spanning forests. ", "A [*quasi-forest*]{} of $M$ is a submap of $M$ each of whose connected components is a quasi-tree. ", "To describe the evaluations of the surface Tutte polynomial that follow, it is convenient to further specialize the polynomial $\\widetilde{\\mathcal T}(M;\\mathbf x,\\mathbf y)$ defined in Proposition \\[prop:surface\\_tutte\\_renorm\\] to a quadrivariate polynomial, similar in form to the Krushkal polynomial.", "\n\n\\[def:Q\\] For $g\\geq 0$ we set $x_g=a^{2g}$, $x_{-g}=a^g$, $y_g=b^{2g}$ and $y_{-g}=b^g$ in $\\widetilde{\\mathcal T}(M;\\mathbf x,\\mathbf y)$ to give the quadrivariate polynomial $$\\label{eq:Q_renorm}\\widetilde{\\mathcal Q}(M;x,y,a,b)=\\sum_{A\\subseteq E}x^{r(M/A)}y^{r^*(M\\backslash A^c)}a^{s(M/A)}b^{s(M\\backslash A^c)}.$$\n\n$\\Delta$-matroids are to maps as matroids are to graphs [@B89; @CMNR16]. ", "The parameters of rank, dual rank, and Euler genus are parameters of the underlying $\\Delta$-matroid of $M$ (much as the rank and nullity of a graph are parameters of the underlying graphic matroid). ", "The polynomial $\\widetilde{\\mathcal Q}(M;x,y,a,b)$, thus involving just parameters of the underlying $\\Delta$-matroid of $M$, may be extended from maps to $\\Delta$-matroids more generally. ", "See [@goodall16 Remark 4.11] for an elaboration of this remark (in the context of orientable maps, but the observations there hold for non-orientable maps too). ", "The surface Tutte polynomial of $M$, on the other hand, is not an invariant of the underlying $\\Delta$-matroid of $M$, as the disjoint union of maps $M_1$ and $M_2$ is not distinguishable by its $\\Delta$-matroid from the map obtained by fusing a vertex from $M_1$ with a vertex from $M_2$ (likewise, Tutte’s universal $V$-function is not a matroid invariant, while the Tutte polynomial is a matroid invariant).", "\n\nBy equation , if $M=(V,E,F)$ is a plane embedding of $\\Gamma=(V,E)$ then $$T(\\Gamma;x+1,y+1)=\\widetilde{\\mathcal Q}(M;x,y,ax^2,by^2).$$ Recall the following specializations of the Tutte polynomial: $$T(\\Gamma;x+1,1)=\\sum_{\\stackrel{A\\subseteq E}{r(A)=|A|}}x^{r(\\Gamma)-|A|},$$ $$T(\\Gamma;1,y+1)=\\sum_{\\stackrel{A\\subseteq E}{r(A)=r(E)}}y^{|A|-r(\\Gamma)},$$ giving respectively generating functions for spanning forests of $\\Gamma$ according to the number of edges and generating functions for connected spanning subgraphs.", "\n\n\\[prop:quasi-trees\\_bouquets\\] For a map $M = (V,E,F)$, $$\\widetilde{\\mathcal Q}(M;x,0,1,1)=\\sum_{\\stackrel{A\\subseteq E: \\:\\mbox{\\rm \\tiny conn. ", "cpts of}}{\\mbox{\\rm \\tiny $M\\backslash A^c$ quasi-trees}}}x^{r(M/A)},$$ $$\\widetilde{\\mathcal Q}(M;0, y,1,1)=\\sum_{\\stackrel{A\\subseteq E:\\: \\mbox{\\rm \\tiny conn. ", "cpts of}}{\\mbox{\\rm \\tiny $M/A$ bouquets}}}y^{r^*(M\\backslash A^c)}.$$\n\nThe first expression follows from the definition of $\\widetilde{\\mathcal Q}(M;x,y,a,b)$ (see (\\[eq:Q\\_renorm\\])) and the fact that $r^*(M\\backslash A^c)=f(M\\backslash A^c)-k(M\\backslash A^c)=0$ if and only if each connected component of $M\\backslash A^c$ has just one face (a quasi-tree). ", "The second expression follows dually from the observation that $r(M/A)=v(M/A)-k(M/A)=0$ if and only if each connected component of $M/A$ has exactly one vertex (a bouquet).", "\n\n\\[cor:Q\\_plane\\_1010\\] For a map $M=(V,E,F)$, $$\\widetilde{\\mathcal Q}(M;1,0,1,1)=\\#\\{A\\subseteq E:\\mbox M\\backslash A^c \\:\\mbox{\\rm is a quasi-forest}\\},$$ $$\\widetilde{\\mathcal Q}(M;0,1,1,1)=\\#\\{A\\subseteq E: \\mbox{\\rm connected components of }M/A \\:\\mbox{\\rm are bouquets}\\}.$$\n\nThe evaluations of Corollary \\[cor:Q\\_plane\\_1010\\] are analogous (and for plane maps identical) to the following evaluations of the Tutte polynomial for a graph $\\Gamma=(V,E)$, giving the number of spanning forests and number of connected spanning subgraphs: $$\\begin{aligned}\nT(\\Gamma;2,1) & = \\#\\{A\\subseteq E: n(\\Gamma\\backslash A^c)=0\\}\\\\\n& =\\#\\{A\\subseteq E:\\mbox{\\rm connected components of } \\Gamma\\backslash A^c \\:\\mbox{\\rm are trees}\\},\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\nT(\\Gamma;1,2)& = \\#\\{A\\subseteq E: r(\\Gamma\\backslash A^c)=r(\\Gamma)\\}. \\\\", "\n& =\\#\\{A\\subseteq E:\\mbox{\\rm connected components of } \\Gamma/A \\:\\mbox{\\rm are single vertices with loops}\\}.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nConcluding remarks\n==================\n\nThe surface Tutte polynomial of a map (orientable or non-orientable) contains as evaluations the number of nowhere-identity local $G$-flows and number of nowhere-identity local $G$-tensions, together with other evaluations analogous to those of the Tutte polynomial of a graph, such as the number of spanning quasi-trees of a connected map. ", "Moreover, the surface Tutte polynomial coincides with the Tutte polynomial on plane maps and behaves with respect to surface (geometric) duality in the same way as the Tutte polynomial does with respect to matroid duality. ", "This leads to the intriguing question as to what other properties of the Tutte polynomial (for planar graphs) lift up from plane maps to analogous properties of the surface Tutte polynomial of an arbitrary map. ", "Here we highlight three areas that seem to us of significant interest.", "\n\n#### Evaluations that count\n\nEvaluations of the Tutte polynomial of a graph with combinatorial interpretations – such as the number of acyclic orientations – are also evaluations of the surface Tutte polynomial of an embedding of the graph as a map, as the surface Tutte polynomial of a map contains the Tutte polynomial of the underlying graph as a specialization. ", "More interesting are evaluations of the surface Tutte polynomial with combinatorial-topological interpretations that do not depend on just the underlying graph of the map, but which nonetheless coincide with evaluations of the Tutte polynomial for plane graphs. ", "So, for example, is there an extension of the notion of acyclic and totally cyclic orientation to maps in the same vein as the extension of the notion of group-valued tensions and flows from graphs to maps as [*local*]{} tensions and flows, and spanning trees to spanning [*quasi-*]{}trees? ", "And if so, are these objects enumerated by an evaluation of the surface Tutte polynomial? ", "The chromatic polynomial of a graph evaluated at $-1$ gives the number of acyclic orientations: are there like interpretations of nowhere-zero local $\\mathbb{Z}_{n}$-tensions and nowhere-zero local $\\mathbb{Z}_{n}$-flows of a map for $n = -1$? ", "The same question can be asked for other group sequences, such as the dihedral groups $(D_{2n})$, for which the number of local flows is a (quasi)polynomial in $n$.\n\n#### Deletion–contraction recurrence and edge activities\n\nThe Tutte polynomial is universal for graph invariants multiplicative over disjoint unions that satisfy a deletion-contraction recurrence applicable to all edge types (bridge, loop, ordinary); Tutte’s universal $V$-function is universal for such graph invariants whose deletion-contraction recurrence is only applicable to non-loops (bridge, ordinary). ", "The operation of edge contraction in a map does not usually correspond to contraction of the edge in the underlying graph; deletion and contraction are dual operations under surface duality (just as deletion and contraction of edges in graphs are dual at the level of cycle matroids of graphs). ", "The Bollobás–Riordan polynomial of a map is universal for map invariants satisfying a deletion-contraction recurrence for non-loops with a value on (standard) bouquets that takes a special form (much as the Tutte polynomial of a graph can be thought of as a $V$-function taking a particularly simple form on graphs just consisting of loops). ", "The Krushkal polynomial likewise satisfies a deletion-contraction recurrence for non-loops, so that its values on bouquets determine it. ", "What form does a deletion-contraction recurrence take for the surface Tutte polynomial $\\mathcal T(M;{\\mathbf{x}},{\\mathbf{y}})$, or for its specialization $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{Q}}(M;x,y,a,b)$ defined in Definition \\[def:Q\\]? ", "How many edge types does the recurrence involve? ", "For the Tutte polynomial, and for $V$-functions more generally, there are three: ordinary, bridge, and loop. ", "In our forthcoming paper [@GLRV18+] on the specialization of the surface Tutte polynomial giving a Tutte polynomial for signed graphs (see Remark \\[rmk:signed\\]) we establish a deletion–contraction recurrence involving five edge types. ", "Huggett and Moffatt [@HM18] define edge activities for a map (and more generally for coloured ribbon graphs) and spanning quasi-tree activities analogously to the internally and externally active edges and spanning tree activities of a graph (only there are ten types of activity rather than two). ", "This yields a similar expression for the coefficients of various specializations of the surface Tutte polynomial in terms of spanning quasi-tree activities, including the Bollobás–Riordan polynomial and the Krushkal polynomial. ", "Butler [@butler12] gave a different quasi-tree expansion for the Krushkal polynomial (for orientable or non-orientable maps), although the terms involved are Tutte polynomials of graphs associated with submaps rather than the simpler terms featuring in [@HM18]. ", "Wang and Sachs [@WS92] give a spanning tree expansion of Tutte’s universal $V$-function according to internal and external acitivity. ", "Can we adapt this and the approach of Huggett and Moffatt to obtain a quasi-tree expansion of the surface Tutte polynomial?", "\n\n#### Knot invariants and signed graph invariants\n\nThistlethwaite’s construction of the Jones polynomial of an alternating link as the Tutte polynomial of a medial graph associated with the link prompts a similar search for new knot invariants obtained by specializing the surface Tutte polynomial of an associated map.", "\n\nAs sketched in Remark \\[rmk:signed\\], the surface Tutte polynomial of a map has a trivariate specialization which is an invariant of the underlying signed graph of the map. ", "This parallels the specialization of the surface Tutte polynomial of a map to the Tutte polynomial of its underlying graph. ", "Furthermore, local $G$-flows of a signed graph, as defined by Bouchet [@bouchet83], are counted by an evaluation of this signed graph invariant, along with the dually defined local $G$-tensions of a signed graph. ", "We therefore have an alternative candidate for a “signed Tutte polynomial” to that defined by Kauffman [@kauf89], one which has received mention in the slides of a talk given in 2013 by Krieger and O’Connor [@kriocon13] but seems not to have survived this talk. ", "This may be due to that fact that the signed graph invariant in question does not yield an interesting knot invariant via the usual medial graph construction in the same way that Kauffman’s signed graph polynomial yields (by design) the bracket polynomial, nor does Thistlethwaite’s result connecting the Jones polynomial of alternating knots and the Tutte polynomial of a graph extend to this invariant of signed graphs for knots in general. ", "However, in its correspondence to the Tutte polynomial in its original conception as the dichromate of a graph, the new signed graph invariant surely merits further exploration.", "\n\nAcknowledgement {#acknowledgement .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nWe thank Lex Schrijver for useful comments on an earlier version of this paper.", "\n\nProof of Lemma \\[lem:genus\\_submaps\\] {#s.proof_s}\n=====================================\n\nUsing Euler’s formula  and $v(M\\backslash A^c)=v(M)$, $f(M/A)=f(M)$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{align:total}\n s(M\\backslash A^c)\\!+\\!s(M\\!/\\!A) & = 2k(M\\backslash A^c)\\!+\\!2k(M\\! /\\! ", "A)\\!-\\!v(M\\backslash A^c)\\!-\\!v(M\\! /\\! ", "A)\\!+\\!e(M\\backslash A^c)\\!+\\!e(M\\! /\\! ", "A) \\nonumber\\\\\n & \\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad-f(M\\backslash A^c)\\!-\\!f(M\\! /\\! ", "A)\\nonumber\\\\\n & = s(M)+[k(M\\backslash A^c)\\!\\!-k(M)\\!-\\!f(M\\backslash A^c)\\!\\!+k(M\\! /\\! ", "A)]\\!", "\n \\nonumber\\\\\n & \\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad +\\![k(M\\! /\\! ", "A)\\!-k(M)\\!-\\!v(M\\! /\\! ", "A)+\\!k(M\\backslash A^c)].", "\n \\end{aligned}$$ We now claim that for all $A \\subseteq E$, $$k(M\\! /\\! ", "A)\\!-k(M)\\!-\\!v(M\\! /\\! ", "A)+\\!k(M\\backslash A^c)\\leq 0.\\label{eq:components}$$ If (\\[eq:components\\]) is true, then $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{align:duaal}\n k(M\\backslash A) - k(M) - f(M\\backslash A) + k(M/A^c) = \\\\\n k((M\\backslash A)^*) - k(M^*) - v((M\\backslash A)^*) + k((M/A^c)^*) = \\nonumber\\\\\n k(M^*/A^*)-k(M^*) - v(M^*/A^*) + k(M^*\\backslash (A^*)^c) \\leq 0,\\nonumber\n \\end{aligned}$$ where in the first equality we move to the dual and in the second equality we use Proposition \\[p.del\\_dual\\_cont\\]. ", "Complementing $A$ in (\\[align:duaal\\]) yields $$\\label{equation:twee}\n k(M\\backslash A^c) - k(M) - f(M\\backslash A^c) + k(M/A) \\leq 0,$$ so that (\\[eq:components\\]) and (\\[equation:twee\\]) together with (\\[align:total\\]) prove the lemma.\\\nIt remains to prove the inequality , which it suffices to show for a connected map $M$ as $v(\\cdot)$ and $k(\\cdot)$ are additive over disjoint unions. ", "Assume then that $M$ is connected. ", "We prove that there exists a partition $A=B_1\\cup \\cdots \\cup B_t$ of the edges in $A$ into non-empty sets with the following property: if we define $A_i := \\cup_{j=1}^{i}B_j$, for $1 \\leq i \\leq t$, and $A_0=\\emptyset$, then $$\\label{eq.cont1}\n k(M\\! /\\! ", "A_{i})\\!-\\!v(M\\! /\\! ", "A_{i})+\\!k(M\\backslash A_{i}^c)\\leq\n k(M\\! /\\! ", "A_{i-1})\\!-\\!v(M\\! /\\! ", "A_{i-1})+\\!k(M\\backslash A_{i-1}^c)\\; ,$$ for $1 \\leq i \\leq t$. The right-hand side of inequality  for $i=1$ is $$k(M\\! /\\! ", "A_{0})-v(M\\! /\\! ", "A_{0})+k(M\\backslash A_{0}^c)=\n k(M)-v(M)+k(M\\backslash E)=k(M),$$ and so the existence of such a partition proves inequality .", "\n\nAs a basis for induction we first prove inequality  for $i=1$. Let $B_1:=F\\subseteq A$ be a maximal spanning forest of $M\\backslash A^c$ (that is, $M\\backslash F^c$ contains no cycles and for each $e\\in A\\backslash F$ the underlying graph of $M\\backslash (F\\cup\\{e\\})^c$ contains a cycle of $M\\backslash A^c$). ", "We then have $k(M\\backslash F^c)=k(M\\backslash A^c)$. Each edge in $F$ is a non-loop of $M$. Contracting a non-loop in $M$ corresponds to its contraction in the underlying graph $\\Gamma$, and in particular preserves connectivity of $M$ (the edge is deleted, its endpoints $u$ and $v$ are fused into a single vertex, whose incident edges are the other edges incident with $u$ or $v$). ", "We thus have $k(M/F)\\!-\\!k(M)=1-\\!1=0= \\!v(M/F)-\\!k(M\\backslash F^c)$, as each connected component of $M\\backslash F^c$ is contracted to a map with a single vertex in $M/F$. Hence $$k(M\\! /\\! ", "F)\\!-\\!v(M\\! /\\! ", "F)+\\!k(M\\backslash F^c)=1=\n k(M\\! /\\!\\; ", "\\emptyset)\\!-\\!v(M\\! /\\!\\; ", "\\emptyset)+\\!k(M\\backslash \\emptyset^c),$$ where the latter equality is due to $M$ being a connected map. ", "Thus inequality  holds with equality for $i=1$. Suppose inductively that we have constructed non-empty sets $B_1,\\dots, B_{i}$ and $A_{i}=B_{i}\\cup A_{i-1}$ for some $i\\geq 1$ such that inequality  holds. ", "We have already verified the base case $i=1$ with $B_1=F=A_1$, and $A_0=\\emptyset$.\n\nInequality  with $i+1$ in place of $i$ simplifies as follows. ", "Let $B$ be a non-empty subset of $A\\setminus F$ (if $A = F$ then $t=1$ and nothing remains to be proved). ", "Since $k(M\\backslash F^c)=k(M\\backslash A^c)$ and $k(M\\backslash F^c)\\geq k(M\\backslash (F\\cup B)^c)\\geq k(M\\backslash A^c)$, it follows that $k(M\\backslash F^c)= k(M\\backslash (F\\cup B)^c)$. Therefore $k(M\\backslash A_{i}^c) = k(M\\backslash A_{i-1}^c)$ for $i \\geq 2$. Thus, for $i \\geq 1$, inequality  with $i+1$ in place of $i$ now reads as $$\\label{eq.cont}\n k(M\\! /\\! ", "A_{i+1})\\!-\\!v(M\\! /\\! ", "A_{i+1})\\leq\n k(M\\! /\\! ", "A_{i})\\!-\\!v(M\\! /\\! ", "A_{i}).$$ We show how to define $B_{i+1}$ so that inequality  holds with $A_{i+1}=B_{i+1}\\cup A_i$. Pick an edge $e\\in A\\backslash A_i$, which in $M/F$ is a loop, as there is a unique cycle of $M\\backslash A^c$ whose edges are contained in $F\\cup\\{e\\}$. Inductively we assume $M/A_i$ also consists of just loops, for we shall see that under all possible choices of set $B_{i+1}$ the map $M/A_{i+1}=(M/A_i)/B_{i+1}$ consists of just loops. (", "As a base, when $i=1$ we have $A_1=F$ and all edges of $M/A_1$ are loops.)", "\n\nLet $M/A_i=(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$ and $e=\\{a,\\theta a,\\sigma a,\\theta\\sigma a\\}$.\n\n#### Case $\\text{I}$ (twisted):\n\nSuppose that $e$ is a twisted loop of $M/A_i$. Then there is a pair of cycles of $\\tau$ of the form $$\\left(\\begin{array}{cccc} a & X & \\theta a & Y\\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{cccc} \\sigma a & Y^{-1} & \\theta\\sigma a & X^{-1}\\end{array}\\right),$$ for some (possibly empty) sequences of crosses $X$ and $Y$. By Observation \\[obs:contraction\\], the permutation $\\tau''$ in $M/(A_i\\cup \\{e\\}) = (\\theta'',\\sigma'',\\tau'';C'')$ has the same cycles as $\\tau$, except for the above pair of cycles containing crosses in $e$, which are replaced by $$\\left(\\begin{array}{cc} X & Y^{-1}\\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{cc} X^{-1} & Y\\end{array}\\right).$$ In particular we have that\n\n- $v(M/ (A_i\\cup \\{e\\}))=v(M/A_i)$, as the number of cycles in $\\tau$ and $\\tau''$ is the same (some cycles in the permutation may be empty),\n\n- $k(M/(A_i\\cup \\{e\\}))=k(M/A_i)$, as the connectivity between vertices in $M/A_i$ is preserved upon contracting $e$ (the loop $e$ is irrelevant for connectivity between vertices in $M/A_i$).", "\n\nThus, if $e$ is a twisted loop of $M/A_i$, setting $B_{i+1} := \\{e\\}$, $A_{i+1}=A_i\\cup\\{e\\}$, gives equality in .", "\n\n#### Case $\\text{II}$ (non-twisted):\n\nIf $e$ is a non-twisted loop in $M/A_i$, then, keeping the same notation, the cycles of $\\tau$ containing crosses of $e$ are of the form $$\\left(\\begin{array}{cccc} a & X & \\theta\\sigma a & Y\\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{cccc} \\sigma a & Y^{-1} & \\theta a & X^{-1}\\end{array}\\right).$$\n\nBy Observation \\[obs:contraction\\], the permutation $\\tau''$ in $M/(A_i\\cup \\{e\\}) = (\\theta'',\\sigma'',\\tau'';C'')$ has the same cycles as $\\tau$, except for the above pair of cycles containing crosses in $e$, which are replaced by the two pairs of cycles $$\\left(\\begin{array}{c} X \\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{c} X^{-1}\\end{array}\\right)\\quad\\mbox{ and }\\quad \\left(\\begin{array}{c} Y\\end{array}\\right)\\:\\left(\\begin{array}{c} Y^{-1} \\end{array}\\right),$$ corresponding to the two vertices $u$ and $v$ into which the vertex incident with $e$ is split upon contracting $e$. Now there are three possibilities:\n\nCase $\\text{II.i}$:\n\n: The vertices $u$ and $v$ are not connected in $M/(A_i\\cup \\{e\\})$. Then $v(M/(A_i\\cup \\{e\\}))=v(M/A_i)+1$ and $k(M/(A_i\\cup \\{e\\}))=k(M/A_i)+1$, so that $$k(M/(A_i\\cup \\{e\\}))-v(M/(A_i\\cup \\{e\\}))=k(M/A_i)-v(M/A_i).$$\n\nCase $\\text{II.ii}$:\n\n: There is an edge $e'\\in A\\setminus (A_i\\cup \\{e\\})$ with endpoints $u$ and $v$. Then $v(M/(A_i\\cup \\{e,e'\\}))=v(M/(A_i\\cup \\{e\\}))-1=v(M/A_i)$ while $k(M/(A_i\\cup \\{e,e'\\}))=k(M/(A_i\\cup \\{e\\}))=k(M/A_i)$. Hence $$k(M/(A_i\\cup \\{e,e'\\}))-v(M/(A_i\\cup \\{e,e'\\}))=k(M/A_i)-v(M/A_i).$$\n\nCase $\\text{II.iii}$:\n\n: The vertices $u$ and $v$ are connected in $M/(A_i\\cup\\{e\\})$ but they are not the endpoints of an edge in $A\\setminus (A_i\\cup \\{e\\})$. Then $v(M/(A_i\\cup \\{e\\}))=v(M/A_i)+1$ while $k(M/A_i)=k(M/(A_i\\cup\\{e\\}))$. Hence $$k(M/(A_i\\cup \\{e\\}))-v(M/(A_i\\cup \\{e\\}))<k(M/A_i)-v(M/A_i).$$\n\nTherefore, if we define $$B_{i+1} := \\begin{cases} \\{e\\} \\hspace{6.5mm} \\text{ in Case $\\text{I}$, Case $\\text{II.i}$ and Case $\\text{II.iii}$,}\\\\ \\{e,e'\\} \\hspace{2mm} \\text{ in Case $\\text{II.ii}$},\\end{cases}$$ then inequality  is satisfied. ", "Finally, we verify that all the edges of $M/A_{i+1}$ are loops. ", "All loops in $M/A_i$ remain loops in $M/A_{i+1}$ that are not incident with the same vertex as the loop $e\\in A\\backslash A_i$ picked at the outset. ", "A loop on the same vertex as $e$ remains a loop in $M/A_{i+1}$ in Case $\\text{I}$, Case $\\text{II.i}$ and Case $\\text{II.iii}$ as here $B_{i+1}=\\{e\\}$ and contraction of $e$ to obtain $M/A_{i+1}$ from $M/A_i$ does not create any non-loop edges. ", "In Case II.ii the non-loop edge $e'$ produced upon contracting $e$ is added to $B_{i+1}$, so that $M/A_{i+1}$ again consists of just loops. ", "By induction the inequality  is satisfied for all $1\\leq i\\leq t$, where $A_t=A$.\n\nEnumerating flows on standard bouquets {#sec:proof of flow count}\n======================================\n\nWhile several proofs of Theorem \\[thm:flows standard bouquets\\] have appeared [@frob96; @jones95; @mednykh78], the proof that follows is new and elementary, requiring only basic representation theory. ", "We begin by collecting together from the first twenty pages of Serre’s book [@serre77] the relevant facts needed for our proof.", "\n\nLet $G$ be a finite group and let $\\chi_{\\text{reg}}$ denote the character of the *regular representation* of $G$. This satisfies the identity $$\\label{equation:reg1}\n\\chi_{\\text{reg}}(g) = \\begin{cases} |G| \\hspace{4mm}\\text{ if } g=1, \\\\ 0 \\hspace{7mm}\\text{ otherwise}.\\end{cases}$$ Let $\\widehat{G}$ denote the set of all irreducible representations of $G$ up to equivalence. ", "Then $$\\label{equation:reg2}\n\\chi_{\\text{reg}} = \\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}n_{\\rho}\\chi_{\\rho},$$ where $n_{\\rho}$ is the dimension of the irreducible representation $\\rho$ with character $\\chi_{\\rho}$.\n\nWithout loss of generality we may assume that each $\\rho\\in\\widehat{G}$ is unitary, that is, $\\rho(g)$ is a unitary matrix for each $g \\in G$. Let $\\rho, \\rho' \\in \\widehat{G}$. Then for $1 \\leq i,j \\leq n_{\\rho}$ and $1 \\leq i',j' \\leq n_{\\rho'}$ we have the orthogonality relation $$\\label{equation:orthorel}\n\\sum_{g \\in G}\\rho(g)_{i,j}\\rho'(g^{-1})_{j',i'} = \\begin{cases} \\frac{|G|}{n_{\\rho}} \\hspace{3mm}\\text{ if } \\rho = \\rho', i = i' \\text{ and } j=j', \\\\ 0 \\hspace{6mm}\\text{ otherwise}.\\end{cases}$$\n\nThe *contragredient representation* (or dual representation) $\\rho^*$ of an irreducible representation $\\rho: G \\rightarrow \\text{GL}(V)$ is defined on the dual space $V^*$ of $V$ by $$\\label{equation:duale}\n\\rho^*(g) := \\rho(g^{-1})^T.$$ If $V$ is self-dual via a $G$-invariant symmetric bilinear form then this form can be chosen so that $\\rho^*(g) = \\rho(g)$ for all $g \\in G$. If $V$ is self-dual via a $G$-invariant skew-symmetric bilinear form then this form can (and will be) chosen so that $$\\label{equation:dual}\n\\rho^*(g)_{i,j} = (-1)^{\\alpha(i,j)}\\rho(g)_{i+n_{\\rho}/2,j+n_{\\rho}/2} \\hspace{4mm} \\forall i,j \\in [n_{\\rho}],$$ where the indices are taken modulo $n_{\\rho}$ and where $$\\label{equation:alpha}\n\\alpha(i,j) = \\begin{cases} 1 \\hspace{5mm}\\text{ if } |i-j| \\geq n_{\\rho}/2, \\\\ 0 \\hspace{6mm} \\text{otherwise}.\\end{cases}$$\n\nNote that if $V$ is isomorphic to $V^*$ via a $G$-invariant skew-symmetric bilinear form then the dimension $n_{\\rho}$ of $V$ must be even.", "\n\nRecall from equation  that for a representation $\\rho$ with character $\\chi_{\\rho}$ the Frobenius-Schur indicator $\\mathcal{F}(\\rho)$ is defined by $\\mathcal{F}(\\rho) = \\frac{1}{|G|}\\sum_{g \\in G}\\chi_{\\rho}(g^2)$.\n\n\\[theorem:fs\\] If $\\rho: G \\rightarrow \\mathrm{GL}(V)$ is an irreducible representation then $$\\mathcal{F}(\\rho) = \\begin{cases} -1 \\hspace{2mm}\\text{ if and only if $V$ has a non-zero $G$-invariant skew-symmetric bilinear form,} \\\\ 0 \\hspace{5mm}\\text{ if and only if $V$ has no non-zero $G$-invariant bilinear form}, \\\\ 1 \\hspace{5mm}\\text{ if and only if $V$ has a non-zero $G$-invariant symmetric bilinear form.}\\end{cases}$$\n\nFor a more modern account of the above result, see Theorem $23.16$ in [@james01].", "\n\n\\[lemma:fsrep\\] Let $\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}$. Then $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\sum_{g \\in G}\\rho(g)\\rho(g) = \\frac{{\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho)|G|}{n_{\\rho}}I_{n_{\\rho}},\\end{aligned}$$ where $I_{n_{\\rho}}$ is the identity matrix of size $n_{\\rho}$.\n\nBy equation  the $(i,j)$-entry of the following sum of $n_{\\rho}\\times n_{\\rho}$-matrices is calculated to be $$\\label{equation:ij}\n\\Big(\\sum_{g \\in G}\\rho(g)\\rho(g)\\Big)_{i,j} = \\sum_{t = 1}^{n_{\\rho}}\\sum_{g}(\\rho^*(g^{-1})^T)_{i,t}\\rho(g)_{t,j}.$$ We calculate the expression on the right-hand side of equation (\\[equation:ij\\]) by considering the possible values of $\\mathcal{F}(\\rho)$.\n\nIf $\\mathcal{F}(\\rho)=0$ then by Theorem \\[theorem:fs\\] $V$ and $V^*$ are not isomorphic. ", "Hence $\\rho$ and $\\rho^*$ are not equivalent and the orthogonality relation  implies that equation  is equal to zero in this case.\\\nIf $\\mathcal{F}(\\rho) = 1$ then the same orthogonality relation yields $$\\sum_{t}\\sum_{g}\\rho(g^{-1})_{t,i}\\rho(g)_{t,j} = \\begin{cases} \\frac{|G|}{n_{\\rho}} \\hspace{4mm} \\text{ if } i = j,\\\\ 0 \\hspace{8.5mm} \\text{otherwise,}\\end{cases}$$ proving the assertion for such $\\rho$.\\\nAssume now that $\\mathcal{F}(\\rho)=-1$. Then we calculate that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{equation:skewsymm}\n\\sum_{t}\\sum_{g}(\\rho^*(g^{-1})^T)_{i,t}\\rho(g)_{t,j} &= \\sum_{t}\\sum_{g}(-1)^{\\alpha(i,t)}\\rho(g^{-1})_{t+n_{\\rho}/2,i+n_{\\rho}/2}\\rho(g)_{t,j}\\\\\n&= \\begin{cases} \\frac{-|G|}{n_{\\rho}} \\hspace{4mm} \\text{ if } i = j,\\\\ 0 \\hspace{11mm} \\text{otherwise.}\\end{cases}\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Equation (\\[equation:dual\\]) is used in the first equality. ", "The orthogonality relation (\\[equation:orthorel\\]) forces the index $t$ in the summation in (\\[equation:skewsymm\\]) to equal both $j+n_{\\rho}/2$ and $i+n_{\\rho}/2$ in order to obtain a non-zero contribution to the sum. ", "In that case $i = j$ and then $\\alpha(i,t) = \\alpha(i,i+n_{\\rho}/2) = 1$ (for all $i$) by equation .", "\n\nWe now have all the results we need in order to prove Theorem \\[thm:flows standard bouquets\\].", "\n\nWe first assume that $M$ is non-orientable. ", "Writing $M=(\\theta,\\sigma,\\tau;C)$, with $\\tau$ as in , we see that we obtain the single tension equation $$h_1^2\\cdots h_g^2h_{g+1}h_{g+1}^{-1}\\cdots h_{n^*}h_{n^*}^{-1}=1$$ with $h_i\\in G$, for $i=1,\\ldots,n^*$. Note that we can choose any group element for $h_{i}$ with $g+1 \\leq i \\leq n^*$ as they do not contribute to the tension condition. ", "This accounts for a factor $|G|^{n^*-g}$. We then write $$p_G^1(M) = |G|^{n^*-g}\\sum_{h_1,\\dots,h_g\\in G}\\bold{1}\\left(\\prod_{i=1}^{g}h_i^2\\right),$$ where $\\bold{1}(h)$ is one if and only if $h = 1$ and zero otherwise. ", "By equations (\\[equation:reg1\\]) and (\\[equation:reg2\\]) we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{equation:compu}\np_G^1(M) &\\stackrel{\\eqref{equation:reg1}}{=} |G|^{n^*-g-1}\\sum_{h_1,\\dots,h_g \\in G}\\chi_{\\text{reg}}(h_1^2\\cdots h_g^2)\\nonumber\\\\\n&\\stackrel{\\eqref{equation:reg2}}{=} |G|^{n^*-g-1}\\sum_{h_1,\\dots,h_g \\in G}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}n_{\\rho}\\chi_{\\rho}(h_1^2\\cdots h_g^2).\\end{aligned}$$ With the aid of Lemma \\[lemma:fsrep\\] (in the fourth equality below) we see that $$\\begin{aligned}\np_G^1(M) &=|G|^{n^*-g-1}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}n_{\\rho}\\sum_{h_1,\\dots,h_g \\in G}\\chi_{\\rho}(h_1^2\\cdots h_g^2) \\\\\n&= |G|^{n^*-g-1}\\sum_{\\rho}n_{\\rho}\\sum_{h_1,\\dots,h_g}\\text{tr}(\\rho(h_1)\\rho(h_1)\\cdots\\rho(h_g)\\rho(h_g))\\\\\n&= |G|^{n^*-g-1}\\sum_{\\rho}n_{\\rho}\\text{tr}\\Big(\\big(\\sum_{h_1}\\rho(h_1)\\rho(h_1)\\big)\\cdots\\big(\\sum_{h_g}\\rho(h_g)\\rho(h_g)\\big)\\Big)\\\\\n&=|G|^{n^*-g-1}\\sum_{\\rho}n_{\\rho}\\text{tr}\\Big(\\big(\\frac{\\mathcal{F}(\\rho)|G|}{n_{\\rho}}I_{n_{\\rho}}\\big)^{g}\\Big)\\\\\n&= |G|^{n^*-1}\\sum_{\\rho \\in \\widehat{G}}{\\mathcal{F}}(\\rho){_{\\vphantom{0}}}^gn_{\\rho}^{2-g},\\end{aligned}$$ which finishes the proof for non-orientable standard bouquets.", "\n\nIn case $M$ is orientable, a similar but easier computation gives Theorem \\[thm:flows standard bouquets\\] for that case. (", "See [@goodall16; @litjens17] for details.)", "\n\n[^1]: Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. ", "Email: `andrew@iuuk.mff.cuni.cz`. ", "Supported by Project ERCCZ LL1201 Cores and Czech Science Foundation GA ČR 16-19910S.\n\n[^2]: University of Amsterdam, Netherlands. ", "Email: `bart_litjens@hotmail.com`. ", "Supported by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) / ERC grant agreement n$\\mbox{}^{\\circ}$ 339109.", "\n\n[^3]: University of Amsterdam, Netherlands. ", "Email: `guusregts@gmail.com`. ", "Supported by a NWO Veni grant.", "\n\n[^4]: University of Amsterdam, Netherlands. ", "Email: `lluis.vena@gmail.com`. ", "Supported by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) / ERC grant agreement n$\\mbox{}^{\\circ}$ 339109.", "\n\n[^5]: A preliminary version of this paper has been presented at EUROCOMB 2017 [@goodall2017tutte].", "\n\n[^6]: More formally, for each vertex $v$ of $M$ we take an open neighborhood $D_v$ of $v$ in $\\Sigma$ with the following properties: $D_v$ is homeomorphic to an open disc in ${\\mathbb{R}}^2$, contains no other vertex of $M$ than $v$, and no edge of $M$ is properly contained in $D_v$. For each edge $e$ incident with $v$, let $x_v$ be a point in $(e \\cap D_v)\\setminus v$. If $e$ is a loop then we take two points $x_v$ and $y_v$ in $(e \\cap D_v)\\setminus v$ such that $x_v$ and $y_v$ are not in the same connected component of $(e \\cap D_v)\\setminus v$. The point $x_v$ captures one of the [*ends*]{} of $e$. For each chosen point $x_v$, let $B_{x_v} \\subset D_v$ be an open neighborhood around $x_v$ (homeomorphic to an open disc in ${\\mathbb{R}}^2$) such that $M \\cap B_{x_v} = e \\cap B_{x_v}$ and such that $e \\cap B_{x_v}$ is connected. ", "Then $e \\cap B_{x_v}$ divides $B_{x_v}$ into two regions, $B_{x_v}^1$ and $B_{x_v}^2$, which are the two [*sides*]{} corresponding to the end $x_v$. A [*side-end*]{} position of $M$ then is a triple of the form $(B_{x_v}^i,x_v,e)$, for some $i$.\n\n[^7]: A [*link*]{} in Tutte’s terminology.", "\n\n[^8]: For every vertex, pick one of the two cyclic permutations defining it. ", "Let $E$ be the union of the crosses in these cyclic permutations. ", "Then the edge $e=\\{a,\\sigma a, \\theta a, \\theta \\sigma a \\}$ is twisted if the two crosses appearing in $E$ are either $\\{a,\\theta a\\}$ or $\\{\\sigma a,\\theta \\sigma a \\}$, and non-twisted if the two crosses are either $\\{a,\\theta \\sigma a\\}$ or $\\{\\sigma a,\\theta a \\}$.\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Khichi Wala railway station\n\nKhichi Wala railway station \n() is located in Pakistan.", "\n\nSee also\n List of railway stations in Pakistan\n Pakistan Railways\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Web Site of Pakistan Railways\n\nCategory:Railway stations in Bahawalnagar District" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates generally to the field of measuring and testing and data comprehension and, particularly, to a technique for using sound to identify particular states of a system by storing, manipulating and retrieving data that indicates the status of the system being monitored and using this data as a control source for sound.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nA. Introduction\nIn the fields of measuring and testing and of data comprehension, the primary tools used for user feedback have been visual displays. ", "This includes alphanumeric readouts, dials, indicator lights, computer graphic displays, and so forth. ", "Additionally, auditory feedback has been employed primarily in the form of alarms which sound when certain thresholds are crossed. ", "The purpose of these visual displays has been to provide detailed information about the system being monitored. ", "However, auditory feedback has not been widely employed to provide detailed and continuous information.", "\nAs the systems being monitored become increasingly complex, with more individual variables to attend to, a means of integrating the displays may be desirable. ", "This integration allows the system user to make sense of the data he or she is receiving. ", "To this end, color coded meters, 2 and 3 dimensional charts, complex computer displays, and other visual feedback means have been developed (E. Tufte, \"Visual Display of Quantitative Information\" Connecticut: Cheshire Press, 1983).", "\nIn many applications where there are more variables than can be easily integrated into a single visual display, and/or in systems where visual monitoring of displays is not always practical, such as while driving a car or operating machinery, or when the system is being monitored by a vision impaired individual, it may become desirable to use sound as the \"display\" medium for monitoring the system. ", "We will refer to this use of sound as sonification.", "\nA simple example of sonification might involve controlling a sound's intensity, pitch, harmonic content (brightness), and spatial location to indicate the state of four distinct variables in a system or process being monitored. ", "In order to represent higher dimensions, more complexity is required of the sound. ", "This complexity can be obtained by creating simultaneous auditory streams (polyphony) or by generating a single sound stream with many variables of the sound changing simultaneously.", "\nThe use of increasingly complex variables and manipulating variables on different time scales to convey high dimensional information are salient features of sonification. ", "In order to create such complex and multi-variate sounds, the data streams of the system to be displayed auditorially must be translated into a suitable format for controlling a sound generating unit. ", "These formatted control streams are then routed, or `mapped` to selected auditory variables such as pitch, brightness, etc. ", "In this way, a single auditory stream may display multiple data streams.", "\nWhen a complex auditory stream is used to convey the data, an important perceptual process comes into play. ", "In addition to the system user's ability to scan his or her attention through the sound, relationships between variables and entire system states are perceived `at a glance`. ", "Which is to say, without attention directed effort, all of the auditory variables are perceived as a whole. ", "In addition to a sound being, for example, bright in timbre, high in pitch, pulsing quickly, and loud, it is all at once recognizable as a whole entity.", "\nB. Prior Sonification Work\nIn the early 1950's Pollack and Ficks (I. Pollack and L. Ficks, \"Information of Elementary Multidimensional Auditory Displays\", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. ", "26, Number 2, pp. ", "155-158, March 1954.) ", "published a paper on the use of sound to display data which used a simple binary display technique. ", "They took eight variables and had the test subjects determine whether each variable was in one of two states, e.g. loud or soft, long or short, etc. ", "They concluded that this was an effective technique for conveying data but that \"extreme subdivisions of each stimulus dimension does not appear warranted.\" ", "Later works by E. Yeung (E. S. Yeung, Pattern Recognition by \"Audio Representation of Multivariate Analytical Data\", Analytical Chemistry, vol. ", "52, pp. ", "1120-1123, 1980) and S. Bly (S. Bly, \"Sound and Computer Information Presentation\", Unpublished dissertation, U. of California, Davis, 1982.) ", "have since explored different techniques, including continuous variation of audible parameters. ", "For an overview of work done to date, the reader is referred to S. Frysinger's \"Applied Research in Auditory Data Representation\", (Proceedings of the SPIE, E. J. Farrell, Ed; Vol. ", "1259, pp. ", "130-139, Bellingham, Wash., 1990). ", "Another example of sonification is the auditory element of \"Exvis\". ", "a data visualization and sonification software program from the University of Mass. at Lowell.", "\nIn a related development, a number of coinposers are using mathematically generated complexity to create compositional forms and/or synthesize sounds. ", "The works of Truax (B. Truax: \"Chaotic Nonlinear Systems and Digital Sound Synthesis: An Exploratory Study\", Proceedings of the ICMC, Glasgow, 1990), Chareyron (J. Chareyron, \"Digital Synthesis of Self-modifying Waveforms by Means of Linear Automata\", Computer Music Journal, S. Pope, Ed., ", "vol. ", "14, #4, MIT Press, 1990., ", "and many others can be cited as examples. ", "The primary difference between sonification and composition as regards embedding information in an audio stream is that in sonification the subsequent extraction of the data for the purposes of understanding the generating system is a primary consideration. ", "In composition this is usually not the case.", "\nIn addition to the above cited research, two patents of importance to the present invention are referenced. ", "The first, a patent of W. Kaiser and H. Greiner, (\"Warning System for Printing Presses\", U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,224,613), teaches the use of multiple auditory streams to monitor multiple independent data streams. ", "The second, an invention by E. Fubini, A. De Bono, and G. Ruspa, (\"System for Monitoring and Indicating Acoustically the Operating Conditions of a Motor Vehicle\", U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,785,280), teaches the use of several parameters of a single auditory stream generated by a sound synthesis system to monitor several data streams.", "\nC. Similar Data Structures for Musical Applications\nThere are developments in computer music software and hardware that mirror the developments in sonification software. ", "The similarities in file types do not reflect a similarity in function.", "\nIn music software, it is common to store data representing musical information such as notes, musical dynamics, tempos, and so on. ", "It is also common in music software and hardware to have files which represent the values of sound parameters which, when retrieved, cause a sound synthesizer to produce a certain timber (sound quality) when played. ", "The musical data file type, commonly found in software `sequencers` (see the \"User's Manual for Vision\", by Opcode Systems, Menlo Park, Calif.), and the second, commonly accessed via the front panel of music synthesizers as `sound presets` (see \"User's Manual for the Korg 01W\", Korg U.S.A., Westbury, N.Y.), may roughly correspond to the data component and the sonic map component of auditory beacons, respectively. ", "However, these systems were not designed to be used as described in this disclosure, nor is there any description in any known existing publication of how they may be used to create auditory beacons for data monitoring and comprehension." ]

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[ "Multiple opiate receptors and pharmacological response to morphine in rats maintained on diets differing in protein concentration.", "\n1. ", "The influence of diets differing in protein concentration on the characteristics of mu, delta, and kappa-opiate receptors and on the analgesic and hyperthermic responses to morphine was examined in rats. ", "Three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained for four weeks on isocaloric diet containing either 4, 20 or 50% protein. ", "2. ", "The animals maintained on 4% protein diet weighed 92 +/- 2% of the initial weight at the end of the fourth week, whereas animals maintained on 20% and 50% protein diet weighed 222 +/- 2% and 221 +/- 2%, respectively. ", "The average food intake per 100 g body weight on day 1 of the study in 4, 20 and 50% protein diet group was 5.0 +/- 2.2 g, 10.4 +/- 1.4 g, and 10.0 +/- 1.2 g, respectively. ", "This difference in food intake was not observed during rest of the period of the study. ", "3. ", "Water intake was higher for the animals maintained on diet containing 50% protein as compared to the other two groups. ", "4. ", "The analgesic and the hyperthermic response to morphine varied in direct relation to the concentration of protein in the diet. ", "The concentration of morphine in the brain and plasma of animals maintained on the three diets following challenge dose of morphine did not differ. ", "Similarly the Bmax and Kd values for the binding of [3H]naltrexone, [3H]D-Ser2-Thr6-leucine enkephalin and [3H]ethylketocyclazocine to brain membranes prepared from rats kept on 4, 20 and 50% protein concentration did not differ. ", "5. ", "It is concluded that the diet differing in protein concentration can alter the responses to morphine, and that such altered effects can not be accounted for by the changes in the distribution of morphine in brain and plasma or to the changes in the characteristics of the mu, delta and kappa opiate receptors in the brain." ]

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[ "Registering is not necessary to read on the forums listed above. ", "Registered posters have several helpful options in the use of Common Ground. ", "Your personal info, including your e-mail address, will remain private via use of preferences/options accessible through \"My Control Center\". ", "If you have any questions about the use of this site, please click at the bottom of the home page on \"Contact Administrator\"." ]

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[ "About This Software \"Love it! ", "Please more content. ", "This is such an amazing way to learn\"\n\n\n\n\"Awesome educational app\"\n\n\n\n\"I'm a huge fan of educational apps and this one hits the mark!\"", "\n\n____\n\n\n\nUnimersiv is the largest platform for VR educational experiences. ", "Our app for the HTC Vive includes multiple field trips (from the ISS to the Acropolis of Athens) that will let you learn using Virtual Reality.", "\n\n\n\nPurchasing the Unimersiv app will give you an unlimited access to all of our content as well as future updates.", "\n\n\n\nWe strongly believe that Virtual Reality should not only be used for gaming but that it can also have a great impact on Education. ", "We created the largest library of VR educational experiences to let you explore Rome as it was thousands years ago or walk on the Acropolis of Athens or even alongside giants Dinosaurs to see how they were living and what they were eating." ]

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[ "Fernando Torres has been left out of Chelsea's squad to face Leicester at Stamford Bridge on Saturday.", "\n\nThe Spanish striker was an unused substitute in Chelsea's 3-1 win over Burnley on Monday night and has been linked with a Stamford Bridge exit this summer.", "\n\nJose Mourinho has brought in both Diego Costa and Didier Drogba during the transfer window, bolstering his team's attacking options.", "\n\nVIDEO Scroll down to watch Jose Mourinho: Torres is going nowhere. ", "I need three strikers\n\nDropped: Fernando Torres was left out of the Chelsea team to face Leicester at Stamford Bridge\n\nBenched: Torres (centre) was an unused substitute in Chelsea's 3-1 win at Burnley on Monday\n\nTorres, who joined in a £50m move from Liverpool in January 2011, was linked with a move to Roma with Mattia Destro going the other way.", "\n\nBelgian international Thibaut Courtois, meanwhile, retained his place in goal against Leicester ahead of Petr Cech.", "\n\nVeteran Cech was on the bench once again as he had been at Burnley." ]

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[ "News feminist philosophers can use\n\nDay: November 1, 2008\n\nWhen we think about implicit biases (see here), it might be worth realizing how their existence fits into a fairly new (or rediscovered) and interesting view of the mind. ", "This view is probably familiar to lots of our readers, but the references might be useful, and reminding ourselves of it might be helpful when we think about how to get people to entertain the idea that their actions are biased.", "\n\nOne way to start thinking about the view is to look at a pretty amazing story that got a lot of attention in the US last year (from Buckley, Cara. ", "2007. ", "Man Is Rescued by Stranger on Subway Tracks. ", "The New York Times, Jan. 3, 1) :\n\nAutrey and his daughters\n\nMr. Autrey was waiting for the downtown local at 137th Street and Broadway in Manhattan around 12:45 p.m. He was taking his two daughters, Syshe, 4, and Shuqui, 6, home before work. ", "Nearby, a man collapsed, his body convulsing. ", "Mr. Autrey and two women rushed to help, he said. ", "The man, Cameron Hollopeter, 20, managed to get up, but then stumbled to the platform edge and fell to the tracks, between the two rails.", "\n\nThe headlights of the No. ", "1 train appeared. “", "I had to make a split decision,” Mr. Autrey said.", "\n\nSo he made one, and leapt.", "\n\nMr. Autrey lay on Mr. Hollopeter, his heart pounding, pressing him down in a space roughly a foot deep…\n\n….“I don’t feel like I did something spectacular; I just saw someone who needed help,” Mr. Autrey said. “", "I did what I felt was right.”", "\n\nWe’re used to the idea that we can do some things pretty automatically: tying show laces, brushing teeth and clearing one’s throat might be examples. ", "But as this example illustrates, there’s a lot going on that results in adjusting one’s body to a very complex environment and we can do it with little or no conscious thought. ", "Autrey had to get himself on that track and fold his body over the other’s exceptionally quickly and he simply couldn’t have spent time figuring out how to do it.", "\n\nSuch actions can be novel ones we haven’t done before. ", "Autrey’s unusual action may in fact be in part the product of his military training, which enabled him to act ‘single mindedly,’ without regard to the consequences for himself or the children he left on the platform. (", "Soldiers who fall on a grenade to protect others may be acting similarly.) ", "For many of us, our actions tend to be congruent with a wider range of our other goals. ", "For example, walking on a busy sidewalk, one’s actions will be sensitive to a number of one’s goals and values additional to getting to a certain destination. ", "But slowing down before you run into someone is something many of us will or can do without any conscious thought.", "\n\nHow in the world do we produce such complicated and nuanced actions so quickly? ", "Certainly not by consciously thinking them through and calculating our every move. ", "Rather,\n\nThe human mind operates largely out of view of its owners, possibly because that’s the way it evolved to work initially, and because that’s the way it works best, under many circumstances. ", "Without such an efficient, powerful, and fast means of understanding and acting on the world, it would be difficult to survive. ", "We would be stuck pondering every little decision, such as whether to put our left or right foot forward first, as the world sped by.", "\n\nFrom this point of view, having implicit biases is not like having a dark stain on one’s soul and it does not mean that somehow one is unusually clueless. ", "Rather, it is just one of many quick and unconscious ways one copes with a very complex world. ", "What makes them a concern are their effects.", "\n\nAnother thing that we can see is the role of speed in these mechanisms; they have to affect us very quickly. ", "That is probably one reason that the implicit attitude test has a lot to do with timing.", "\n\nRelatedly, a friend was remarking recently about how silly it is for male graduate students on the job market to worry about whether or not to wear a suit, or how to find the right tie, since that sort of thing doesn’t affect the interview. ", "Is that true? ", "Maybe, but also maybe not. ", "It is not out of the realm of psychological possibility that a significant number of interviewers have a pro- or an anti-suit implicit bias. ", "And if so, they won’t be thinking consciously about it at all." ]

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[ "Going Bald – Your Worst Nightmare\n\nMale pattern baldness is a very common occurrence in men. ", "Many men have their egos wrapped around their good head of hair, therefore when they start to experience male pattern baldness, then this may take a hit on their ego.", "\n\nAlmost two thirds of men, which is a very large number on average, experience hair loss by age 60, and the main cause is male pattern baldness. ", "This condition is caused by a combination of genes, coupled by the male sex hormone, testosterone. ", "Male pattern baldness or what is scientifically called, Androgenic Alopecia, is the most common type of hair loss in men. ", "At present 50% of all men over the age of 50 are affected by this.", "The cause can be hereditary. ", "The hair growth cycle with male pattern baldness weakens, while the hair follicle shrinks, which results in shorter and finer strands of hair. ", "This condition however has no medical ill effects. ", "An upsetting thing is that, male pattern baldness can begin even while you are still a teenager. ", "If relatives on the maternal side of the family had male pattern baldness, then you are at a higher risk. ", "Some men get a single bald spot while other experience hair loss at the temples or at the crown of the head.", "\n\nMen’s hair loss prevention methods includes, hair transplants, topical application of Rogaine, hair weaves or if you really desperate even wigs Central Coast or hair pieces. ", "Hair transplants are the most expensive treatment available for hair loss. ", "These work by removing hair from areas of the scalp which do have active hair growth, and then transplanting the hair follicles, to the thinning and balding areas of your scalp. ", "It is not a onetime treatment however, and will require multiple visits, to your doctor. ", "The procedure also carries the risk of scarring or infection. ", "Apart from the physical implications hair loss can greatly affect your self esteem too. ", "Many men have trouble accepting their appearance. ", "If you do feel depressed about your hair loss, and experience anxiety and low self esteem, then it is suggested that you see a counselor. ", "There is still no method discovered to prevent male pattern baldness.", "\n\nUnlike female hair loss treatment, the increase in male hormone is a direct contributor that makes you experience male pattern baldness. ", "Eating power foods can fight hair loss; therefore make sure you eat nutritious food that includes plenty of vitamins, and irons. ", "Hair care treatments, such as scalp massages can help too. ", "Topical applications like Rogaine and hair tonics can also help halt hair loss. ", "Preventing hair loss finally boils down to three things; good hair hygiene, regular shampooing and hair care, and good nutrition." ]

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[ "Karise Eden\n\nWe've seen our four finalists — Sarah De Bono, Karise Eden, Darren Percival and Rachael Leahcar — grow throughout The Voice, battling sickness and nerves, gaining confidence, and never failing each week to give us performances that leave us with chills. ", "They were all chosen by their coaches in the Blind Audition because of their voices alone, nothing else.", "Now, at the end of the show, they have shown us they have more to offer than just their amazing vocals. ", "They are dedicated to their art and their fans, unafraid of challenges and eager to learn as much as they can. ", "With all of them now hitting the top 10 in the iTunes chart, there is no doubt we can say they are all successful Australian artists.", "Of course there is only one who has been chosen by Australia, by your votes, to be named The Voice. ", "Tonight that artist has been revealed, and the winner is: Karise Eden.", "We want to wish Karise congratulations, and the best of luck in their career ahead.", "For our other artists, we know the journey has also just begun for them to carve out their own success in the music world. ", "We know that we'll keep watching out for them and cheering them on — make sure that you do too…" ]

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[ "James McCrie Douglas\n\nJames McCrie Douglas (February 5, 1867 – March 16, 1950) was a politician in Alberta, Canada, a mayor of Edmonton, and a member of the House of Commons of Canada.", "\n\nEarly life\n\nDouglas was born February 5, 1867 in Middleville, Lanark County, Ontario, the son of Rev James Douglas, a Scottish Presbyterian minister and Margaret, née Blyth. ", " He was educated in Winnipeg, and came to Strathcona, Alberta in 1894, where he opened a mercantile business with his brother R. B. Douglas.", "\n\nOn November 1, 1894 he married Mary Cameron Bickerton.", "\n\nPolitical career\n\nJames Douglas was elected as an alderman to the Strathcona city council. ", " He entered federal politics in 1909 when Wilbert McIntyre, the recently elected Liberal Member of Parliament for Strathcona, died. ", " Douglas, running as a Liberal, was the only candidate in the ensuing by-election, and was acclaimed to the House of Commons of Canada. ", " He was re-elected as a Liberal in the 1911 election.", "\n\nIn 1917, Prime Minister Robert Laird Borden introduced conscription as a means of winning the First World War, and appealed to all MPs who supported this move to come together under the banner of the \"Unionist Party\". ", " Douglas was one of many MPs to leave Wilfrid Laurier's Liberal caucus and join this new alliance party, and was re-elected as a government candidate in the 1917 election. ", " Once the war ended, he was one of a handful of former Liberals to join Arthur Meighen's new \"National Liberal and Conservative Party\" (commonly known as the Conservative Party). ", " He was defeated running under this banner in the 1921 election by Progressive candidate Daniel Webster Warner.", "\n\nDouglas returned to municipal politics, running for Edmonton City Council (Strathcona and Edmonton had merged in 1912) as an alderman in the 1923 election. ", " He was elected to a two-year term, finishing fourth of fourteen candidates. ", " Towards the end of this term he made a final foray into federal politics, running in the 1925 election as a Conservative in Edmonton West. ", " He was defeated by Liberal Charles Stewart.", "\n\nDefeated again federally, this time for good, Douglas sought and won re-election as an alderman in Edmonton's 1925 election, finishing first of eleven candidates. ", " However, he resigned less than a year into his term to run for mayor in the 1926 election, in which he finished fifth of six candidates. ", " Thereafter, he stayed out of politics until 1929, when he was elected mayor. ", " He was acclaimed in 1930 to a second term, but was unseated in the 1931 election by Daniel Kennedy Knott.", "\n\nDouglas took a five-year hiatus from politics to serve as a stipendary magistrate in the Northwest Territories. ", " During this time, he was also appointed by the Alberta government to the Ewing Commission, struck to \"Make enquiry into the condition of the Half-breed population of Alberta, keeping particularly in mind the health, education, relief and general welfare of such population\".", "\n\nDouglas returned to Edmonton to run for mayor in the 1936 election, in which he finished a close second to Joseph Clarke in a five-person race. ", " He left politics once again after this defeat, but returned to the position of alderman in the 1941 election, finishing second of fourteen candidates. ", " He was re-elected in 1943 (finishing first of twelve candidates), 1945 (first of eleven), and 1947 (third of thirteen) before retiring for good in 1949.", "\n\nPersonal life, death, and legacy\n\nJames Douglas was a director of the Edmonton Exhibition Association, a member of the Kiwanis Club, a member of the Zoning Appeals Board, and a Presbyterian. ", " He died of a seizure March 16, 1950.", "\n\nHe endowed two academic scholarships at the University of Alberta, one in his own name for science students and one in his wife's name for arts students.", "\n\nReferences\nEdmonton Public Library Biography of James McCrie Douglas\nCity of Edmonton biography of James McCrie Douglas\nMetisnet account of the Ewing Commission\nList of Undergraduate Academic scholarships at the University of Alberta\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1867 births\nCategory:1950 deaths\nCategory:Canadian Presbyterians\nCategory:Mayors of Edmonton\nCategory:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta\nCategory:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs\nCategory:Liberal Party of Canada MPs\nCategory:People from Lanark County\nCategory:Unionist Party (Canada) MPs" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFortran 90 Error: input requires too much data\n\nI have the following code:\nif (complex) then\nread(unitvector) (CoefC(jl),jl=1,NV)\nendif\n\nWhere a user indicates if the data is a collection of complex numbers. ", "Now, if the user indicates that it is, but it actually isn't, i get error 67 (input requires too much data). ", "How can i trap that, so i can write that perhaps a user made a mistake. ", "I was thinking it would look something like:\nread(unitvector, ioStat=iocplx) (CoefC(jl),jl=1,NV) \n\nbut where would i put the \"if\" to check for the error?", "\n\nA:\n\nThat depends on the overall logic of the program, we cannot tell you the best way for you from such small code snippet. ", "You can try something like (not tested):\nif (complex) then\n read(unitvector, ioStat=iocplx) (CoefC(jl),jl=1,NV) \n if (iocplx/=0) stop \"Error reading the complex data.\"", "\nend if\n\nor\nif (complex) then\n read(unitvector, ioStat=iocplx) (CoefC(jl),jl=1,NV) \n if (iocplx/=0) then\n write(*,*) \"Error reading the complex data, triung real.\"", "\n complex = .false.", "\n backspace(unitvector)\n read(unitvector, ioStat=ioreal) (CoefR(jl),jl=1,NV)\n if (ioreal/=0) then\n stop \"Error reading real data.\"", "\n end if\n end if\nend if\n\nBut you really did not specify what you want, stop the program and write a meaningful message? ", "Read data some other way? ", "Everything is possible and we do not have a crystal ball.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "New Cyberpunk 2077 Trailer Will Show Players How Much Death There Is In The Game\n\nNew trailer all but confirmed for Cyberpunk 2077.", "\n\nIt seems like there’s a meaty new trailer coming for the upcoming Cyberpunk 2077. ", "New details on the upcoming CD Projekt RED developed RPG have surfaced, strangely enough from an interview held [via Spanish newspaper El Pais] between Vodafone and Mike Pondsmith (the man who wrote the pen-and-paper RPG Cyberpunk 2077 will be based on).", "\n\nPondsmith has spoken about how there’s going to be a new trailer soon, and how it will showcase the more grizzly and gritty aspects of the game, such as “how much death” there is in Cyberpunk’s dystopian setting. ", "As per Pondsmith, making the game has only become possible thanks to new technologies that let the developers portray the living and breathing setting of the game. ", "Pondsmith also goes on to talk a little bit about the story’s backdrop itself, wherein the common population of the world is using new and advanced technologies to fight back against the people on top of the food chain.", "\n\nYou can read the full translation of the interview over on Reddit– there’s a lot of interesting stuff in there, so consider giving it a read. ", "Cyberpunk 2077 is without a release date yet, but we’re hoping that if a trailer is indeed on the way, a more concrete release date of the game will also be announced. ", "Stay tuned to GamingBolt for continued coverage on the game." ]

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[ "Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey Buys a Trezor Cryptocurrency Hardware Wallet\n\nOn Thursday (March 7th), Jack Dorsey, who is Co-Founder and CEO of Twitter, as well as Founder and CEO of Square, announced that he had just bought a Trezor cryptocurrency hardware wallet.", "\n\nSatoshiLabs, which was founded in 2013, is the Prague-based maker of the popular crypto hardware wallet Trezor (\"the world's original cryptocurrency hardware wallet\"). ", "Then, in 2014, \"the first Trezor One devices shipped.\" ", "Two years later, \"the first prototype of the next-generation model was unveiled,\" and \"the production Model Ts\" started shipping in 2018.", "\n\nDuring the past five years, SatoshiLabs has introduced more than 22 BIPs & SLIPs standards (such as BIP39 and BIP44, which are \"used by the majority of hardware and software wallets\"). ", "One very interesting fact about the Trezor range of cryotocurrency hardware wallets is that the firmware is fully open source and available for inspection on GitHub.", "\n\nDorsey used the following tweet to reveal that he had purchased a Trezor hardware wallet:\n\nWhat he did not say is which model of Trezor he had bought, though the fact that he spent 0.06639467 bitcoin (approximately, $260) suggests that he bought a Trezor Model T. He also did not explain how he used Square's Cash App to buy this cold wallet \"with bitcoin.\"", "\n\nTwitter user \"simoncmccabe\" replied that \"Ledger is great too, but it's not fully open source,\" and Dorsey's very short reply to him indicated that he had chosen Trezor over Ledger due to the fact that the former's firmware is completely open source:\n\nThe next day (Friday), Ledger, the maker of the very popular \"Ledger Nano S\", felt compelled to respond to Dorsey and explain to him that there was much more to having a secure hardware wallet than offering open source firmware:\n\nHello @jack and thank you for raising awareness about Bitcoin! ", "The security model of hardware is quite complex, and offering open source firmware isn't a silver bullet. ", "We'll provide more flavor during MIT Bitcoin expo https://t.co/TnTmByyi1G on Sunday." ]

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[ "Civic Polls: Cong-PDP Major Gainers In Jammu, Kathua\n\n8 February 2005The Indian Express\n\nJammu: Despite a few shocks at some places, the ruling Congress and its ally PDP have won 97 seats out of 201 in the civic polls. ", "The BJP gave a tough fight to the ruling alliance at a few places and secured second position by winning 47 seats. ", "Independents have also established their lead in 34 seats. ", "The Congress has already won four seats unopposed. ", "In Monday's polls, the Congress won 77 seats, whereas the PDP won only 20 seats. ", "In Jammu district, the Congress- PDP alliance secured a majority in seven committees and councils. ", "In Jourian committee, out of the seven seats, Congress won three, Independents three and BSP one. ", "Of the 13 Khour committee seats, the Congress won nine seats, BJP three and Independents one. ", "In Gho Manhasan, out of seven seats, the Congress won three, BJP two, and one each by NC and Independents. ", "In Akhnoor, which is the home constituency of Congress MP Madan Lal, the Congress failed to get a majority. ", "Out of 13 seats, the party could win only five, BJP five and Independents won two. ", "In Bari Brahamana, out of total 13 seats, PDP won five, BJP two, NC three, Independent one and BSP two. ", "In R.S. Pura, the Congress swept by winning seven seats out of 13. ", "BJP won two, NC one and Independents three. ", "In Ramgarh, the Congress failed to open its account. ", "PDP won four seats, BSP and BJP three each and two seats went to Independents. ", "In Arnia committee, out of 13 seats, Congress bagged nine, BSP two, PDP and NC one each. ", "In Samba, out of 13 seats Independents won four seats, Congress three, BJP three, JKNPP one. ", "In Vijaypur out of 13 seats PDP won eight seats, Congress two, BSP one, NPP and NC one each. ", "In Kathua BJP gave a severe setback to the ruling Congress in Basohli where BJP won 11 seats out of 13. ", "However, in Kathua council, the Congress managed to win eight seats out of 13 while BJP won three, Independents four (two Congress-supported). ", "In Lakhanpur also, the Congress have won six seats out of seven. ", "Independent won one seat. ", "In Billawar out of seven seats Congress won three, BJP two and Independents two. ", "In Hiranagar Congress won five, BJP three, NC two and Independents one. ", "In Nagri committee out of 13 seats Congress won five seats, BJP three, NC one and Independents three." ]

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[ "PDGF receptors in tumor biology: prognostic and predictive potential.", "\nPDGF receptors (PDGFRs) exert cell type-specific effects in many different tumor types. ", "They are emerging as key regulators of mesenchymal cells of the tumor microenvironment, and of many common malignancies, such as cancer of the breast, colon and prostate. ", "In some tumor types PDGFRs are genetically activated and are thus directly involved in stimulation of malignant cell growth. ", "Recent studies have uncovered clinically relevant variations in stromal PDGFR expression. ", "High stromal PDGFRβ expression or activation is associated with poor prognosis in breast and prostate cancer. ", "Indications of prognostic significance of stromal PDGFRβ expression in various GI tract tumor types also exist. ", "The prognostic significance of PDGFRα and β in malignant cells of common epithelial tumor types should be further studied. ", "Collectively data suggest that continued characterization of PDGFR expression in human tumors should present opportunities for improved accuracy in prognosis and also allow novel biomarker-based clinical studies exploring the efficacy of PDGFR-directed tumor therapies." ]

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[ "IBM AT or compatible computers (\"clones\") comprise by far the largest installed base of computers ever built. ", "The core element of a typical IBM AT or compatible computer is a printed circuit board called a motherboard. ", "The motherboard comprises at least one CPU or microprocessor (e.g., an Intel or compatible 80286, 80386, 80486 or 80X86 microprocessor), memory (either chips mounted directly to the motherboard or SIMM sockets mounted to the board into which SIMM memory boards can be inserted), I/O ports, keyboard port, etc. ", "Additionally, the motherboard usually has multiple identical I/O expansion slot connectors each of which contains multiple electrical contacts or pins. ", "The corresponding pins of each slot connector are connected in parallel to provide the same signals on corresponding pins of each of these parallel slot connectors. ", "This parallel arrangement of slot connectors in combination with a bus protocol for communication with the CPU, is referred to collectively as a bus. ", "Specific. ", "peripheral or external devices (e.g., disk drives, modems, video controllers, tape drives, etc.), ", "communicate with the CPU via an interface card, called a bus adapter card, which is plugged into one of the slot connectors on the bus. ", "Devices connected to the bus slot connectors communicate with the CPU by means of specific groupings of signals from the interface card with a specific translation protocol.", "\nA typical bus has three principal groups of signal lines: 1) address lines providing a memory address; 2) data lines for providing data to the memory address; and 3) control lines for providing control and timing signals necessary for the address and data lines to relay the desired information to the CPU. ", "Examples of commonly used bus structures include: ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) bus, EISA bus, MCA bus, PCI bus, C-bus, S-100 bus etc. ", "Each type of bus is characterized by many factors including speed of operation, cost and acceptance in the marketplace. ", "Generally, the buses are not compatible, i.e., an interface card must be designed to operate with one specific bus type and will not work in any other type of bus.", "\nBus incompatibility creates problems of bus obsolescence, bus non-upgradeability and bus non-flexibility. ", "For example, peripheral devices which are connected to a CPU incorporated into a motherboard which utilizes an ISA bus cannot later be attached to a motherboard which utilizes an MCA bus. ", "Such a transfer of devices would require new interface boards specifically designed for use with the MCA bus. ", "Thus, interchangeability of devices among computers utilizing different bus structures is very difficult and expensive, and sometimes not possible. ", "Such obsolescence affects primarily current computer motherboards and CPU boards with regards to the various standard buses and specialty buses.", "\nOne approach taken by several manufacturers to minimize this obsolescence is to incorporate one or more local bus slots (a separate, specialized bus) on the motherboard in addition to an industry standard bus. ", "Typically, slower peripherals, such as modems, floppies, printers, etc., ", "are interfaced via the industry standard bus, while faster peripherals, such as video displays, hard disks and network interfaces, are interfaced via the separate local bus. ", "Unfortunately, industry standards for the local bus do not exist and each vendor uses a unique local bus design which is often proprietary.", "\nSince most vendors attempt to provide their own proprietary (and different) local bus signals and connectors, there exists a need to either 1) establish an industry wide local bus standard to which most vendors would provide various peripheral adapters, or 2) provide a universal bus slot on the motherboard capable of supporting all current and future local bus implementations. ", "However, even option 1, establishment of a uniform local bus standard adopted by a majority of vendors, has serious disadvantages. ", "First, implementation of new and more desirable local bus techniques would be hindered by the adoption of an industry standard. ", "Additionally, changes in the industry standard would likely be difficult to make and would likely render equipment built to an older standard obsolete. ", "Thus, an industry wide local bus standard implemented on the motherboard may well thwart any possible future advances in local bus techniques. ", "Thus, while adoption of a single industry wide local bus standard would overcome many of the disadvantages associated with having many different local buses, it would be even better to have a truly universal bus connection which could easily be changed to any desired local bus standard. ", "In this manner, the high performance made possible by a local bus structure could be preserved without sacrificing the ability to rapidly and economically adapt to improvements in local bus technology." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow I get the answer from a Web Service with Java in Netbeans?", "\n\nI want to consume this Web Service:\nhttps://celcer.sri.gob.ec/comprobantes-electronicos-ws/AutorizacionComprobantesOffline?wsdl \nThe documentation about the Web Service say that I have to send an xml document as a parameter and the web service will return and XML object.", "\nI've already tried in Netbeans creating a new class --> web service client--> wsdl and I got this:\n\nA package named autorizacion.ws.sri.gob.ec and a bunch of classes with him.", "\nI'd like to know how can I create a constructor for those classes so I can send XML file as parameter?", "\nAnd how can I use the XML object to see the answers?", "\nThank you for your help I've been trying this for two weeks.", "\n\nA:\n\nIn soap-based web service you need to generate java artifact/client. ", "You have multiple options to generate it, Kindly follow the link to get more detail\n\nHow do you convert WSDLs to Java classes using Eclipse?", "\nHow to generate classes from wsdl using Maven and wsimport?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Style is timeless\n\nTravel Research\n\nIts a wonderful feeling to do research and set up a date for the next travel, it gives butterflies and new energy. ", "Discovering new places and collect new experiences must be one of the best things and can’t wait for the next exotic travel.", "\n\nBut have to admit that its not only the destination that gives butterflies, its everything about travel like the time at the airport, so wonderful! ", "Seeing people meet up, the shopping and just sipping a glas of champagne while thinking of how it might look at the new destination. ", "The flight as well, so awesome to see the world from the sky and to in a few hours be at completely new place with new smells, weather and surrounding.", "\n\nLove doing research at this place and more up about travel this weekend!" ]

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[ "Obsessao\n\nAllMusic Review\nby AllMusic\n\nThis album, issued by the DRG label in 1998, presents legendary Portuguese vocalist Amalia Rodrigues supported by a backdrop of just acoustic guitar and zither. ", "The spare setting allows Rodrigues's intense, plaintive voice to carry every song, immersing the listener in her brooding fado sound. ", "Unlike her earliest recordings in Brazil, her vocals here are beautifully weathered and world-weary, giving these melancholy numbers (which are adaptations of Portuguese poems) even more emotional weight. ", "Highlights of this 12-track disc include the dramatic \"Que Fazes Ai Lisboa,\" the chiming \"Alma Minha,\" and the surprisingly breezy \"Flor Do Verde Pinho,\" all of which reinforce Rodrigues's status as the undisputed Queen of Fado. ", "While THE ART OF AMALIA RODRIGUES and its 2005 follow-up are the best overviews of the singer's work, OBSESSAO is one of her finest individual records, and an excellent next step for those seeking to delve further into her decades-spanning catalogue." ]

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[ "Extreme Networks Summit UniStack - stacking cable - 10 ft (37760A)\n\nThe steadily increasing demand for connected applications drives the demand for more and better networking infrastructures. ", "Business processes and needs are enabled by better applications, which are in turn enabled by better infrastructures. ", "The growth of networking infrastructures has created massive complexity, resulting in increased costs and reduced performance. ", "Conventional networking solutions do nothing to reduce complexity - they add to it. ", "Extreme Networks provides the most effective infrastructure for deploying applications and services." ]

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[ "/*\n * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.", "\n *\n * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it\n * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as\n * published by the Free Software Foundation. ", " Oracle designates this\n * particular file as subject to the \"Classpath\" exception as provided\n * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.", "\n *\n * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT\n * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the GNU General Public License\n * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that\n * accompanied this code).", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version\n * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,\n * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.", "\n *\n * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA\n * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any\n * questions.", "\n */\n\n/*\n *\n * (C) Copyright IBM Corp. 1999 All Rights Reserved.", "\n * Copyright 1997 The Open Group Research Institute. ", " All rights reserved.", "\n */\n\npackage sun.security.krb5.internal;\n\nimport sun.security.krb5.Asn1Exception;\nimport sun.security.krb5.internal.util.", "KerberosFlags;\nimport sun.security.util.*;", "\nimport java.io.", "IOException;\n\n/**\n * Implements the ASN.1 APOptions type.", "\n *\n * <pre>{@code\n * APOptions ::= KerberosFlags\n * -- reserved(0),\n * -- use-session-key(1),\n * -- mutual-required(2)\n *\n * KerberosFlags ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (32..MAX))\n * -- minimum number of bits shall be sent,\n * -- but no fewer than 32\n *\n * }</pre>\n * <p>\n * This definition reflects the Network Working Group RFC4120\n * specification available at\n * <a href=\"http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4120.txt\">\n * http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4120.txt</a>.", "\n */\n\npublic class APOptions extends KerberosFlags {\n public APOptions() {\n super(Krb5.AP_OPTS_MAX + 1);\n }\n\n public APOptions(int oneBit) throws Asn1Exception {\n super(Krb5.AP_OPTS_MAX + 1);\n set(oneBit, true);\n }\n public APOptions(int size, byte[] data) throws Asn1Exception {\n super(size, data);\n if ((size > data.length * BITS_PER_UNIT) || (size > Krb5.AP_OPTS_MAX + 1)) {\n throw new Asn1Exception(Krb5.BITSTRING_BAD_LENGTH);\n }\n }\n\n public APOptions(boolean[] data) throws Asn1Exception {\n super(data);\n if (data.length > Krb5.AP_OPTS_MAX + 1) {\n throw new Asn1Exception(Krb5.BITSTRING_BAD_LENGTH);\n }\n }\n\n public APOptions(DerValue encoding) throws IOException, Asn1Exception {\n this(encoding.getUnalignedBitString(true).toBooleanArray());\n }\n\n /**\n * Parse (unmarshal) an APOptions from a DER input stream. ", " This form\n * parsing might be used when expanding a value which is part of\n * a constructed sequence and uses explicitly tagged type.", "\n *\n * @param data the Der input stream value, which contains one or more marshaled value.", "\n * @param explicitTag tag number.", "\n * @param optional indicate if this data field is optional.", "\n * @return an instance of APOptions.", "\n * @exception Asn1Exception if an error occurs while decoding an ASN1 encoded data.", "\n * @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs while reading encoded data.", "\n *\n */\n public static APOptions parse(DerInputStream data, byte explicitTag, boolean optional) throws Asn1Exception, IOException {\n if ((optional) && (((byte)data.peekByte() & (byte)0x1F) !", "= explicitTag))\n return null;\n DerValue der = data.getDerValue();\n if (explicitTag !", "= (der.getTag() & (byte)0x1F)) {\n throw new Asn1Exception(Krb5.ASN1_BAD_ID);\n } else {\n DerValue subDer = der.getData().getDerValue();\n return new APOptions(subDer);\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Only \"Sorry to Bother You\" reportedly turned a profit for Annapurna in 2018.", "\n\nAnnapurna won two Oscars this year, but a new report from Variety makes it clear what a tough holiday season it really was for the financially burdened company. ", "The studio released three movies on Christmas day, Barry Jenkins’ “If Beale Street Could Talk,” Karyn Kusama’s “Destroyer,” and Adam McKay’s “Vice,” and none of them turned a profit at the box office. ", "In fact, insiders tell Variety that “Vice” was at least a $15 million bomb for Annapurna. ", "Some sources say the loss was closer to $20 million. “", "Beale Street,” meanwhile, lost between $8-10 million for the company, while “Destroyer” was a $7 million misfire.", "\n\nWhat’s frustrating about these financial losses is how all three movies earned critical buzz, especially the universally acclaimed “Beale Street.” ", "The Barry Jenkins film won top honors at the Indie Spirit Awards and won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for Regina King. “", "Vice” earned eight Academy Award nominations, including three acting noms and a Best Picture bid. ", "That these films bombed at the box office despite awards success and critical champions suggests a larger marketing issue. ", "Perhaps releasing three films on one day in the already-crowded Christmas box office wasn’t the best idea.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nAnnapurna has struggled financially ever since it launched its own distribution arm with the debut of Kathryn Bigelow’s “Detroit” in summer 2017. ", "Since then, Variety reports only the release of Boots Riley’s “Sorry to Bother You” has turned a small profit for Annapurna. ", "The studio opened Jacques Audiard’s “The Sisters Brothers” in theaters last September but it hardly made it pass $1 million at the box office despite a $38 million budget. ", "One reason “Vice” lost so much for Annapurna is that it cost $65 million to make.", "\n\nOver the last several years, Annapurna has become synonymous for giving auteur filmmakers the budget necessary for crafting their visions. ", "For this reason, the studio has been largely championed by moviegoers and the film press. ", "The company produced films such as Paul Thomas Anderson’s “The Master,” Spike Jonze’s “Her,” and David O. Russell’s “American Hustle,” among others.", "\n\n“If you’re going to do what Annapurna wants to do, you have to hit every time,” Exhibitor Relations box office analysis Jeff Bock told Variety. “", "It’s wonderful to be a patron of the arts, and there is a foothold for these adult dramas in the market, but you can’t ever miss.”", "\n\nNext up for Annapurna could be a much-needed comeback: Olivia Wilde’s “Booksmart.” ", "The actress’ feature directorial debut premiered at SXSW to rave reviews from critics and could be a mainstream hit the company greatly needs at this point. ", "Annapurna is releasing “Booksmart” through its United Artists banner on May 24. ", "Additional future releases include the Laika animation effort “Missing Link” and Richard Linklater’s delayed “Where’d You Go, Bernadette.”", "\n\nSign Up: Stay on top of the latest breaking film and TV news! ", "Sign up for our Email Newsletters here." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMapping the other table in a many to many relationship\n\nI am working on a C# project querying a Sql Db by the auto-generated classes by the sqlmetal tool. ", "That works fine. ", "\nMy problem is that in my DB I have to tables (TableA and TableB) which have a many to many relationship, therefore, there is a third table called TableATableB which holds only the primary keys of TableA and TableB.\nSo, as expected, my EntityModel has a class named TableA that has a property named TableATableB which is a collection of all related TableATableB rows. ", "\nThat is the auto-generated property:\n [global::System.", "Data.", "Linq.", "Mapping.", "AssociationAttribute(Name=\"FK_TableATableB_TableA\", Storage=\"_TableATableB\", ThisKey=\"Id\", OtherKey=\"TableAId\", DeleteRule=\"CASCADE\")]\n public EntitySet<TableATableB> TableATableB\n {\n get\n {\n return this._TableATableB;\n }\n set\n {\n this._TableATableB.Assign(value);\n }\n }\n\nThe thing is I would like TableA to have a property named TableB which gives me directly an System.", "Data.", "EntitySet<TableB> collection of all related TableB rows, is there a way to do that? ", "I have been trying to do it but I haven't found the way to map it.", "\nJust to clarify, I know a workaround simply could be as follows, but I'm trying to see if there is a better way. ", "Besides, this way how could I know when a TableB object is added to the collection in order to add the respective TableATableB object?", "\npartial class TableA\n{\n public List<TableB> TableB\n {\n get\n {\n List<TableB> tableBRows = new List<TableB>();\n\n foreach (TableATableB tAtB in this.", "TableATableB)\n {\n tableBRows.", "Add(tAtB.TableB);\n }\n return tableBRows;\n }\n set\n {\n // What to do here?", "\n // I need to know when an element is added in order to add its respective\n // TableATableB object\n }\n }\n\nThanks in advance.", "\n\nA:\n\nLinq to SQL does not support the behavior you desire. ", "L2S does not support implicit many-many collections like EF.", "\nEntity Framework does, but requires that the all fields of the many-many table (TableATableB in your case) make up the primary key of that table. ", " For example, if TableA's primary key is Id and TableB's primary key is Id then TableATableB must have exactly two fields, TableA_Id and TableB_Id, that are the primary key of that table. ", " If TableATableB were to have three fields in this case like Id, TableA_Id and TableB_Id, and Id is the primary key of the many-many table then EF cannot and will not treat that as an implicit many-many collection.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Citrus Alarm Clock\n\nFinally an alarm clock that sounds well\n\nCitrus Alarm Clock is a curious application that tries to make your early hours of the day a bit happier. ", "Stop thinking about throwing your alarm clock through the window, now you can choose your favorite songs to wake you up!", "\n\nThe app has several options like choosing the day, time and how long the alarm will sound.", "\n\nCitrus Alarm clock will run the audio player and it will play that song increasing the volume step by step to help you waking up." ]

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[ "Free Download\n\nShare\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTree of Life is a collaborative project by Wellcome Trust, BBC, and The Open University. ", "It aired on BBC1 in early 2009 as part of BBC’s Darwin season. ", "It serves as homage to Charles Darwin, whose 200th birth anniversary falls in 2009.", "\n\nIn Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species,” he used the term ‘tree of life’ to describe the evolutionary relationships between all living things on Earth. ", "The collaborators intended to produce an updated version of the Tree of Life, created by Shadow Industries. ", "Sir David Attenborough narrates this six and a half minute video, which invites you to “see how living things are related.”", "\n\n\n\nA hundred and fifty years since the publication of Darwin’s book, everyone now gets a chance to spread knowledge and information on the history of the planet Earth. ", "The video is licensed under Creative Commons, and you are encouraged to make your own version of the video with Wellcome Trust’s remixable files.", "\n\nThe project has used cutting-edge technology to present the latest scientific knowledge and produce a “visually stunning, fully accessible and scientifically accurate interactive Tree of Life.” ", "Even individuals who are not inclined to super-analyze the great history of life (such as myself) will find this video to be very interesting, to say the least. ", "This is perhaps the most technically elaborate video ever produced to illustrate the history of our planet. ", "I’d recommend this to friends, especially those who are into video production and those who work in the academe.", "\n\nRelated Links:\n\nVideo Transcript\n\nDiscuss Darwin and evolution\n\nThe Tree of Life Interactive\n\n\n\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License." ]

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[ "Bythotrephes longimanus\n\nBythotrephes longimanus (also Bythotrephes cederstroemi), or the spiny water flea, is a planktonic crustacean less than long. ", "It is native to fresh waters of Northern Europe and Asia, but has been accidentally introduced and widely distributed in the Great Lakes area of North America since the 1980s. ", "Bythotrephes is typified by a long abdominal spine with several barbs which protect it from predators.", "\n\nDescription and taxonomy\nBythotrephes longimanus is a cladoceran crustacean (water flea) recognizable with its straight tail spine averaging about 70% of its length. ", "Adult individuals have three to four barbs on the spine, while juveniles have only one pair. ", "The females grow to become larger than the males. ", "The animal has one large eye that is usually black or red. ", "It also possesses a pair of swimming antennae and four pairs of legs, of which the first pair is used to catch prey. ", "Mandibles are used for consumption of prey.", "\n\nThe spiny water flea is similar to another introduced Cladoceran of the same family, the fishhook water flea Cercopagis pengoi, which, however, has a more slender spine featuring a prominent loop-like hook at its end (see figure). ", " There is also variation in the shape of the more robust spine of Bythotrephes itself. ", "Specimens arising from sexually produced eggs have a completely straight and relatively shorter spine. ", "In parthenogenetically produced animals, the spine features a kink in the middle (see figure). ", "Previously, the kinked-spined animals were thought to be a separate species – Bythotrephes cederstroemi. ", "After genetic analysis, it is now considered to be a form of B. longimanus, making Bythotrephes a monotypic genus, (one with only a single species).", "\n\nDiet\nThe spiny water flea preys on smaller planktonic organisms. ", "Its diet consists mostly of zooplankton, including Daphnia and smaller crustaceans. ", "Bythotrephes can consume 10–20 prey organisms a day. ", "It may also eat other small organisms it comes across.", "\n\nGeographical range\nThe spiny water flea is native to northern Europe and Asia, and some parts of central Europe. ", "However, the water flea has spread in recent years to many areas throughout Europe, including some ports and inland lakes outside its natural range.", "\n\nIn 1982, the crustacean was found in Lake Ontario, and soon spread to the other Great Lakes and some inland lakes within the Midwest, including over 60 inland lakes in Ontario. ", "It is thought to have been introduced by untreated ballast water from international ships. ", "Concern has increased to the impact of this invasive species in the Great Lakes region and other areas it might have been accidentally introduced. ", "The spiny water flea, eggs and larvae may be caught up in fishing line, downriggers, fishing nets, and other fishing equipment, which has caused the spread of the water flea to inland lakes and rivers.", "\n\nImpact in introduced areas\nBythotrephes competes with several fish, including panfish and perch, for prey. ", "It has been suggested that very small larval fish are not able to feed on the spiny water flea itself because of the barbs the flea possesses, but it is readily consumed by several fish species once the fish are larger. ", "The spiny water flea's diet consists mostly of Daphnia zooplankton, leading to competition with small and baby fish, and also with native water flea species. ", "Daphnia zooplankton populations have declined in recent years, though there is no conclusive evidence as to the cause.", "\n\nThe spiny water flea is causing serious concerns about the lakes of Canada, with the problem being that it feeds on zooplankton and can actually eliminate zooplankton species. ", "As zooplankton is the backbone of aquatic food chains, this tiny crustacean presents a serious risk to the ecosystem. ", "The eggs survive even after being dried out or eaten by fish.", "\n\nInvasion by the spiny water flea has also correlated with ecological changes in the Great Lakes. ", "Since the species' introduction to the Great Lakes in the mid-1980s, there has been a decrease in species richness, as well as decreases in the late summer densities of several other Cladocera species, including Daphnia pulicaria and Daphnia retrocurva.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nLife history and effects on the Great Lakes of the spiny tailed Bythotrephes. ", "Minnesota Sea Grant. ", "University of Minnesota.", "\nBythotrephes longimanus, GLANSIS Fact Sheet, United States Geological Survey \nSpecies Profile: Spiny Water Flea (Bythotrephes longimanus). ", "National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. ", "Lists general information and resources for Spiny Water Flea.", "\n\nFurther reading\nAlwes, F. and G. Scholtz. (", "2014). ", "The early development of the onychopod cladoceran Bythotrephes longimanus (Crustacea, Branchiopoda). ", "Frontiers in Zoology 11 10.", "\n\nCategory:Cladocera\nCategory:Freshwater crustaceans of Europe\nCategory:Freshwater crustaceans of North America\nCategory:Crustaceans described in 1860" ]

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[ "Dot-com bubble\n\nThe dot-com bubble (also known as the dot-com boom, the tech bubble, and the Internet bubble) was a stock market bubble caused by excessive speculation in Internet-related companies in the late 1990s, a period of massive growth in the use and adoption of the Internet. ", "Between 1995 and its peak in March 2000, the Nasdaq Composite stock market index rose 400% only to fall 78% from its peak by October 2002, giving up all its gains during the bubble.", "\n\nPrelude to the bubble\nIn 1993, the release of the Mosaic web browser made access to the World Wide Web possible (prior Internet services like Usenet, Gopher, and FTP existed, but HTTP was the new invention which triggered this growth). ", "Internet use increased as a result of the reduction of the \"digital divide\" and advances in connectivity, uses of the Internet, and computer education. ", "Between 1990 and 1997, the percentage of households in the United States owning computers increased from 15% to 35% as computer ownership progressed from a luxury to a necessity. ", "This marked the shift to the Information Age, an economy based on information technology, and many new companies were founded.", "\n\nAt the same time, a decline in interest rates increased the availability of capital. ", "The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, which lowered the top marginal capital gains tax in the United States, also made people more willing to make more speculative investments. ", "Alan Greenspan, then-Chair of the Federal Reserve, allegedly fueled investments in the stock market by putting a positive spin on stock valuations. ", "The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was expected to result in many new technologies from which many people wanted to profit.", "\n\nThe bubble\nAs a result of these factors, many investors were eager to invest, at any valuation, in any dot-com company, especially if it had one of the Internet-related prefixes or a \".com\" suffix in its name. ", "Venture capital was easy to raise. ", "Investment banks, which profited significantly from initial public offerings (IPO), fueled speculation and encouraged investment in technology. ", "A combination of rapidly increasing stock prices in the quaternary sector of the economy and confidence that the companies would turn future profits created an environment in which many investors were willing to overlook traditional metrics, such as the price–earnings ratio, and base confidence on technological advancements, leading to a stock market bubble. ", "Between 1995 and 2000, the Nasdaq Composite stock market index rose 400%. ", "It reached a price–earnings ratio of 200, dwarfing the peak price–earnings ratio of 80 for the Japanese Nikkei 225 during the Japanese asset price bubble of 1991. ", "In 1999, shares of Qualcomm rose in value by 2,619%, 12 other large-cap stocks each rose over 1,000% value, and seven additional large-cap stocks each rose over 900% in value. ", "Even though the Nasdaq Composite rose 85.6% and the S&P 500 Index rose 19.5% in 1999, more stocks fell in value than rose in value as investors sold stocks in slower growing companies to invest in Internet stocks.", "\n\nAn unprecedented amount of personal investing occurred during the boom and stories of people quitting their jobs to engage in full-time day trading were common. ", "The news media took advantage of the public's desire to invest in the stock market; an article in The Wall Street Journal suggested that investors \"re-think\" the \"quaint idea\" of profits, and CNBC reported on the stock market with the same level of suspense as many networks provided to the broadcasting of sports events.", "\n\nAt the height of the boom, it was possible for a promising dot-com company to become a public company via an IPO and raise a substantial amount of money even if it had never made a profit—or, in some cases, realized any material revenue. ", "People who received employee stock options became instant paper millionaires when their companies executed IPOs; however, most employees were barred from selling shares immediately due to lock-up periods. ", "The most successful entrepreneurs, such as Mark Cuban, sold their shares or entered into hedges to protect their gains.", "\n\nSpending tendencies of dot-com companies\nMost dot-com companies incurred net operating losses as they spent heavily on advertising and promotions to harness network effects to build market share or mind share as fast as possible, using the mottos \"get big fast\" and \"get large or get lost\". ", "These companies offered their services or products for free or at a discount with the expectation that they could build enough brand awareness to charge profitable rates for their services in the future. ", "In January 2000, there were 16 dot-com commercials during Super Bowl XXXIV, each costing $2 million for a 30-second spot.", "\n\nThe \"growth over profits\" mentality and the aura of \"new economy\" invincibility led some companies to engage in lavish spending on elaborate business facilities and luxury vacations for employees. ", "Upon the launch of a new product or website, a company would organize an expensive event called a dot com party.", "\n\nBubble in telecom\nTelecommunications equipment providers, convinced that the future economy would require ubiquitous broadband access, went deeply into debt to improve their networks with high-speed equipment and fiber optic cables. ", "In many areas, such as the Dulles Technology Corridor in Virginia, governments funded technology infrastructure and created favorable business and tax law to encourage companies to expand. ", "In Europe, mobile phone companies overspent on 3G licences, which led them deep into debt. ", "The investments in infrastructure were far out of proportion to cash flow. ", "The high levels of investment led to a heightened competition for customers, leading many telecoms providers to slash prices for services, especially in the hyper-competitive European marketplace. ", "These were major factors that led to the telecoms crash.", "\n\nBursting of the bubble\n\nAround the turn of the millennium, spending on technology was volatile as companies prepared for the Year 2000 problem. ", "There were concerns that computer systems would have trouble changing their clock and calendar systems from 1999 to 2000 which might trigger wider social or economic problems, but in reality there was virtually no impact or disruption.", "\n\nOn January 10, 2000, America Online, led by Steve Case and Ted Leonsis, announced a merger with Time Warner, led by Gerald M. Levin. ", "The merger was the largest to date and was questioned by many analysts.", "\n\nIn February 2000, with the Year 2000 problem no longer a worry, Alan Greenspan announced plans to aggressively raise interest rates, which led to significant stock market volatility as analysts disagreed as to whether or not technology companies would be affected by higher borrowing costs.", "\n\nOn March 10, 2000, the NASDAQ Composite stock market index peaked at 5,048.62.", "\n\nOn March 13, 2000, news that Japan had once again entered a recession triggered a global sell off that disproportionately affected technology stocks.", "\n\nOn March 15, 2000, Yahoo! ", "and eBay ended merger talks and the Nasdaq fell 2.6% but the S&P 500 Index rose 2.4% as investors shifted from strong performing technology stocks to poor performing established stocks.", "\n\nOn March 20, 2000, Barron's featured a cover article titled \"Burning Up; Warning: Internet companies are running out of cash—fast\", which predicted the imminent bankruptcy of many Internet companies. ", "This led many people to rethink their investments. ", "That same day, MicroStrategy announced a revenue restatement due to aggressive accounting practices. ", "Its stock price, which had risen from $7 per share to as high as $333 per share in a year, fell $140 per share, or 62%, in a day. ", "The next day, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates, leading to an inverted yield curve, although stocks rallied temporarily.", "\n\nOn April 3, 2000, judge Thomas Penfield Jackson issued his conclusions of law in the case of United States v. Microsoft Corp. (2001) and ruled that Microsoft was guilty of monopolization and tying in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. ", "This led to a one-day 15% decline in the value of shares in Microsoft and a 350-point, or 8%, drop in the value of the Nasdaq. ", "Many people saw the legal actions as bad for technology in general. ", "That same day, Bloomberg News published a widely read article that stated: \"It's time, at last, to pay attention to the numbers\".", "\n\nOn Friday, April 14, 2000, the Nasdaq Composite index fell 9%, ending a week in which it fell 25%. ", "Investors were forced to sell stocks ahead of Tax Day, the due date to pay taxes on gains realized in the previous year.", "\n\nBy June 2000, dot-com companies were forced to rethink their advertising campaigns.", "\n\nOn November 9, 2000, Pets.com, a much-hyped company that had backing from Amazon.com, went out of business only nine months after completing its IPO. ", "By that time, most Internet stocks had declined in value by 75% from their highs, wiping out $1.755 trillion in value.", "\n\nIn January 2001, just three dot-com companies bought advertising spots during Super Bowl XXXV: E-Trade, operator of an electronic trading platform, and two employment websites: Monster.com and Yahoo! ", "HotJobs. ", "The September 11 attacks accelerated the stock-market drop later that year.", "\n\nInvestor confidence was further eroded by several accounting scandals and the resulting bankruptcies, including the Enron scandal in October 2001, the WorldCom scandal in June 2002, and the Adelphia Communications Corporation scandal in July 2002.", "\n\nBy the end of the stock market downturn of 2002, stocks had lost $5 trillion in market capitalization since the peak. ", "At its trough on October 9, 2002, the NASDAQ-100 had dropped to 1,114, down 78% from its peak. ", "Many online shopping companies, such as Pets.com, Webvan, and Boo.com, as well as communication companies, such as Worldcom, NorthPoint Communications and Global Crossing, failed and shut down. ", "Others, such as Cisco, whose stock declined by 86%, and Qualcomm, lost a large portion of their market capitalization but survived, and some companies, such as eBay and Amazon.com, lost value but recovered quickly.", "\n\nAftermath\nAfter venture capital was no longer available, the operational mentality of executives and investors completely changed. ", "A dot-com company's lifespan was measured by its burn rate, the rate at which it spent its existing capital. ", "Many dot-com companies ran out of capital and went through liquidation. ", "Supporting industries, such as advertising and shipping, scaled back their operations as demand for services fell. ", "However, many companies were able to endure the crash; 48% of dot-com companies survived through 2004, albeit at lower valuations.", "\n\nSeveral companies and their executives, including Bernard Ebbers, Jeffrey Skilling, and Kenneth Lay, were accused or convicted of fraud for misusing shareholders' money, and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission levied large fines against investment firms including Citigroup and Merrill Lynch for misleading investors.", "\n\nAfter suffering losses, retail investors transitioned their investment portfolios to more cautious positions. ", "Popular Internet forums that focused on high tech stocks, such as Silicon Investor, RagingBull.com, Yahoo! ", "Finance, and The Motley Fool declined in use significantly.", "\n\nJob market and office equipment glut\nLayoffs of programmers resulted in a general glut in the job market. ", "University enrollment for computer-related degrees dropped noticeably. ", "Anecdotes of unemployed programmers going back to school to become accountants or lawyers were common.", "\n\nAeron chairs, which retailed for $1,100 each and were the symbol of the opulent office furniture of dot-com companies, were liquidated en masse.", "\n\nLegacy\nAs growth in the technology sector stabilized, companies consolidated; some, such as Amazon.com, eBay, and Google gained market share and came to dominate their respective fields. ", "The most valuable companies are now in the technology sector.", "\n\nIn a 2015 book, venture capitalist Fred Wilson, who funded many dot-com companies and lost 90% of his net worth when the bubble burst, said about the dot-com bubble:\n\nNotable companies\n\n 3Com: Shares soared after announcing the corporate spin-off of Palm, Inc.\n 360networks: A fiber optic company that had a market capitalization of over $13 billion but filed for bankruptcy a few months later.", "\n AboveNet: Its stock rose 32% on the day it announced a stock split.", "\n Actua Corporation (formerly Internet Capital Group): A company that invested in B2B e-commerce companies, it reached a market capitalization of almost $60 billion at the height of the bubble, making Ken Fox, Walter Buckley, and Pete Musser billionaires on paper.", "\n Airspan Networks: A wireless firm; in July 2000, its stock price doubled on its first day of trading as investors focused on telecommunications companies instead of dot-com companies.", "\n Akamai Technologies: Its stock price rose over 400% on its first day of trading in October 1999.", "\n AltaVista: A Web search engine established in 1995. ", "It became one of the most-used early search engines, but lost ground to Google and was purchased by Yahoo! ", "in 2003.", "\n Alteon WebSystems: Its shares soared 294% on its first day of trading.", "\n Blucora (formerly InfoSpace): Founded by Naveen Jain, at its peak its market cap was $31 billion and was the largest Internet business in the American Northwest. ", "In March 2000, its stock reached a price $1,305 per share, but by 2002 the price had declined to $2 a share.", "\n Blue Coat Systems (formerly CacheFlow): Its stock price rose over 400% on its first day of trading in November 1999.", "\n Boo.com: An online clothing retailer, it spent $188 million in just six months. ", "It filed for bankruptcy in May 2000.", "\n Books-A-Million: A book retailer whose stock price soared from around $3 per share on November 25, 1998 to $38.94 on November 27, 1998 and an intra-day high of $47.00 on November 30, 1998 after it announced an updated website. ", "Two weeks later, the share price was back down to $10. ", "By 2000, the share price had returned to $3.", "\n Broadband Sports: A network of sports-content websites that raised over $60 million before going bust in February 2001.", "\n Broadcast.com: A streaming media website that was acquired by Yahoo! ", "for $5.9 billion in stock, making Mark Cuban and Todd Wagner multi-billionaires. ", "The site is now defunct.", "\n CDNow: Founded by Jason Olim and his brother, it was an online retailer of compact discs and music-related products that reached a valuation of over $1 billion in April 1998. ", "In 2000, it was acquired by Bertelsmann Music Group for $117 million and was later shut down.", "\n Chemdex.com: A company founded by David Perry that operated an online marketplace for businesses, it reached a market capitalization of over $7 billion despite minimal revenues.", "\n Cobalt Networks: Its stock price rose over 400% on its first day of trading; acquired by Sun Microsystems for $2 billion in December 2000.", "\n Commerce One: A business-to-business software company that reached a valuation of $21 billion despite minimal revenue.", "\n Covad: Shares rose fivefold within months of its IPO.", "\n Cyberian Outpost: One of the first successful online shopping websites, it reached a peak market capitalization of $1 billion. ", "It used controversial marketing campaigns including a Super Bowl ad in which fake gerbils were shot out of a cannon. ", "It was acquired by Fry's Electronics in 2001 for $21 million, including the assumption of $13 million in debt.", "\n CyberRebate: Promised customers a 100% rebate after purchasing products priced at as much as 10 times the retail cost. ", "It went bankrupt in 2001 and stopped paying rebates.", "\n Digex: one of the first Internet service providers in the United States, its stock price rose to $184 per share; the company was acquired for $1 per share a few years later.", "\n Digital Insight: Its shares soared 114% on its first day of trading.", "\n Divine: Founded by Andrew Filipowski, it was modeled after CMGI. ", "It went public as the bubble burst and filed for bankruptcy after executives were accused of looting a subsidiary.", "\n DoubleClick: An online advertising company that soared after its IPO, it was acquired by Google in 2007.", "\n eGain: Its stock price doubled shortly after its 1999 IPO.", "\n eToys.com: An online toy retailer whose stock price hit a high of $84.35 per share in October 1999. ", "In February 2001, it filed for bankruptcy with $247 million in debt. ", "It was acquired by KB Toys, which later also filed for bankruptcy.", "\n Excite: A web portal founded by Joe Kraus and others that merged with Internet service provider @Home Network in 1999 to become Excite@Home, promising to be the \"AOL of broadband\". ", "After trying unsuccessfully to sell the Excite portal during a sharp downturn in online advertising, the company filed for bankruptcy in September 2001. ", "It was acquired by Ask.com in March 2004.", "\n Flooz.com: A digital currency founded by Robert Levitan; it folded in 2001 due to lack of consumer acceptance. ", "It was famous for having Whoopi Goldberg as its spokesperson.", "\n Forcepoint (formerly Websense): It held an IPO at the peak of the bubble.", "\n Freei: Filed for bankruptcy in October 2000, soon after canceling its IPO. ", "At the time, it was the 5th largest Internet service provider in the United States, with 3.2 million users. ", "Famous for its mascot, Baby Bob, the company lost $19 million in 1999 on revenues of less than $1 million.", "\n Gadzoox: A storage area network company, its shares tripled on its first day of trading giving it a market capitalization of $1.97 billion; the company was sold 4 years later for $5.3 million.", "\n Geeknet (formerly VA Linux): A provider of built-to-order Intel personal computer systems based on Linux and other open source projects, it set the record for largest first-day price gain upon its IPO on December 9, 1999; after the stock priced at $30/share, it ended the first day of trading at $239.25/share, a 698% gain, making founder Larry Augustin a billionaire on paper.", "\n GeoCities: Founded by David Bohnett, it was acquired by Yahoo! ", "for $3.57 billion in January 1999 and was shut down in 2009.", "\n Global Crossing: A telecommunications company founded in 1997; it reached a market capitalization of $47 billion in February 2000 before filing bankruptcy in January 2002.", "\n theGlobe.com: A social networking service that launched in April 1995 and made headlines when its November 1998 IPO resulted in the largest first day gain of any IPO to date. ", "CEO Stephan Paternot became a visible symbol of the excesses of dot-com millionaires and is famous for saying \"Got the girl. ", "Got the money. ", "Now I'm ready to live a disgusting, frivolous life\".", "\n govWorks: Founded by fraudster Kaleil Isaza Tuzman; it was featured in the documentary film Startup.com.", "\n Handspring: A PDA maker that was defunct by 2003, when it was purchased by Palm Inc.\n Healtheon: Founded by James H. Clark, it was acquired by WebMD in 1999 for $7.2 billion in stock but eventually shut down.", "\n HomeGrocer: A public online grocer that merged with Webvan.", "\n Infoseek: Founded by Steve Kirsch, it was acquired by Disney in 1999; it was valued at $7 billion but eventually shut down.", "\n inktomi: Founded by Eric Brewer, it reached a valuation of $25 billion in March 2000; acquired by Yahoo! ", "in 2003 for $241 million.", "\n Interactive Intelligence: A telecommunications software company whose stock doubled on its first day of trading.", "\n Internet America: Its stock price doubled in a day in December 1999 despite no specific news about the company.", "\n iVillage: On its first day of trading in March 1999, its stock rose 255% to $84 per share. ", "It was acquired by NBC for $8.50 per share in 2006 and shut down.", "\n iWon: Backed by CBS, it gave away $1 million to a lucky contestant each month and $10 million in April 2000 on a half-hour special program that was broadcast on CBS.", "\n Kozmo.com: Founded by Joseph Park, it offered one-hour local delivery of several items with no delivery fees from March 1998 until it went bust in April 2001.", "\n Lastminute.com: Founded by Brent Hoberman, its IPO in the United Kingdom on March 14, 2000, coincided with the bursting of the bubble.", "\n The Learning Company: Owned by Kevin O'Leary, it was acquired by Mattel in 1999 for $3.5 billion and sold a year later for $27.3 million.", "\n Liquid Audio: Despite its stock doubling in value on its first day of trading in July 1999, its technology was obsolete by 2004.", "\n LookSmart: Founded by Evan Thornley, its value rose from $23 million to $5 billion within months, but it lost 99% of its value as the bubble burst.", "\n Lycos: Founded by Michael Loren Mauldin, under the leadership of Bob Davis, it was acquired by Terra Networks for $12.5 billion in May 2000. ", "It was sold in 2004 to Seoul, South Korea-based Daum Communications Corporation for $95.4 million.", "\n MarchFirst: A web development company formed on March 1, 2000, by the merger of USWeb and CKS Group, it filed forbankruptcy and liquidation just over a year after it was formed.", "\n MicroStrategy: After rising from $7 to as high as $333 in a year, its shares lost $140, or 62%, on March 20, 2000, following the announcement of a financial restatement for the previous two years by founder Michael J. Saylor.", "\n Net2Phone: A VoIP provider founded by Howard Jonas whose stock price soared after its 1999 IPO.", "\n NetBank: A direct bank, its stock price per share fluctuated between $3.50 and $83 in 1999.", "\n Netscape: After a popular IPO, it was acquired by AOL in 1999 for $4.2 billion in stock.", "\n Network Solutions: A domain name registrar led by Jim Rutt, it was acquired by Verisign for $21 billion in March 2000, at the peak of the bubble.", "\n NorthPoint Communications: Agreed to a significant investment by Verizon and a merger of DSL businesses in September 2000; however, Verizon backed out 2 months later after NorthPoint was forced to restate its financial statements, including a 20% reduction in revenue, after its customers failed to pay as the bubble burst. ", "NorthPoint then filed for bankruptcy. ", "After lawsuits from both parties, Verizon and NorthPoint settled out of court.", "\n Palm, Inc.: Spun off from 3Com at the peak of the bubble, its shares plunged as the bubble burst.", "\n Pets.com: Led by Julie Wainwright, it sold pet supplies to retail customers before filing for bankruptcy in 2000.", "\n PFSweb: A B2B company whose stock price doubled after its IPO.", "\n Pixelon: Streaming video company that hosted a $16 million dot com party in October 1999 in Las Vegas with celebrities including Chely Wright, LeAnn Rimes, Faith Hill, Dixie Chicks, Sugar Ray, Natalie Cole, KISS, Tony Bennett, The Brian Setzer Orchestra, and a reunion of The Who. ", "The company failed less than a year later when it became apparent that its technologies were fraudulent or misrepresented. ", "Its founder had been a convicted felon who changed his name.", "\n PLX Technology: Shares rose fivefold within months of its IPO.", "\n Prodigy: An ISP whose stock price doubled on its first day of trading.", "\n Pseudo.com: One of the first live streaming video websites, it produced its own content in a studio in SoHo, Manhattan and streamed up to 7 hours of live programming a day on its website.", "\n Radvision: An online conferencing company, its stock price rose 150% on its first day of trading.", "\n Razorfish: An Internet advertising consultancy, its stock doubled on its first day of trading in April 1999.", "\n Redback Networks: A telecommunications equipment company, its stock soared 266% in its first day of trading, giving it a market capitalization of $1.77 billion.", "\n Register.com: A domain name registrar, its stock soared after its IPO in March 2000, at the peak of the bubble.", "\n Ritmoteca.com: One of the first online music stores selling music on a pay-per-download basis and an early predecessor to the iTunes business model. ", "It pioneered digital distribution deals as one of the first companies to sign agreements with major music publishers.", "\n Startups.com: \"Ultimate dot-com startup\" that went out of business in 2002.", "\n Steel Connect (formerly CMGI Inc.): a company that invested in many Internet startups; between 1995 and 1999, its stock appreciated 4,921%, but declined 99% when the bubble burst.", "\n Savvis: A fiber optic company.", "\n Terra Networks: A web portal and Internet access provider in the US, Spain and Ibero-America. ", "After its November 1999 IPO, its shares skyrocketed from an initial price of €11 to €158 in just three months. ", "The price then sunk under €3 in a matter of weeks. ", "In February 2005, the company was acquired by Telefónica.", "\n Think Tools: One of the most extreme symptoms of the bubble in Europe, this company reached a market valuation of CHF2.5 billion in March 2000 despite no prospects of having a product.", "\n TIBCO Software: Its stock price rose tenfold shortly after its 1999 IPO.", "\n Tradex Technologies: A B2B e-commerce company, it was sold for $5.6 billion at the height of the bubble, making Daniel Aegerter a billionaire on paper.", "\n Transmeta: A semiconductor designer that attempted to challenge Intel, its IPO in November 2000 was the last successful technology IPO until the IPO of Google in 2004. ", "The company shut down in 2009 after failing to execute.", "\n uBid: An online auction site founded in 1997 as a subsidiary of PCM, Inc. that went public in December 1998 at $15 per share before its stock price soared to $186 per share, a market value of $1.5 billion.", "\n United Online: An ISP formed by the merger of NetZero and Juno Online Services as the bubble burst.", "\n Usinternetworking Inc: Its stock price rose 174% on its first day of trading.", "\n UUNET: One of the largest Internet service providers, its stock price soared after its 1995 IPO; it was acquired in 1996.", "\n Verio: A web hosting provider, it was acquired for $5 billion at the peak of the bubble.", "\n VerticalNet: A host of 43 business-to-business (B2B) procurement portals that was valued at $1.6 billion after its IPO, despite having only $3.6 million in quarterly revenue.", "\n Vignette Corporation: Its stock rose 1,500% within months after its IPO.", "\n WebChat Broadcasting System: the largest and most popular online chat, interactive and event network with around 3 million registered users, it was purchased by Infoseek in April 1998 for approximately $6.7 million; Go.com acquired Infoseek later in 1998, and closed WebChat in September 1999. ", " \n Webvan: An online grocer that promised delivery within 30 minutes; it went bankrupt in 2001 after $396 million of venture capital funding and an IPO that raised $375 million and was folded into Amazon.com.", "\n World Online: a Netherlands-based internet service provider, it became a public company on March 17, 2000 at a €12 billion valuation, the largest IPO on the Euronext Amsterdam, and the largest European Internet company IPO.", "\n Yahoo!: ", "A company that, under the leadership of Timothy Koogle, Jerry Yang, and David Filo acquired several companies for billions of dollars in stock, only to shut them down a few years later.", "\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n .", "\n\n \nCategory:1990s economic history\nCategory:1990s fads and trends\nCategory:2000s economic history\nCategory:Stock market crashes" ]

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[ "Comments on: Rothschild: banks will deleverage and there will be a new form of global governancehttp://www.infowars.com/rothschild-banks-will-deleverage-and-there-will-be-a-new-form-of-global-governance/\nAlex Jones' Infowars: There's a war on for your mind!Sun, 28 Aug 2016 23:10:05 +0000hourly1https://wordpress.org/?v=4.6.1" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to photoconductors for electrophotography, and particularly to a photoconductor for electrophotography which contains a novel charge generating substance in the photosensitive layer thereof formed on an electroconductive substrate.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nPhotosensitive materials which have heretofore been used in photoconductors for electrophotography include inorganic photoconductive substances such as selenium and selenium alloys, dispersions of inorganic photoconductive substances such as zinc oxide and cadmium sulfide in resin binders, organic polymeric photoconductive substances such as poly-N-vinylcarbazole and polyvinylanthracene, organic photoconductive substances such as phthalocyanine compounds and bisazo compounds, dispersions of such organic photoconductive substances in resin binder, and a sputtered film of such organic photoconductive substances.", "\nPhotoconductors are required to have a function of maintaining a surface electric charge in the dark, a function of generating an electric charge upon receiving light, and a function of transporting an electric charge upon receiving light. ", "They are classified into two types of photoconductors, namely so-called monolayer type photoconductors, and so-called laminate type photoconductors. ", "The former comprises a single layer having all of the above-mentioned three functions, and the latter comprises functionally distinguishable laminated layers, one of which contributes mainly to the generation of electric charge, and another of which contributes to the retention of surface electric charge in the dark and the electric charge transportation upon receiving light. ", "In an electrophotographic method using a photoconductor of the kind as mentioned above, for example, the Carlson's system is applied to image formation. ", "The image formation according to this system comprises steps of subjecting a photoconductor in the dark to corona discharge to charge the photoconductor, illuminating the surface of the charged photoconductor with imagewise light based on a manuscript or copy bearing, e.g., letters and/or pictures to form a latent electrostatic image, developing the formed latent electrostatic image with a toner, and transferring the developed toner image to a support such as a paper sheet to fix the toner image on the support. ", "After the toner image transfer, the photoconductor is subjected to the steps of removal of the electric charge, removal of the remaining toner (cleaning), neutralization of the residual charge with light (erasion), and so on to be ready for reuse.", "\nPhotoconductors for electrophotography in which use is made of organic materials have recently been put into practical use by virtue of the advantageous features of flexibility, thermal stability, and/or a film forming capacity. ", "They include a photoconductor comprising poly-N-vinylcarbazole and 2,4,7-trinitrofluoren-9-on (disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,484,237), a photoconductor using an organic pigment as a main component (disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. ", "37,543/1972), and a photoconductor using as a main component a eutectic complex composed of a dye and a resin (disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. ", "10,785/1972). ", "A number of novel hydrazone compounds and bisazo compounds and the like have also been put into practical use for photoconductors.", "\nAlthough organic materials have many advantageous features mentioned above with which inorganic materials are not endowed, however, the fact is that there have been obtained no organic materials fully satisfying all the characteristics required of a material to be used in photoconductors for electrophotography at the present. ", "Particular problems involved in organic materials have been concerned with photosensitivity and characteristics in continuous repeated use." ]

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[ "Immunohistochemical demonstration of Angiopoietin-2 in lymphatic vascular development.", "\nThe cellular expression of Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) was studied during lymphatic development in mouse by immunohistochemistry and compared to that of lymphatic endothelial markers. ", "At the earliest stage of lymphvasculogenesis, Prox1-identified lymphatic precursor cells of the cardinal vein displayed an intense immunoreaction for Ang2 in their cytoplasm, implying that Ang2 may adjust lymphatic specification and sprouting from the veins under the control of Prox1. ", "Thereafter, Ang2 was constantly expressed in Prox1 and/or LYVE-1-immunopositive endothelial cells of lymphatic sacs and vessels, ranging from lymphatic capillaries to collectors, throughout embryonic and neonatal development, and the lymphatic endothelial cells simultaneously exhibited immunoreactivity to Tie2, a primary receptor for angiopoietins. ", "These results suggest that lymphatic endothelial cells may regulate lymphatic development via their own Ang2-Tie2 signaling. ", "Ang2 is further immunolocalized in the developing blood vessels including hepatic sinusoids, adrenal medullary vasculature and postnatal pulmonary vessels, thereby indicating that the blood vessels, which undergo vascular remodeling and sudden alteration of blood flow during the development, are also likely to express Ang2. ", "The present study is first to demonstrate Ang2 expression in the lymphatic endothelial cells during development, and consequently Ang2 is regarded as a molecular profile of the developing lymphatic endothelial cells required for lymphatic vascular organization." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPython 3.6 input crashes\n\nI am making a Celsius to Fahrenheit computer, but when I take the user's input, the program crashes.", "\nI tried using raw_input, but i've got python 3.6.", "\nprint(\"Enter Celsius degrees to convert them into Fahrenheit degrees: \")\nx = input()\ny = x * 9 / 5 + 32\nprint(y)\ninput()\n\nIt should take the input, then automatically convert it into Fahrenheit, then print the Fahrenheit degrees.", "\n\nA:\n\nFunction input() returns only string. ", "Even if you type a number, the value in variable x will be string. ", "\nFor example, you type 20 as input. ", "x == \"20\" will be true, but x == 20 will be false. ", "For this reason you must convert your x into int or float to be able to use arithmetical operation using x . ", "You can do it in two place. ", "\n\nWhen you are read data from input x = float(input())\nOr when you use x to convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit y = float(x) * 9 / 5 + 32\n\n" ]

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[ "The present invention relates to switching circuitry used in driving LED light sources. ", "In particular, circuitry in which LEDs are driven by a regulated current source.", "\nConventionally, LEDs may be driven by a current source that regulates the current flowing through the LEDs and hence maintains the light output of the LEDs. ", "FIG. ", "1 shows a typical circuit for driving an LED circuit in which V is an input voltage source, D is representative of a string of LEDs and G is a current source. ", "In such a circuit, in order for current to flow through D, the source input voltage of V must be higher than the forward voltage of the LEDs D.\nHowever, if voltage of input voltage source V is much higher than the forward voltage of D, a large voltage drop is present in current source G. Such an occurrence may cause a significant power loss in current source G, particularly if current source G is a linear current source." ]

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[ "Oblak: A draw was a fair result Atletico Madrid vs Real Madrid Happy with the point\n\nJan Oblak believes a point apiece was the fairest outcome from the Madrid Derby.", "\n\nReal Madrid and Atletico Madrid played out a stalemate at the Estadio Wanda Metropolitano on Saturday evening and had Oblak not excellently saved from Karim Benzema, Los Rojiblancos would have left empty-handed.", "\n\n\"We didn't risk much and neither did they,\" Oblak said afterwards.", "\n\n\"Neither of us wanted to lose, so I think a draw is the fair result.", "\n\n\"We'll improve in the next matches.\"", "\n\nThat save on Benzema earned Atleti the point, which he thinks suits both sides, while also playing down his save.", "\n\n\"We got a point, but we wanted to win,\" he explained.", "\n\n\"We weren't good, we didn't have clear chances, in the end we both deserved a draw.", "\n\n\"That was a basic stop for a goalkeeper. ", "It was well placed.", "\n\n\"I saw the ball and I wish it was always like that. ", "The fewer goals we concede, the better for everyone.\"", "\n\nThe atmosphere in the stadium was electric as always, which earned special praise from the goalkeeper.", "\n\n\"The fans have been spectacular as always,\" Oblak continued.", "\n\n\"We should have done better on our part and been more focused with cool heads.", "\n\n\"In the end we were sandwiched. ", "The season is long, though, and we have to improve day by day.\"" ]

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[ "Our Everlasting\n\nis a yaoi manga series by Toko Kawai published by Biblos and licensed by Digital Manga Publishing.", "\n\nPlot \nSurfer dude Houryu and shy intellectual Shouin are very much in love. ", "Their days together are filled with happiness, but when Shouin's French tutor - a handsome and openly gay man named Nanami - makes his affection for Shouin known, doubts begin to surface between the couple. ", "Houryu begins to believe Nanami's theory that Houryu is at heart a straight man and will turn to a woman when his experimentation period with Shouin is over.", "\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n YaoiSuki: Our Everlasting Review\n \n\nCategory:2000 manga\nCategory:Yaoi anime and manga\nCategory:Digital Manga Publishing titles" ]

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[ "A pony in Bridgton is living a life no animal should have to, and a rescue shelter is hoping to change that.", "\n\nAlmost a month ago, the animal rescue unit of Bridgton took in 15-year-old Richard from a horse dealer out of Charleston, Maine.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nA doctor at the Third Coast Equine Veterinary Services says Richard has cancer in his penis that’s been left untreated.", "\n\nBrogan Horton, who’s been caring for Richard for a few weeks now, says his situation is becoming worse.", "\n\n“Unfortunately, the amount of drainage that’s coming out of all the different holes in the organ just drain out onto his back legs and freeze,” Horton said.", "\n\nThe pain is unbearable, which is why volunteers are hoping to raise money for surgery using the online fundraising website YouCaring.com.", "\n\n“We’re trying to take off inches of ugly mass that have been basically left on to fester,” Horton said. “", "We’re going to take that off and basically create a new little Richard for him.”", "\n\nThe $3,000 procedure will be the difference between life or death for the pony.", "\n\nBrogan says without it they’ll have to euthanize Richard because it’s no way to live.", "\n\n“Normally we don’t do this, that’s a really high expense for one horse, but he suffered for so long he deserves some time when he’s not suffering,” Horton said.", "\n\nFollow the Bangor Daily News on Facebook for the latest Maine news." ]

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[ "Welcome! ", "If you need a shoulder, a friend or a virtual coffee at some point, drop by and say hello! ", "I've been on SP for just over four months now and am amazed at the absolutely incredible amount of support I've received and thrilled with the results. ", "Now I need to pay it forward ... :)" ]

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[ "Dear Customer, Thanks for the order. ", "However we cannot accept orders above 500$ for fraud protection reasons. ", "Hence please remove certain items from your product cart before proceeding to checkout. ", "Please bear with us, we are doing this for your own protection and to keep a secure and safe environment. ", "Thanks Take me back to cart page to manage it myself\n\nPhenergan 25 mg\n\nPhenergan is used for relieving allergy symptoms, including hives and nasal congestion. ", "It is used to prevent and control pain and nausea during and after surgery. ", "It is also used to help produce light sleep, and for the prevention of motion sickness. ", "Phenergan is not to be used to treat asthma. ", "It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.", "\n\nHow to use\n\nUse Phenergan as directed by your doctor. ", "Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.", "\nTake Phenergan by mouth with or without food. ", "If stomach upset occurs, take with food to reduce stomach irritation.", "\nIf you are using Phenergan for motion sickness, take a dose at least 30 to 60 minutes before you begin traveling.", "\n\nDrug Class and Mechanism\n\nPhenergan is a phenothiazine antihistamine. ", "It works by blocking the sites where histamine acts.", "\n\nMissed Dose\n\nIf you miss a dose of Propecia and you are using it regularly, take it as soon as possible. ", "If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to you regular dosing schedule. ", "Do not take 2 doses at once.", "\n\nStorage\n\nStore at room temperature away from sunlight and moisture. ", "Do not store in the bathroom. ", "Keep all medicines away from children and pets.", "\n\nWarnings/Precautions\n\nDo NOT use Phenergan if:\n\nyou are allergic to any ingredient in Phenergan\nyou have severe central nervous system depression or are in a coma\nyou are also taking astemizole, cisapride, terfenadine, or tramadol\n\nContact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.", "\n\nSome medical conditions may interact with Phenergan. ", "Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:\nif you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding\nif you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement\nif you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances\nif you have nervous system problems, bone marrow depression, heart problems, a blood disease, glaucoma, increased eye pressure, low blood pressure, liver problems, prostate problems, Parkinson disease, seizures, or Reye syndrome\nif you regularly consume large amounts of alcohol\n\nSome MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Phenergan. ", "Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:\nCharcoal or lithium because they may decrease Phenergan's effectiveness\nAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (eg, enalapril), astemizole, cisapride, general anesthetics (eg, thiopental), methyldopa, terfenadine, or tramadol because side effects, such as low blood pressure and seizures, may occur\nACE inhibitors (eg, enalapril), haloperidol, lithium, meperidine, metrizamide, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (eg, phenelzine), naltrexone, polypeptide antibiotics (eg, actinomycin), or trazodone because the risk of their side effects may be increased by Phenergan\nBromocriptine, epinephrine, levodopa, or pergolide because their effectiveness may be decreased by Phenergan" ]

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[ "Eastern Coachella Valley\n\nThe Eastern Coachella Valley is located in Southern California. ", "It is known to locals as a geographical subdivision of the Coachella Valley. ", "In other words, although the Eastern Coachella Valley is located within the same Coachella Valley geographical parameters, it is\nconsidered its own. ", "This subdivision is due primarily to the lack of incorporation of rural communities to the entity of the Coachella\nValley as a whole.", "\n\nThe Eastern Coachella Valley is made up of four rural and unincorporated communities. ", "These communities include Thermal, Oasis, Mecca, and\nNorth Shore. ", "These communities are home to predominantly Latino or Hispanic agricultural working families. ", "Majority of these families are\nlow-income and of Mexican or Mexican-American descent.", "\n\nAgricultural workers represent the main local labor force. ", "They contribute approximately 430 million dollars a year to the region\n[8]. ", "These rural and unincorporated communities constitute the back bone of the American Food System. ", "However, despite their noteworthy\ncontribution to the American Food System, they live in impoverished environments and conditions. ", "Challenging water and waste water\nconditions, plus the few economic opportunities found in these regions are factors that contribute to the continuation of poverty in the\narea.", "\n\nCommunities and population \n\nThe Eastern Coachella Valley is an area whose population is increasing fast due to its location. ", "Its location is of great importance because it is located near the Californian and Mexican Border, in which most immigrants tend to settle in search for year-round or seasonal work. ", "The Eastern Coachella Valley consists of four different cities.", "\n\nAgriculture \n\nDue to the year-round warm weather and desert climates home to the area, the rural Eastern Coachella Valley has become one of the main agricultural producer bases in the world. ", "The warm year-round climate in the region and irrigation systems has allowed for agricultural sector producers to cultivate a variety of fruits and vegetables. ", "The Eastern side of the Coachella Valley is the primary region in which agriculture cultivation processes take place. ", "This is the same area in which most farm works tend to reside on. ", "Most farm workers reside in this area for seasonal terms or year-round in order to work in the agricultural fields or crops.", "\n\nThe valley is fundamentally the most important region responsible for date crops in the United States. ", "Although the Coachella Valley is well known for its dates, it is also the agricultural land of other vegetables and fruits cultivated year-round or seasonally. ", "Table grapes, for example, are also cultivated seasonally in a great majority of the agricultural fields that make up the Eastern Coachella Valley. ", "Other vegetables and fruits include but are not limited to mangos, peaches, tomatoes, watermelons, melons, cabbage, lettuce, broccoli, carrots, corn, spinach, cauliflower, aristoches, garlic, onion, green beans, strawberries, celery, potatoes, citrus fruits such as lemons, limes, oranges, grapefruit; and also bell peppers of different colors which include yellow, green, and red.", "\n\nCompanies such as the Prime Time Produce company describe the Eastern Coachella Valley as “[o]ne of the richest growing regions in the world. ” [", "10] The Eastern Coachella Valley has become the base of Prime Time's operations and many other companies to this day due to its mass productions of diverse fruits and vegetables.", "\n\nOrganizations and activities\n\nBuilding Healthy Communities\n\nThe Eastern Coachella Valley Building Healthy Communities (BHC) organization is a “10-year program funded by The California Endowment. ", "This organization aims to build healthy communities throughout the Eastern Coachella Valley. ", "Their events and activities tend to focus mostly on youth members of the rural communities that make up the valley. ", "Activities and events imposed by (BHC) bring the rural community residents together and their families while simultaneously incorporating information and knowledge concerning healthy alternatives for a better lifestyle.", "\n\nRaices Cultura\n\nThe mission of Raices Cultura is to create a safe space for the Eastern Coachella Valley community to expose and express their art and culture. ", "They aim to create a healthier community and have the voices of the Eastern Coachella Valley be heard. ", "The youth plays a very important role in this organization because most of the events are organized by young members/ participants of this group. ", "The youth also help spread the word about this organizations and get other youngsters to join the organization or to attend and enjoy the variety of events they impose/create. ", "Raices Cultura screens films every month and have an art studio which is open almost every Saturday for the public and especially the youth to take advantage of.", "\n\nOne way they bring the community together is through the Community Garden Project. ", "Through this community garden they create consciousness about the environment, health, and economic benefits that result when people grow their own food. ", "Raices Cultura has started a community garden where organic food is grown. ", "This community garden provides and will continue to provide healthier food for the community without harming the environment. ", "This community-based activity serves as an alternative to chemical- and GMO-grown crops. ", "Their non-GMO, and organic standards creates knowledge that informs the youth of healthier practices.", "\n\nAnother way that Raices Cultura creates a safe space for the Eastern Coachella Valley communities and allows residents, especially the youth, to express their art and culture is through the annual Hue Music & Arts Festival.", "\n\nPeople that attend the HUE Music and Art Festival get to enjoy the art, music, healthy food, and bond with other members of the community. ", "Various musicians, artist, volunteers and sponsors participate in this event. ", "Through these activities in the Eastern Coachella Valley, the communities come together and create a brighter future for the children of the valley.", "\n\nCoachella Unincorporated\n\nThe Coachella Unincorporated is an organization funded by the Building Healthy Communities Initiative of the California Endowment by a media in San Francisco [7]. ", "The purpose/ goal of this organization is to have the voices of the Eastern Coachella Valley to be heard. ", "Students that attend high schools located in the Eastern Coachella Valley participate in this project by reporting stories that will create change in the communities. ", "This organization allows so that the youth can express and document their lived experiences and current events through the various journalism projects the organization creates.", "\n\nPueblo Unido Community Development Corporation\n\nPueblo unido Community Development Corporation is a non-profit organization. ", "This organization helps represent those residing on the Eastern Coachella Valley underrepresented communities of Thermal, Oasis, Mecca, and North Shore. ", "They help these communities by engaging with the residents and their families in the search for solutions to their needs and ways of improving the quality of their lives. ", "This organization was initiated by local leaders who want to set an example, change, and help transform their communities by fixing local problems. ", "Local problems such as fixing broken drainage systems or irrigation systems for the less fortunate in the Eastern Valley are examples of the work this organization fulfills.", "\n\nTransportation \n\nCompared to the metropolitan regions found elsewhere other than in the Eastern Coachella Valley communities, there happens to be a lack of public transportation available for residents. ", "The SunLine Transit Agency is the most well known source of public transportation in rural and urban communities of the valley.", "\n\nThe main method of public transportation is the SunBus. ", "The SunBus is the given name for the transit bus. ", "Although the SunBus runs through Mecca, Thermal and Oasis there is no public transportation in North Shore. ", "The Sun Bus allows members of these rural communities to travel to the urban or metropolitan communities such as Coachella, Indio, La Quinta, Palm Desert and Palm Springs that make up the entity of the Coachella Valley as a whole.", "\n\nEducation \n\nThe Eastern Coachella Valley consists of one public high school, one public middle school, and five public elementary schools.", "\n\n High School\n Coachella Valley High School, located in Thermal, California\n Desert Mirage High School, located in Thermal, California\n\n Middle School\n\n Toro Canyon Middle School, located in Thermal, California\n\n Elementary Schools\n\n Las Palmitas Elementary School, located in Thermal, California\n Oasis Elementary School, located in Oasis, California\n Mecca Elementary School, located in Mecca, California\n Saul Martinez Elementary School, located in Mecca, California\n John Kelley Elementary School, located in Thermal, California\n\n College\n\n Extended Branch of College of the Desert, located in Mecca, California\n\nNotable businesses \n\nMost of the Eastern Coachella Valley businesses are local and family owned. ", "There are, however, few exceptions such as mainstream franchises which include Starbucks, Del Taco, and Subway restaurants located in Mecca’s Travel Center. ", "These are the few corporate businesses available for the residents of Thermal, Oasis, Mecca, and North Shore. ", "Non-corporate business tend to be less known in town, and happen to be predominantly grocery markets or restaurants. ", "Toro Loco, Leon’s Meat market, Reyes Market, Tequila Market, and Chapala serve as the main grocery shopping stores for most residents.", "\n\n Toro Loco, Mecca, California\n Leon's Meat market, Mecca, California\n Chapala, Thermal, California\n Apple Market, Thermal, California\n Mecca Travel Center, Mecca, California\n Tequila Market, Oasis, California\n Reyes Market, North Shore, California\n Guerrero Taqueria Mecca, California\n\nAttractions \n\nAlternative to the mainstream Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival there are also other places and events visited both by tourists and locals. ", "The few attractions found in the Eastern Coachella Valley are local museums such as the International Banana Museum located in North Shore, California. ", "This museum has over 19,000 banana related items and pictures that capture the attention of the several locals and tourists in search of a unique adventure. ", "It is an oasis of bananas for members who visit. ", "They offer a variety of banana flavored treats, drinks, and plenty of take-home souvenirs.", "\n\nAnother visited site by tourists and local North Shore residents is the Salton Sea. ", "What makes the Salton Sea a remarkable attraction is mostly due to the fact that (1) it is the largest California lake and (2) because it is located in the San Andreas Fault. ", "This site attracts mostly geologists or environmentalists that seek research and other studies about the geology or pollution of the lake.", "\n\nBox Canyon is another location visited by tourists and local residents. ", "Box Canyon runs through Mecca, California and North Shore, California. ", "For the most part, Box Canyon is a place where people go to hike, walk, and explore the deserted nature it has to offer. ", "This site is an attraction for people who are interested in mountain hiking or adventures. ", "Within Box Canyon, there is Ladder Canyon. ", "Ladder Canyon has a man-made trail for ease people when hiking. ", "This ease in hiking in part by the use of ladders throughout the deserted and sandy trails.", "\n\nAnother well known attraction that takes place in the Eastern Coachella Valley is The HUE Music and Arts Festival. ", "This annual event takes place in Thermal, California. ", "The HUE Festival is an alternative festival to the mainstream Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. ", "The HUE is an event that is managed by ECV youth and several local leaders and organizations. ", "This festival gives the youth an opportunity to display and express their art and music talent while simultaneously bringing the unrepresented and unincorporated communities together. ", "Most of the art represents the struggles and lived experiences faced by the Eastern Coachella Valley communities.", "\n\nReferences \n\nhttp://www.bhcecv.org/ Building Healthy Communities 2013\nhttp://raicesdelvalle.org/ Raices Cultura 2013\nhttp://coachellaunincorporated.org/ Uninc. ", "Coachella 2013\nhttp://www.pucdc.org/ Pueblo Unido CDC 2013\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130517165656/http://www.thehue.us/\nhttp://www.primetimeproduce.com/production/growing_districts Prime Time Company 2013\nhttp://www.sunline.org/\n\nCategory:Coachella Valley" ]

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[ "Loxoribine affects fludarabine activity on freshly isolated B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.", "\nPurine analogues like fludarabine have been shown to be superior to conventional therapy for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). ", "In order to improve the activity of fludarabine, we tested its combination with loxoribine, a guanine ribonucleotide derivative, known to enhance the sensitivity of B-CLL cells to cytotoxic drugs. ", "B-CLL cells from 6 patients were studied; co-incubation with loxoribine 100 microM increased the activity of fludarabine by 12% to 48%, as demonstrated by XTT colorimetric assay; while 1000 microM loxoribine exerted a protective effect. ", "Accordingly, fludarabine-induced apoptosis was enhanced by the addition of loxoribine 1000 microM (39% increase). ", "These results indicate that the combination of loxoribine and fludarabine could be of interest in B-CLL." ]

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[ "Abigail Lapell – Getaway – 2019\n\nCall it prairie noir, or Canadiana desert rock: Abigail Lapell sings haunting, gorgeous modern folk songs, mapping epic natural landscapes and deeply intimate, personal territory. ", "The Toronto vocalist, guitarist, and multi-instrumentalist has released two acclaimed solo albums. ", "Hide Nor Hair, her Chris Stringer-produced sophomore LP, won a Canadian Folk Music Award for Contemporary Album of the Year in 2017.", "\n\nGetaway, Lapell’s ambitious third release due out February 1, 2019 via Coax Records / Outside, is bookended by songs about leaving. ", "LP opener and first single “Gonna Be Leaving” echoes with the irony of someone who threatens to leave yet never goes—and the certainty that, sooner or later, every relationship will end.", "\n\n“This is one of my favourite tunes on the album, and one of the most fun to play live,” says Lapell. “", "The song started as a guitar part that I couldn’t get out of my head, this insistent line that keeps circling back on itself, doubled by the vocals in a sing-song rhyme all about the contradictions of couplehood: the push and pull of independence versus commitment, trying to make it work even against the odds, or trying to leave and not being able to.", "\n\nAt the heart of these anxieties, to me, is the idea of impermanence in any relationship (one way or another, one partner will ultimately be the first to exit). ", "I recently got engaged, so these themes have been on my mind! ", "I love how the band builds on that simple, recurring melodic idea with a heartbeat rhythm section, tiptoeing piano, and overlapping harmonies that rise to a halting finale, rich with ambivalence.”", "\n\nFor Getaway, Lapell spent time in the mountains, digging through her vault of unreleased material, and ended up with dozens of road songs to choose from. ", "Working again with Stringer at Toronto’s Union Sound studio, she expanded her pool of collaborators, recruiting Christine Bougie (Bahamas) on lap steel, Dan Fortin (Bernice) on bass, and Jake Oelrichs (Run With The Kittens) on drums. ", "Trumpeter and composer Rebecca Hennessy plays on “Sparrow for a Heart”—her trumpet swirling in a sublime duet with Lapell’s synth flute and electric guitar—and also arranged horn parts for band workout “Little Noise”, with Tom Richards on trombone. ", "The latter, a subtle nod to the ‘Me Too’ movement, may even inspire listeners to get up and dance. ", "The album also features longtime collaborators Lisa Bozikovic on piano and vocals, Dana Sipos on vocals, Rachael Cardiello on viola, and Joe Ernewein on pedal steel.", "\n\nGetaway sounds fuller than Lapell’s previous records, her signature howl and warm, melodic guitar chops matched by a bluesy rhythm section. ", "Building gang vocals on “Devil in the Deep” culminate in the entire band crying ‘Hallelujah, Amen’. ", "Lapell and Stringer also incorporate otherworldly sounds, including an X-Files-like keyboard part on “UFO Song”, which tells the tale of a close encounter in rural Saskatchewan.", "\n\nYet there are also spacious piano interludes (“Leningrad”), and even an accordion tune (“Runaway”), that nod to how Lapell sounds playing solo. ", "One of the record’s most striking moments is just acoustic guitar and two voices: Lapell and Sipos, captured live in a room together, harmonizing overtop plucked strings on the transfixing “Down by the Water”.", "\n\nClosing the album, the other song about leaving, “Shape of a Mountain”, written in the Alberta Rockies during a Banff Centre artist residency, sets majestic scenes of wanderlust over cinematic strings (played by Vancouver cellist Peggy Lee, a Banff collaborator, and Toronto violinist Aline Homzy). ", "The result is Lapell’s most eclectic and confident album to date.", "\n\nSince the release of 2017’s Hide Nor Hair, Lapell has been on the road, touring across Canada, the U.S. and Europe, and playing at festivals like Pop Montreal, Mariposa, In The Dead Of Winter, Tiny Lights, and Folk On The Rocks. ", "Watch for more tour dates from Lapell in the near future.", "\n\n01 Gonna Be Leaving\n02 Ask Me No Questions\n03 Devil In The Deep\n04 Leningrad\n05 Sparrow For A Hearth\n06 Halfway To Mexico\n07 UFO Song\n08 Runaway\n09 Down By The Water\n10 Little Noise\n11 Shape Of A Mountain" ]

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[ "Why does everyone hate rainy days? ", "I find sunny days more depressing than those! ", "Who´s with me?!No? ", "Really? ", "I´ll give you anything, seriously, just ask! ", "I don´t want to be alone..." ]

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[ "Madrid defeat will mean nothing in Paris, says Nadal\n\nRafael Nadal shrugged off his Madrid Masters final defeat to Roger Federer and insisted that it will not have a detrimental effect on his bid to lift a record fifth successive French Open title.", "\n\nThe world number one saw his 33-match winning run on clay brought to a halt in a one-sided 6-4, 6-4 loss to his old rival in the pair's 20th career meeting.", "\n\nBut Nadal, who has won the last four French Open titles and has never been defeated in Paris, believes the slower, Roland Garros courts will suit him more.", "\n\n\"This means nothing in terms of Paris, it's a completely different surface,\" said Nadal, who has defeated Federer in the last three French Open finals.", "\n\n\"He was better than me (in Madrid on Sunday) and deserved to win, but the court was very quick and that helped him. ", "I played too short, made too many mistakes and he made the most of that.\"", "\n\nFor Federer, Sunday's win was a timely boost in his campaign to lift an elusive French Open.", "\n\nHis win ended a five-match, 18-month losing streak against the Spaniard, a run which included three Grand Slam finals - the 2008 French Open and Wimbledon, as well as this year's Australian Open.", "\n\nIt also halted Nadal's 33-match winning streak on clay, a sequence stretching back over a year to the Rome second round in 2008.", "\n\nFederer fired two aces, his fifth and sixth of the 88-minute final, to wrap up the victory and lift his record in finals against his Spanish rival to 5-11.", "\n\nFederer now heads into the French Open, which starts next Sunday, with a huge confidence boost after finally defeating the man who stripped him of his Wimbledon title last summer.", "\n\n\"Clearly I'm very happy to win,\" said Federer. \"", "I played well - you have to against Rafa on clay. ", "There are no easy ways to beat him. ", "I mixed it up well, served well and was dangerous on the return game.", "\n\n\"I took all the right decisions. ", "In the end it looked very comfortable, it was a perfect win.", "\n\n\"It's not like a relief, I was so close to him at Melbourne and Wimbledon. ", "But I always kept the belief that I could beat him again. ", "That's what you need on this kind of surface, I stayed positive.", "\n\n\"I've had some bad losses this year but everything is starting to fall into place, it's the right time to get a victory like this.\"", "\n\nNadal, who had won claycourt titles in Monte Carlo, Barcelona and Rome this spring, was visibly jaded from his semi-final on Saturday when he needed over four hours to defeat Novak Djokovic.", "\n\nIt was a match too far the top seed who was unable to squeeze motivation or power out of a weary body after complaining of problems with his knees in that marathon encounter.", "\n\nThe second-seeded Swiss fired 25 winners against just 12 for Nadal.", "\n\nThe 13-time Grand Slam title winner Federer broke twice while Nadal was unable to convert on any of his four break chances. ", "Sunday's result gave Federer his seventh career win against the world number one compared to 13 defeats. ", "It was also his 58th title.", "\n\n\"I played four hours on Saturday, so I was tired. ", "But if Roger played just 80 minutes in his semi-final, that's because he was better than me on Saturday.\"", "\n\nFederer won 585,000 euros (790,000 dollars) and a car as he extracted some revenge in the pair's first meeting since the Australian Open final five months ago which ended with him reduced to tears.", "\n\nNadal still leads Federer 11-5 in finals, including wins in the last three at Roland Garros.", "\n\nThe Spaniard's defeat was only his fifth on clay over 155 matches dating back to 2005." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nS0lve for $v(t)$ when there is a quadratic drag force\n\nHow do I get $v(t)$ in this problem? ", "\n\nThe motion of a falling body is governed by Newton's second law\n $\\frac{d(mv)}{dt} = mg- F_d.$ \nFind $v(t)$ for $m=1kg$, $g = 4 \\frac{m}{s^2}$ and $F_d = v^2$.\n\nA:\n\nWe have\n$$v' = g - v^2$$\n(the m's are omitted because they equal 1 kg)\nThere are various ways to solve this, one of which is to identify this as a separable equation (i.e. the kind of differential equation you learn to compute in a first or second semester calculus course). ", "In general, when we have a differential equation of the form \n$$y' = f(x)h(y)$$\nits solutions satisfy\n$$\\int \\frac{1}{h(y)} dy = \\int f(x) dx$$\nHere, we have $f(t) = 1$ and $h(v) = 4 - v^2$. Therefore,\n$$\\frac{\\ln(\\frac{v+2}{v-2})}{4} = \\int \\frac{1}{4 - v^2} dv = \\int 1 dt = t + C$$\n(using partial fractions for the left hand integral)\nSolving for $v$, we obtain\n$$v = \\frac{2ce^{4t} - 2}{ce^{4t} + 1}$$\nThe value of $c$ depends on your initial conditions. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "INTRODUCTION\n============\n\nIdentifying the current status of health indices sets the foundation for a series of processes in health programs, including selection of program priorities, the establishment of purposes and goals, and the development of strategy, program implementation, and evaluation. ", "Efforts to identify the health status of the nation were initiated with the \\'National Health Survey\\' in 1962 and the \\'National Nutrition Survey\\' in 1969. ", "Currently the 5th \\'Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)\\' is in progress. ", "As KNHANES considers only 16 wide-area self-governing districts, this nationwide sampling design has failed to cover the actual current status of 253 basic regional self-governing districts in which health programs are executed ([@B1]).", "\n\nTo overcome this limitation and to create health indices that are comparable among regions, the Community Health Survey (CHS) has been conducted annually since 2008 in individuals aged ≥ 19 yr in 253 regions around the country ([@B2]). ", "The CHS has a two-stage sampling process. ", "The first sampling stage is the process of selecting a sample area (tong/ban/ri) that is a primary sample unit, selected according to the number of households in dong/eup/myeon (the smallest administrative unit) using a probability proportional to the sampling method. ", "In the second sampling stage, as a process of selecting sample households, the number of households in the selected sample tong/ban/ri is identified to create a household directory, and sample households are selected through systematic sampling methods. ", "These methods are used to ensure the sample units are representative.", "\n\nTo evaluate reliability of CHS, a third organization conducts a telephone survey in 5% of the respondents 2 weeks after the interview. ", "This identified how well the responses match. ", "In fact, the kappa values were, on average, 0.68 (0.51 to 0.90) in 2008 and averaged 0.80 (0.70 to 0.90) in 2009 ([@B3], [@B4]).", "\n\nHowever, the validity of the CHS has not yet been assessed. ", "We evaluated the accuracy of self-reported CHS obtained by analysis of both sensitivity and specificity for some healthcare utilization.", "\n\nMATERIAL AND METHODS\n====================\n\nStudy subjects\n--------------\n\nThe CHS of Chungbuk-do was performed on 12,449 participants aged ≥ 19 yr, in 13 cities and counties in 2008. ", "This study used data of 11,217 participants, excluding 1,206 participants who did not allow the use of their data for national statistics connected with other organizations (e.g., health insurance, death data) and 26 who agreed but provided incorrect residency registration numbers. ", "The CHS of Chungbuk-do was conducted from September 1st to November 30th, 2008.", "\n\nSelection of questionnaire items for validity evaluation\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe questionnaire items regarding healthcare utilization for the validity test have to have sufficient responses in CHS and gold-standard tests to be objectively compared. ", "This study selected the following three questions; 1) Have you been hospitalized in the past year? ", "Yes/No (admission), 2) Have you been examined as an outpatient in the past 2 weeks? ", "Yes/No (outpatient visit), 3) Have you visited a dental clinic in the past year? ", "Yes/No (dental visit). ", "The actual survey question used to assess the dental visits was; when was the last time you visited the dentist? ", "① within the last 6 months, ② over 6 months-within the last year, ③ over 1 yr-within the last 3 yr, ④ over 3 yr, ⑤ no visit, and ⑥ unknown/cannot remember. ", "The response based on \\'within the last year or not\\' in this study was changed by categorizing the answers into two Yes/No answers, those who had visited in the last year (①, ②) and those who had not (③-⑤).", "\n\nGold-standard for validity tests\n--------------------------------\n\nThe insurance benefit claim data of the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA) was used as the gold-standard for the validity test of the three questions investigated in this study.", "\n\nMerging of the two data sets\n----------------------------\n\nResident registration numbers offered by respondents were used to merge the CHS data and the HIRA\\'s insurance benefit claim data. ", "The two data sets were merged by HIRA and a new identification number was assigned to the merged data. ", "Resident registration numbers were deleted to protect the private information of the participants.", "\n\nData fabrication\n----------------\n\nThe period of the respondent\\'s healthcare utilization in the HIRA claim was within the last year for admission and dental visits, and within the last 2 weeks for outpatient visits, based on the survey date of the CHS. ", "The respondent\\'s healthcare utilization for admission or outpatient visits was defined by admission or outpatient visit cases that were claimed by all healthcare institutions (including dental clinics) for insurance benefits to the HIRA during the assigned period. ", "In the case of dental visits, it was defined with the cases (admission or outpatient visits) that were claimed by only dental healthcare institutions.", "\n\nValidity tests\n--------------\n\nThe sensitivity of each question is the rate of those who used a healthcare organization among those whose data from the HIRA identifies their healthcare utilization in the CHS. ", "The specificity of each question is the rate of those who claimed not to use a healthcare organization among those whose data from the HIRA identifies their non-use of healthcare in the CHS.", "\n\nData analysis\n-------------\n\nThe frequency of healthcare utilization was initially calculated from the two data sets. ", "The sensitivity and specificity of the three questions were then assessed. ", "Additionally, the sensitivity and specificity of the detailed variables were assessed to test the significance between the sensitivity and specificity of each variable. ", "A *P* value \\< 0.05 (two tailed test) was considered to indicate statistical significance.", "\n\nEthics statement\n----------------\n\nThis study was reviewed and approved by the institutional review boards of Konkuk University Hospital (Approval number: KUH1230005). ", "We received informed consents from all of the participants in the interview survey.", "\n\nRESULTS\n=======\n\nRespondent\\'s healthcare utilization in HIRA and CHS\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nThe rates of admission and outpatient visits were 13.4% and 36.6% in HIRA and 10.4% and 28.2% in CHS, respectively. ", "The rate of dental visits was 44.7% from HIRA and 30.6% from CHS ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nSensitivity of healthcare utilization\n-------------------------------------\n\nThe sensitivities of admission, outpatient visits, and dental visits in CHS were 54.8%, 52.1%, and 61.0%, respectively ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "No significant difference was evident from the sensitivity of admissions according to gender or marital status. ", "But the values were significantly lower for those participants aged in their 20s (38.1%) and 30s (45.3%), those with 10-12 yr (50.3%) and more than 13 yr (45.3%) of education, and those who were health insurance holders (54.0%; *P* \\< 0.01). ", "The sensitivity for outpatient visits was significantly lower for males (47.8%), those aged in their 20s (30.0%), 30s (44.0%), 40s (46.1%), and 50s (46.7%), those who were single (35.7%) and married (50.6%), those with 10-12 (42.4%) and 13 yr (37.0%) of education, and those who were health insurance holders (51.2%; *P* \\< 0.001). ", "The sensitivity for dental visits displayed no significant difference by gender, and health insurance type, but was significantly lower for those aged in their 20s (51.6%), and 70s (50.6%), those who were single (53.5%), and those who possessed less than 6 yr of education (54.4%; *P* \\< 0.01).", "\n\nSpecificity of healthcare utilization\n-------------------------------------\n\nThe specificities of admission, outpatient visits, and dental visits in CHS were 96.4%, 85.6%, and 82.7%, respectively ([Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The specificity of admissions displayed no significant difference by gender, but showed the highest values in those who were aged in their 20s (98.2%), were single (98.0%), those who were educated more than 13 yr (97.8%), and who were health insurance holders (96.6%; *P* \\< 0.01). ", "The specificity of the outpatient visits showed the highest values in males (87.7%), those aged in their 20s (93.7%), those who were single (93.4%), those who had more than 13 yr of education (91.8%), and those who were health insurance holders (86.1%; *P* \\< 0.001). ", "The specificity of admissions displayed no significant difference by gender, but showed the highest values in those who were aged in their 70s (88.3%), were married but not having spouse (86.5%), those who were educated less than 6 yr (86.5%), and those who were public health aid holders (87.0%; *P* \\< 0.05).", "\n\nDISCUSSION\n==========\n\nThe sensitivities for admission, outpatient visits, and dental visit were considerably lower than the specificities. ", "Additionally, the sensitivity of admissions and outpatient visits were similar, despite the different utilization periods. ", "Maybe, it seems likely that the respondents feel pressured to provide direct information regarding their medical care use, and not because they failed to remember. ", "Although the sensitivities showed significant differences according to gender, age, marital status, and education in individual question, there were no variables with consistent pattern on sensitivity.", "\n\nHowever, the sensitivity of dental visits was higher than those of admission and outpatient visits and the specificity was lower than those of admission and outpatient visits. ", "The reason for the higher sensitivity appears that the respondents remembered the dental visits as a more specialized event than admission or outpatient visits. ", "This may be also due to the methods of obtaining the answers, which differed, with the admission and outpatient answers being only yes/no, versus the dental visits, which had six options for the visit period. ", "On the contrary, reasons for the lower specificity appear to be the dental clinic covers more non-benefit items than other general medical areas, meaning the dental clinic cannot claim insurance benefits for all their treatments. ", "In addition, the respondents can use all healthcare institutions with their Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance, car-insurance, and non-insurance so this could lead to a higher false positive value for outpatient visits and dental visits.", "\n\nA questionnaire survey is one of the data sources used to identify health behavior, health status, and healthcare utilization in a population, but its accuracy is known to be relatively low, when compared to either medical record review or insurance claim data ([@B5]-[@B7]). ", "The accuracy of self-reported data in healthcare utilization depends, among other factors, on the subjects\\' knowledge and understanding of the relevant information, their ability to recall information, and their willingness to report it ([@B8]).", "\n\nThe range of sensitivity was 86-96% and the range of specificity was 77%-89% with a 6-48 month follow-up period in previous prospective studies that investigated the validity of data on self-reported dental visits in the Florida Dental Care Study ([@B9]). ", "Among elderly aged ≥ 70 yr, the kappa value of hospital episodes and physician visits was 0.767 and 0.255, respectively, within the past year ([@B10]). ", "Using the data from the 2001 Taiwan National Health Interview and the National Health Insurance, the crude kappa values for inpatients (within the past year), outpatients (within the past month), and dental visits (within the past month) were 0.75, 0.64, and 0.62, respectively ([@B11]). ", "These values are higher than those reported in this study and may be explained by the discrepancies between the study design, questionnaire content, and the method of results presentation. ", "In fact, the kappa values on admission, outpatients visits and dental visits in this study were 0.57, 0.40 and 0.44, respectively, although agreement rate of those were 90.9%, 73.4%, and 76.1% respectively.", "\n\nConsequently, based on these study results, increasing the sensitivity of the respondents requires effort in the process of CHS. ", "First, the recall time can be subdivided into periods of 1 month, 2-6 months, and 7 months to 1 yr for admissions, and 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 4 weeks for outpatient visits, and reply methods can be changed from healthcare institute utilization (Yes/No) to the utilization period, like those used for the dental visits. ", "Indeed, it has been reported that an optimal recall period for self-reported surveys occurs at 6 months or less ([@B6]). ", "Second, when healthcare utilization questions are placed at the end of a long survey, the participant may want to finish the survey and not invest the time and effort needed for an accurate recall ([@B12]). ", "Third, applying the correct probing methods for the respondents is required when obtaining information from the past to the present. ", "For example, it has been reported that a 6-2 month approach, where the past 6-month utilization questions are asked initially, is more accurate than a 2-6 month approach ([@B13]).", "\n\nThe study has some limitations. ", "First, is it right to use the insurance benefit claim data of the HIRA as the gold standard for validity test? ", "Although NHI did not cover all healthcare utilization in Korea, NHI is a social insurance whereby all Korean take out a policy for medical security as a form of health insurance (96.7%) or medical aid (3.3%). ", "In addition, 89.2% of an insured person visited the healthcare institution as admission or outpatient more than once in 2009 ([@B14]). ", "That is, the gap which is about 10.8% included some people who did not use the healthcare institution, some people who used the healthcare institution by other insurance such as life-insurance, car-insurance, Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance, etc or some people who used the healthcare institution is not covered by any insurance. ", "But we did not know exact amount of coverage of other insurance or non-insurance. ", "Anyway, considering the amount of visit to the healthcare institution covered by NHI and access to data which we used as gold standard, we thought that using the insurance benefit claim data of the HIRA is the proper approach. ", "Second, why did we use only 3 items, admission, outpatient visit, and dental visit for validity evaluation of CHS? ", "Why did not we use more detailed healthcare utilization question such as outpatient visit by hypertension, admission by stroke, etc. ", "In fact, we can evaluate the validity of specific utilization of CHS and compare CHS with HIRA about the accuracy of diagnosis. ", "But they are the topics of the next study. ", "In this study, we just want to evaluate the validity of CHS irrespective of specific disease, from a conservative point of view. ", "Third, this study was a validity test conducted only for one broad area (a self-governing district); as a result, we did not analyze the regional difference of sensitivities and specificities and the study results should not be generalized regarding the validity of the entire CHS. ", "This limitation could be overcome with validity testing for all respondents of the 2008 CHS (about 220,000 participants). ", "In fact, the sensitivities and specificities of admission, outpatient visits and dental visits among 13 cities and counties of Chungbuk-do were very diverse. ", "These were as follows: range of sensitivity and specificity of admission was 38.9%-67.7% and 94.1%-97.5%, range of sensitivity and specificity of outpatient visits was 31.2%-66.8% and 78.0%-92.0%, and range of sensitivity and specificity of admission was 39.2%-74.5% and 75.6%-88.0%. ", "It needs the further task which contains a multilevel study to explain the regional variation of CHS validity.", "\n\nIn conclusion, despite some limitations, the present study is the first to evaluate the validity of nationwide health statistics resulting from questionnaire surveys and shows that CHS needs a lot of efforts to reflect the true health status, health behavior, and healthcare utilization of the population.", "\n\nThis study was supported by a 2010-Grant from Korean Academy of Medical Sciences. ", "KMA.", "\n\nAUTHOR SUMMARY\n==============\n\nValidity of Self-reported Healthcare Utilization Data in the Community Health Survey in Korea\n\nHwayoung Rim, Hyeongsu Kim, Kunsei Lee, Sounghoon Chang, Melbourne F Hovell, Young-Taek Kim, Yuna Kim, Gilwon Kang, Yangju Tak and Jeehye Im\n\nThis study evaluated the validity of Community Health Survey (CHS). ", "Data from 11,217 participants were analyzed. ", "We used 3 healthcare utilization indices (admission, outpatient visits, dental visits) as comparative variables and the insurance benefit claim data of the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service as the gold-standard. ", "The sensitivities of admission, outpatient visits, and dental visits in CHS were 54.8%, 52.1%, and 61.0%, respectively. ", "The specificities were 96.4%, 85.6%, and 82.7%, respectively.", "\n\n###### \n\nHealthcare utilization of study population in HIRA and CHS\n\n![](", "jkms-26-1409-i001)\n\nDifference of value is due to missing, for example 11 for admission, 16 for outpatient visit, and 679 for dental service in total. ", "HIRA, Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service; CHS, community health survey.", "\n\n###### \n\nSensitivity for self-reported of healthcare utilization\n\n![](", "jkms-26-1409-i002)\n\n###### \n\nSpecificity for self-reported of healthcare utilization\n\n![](", "jkms-26-1409-i003)\n" ]

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[ "\"Did You Climax or Are You Just Laughing at Me?\" ", "Rare Phenomena Associated With Orgasm.", "\nThe study of the human orgasm has shown a core set of physiologic and psychological symptoms experienced by most individuals. ", "The study of normal sheds light on the abnormal and has spotlighted rare physical and psychological symptoms experienced by some individuals in association with orgasm. ", "These phenomena are rare and, as is typical of rare phenomena, their documentation in the medical literature is largely confined to case studies. ", "To identify peri-orgasmic phenomena, defined as unusual physical or psychological symptoms subjectively experienced by some individuals as part of the orgasm response, distinct from the usual or normal orgasm response. ", "A list of peri-orgasmic phenomena was made with help from sexual health colleagues and, using this list as a foundation, a literature search was performed of articles published in English. ", "Publications included in this review report on physical or psychological phenomena at the time of orgasm that are distinct from psychological, whole-body, and genito-pelvic sensations commonly experienced at the time of orgasm. ", "Cases of physical symptoms related to the physiology of sexual intercourse and not specifically to orgasm were excluded. ", "Case studies of peri-orgasmic phenomena were reviewed, including cases describing cataplexy (weakness), crying, dysorgasmia, dysphoria, facial and/or ear pain, foot pain, headache, pruritus, laughter, panic attack, post-orgasm illness syndrome, seizures, and sneezing. ", "The literature review confirms the existence of diverse and frequently replicated peri-orgasmic phenomena. ", "The value of case studies is in the collection and recording of observations so that hypotheses can be formed about the observed phenomena. ", "Accordingly, this review could inspire further research on the neurophysiologic mechanisms of orgasm. ", "Reinert AE, Simon JA. \"", "Did You Climax or Are You Just Laughing at Me?\" ", "Rare Phenomena Associated With Orgasm. ", "Sex Med Rev 2017;5:275-281." ]

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[ "Let’s rebuild it now\n\n“Success is not final, failure is not fatal:\nit is the courage to continue that counts.”", "\n\n– Winston S. Churchill\n\nEvery can happen and sometimes it happens. ", "I created this website for years and now almost everything got lost. ", "The file backup and even the RAID 1 hard drive setup couldn’t protect me from it. ", "The server latexperiment was running on is gone and the new server comes with a different data protection concept. ", "The most important data, the payment data I saved differently so everything is still there. ", "Your account, your payment history like before.", "\n\nNow, what’s good about this event?", "\nI could start from scratch and now the website runs much better in terms of performance. ", "Also, the upload of the shoots is faster. ", "Uploads I started beginning from new to old. ", "So you get everything back online but first the newest shoots.", "\n\nThe video system got rebuild too. ", "It’s now working much better especially for mobile devices." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nMild cognitive impairment (MCI) commonly represents an \"at-risk\" state for developing dementia. ", "Therefore, there is a need to develop early biomarkers allowing identification of subjects who could develop Alzheimer's disease (AD), early diagnosis, and potentially effective prevention therapies. ", "The identification and validation of biomarkers for diagnosis, monitoring progression, and predicting the onset of AD have been a main focus of neurology research in the past 10 years. ", "In line with recently published research criteria, it is becoming clear that integration of biomarkers is a cornerstone for correct and early diagnosis of AD.[@b1-ndt-11-461],[@b2-ndt-11-461] To date, the most studied and validated biomarkers are Abeta42 and tau protein in the cerebrospinal fluid, glucose hypometabolism on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, atrophy of hippocampal volume on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and brain amyloid deposition on imaging with positron emission tomography.[@b3-ndt-11-461],[@b4-ndt-11-461] In the conceptual framework concerning integration of biomarkers for an early and highly predictive diagnosis, the electroencephalogram (EEG) could be a reliable tool.[@b5-ndt-11-461]--[@b11-ndt-11-461] Indeed, it is widely accepted that EEG rhythms reflect underlying brain network activity.[@b12-ndt-11-461]--[@b16-ndt-11-461] As a consequence, changes in EEG rhythms could be an early sign of AD. ", "Recently, it has been demonstrated that an increase in high alpha power relative to low alpha power is a reliable EEG marker for atrophy of the hippocampus and amygdalohippocampal complex.[@b17-ndt-11-461],[@b18-ndt-11-461] Further, the increase in α3/α2 power ratio has been demonstrated to be predictive of conversion to AD in patients with MCI, but not in non-AD dementia.[@b19-ndt-11-461] The same increase in the α3/α2 power ratio was found to be correlated with hippocampal atrophy in subjects with AD.[@b20-ndt-11-461] Finally, a recent study showed that MCI subjects with the highest α3/α2 power ratio had a peculiar pattern of basal ganglia and thalamic atrophy detected by voxel-based morphometry when compared with MCI subjects with a middle or low α3/α2 power ratio.[@b21-ndt-11-461] In contrast, subjects with a higher α3/α2 frequency power ratio showed a consistent trend of lower perfusion than subjects with a low α3/α2 frequency power ratio. ", "The two groups were significantly different with regard to hippocampal volume and correlation with theta frequency activity.[@b22-ndt-11-461]\n\nThis study investigated the correlation between MRI and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) values and memory impairment in subjects with MCI and a high α3/α2 frequency power ratio. ", "The results showed that memory impairment was more pronounced in MCI subjects with a higher upper/lower alpha frequency power ratio in both the MRI and SPECT groups. ", "Memory impairment was also correlated with greater cortical atrophy and less perfusion in the temporoparietal cortex.", "\n\nMaterials and methods\n=====================\n\nSubjects\n--------\n\nSeventy-four subjects with MCI was recruited from the memory clinic at the Scientific Institute for Research and Care of Alzheimer's and Psychiatric Diseases in Brescia, Italy. ", "All experimental protocols were approved by the local ethics committee. ", "Informed consent was obtained from all participants or their caregivers in accordance with the code of ethics laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. ", "Other data on the same subjects has been published previously by our group.", "\n\nDiagnostic criteria\n-------------------\n\nPatients were selected from a prospective study on the natural history of cognitive impairment being carried out in the National Institute for the Research and Care of Alzheimer's Disease. ", "Inclusion criteria for the study have been described elsewhere.[@b23-ndt-11-461]--[@b33-ndt-11-461] The demographic and cognitive characteristics of the study population are summarized in [Table 1](#t1-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "There were no statistically significant differences between the study groups with regard to age, sex, or education.", "\n\nEEG recordings\n--------------\n\nEEG activity was recorded continuously from 19 sites using electrodes set in an elastic cap (Electro-Cap International Inc, Eaton, OH, USA) and positioned according to the 10--20 international system (Fp1, Fp2, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, T3, C3, Cz, C4, T4, T5, P3, Pz, P4, T6, O1, and O2). ", "The EEG procedure used has been described elsewhere.[@b34-ndt-11-461]--[@b43-ndt-11-461]\n\nAnalysis of individual frequency bands\n--------------------------------------\n\nDigital Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based power spectrum analysis (Welch technique, Hanning windowing function, no phase shift) was used to compute (range 2--45 Hz) the power density of EEG rhythms with a 0.5 Hz frequency resolution. ", "Two anchor frequencies were selected according to the guidelines in the literature.[@b16-ndt-11-461],[@b19-ndt-11-461],[@b44-ndt-11-461]--[@b50-ndt-11-461] The α3/α2 power ratio was computed in all subjects, and three groups were obtained according to increasing tertile values of α3/α2, ie, low (α3/α2 \\<1), middle (1\\< α3/α2 \\<1.16), and high (α3/α2 \\>1.17). ", "Division into tertiles allowed a balanced distribution of the study sample with the advantage of avoiding extreme values in the statistical analysis. ", "The three groups of MCI have been demonstrated in previous studies to be different.[@b19-ndt-11-461]--[@b22-ndt-11-461]\n\nMRI scans\n---------\n\nFor each subject, a high-resolution sagittal T1-weighted volumetric MRI scan was acquired at the Neuroradiology Unit, Città di Brescia Hospital, Brescia, Italy, using a 1.0 T scanner (Gyroscan, Philips, Eindhoven, the Netherlands) with a gradient echo three-dimensional technique: repetition time 20 ms, echo time 5 ms, flip angle 30°, field of view 220 mm, acquisition matrix 256×256, and slice thickness 1.3 mm.", "\n\nEstimation of cortical thickness\n--------------------------------\n\nCortical thickness in the 74 MCI patients was measured using FreeSurfer version 5.1.0, a fully automated MRI-based analysis technique comprising a set of software tools for the study of cortical and subcortical anatomy, as described elsewhere.[@b50-ndt-11-461]--[@b59-ndt-11-461]\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nDifferences in sociodemographic and neuropsychological characteristics between the groups were tested for using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 13.0 software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). ", "Analysis of variance was performed for continuous variables and the paired *χ*^2^ test for dichotomous variables. ", "For continuous variables, post hoc pairwise comparisons between groups were performed using the Games--Howell or Bonferroni tests depending on homogeneity of variance, estimated with Levene's test. ", "The correlation analysis was computed with Spearman's correlation coefficients.", "\n\nSPECT scans\n-----------\n\nTwenty-seven patients and 17 controls underwent SPECT scanning in the nuclear medicine department at the Ospedali Riuniti Hospital, Bergamo, Italy, according a protocol described elsewhere.[@b60-ndt-11-461]\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nWe investigated the significance of differences in sociodemographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics between the two groups (MCI subjects at low risk or high risk of developing AD) using the *χ*^2^ test for categorical variables (sex and apolipoprotein E carrier status) and the Student's independent *t*-test for continuous variables (volumetrics, perfusion features, and EEG frequencies). ", "In all cases, we set the threshold for statistical significance at *P*\\<0.05. ", "Spearman's *r* correlations were assessed between the selected regions of interest for perfusion (in terms of age-corrected *W* scores) and the acquired EEG frequencies in both groups.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nMRI\n---\n\n[Table 1](#t1-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the sociodemographic and neuropsychological characteristics of the MCI subgroups defined according to α3/α2 ratio. ", "Analysis of variance showed no statistically significant differences between the groups, which were well matched for age, sex, white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden, level of education, and global cognitive level. ", "Age, sex, education, global cognitive level (Mini-Mental State Examination score) and WMH burden were introduced as covariates in the subsequent analysis to avoid confounding factors. ", "The post hoc pairwise comparisons between groups were performed using the Games-Howell test.", "\n\n### Pattern of cortical thickness\n\nWhen compared with subjects who had a low α3/α2 ratio, patients with a high α3/α2 ratio showed bilateral thinning in the superotemporal, supramarginal, and precuneus cortex, as well as in the right inferior parietal and insula areas ([Figure 1](#f1-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n### Neuropsychological memory tests and cortical thickness\n\nIn the high α3/α2 group, a significant positive correlation was found between logical memory performance on the Babcock test and thickness values in the left caudal middle frontal area (cluster size 36 mm^2^, stereotaxic coordinates x, y, z =−34, 22, 47, respectively; *r*=0.70, *P*\\<0.001) and left inferior temporal area (15 mm^2^, −54, −28, −26; *r*=0.65, *P*\\<0.01), right rostral middle frontal area (28 mm^2^; 2, 56, −13; *r*=0.69, *P*\\<0.005). ", "No significant correlation was found with the same regions nor in the other groups nor in the whole sample ([Table 2](#t2-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nIn the high α3/α2 group, immediate recall on the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) was significantly correlated with cortical thickness in the bilateral precuneus area (left 47 mm^2^, stereotaxic coordinates x, y, z =−21, −61, 20, respectively; *r*=0.71, *P*\\<0.0001; right 58 mm^2^, 20, −60, 25; *r*=0.70, *P*=0.0008), left fusiform area (40 mm^2^, −41, −25, −21; *r*=0.70, *P*\\<0.0007), left inferior parietal area (43 mm^2^, −46, −60, 11; *r*=0.69, *P*\\<0.005), left inferior temporal area (35 mm^2^, −53, −34, −21; *r*=0.66, *P*\\<0.0009), and right bank of the superior temporal sulcus (44 mm^2^, 48, −48, 9; *r*=0.79, *P*\\<0.0001). ", "Memory performance was also correlated in the middle group with both the right precuneus area (*r*=0.18, *P*\\<0.04), and the right bank of the superior temporal sulcus (*r*=0.40, *P*=0.03). ", "No significant associations was found either in the low group or in the entire sample.", "\n\nIn the high α3/α2 group, delayed recall on the AVLT was significantly correlated with cortical thickness in the bilateral inferior parietal area (left 95 mm^2^, stereotaxic coordinates x, y, z =−44, −58, 12, respectively; *r*=0.80, *P*\\<0.0001; right 49 mm^2^, 50, −50, 9; *r*=0.71, *P*\\<0.0007), left pericalcarine cortex (54 mm^2^, −7, −8, 11; *r*=0.69, *P*\\<0.001), left bank of the superior temporal sulcus (31 mm^2^, −51, −41, −5; *r*=0.76, *P*\\<0.0005), and in the right superior temporal area (22 mm^2^, 56, −34, 13; *r*=0.67, *P*\\<0.01). ", "No significant correlation was found with the same regions nor in the other groups nor in the whole sample.", "\n\nSPECT\n-----\n\nTwenty-seven MCI patients were enrolled in this study and were classified as at high risk (when the α3/α2 EEG rhythm median was above 1.17) or at low risk (when the median α3/α2 EEG rhythm was under 1.17) for developing AD. ", "The two groups (high risk of AD, n=13; low risk of AD, n=14) were similar for age (*P*=0.56), years of education (*P*=0.87), sex (*P*=0.17), apolipoprotein E genotype (*P*=0.15), Mini-Mental State Examination scores (*P*=0.31), and white matter lesion load (*P*=0.88; [Table 3](#t3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table\"}). [", "Figure 2](#f2-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the visual rating scale of the SPECT scans representative of normal controls, subjects with MCI and a low risk of conversion to AD, and MCI subjects with a high risk of conversion to AD. ", "Analysis of variance showed that the selected cutoff was effective in detecting the two different groups, ie, patients at high risk of developing AD had a significantly higher α3/α2 power ratio than patients at low risk (*P*=0.0001).", "\n\n### Pattern of cortical perfusion differences between groups\n\nAlthough mean perfusion in all the selected regions of interest was similar between the groups (all *P*\\>0.38), the group with a high α3/α2 frequency ratio showed a consistent trend of lower perfusion. ", "Moreover, left hippocampal volumes were lower in subjects at high risk of AD when compared with those at low risk (*P*=0.001).", "\n\nIn patients at low risk of developing AD, a significant Pearson's *r* negative correlation was found between the perfusion in the region of interest, the hippocampal comolex volume and the theta rhythm (*r*=−0.544, *P*=0.044). ", "In patients at high risk of developing AD, more and dissimilar correlations were found: a positive correlation, inverted respect to patients at low risk, between the perfusion in the region of interest, the hippocampal comolex volume and the theta rhythm (*r*=0.729, *P*=0.005).", "\n\n### Neuropsychological memory tests and regional brain perfusion\n\nIn the high α3/α2 group, a significant positive correlation was found between logical memory performance on the Babcock test and lower perfusion values in the bilateral precuneus (left, *r*=0.63, *P*\\<0.03; right, *r*=0.70, *P*\\<0.001) and superior temporal sulcus (*r*=0.72, *P*\\<0.006). ", "Moreover, a positive correlation was found with hippocampal atrophy (*r*=0.75, *P*=0.001).", "\n\nIn the high α3/α2 group, immediate recall on the AVLT was significant correlated with lower perfusion values in the caudal bank of the right inferior temporal sulcus (*r*=0.71, *P*\\<0.001) and middle frontal gyrus (*r*=0.73, *P*\\<0.003). ", "Further, memory function on the AVLT was significantly correlated with lower perfusion values in the left inferior parietal lobule, particularly in the supramarginal gyrus (*r*=0.80, *P*\\<0.0001, [Table 4](#t4-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe present study provides an overview of the correlation between structural and neurodegeneration biomarkers and brain rhythms associated with MCI due to AD.", "\n\nAssociation between EEG markers and changes in gray matter\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nThis study investigated the relationship between an EEG marker (the α3/α2 power ratio) and cortical thickness in subjects with MCI. ", "The α3/α2 power ratio was chosen because previous work has demonstrated that MCI subjects with a higher α3/α2 ratio are at increased risk of developing AD.[@b19-ndt-11-461]--[@b22-ndt-11-461] In the present study, the MCI group with a higher α3/α2 ratio had more global cortical atrophy than the other subgroups, thus confirming a large body of literature.[@b6-ndt-11-461],[@b19-ndt-11-461] Further, the greater extent of atrophy was significant in two specific brain areas, ie, the precuneus and the supramarginal gyrus (located in the inferior parietal lobule), in both the left and right hemispheres. ", "These results were largely expected, considering previous studies. ", "Indeed, structural and functional abnormalities of the precuneus were observed in subjects with MCI as well as in those with AD, so atrophy of the precuneus has been considered as pathognomonic of early AD.[@b61-ndt-11-461]--[@b66-ndt-11-461] Recent studies suggest that specific regions, namely the precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus, together with the medial temporal lobe, are particularly vulnerable to early amyloid deposition in AD pathology.[@b67-ndt-11-461],[@b68-ndt-11-461]\n\nRelationship between EEG markers and changes in perfusion\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nThese results confirm previous studies showing that patients at high risk of developing AD have reduced perfusion on SPECT in the temporoparietal intersection and inferior parietal lobule,[@b55-ndt-11-461],[@b56-ndt-11-461] and also confirm the well-known correlation between reduced regional perfusion and hyppocampal atrophy.[@b55-ndt-11-461] The present study shows a correlation between cerebral perfusion and theta rhythm, which emerges only when the different groups individuated by the a3/a2 frequency power ratio. ", "This is confirmed by the lack of a correlation when the groups are merged. ", "This result represents the principal issue of the study and the main novelty of this research.", "\n\nThe subjects at lower risk of developing AD, in whom there was a steady trend toward higher regional blood perfusion in the brain, maintained low levels of hippocampal theta power, while subjects at higher risk, with a basically lower cerebral blood perfusion, tended to show a higher theta rhythm. ", "Theta rhythms are usually not appreciated in a normal awakening EEG. ", "However, an increase in theta power is observed over the frontal and temporal areas during learning and memory tasks. ", "Theta rhythms recorded during these tasks are thought to be produced by activation of the septal-hippocampal system. ", "The hippocampus has cholinergic innervation originating from the basal forebrain, medial septum, and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca. ", "Populations of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons have also been described in several basal forebrain structures. ", "The synchronized depolarization of hippocampal neurons produces field potentials that have a main frequency of 3--12 Hz and is usually known as hippocampal theta rhythm.[@b47-ndt-11-461],[@b48-ndt-11-461] A cholinergic-glutamatergic hypothesis of AD has been advanced, whereby most symptoms may be explained by cholinergic-glutamatergic deficits. ", "Neuronal injury/loss may include an excitotoxic component that possibly contributes to the early cholinergic deficit. ", "This excitotoxic component may occur, at least in part, at the septal level where somas of cholinergic neurons are found. ", "This insult may modify septal networks and contribute to the abnormal information processing observed in the AD brain, including its hyperexcitability states.", "\n\nNeurophysiological and clinical implications\n--------------------------------------------\n\nRecent studies have demonstrated that, during successful encoding of new items, there is a desynchronization in the temporoparietal memory-related networks whereas a synchronization prevent a successful semantic encoding.[@b66-ndt-11-461],[@b69-ndt-11-461] The deleterious role of synchronization has recently been demonstrated by an interesting study addressing the intriguing relationship between functional and structural degeneration in AD.[@b67-ndt-11-461] The authors detected some hub (heteromodal associative) regions that are selectively vulnerable in AD pathology, caused by damage to inhibitory interneurons, providing a loss of inhibition at the cellular level.[@b70-ndt-11-461]--[@b75-ndt-11-461] According to the authors, this disinhibition provokes an increasing amount of neural activity at the network level, ultimately resulting in a hypersynchronization of brain areas. ", "Of note, this overactivity is excitotoxic and determines cellular apoptosis and brain atrophy. ", "Palop and Mucke emphasize the role of dysfunctional inhibitory interneurons in hypersynchronization.[@b54-ndt-11-461] Our results are in line with these previous influential studies. ", "A possible integrative view of all the results could be as follows: the higher neuronal activity in the hub regions starts from dysfunctional cellular inhibition; the consequent disinhibition drives the neural network toward oversynchronization; this oversynchronization is specific to hub regions with a higher amyloid burden; these overactivated regions are prone to degeneration and atrophy; a possible neurophysiological sign of this oversynchronization is the higher α3/α2 power ratio we have found in typical hub regions.[@b70-ndt-11-461]--[@b75-ndt-11-461] It is of great interest that there is overlap between the brain regions associated with an increased EEG α3/α2 power ratio (hypersynchronization of upper alpha) in our study and the regions associated with higher amyloid burden related to memory processes.[@b70-ndt-11-461],[@b71-ndt-11-461] Moreover, in the present study, there is a very interesting result. ", "Atrophy of the precuneus is coupled with atrophy in the supramarginal gyrus and, to a lesser extent, with the inferior parietal lobule, insula, and superior temporal gyrus. ", "This pattern of atrophy was clearly expressed in the MCI subjects with a higher α3/α2 power ratio. ", "This finding fits well with the results of a recent study that investigated the functional connectivity of the human precuneus by resting state functional MRI.[@b75-ndt-11-461] The authors of that study found that there is a preferential pathway for connectivity between the dorsal precuneus and the supramarginal gyrus, parietal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, and insula. ", "As a consequence, the atrophy detected in the MCI group with a higher α3/α2 power ratio could be hypothesized to reflect loss of gray matter in an entire anatomofunctional network rather than atrophy of isolated brain areas. ", "Of note, it is widely accepted that AD is the result of cortical network impairment more than atrophy of single cortical areas.[@b75-ndt-11-461] In subjects with a low or middle α3/α2 power ratio, the cognitive impairment is possibly due to cerebrovascular impairment or a non-AD degenerative process. ", "Although the rigid selection criteria adopted to include in the study patients with primary cognitive deficits, in the clinical practice is not infrequent to have MCI subjects not due to AD.", "\n\nMemory performance\n------------------\n\nIn order to exclude a random relationship between the EEG marker and cortical atrophy, the correlation between brain areas and performance on memory tests was investigated in all MCI subgroups. ", "The memory tests were chosen because of their well-known greater impairment in MCI subjects who convert to AD.[@b1-ndt-11-461],[@b9-ndt-11-461] Our results showed no significant difference in memory performance between the groups. ", "This could be a paradoxical outcome, but should not be considered too surprising, bearing in mind the globally mild and early impairment of the whole group of subjects. ", "In other words, the groups are not different when considering memory performance alone. ", "This is probably due to early and general MCI. ", "Despite the lack of a significant difference in the memory test scores, when focusing on the relationship between memory performance and a reliable structural marker, such as cortical thickness, the MCI group with the higher α3/α2 power ratio showed a (negative) correlation between performance on memory tests and cortical thickness, as expected in patients likely to have prodromal AD. ", "This result confirms the peculiar nature of this MCI group, and shows a clear specificity as regard to both cortical atrophy and the correlated memory performance. ", "Moreover, no other sociodemographic or structural differences were observed in the MCI groups that could explain the results of the correlation analysis. ", "Cortical areas associated with cortical thinning and those correlated with performance on memory tests are only partly overlapping. ", "This could be due to the particular nature of the memory domain, underpinning a large number of brain areas. ", "On the other hand, MCI subjects at higher risk of converting to AD may show impairment in other cognitive domains, such as visuospatial attention or in execution and preparation of spatially guided behavior.[@b75-ndt-11-461] Of note, the cortical network encompassing the precuneus and inferior parietal cortex is deeply involved in visuospatial abilities.[@b75-ndt-11-461] As a speculative interpretation, we could hypothesize that the memory deficits may be due to an impaired network underlying the semantic coding of the spatial features of episodic memory traces. ", "In this view, the atrophy of a specific brain network (more than global volume measures) is more reliable in detecting MCI subjects with prodromal AD. ", "However, discussion of memory-related brain networks is beyond the scope of the present study. ", "Only a weak negative correlation was found in the group with a middle α3/α2 EEG power ratio, suggesting a possible degenerative type of memory impairment in this group. ", "No significant associations were found in the low α3/α2 power ratio group or in the whole sample. ", "Taken together, these results strengthen the view that MCI patients with a higher α3/α2 ratio are at increased risk for developing AD.[@b75-ndt-11-461]\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nIn this study, a higher EEG upper/low alpha power ratio was associated with cortical thinning and decreased perfusion in the temporo-parietal brain areas. ", "This atrophy and decreased perfusion were both significantly correlated with memory impairment in MCI subjects. ", "The EEG upper/low alpha frequency power ratio could be useful for identifying MCI individuals at risk for progression to AD dementia and may be of value in the clinical context.", "\n\n**Disclosure**\n\nThe author reports no conflicts of interest in this work.", "\n\n{#f1-ndt-11-461}\n\n{#f2-ndt-11-461}\n\n###### \n\nDemographic and cognitive characteristics in the total sample based on α3/α2 frequency power ratio\n\n Alpha3/alpha2 \n --------------------------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- -------\n **Demographic and clinical features** \n Subjects (n) 18 56 --\n Age, years 70.4±6.7 (60--85) 69.4±5.4 (52--83) 0.55\n Sex, female 13 (%) 19 (%) 0.51\n Education, years 6.6±3.6 (4--18) 8.1±2.6 (3--18) 0.42\n Mini-Mental State 27±1.7 27.2±1.5 0.46\n Examination (23--29) (23--30) \n WMH (mm^3^) 2.78±2.58 4.22±5.45 0.32\n Alpha3/alpha2 1.29±0.1 (1.17--1.52) 1.01±0.3 (0.77--1.16) 0.000\n\n**Notes:** Numbers denote mean ± standard deviation and range. *", "P*-value denotes significance on analysis of variance.", "\n\n**Abbreviation:** WMH, white matter hyperintensity.", "\n\n###### \n\nCorrelations between neuropsychological memory tests and cortical thickness in high α3/α2 group and other groups\n\n Regions High (n=18) Middle (n=38) Low (n=18) All (n=74)\n --------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------\n Babcock Left caudal middle frontal *r*=0.70 *r*=0.10 *r*=0.24 *r*=0.18\n *P*\\<0.001[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.58 *P*=0.37 *P*=0.18 \n Right rostral middle frontal *r*=0.69 *r*=0.08 *r*=0.37 *r*=0.16 \n *P*\\<0.005[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.69 *P*=0.16 *P*=0.21 \n Left inferior temporal *r*=0.65 *r*=0.08 *r*=0.07 *r*=0.13 \n *P*\\<0.01[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.69 *P*=0.80 *P*=0.31 \n AVLT immediate Left precuneus *r*=0.71 *r*=0.25 *r*=−0.73 *r*=0.18\n *P*\\<0.0001[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.18 *P*=0.79 *P*=0.18 \n Left fusiform *r*=0.70 *r*=0.21 *r*=−0.08 *r*=0.16 \n *P*\\<0.0007[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.26 *P*=0.76 *P*=0.22 \n Left inferior temporal *r*=0.66 *r*=0.29 *r*=−0.10 *r*=0.18 \n *P*\\<0.0008[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.12 *P*=0.70 *P*=0.17 \n Left inferior parietal *r*=0.69 *r*=0.28 *r*=0.12 *r*=0.21 \n *P*\\<0.005[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.14 *P*=0.67 *P*=0.09 \n Right precuneus *r*=0.70 *r*=0.18 *r*=0.02 *r*=0.21 \n *P*\\<0.0008[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*\\<0.04[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.38 *P*=0.09 \n Right banks of the superior temporal sulcus *r*=0.70 *r*=0.40 *r*=0.04 *r*=0.12 \n *P*\\<0.00001[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*\\<0.03[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.38 *P*=0.09 \n AVLT delayed Left inferior parietal *r*=0.80 *r*=0.25 *r*=−0.05 *r*=0.18\n *P*\\<0.0001[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.18 *P*=0.87 *P*=0.15 \n Left pericalcarine *r*=0.69 *r*=0.15 *r*=0.69 *r*=0.17 \n *P*\\<0.001[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.42 *P*=0.80 *P*=0.17 \n Left banks of the superior temporal sulcus *r*=0.76 *r*=0.24 *r*=−0.15 *r*=0.12 \n *P*\\< 0.0005[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.20 *P*=0.58 *P*=0.34 \n Right inferior parietal *r*=0.71 *r*=0.19 *r*=0.03 *r*=0.16 \n *P*\\<0.0007[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.31 *P*=0.92 *P*=0.21 \n Right superior temporal *r*=0.67 *r*=0.20 *r*=0.16 *r*=0.21 \n *P*\\<0.01[\\*](#tfn3-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.30 *P*=0.56 *P*=0.09 \n\n**Note:**\n\nindicates significance.", "\n\n**Abbreviation:** AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test.", "\n\n###### \n\nDemographic and cognitive characteristics in the total sample, based on α3/α2 frequency power ratio\n\n MCI at low risk MCI at high-risk *P*-value\n ----------------------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- -----------\n Subjects (n) 14 13 \n Age (years) 69.1±7.6 (57--83) 70.6±5.5 (62--78) 0.555\n Sex (females) 6 (43%) 9 (69%) 0.168\n Education (years) 8.2±4.3 (4--18) 7.9±4.5 (3--18) 0.865\n Mini-Mental State Examination score 27.9±1.6 (25--30) 27.2±1.9 (24--29) 0.309\n Apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype (carriers) 2 (29%) 5 (39%) 0.152\n Left hippocampal volume (mm^3^) 2,606±353 (1,923--3,017) 2,073±412 (1,234--2,641) 0.001\n Right hippocampal volume (mm^3^) 2,581±473 (1,549--3,150) 2,296±501 (1,589--3,086) 0.141\n Wahlund total score 3.58±3.29 (0.0--10.0) 3.78±2.63 (0.0--7.0) 0.886\n\n**Notes:** Numbers denote mean ± standard deviation and range. *", "P*-value denotes significance on analysis of variance.", "\n\n**Abbreviation:** MCI, mild cognitive impairment.", "\n\n###### \n\nCorrelations between neuropsychological memory tests and regional brain perfusion in higher α3/α2 frequency power group\n\n Regions High risk (n=14) Low risk (n=13)\n -------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- ------------------ -----------------\n Babcock Left precuneus *r*=0.63 *r*=0.24\n *P*\\<0.03[\\*](#tfn7-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.37 \n Right precuneus *r*=0.70 *r*=0.37 \n *P*=0.001[\\*](#tfn7-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.16 \n Superior temporal sulcus *r*=0.72 *r*=0.17 \n *P*≤0.006[\\*](#tfn7-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.80 \n AVLT immediate Right banks of the Inferior temporal sulcus *r*=0.71 *r*=−0.23\n *P*\\<0.0001[\\*](#tfn7-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.79 \n Right middle frontal gyrus *r*=0.73 *r*=−0.25 \n *P*\\<0.003[\\*](#tfn7-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.13 \n AVLT delayed Left supramarginal gyrus *r*=0.80 *r*=−0.25\n *P*\\<0.0001[\\*](#tfn7-ndt-11-461){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *P*=0.2 \n\n**Note:**\n\nindicates significance.", "\n\n**Abbreviation:** AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test.", "\n" ]

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[ "Raymond Gehman/Corbis\n\nA Polish proposal to increase logging in the ancient Białowieża Forest is drawing fresh criticism from scientists. ", "They suspect that the motives are partly commercial, and dispute claims that an outbreak of bark beetle threatens the forest. ", "The Polish Ministry of the Environment says that there is no commercial benefit to the proposed logging and insists that it is needed for pest control.", "\n\nThe 1,500-square-kilometre forest, which straddles the Poland–Belarus border, has remained largely unchanged for centuries, making it a matchless stomping ground for researchers tracing the behaviour and ecology of insects, birds and mammals, including the largest population of European bison (Bison bonasus).", "\n\nIt is also a source of ecological measurements, for example on regeneration after disturbances, that inform forest management elsewhere, says Rafał Kowalczyk, director of the Polish Academy of Sciences’ Mammal Research Institute in the village of Białowieża.", "\n\nA Białowieża management plan limits logging in the forest to 48,000 cubic metres of wood per year — enough to allow locals to gather firewood. ", "But on 10 November, the local forest administration proposed an amendment that would allow large-scale logging in sections outside the central 17% of the forest that is a national park. ", "They cited an outbreak of the bark beetle pest (Ips typographus) in Białowieża’s Norway spruce (Picea abies). ", "In one forest district where logging is currently limited to 6,000 m3 per year, the allowable yearly volume would increase to 53,000 m3.", "\n\nOn 18 November, scientists with Poland’s State Council for Nature Conservation condemned the proposal; public protests have followed. ", "This week in Nature, Polish biologists express other concerns in two Correspondence articles (P. Chylarecki and N. Selva Nature 530, 419; 2016; P. Michalak Nature 530, 419; 2016).", "\n\nConservation council member and Correspondence author Przemysław Chylarecki, who is an ornithologist at the Museum and Institute of Zoology in Warsaw, suspects that commercial considerations, not just pest control, are behind the plan. ", "Poland’s government was elected in October — and the environment minister referred to the wasted commercial potential of unlogged trees in his election campaign, notes Chylarecki.", "\n\nBut an environment ministry spokesman, Jacek Krzemiński, says that there is no commercial incentive because the wood is only good for firewood, and the costs of logging and transport make it unprofitable to sell the wood on.", "\n\nKowalczyk, who also opposes the logging proposal, says that the pest-control argument is misguided. ", "Recurring bark-beetle outbreaks do not endanger the forest at large because more-resilient tree species spread and replace spruce, he says. “", "That’s a perfectly natural process and endlessly preferable to cutting down trees.” ", "But Jarosław Krawczyk, spokesman for the regional state forest directorate in Białystok, says that the current outbreak is unprecedented in scale and has already begun to attack other tree species.", "\n\nA detailed assessment of forest health is under way, says Krzemiński. ", "Earlier this month, a regional environment agency suggested that the amount of extra logging be reduced to half of the volume proposed in the new management plan, whereas Poland’s national forest authority has yet to weigh in. ", "Depending on its opinion, the ministry will decide on the amendment later this year, Krzemiński told Nature." ]

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[ "Following the death of a 20-year-old woman on London’s Cycle Superhighway 2 last Friday, London Cycling Campaign (LCC) has called a protest ride from Tower Hill to Aldgate this Friday at 6pm\n\nThe woman was yesterday named as Philippine de Gerin-Ricard after her family flew in from the South of France to formally identify her. ", "A student who was doing work experience at Marks & Spencer, Ms de Gerin-Ricard was fatally struck by a lorry driver last Friday.", "\n\nThe objective of the protest, says the LCC, is to remind Mayor Boris Johnson and local councils that Londoners cycling on busy roads need dedicated space to protect them from fast-moving and heavy motor traffic.", "\n\nMs de Gerin-Ricard's was the third cyclist death to date on Cycle Superhighway 2, and the second in the London area in as many weeks. ", "On June 24 a man was hit by the driver of a red Audi on the A20 in Lewisham. ", "The driver, a 28-year-old man left the scene, but was later arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving and failing to stop at the scene of an accident.", "\n\nSvitlana Tereschenko and Brian Dorling were killed in separate incidents in 2011 at Bow roundabout on Cycle Superhighway 2. ", "Both were hit by the drivers of tipper lorries.", "\n\nLondon Cycling Campaign has been highlighting the poor design of Cycle Superhighway 2 - in reality little more than some blue paint along a very busy arterial route into London - since before it was built. ", "Or painted.", "\n\nNot safe or comfortable\n\n“Since the first designs for Superhighway 2 were put forward, we've repeatedly told the Mayor that this route – supposedly put in place to encourage more Londoners to cycle – fails to come anywhere near providing a safe or comfortable cycle route,” says an LCC statement announcing Friday’s protest ride.", "\n\n“In a letter to Transport for London dated February 2011 - before construction started - we said the project as planned should be halted, and funds should be spent improving flaws in the existing Cycle Superhighways and that Superhighway 2 should be redesigned a genuinely safe cycle route.", "\n\n“As far back as 2009, we put forward a Superhighways manifesto calling for the Mayor to make these commuter routes safe and inviting for novice cyclists, as well as experienced commuters.", "\n\nFast-moving motor traffic\n\n“Superhighway 2 follows the A11 trunk road, a busy multi-lane road used by high volumes of fast-moving motor traffic; however, despite being one of the Mayor's flagship commuter cycle routes, the section of Superhighway 2 from Aldgate to Bow roundabout provides no dedicated space for cycling.", "\n\n“Cyclists of all abilities, including children, are expected to jockey for position among lorries, cars, motorbikes, buses and taxis, with only a smattering of ineffective blue paint and a few bike symbols to protect them.", "\n\n“In stark contrast to this section of Superhighway 2, proposals from Transport for London for the CS2 route extension from Bow roundabout to Stratford provide for wide cycle tracks in both directions, with a raised kerb to protect cyclists from motor traffic and junction treatments to reduce conflict between cyclists and motorists.", "\n\n“The wide tracks on Superhighway 2 from Bow to Stratford are to allow faster commuters to overtake slower cyclists comfortably.", "\n\n“This plan to provide safe and dedicated space for cycling makes the complete absence of space for cycling between Aldgate and Bow very difficult to comprehend.”", "\n\nRide details\n\nMeet 6pm for 6.15pm start at Tower Hill (where it meets Minories) http://goo.gl/maps/8Czme\n\nThe protest ride will last approximately 20-30 minutes, including a brief stop at the junction of A11 Whitechapel Road and A1202 Commercial Street to pay respects at the place where last week's victim died\n\nThe ride will be marshalled by LCC staff and volunteers and will finish at Altab Ali Park around 6.30pm" ]

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[ "Annual summary of vital statistics-1997.", "\nMany positive trends in the health of Americans continued into 1997. ", "In 1997, the preliminary birth rate declined slightly to 14.6 births per 1000 population, and the fertility rate, births per 1000 women 15 to 44 years of age, was unchanged from the previous year (65.3). ", "These indicators suggest that the downward trend in births observed since the early 1990s may have abated. ", "Fertility rates for white, black, and Native American women were essentially unchanged between 1996 and 1997. ", "Fertility among Hispanic women declined 2% in 1997 to 103.1, the lowest level reported since national data for this group have been available. ", "For the sixth consecutive year, birth rates dropped for teens. ", "Birth rates for women 30 years or older continued to increase. ", "The proportion of births to unmarried women (32.4%) was unchanged in 1997. ", "The trend toward earlier utilization of prenatal care continued for 1997; 82.5% of women began prenatal care in the first trimester. ", "There was no change in the percentage with late (third trimester) or no care in 1997. ", "The cesarean delivery rate rose slightly to 20.8% in 1997, a reversal of the downward trend observed since 1989. ", "The percentage of low birth weight (LBW) infants rose again in 1997 to 7.5%. ", "The percentage of very low birth weight was up only slightly to 1.41%. ", "Among births to white mothers, LBW increased for the fifth consecutive year, to 6.5%, whereas the rate for black mothers remained unchanged at 13%. ", "Much, but not all, of the rise in LBW for white mothers during the 1990s can be attributed to an increase in multiple births. ", "In 1996, the multiple birth rate rose again by 5%, and the higher-order multiple birth rate climbed by 20%. ", "Infant mortality reached an all time low level of 7.1 deaths per 1000 births, based on preliminary 1997 data. ", "Both neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates declined. ", "In 1996, 64% of all infant deaths occurred to the 7.4% of infants born at LBW. ", "Infant mortality rates continue to be more than two times greater for black than for white infants. ", "Among all the states in 1996, Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire had the lowest infant mortality rates. ", "Despite declines in infant mortality, the United States continues to rank poorly in international comparisons of infant mortality. ", "Expectation of life at birth reached a new high in 1997 of 76.5 years for all gender and race groups combined. ", "Age-adjusted death rates declined in 1997 for diseases of the heart, accidents and adverse affects (unintentional injuries), homicide, suicide, malignant neoplasms, cerebrovascular disease, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, and diabetes. ", "In 1997, mortality due to HIV infection declined by 47%. ", "Death rates for children from all major causes declined again in 1997. ", "Motor vehicle traffic injuries and firearm injuries were the two major causes of traumatic death. ", "A large proportion of childhood deaths continue to occur as a result of preventable injuries." ]

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[ "OwnersDirect.co.uk is part of the HomeAway family, the world leader in holiday home rentals with over 1 million listings. ", "We offer the largest selection of properties for any travel occasion and every budget. ", "We're committed to helping families and friends find a perfect holiday home rental to create unforgettable travel experiences together.", "\n\nOverview\n\nProperty\n\nSleeps 7+ . ", "Large 3 bedroom cottage with farmhouse kitchen/diner set in forestry land on its own 2/3 acre sunny plot. ", "Three bedrooms, sun room, living room, wood-burning stoves in lounge and sun room. ", "Gorgeous natural setting and total privacy. ", "All kitchen equipment, linen, towels, heating and wood for fires included. ", "Up on the Welsh side of the Wye Valley, Bigsnap Cottage is hidden away, over three quarters of a mile from the nearest road. ", "In winter, you can see down to Bigsweir Bridge and across to the Forest of Dean. ", "All around the house, ancient woodland as well as managed forest provide a variety of wildlife including foxes and rabbits, badgers and deer and the forest is alive with birds when spring arrives. ", "A lovely patio area is just outside the sun room to sit out under the afternoon and evening sky to watch for buzzards, owls and bats, while you barbecue your evening meal, or have a glass of wine...\n\nSleeps 7\n\n3 Bedrooms\n\n1 Bathroom,\n1 Separate Toilet\n\nParking\n\nGarden\n\nBarbecue\n\nPets considered\n\nInternet\n\nDish washer\n\nWashing machine\n\nTowels provided\n\nLinens provided\n\nAccept Credit Cards\n\nBookable online\n\nTop Traveller Review\n\nbusiness\n\nSpacious, cosy, secluded cottage in a woodland/bluebell setting near Tintern\n\nAmazing!!", "\n\nThis is one cottage that you will not want to leave! ", "Anne, your cottage is the most welcoming and comfortable place to stay. ", "If you want seclusion but with lot's of things on the door step this is the cottage for you. ", "The photographs do not do it justice. ", "Everything you need is to hand and more. ", "The wildlife, well, a stag, two deer, owls and birds of prey were all seen from the house on the track. ", "We would definitely stay again and totally recommend Bigsnap Cottage to all our friends.", "Thank you Anne Melissa and Steve.", "\n\nReview Submitted: 07-Oct-2016\n\nDate of Stay: Oct 2016\n\nSource:\nOwners Direct, from HomeAway\n\nOwner's Response: We are so glad that your time up at Bigsnap went well for you... it is a great place to relax and enjoy the woods and the wildlife - and we're glad so many turned up while you were there!", "\nWe would welcome you on a return visit and hope you'll head back soon.", "\n\nAbout the Owner\n\nSimon is from Ammanford in West Wales and Ann from Connecticut and New York, having met working in IT. ", "They have each had many careers in between, with Simon now back in IT and Ann running a training/facilitation and conflict resolution business. ", "Their son Tom is at Uni and soon on to other things....\n\n8 Reviews\n\n4.9\n\nbased on 8 holidaymaker reviews\n\nAmazing!!", "\n\nAnne, your cottage is the most welcoming and comfortable place to stay. ", "If you want seclusion but with lot's of things on the door step this is the cottage for you. ", "The photographs do not do it justice. ", "Everything you need is to hand and more. ", "The wildlife, well, a stag, two deer, owls and birds of prey were all seen from the house on the track. ", "We would definitely stay again and totally recommend Bigsnap Cottage to all our friends.", "\n\nThank you Anne\n\nMelissa and Steve.", "\n\nReview Submitted: Oct 7, 2016\n\nDate of Stay: Oct 2016\n\nSource: Owners Direct, from HomeAway\n\nOwner's Response: We are so glad that your time up at Bigsnap went well for you... it is a great place to relax and enjoy the woods and the wildlife - and we're glad so many turned up while you were there!", "\nWe would welcome you on a return visit and hope you'll head back soon.", "\n\nThe house is very interesting with lots of lovely paintings, books and ceramics. ", "We loved the 'tree' bannister on the stairs. ", "The house has so much character, it was just lovely.", "\n\nAnn has done a lot of thinking about making the stay at the house as comfortable as possible, so much thought and detail has gone into every room to make sure your stay is really enjoyable.", "\n\nWe loved and enjoyed our stay at Bigsnap very much, Ann (the owner) made our stay just perfect .Thank you so much Jacqueline Naraynsingh\n\nReview Submitted: Apr 26, 2016\n\nDate of Stay: Apr 2016\n\nSource: Owners Direct, from HomeAway\n\nOwner's Response: Wow Jacqueline - thanks so much for your lovely review - I know you were all here for a course up at Humble Farm, so hopefully you'll come back someday to have a proper holiday and enjoy the woods, the sites and the quiet and peace of Bigsnap... you are all welcome anytime!!", "\nAnn\n\nBigsnap Cottage\n\nWe have just returned from a week in this stunning property. ", "The house is very large and is set in a beautiful location. ", "There are plenty of walks nearby and we drove out each day and visited Monmouth, Chepstow and Ross on Wye. ", "There is plenty to do for all ages and the house itself has plenty of games and films. ", "There are 3 large bedrooms and although the lounge is big, we spent most of our relaxing time in the sunroom at the back of the house. ", "There is a local shop near by and also a pub if you want to eat out. ", "We will definitely be coming back here again and would like to thank Ann for her hospitality.", "\n\nReview Submitted: Apr 2, 2016\n\nDate of Stay: Mar 2016\n\nSource: Owners Direct, from HomeAway\n\nOwner's Response: Hi - Thanks so much for your review and for the lovely notes the children left in the guest book. ", "We're delighted that you loved the house and that you had a chance to visit some of the lovely towns nearby. ", "And we'd be very happy to have you back!", "\n\nA wonderful secluded cottage\n\nThe cottage was fantastic with a fully equipped kitchen and two ovens plus two wood burner fires!! ", "We had a great Xmas and nobody wanted to leave!!", "\n\nReview Submitted: Jan 7, 2016\n\nDate of Stay: Dec 2015\n\nSource: Owners Direct, from HomeAway\n\nOwner's Response: Thought I had already responded Maria, but my listing says NO!! ", "But very glad you all enjoyed the stay - I have to admit, it's a really wonderful place to spend Christmas...we're so glad you were there to enjoy it... Hope you'll think of us again sometime... Ann\n\nPerfect woodland retreat\n\nWe were a party of four adults and four children, and this property suited our needs completely: very spacious, flexible, wonderfully well-equipped and with a warm family atmosphere most unlike a standard holiday rental. ", "The location in the woods was great for walking and adventures, with some excellent pubs nearby (The Brockweir Inn is our favourite.) ", "The host was very hospitable and considerate, and there were lots of welcome extras (basic groceries, games and books, plenty of towels and bed linen) that made our stay stress-free. ", "It took us a little while to get used to the Rayburn heating system, but once we'd worked it out, it was very efficient indeed. ", "The wood-burning stoves were a bonus. ", "I would certainly recommend this property to anyone looking for a woodland escape at any time of year.", "\n\nReview Submitted: Jan 4, 2016\n\nDate of Stay: Dec 2015\n\nSource: Owners Direct, from HomeAway\n\nOwner's Response: Thanks so much for your review Sophie - I'm so glad you enjoyed your time at Bigsnap. ", "I was really delighted by the children's notes in the guest book - I just wish there'd been a bit more dry weather!!", "\nI hope we'll see you again sometime... Happy New Year!", "\nAnn\n\nLovely cottage, would definitely stay again.", "\n\nHad an amazing stay at this lovely cottage, would definitely recommend to anyone looking to stay in this area. ", "Everything was what we expected and more. ", "Very good value for money. ", "Owner of this property extremely helpful.", "\n\nReview Submitted: Nov 2, 2015\n\nDate of Stay: Sep 2015\n\nSource: Owners Direct, from HomeAway\n\nOwner's Response: Thanks so much - the Wye Valley is such a lovely place - glad you enjoyed the cottage!", "\nAnn\n\nLocation\n\nFrom the Owner\n\n“This has been Simon, Ann and Tom's family home until now, when we have all moved (back) to city life. ", "Bigsnap has been a wonderful, magical place to be a family, and Llandogo a warm friendly village to live in or visit, with some time now for us to once again enjoy city life (Cardiff). ", "Time for YOU to enjoy this lovely spot...”\n\nJust 3 miles from Tintern Abbey, and near to many castles, abbeys and historic sites (Chepstow Castle, Tredegar House, Raglan Castle, Castle Coch amongst others!!), ", "BIgsnap Cottage is a perfect hideaway from which to travel to see the sights of South East Wales and the Forest of Dean.", "\n\nIt is situated in easy reach of the Offa's Dyke Path and the Wye Valley Walk, and is set in a bluebell wood if you are lucky enough to be there in April/May!", "\n\nAlso nearby are many attractions for the children - Tintern Railway, Clearwell Caves, Forest of Dean Railway, Perrygrove Railway, the Maze at Symond's Yat, Puzzlewood, and many lovely playgrounds and forest sites along the River Wye. ", "Also at Symond's Yat (and Monmouth!) ", "you'll find canoeing facilities, and at Symond's Yat are some lovely walks and a viewing site for some of the valley's birds of prey.", "\n\nFor the foodies, the Michelin starred Whitebrook Restaurant (formerly the 'Crown') is only a few miles away and the Hardwick is in Abergavenny - well worth a trip - both of these need advance booking!!!. ", "Misbah in Monmouth is a multi-award winning Bangladeshi restaurant, and the Boat Inn at Redbrook will reward you with a nice pub meal after a walk up the disused railway path from Llandogo...\n\nTintern has a wide range of hotel restaurants, pubs and tea rooms when you've finished at the Abbey as well as gift shops and a great rare book shop.", "\n\nOn a day you need to shop, Cardiff is not far by car or train (from Chepstow), and Bristol, Bath, and Hereford are also in reach....\n\n* Approximate monthly price. ", "Actual pricing will depend on the days of the month you stay.", "\n\nAdditional pricing information\n\nPet Fee\n\n£40\n\nAs noted earlier, bedding and towels can be supplied for people using the futon in the sun-room and the put-you-ups, but will cost per person.", "\nAlso please note that we can arrange discounts for low occupancy so if please be in touch!", "\n\nFacilities\n\nFrom the Owner\n\n“Quiet, peaceful, private, Bigsnap provides a retreat from the world if you want it, but is within walking and short car trip distances to a wide range of activities, towns, and historic sites . ", "If you are a foodie you can check out the restaurants, but also note that the granite work-topped kitchen is a great place to cook your own gourmet meals... (or even taste one of ours!) ", ".As you drive up the valley and then up the drive, you'll see how quiet and beautiful it is!”", "\n\nThe upstairs bathroom has been recently re-tiled with a new bathtub and the addition of a shower enclosure with power shower.", "\n\nBedrooms\n\n3 Bedrooms, Sleeps 7\n\nBedroom 2 - 1 Double Bed, 1 Single Bed\n\nBedroom 1 - 1 Large Double Bed, UK kingsize\n\nBedroom 3 - 1 Double Bed, Double bed\n\n3 doubles and a single will sleep 6/7. ", "With the addition of 2 single foldout beds in the bedrooms, and the futon in the sun room (no curtains!!), ", "there is some flexibility in sleeping, but there will be extra charges of £15 each bed if the foldouts or futon are used. (", "for linens and cleaning..)\nLikewise, for smaller parties there may be discounts available... especially in low season. ", "Please get in touch!", "\n\nOutside\n\nTerrace ...\n\nGolf ...\n\nKayak / Canoe ...\n\nGarden ...\n\nBarbecue ...\n\nMeals\n\nSelf-catering\n\nNotes:\n\nOn arrival, you will find milk, tea, coffee and a cake or biscuits to start your stay...\nWe can offer a special evening meal one night during your stay, with a choice of set menus, drinks and prices.", "\nThe local shop, Brown's, will have most of your immediate grocery needs, but if you are arriving late we may be able to get a small shop in...\n\nWhen would you like to stay?", "\n\nYour dates are Available!", "\n\nHave a question for the owner?", "\n\nAdults\n\nChildren\n\nBy clicking 'Send Email' you are agreeing to our Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.", "\nWe will contact you with OwnersDirect news, special offers and other information. ", "You can opt out at any time. ", "Find out more here." ]

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[ "Nationals reliever Daniel Hudson started warming up in the sixth inning of Game 7 of the World Series. ", "Patrick Corbin had just entered the game. ", "Hudson, like everyone else in the bullpen, was ready and waiting for the remainder of the evening.", "\n\nCorbin cut through the Astros’ lineup in the sixth, then again in the seventh. ", "He returned to the mound for the eighth. ", "He struck out Carlos Correa, Robinson Chirinos grounded out, Jake Marisnick struck out when swinging at a 3-2 slider. ", "Corbin gave a quick fist pump and yell after Marisnick missed his 44th pitch of the night.", "\n\nWhich meant Hudson was finally going into the game. ", "The top of Houston’s order was coming up: George Springer, José Altuve and Michael Brantley. ", "Two right-handed hitters and a left-hander. ", "Sean Doolittle remained in the Nationals’ bullpen.", "\n\nEveryone remembers how it ended. ", "Hudson shook off Yan Gomes twice because he wanted to throw Brantley a slider. ", "Brantley swung over it. ", "Hudson threw his glove and the celebration began.", "\n\nCLICK HERE TO SUBSCRIBE TO THE NATIONALS TALK PODCAST\n\nBut, Doolittle was originally supposed to pitch to Brantley.", "\n\nHudson let that piece of information out Tuesday night during a Zoom call on Facebook with his teammates. ", "Hudson was slated to pitch against the first two hitters of the ninth. ", "Doolittle was supposed to come into the game to pitch to Brantley.", "\n\nNeither had a deep matchup history with Brantley. ", "This was simply a matter of splits. ", "Brantley’s OPS against right-handed pitching in 2019 was .928. ", "It dipped to .740 against left-handers. ", "Hudson’s 2019 splits were about even. ", "Doolittle, not surprisingly, was very effective against left-handers.", "\n\nHudson’s fastball that night made the historical comparisons moot. ", "Springer popped out on the second pitch of his at-bat. ", "Altuve struck out on three consecutive fastballs, two of which were in the heart of the strike zone. ", "Two outs, the Nationals leading 6-2, Brantley coming up.", "\n\nThe phone rang in the bullpen. ", "Doolittle was informed he would be staying put unless left-handed Yordan Álvarez came to the plate three batters later (Alex Bregman and Yuli Gurriel would have followed Brantley).", "\n\n“I just held the ball and stopped throwing because I knew Huddy had it and we were going to win,” Doolittle said Wednesday via text. “", "Once he got to two strikes on Brantley, I kept trying to send him a message using ESP to throw that slider. ", "He finally went to it in the 3-2 count and the rest is history.”", "\n\nThere was no save registered, so Doolittle did not miss out on that. ", "But the imagery will forever belong to Hudson. ", "He was the focal point of a manic celebration in the middle of the diamond after throwing his glove toward the dugout. ", "Doolittle first celebrated in the bullpen, then found a way out and onto the field to join everyone else. ", "He never pitched in Game 7, despite it being the plan, missing out on a piece of history.", "\n\nStay connected to the Capitals and Wizards with the MyTeams app. ", "Click here to download for comprehensive coverage of your teams.", "\n\nMORE NATIONALS NEWS:" ]

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[ "Example diagram of a worker pool process in Go using goRoutines\n\nThe problem we need to focus on is creating a more visual approach to understand patterns and some other solution architectures that could create a blackbox situation in your internal team if they are not understood correctly.", "\n\nOften, we are tempted to “copy and paste” code and don’t even realize how things work in the underlying layers. ", "Today, we are going to review the famous (yet underrated) Worker Pool (aka Thread Pool). ", "In Go, this is commonly approached using buffered channels as the main queues and communication channels between goRoutines. ", "Understanding channels before continuing with this post is more than advised for a clearer comprehension.", "\n\nUnderstanding the Diagram\n\nWe started this post showing a high level diagram of a worker pool implementation in Go. ", "It resumes the main operations that need to happen in any worker pool implementation:\n\n“Allocate” resources to be processed\n\n“Work” (or process) those resources\n\nand “Collect” the results for further post-processing\n\nThese operations can be accomplished in different ways, even a single script with iterative lines, but today we are going to use a concurrent and parallel design in Go to maximize the hardware resources available, obtain results as fast as possible and continue the tendency towards microservice architecture.", "\n\nLet’s see at each component in a more detailed “zoomed-in” fashion:\n\nThe main GoRoutine is the normal program execution, for this case our program does little in specific since we are focusing in worker pool, the only specific task to perform is spawning and controlling other GoRoutines related to the proper execution of the Worker Pool\n\nBoolean Channel “Done”\n\nThe channel “Done” ( done chan bool ) is used as the main program control which indicates that all tasks has been performed and all goRoutines completed. ", "Different from the “main loop” design, the main GoRoutine waits for a signal to be sent via this channel to stop and end the program. ", "Why we use a channel to control the program execution and wait for all goRoutines is easy to respond: simplicity\n\nIn the previous example, our program waits to continue the execution until the channel variable “done” ( <-m.done ) receives a value. ", "This makes the code smaller and easy to read.", "\n\nAllocating Resources\n\n“Allocate” goRoutine\n\n“Allocate” goRoutine is a sub routine that spawns from the main goRoutine, its purpose is to allocate resources that are going to be used by the worker pool. ", "It has a main loop with a limited lifetime: until all the resources has been allocated. ", "To better understand this, lets take a look at the following diagram:\n\n“Allocate” goRoutine tasks\n\n“As long as there are resources to Allocate, the goRoutine is going to continue its operation” is the expression that better describes the previous diagram. ", "The allocation execution receives in an array of unknown size of resources and iterates over the array, converts it to a structure “Job” that can be later on processed by another goRountine. ", "The resources being converted to “Job” is sent to a buffered channel “Jobs” which has limited size/dimension. ", "You might have noticed that in the example, the array of Resources is bigger than the elements that can be buffered/sent in the channel, and this is by design intended as it controls the number of parallel Jobs that can be performed simultaneously. ", "That’s it, if the “Jobs” channel is full the iteration over resources will halt until it can allocate Jobs in the Jobs channel again.", "\n\nWhy are we converting Resources to Channel Jobs obeys the design principle of Separation of Concerns. ", "Resources being sent to the Jobs channel are going to be picked up by another goRoutine for later processing, limiting the concern of the allocation to only receiving, converting and allocate. ", "The following code represents the discussed diagram:\n\nProcessing the Jobs Channel (Jobs to be Done)\n\n“Worker Pool” goRoutine existence is defined by the “Jobs” Channel: As long as there are jobs that need to be worked on and processed, continue doing so. ", "Continuing with the Separation of Concerns this goRoutine purpose is the actual processing of Jobs, and as most-things-go, it works concurrent and in parallel. ", "This is the most critical section of our discussion as is covers the creation and work assignment of the worker pool.", "\n\nWorker Pool using Sync.", "WaitGroup to control spawning new GoRoutines\n\nIn this case, the worker pool goRoutine spawns new “work” (or “worker”) goRoutines, how many to spawn is defined by configuration or injected into our solution, for now lets define “3” as the number of workers in the pool. ", "One key factor of any worker pool (or thread pool) is to control the size of the pool, if you don’t do so, chances are that hardware resources are going to be exhausted or even your program deadlocked.", "\n\nWe are going to simplify our solution by using Sync.", "WaitGroup which basically servers as structure that we can ask anytime to see if all the goRoutines have completed. ", "Similar to our “Done” Channel, the WaitGroup package exposes a Wait method that will halt the execution until a value is received. ", "The code looks similar to:\n\nAs you might have noticed it, the synchronisation is just an atomic counter that we increment ( Add ) and then we decrement ( Done ) inside each sub-goRoutine. ", "Then the workerPool halts execution until wg.", "Wait() condition is satisfied.", "\n\nNow let’s look into the actual execution of each “work” (or worker) to better understand all the synchronisation and actual processing of the Jobs.", "\n\n“Work” goRoutine process\n\nIn the WokerPool goRoutine we saw how we spawn new “work” goRoutines inside the for loop by calling go m.work which will create the new goRoutine(s).", "\n\nInside this new goRoutine, is the actual processing of the Jobs and assigning results, for this, each new “work” goRoutine will perform a for range jobs loop over the channel “Jobs”. ", "The effect this has is that each work routine will grab a unique Job due to the implementation of Channels in Go which uses locks and makes sure only one item in the channel can be picked up by a goRoutine, this also defines the lifetime of a “work” goRoutine: as long as there’s work to do in the Jobs channel, continue iterating. ", "This technique exposes a better reading and understanding of the code, which hides all the machinery of locking and unlocking a shared structure between processes.", "\n\nOnce we pick a Job from the channel “Jobs” we process it and create a “Result” object that is then sent to a “Results” channel. ", "This is a continuation of our adopted Separation of Concerns design, the lifetime of a “work” goRoutine is defined by the amount of time it takes to process a “Job” and the result sent to the “Results” channel, it will iterate again over the “Jobs” channel if its not closed yet.", "\n\nThe previous code represents this chapter, as you can see, the variable wg ( sync.", "WaitGroup )is passed as reference to the method so when we finish processing all the \"Jobs” we can call wg.", "Done() letting the parent goRoutine (workerPool) know that this specific goRoutine has finished.", "\n\nBonus Content: the actual processing of the Job does not happen anywhere in the code we have published so far, this is because we are using Dependency Injection specifically by using the function signature ProcessorFunc as an argument to the worker pool and then to the work goRoutine, this isolates the actual implementation of the worker pool and processing the work is accomplished in another layer, keeping it simple to reuse.", "\n\nGathering the Results\n\n“Collect” goRoutine\n\nSo what we should do once results are being sent to the “Results” Channels? ", "The answer is simple: collect, process it and delegate the result.", "\n\nOur buffered channel “Results” keeps all the results from all the workers, so we have a different approach to process this “queue” (in this case we just iterate over them). ", "The important part about this implementation is understanding that processing a Job has a different concern than processing its results. ", "One can take different actions depending on the outcome.", "\n\nFrom the previous code is important to understand and correlate with the diagram a few factors:\n\nDependency Injection is used again to inject the result into the “post-processor”, this creates a delegation of the result outside the pool context where the injected function can take different actions.", "\n\nThe signature for this Type is similar to:\n\ntype ResultProcessorFunc func(result Result) error\n\nof the result outside the pool context where the injected function can take different actions. ", "The signature for this Type is similar to: We are just iterating over the channel, this defines the lifetime of the collect routine . ", "We can swap this approach and create another pool of workers to speed up the post-processing of results, but by design, this should not be necessary since processing a “Job” in the “work” goRoutines should in theory take more time that post-processing the result. ", "If the later is not satisfied in your design it means you might have many business logic rules in the result that might be worth looking into and be moved to the “Job” processing.", "\n\n. ", "We can swap this approach and create another pool of workers to speed up the post-processing of results, but by design, this should not be necessary since processing a “Job” in the “work” goRoutines should in theory take more time that post-processing the result. ", "If the later is not satisfied in your design it means you might have many business logic rules in the result that might be worth looking into and be moved to the “Job” processing. ", "The m.done <- true at the end signals the “Done” channel letting the main goRoutine know that the worker pool has finished.", "\n\nWhat’s Next?", "\n\nAt this point we have diagramed, understood and implemented a full concurrent, parallel and abstract worker pool in Go. ", "The practice of creating visual representations and/or diagrams of our solutions to problems has been heavily appreciated since the beginning of the information era. ", "It helps you abstract, find patterns and opportunities to improve your solutions and hopefully, create fertile soil for better documentations.", "\n\nFeel free to grab the entire code and some examples here:" ]

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[ "/******************************************************************************\n *\n * Copyright(c) 2007 - 2011 Realtek Corporation. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n *\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it\n * under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public License as\n * published by the Free Software Foundation.", "\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT\n * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", "See the GNU General Public License for\n * more details.", "\n *\n ******************************************************************************/\n#ifndef __XMIT_OSDEP_H_\n#define __XMIT_OSDEP_H_\n\n#include <osdep_service.h>\n#include <drv_types.h>\n\n\n#define NR_XMITFRAME\t256\n\nint rtw_xmit23a_entry23a(struct sk_buff *pkt, struct net_device *pnetdev);\n\nvoid rtw_os_xmit_schedule23a(struct rtw_adapter *padapter);\n\nint rtw_os_xmit_resource_alloc23a(struct rtw_adapter *padapter,\n\t\t\t struct xmit_buf *pxmitbuf, u32 alloc_sz);\nvoid rtw_os_xmit_resource_free23a(struct rtw_adapter *padapter,\n\t\t\t struct xmit_buf *pxmitbuf);\n\nvoid rtw_os_pkt_complete23a(struct rtw_adapter *padapter, struct sk_buff *pkt);\nvoid rtw_os_xmit_complete23a(struct rtw_adapter *padapter,\n\t\t\t struct xmit_frame *pxframe);\nint netdev_open23a(struct net_device *pnetdev);\n\n#endif /* __XMIT_OSDEP_H_ */\n" ]

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[ "BEEEEEEAAAAAAA IIIITS YOUR BIRTHDAY! ", "THE SONG HEY SHAWTY ITS YOUR BIRTHDAY WOULD BE REALLY FITTING BUT YOU'D HIT US UPSIDE THE HEAD IF WE PLAYED IT BECAUSE YOU'RE 'OH SO TALL' BUT HAPPY BIRTHDAY YOU GORGEOUS LITTLE PUFFLE DEVIL HULK THING AND HAVE THE BEST DAY EVER <3\n\nCHRISTMAS HOLIDAYS HAVE COMMENCED! ", "Homes and London Town are now open to Students!", "\n\nHealing takes long\n\nBea felt bubbly, everything was surreal and it was like she wasn't really there. ", "But she knew she was because she felt bubbly. ", "If that makes any sense. ", "She just wanted to lie down and sleep, which is what she was trying to do. ", "However, someone kept holding her in an upright position and didn't let her sleep, which was just mean. ", "And rude. ", "She tried to tell the person that it's okay, it doesn't even really matter where she sleeps and oh, look. ", "The person is blond as well and she is also blond. ", "That was such a nice thing to know.", "\n\nFinally, after what felt like a week walking around, the blond person let Bea lie down and she was out instantly.", "\n\n...\n\nHer head hurt. ", "And her ankle. ", "Actually, every inch of her body hurt. ", "It was so not nice.", "\n\nBea groaned and tried to open her eyes, but her eyelids felt so heavy. ", "After a minute or so, she made herself open her eyes and look around. ", "Nothing around her was familiar and she had no idea how she got here.", "\n\n\"Maman?\" ", "Louis called as he struggled to get Bea through the door and into the cottage. ", "She wasn't being very helpful - he thought it was whatever the healer had given her, but he couldn't be too sure - and Louis was trying to navigate all of their limbs through the house, something that was proving quite difficult due to his clumsiness. \"", "Maman, m'aide!\"", "\n\nFleur, his mother, helped him to get her in, Louis using the old (and very mediocre) strength he had gained from beating for Quidditch to lift Bea as gracefully as he could and lay her on his bed, exchanging mutters with his mother in French. ", "Bea herself looked pretty out of it as his mother began to flutter around, busying herself with making the room comfortable in order to help Bea whilst still managing to get in the occasional comment about how Louis needed to tidy his room and sort through his stuff.", "\n\nPulling up a chair, Louis decided to wait with her, crossing his legs and tapping the sides. ", "It would be a long evening, but Bea was his mate, and he wanted to make sure she was okay.", "\n\n---\n\nLouis awoke with a start when he heard a noise coming from somewhere nearby, having a momentary freak out when he realised he was not in his room, though this subsided when the familiar scene of his living room faded into his vision, along with the memories of the previous night. ", "He had no recollection of getting to this position on the sofa, a blanket covering his legs. ", "Maybe his Dad had helped to get him out here after he'd fallen asleep in the chair by where Bea was sleeping.", "\n\nBea.", "\n\nBlinking blearily, Louis rose to his feet, stumbling along the landing to his room and opening the door. ", "As soon as he had completed the action, he realised he probably should have knocked, and did so hastily in hindsight. \"", "Hey,\" he said softly. \"", "Are you okay? ", "How are you feeling?\"", "\n\nSlowly, Bea sat up, trying not to panic. ", "She didn't know where she was and everything was sort of blurry. ", "Breathing deeply, she tried to remember what had happened. ", "She remembered the attack and then someone found her and took her to St. Mungo's. ", "Louis! ", "It was Louis. ", "So, the logical explanation of her whereabouts was Louis' home or at least somewhere safe. ", "Bea relaxed and rested her head against the wall, closing her eyes.", "\n\nHer head was heavy and was ringing with a dull beat. ", "Even though she knew she was safe, she was still panicking a little and she wasn't completely sure why.", "\n\nBea heard the door open suddenly and she opened her eyes, startled. ", "Her hand jumped to where she usually kept her wand, but A) she was wrapped in blankets and B), she didn't have her wand. ", "Thankfully, it was Louis at the door and she didn't need her wand. ", "However, that realization made her so incredibly sad.", "\n\n\"Hey. ", "Um, better?\" ", "she replied quietly, not entirely sure how she was feeling. \"", "Thanks for letting me crash here.\"", "\n\n\"Don't be silly,\" Louis said, grinning tiredly. \"", "It's the least we can do. ", "I'm just happy to see you're on the mend, I mean, I don't want my cousin-in-law and best mate to get beaten up, now, do I?\" ", "He beamed at her, before a realisation dawned on him. ", "Shit. ", "Lucy. ", "Should he have flooed her? ", "To be fair, he hadn't really been conscious to do it, but he couldn't help but feel overwhelming guilt at the fact that he had not even spared a thought for his cousin.", "\n\n\"Oh, shit, I'm so sorry, Bea,\" he said hastily, \"I haven't called Lucy yet. ", "I mean, like, she doesn't know I know, but I mean, that was dumb and I'm stupid and... do you want to call her? ", "We have a fireplace, I think...\" What do you mean, I think? ", "How long have you lived in this house, Louis Weasley? \"", "We have a fireplace,\" he amended. \"", "I'm just glad to see you're okayish, really. ", "I... do you remember much of last night? ", "You don't have to talk about it if you don't want.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "'use strict';\nmodule.exports = require('./globals.json');\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0 ]

[ "# Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.", "\n# The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the Apache 2.0 License.", "\n# See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.", "\n \nfrom iptest.assert_util import *\n\n\nadd_clr_assemblies(\"loadorder_2\")\n\n# namespace First {\n# public class Nongeneric1 {\n# public static string Flag = typeof(Nongeneric1).FullName;\n# }\n# }\n\nimport First\n\nadd_clr_assemblies(\"loadorder_2b\")\n\n# // non-generic type, which has different namespace, different name from First.", "Nongeneric1\n# namespace Second {\n# public class Nongeneric2 {\n# public static string Flag = typeof(Nongeneric2).FullName;\n# }\n# }\n\nimport Second\n\nAreEqual(First.", "Nongeneric1.Flag, \"First.", "Nongeneric1\")\nAreEqual(Second.", "Nongeneric2.Flag, \"Second.", "Nongeneric2\")\n\n# AttributeError for them\nAssertError(AttributeError, lambda: First.", "Nongeneric2)\nAssertError(AttributeError, lambda: Second.", "Nongeneric1)\n\nfrom First import *\n\nAreEqual(Nongeneric1.Flag, \"First.", "Nongeneric1\")\n\nfrom Second import *\n\nAreEqual(Nongeneric1.Flag, \"First.", "Nongeneric1\")\nAreEqual(Nongeneric2.Flag, \"Second.", "Nongeneric2\")\n\nfrom First import *\n\nAreEqual(Nongeneric1.Flag, \"First.", "Nongeneric1\")\nAreEqual(Nongeneric2.Flag, \"Second.", "Nongeneric2\")\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Inherited chromosomal translocation in two families (t(4q-;13q+) and t(5q-; 13q+)).", "\nTwo families with reciprocal translocations, t(4q-; 13q+) and t(5q-; 13q+), are reported. ", "Each proband carried multiple malformations resulting from the unbalanced segregation in two mothers of balanced carriers. ", "The karyotype-phenotype relationship is discussed with reference to other previously reported cases of B/D translocation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "This page contains affiliate links and we may receive compensation when you click through, purchase or sign up for anything through those links. ", "Read the full disclaimer for more information.", "\n\n183 shares\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLast Updated on August 26, 2020 by Daniella\n\nCan you really make money online by playing mobile games? ", "We answer exactly that in this Mistplay review.", "\n\nWe’ve covered in the past other ways to make money from your phone including:\n\nNow, we want to cover how you can essentially get paid for playing games on your smartphone and monetize your love for video games.", "\n\nAccording to Variety, 70% of Americans (roughly 210 million) play games on at least one type of mobile device. ", "90% of those play games are on their smartphones.", "\n\nNow, imagine if those same 210 million people were able to earn points for free gift cards and make extra money by those same games on their smartphones?", "\n\nThey won’t be able to make a full-time income with mobile gaming or replace their day jobs, but they’ll still be able to earn cash with something they already do.", "\n\nLet’s get into some of the specifics in this Mistplay review (from my own experience with the app).", "\n\nMistplay Review: Is it worth your time?", "\n\nI went ahead and tried Mistplay myself. ", "I put a total of 30 minutes into the app by playing 2 different games over a span of 2 different mornings. ", "It is a pretty fun app and kind of addictive.", "\n\nWhat is Mistplay?", "\n\nMistplay is a mobile app that arose on the scene back in 2017. ", "The platform is a loyalty program for its users so they can earn rewards playing games on their phones.", "\n\nIt’s also the first loyalty program of it’s kind.", "\n\nMobile gamers earn rewards for games they download, install and play within the app. ", "The longer you play and the more you level up means the more points you are able to earn. ", "Once reaching certain thresholds of points, you can cash out your points in the Mistplay app for gift cards, Google Play credits, virtual Visa cards, and more.", "\n\nWho is Mistplay for?", "\n\nIf you have an Android phone, you can download Mistplay for free, play for free and never pay a dime to use it. ", "Mistplay is 100% free to use.", "\n\nHowever, if you have an iPhone, you’re out of luck. ", "The app isn’t available yet for IOS but it is coming.", "\n\nAnother important thing to note is you must be 18 years of age or older to use Mistplay.", "\n\nHow does Mistplay work?", "\n\nTo use Mistplay to pay you for the games you play on your phone, you first need to download Mistplay from the app store and install it on your phone. ", "Once installed, open the app and sign up for an account which is completely free to do.", "\n\nPhone Settings That Need Modification\n\nOnce you sign up, you will have to make the following changes to your phone settings to be able to collect points for playing games through Mistplay.", "\n\nSettings to change are:\n\nDisable power-saving mode\n\nAllow the app to display over other apps running\n\nEarning Points\n\nMistplay works by choosing a game to download, install and play within the app (so it can measure your playtime and levels up to reward you with Mistplay points called units).", "\n\nThere are many different categories of mobile video games to choose from and download including:\n\nSimulation\n\nStrategy\n\nBingo\n\nWord\n\nWar\n\nBoard games\n\nOther games\n\nThere are always new games being added.", "\n\nYou will be able to see the earning power of each game as you scroll through. ", "Some will state they can earn 1x units, 2x units, 2.5x units, 3x units, and so on. ", "If you refer to the featured game section that appears first within the app, this is usually where the games with the most earning power are listed. ", "The section labeled “Mistplay Favorites” also has high earning games listed.", "\n\nSelect your game of choice and start playing.", "\n\nWith your phone settings properly set for the game to track points, as you play the game you will see GXP (Game Experience Points) applied throughout gameplay and you will see this at the top while playing. ", "The longer you play, the more you earn.", "\n\nDifferent games have different requirements for when you receive units. ", "You will see your total units earned from that cycle of playtime once exiting the game. ", "Depending on your location, you may different games available when compared to gamers in other locations. ", "The use of VPN is prohibited and you will be blocked from Mistplay if they catch you using it.", "\n\nIs Mistplay trustworthy?", "\n\nData protection is important to Mistplay and they collect and treat user information in accordance to their privacy policy. ", "Mistplay states in their privacy policy that they will not sell, rent or disclose any of your information.", "\n\nMistplay will also never ask for any personal banking or credit card information to redeem any units earned for payout.", "\n\nHow can users make money playing mobile games on Mistplay?", "\n\nUsers earn money playing games through Mistplay by earning units for their playtime. ", "The longer you play, the more GXPs (Game Experience Points) and PXPs (Player Experience Points) you earn which will, in turn, increase the number of units you earn.", "\n\nSome games may award you for your feedback on the gameplay experience after your playtime. ", "Once you submit your feedback, you’ll receive those units in your account.", "\n\nWhen navigating to the “Bonus” tab on the app, you can also earn units outside of playing games on the app with daily bonuses, entering contests, referring friends, using Mistplay codes, and completing actions such as following and subscribing to Mistplay.", "\n\nUnits, GXPs and PXPs\n\nUnits are the main currency of exchange within the Mistplay app but there are 2 other elements that play into how many units you can earn throughout game play.", "\n\nGXPs (Game Experience Points): GXPs indicate the amount of time you’ve spent playing a game and the more GXPs you earn increases the number of units you can earn from that game.", "\n\nPXPs (Player Experience Points): PXPs represent your entire experience in a game, including what level you are at in a game. ", "Each level you move up will earn you bonus units and priveledges such as new player avatars.", "\n\nDaily Bonuses\n\nYou can earn additional units by earning daily bonuses. ", "The Daily Play bonus is 14 bonus units for playing at least 5 minutes a day and for 7 days in a row.", "\n\nContests\n\nEnter ongoing contests to win up to 10,000 units by completing steps such as:\n\nInstalling one new game and reaching level 5\n\nGetting 1 new follower\n\nPlay another game for 30 minutes\n\nThere is about 1 contest per month.", "\n\nRefer Friends to the Mistplay App\n\nMistplay has its own referral program where you can earn 100 units for every friend and new user you refer to the Mistplay app. ", "The app will provide you with a unique link that your friends and others sign up with and you’ll earn 100 units once they reach level 4.", "\n\nThey will receive 50 bonus units for using your unique link (which includes your invite code) to sign up.", "\n\nUse Mistplay Codes for Free Units\n\nMistplay grants any new user that signs up with an invite code from another user (or their unique referral link) bonus units that are free. ", "The person who shared their referral Mistplay code or unique link will earn 100 bonus free units once their referral reaches level 4 in a game.", "\n\nEach game also has its own chat room for players to chat with each other and share tips and codes. ", "Some game chat rooms will have specific chat rooms for Mistplay codes for you to use but will have to reach a certain level before you can join those.", "\n\nFollow Mistplay and Subscribe\n\nYou can even earn more units with supporting Mistplay. ", "I suggest you complete each and every one of the actions provided to increase your units.", "\n\nYou will earn 5 units for following Mistplay on each of these platforms:\n\nInstagram\n\nTwitter\n\nYouTube\n\nFacebook\n\nThen scroll to the end of the “Bonus” screen to earn 15 units for subscribing to Mistplay’s newsletter.", "\n\nWhen do you get paid on the Mistplay app?", "\n\nYou don’t ever get paid in actual money via a deposit. ", "There is no way to redeem your units for money via PayPal or Venmo and units can only be redeemed for a variety of gift cards in the “Shop” section of the app.", "\n\nYou will get paid once selecting a gift card amount to redeem and receiving the email with the award from Mistplay. ", "It may take up to 48 hours to receive the email with the link to your card.", "\n\nHow do you redeem Mistplay points?", "\n\nWhen navigating to the “Shop” tab within the app on the bottom menu, you will see the list of ways to redeem your Mistplay units.", "\n\nYou can redeem units for:\n\nAvatars\n\nAmazon gift cards\n\nVisa gift cards\n\nGoogle Play gift cards\n\nPlayStation store cards\n\nXbox gift cards\n\nGameStop gift cards\n\niTunes gift cards\n\nStarbucks gift cards\n\nNintendo eShop cards\n\nand eBay gift cards\n\nOnce you’ve reached the number of units stated on each redeemable option, you can click on that option and select “Buy”. ", "Mistplay will email you our gift card and simply click on the link in the email to access the virtual card.", "\n\nYou cannot, however, redeem any of your units for actual cash, only the gift card options in the app. ", "Because of this, Mistplay is not a good option for something that could replace a full-time job.", "\n\nHow much can you earn with Mistplay?", "\n\nYou can make up to $50 of rewards per month on Mistplay but you will have to put in a lot of game time to reach that.", "\n\nIt is hard to control how many units you are able to earn every single time you play but you can control the amount of time you spend in each game. ", "You can either bounce around from high unit earning games fulfilling the requirements or spend more time in one game and develop your skills in it.", "\n\nThe number of units per gift card amount is as follows in USD:\n\n400 units = $0.50\n\n1,800 units = $5\n\n3,000 units = $10\n\n4,500 units = $15\n\n6,000 units = $20\n\n7,500 units = $25\n\n15,000 = $50\n\nPlaying when you want over time can definitely add up especially if you are idle for a good chunk of the week. ", "Filling up that extra time with making money on Mistplay may not be a bad idea!", "\n\nHowever, if you are a gamer looking for a side hustle that pays more than $50 a month, I suggest maybe starting a YouTube or Twitch channel.", "\n\nEarn More Cash Using Your Internet\n\nIf you are at home playing games through Mistplay, get paid for using your internet while playing by signing up for Nielsen and registering your smartphone.", "\n\nIt is a great way to earn more cash for not really doing anything else but registering your device with them and using it.", "\n\nHow Much I Made on Mistplay\n\nI only played the app for a total of 30 minutes over the span of 2 days. ", "I played 2 different games and the highest level I reached in those games was level 3.", "\n\nHere is a breakdown of my points earned at that time:\n\n4,488 GXP\n\n715 PXP\n\n277 units\n\nI am almost up to a $0.50 cents redeemable gift card but the more time I put into it the faster I would be able to earn (this will vary from each time I play it though and depends on what game I play).", "\n\nHow does Mistplay make money?", "\n\nSince Mistplay is essentially a game testing website for mobile game developers, it remains free to use by its users. ", "As you play games and submit feedback in Mistplay, gaming companies and their developers can identify glitches and bugs in games and work to improve those games.", "\n\nYour feedback also helps the developers understand how easy or difficult a game is at any given level and may provide suggestions to tweak the experience for their users.", "\n\nMistplay Review: Things to Keep in Mind\n\nIf you want to continue to earn on Mistplay, make sure to watch how long you let your account go inactive. ", "If you go 180 days without opening the app and playing, you will lose all of your units earned prior and your account will be automatically deleted.", "\n\nTo recap a couple of other important things to note about Mistplay:\n\nGamers must be 18 years old to use Mistplay.", "\n\nThey cannot use VPN and will be blocked if caught using it.", "\n\nThere will be different games available to you based on your location.", "\n\nUsers can make up to $50 a month on Mistplay.", "\n\nPoint earning potential varies.", "\n\nHow to boost your earning potential:\n\nLook for games that pay a higher amount of units (go for 3x and higher) but remember the way the game pays can change at any time.", "\n\nFind Mistplay codes in chat rooms to earn free units (as in you didn’t have to put in any playtime for them).", "\n\nComplete all the bonus opportunities for more units.", "\n\nAlways offer valuable feedback after playing games.", "\n\nApps Like Mistplay\n\nThere are a few other apps you might’ve heard about long before you stumbled across Mistplay. ", "One of my favorites I’ve used before is Swagbucks where you could make extra cash filling out surveys, watching videos, completing offers, and installing/playing games through the app.", "\n\nSome other apps like Mistplay and Swagbucks are:\n\nInboxDollars: Get paid for installing games and playing them through InboxDollars. ", "Read our full InboxDollars review.", "\n\nMyPoints: Get paid to play casino games, GSN games and more (points are redeemable for cash payment).", "\n\nMistplay Review: Concluding Thoughts\n\nI can say from my own experience that Mistplay is a legit app to earn money online in the form of gift cards and other rewards for playing games on your smartphone. ", "However, I am not a fan of how much time and action went into the amount of money I made so if you are looking for passive income, it isn’t for you.", "\n\nI love the idea of getting to earn some cash from something I would already be doing. ", "It is great for filling spare-time in a waiting room somewhere to earn some beer money. ", "However, Mistplay is nowhere near a lucrative side hustle idea (and probably won’t be much for an extra income) and you would have a much better result with freelancing or something that will be a larger money-making endeavor.", "\n\nBUT, If you are a mobile gamer I suggest you give it a try and see if you like it. ", "The worst-case scenario is you earn a couple of extra bucks.", "\n\nBrowse more reviews:\n\nSubscribe to get your free list of side hustles you can start this week! ", "Claim your free list of side hustles + tons of helpful resources to get started! ", "Success! ", "Now check your email to confirm your subscription and grab your freebie!", "\n\nPin it for later!", "\n\nMistplay 0.00 9.2 Security 9.5/10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nInstallation and Setup 9.0/10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEase of Use 9.5/10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEarning Potential 8.5/10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAvailability 9.5/10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPros Easy way to make money from anywhere\n\nGreat chat features\n\nA lot of opportunities to earn bonus units\n\nFlexible reward options\n\nData security Cons Only available on Android\n\nGame options are limited per your location Check Out Mistplay" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do monster cohorts work?", "\n\nThe bestiary says they \"gain a key class level,\" when they level up. ", " Does this mean they take their first level or appropriate cohort level in say, fighter?", "\nSo, in example; \nIf I'm level 10, then my max cohort class level is 8 according to the CRB. ", " \nIf I get a monster cohort and then we both level up (so I go to 11 bringing my max cohort level up to 9), will my monster cohort have the level up bonuses of a level 1 fighter or a level 9 fighter?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe cohort starting level + class levels needs to be less than or equal to your max cohort level. ", "Each time your cohort levels it gains the bonuses of 1 class level.", "\nExamples: \nBoth assume your max cohort level is 9.", "\nIf you have a Griffon cohort (starts as level 8 cohort) and it gains a level, you could give it 1 level of fighter.", "\nIf you had a Ghoul cohort (starts at level 5) it could level up 4 times, each time it could get 1 new level of fighter. ", "At level 9 it would have the class bonuses as if it were a 4th level fighter.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "829 F.2d 1130\nWilliamsv.", "Alford**\nNO. ", "86-7883\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit.", "\nSEP 09, 1987\nAppeal From: M.D.Ala., ", "647 F.Supp. ", "1386\n\n1\nAFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n**\n Local Rule: 36 case\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Ever click something in an email or on the web and right afterward thought, “Boy, that was dumb.” ", "You’re not alone. ", "Every week on my national radio show, I take calls from people just like you who know better but make common tech faux pas.", "\n\nSure, I tell people how to find a hidden GPS tracker in their car or how to hide their browsing history from their ISP so they don’t sell their data. ", "But I have noticed a trend of people making fairly common mistakes online that often have devastating results.", "\n\nWhether you’re a seasoned tech pro or just getting the hang of this digital life, take a look at this list of 10 mistakes people make online, along with do-it-yourself security tips. ", "Knowledge is power, and with today’s surge in online scams and crime, you have to stay vigilant.", "\n\n1. ", "Believing in internet luck\n\nI can’t stress this point enough. ", "If you get an email asking you to participate in a survey or a pitch for a money-making opportunity that you didn’t sign up for, know that email spam is surging and there are ways to protect yourself.", "\n\nInstead of just clicking, open a new browser window (Chrome, Safari, Edge, or whatever you use) and search for the company name plus the word “scam” or “review.” ", "Chances are if it’s a scam or review, someone else has complained about it.", "\n\nIf the email comes from a seemingly real person, do a quick search for the person’s name plus the company name. ", "Better yet, use your LinkedIn account and search for the person and company. ", "FamilyTreeNow is a pretty good site for looking people up, too.", "\n\n2. ", "Disregarding basic security features\n\nUse two-factor authentication (2FA) any time a website or app offers it. ", "Yes, it involves a couple of extra steps when you are using a new browser or need to reset a password. ", "It’s well worth it. ", "You’ll be protected when someone tries to access your accounts from a device the website doesn’t recognize.", "\n\nYou may have set up 2FA with your Facebook account. ", "If you use a work, public, friend or family’s computer or new device to sign in, Facebook requires you to verify that it’s you, using 2FA.", "\n\nIf you have a Google, Twitter, LinkedIn, SnapChat, or Instagram account, I have the steps you need to take to set up 2FA in one handy article on my site.", "\n\n3. ", "Shopping online while drinking\n\nApparently, drunk shopping is a billion-dollar industry on Amazon. ", "To protect yourself on the off chance this happens to you, set up spending alerts with your bank or credit card company. ", "Most banks and credit cards let you set a dollar amount, and if you go over that amount, you’ll get a text message or email.", "\n\nHere’s why: When you sober up and check your messages, you’ll have time to cancel your orders. ", "As a bonus, if someone gets hold of your credit or bank card and makes purchases, you’ll get alerts if they go over your limit.", "\n\n4. ", "Wanting to know who you were in a past life\n\nIf you are logged into a website and take one of those tempting quizzes like “Find out which Harry Potter house your dog belongs in,” you’re potentially handing over personal information about you.", "\n\nMost notorious infractions to date of this data mining happened in 2018 with the Cambridge Analytica Facebook breach.", "\n\nBefore you brush this off, know how the quizzes collect your data and sell your data.", "\n\nWhen you take these quizzes, you’re helping websites create profiles about you so they can sell your information and target you with advertisements. ", "Aside from the obvious “don’t take a Facebook quiz,” there are steps you can take to disable third-party app access to your personal information.", "\n\n5. ", "Whining that you can’t remember hard passwords\n\nPlease, in the name of all that’s holy, don’t use a password like “123456,” “abcd1234,” or “password.” ", "I also don’t recommend that you use password formulas that are easy to hack, like “website+birthdate,” as in google1225, adobe1225 or facebook1225.", "\n\nThen again, if you use a smart and distinct password for each account, how do you remember them all? ", "My advice: Use a safe and secure password manager.", "\n\nYou might want to try a free password generator, which gives you crazy, impossible-to-hack-or-memorize passwords like p6Us9temWz#B. Apple users see this option already.", "\n\n6. ", "Thinking public Wi-Fi is your BFF\n\nI know: Saying “Don’t use public Wi-Fi” is like saying, “Don’t go out in public.” ", "It’s impossible. ", "The obvious solution is a portable hotspot, but again, most of us won’t trifle with that.", "\n\nSo if you have to use public Wi-Fi, practice safe surfing. ", "Use a VPN, which creates an encrypted connection through a secure server that allows you to browse the internet. ", "Businesses have been using VPN (virtual private network) technology for years, and more private users are adopting them as well.", "\n\n7. ", "Picking a fight online\n\nIt’s becoming more apparent that people who take breaks from Facebook experience more happiness. ", "Facebook and other social media platforms can bring out the worst in us. ", "People argue and say things that they would never say in person.", "\n\nIf you’re upset, walk away. ", "Take a break. ", "Don’t post while drinking, either. ", "Alcohol and social media don’t play nice together.", "\n\nIf you can’t break up with Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, SnapChat, or whatever channel monopolizes your time, use common sense. ", "What gets posted, sent by email or text, never disappears.", "\n\n8. ", "Taking in-the-moment photos that seem like a great idea\n\nMost of us wouldn’t dream of posting risqué pictures of ourselves online. ", "But sometimes an image speaks louder than words, and in ways we don’t expect. ", "Did someone snap an unflattering picture of you in a bar, drinking a mojito, cigar in hand? ", "This charming portrait might not go over well at a PTA meeting or divorce proceeding.", "\n\nThat caution goes double for pictures of your kids. ", "There’s a whole conversation on the internet about whether or not parents should post photos of their kids online and share them publicly.", "\n\nIn 20 years, will your children thank you for sharing their private lives with the world? ", "One teen sued her parents for embarrassing Facebook photos. ", "Not to mention, child predators set up fake social media profiles and troll pages looking for innocent victims.", "\n\nChange your privacy settings on Facebook, Twitter and Google so only your closest contacts can see your pictures. ", "Don’t share full names, don’t share specific locations, share only with people you know, check with other parents before sharing photos of their kids, and wipe out hidden data from photos.", "\n\n9. ", "Telling the world, “Look at me, I’m on vacay!”", "\n\nIt’s so tempting to share in-the-moment updates and pictures while you’re on vacation. ", "Think of these as public announcements that say, “I’m out of town. ", "My house is empty. ", "Go burglarize me.”", "\n\nWait until you get back home and post your photos after the fact.", "\n\n10. ", "Earning your medical degree online\n\nLet’s say you have a persistent cough that has lasted a good eight weeks. ", "When you searched online, you diagnosed yourself with pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer, heart disease, acid reflux, and chronic bronchitis. ", "After all, those conditions share similar symptoms. ", "You’re freaked out.", "\n\nSites like WebMD, Mayo Clinic and Cleveland Clinic are packed full of useful, reliable information, but that doesn’t mean they should replace your doctor.", "\n\nLeave the diagnosing to medical professionals. ", "Use those medical reference sites to learn more about what your doctors tell you, and always consult with your doctor before beginning any medical treatment.", "\n\nWhat digital lifestyle questions do you have? ", "Call Kim’s national radio show and tap or click here to find it on your local radio station. ", "You can listen to or watch the Kim Komando Show on your phone, tablet, television or computer. ", "Or tap or click here for Kim’s free podcasts.", "\n\nCopyright 2019, WestStar Multimedia Entertainment. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n\nLearn about all the latest technology on the Kim Komando Show, the nation’s largest weekend radio talk show. ", "Kim takes calls and dispenses advice on today’s digital lifestyle, from smartphones and tablets to online privacy and data hacks. ", "For her daily tips, free newsletters and more, visit her website at Komando.com." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nList of multiple products into php datalayer\n\nI would like to get a nice data layer tracking for my site's marketing pixels in the \"order confirmation page\" (thank you for you purchase page).", "\nThe site uses OXID Shop as the ecommerce platform.", "\nI would like to have the following setup:\nIF currentPage == 'thankyou':\n\nproducts_info = '[{id: 'product_id_1', price: 'price_1', quantity: 'quantity_1'},\n {id: 'product_id_2', price: 'price_2', quantity: 'quantity_2'}]'\n\nI am trying the following code to obtain the values directly from the backend if my page variable \"CurrentController\"='thankyou', which I can easily do for a variable that contains only the values of one article.", "\nExample:\n[{if $currentControllerName == \"thankyou\"}] \n\n var dataLayer = [];\n\n [{assign var=\"order\" value=$oView->getOrder()}]\n\n dataLayer.push(\n {email: [{$order->oxorder__oxbillemail->value}]}\n );\n\n[{/if}]\n\nThe issue is when I need to get values for more than one article, something like what I mentioned at the beginning for the products_info variable.", "\nI am trying the following code, but I'm not sure how to make the iterator \"append\" or send each products values to one single variable:\n[{if $currentControllerName == \"thankyou\"}] \n\nvar dataLayer = [];\n\n[{assign var=\"order\" value=$oView->getOrder()}]\n\n(\n[{foreach from=$orderArticles item=\"currOrderArticle\"}]\n[{assign var=\"currArticle\" value=$currOrderArticle->getArticle()}]\n[{assign var=\"currBasePrice\" value=$currOrderArticle->getBasePrice()}]\n\nproduct_info: [{id: [{$currOrderArticle->oxorderarticles__oxartnum->value}], \n price: [{$currBasePrice->getBruttoPrice()}], \n quantity: [{$currOrderArticle->oxorderarticles__oxamount->value}]}]\n\n[{/foreach}]\n)\n\n[{/if}]\n\nA:\n\nThe Javascript function .push() that you are calling appends an item to your dataLayer Array every time you call it. (", "see docs)\nSo why not let smarty render the the call to that function for every product that was in the basket.", "\n[{if $oView->getClassName() == \"thankyou\"}]\n\n<script>\n\n var dataLayer = [];\n\n [{assign var=\"basket\" value=$oView->getBasket()}]\n\n [{foreach from=$basket->getContents() item=basketitem}]\n\n [{assign var=itemarticle value=$basketitem->getArticle()}]\n [{assign var=\"basketitemprice\" value=$basketitem->getPrice()}]\n\n dataLayer.push({ id: [{$itemarticle->oxarticles__oxartnum->value}], price: [{$basketitemprice->getBruttoPrice()}], quantity: [{$basketitem->getAmount()}] });\n\n [{/foreach}]\n\n</script>\n\n[{/if}]\n\nThis will add your products to your Javascript dataLayer Array.", "\nIt's worthy to note that the following should also work: (might break in unsupported version of IE)\n[{if $oView->getClassName() == \"thankyou\"}]\n\n<script>\n\n var dataLayer = [\n\n [{assign var=\"basket\" value=$oView->getBasket()}]\n\n [{foreach from=$basket->getContents() item=basketitem}]\n\n [{assign var=itemarticle value=$basketitem->getArticle()}]\n [{assign var=\"basketitemprice\" value=$basketitem->getPrice()}]\n\n { id: [{$itemarticle->oxarticles__oxartnum->value}], price: [{$basketitemprice->getBruttoPrice()}], quantity: [{$basketitem->getAmount()}] },\n\n [{/foreach}]\n\n ];\n\n</script>\n\n[{/if}]\n\nIn the end what you are trying to do is creating a Javascript Array (that can be read by Google Tag Manager). ", "This is the final output (and perfectly valid Javascript) on the Thankyou page:\n<script>\n\n var dataLayer = [];\n\n dataLayer.push({ id: 3788, price: 24.95, quantity: 1 }); \n dataLayer.push({ id: 1401, price: 129, quantity: 1 }); \n dataLayer.push({ id: 10101, price: 0, quantity: 1 });\n\n</script>\n\nNote that you are not using PHP to append the data to the dataLayer variable. ", "You are creating Javascript Code (with Smarty/PHP) that will then create the dataLayer Array (that can then be utilized by Google Tag Managers Javascript)\n\n" ]

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[ "12 August 2013\n\nDanish swimmers escape waters fearing killer fish\n\nKiller fish The capture in the Danish/Swedish strait of Oresund of a fish some twenty centimeters in size and with long sharp teeth has caused Danish swimmers to leave the water fearing an invasion of meat eating killer fish, Piranhas.", "\n\nThere is however no cause for panic say experts. ", "The fish, though exotic, is a Pacu, not a piranha. ", "None the less they caution male swimmers to protect their privates when swimming in the sound.", "\n\nPacu teeth. ", "Photo: Henrik Carl\n\n\"Discovering whether this fish is a lone wanderer or a new invasive species will be very exciting. ", "And a bit scary. ", "It's the first time this species has been caught in the wild in Scandinavia,\" says Associate Professor and fish expert Peter Rask Møller of the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen.", "\n\nCaught by hobby fisherman\n\nThe frightening fish was caught by hobby fisherman Einar Lindgreen on August 4. ", "As he emptied his nets north of Danish isle Saltholm in the strait Oresund which seperates Denmark and Sweden he saw the red-bellied bigtooth among eels and perch. ", "Back in the harbour the exotic fish caused quite an uproar, as several of Lindgreens colleagues were convinced that they were staring at a South American Piranha. ", "Fortunately the fish was sent for study at the Natural History Museum of Denmark. ", "Here Peter Rask Møller and fellow fish expert Henrik Carl examined the animal. ", "Their calming communique for Danish bathers is that the fish is not a Piranha but a close South American relative; the Pacu.", "\n\nPacu. ", "Photo: Henrik Carl\n\nThough the Pacu, like its cousin the Piranha, belongs in waters like the Amazon it has found its way to other waters around the globe by way of aquariums and fish farms. ", "In large parts of the USA and Asia it is now considered an invasive species. ", "It grows to as much as 25 kilograms and is a popular fish for farming and eating. ", "But how this fish ended up in Scandinavian waters is a bit of a puzzler.", "\n\nSome have imagined that it escaped from the recently established The Blue Planet - Denmark's Aquarium. ", "This Copenhagen attraction is situated right next to Oresund and gets its water from there.", "\n\nBut that is flat out impossible assures curator at The Blue Planet Lars Skou Olsen.", "\n\n\"We do exhibit Pacus in our Amazonas exhibition, but ours are a lot larger than the one caught. ", "And even though the distance between our aquariums and Øresund can be measured in meters there are sophisticated filters in place to avoid contamination. ", "So this is not one of our fish,\" assures Olsen.", "\n\nThe usual suspects\n\n\"Amateur aquarium owners and fish farmers are \"The usual suspects\" when we meet fish where they do not belong,\" says Peter Rask Møller.", "\n\n\"It is not unlikely that someone has emptied their fish tank into a nearby stream just before a vacation and that the Pacu then swam out into the brackish waters of Oresund. ", "We don't know of any commercial farming of Pacus in Europe. ", "But just like the Piranhas the Pacus are quite easy for amateurs to raise,\" says Møller.", "\n\nDanish boy Malthe with Pacu. ", "Photo: Henrik Carl\n\nOnly once before has a Pacu been caught anywhere in Europe. ", "That was in 2002, when a sportsfisher hooked one near a power plant on the Odra river in Poland.", "\n\n\"The river Odra empties into the Baltic Sea very close to Denmark,\" says Peter Rask Møller.", "\n\nThe Pacu is known as the peaceful cousin of the Piranha as it is largely vegetarian. ", "Their powerful teeth are not as sharp as those of the Piranhas, but they are fully capable of severing fishing lines and even fingers.", "\n\n\"In order to be one hundred percent certain of the identification we will now perform a genetic examination, as there are several species of Pacu which are very similar when young. ", "In the aqua culture busines they even produce hybrids between species,\" explains Peter Rask Møller.", "\n\nThe teeth are used mainly to crush nuts and other fruits, but the Pacu eats fish and small invertebrates as well. ", "Its preference for nuts have had fatal results though. ", "In Papua New Guinea where the species has also escaped it is rumoured to have mistaken nuts for male reproductive organs. ", "So anyone choosing to bathe in the Øresund these days had best keep their swimsuits well tied.", "\n\nContact\n\nAssociate Professor Peter Rask Møller\n\nNatural History Museum of Denmark\n\nMobile: +45 20 11 66 43\n\n\n\nCurator Lars Skou Olsen\n\nBlue Planet Aquarium\n\nMobile: +45 26 83 90 07" ]

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[ "SPEKTRUM REAL Sp. ", "z o.o. (", "daughter company of Karimpol Poland) has signed a contract with Warbud SA for general contracting of Skyliner. ", "The construction works will start on 1 September this year and they will last until mid-2020.", "\n\nWe are very happy to announce the commencement of Skyliner. ", "It is the largest and the most prestigious investment in Poland as well as on a scale of our all business operations in Central and Eastern Europe. ", "We are glad that the commencement of construction works coincides with the 20th anniversary of the opening of our office in Warsaw. ", "It perfectly sums up our business activity on this market – says Harald Jeschek, Managing Partner of Karimpol Group.", "\n\nSkyliner will reach 195 m and thus it will join the group of the highest buildings in the capital. ", "The investment will offer nearly 44 000 sq. ", "m of leasable space. ", "The building will comprise of 30 office levels and 4 levels intended for commercial and service purposes. ", "Additionally, there will be also two levels of Skybar at the height of 165 m with the view of the city. ", "The tenants will have a 5-level car park for 428 motor cars and 500 bicycle stands at their disposal. ", "The investment will be financed from the loan granted by Pekao Bank SA. ", "The author of this architectural project is APA Wojciechowski studio. ", "Skyliner is certified in the BREEAM system at the Excellent level.", "\n\nSkyliner is another project which is being executed by Karimpol Poland and Warbud SA. ", "These companies have already collaborated at the construction of Equator IV at Aleje Jerozolimskie. ", "What is more, Warbud SA was also a general contractor of Taifun, Mistral and Passat during the years 2000-2006.", "\n\nSKYLINER in numbers:\n\nheight: 195 m\n\ntotal leasable space: 43 633 sq. ", "m, including 3130 sq. ", "m of commercial and service space" ]

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[ "Effect of optical aberration on Gaussian speckle in a partially coherent imaging system.", "\nOptical aberration effects on Gaussian speckle contrast are theoretically examined in an imaging system exhibiting partial spatial coherence. ", "Analysis includes phase-perturbed random fields from a rough object illuminated by an extended source that generate speckle in the image plane. ", "Results indicate that, unlike coherent illumination, speckle contrast in this partially coherent system depends on odd-functional aberrations, such as coma. ", "In addition, calculations show that speckle contrast reduction as a function of coherence factor exhibits a stronger dependence on aberrations than for an aberration-free case." ]

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[ "Our Coaches\n\nQualifications:\n\nReagan Prather\n\nHead Trainer, Co-Owner\n\nWhat year did you start CrossFit?", "\n\n2009\n\nWhy did you get into CrossFit?", "\n\nI started CF to lose weight after having two kids. ", "I fell in love with the friendly competitive atmosphere and the community. ", "I saw so much positive change mentally and physically that I became a student of the methodology. ", "The rest is history.", "\n\nWhy did you become a trainer?", "\n\nI became a trainer because I genuinely believe in the power of functionality and capability. ", "I was tired of exercising with what seemed like no purpose with little result. ", "I wanted to help people have the same life changing experience I had through a great CF regimen.", "\n\nWhat’s your favorite movement in CrossFit?", "\n\nBahahaha! ", "I do love me some thrusters and burpees.", "\n\nWhat is your favorite cheat food?", "\n\nTexMex and any HOMEMADE dessert. ", "I typically want to know who made it to know if it is worth falling off the wagon for!", "\n\nWhat’s your favorite Superhero and why?", "\n\nShe-Hulk or Captain Marvel (I literally had to look up a list of superhero’s and spent waaaaay too much time on this.) ", "😉\n\nQualifications:\n\nJP\n\nTrainer, Co-Owner\n\nWhat year did you start CrossFit?", "\n\n2004\n\nWhy did you get into CrossFit?", "\n\nWhile stationed in Fort Benning, GA, I heard about CrossFit from guys who redeployed from overseas raving about these brutal workouts they could do in any austere environment, and so I tried it out. ", "I became hooked with the community and bonding experience from shared suffering and accomplishments.", "\n\nWhy did you become a trainer?", "\n\nAs I got more involved in Fort Hood, TX, I decided to get my Level 1 certification. ", "A couple good friends we were working out with were creating a military affiliate on base, so I started helping those around me and loved assisting them in achieving new “firsts” and goals. ", "The rewarding feeling of sharing in other’s accomplishments got me hooked.", "\n\nWhat’s your favorite movement in CrossFit?", "\n\nWhat is your favorite cheat food?", "\n\nWhat’s your favorite Superhero and why?", "\n\nQualifications:\n\nCrossFit Level 2 Trainer\n\nCrossFit Level 1 Trainer\n\nCrossFit Kids Trainer\n\nJen Garinger\n\nTrainer\n\nWhat year did you start CrossFit?", "\n\n2011\n\nWhy did you get into CrossFit?", "\n\nI was curious what CrossFit was, then when I got involved the former athlete in me became addicted to the friendly competition of it. ", "The fact that I wasn’t doing the same thing over and over in the gym was nice too!", "\n\nWhy did you become a trainer?", "\n\nBecause Reagan needed trainers and she thought I might be good at it…I knew volleyball very well and felt comfortable only coaching volleyball. ", "So to train people in something I was just becoming familiar with was a little scary. ", "But Reagan was an awesome coach and motivator and friend…well here I still am since taking my Level 1 in 2012.", "\n\nWhat’s your favorite movement in CrossFit?", "\n\nWhat is your favorite cheat food?", "\n\nWhat’s your favorite Superhero and why?", "\n\nQualifications:\n\nCrossFit Level 1 Trainer\n\nShannon Hill\n\nTrainer\n\nWhat year did you start CrossFit?", "\n\n2013\n\nWhy did you get into CrossFit?", "\n\nI have always been active. ", "I was going through a divorce and looking to get rid of stress and make new friends. ", "I like pushing myself to see what I can do at my age. ", "It’s always fun to make some goals and achieve them.", "\n\nWhy did you become a trainer?", "\n\nI love learning new things. ", "I love working out and helping people become better.", "\n\nQualifications:\n\nJen Wardynski\n\nTrainer\n\nWhat year did you start CrossFit?", "\n\n2010\n\nWhy did you get into CrossFit?", "\n\nI had a shoulder surgery in 2010 and physical therapy wasn’t going well, so I started rehabbing myself with CrossFit.", "\n\nWhy did you become a trainer?", "\n\nI’m a physical therapist for the army, so my whole job is looking at and diagnosing movement. ", "It’s nice to do it in this setting where you can see such immediate improvements in people with good coaching- I️ don’t always get that same interaction with patients during my day job." ]

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[ "2017–18 Kerala Blasters FC season\n\nThe 2017–18 season was the fourth season of competitive football played by the Kerala Blasters. ", "They played their first competitive match on 17 November 2017 while playing their last match on 6 April 2018. ", "The club ended the Indian Super League campaign in 6th place, thus missing out on a chance to participate in the finals. ", "The Kerala Blasters also participated in the Super Cup, being eliminated in the first round by NEROCA.", "\n\nFollowing the departure of Steve Coppell to the new side Jamshedpur, Kerala Blasters announced the signing of René Meulensteen as their new head coach on 14 July 2017. ", "The club also participated in the 2017–18 ISL Players Draft, bringing in Rino Anto, Milan Singh, Arata Izumi, Subhasish Roy Chowdhury, and Jackichand Singh. ", "Former Kerala Blasters forward Iain Hume rejoined the side in July while the club also signed former Manchester United players Wes Brown and Dimitar Berbatov in the lead up to the season.", "\n\nAfter only winning one match in their first seven games, Meulensteen was relieved of his duties on 3 January 2018. ", "David James, the Kerala Blasters head coach during the 2014 season, was brought in as the new head coach the same day.", "\n\nBackground\n\nIn 2016, in an effort to rebuild after failing to qualify for the finals the previous season, Kerala Blasters announced the signing of former Crystal Palace manager Steve Coppell as head coach on 21 June 2016. ", "A week later, the club announced the signing of Northern Ireland international Aaron Hughes as their marquee player for the season. ", "Other moves made before the season included the signing of Graham Stack, Kervens Belfort, Duckens Nazon, and Mohammed Rafique and return of former players Michael Chopra and Cédric Hengbart.", "\n\nThe season began where the previous left off, with a 1–0 defeat away from home against NorthEast United. ", "After the first month of the season, the Blasters had one of the best defenses statistically in the league but struggled in attack. ", "In the second half of the season, after the return of C.K. Vineeth from loan with Bengaluru FC, the Blasters managed to surge their way into the finals. ", "They achieved this by defeating Delhi Dynamos 3–0 in a penalty shootout during the semi-final. ", "In the final, the Kerala Blasters would play host to Atlético de Kolkata. ", "The Blasters took the lead early through Mohammed Rafi before Kolkata equalized soon after. ", "The match went into a penalty shootout, Despite taking the lead early in the shootout, the Kerala Blasters lost 4–3 and thus were defeated in their second final in three seasons.", "\n\nKerala Blasters began their preparations for the 2017–18 season by bringing in former Manchester United assistant coach René Meulensteen as the club's new head coach. ", "The signing of Meulensteen came only two days after former head coach Steve Coppell announced that he would be leaving the club. ", "A couple of weeks later, on 23 July 2017, the Kerala Blasters participated in the 2017–18 ISL Players Draft. ", "Since the club had already retained the services of Sandesh Jhingan, C.K. Vineeth, and Prasanth Karuthadathkuni, the Blasters would enter the draft in round three. ", "For their first draft pick, the Kerala Blasters selected defender Rino Anto. ", "Anto was already part of the Kerala Blasters the previous season, on loan from Bengaluru. ", "The club also selected India internationals, Milan Singh, Arata Izumi, Subhasish Roy Chowdhury, and Jackichand Singh. ", "The club also selected defenders Lalruatthara and Lalthakima, both of whom won the I-League in 2016–17 with Aizawl.", "\n\nThe next day, on 24 July, the Kerala Blasters announced their first foreign signing of the season, Canadian international and former Kerala Blasters player, Iain Hume. ", "Following the signing of Hume, the club made headlines when they signed former Manchester United defender Wes Brown on 15 August 2017, and another former Manchester United player, Dimitar Berbatov, on 24 August. \"", "In terms of selection of players, we were looking at him for quite sometime,\" said Varun Tripuraneni, the Kerala Blasters CEO, \"After Rene Meulensteen came on board, it became easier to get the deal done. ", "Berbatov has been with Rene in Manchester United, so they share a comfort level and chemistry\".", "\n\nJust a few days prior to the start of the season, Meulensteen named Jhingan as his club captain for the season.", "\n\nSignings\n\nIndian draft\n\nOther signings\n\nPre-season\n\nIndian Super League\n\nThe 2017–18 season of the Indian Super League sees 10 teams play 18 matches during the regular season; two against each other team, with one match at each club's stadium. ", "Three points are awarded for each win, one point per draw, and none for defeats. ", "At the end of the regular season, the top four teams in the table qualify for the finals. ", "The team in first will take on the team in fourth and the team in second will take on the team in third in two-legged ties. ", "The winners of each tie will face off in the final at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata on 17 March 2018.", "\n\nThe Kerala Blasters hosted ATK at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, in a rematch of last season's final, on the opening day of the season. ", "Despite the match being billed as a \"high-voltage clash amid an electric atmosphere\", the match ended in a 0–0 draw. ", "The same result would occur a week later in the Blasters' second match against the new entrants Jamshedpur.", "\n\nFollowing these two draws, René Meulensteen stressed how it important it was for the club to start scoring goals. \"", "The most important goal to score in a season is the first one, because the moment you score the first one, it will bring confidence.” ", "The first match of December was at home against Mumbai City on 3 December. ", "The Blasters scored their first goal of the season in the 14th minute when Mark Sifneos scored from a cross from the wing. ", "However, in the 77th minute, Mumbai City found an equalizer through Balwant Singh and the match ended 1–1 - a third draw in a row at home. ", "After playing their first three matches of the season at home, the Kerala Blasters played their first away match of the season against Goa at the Fatorda Stadium on 9 December. ", "A Mark Sifneos goal in the 7th minute saw the Blasters take an early lead before Manuel Lanzarote scored a brace for Goa to give the hosts a 2–1 lead. ", "Jackichand Singh then scored an equalizer for Kerala to make it 2–2 before halftime. ", "The second half would be different for the Kerala Blasters as they found themselves down 5–2 by the 54th minute. ", "Coro, who had scored a hattrick the previous match for Goa against Bengaluru, grabbed another hattrick to succumb Kerala Blasters to their first defeat of the season.", "\n\nThe club responded very well from the defeat, earning their first victory of the season in the next match on 15 December against NorthEast United. ", "C.K. Vineeth, who returned from suspension, scored the only goal of the match in the 24th minute from a header which came from a Rino Anto cross. ", "Seven days later, the club returned to the road in the Southern derby against Chennaiyin. ", "Despite Rene Mihelič scoring for the hosts in the 89th minute, C.K. Vineeth managed to equalize for the Kerala Blasters only five minutes later in stoppage time to give the Blasters a point. ", "\n\nThe Kerala Blasters then ended the year with another 'Southern Derby\" match against new expansion side Bengaluru at the Nehru Stadium. ", "Meulensteen made several changes from the previous match against Chennaiyin, including dropping goalkeeper Paul Rachubka to the bench for Indian goalkeeper Subhasish Roy Chowdhury. ", "Samuel Shadap also started at right back as replacement for the injured Rino Anto. ", "C.K. Vineeth, who had been on form in the lead up to this match, was also dropped with no reason given and replaced with Iain Hume. ", "During the match, the Blasters managed to hold Bengaluru at 0–0 going into halftime. ", "However, in the 60th minute, Blasters captain Sandesh Jhingan handled the ball in the penalty box after a cross from Udanta Singh. ", "Bengaluru's Sunil Chhetri converted the ensuing penalty to give the away side the lead. ", "The Kerala Blasters proceeded to try to find the equalizer but three minutes into stoppage time Miku found the net for Bengaluru to increase their lead and then he did it again only a minute later to make it 3–0. ", "Despite the two late goals, Courage Pekuson managed to find time to grab a consolation goal for the Blasters in the 96th minute as they fell to their second defeat of the season.", "\n\nAfter the match, on 3 January 2018, it was announced that Meulensteen had been relieved of his duties as head coach of the club. ", "That same day, the Kerala Blasters announced that David James, the club's head coach during the 2014 season, would return to the club. ", "Also on that day, the club announced the signing of their eighth foreigner, midfielder Kizito Keziron from Leopards in Kenya.", "\n\nJames' first match in charge of the Kerala Blasters was against second place Pune City on 4 January 2018. ", "His tenure in charge did not start well as the club found themselves 1–0 down at halftime through a Marcelinho goal. ", "However, during the second half of the match, the Blasters came alive with James bringing on new signing Kizito Keziron after the halftime interval and the Ugandan contributed to what would be the equalizer for the Kerala Blasters. ", "He sent a through-ball over to Courage Pekuson who then squared the ball into the middle for Mark Sifneos to slot it home in the 73rd minute. ", "The match would go on to end 1–1.", "\n\nAfter the match against Pune City, the Kerala Blasters started a three match run away from home. ", "Their first match occurred on 10 January 2018 against last placed Delhi Dynamos. ", "Iain Hume opened the scoring for the Blasters in the 12th minute when he put in a squared ball from Courage Pekuson. ", "Then, right before halftime, Delhi found an equalizer through fullback Pritam Kotal. ", "Hume then scored his second of the night in the 78th minute before completing his hat-trick in the 83rd minute when he outmuscled and outpaced Delhi defender Rowilson Rodrigues and chipped the ball over the onrushing goalkeeper. ", "The match finished 3–1 to the Kerala Blasters. ", "The team then extended their winning run to two, after securing a 1–0 victory in their match away to Mumbai City on 14 January 2018. ", "Iain Hume was once again the lone scorer for the Blasters as the Canadian found the net in the 23rd minute.", "\n\nThree days later, the Kerala Blasters played their final of three straight away matches against Jamshedpur. ", "Paul Rachubka returned to the starting line-up while C.K. Vineeth also returned from injury. ", "Despite the changes, the Kerala Blasters fell 2–1 to the new expansion side from Jharkhand. ", "Jerry Mawihmingthanga opened the scoring for Jamshedpur in the very first minute when he converted what was a scuffed shot from teammate Ashim Biswas. ", "Biswas then found the net himself 30 minutes later to extend Jamshedpur's lead. ", "Mark Sifneos found a consolation goal for the Blasters three minutes into second half stoppage time but it was too late to save the match.", "\n\nThe Kerala Blasters returned home with a match against Goa on 21 January. ", "David James decided to go with only four foreigners on the pitch for Kerala and it proved a bad choice only seven minutes into the match as Coro found the net. ", "However, 22 minutes later, C.K. Vineeth managed to find Kerala's equalizer after he exploited the space left by the Goan defenders in the middle. ", "Despite that though, Goa once again took the lead in the 77th minute when Edu Bedia won the game for Goa, 2–1.", "\n\nOn 27 January 2018, the Kerala Blasters took on bottom-placed Delhi Dynamos at the Nehru Stadium in Kochi. ", "Coming into the match, the Blasters had released Dutch striker Mark Sifneos and signed former Iceland international Guðjón Baldvinsson as a replacement. ", "David James once again sent out a side that played less than the 5 max foreigners allowed in the starting 11, with three taking the field. ", "Kalu Uche gave the Delhi Dynamos the lead from the penalty spot in the 35th minute after Prasanth Karuthadathkuni brought Dynamos' Seityasen Singh down in the box. ", "At halftime, James took off Karan Sawhney and brought on 19-year old Deependra Negi for his professional debut and three minutes into the second half the former India U17 captain scored the equalizer for the Kerala Blasters from a corner. ", "Negi then contributed to the Blasters' second goal when he drew a penalty while running into the box. ", "Iain Hume scored the ensuing spot kick as the Kerala Blasters went on to win 2–1.", "\n\nOn 2 February 2018, the Kerala Blasters played their first match of the last full month of the season against Pune City at the Balewadi Stadium. ", "Despite having the most chances in the first half, it took until the 58th minute for the Blasters to take the lead through Jackichand Singh. ", "Emiliano Alfaro then equalized for Pune City in the 78th minute before C.K. Vineeth found the winner for the Kerala Blasters three minutes into stoppage time for them to win 2–1. ", "Six days later, the club traveled to Kolkata to take on ATK. ", "Despite Guðjón Baldvinsson and Dimitar Berbatov scoring their first goals for the club, both times giving the team the lead, the Blasters conceded twice to draw the match 2–2.", "\n\nThe Kerala Blasters then ended their three game away run with a victory against NorthEast United on 17 February 2018 at the Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium. ", "Wes Brown scored the winner for the club in the 28th minute to keep the Blasters hopes of qualification alive. ", "On 23 February, the Blasters played their final home match of the season against Southern rivals Chennaiyin. ", "Neither side could find the net in the 0–0 draw as the Blasters' chance of qualification for the finals suffered a massive blow.", "\n\nThe Blasters then ended their season on 1 March 2018 away from home against Bengaluru. ", "Despite managing to hold on throughout the match, Bengaluru managed to come out as 2–0 winners with stoppage time goals coming from Miku and Udanta Singh. ", "This meant that the Blasters had failed to qualify for the finals for the second time in their history.", "\n\nTable\n\nResults summary\n\nSuper Cup\n\nThe Super Cup is a knockout football competition in India. ", "The 2018 edition will be the first ever tournament. ", "The competition will only feature teams from both the Indian Super League and the I-League, India's two top-tier football leagues. ", "As the Kerala Blasters finished in sixth place during the 2017–18 ISL season, they will enter the main competition directly which will be hosted at the Kalinga Stadium in Bhubaneswar.", "\n\nThe Kerala Blasters were drawn to face NEROCA on 6 April 2018. ", "NEROCA had finished 2nd in the 2017–18 I-League.", "\n\nDuring the match, the Blasters were eliminated after losing 3–2. ", "Goals for NEROCA were scored by Jean-Michel Joachim, Aryn Williams, and Felix Chidi Odili while Kerala Blasters found the net through Pulga and Prasanth Karuthadathkuni.", "\n\nPlayer statistics\n\nGoalscorers\n\nClean sheets\n\nSee also\n 2017–18 in Indian football\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Kerala Blasters FC seasons\nCategory:2017–18 Indian Super League season by team" ]

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[ "Tom Byer has been credited with developing technical skills in young children around the world. ", "With the U.S. development system in the spotlight, he's bringing his lessons to U.S. Soccer as part of a new pilot program.", "\n\nTom Byer, an innovative American soccer coach who helped develop a generation of technically skilled men’s and women’s players in Japan, is finally going to work for U.S. Soccer in the United States. ", "And in the wake of the U.S.’s failure to qualify for the men’s World Cup, Byer’s long-awaited return to America could cause a sea change in the way young soccer players develop their skills around the country.", "\n\nByer, who lives with his family in Tokyo, is in Seattle this week after signing a contract with U.S. Soccer to run a pilot program in conjunction with the federation, the Seattle Sounders and the Washington Youth Soccer association. ", "Byer is devising a strategy called Soccer Starts at Home to establish his philosophy of focusing on the parents of soccer-playing kids between the ages of 2 and 6.", "\n\nThe program focuses on preschool children developing the love of keeping the ball close and gaining confidence with ball skills through meetings, clinics and educational sessions with parents.", "\n\n“If this pilot is successful,” Byer says, “it could serve as a model for the rest of the United States.” ", "His trip this week is his second to Seattle after he made an initial visit in July.", "\n\nMailbag: U.S. Soccer Election, MLS Cup Pick, Teams to Root for at World Cup and More\n\nByer’s pilot program is one of 13 initiatives in 12 states that U.S. Soccer has approved for its Innovate to Grow Fund, which is providing up to $3 million to help members launch new programs to stimulate growth.", "\n\nA New York native, Byer, 56, finished his playing career in Japan in 1989 and went on to become a legendary figure there in grassroots youth soccer development. ", "Known as Tomsan, he established more than 60 soccer schools in Japan, taught clinics, made regular appearances for 13 years on Japan’s top children’s TV program and had a regular coach’s corner in a popular comic book.", "\n\n“All of these are what I like to call delivery mechanisms,” Byer told SI.com this week. “", "They’re delivering the message that if you want to be a good soccer player, it all starts with the technical component.”", "\n\nJapanese stars like Shinji Kagawa, Aya Miyama and others have credited Byer for helping improve the technical skill level of the Japanese men’s and women’s teams as they have risen to prominence in world soccer over the past 15 years. (", "The women won the World Cup in 2011.)", "\n\n“I’m a technical coach,” Byer. “", "There’s a big difference between a technical coach and a coach of a team. ", "I don’t coach teams. ", "I don’t have training every week and have the same players and go out and compete for results. ", "I started specializing in technical training, which is to try and improve individual players. ", "I spent a couple decades working in the Under-12 age group, which is elementary school age kids in Japan.”", "\n\nNot long after Byer and his wife, Midori, had the first of their two sons (Kaito and Sho) 11 years ago, Tomsan said he had “an overall rethink” about the development process based on his experiences with their two sons from the time they could walk. ", "He also studied top soccer players from different generations and noticed a common thread: They often attributed their success and technical development to their parents.", "\n\n“Now I’m committed to going around the world and engaging people about the important role that parents play,” said Byer, who has also been hired by the Chinese ministry of education to scale up a massive development program in that nation’s schools. “", "I often do big events in China and other places. ", "This is what I’ll do in Seattle as well. ", "It’s about engaging parents and going directly to them. ", "We’ve created a bit of a disruption, which is a good thing.", "\n\n“I think what’s happened is soccer hasn’t caught up with what science really knows,” Byer continued. “", "Kids can start acquiring technical skills from a much earlier age. ", "That’s usually not going to happen unless there’s an engagement by parents. ", "It’s not happening with coaches. ", "That’s kind of my whole thing. ", "This isn’t really popular to hear sometimes with coaches, but the reality that I have found is that technical skills are rarely the result of coaching.”", "\n\nFluid, Potential Election Field Points to Chaotic U.S. Soccer Presidential Campaign\n\nByer likes to point out that while there are 211 countries in FIFA, only eight have ever won the men’s World Cup, and of those eight only three are serial winners: Brazil, Germany and Italy.", "\n\n“If you look at what’s happening in those countries, I’ve found there’s really no specialized training going on for children at that young age. ", "The reality is those countries’ cultures are very conducive to developing players. ", "Nobody has really put it under the microscope. ", "What I’ve done is in real time I have made a reality project of documenting what my two boys could do from the time they could start walking and documenting to video. ", "I’m showing: What can you expect a 2-year-old or a 3-year-old to do? ", "What’s the difference between what a 3-year-old can do and a 5-year-old?”", "\n\nTo Byer, it shouldn’t be rocket science that a soccer education would be like a school education: Kids who come from a culture at home that values education will usually be the ones who excel in school.", "\n\n“It’s the same thing with soccer,” he said. “", "This is the missing link to what’s happening in the United States. ", "If you go out to many parks throughout the U.S. on any given weekend, you’ll see them filled, usually with parents, and they’re basically kicking the ball back and forth with their 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-year-old. ", "So they’re conditioning them from a young age that it’s a kicking game.", "\n\n“What I say as a challenge is: Kicking shouldn’t be the first technique you teach a kid,” he continued. “", "In fact, it’s detrimental to them. ", "If you take a soccer ball and give it to a little Latin kid and try to dispossess the kid by lunging at him to try and take it away, he’ll either pull the ball back or he or she will try to beat you. ", "Now you give that ball to a typical American kid or Canadian kid or Chinese kid and challenge them for the ball, and they’ll either bend over and pick it up or they’ll kick it and chase after it and freeze.”", "\n\nBruce Arena's New Legacy and its Impact on the Future of the USMNT\n\nByer hopes he’ll be able to scale up his program in the U.S. the way he’s already doing so in China.", "\n\n“I’m seeing now that in the future, if there’s any shortcut to this sport for a country, I think I’ve found it,” he said. “", "What does that mean? ", "This is what it means for U.S. soccer: There’s 23.7 million children under the age of 6 in the United States. ", "Nobody is talking to that group. ", "Imagine in China where I work, or in India: They have 100 million kids under the age of 6. ", "I know for a fact that before a child ever crosses over that line into organized play at the age of 6, if he or she has a certain degree of technical competency, that’s the game-changer.", "\n\n“We call this the world’s sport, and we’re failing millions and millions of kids,” he added. “", "Because the reality is the majority of kids that play the sport, they’re technically incompetent. ", "Not good enough. ", "They’ve never mastered the skills of a player. ", "Then you’ve got some crazy coach trying to get the kids to play some systemic tactical formation. ", "But they can’t do the math. ", "It’s tantamount to taking a kid and throwing them into geometry or trigonometry or algebra when you’ve never offered the class for adding and subtracting.”", "\n\nFor years, as Byer has become a respected figure in Asian soccer, he has been asked why he hasn’t done any work in his home country, the United States. ", "Now that’s finally going to change in Seattle—at the exact moment U.S. men’s soccer is going through it’s most embarrassing moment.", "\n\nU.S. Soccer hires EPL's sports science guru to accelerate, improve youth development\n\n“The idea is to put a plan in place,” he said. “", "That’s why I’m going on this trip, to have more meetings with the Sounders and the state association and U.S. Soccer. ", "This is very important to understand: There are three major stakeholders in U.S. soccer: The national body, MLS and the state associations. ", "My overall plan is to position our concept as the glue, the stickiness to actually bring people together rather than to divide people. ", "Not just in the United States, but in many countries these different groups are pulling in different directions. ", "So I’m hoping this can be something everyone can come together on.", "\n\n“We need more parents engaged. ", "We need kids that are more technically competent before they step over that line into organized play.”" ]

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[ "It would generate $2.75 trillion over a decade, according to Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, the University of California at Berkeley economists who advised Warren on the plan.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nBut Warren, notably, is pitching the idea foremost as a means of rebalancing the concentration of wealth, a phenomenon she frames as a threat to democracy itself, rather than leading with the ambitious programs the new revenue could fund.", "\n\n“Today in America, the top one-tenth of 1 percent has amassed about as much wealth as 90 percent of America: Upper middle class, middle class, working class, working poor and the poor poor,” Warren said in an interview last night on MSNBC’s “All In With Chris Hayes.” “", "And the consequence of having amassed that much wealth is bad for our economy — a tiny group of people making decisions that always tend to favor a lot of big corporations — and bad for our democracy. ", "Because it means, just like you hear, it’s now a democracy that is influenced by the wealthy, the well connected, and it's not working for the people.”", "\n\nIt was no accident that Warren unveiled the plan as the globe’s wealthiest and most powerful gathered this week in Davos for the World Economic Forum, a conclave that has become totemic of the billionaire class’s world-bending influence. (", "A dozen Davos attendees — including financiers Jamie Dimon and Stephen Schwarzman —have seen their fortunes surge by a combined $175 billion, \"even as median U.S. household wealth has stagnated,\" a Bloomberg analysis found. ", "And \"UBS and PwC Billionaires Insights reports show that global billionaire wealth has grown from $3.4 trillion in 2009 to $8.9 trillion in 2017.\")", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nBut the rollout also happened to land on a day that featured two members of Trump’s administration with Wall Street pedigrees sounding particularly out of touch when it comes to the struggles of federal workers missing paychecks during the neverending shutdown.", "\n\nWarren, in the MSNBC interview, talked up the promise of paying for universal child care, student debt relief, clean energy projects, and expanding health care. ", "But she circled back to her point that the proposal is about “basic fairness.”", "\n\nIt also underscores her position as a policymaking pacesetter in the 2020 Democratic field. ", "Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-N.Y.) kick started a debate within the party over how hard to push for higher taxes on the super rich when she floated a 70 percent top marginal rate on income over $10 million. ", "Warren is the first presidential hopeful to follow up with a fleshed-out plan, one that will force the still-evolving field to respond in kind.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nWarren said she’s aware those facing the tax will attempt to minimize their exposure to it.", "\n\nShe is proposing three enforcement mechanisms. “", "Those are a significant increase in funding for the Internal Revenue Service; a mandatory audit rate requiring a certain number of people who pay the wealth tax to be subject to an audit every year; and a one-time tax penalty for those who have more than $50 million and try to renounce their U.S. citizenship,” Jeff and Christopher write.", "\n\nStill, the proposal would face a number of hurdles. “", "A wealth tax faces political, legal and practical obstacles,” The Wall Street Journal’s Richard Rubin writes. “", "Unlike estate and income-tax plans, wealth taxes don’t have a long track record of support in Congress, even among Democrats. ", "Wealthy taxpayers would begin looking for ways to escape or avoid the tax, and there would be frequent disputes about the value of illiquid assets such as businesses, real estate and art. ", "And taxpayers would consider constitutional challenges, pointing to the limits on so-called direct taxation.”", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nConservatives are criticizing the idea as extreme and unworkable. “", "Capital investment has to be financed by savings,” says Alan Viard, a former Federal Reserve economist now at the American Enterprise Institute. “", "Over the long haul, there would be a negative impact on investment and the growth of the economy.” ", "Adam Michel, a tax policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation, said Warren’s proposal “really comes down to the politics of envy and whether or not we should be increasing taxes on the wealthy more than they already are.”", "\n\nConservative critics of higher taxes on the wealthy cite the disproportionate share of overall tax revenue they contribute. ", "But economists supporting Warren’s proposal looked at the relative tax burdens another way. “", "The wealthiest 1 percent of families currently face a total tax burden, including state and local taxes, of about 3.2 percent relative to wealth,” they note, per The Post. “", "The bottom 99 percent of families currently has a tax burden of 7.2 percent relative to their wealth, the economists say.”", "\n\nPolling shows strong public support for hiking taxes on the ultra-rich. ", "A Reuters/Ipsos survey taken during the congressional debate over the tax code in the fall of 2017, for example, found 53 percent of adults “strongly agree” the wealthiest should pay higher taxes, and another 23 percent “somewhat agree” with that proposition. ", "An earlier Pew Research Center study found 60 percent of poll respondents believe the wealthy don’t pay their fair share of taxes.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nAnd one person close to Warren notes those attitudes are remarkably stable over the last quarter-century. ", "Gallup polls since 1992 show Americans believe the wealthy pay too little in taxes by an average margin of 42 percent, with the margin never dipping below 29 points, according to this source.", "\n\nBut the politics of the issue are trickier for Republicans, who split along income lines.", "\n\nHigher-earning Republicans “are far more likely to criticize the complexity of the code and the amount of taxes they pay than to complain about the conduct of corporations and wealthy individuals,” according to Bill Galston of Brookings. “", "Economic class makes a big difference for Republicans, but very little for Democrats: Upper-income Democrats are just as likely as middle- and lower-income Democrats to believe that some corporations and wealthy individuals are shirking their responsibility to help fund the government.”", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nThe Democratic policymaking elite have been arguably slow to reflect that consensus. ", "But developments over the course of the last several weeks suggest that may be changing.", "\n\nOcasio-Cortez’s idea received wide backing; and some more traditionally establishment figures are already declaring support for Warren’s proposal. ", "From Gene Sperling, who chaired the National Economic Council in the Obama administration:\n\nAnd from David Kamin, another Obama administration economist:\n\nAnd from Lily Batchelder, a deputy director of the NEC in the Obama administration:\n\nMONEY ON THE HILL\n\n— Welp, that was a big bust. ", "Senators, as predicted, yesterday rejected both offerings on the table to end the longest-running government shutdown. ", "Two measures failed to garner the 60 votes needed for passage: One including $5.7 billion for President Trump's border wall, and the other that would have opened the government immediately through Feb. 8. ", "Some hoped the dual failures would result in the president and lawmakers working harder to compromise, according to The Post's Felicia Sonmez and John Wagner.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nIn that vein, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.) met privately following their failures on the floor. ", "Schumer refused to elaborate afterwards: \"We’re talking, we’re talking,\" he said. \"", "Senators remained uncertain about whether a deal would emerge — and if it did, what it would look like,\" The Post's Erica Werner, Sean Sullivan and Mike DeBonis write.", "\n\nTension is building among Republicans. \"", "Republican senators clashed with one another and confronted Vice President Pence inside a private luncheon on Thursday, as anger hit a boiling point over the longest government shutdown in history,\" The Post's Sean Sullivan and Paul Kane report. \"'", "This is your fault,' Sen. Ron Johnson (R-Wis.) told [McConnell] at one point... 'Are you suggesting I’m enjoying this?' ", "McConnell snapped back.\"", "\n\n— And the real-world effects of the shutdown are piling up:\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nThe Post's Tracy Jan reports on 650 contracts that the Housing and Urban Development Department allowed to lapse for low-income residents in subsidized housing. ", "Another 525 contracts are slated to expire by the end of next week, and 550 more will expire in February.", "\n\nJohnson Space Center workers are being asked to clean the bathrooms, according to the Houston Chronicle's Alex Stuckey.", "\n\nSteve Reaves, a Federal Emergency Management Agency employee who leads the union for FEMA workers, said he knew firsthand of six experienced people who had left the agency since the shutdown began. ", "Two went to BP, the oil giant, per the New York Times.", "\n\nUnions for air traffic controllers, pilots and flight attendants said the shutdown posed a dire safety threat, calling it “unprecedented” and “unconscionable,” reported the Times. ", "JetBlue's CEO says airlines are approaching a \"tipping point.\"", "\n\nThe government is piling up $90 million daily in back pay it owes furloughed federal employees, Government Executive reports.", "\n\nJ.P. Morgan Asset & Wealth Management Chief Executive Mary Callahan Erdoes warned CEOs will start canceling investments.", "\n\n— Trump officials show off their tin ears. \"", "On Day 34 of the government shutdown, with federal workers set to miss their second straight paycheck on Friday, the Trump administration was prominently represented by two denizens of Wall Street: Wilbur Ross and Larry Kudlow,\" The Post's Philip Rucker, Josh Dawsey and Damian Paletta report. \"", "Ross, the commerce secretary, on Thursday morning bemoaned air traffic controllers, who he incorrectly said were calling in sick, and added in a CNBC interview, 'I don’t really quite understand why' federal workers were visiting food banks. ", "Instead, he suggested they apply for loans from banks.", "\n\n\"Then came Kudlow, the top White House economic adviser, who called the shutdown 'just a glitch.' ", "He went on in a midday gaggle with reporters: 'Am I out of touch? ", "I don’t think I’m out of touch. ", "I’m addressing the problem. ", "I’ve met with my individual staff members and God bless them. ", "They’re working for free. ", "They’re volunteering. ", "But they do it because they believe government service is honorable and they believe in President Trump.'\"", "\n\nMeanwhile, for those Commerce workers actually seeking loans, the department's credit union is charging almost 9 percent interest. ", "That, despite Ross saying financial institutions are offering \"very, very low-interest-rate loans to bridge people over the gap.\"", "\n\nMy colleague Jackie Alemany went to a food bank a mile from the White House to talk with some furloughed workers feeling the pain.", "\n\nHere was Trump attempting to clean up Ross's remarks:\n\nSomeone dubbed Ross's voice over Mr. Burns from The Simpsons and it works surprisingly well:\n\n— Big bank CEOs to testify. ", "WSJ's Andrew Ackerman and Emily Glazer: \"The chief executives of the six largest U.S. banks are poised to testify together before House lawmakers in Congress this spring, according to people familiar with the matter, for the first time since shortly after the financial crisis. ", "The hearing before the House Financial Services Committee marks an opening salvo in House Democrats’ plans to put the industry back in Washington’s crosshairs. ", "It is expected to include the chief executives of JPMorgan Chase & Co., Citigroup Inc., Bank of America Corp., Goldman Sachs Group Inc., Morgan Stanley and Wells Fargo & Co... Precise timing for the hearing with chief executives had yet to be nailed down, but the panel is eyeing dates in March or April, these people said. ", "The banks are all expected to participate.\"", "\n\nMARKET MOVERS\n\n— Trump casts in with Venezuela's opposition government. ", "The Post's Anne Gearan and Karen DeYoung: \"Trump’s bold decision to throw U.S. support behind a self-declared opposition government in Venezuela carries risks for a president whose foreign policy is staked on prizing American interests over others and keeping the country out of foreign quagmires. ", "In support of the government declared by opposition leader Juan Guaidó, U.S. officials refused to rule out military action or far-reaching economic measures, including an oil embargo that would harm U.S. business. '", "I think that speaks for itself,' national security adviser John Bolton said when asked Thursday what Trump meant by saying 'all options' are available to him.\"", "\n\nThe country's bondholders are making the same bet. \"", "Regime change could be afoot in Venezuela. ", "At least that's what holders of the country's defaulted bonds are betting,\" FT's Colby Smith writes. \"", "As the US joins Brazil, Canada and Argentina, among others, in recognising opposition leader Juan Guaidó as interim president, Venezuela's defaulted bonds have jumped, now trading above 30 cents on the dollar for the first time in seven months. ", "In fact, in the three weeks since January 1, these so-called Vennie bonds have gained nearly 40 per cent.\"", "\n\n— Goldman's Solomon: 50 percent chance of recession next year. ", "CNBC's Michael Sheetz: \"Goldman Sachs CEO David Solomon told CNBC on Thursday he thinks the chances of a recession are steadily rising over the next two years. ‘", "Fifteen percent this year, 50 percent next year,’ Solomon said on ‘Squawk Box’ at the World Economic Forum… Solomon quickly followed by saying he's ‘not good at predicting these things.’ ", "A day earlier, Goldman economists a report saying the U.S. economy is less prone to recession than in the past. ", "The economists think the current economy is better built to absorb the kind of shocks that would typically trigger negative growth.", "\n\n— Companies are struggling to prepare for a no-deal Brexit. ", "Bloomberg's Joe Mayes and Jill Ward: \"It was Airbus SE and clothing designer Burberry Group Plc this week. ", "Rarely a day passes in Britain without another corporate warning about the perils of leaving the European Union without an agreement. ", "While the focus has been on trade with the EU, the problem is that what’s become known as a 'no-deal Brexit' might be just as bad for companies doing business with other parts of world. ", "And executives and policy makers say there’s little they can do to prepare.", "\n\n\"Politicians in London are seemingly at an intractable impasse, and the U.K.’s failure to guarantee free-trade agreements with countries like South Korea, Turkey and Norway has left exporters and importers concerned they too will be cut adrift. ", "About 11 percent of Britain’s trade is currently covered by deals struck by the EU for its member states, ones the U.K. will have to replicate to maintain unencumbered exports and imports to and from more than 30 countries.\"", "\n\nTRUMP TRACKER\n\nTRADE FLY-AROUND:\n\n— Ross: U.S.-China deal isn't close. ", "CNBC: \"Ross said Thursday the U.S. is still 'miles and miles' from a trade deal with China. '", "Frankly, that shouldn't be too surprising,' Ross said in a \"Squawk Box\" interview. ", "The U.S. and China have 'lots and lots of issues,' he continued, and the Trump administration will need to create 'structural reforms' and 'penalties' in order to resume normal trade relations with Beijing. '", "We would like to make a deal but it has to be a deal that will work for both parties,' he said. '", "We're miles and miles from getting a resolution.'\"", "\n\nKudlow: Everything hinges on next week's talks. ", "Bloomberg: \"Kudlow said the conversations with Liu’s team next week will be a crucial test of whether the two sides can come to an agreement. '", "The Liu He talks will be determinative,' Kudlow told Fox News on Thursday, adding that Trump has told him that he remains 'rather optimistic.' '", "The scope of the talks are huge and the talks are going to continue at the highest level,' said Kudlow. ", "Right now 'we have nothing on paper, there is no contract, there is no deal.'\"", "\n\nThe Chinese delegation will arrive in Washington on Monday, per Bloomberg.", "\n\nChinese join e-commerce talks at the last minute. ", "More from Bloomberg: \"China will join a group including the U.S. and the European Union in negotiating new rules to cover the $25 trillion e-commerce market. ", "The EU and 47 other members of the World Trade Organization launched the discussions, according to a Friday statement. ", "If successful, a digital trade accord hashed out through the Geneva-based trade body would establish a baseline international regime for 21st century trade and reduce cross-border hurdles to e-commerce. ", "China, which for years has heavily restricted use of the internet inside its borders, had resisted joining the talks until Thursday, raising concerns over the language in the statement advocating a 'high standard outcome.'\"", "\n\nMELTDOWN WATCH:\n\n— BREAKING: Roger Stone indicted. ", "The Post's Roz Helderman, Devlin Barrett and John Wagner: \"Roger J. Stone Jr., a longtime informal adviser to [Trump], was arrested by the FBI on Friday after being indicted in the investigation by special counsel Robert S. Mueller III. ", "Stone was charged with seven counts, including one count of obstruction of an official proceeding, five counts of false statements and one count of witness tampering, according to Mueller’s office. ", "With Stone’s indictment, Mueller has struck deep inside Trump’s inner circle, charging a long-standing friend of the president and one of the first people to promote Trump for the White House... The GOP operative has been a key focus of the special counsel for months as Mueller has investigated whether anyone in Trump’s orbit conspired with Russia to interfere in the 2016 presidential campaign.\"", "\n\nPOCKET CHANGE\n\n— Some cities are so sure a recession is coming that they're stashing money away for the inevitability. ", "Los Angeles, for instance, “has set aside close to $500 million across several funds to help weather emergencies and financial shocks, said Matt Szabo, Mayor Eric Garcetti’s top budget adviser. ", "It had about $192 million in reserves before the last recession, which officially lasted from December 2007 to June 2009. ", "It wasn’t enough: police overtime, fire service and street repairs took a hit, among other city services, Mr. Szabo said,” reports The Wall Street Journal's Scott Calvert and Jon Kamp.", "\n\n“JPMorgan Chase & Co. gives about a 40% chance for a recession in the next 12 months, up from about 33% last fall. ", "S&P Global Ratings, which says some cities are still struggling to rebuild reserves from the last downturn, recently put recession odds for this year at 15% to 20%.”", "\n\n— Davos-goers do some soul-searching on finance. ", "From the Wall Street Journal's James Mackintosh: “Michael Sabia, who runs $270 billion Canadian pension fund Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, fears that finance has forgotten its original purpose as backers of corporate investment. ", "Instead, financiers have become mere tourists who care little about the companies they own . . . ", "Without action, the French gilets jaunes [yellow vests] protests that paralyzed the country last month are just a foretaste of the populist unrest to come, he said. “", "Our returns are only as healthy as the societies we invest in over the long term.”", "\n\nTHE FUNNIES\n\nBULL SESSION" ]

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[ "Rancho Las Cruces Airstrip\n\nRancho Las Cruces Airstrip or Club Las Cruces Airstrip is the private-use dirt airstrip at \"Rancho Las Cruces\" Resort, located in Las Cruces, Municipality of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, an isolated resort located just on the Gulf of California coast. ", " Interested parties may land for lunch and tour the resort. ", " The hotel has recently decided to accept new members.", "\n\nExternal links\nAerial photo 1.", "\nAerial photo 2.", "\n\nCategory:Airports in Baja California Sur\nCategory:La Paz Municipality (Baja California Sur)" ]

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[ "Lectures: During Semester 1, 14:10–15:00 Mondays in George Square Lecture Theatre and 11:10–12:00 Tuesdays in David Hume Tower Lecture Theatre A.\n\nexcept for the following swaps with Inf1-CL:\n\nWeek 2: Inf1-CL Tue 26 Sep (11:10–12:00, DHT LTA) instead of Inf1-FP\n\nWeek 3: Inf1-FP Fri 6 Oct (14:10–15:00, DHT LTA) instead of Inf1-CL\n\nWeek 4: Inf1-FP Thu 12 Oct (11:10–12:00, DHT LTA) and Fri 13 Oct (14:10–15:00, DHT LTA) instead of Inf1-CL\n\nWeek 10: Inf1-CL Mon 20 Nov (14:10–15:00, GSLT) and Tue 21 Nov (11:10–12:00, DHT LTA) and instead of Inf1-FP\n\nYou are very strongly advised to attend all lectures!", "\n\nLink: Lecture locations.", "\n\nExercises: Tutorial exercises are published here at least a week before the corresponding tutorial. ", "This work does not contribute towards your mark for the course but it is absolutely essential for your understanding of the material.", "\n\nYou can discuss your work on these exercises with other students, and ask questions on the course discussion forum. ", "Or in the CompSoc chatroom. ", "If you are having difficulties, drop in to the lab when a demonstrator is on duty. ", "Or go to InfBase, the Informatics student help desk. ", "Or attend an InfPALS session.", "\n\nThe CamlBack system, hosted at UCLA, can provide automated feedback on most of your tutorial exercises. ", "It may help you to make better progress on the exercises before your tutorial but it is not a substitute for tutorial attendance. ", "CamlBack is still under development and for some kinds of exercises the feedback will be more helpful than for others.", "\n\nLink: CamlBack (select language Haskell and login as guest); notes on CamlBack.", "\n\nTutorials: These start in week 3 and take place each week until week 10, led by a tutor. ", "If you are ill or otherwise unable to attend one week then email the tutor, and if possible attend another tutorial group in the same week.", "\n\nSome tutorial groups are designated as \"beginner friendly\". ", "Students who have no programming experience, or who are less confident, may wish to request allocation to these. ", "There will be a beginner-friendly tutorial in each tutorial timeslot so timetabling conflicts should not prevent anybody from switching into, or out of, a beginner-friendly tutorial.", "\n\nAll tutorial groups will cover the same tutorial exercises but the beginner-friendly tutorials will proceed more carefully, as required by the students in the group, to make sure that all students are keeping up. ", "The tutorials that are not labelled as beginner-friendly will tend to proceed more quickly.", "\n\nLink: Tutorial group times, places and membership.", "\n\nStudents are expected to prepare for each tutorial, which includes completing the tutorial exercises and the reading.", "\n\nYou must attempt the work before the tutorial and bring with you a copy of the work you have done. ", "Tutorials are mandatory, and the only way to learn is to do the work before the tutorial, not at the tutorial. ", "Students who have not done the work in advance may be sent away. ", "Programming is not a spectator sport!", "\n\nAdvanced Tutorial: There will be an extra drop-in tutorial starting in week 4 for students who would like to go beyond what will be covered in the normal tutorials. ", "This tutorial is for you if you had no significant trouble solving the non-optional exercises and have made a serious attack on at least the first of the optional exercises. ", "This is in addition to and separate from your normal tutorial session and tutorial exercises!", "\n\nFriday 4:10-5:00pm, Appleton Tower 5.04\n\nIf you decide to attend, then you should bring your solutions to the tutorial exercise with you!", "\n\nLabs: The workstations in AT 5.05 / 6.06 are reserved for Inf1-FP for a few hours every weekday. ", "A lab demonstrator will be available at the times indicated to assist with the coursework.", "\n\nReserved for Inf1-FP Demonstrator available Location Mondays 3:00–5:00pm 3:00–4:00pm AT 5.05 Tuesdays 2:00–4:00pm 2:00–3:00pm AT 6.06 Wednesdays 2:00–4:00pm 2:00–3:00pm AT 6.06 Thursdays 2:00–4:00pm 2:00–3:00pm AT 6.06 Fridays 3:00–5:00pm 3:00–4:00pm AT 5.05\n\nEvery student should attend the lab during week 2 in order to complete the lab exercise. ", "Please go on the day indicated in the list below. ", "If you have a conflict, just go on a different day in week 2 - no need to inform anybody. ", "After week 2, the labs are run on a drop-in basis and you can go as often as you like.", "\n\nLink: Lab assignments during week 2\n\nVideos: Recordings of lectures are available via Learn. ", "These recordings supplement lectures by allowing you to review the material presented and revise for the exam.", "\n\nLinks: Some video lectures from Microsoft on Haskell; Introduction to Functional Programming using Haskell: MOOC by Erik Meijer\n\nForum: Piazza provides an online forum for Inf1-FP in which you can post questions and answers on anything related to the course. ", "The course lecturer, teaching assistant, tutors and demonstrators will also read and answer questions.", "\n\nLinks: Piazza course page; Piazza signup" ]

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[ "This contest can only be entered by residents of the US. ", "See official rules for details.", "\n\nFairchild Tropical Botanic Garden is working with NASA to help improve food production for long duration space travel. ", "Together, we're calling on makers across America to submit new designs for gardening systems to be used aboard spacecraft.", "\n\nProblem– Current spacecraft have minimal space for astronauts to live and work, leaving very little room for anything else. ", "Aboard spacecraft, plant growing environments must be small, placing limits on the amount of food that can be produced. ", "Plant environments on ISS are cube-shaped spaces with lights attached to one inner surface (the top) and the plant root zone attached to the opposite (bottom) inner surface. ", "When plants are small, there will be empty space above them. ", "As plants grow, leaf surfaces become closer to the light, creating empty space underneath.", "\n\nChallenge– We are seeking new designs and strategies to make better use of the available growing space throughout the life of the plants. ", "Design, build and test a system that uses 3D growing space efficiently to maximize food production. ", "Remember there is no up or down in microgravity, but plants will grow toward the light. ", "Design and build the system within the listed dimensional parameters for your chance to win a $500 gift card and a qualifying spot in the Fairchild final competition!", "\n\n\n\nOpen to high school, college, and professional teams. ", "Designs must be submitted by February 3, 2020, and the winning designs will be announced February 14, 2020. ", "Judges for this contest will include NASA engineers and botanists, and winning proposals will be considered for implementation on future NASA missions.", "\n\nEntries much state which category they are being considered for.", "\n\nA winning entry must:\n\nAdhere to the volumetric constraints (a 50cm cube)\n\nContain all necessary features for plant growth (light, water, etc.)", "\n\nUse 3-dimensional space in an inventive and effective manner\n\nFor even more information about the initiative, check out the Growing Beyond Earth Maker Contest Overview.", "\n\nThis website is based upon work supported by NASA under award No 80NSSC18K1225. ", "Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ", "With additional support from:\n\nThe Growing Beyond Earth Maker Contest is closed." ]

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[ "Karacalar, Gölpazarı\n\nKaracalar is a village in the District of Gölpazarı, Bilecik Province, Turkey. ", "As of 2010 it had a population of 44 people.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in Bilecik Province\nCategory:Gölpazarı District\nCategory:Villages in Turkey" ]

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[ "Isoproterenol amplifies 17 beta-estradiol-mediated vasorelaxation: role of endothelium/nitric oxide and cyclic AMP.", "\nEstrogen exerts cardiac protection via multiple cellular mechanisms. ", "Estrogen modifies vasodilatation induced by certain relaxants such as beta-adrenoceptor agonists. ", "However, little is known whether low concentrations of beta-adrenoceptor agonists would reciprocally influence the acute relaxant response to estrogen. ", "The present study was designed to investigate the synergistic interaction between isoproterenol and 17 beta-estradiol, and the role of endothelium and cyclic AMP-dependent pathway in this interaction. ", "Changes in vessel tone of the isolated rat mesenteric artery rings were measured using a force-displacement Grass transducer. ", "In 9,11-dideoxy-11 alpha, 9 alpha-epoxy-methanoprostaglandin F(2 alpha)-preconstricted endothelium-intact rings, 17 beta-estradiol induced relaxations with pD(2) of 5.06 +/- 0.06. ", "Pretreatment of endothelium-intact rings with isoproterenol (1-3 x 10(-9) M, 1 h incubation time) significantly enhanced 17 beta-estradiol-induced relaxation. ", "This effect was inhibited by Rp-cGMPS triethylamine (3 x 10(-6) M), and abolished in the presence of 3 x 10(-5) M N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or in endothelium-denuded rings. ", "The effect of isoproterenol was antagonized by propranolol (3 x 10(-6) M), ICI 118,551 (3 x 10(-6) M), but not by atenolol (10(-5) M). ", "Rp-cAMPS triethylamine (3 x 10(-6) M) abolished the effect of isoproterenol. ", "Besides, exposure to 3 x 10(-9) M forskolin for 1 h also potentiated the relaxant response to 17 beta-estradiol. ", "In endothelium-intact rat mesenteric arteries pretreatment with low concentrations of isoproterenol enhanced the acute relaxant response to 17 beta-estradiol. ", "This enhancement was dependent on the presence of endothelium and abolished by L-NAME via a beta(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism." ]

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[ "Perhaps your first thought, as was mine, is: “How can Astronomy be an ‘art?'” ", "Furthermore, how can Astronomy be called a ‘liberal’ art? ", "From a very interesting (and worth exploring) website called “Arts of Liberty,” we have a snippet for explanation:\n\n“To call astronomy an ‘art’ can come as a shock to a modern reader… Perhaps without thinking much about it, we think of “science” as being a genuine and exact knowledge, whereas ‘art’ is more expressive, or touchy-feely. ", "But, that is not quite adequate, since medicine is also an ‘art,’ and it is anything but touchy-feely… And while ‘science’ and ‘art’ do not appear to be synonyms, it could very well be that the same discipline can be called both a ‘science’ and an ‘art,’ although for different reasons.", "\n\nTo understand this properly requires us to consider a sense of the word ‘science’ not in common use today. ", "The word ‘science’ comes from the Latin word scientia, which meant a very exact knowledge, a rigorous and sure knowledge of things deduced from self-evident truths. ", "The ancient Greeks would have called such knowledgeepistémé...\n\nIn the vocabulary of the ancients, an ‘art,’ like a science, meant a carefully reasoned-out knowledge, but more than that, it meant a knowledge of how to produce something. ", "Where there is no ‘product,’ there is no ‘art.’ ", "So it is possible for a form of knowledge to be a ‘science’ but not an ‘art.’ ", "For example, Aristotle considered the study of god to be a ‘science,’ a body of knowledge rigorously reasoned out from self-evident principles, but not an ‘art,’ because it did not teach us how to make gods, or how to do anything about god.”", "\n\nClaudius Ptolemy (100-170 CE) was a Greek mathematician living in Alexandria. ", "His work The Amalgest was one of the most influential astronomical works until Galileo’s discoveries in the 17th C. The Amalgest documents many mathematical and astronomical treatises, including works by other mathematicians – works thought to be lost. ", "The most significant piece of this Amalgest (total of 13 books), is the documentation of the geocentric model of the universe. ", "Ptolemy’s work became the accepted theory of the structure of the planets and stars, with the Earth central to all.", "\n\nThis influenced not only astronomy and mathematics but also theology, philosophy, and fine art. ", "Three centuries after it was written, Hypatia and her father Theon, genius mathematicians, added to the work with their own commentary, throwing in their thoughts of elliptical orbits, the procession of the equinoxes, revising Ptolemy’s Handy Tables, and introducing the sexigesimal calculation systems. ", "It’s believed that this rendering of the Amalgest, with the Hypatia/Theon commentary, is the one that was used for the majority of the Middle Ages although no direct reference to Theon survives and Hypatia is mentioned only in a passing 10th C. reference.", "\n\nAnd thus, the Quadrivium ends. ", "I hope you’ve enjoyed my answer to the Bro.", "’s challenge of finding a significant event, work, or person who influenced each specific liberal art. ", "The question was posed, should Freemason’s really learn the liberal arts? ", "The answer, to me, should be obvious. ", "Not only should we learn the liberal arts individually, but understand their context in the whole of being educated about the natural world. ", "Human beings can be taught easily to survive; we cannot just “pick up” how to thrive, generate ideas, and create a better world.", "\n\nAn example of this “Freemasonic mindset” is James Madison, even though he was not a Freemason. ", "In his early twenties, when the United States was in its infancy, he gave up much of his career and life to studying the histories and government of world cultures. ", "He was relentless in his pursuit of the histories and knowledge of government administration, what worked, what didn’t; he studied philosophy, history, theology, art, classical literature, geography – the liberal arts and more. ", "By the time he finished, and began his work in the new nation’s government, he was arguably the single biggest influencer in shaping the United States Constitution and the framework of our Democracy. ", "By learning the past deeply, he was able to innovate and create a new world. ", "To me, that is a main goal of the Service of Freemasons.", "\n\nShare this:\n\nLike this:\n\nPost navigation\n\nOne response\n\nThe Trivium and rhe Quadrivium are bidies of knowledge intended to create a “well-rounded” individual fit to reason, think critically and make right decisions. ", "It creates leaders and change agents.", "\nI’m convinced that Masonry has two purposes:\n1- Create leaders to improve our world.", "\n2- Bring men closer to their Creator.", "\nOur founders understood that “Making good men better” would result in both.", "\n\nThis point, many miss today. ", "Mentors do not just impart information. ", "They must teach methods, encourage self-study and assist proteges in application of knowledge. ", "From the best of proteges come the next generation of mentors.", "\nMasonry can only grow if it succeeds in the propogation of it’s two purposes." ]

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[ "Smartphones: A Necessary Evil That Can Wreck Your Health\n\nSmartphones: A Necessary Evil That Can Wreck Your Health\n\nSmartphones are a necessity in our lives today. ", "But with the convenience also come risks to our health which can lead to chronic illness. ", "We outline the smartphone negatives below.", "\n\nSmartphones: Germs, Germs, Germs\n\nYour cellphone probably goes with you everywhere. ", "When’s the last time you cleaned it? ", "Ever? ", "It makes sense that there might be bacteria, viruses, or other germs on it. ", "One study found 1 in 6 phones has serious bacteria on it. ", "It’s probably a good idea to wipe it down now then.", "\n\nSmartphones: Text Neck Syndrome\n\nToo much time looking down at your phone can strain your neck muscles and cause tightness or spasms. ", "You might even get nerve pain that goes to your back, or to your shoulder and down your arm. ", "Take breaks at least every 20 minutes to stretch and arch your back. ", "Try not to hunch forward. ", "It helps to hold your phone higher up when you text, too. ", "Posture exercises from yoga or Pilates will help you stay strong and avoid neck pain.", "\n\nSmartphones: Poor Posture Phone Calls\n\nEver pinch the phone between your shoulder and ear while you do something else? ", "It’s not a natural position. ", "Do it for too long and you’ll probably notice that your neck hurts. ", "If you can’t avoid it, take breaks and move your neck in other directions to keep it loose. ", "If the damage is done, simple rest, a heating pad, and over-the-counter drugs for pain and stiffness should help. ", "Talk to your doctor if it lasts more than a few days.", "\n\nSmartphones: Text and Drive\n\nNo, No, No, just don’t do it. ", "Sending a text takes 5 seconds of your attention. ", "That seems so quick. ", "But it’s not harmless. ", "At 55 mph, your car goes about length of a football field, more than enough space to cause a serious car wreck. ", "Scientists figure this means you may be as much as 23 times more likely to crash. ", "And the risk is the same whether you type or “voice text.”", "\n\nSmartphones: Talk and Drive\n\nMaybe you think it’s pretty safe to talk on the phone when you drive. ", "It’s not. ", "You’re 4 times more likely to crash when you do it. ", "It is a cause in more than a million crashes a year, or 20% of all car wrecks, including those that injure and kill people. ", "If you really need to take or make a call, pull over.", "\n\nSmartphones: Surfing at Night\n\nToo much of any light after the sun goes down can mess up your sleep, which is linked to diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and other health problems. ", "And the “blue light” your smartphone gives off is especially bad. ", "Keep your bedroom dark for better rest. ", "You can also help your nighttime sleep if you get lots of natural light during the day.", "\n\nSmartphones: Talk Or Walk, Not Together\n\nYou’re walking down the sidewalk and need to send a quick text. ", "How long does it take? ", "A few seconds? ", "Enough time to trip and fall into a parking meter or car traffic. ", "Just stop for a moment. ", "Those seconds aren’t worth an accident. ", "And it’s not just outside: The most common injuries happen while talking on the phone at home, usually muscle and tendon strains, broken bones, and head injuries.", "\n\nSmartphones: Cancer Risk\n\nStudies don’t show any solid link to cancer or even tumors in people. ", "It’s something scientists continue to study. ", "If you’re worried about the radiation from cellphones, you can limit your cellphone use, or use it in speaker mode or with a headset or earpiece.", "\n\nSmartphones: Trigger Thumb\n\nThis is when your thumb gets stuck in a bent position or pops when you try to straighten it. ", "This pop can hurt. ", "It happens when the sheath surrounding your thumb tendon thickens so that the tendon can’t slide freely. ", "Lots of texting or typing on a cellphone, or just holding a smartphone tightly, can cause trigger thumb. ", "The treatment includes cutting down on your cellphone use.", "\n\nSmartphone: Thumb Arthritis\n\nWhile it’s not clear that cellphone use actually causes thumb arthritis, it can definitely make the symptoms worse. ", "Thumb arthritis causes pain and tenderness at the base of your thumb, where it meets the wrist. ", "Pinching motions, like gripping your phone or texting with your thumbs, are the type that can cause or worsen the condition. ", "Though there’s no cure, rest, medication, and splints can all help.", "\n\nSmartphones: Cubital Tunnel Syndrome\n\nIf you lean on your elbows to text or bend them to hold the phone to your ear, it can irritate the ulnar nerve at your elbow. ", "This can cause numbness and tingling in the ring and small fingers, and soreness on the inside of the elbow or forearm. ", "Cushion your elbow on hard surfaces. ", "Don’t bend your elbow for a long time. ", "Take breaks to move your arms in different directions. ", "A night splint to keep your arm straight may help, too.", "\n\nSmartphones: Medical Device Interference\n\nIf you use your mobile phone very close to medical devices like pacemakers or implantable defibrillators, they may not work the way they’re supposed to. ", "The phones can even interfere with certain kinds of hearing aids. ", "Talk to your doctor if you notice any problems with your medical device, especially if it happens when you use your smartphone.", "\n\nSmartphones: Eye Problems\n\nThe shorter wavelength of the blue light that smartphones give off can tire your eyes very quickly and cause pain. ", "It may even damage your cornea (the clear lens on the front of the eye) and harm your vision. ", "If you notice these problems, it’s best to limit your time with blue-light digital devices like smartphones and computers, or at least to take breaks often to rest your eyes. ", "Another solution: Add an ultraviolet screen protector.", "\n\nSmartphones: Health Care Mistakes\n\nPhones are distracting for everyone. ", "If your doctors or nurses are on their phones, it could make errors more likely. ", "One study found that mistakes in checking symptoms and in proper treatment each went up by more than 12% with just a single interruption by a smartphone.", "\n\nTags:\n\nBarry G\n\nbarry@skycaremedia.com\n\nBarry graduated from City University of New York and holds a Ph.D. in Physiological Psychology.", "\n\nNo Comments\n\nSorry, the comment form is closed at this time.", "\n\nSearch for:\n\nABOUT\n\nWe are happy to welcome you to our Grand Healthcare Blog! ", "We look forward to empowering you with healthcare information and education, as well as snippets of our exciting reviews, activities, events, initiatives and much more!", "\n\nLatest Posts\n\nABOUT THE GRAND\n\nCombining beautiful residences with modern amenities, The Grand Healthcare System provides a range of accommodations that go above and beyond your expectations. ", "Our soft linens and cozy furnishings are just a small part of what makes our unique all-inclusive health facilities a preferred destination for high quality healthcare." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFTP - `Name or service not know`\n\nI have an app, on my iphone, which allows me to transfer songs too and from my linux desktop via ftp. ", "The app indicates that the host address is 192.168.0.4 and the port to be used is 5021. ", "I can connect fine to the device from filezilla but when I try to connect via the command line it fails with the error mentioned in the title.", "\nThe command i'm using is ftp 192.168.0.4:5021 but it fails. ", "I'm totally stumped. ", "When I search for help on the internet the answer is to simply do what I've done already.", "\nDoes anyone have an any idea on what to do?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe ftp command does not support the :5021 syntax for port numbers. ", "Instead, there must be another way.", "\nWith some FTP clients, you can use a -P command line option:\nftp -P 5021 192.168.0.4\n\nWith others, you need to put the port number after the host address with a space:\nftp 192.168.0.4 5021\n\nUse man ftp to see which yours supports.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Baby. ", "C.S (Patient Ref. ", "No. ", "L-6905) a 14 years old girl reported to the clinic with her parents for complaints of Ulcerative colitis since last 4 years. ", "She had been diagnosed as having left sided UC and proctitis. ", "She had complaints of frank blood in stools along with pain in the lower abdomen. ", "Such episodes would occur at least once every fortnight. ", "The pain would be constant crampy pain in the lower abdomen accompanied by nausea. ", "Frequency of stools was 7-8 times even on other days when there would be no blood in stools or pain. ", "She would have the urge to pass stools as soon as she would eat or drink anything. ", "She did not pass any mucus with the stools and the consistency of stools was fairly normal. ", "She had urgency and she would have to rush to pass stools whenever she would get the urge. ", "She had lost 20 kilograms of her weight in the span of 3 years and she would feel very weak on account of the same. ", "Her complaints would be worse from spicy foods, eggs, pulses, lifting weights, etc. ", "one peculiar thing about her complaints was that the pain in her abdomen would get worse from loud noise.", "\n\nHer appetite was average though she had easy satiety. ", "She was fond of sweets, chocolates, cold drinks and bread. ", "She disliked spices, milk and fruits. ", "Her thirst was very less and she would barely take 3-4 glasses of water per day out of compulsion. ", "Her sweat was scanty and she would dislike extremes of temperature. ", "She had been obese as a child but had lost 20 kgs of weight since she got this complaint.", "\nShe had suffered from recurrent urinary infections in childhood and had also developed severe bronchitis once. ", "There was no history of ulcerative colitis in the family but her father had hypertension and grandfather had bronchial asthma.", "\n\nHer colonoscopy had revealed ulcerative proctitis and biopsy of her rectum suggested strong possibility of ulcerative colitis. ", "Barium enema also confirmed ulcerative colitis.", "\n\nShe was a short tempered girl and she was especially fussy about food. ", "She would throw up temper tantrums whenever the food would not be to her liking. ", "She would shout and throw things when she would get very angry. ", "She would also get angry on being contradicted and would start weeping when she would be very angry. ", "Consolation would make her feel better. ", "She was sensitive and would get hurt easily by others' words. ", "She was obstinate too and would want things to happen just as she wished. ", "She had marked fear of sudden loud noises and of dogs. ", "She was very good at her studies and would always be amongst the rankers in her class. ", "She was fond of company and would not like to stay alone.", "\n\nBased on this history she was prescribed Natrum Carbonicum in the 200th potency along with a dose of Carcinosin 200. ", "At the end of about 6 months of treatment, the frequency of her stools had come down to about 4-5 times a day. ", "The urgency for stools was much less than before and she did not have any nausea now. ", "The severity of the pain in lower abdomen was much lesser than before. ", "She would not pass blood in stools as frequently as before though she would get mild relapse of the bleeding occasionally. ", "She had to continue treatment for some more time to get further relief from her complaints.", "\n\nIt must be stressed that a proper diet and regimen must be followed in order to get good relief from the condition. ", "This disorder is known to relapse after certain symptom-free period but the treatment should be targeted so that the relapse (if it does occur) is very mild and does not cause much trouble to the patient.", "\n\nRemark: The remedy prescribed in these cases is patient-specific i.e. it has been prescribed based on the symptoms specific to the patient at that point of time. ", "It is advisable that the patient does not indulge in any self-medication." ]

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[ "Our brand-new Staker feature is a part of the roles in the Connect Fee system described in short sentences:\n\nStaker — A participant who allocates TCO to a monthly Staking contract in consideration of receiving a distribution % of the Stake pool.", "\n\nStaker Pool — This is the pool where the 5% of connect fees allocated to the Staking pool will accumulate on a monthly basis until paid out to Staking participants based on individual TCO holding.", "\n\nStaker Distributions\n\nTo incentivize supporters of the network to hold TCO, a monthly Staking contract will be available to all participants who are willing to Stake a minimum threshold of value in TCO tokens for one month. ", "These allocations will be separate from any TCO tokens used in Network trading activity. ", "The Pool will be funded with 5% of all monthly Connect Fees and will be distributed based on each Staking participant’s individual allocation of TCO to the contract. ", "The Staking contract will require a minimum number of participants, and may also include caps on distribution value to ensure fairness in the execution of the Staking process. ", "At this time, both elements are under review for final requirements. ", "As the network grows, the value of the Staking pool will also increase providing greater value to participants\n\nStaking Contract Distribution Example\n\nBased on a pool of five Staking participants and minimum Staking value of $50,000 USD.", "\n\nYou can also find this information in our Whitepaper on page 13 and 14." ]

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[ "1. ", "The Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates generally to remote sensor technology, and more particularly, but not necessarily entirely, to an airborne remote sensor array capable of producing georectified three dimensional (3D) digital imagery in real time, using a lidar based system.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nThe prior art is characterized by photogrammetric systems which use stereographic image-matching techniques. ", "Such systems produce 2.5-D imagery by draping aerial imagery onto previously obtained topographical data. ", "The topographical data is acquired by photogrammetric measurements obtained through stereoscopic viewing of two images. ", "Computerized image matching techniques can automatically measure the range to objects within an image and thereby create a topographic model on which the image can be coregistered and draped. ", "These prior art methods require computational intensive post-processing and cannot be performed in real time.", "\nThe prior art also includes time-of-flight topographic lidar sensor systems, which have been developed and are used in conjunction with passive imaging sensors deployed as separate instruments on aircraft. ", "The goal of such systems is to produce orthoimages by combining the lidar range data and the passive images such that each image pixel corresponds with known geographic coordinates.", "\nHowever, the orthorectification accomplished by the prior art systems requires extensive computational post-processing because the data sets produced by the different sensors are not time synchronized. ", "Rather, the prior art is characterized by systems in which the lidar system collects data at one time and from one direction, while the imaging sensors collect data at a slightly different time and from a slightly different direction. ", "Following the removal of parallax and co-registration of the data sets, the imagery is then associated with the lidar data to produce an interpolated three-dimensional (hereinafter 3D) aerial image. ", "After the 3D aerial image is produced, the image can be incorporated into a geographic information system for viewing from various perspectives including an orthoprojection. ", "However, this process requires the surface application of complex analytic equations which in combination require a large amount of computation that cannot be completed in real time without the assistance of substantial parallel processing. ", "The resulting time delay in acquiring such 3D aerial images is prohibitive for time-critical applications encountered in both civilian and military settings.", "\nThe publication identified as Clapis et al. ", "xe2x80x9cReal-time image processing and data fusion of a two-channel imaging laser radar sensor,xe2x80x9d SPIE Vol. ", "1633 Laser Radar VII (1992) pp. ", "281-287 (hereinafter xe2x80x9cClapis et al. ", "publicationxe2x80x9d), discloses a real-time image processing and data fusion of a two-channel imaging laser radar (lidar) sensor. ", "The first channel is the lidar return intensity image or lidar image. ", "The second channel is a lidar range image. ", "These two data sets are derived from the same laser shot, the intensity image from the laser return signal intensity, and the range image from the time-of-arrival of the laser return signal. ", "The two data sets are inherently synchronized and are therefore already fused at the pixel level, and are not derived as a combination of a passive imaging sensor that is separate from the lidar sensor. ", "However, the Clapis et al. ", "publication does not suggest the concept of combining passive spectral images in the final image. ", "Applicant\"\"s invention is the first to synchronize a passive imaging sensor with a lidar sensor to enable real-time pixel-level fusion of the two data sets.", "\nCanadian Patent No. ", "2,105,501 by Jasiobedzki et al. (", "hereafter xe2x80x9cxe2x80x2501 Canadian patentxe2x80x9d) discloses an invention which coaligns a lidar sensor along the same optical axis as an imaging sensor to allow a robot to sight the lidar sensor in a particular direction, and allow the robot to determine what part of the environment the beam is currently striking. ", "This invention successfully removes parallax between the two sensors when they are static relative to the target. ", "However, the xe2x80x2501 Canadian patent fails to synchronize the two sensors and therefore fails to remove parallax introduced by moving objects or a moving sensor.", "\nThe prior art is characterized by the above-described and other disadvantages that are addressed by the present invention. ", "The present invention minimizes, and in some aspects eliminates, the above-mentioned failures, and other problems, by utilizing the methods and structural features described herein." ]

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[ "Eusynstyela misakiensis\n\nEusynstyela misakiensis is a tunicate that is found in the western Pacific from Japan to Indonesia.", "\n\nExternal links\n http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/E/Eusynstyela_misakiensis.asp\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Stolidobranchia\nCategory:Animals described in 1972" ]

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[ "In my prayer life recently, God has been speaking to me a lot about obedience. ", "Obedience to Him, to my family, to my job, to my responsibilities. ", "Perhaps it is because I’m not very good at some of my responsibilities, or maybe it is a call to become more in tune with and to pray for God’s will.", "\n\nIn today’s Gospel (Mark 1:40-45), Jesus heals a man who comes to him asking to be cleaned of his leprosy. ", "Upon healing him completely, Jesus says, “See that you tell no one anything, but go, show yourself to the priest and offer for your cleansing what Moses prescribed; that will be proof for them” (Mark 1:44). ", "Instead, the man “began to publicize the whole manner” where it made it “impossible for Jesus to enter a town openly” (Mark 1:45).", "\n\nHow often are we disobedient like this man? ", "How often has Jesus told us something that we missed completely? ", "How often have we placed our desires and actions above what God wills for us? ", "By his choice to disobey Jesus, instead of exalting God, the healed man exalts himself. ", "The Catechism tells us that “sin sets itself against God's love for us and turns our hearts away from it” and that sin is “opposed to the obedience of Jesus.” ", "When the healed man ignored Jesus’ directions, it furthered him from fully understanding God’s love and mercy for him. ", "For us, too, when we sin and choose to follow our will over the Lord’s, we distance ourselves from God’s love.", "\n\nHow can we know God’s will for us? ", "It is not always so easily stated to us as it was to the man who was healed of his leprosy. ", "To know God’s will, we must pray with open and patient hearts. ", "Pope Francis recommends that we pray for the desire to follow God’s will, to know his will and to follow it. ", "The saints are also great models of teaching us to pray and love God’s will for us. ", "They are in complete union with Jesus in heaven because they learned to desire, love, and follow God’s will for them throughout their earthly lives. ", "Look to any saint, and they will show you obedience. ", "For example, St. Maximilian Kolbe was martyred, taking the place of a man who was to be killed in Auschwitz. ", "Before that, his writings show that his prayer life was repeatedly focused on knowing the will of God. ", "St. Maximilian Kolbe said, “Obedience is the one and the only way of wisdom and prudence for us to offer glory to God... Let us love our loving Father with all our hearts. ", "Let our obedience increase that love, above all when it requires us to surrender our own will. ", "Jesus Christ crucified is our sublime guide toward growth in God’s love.”", "\n\nSt. Maximilian Kolbe’s words and sacrifice point us towards obedience, and teach us that obedience helps us to grow in God’s love. ", "So perhaps my prayers that are revealing obedience as a theme are leading me to stretch my heart to know and share God’s love. ", "Through obedience, I can know Christ’s peace and mercy—the same love he felt when the man with leprosy came to him; the same love he felt when he died on the cross. ", "It is my prayer that as the desire for obedience touches my heart, you too may know the love and joy that comes from asking God to desire his will, know his will, and follow his will.", "\n\nQuestions for Reflection: What are some ways you can grow in obedience to God’s will this year? ", "Are there any saints who inspire you by their willingness to follow Christ?" ]

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[ "In an interview with Sandy Rios yesterday on Breitbart News Daily, host Stephen Bannon said that Target is “trying to exclude people who are decent, hard-working people who don’t want their four-year-old daughter to have to go into a bathroom with a guy with a beard in a dress.”", "\n\nRios replied:\n\n“I think there’s no question that when you say that there are no barriers in the bathroom and that if men or women feel like they are men or women, the opposition of however they are equipped, and you have no restrictions, the net effect will be that people will not be stopped. ", "We’ve already had people testing this, going into Targets and men trying to go into bathrooms.", "There is absolutely no barrier.”", "\n\nRios didn’t address how the AFA intends to make reparations for the trauma she has inflicted on little girls after sending men into their bathrooms." ]

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[ "Role of coagulation FVIII in septic peritonitis assessed in hemophilic mice.", "\nInhibition of blood coagulation appears to be an important therapeutic strategy to improve the outcome in sepsis. ", "However, the beneficial effect of anticoagulant treatment in sepsis is solely based on experimental data using inhibitors of the extrinsic coagulant pathway. ", "The role of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation in the pathogenesis of sepsis has not been explored yet. ", "In the current study, we contribute to determine the role of factor (F)VIII, the key player of the intrinsic coagulant pathway, on host defense against peritonitis. ", "Hemizygous FVIII-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates were challenged with 1 x 10(4) bacteria in a septic peritonitis model. ", "The intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli led to growth and dissemination of bacteria and provoked an inflammatory response as evident from elevated cytokine levels, increased cell influx into tissues, liver necrosis, and endothelialitis resulting in mortality. ", "The FVIII-deficient genotype slightly reduced bacterial outgrowth but had no effect on markers of inflammation and/or survival. ", "In addition, FVIII-deficient mice showed profound activation of coagulation, thereby improving the hemophilic phenotype of FVIII-deficient mice. ", "FVIII deficiency slightly modifies host defense in septic peritonitis in mice, but does not influence the final outcome of peritonitis. ", "Therefore, we question the importance of the intrinsic coagulant pathway during sepsis." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nn-by-n degree grid on a sphere?", "\n\nI've been trying to generate an evenly spaced grid centred at a given point on a sphere, such that the angular separation between any neighbouring pair of points is the same (e.g., 1 degree). ", "The grid should be oriented with the central column of points along the same meridian as the given point. ", "I have little experience with spherical trigonometry (aside from knowing about the Haversine formula and the spherical law of cosines) but after some reading I'm fairly certain that each cell will require four unique great circle arcs. ", "The previous approach I followed using vectors only found great circles perpendicular to the central column (like the coloured grids shown in the first plot) and so the points were not evenly spaced, especially at the edges. ", "Each point in the second plot (showing the result of my latest attempt) is plotted with a 1 degree-radius circle surrounding it, which ideally should coincide with the surrounding four points. ", "The updated method described below finally generates a regular grid. ", "However, for a 20-by-20 degree grid the angular separation of the corner point to the central column is ~4.5 arcseconds smaller than the ideal 10 degree separation. ", "Does anyone know of a method that can determine the required grid points to greater precision?", "\nCurrent method:\nThe procedure I've followed so far to generate the n-by-n degree grid centred at a given point (e.g. longitude=0, latitude=0; let's call this point A) involves three stages:\nNote: a 10-by-10 degree grid would consist of 11-by-11 points each separated from the nearest four points in the adjacent rows and columns by 1 degree. ", "All calculations assume a sphere of radius 1.", "\n\nFind the points along the `central' column:\nSimply increment the latitude (i.e. following the meridian running through the centre point) and wrap the latitude and longitude if a pole is crossed (i.e. if the current point's latitude is less than -90 or greater than +90).", "\nFind the points along the `central' row (through the grid centre): \nSince the row of points through A follow a great circle that intersects the meridian at a right angle, we need to find the plane that this second great circle lies on. ", "Consider two points at the given central longitude; let point A be the grid centre at 0 degrees longitude and 0 degrees latitude, and point B at 0 degrees longitude and 1 degree north. ", "The two points can be expressed in Cartesian coordinates, and so the unit vector (N) normal to the great circle that contains A and B is found using the cross product, i.e. N = BxA. The cross product of the unit vector N with a unit vector in the direction of A gives another normal vector (M). ", "The vector M can then be used as an axis to rotate N by (90-x) degrees^, where x is the offset (in this case 1 deg) from the central column. ", "This is repeated outwards in steps of 1 degree for one half of the central row then the other half using a unit vector in the opposite direction to N.\n^http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Rotation_matrix_from_axis_and_angle\nFill in the remaining points in each quadrant:\nEach point in the grid forms a rectangle lying on the same plane as three other points in the grid - let A be the point at the grid centre, B is a point 'above' or 'below' A in the same column and C is a point on the central row, and the unknown point D is in the same row as B and same column as C. For the upper left quadrant, the rectangle (sometimes a square) would have corners clockwise from the upper-left D, B, A, and C.\n\nFirst compute vectors AB and AC then a unit vector normal to the triangle BAC can be found from their cross-product, i.e. t=ABxAC. ", "To find D, the approach I've used is to rotate the plane on which A/B/C/D lie to align it with the xy-plane. ", "The rotation matrix requires a rotation axis and rotation angle that I found here: https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/a/48102\nThe dot product of the rotation matrix and each of vectors A, B and C allows vector D' (the equivalent of vector D in the xy-plane) to be found from their components,\ni.e., $D' = (b_x-a_x+c_x, b_y-a_y+c_y, b_z-a_z+c_z)$\nThe dot product of the rotation matrix using the same rotation axis but rotation angle of opposite sign to that given above with vector D' gives the coordinates of vector D, which can be converted to the latitude and longitude for point D. This is repeated for every remaining point in the four quadrants.", "\nI've spent a few days looking for a better method but without any luck.", "\nFig 1. ", "Sphere with grids:\n\nFig 2. ", "Grid points - note circles shown are 1 degree in radius (i.e. the perimeter of a 1 degree spherical cap centred at the given grid point). ", "I had used a gnomonic projection to present the grid in figure 2 (using the python plotting package APLpy) but replaced it with an orthographic projection since the former shows great circles as straight lines but in this case the rows of points are joined by different great circle arcs, except the (n/2+1)th row.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can't do what you are hoping because you can't cover a sphere with squares. ", " In fact, you can't even put one square on the sphere. ", " If you look closely, the angles of your squares add up to more than $360^\\circ$, by an amount that is determined by the solid angle taken up by the square. ", " \nA few choices that maintain some of what you want. ", "1) The black grid in your first figure comes from the classic lines of latitude and longitude. ", " You get quadrilaterals except near the poles. ", " You can choose what latitude to make the cells almost square, but they will be much larger near the equator than near the poles. ", "2) Use the latitude/longitude lines as in 1, but have fewer cells as you get near the poles. ", " You can keep the cells close to square, but won't have a nice grid. ", " 3) Use the square grid as you are, but recognize that you can't have one grid that covers the sphere. ", " Maybe a grid that covers about half the sphere centered on a point of current interest meets your needs.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention generally relates to a cap system for capping the end of a pipe. ", "More particularly, the present invention relates to a lockable end cap used to close a male end of a pipe, such as found on a fire hydrant.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nFire hydrants and other such water sources often are located in unsecured locations. ", "Thus, public water supplies frequently are subject to theft by individuals that connect tanker trucks or the like to the fire hydrants and then turn on the water supply from the fire hydrant. ", "Such theft of public water comes at an expense to the ordinary consumer. ", "Thus, there is a desire to secure such unsecured water sources." ]

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[ "\"Knee osteoarthritis and current research for evidence-are we on the right way?\"", "\nAn estimated 85% of research is of limited value or wasted because the wrong research questions are addressed. ", "We sought to identify research gaps using American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeon (AAOS) clinical practice guidelines Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee and Surgical Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee. ", "Using these recommendations, we conducted searches of ClinicalTrials.gov to discover the extent to which new and ongoing research addresses areas of deficiency. ", "For each recommendation in the AAOS guidelines, we created participants, intervention, comparator, outcomes questions, and search strings using a systematic process. ", "Searches were then conducted of ClinicalTrials.gov to locate relevant studies. ", "Our searches of ClinicalTrials.gov returned 945 studies for surgical and 1416 for non-surgical management of osteoarthritis. ", "Of the 945 studies returned using our search string for surgical trials, 186 (20%) were relevant to 30 (79%) of the 38 recommendations made within the surgical management guideline. ", "Of the 1416 studies returned using our search for non-surgical trials, 360 (25%) were relevant to 16 (89%) of the 18 recommendations made within the conservative management guideline. ", "The development of clinical practice guidelines is a unique opportunity to simultaneously redefine day-to-day decision-making and provide a critical analysis of the status of the literature. ", "Upon our search of the literature since the guidelines introduction, we have found that some inconclusive areas have received more attention than others. ", "Our results should guide researchers towards conducting research on the topics most in need and, by doing so, strengthen the clinical practice guideline recommendations." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Croatia NHL 1NK Zagreb - Dinamo Zagreb\nvery good relationships between this two clubs.", "\nNK Zagreb's coach Ciro Blazevic (legend in cro football and very suspecious man) and Din.", "Zagreb's boss Mamic are very good friends.", "\nIn the past Blazevic and Mamic were best friends!! ", "but now Ciro Blazevic attack Zdravko Mamic in some interviews ...\n\nZdravko Mamic is big football boss in Cro football.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgCArysj42E listen this interview! ", "Ciro Blazevic said: Absolutely lord of Cro football at this time is Zdravko Mamic. ", "He (mamic) order for everything, you will be selector,you will be president,you will be referee ... everything is like he say! ", "Zdravko Mamic is alfa and omega in Cro football.last match NK Zagreb 1-0 Din. ", "Zagreb ,odds for home win 8.00 ...\n\nnk zagreb now need points to stay in league,din zagreb is sure on 1st position,maybe they will help nk zagreba again." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCreating a formatted, ordered pair in a single cell using Google Sheets functions\n\nI'd like to do something like a Google Sheets array, but have it display in a single cell.", "\nGiven a column of data (grades, for example):\n={MAX(A1:A10), MIN(A1:A10)}\n\nwhere the output inside of a single cell would look like (High Score, Low Score).", "\nThis currently works, but displays the array across two side by side cells. ", "I wouldn't mind if they displayed on top of each other, if one cell isn't possible. ", "Is either of these options possible?", "\n\nA:\n\nall you need is:\n=MAX(A1:A10)&\", \"&MIN(A1:A10)\n\n" ]

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[ "from django.shortcuts import render_to_response\nfrom django.http import HttpResponseRedirect\nfrom django.template import RequestContext\nfrom django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _\nfrom django.core.urlresolvers import reverse\n\nfrom servers.models import Compute\nfrom storages.forms import AddStgPool, AddImage, CloneImage\n\nfrom vrtManager.storage import wvmStorage, wvmStorages\n\nfrom libvirt import libvirtError\n\n\ndef storages(request, host_id):\n \"\"\"\n Storage pool block\n \"\"\"\n if not request.user.is_authenticated():\n return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('login'))\n\n errors = []\n compute = Compute.objects.get(id=host_id)\n\n try:\n conn = wvmStorages(compute.hostname,\n compute.login,\n compute.password,\n compute.type)\n storages = conn.get_storages_info()\n secrets = conn.get_secrets()\n\n if request.method == 'POST':\n if 'create' in request.", "POST:\n form = AddStgPool(request.", "POST)\n if form.is_valid():\n data = form.cleaned_data\n if data['name'] in storages:\n msg = _(\"Pool name already use\")\n errors.append(msg)\n if data['stg_type'] == 'rbd':\n if not data['secret']:\n msg = _(\"You need create secret for pool\")\n errors.append(msg)\n if not data['ceph_pool'] and not data['ceph_host'] and not data['ceph_user']:\n msg = _(\"You need input all fields for creating ceph pool\")\n errors.append(msg)\n if not errors:\n if data['stg_type'] == 'rbd':\n conn.create_storage_ceph(data['stg_type'], data['name'],\n data['ceph_pool'], data['ceph_host'],\n data['ceph_user'], data['secret'])\n elif data['stg_type'] == 'netfs':\n conn.create_storage_netfs(data['stg_type'], data['name'],\n data['netfs_host'], data['source'],\n data['source_format'], data['target'])\n else:\n conn.create_storage(data['stg_type'], data['name'], data['source'], data['target'])\n return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('storage', args=[host_id, data['name']]))\n conn.close()\n except libvirtError as err:\n errors.append(err)\n\n return render_to_response('storages.html', locals(), context_instance=RequestContext(request))\n\n\ndef storage(request, host_id, pool):\n \"\"\"\n Storage pool block\n \"\"\"\n if not request.user.is_authenticated():\n return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('login'))\n\n def handle_uploaded_file(path, f_name):\n target = path + '/' + str(f_name)\n destination = open(target, 'wb+')\n for chunk in f_name.chunks():\n destination.write(chunk)\n destination.close()\n\n errors = []\n compute = Compute.objects.get(id=host_id)\n meta_prealloc = False\n\n try:\n conn = wvmStorage(compute.hostname,\n compute.login,\n compute.password,\n compute.type,\n pool)\n\n storages = conn.get_storages()\n state = conn.is_active()\n size, free = conn.get_size()\n used = (size - free)\n if state:\n percent = (used * 100) / size\n else:\n percent = 0\n status = conn.get_status()\n path = conn.get_target_path()\n type = conn.get_type()\n autostart = conn.get_autostart()\n\n if state:\n conn.refresh()\n volumes = conn.update_volumes()\n else:\n volumes = None\n except libvirtError as err:\n errors.append(err)\n\n if request.method == 'POST':\n if 'start' in request.", "POST:\n try:\n conn.start()\n return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())\n except libvirtError as error_msg:\n errors.append(error_msg.message)\n if 'stop' in request.", "POST:\n try:\n conn.stop()\n return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())\n except libvirtError as error_msg:\n errors.append(error_msg.message)\n if 'delete' in request.", "POST:\n try:\n conn.delete()\n return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('storages', args=[host_id]))\n except libvirtError as error_msg:\n errors.append(error_msg.message)\n if 'set_autostart' in request.", "POST:\n try:\n conn.set_autostart(1)\n return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())\n except libvirtError as error_msg:\n errors.append(error_msg.message)\n if 'unset_autostart' in request.", "POST:\n try:\n conn.set_autostart(0)\n return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())\n except libvirtError as error_msg:\n errors.append(error_msg.message)\n if 'add_volume' in request.", "POST:\n form = AddImage(request.", "POST)\n if form.is_valid():\n data = form.cleaned_data\n if data['meta_prealloc'] and data['format'] == 'qcow2':\n meta_prealloc = True\n try:\n conn.create_volume(data['name'], data['size'], data['format'], meta_prealloc)\n return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())\n except libvirtError as err:\n errors.append(err)\n if 'del_volume' in request.", "POST:\n volname = request.", "POST.get('volname', '')\n try:\n vol = conn.get_volume(volname)\n vol.delete(0)\n return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())\n except libvirtError as error_msg:\n errors.append(error_msg.message)\n if 'iso_upload' in request.", "POST:\n if str(request.", "FILES['file']) in conn.update_volumes():\n msg = _(\"ISO image already exist\")\n errors.append(msg)\n else:\n handle_uploaded_file(path, request.", "FILES['file'])\n return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())\n if 'cln_volume' in request.", "POST:\n form = CloneImage(request.", "POST)\n if form.is_valid():\n data = form.cleaned_data\n img_name = data['name'] + '.img'\n meta_prealloc = 0\n if img_name in conn.update_volumes():\n msg = _(\"Name of volume name already use\")\n errors.append(msg)\n if not errors:\n if data['convert']:\n format = data['format']\n if data['meta_prealloc'] and data['format'] == 'qcow2':\n meta_prealloc = True\n else:\n format = None\n try:\n conn.clone_volume(data['image'], data['name'], format, meta_prealloc)\n return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())\n except libvirtError as err:\n errors.append(err)\n conn.close()\n\n return render_to_response('storage.html', locals(), context_instance=RequestContext(request))\n" ]

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[ "Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and physical space in anorexia nervosa: a virtual reality and repertory grid investigation.", "\nAnorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by severe body image disturbances. ", "Recent studies from spatial cognition showed a connection between the experience of body and of space. ", "The objectives of this study were to explore the meanings that characterize AN experience and to deepen the examination of spatiality in relational terms, through the study of how the patient construes herself and her interpersonal world. ", "More specifically this study aimed (1) to verify whether spatial variables and aspects of construing differentiate patients with AN and healthy controls (HCs) and are related to severity of anorexic symptomatology; (2) to explore correlations between impairments in spatial abilities and interpersonal construing. ", "A sample of 12 AN patients and 12 HCs participated in the study. ", "The Eating Disorder Inventory, a virtual reality-based procedure, traditional measures of spatial abilities, and repertory grids were administered. ", "The AN group compared to HCs showed significant impairments in spatial abilities, more unidimensional construing, and more extreme construing of the present self and of the self as seen by others. ", "All these dimensions correlated with the severity of symptomatology. ", "Extreme ways of construing characterized individuals with AN and might represent the interpersonal aspect of impairment in spatial reference frames." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Canton of Eurville-Bienville\n\nThe canton of Eurville-Bienville is an administrative division of the Haute-Marne department, northeastern France. ", "It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. ", "Its seat is in Eurville-Bienville.", "\n\nIt consists of the following communes:\n \nBayard-sur-Marne\nChamouilley\nChevillon\nCurel\nDomblain\nEurville-Bienville\nFays\nFontaines-sur-Marne\nMagneux\nMaizières\nNarcy\nOsne-le-Val\nRachecourt-sur-Marne\nRoches-sur-Marne\nSommancourt\nTroisfontaines-la-Ville\nValleret\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Cantons of Haute-Marne" ]

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[ "Chamber Office Closed for Veteran’s DayBlair Business Mirror to Be Published Tuesday\nCondolences to the Family of Paul Kirby\nChamber Board to Vote on 2013 Budget\nOnly a Few Spots Remain for First “Role Models” Program\nThursday’s “Business After Hours” Slated for First National Bank\nVillage at Morrisons Cove to Host “Business Before Hours”\nControversial Issues to Highlight LBC Session Debate\nTime Management is Topic of WE-LEaD “Lunch’N’Learn”\nInexpensive Opportunities Available to Sponsor Television Programs\nPlanning to Go With The Chamber to China? ", "Sign Up Now!", "\nChamber Co-Sponsoring Seminar on Small Games of Chance\n“Buy Here. ", "Live Here.” ", "Planning Invites Member Participation\nCongratulations . . .", "\nBlue Card Discounts\n\nChamber Office Closed for Veteran’s DayThe office of the Blair County Chamber will be closed on Monday in commemoration of Veteran’s Day. ", "The office will re-open on Tuesday at 8:30 a.m. For information on The Chamber or to register for an event or program while the office is closed, visit The Chamber Website.", "\n\nBlair Business Mirror to Be Published TuesdayThe November issue of the Blair Business Mirror will be published on Tuesday as a supplement to the Altoona Mirror. ", "This month’s cover feature will focus on landscapers and lawn care specialists located in Blair County who are members of the Blair County Chamber. ", "Inside features include a story on a unique sales concept at U.S. Foodservice and one on a retail rivalry with less-than-hostile overtones. ", "For more information on the Blair Business Mirror, contact Joe Hurd at 943-8151.", "\n\nCondolences to the Family of Paul KirbyPaul Kirby, a graduate of The Chamber’s Leadership Blair County program and a newly-elected member of the Blair County Chamber Foundation, died unexpectedly last Wednesday. “", "Paul grew up in my neighborhood,” acknowledged Chamber Board Chair Ron Muffie. “", "He was an outstanding man – a great husband and father – who was well-respected as an engineer. ", "He will be missed and our prayers and condolences go out to his family.” ", "Kirby was employed at Keller Engineers in Hollidaysburg.", "\n\nChamber Board to Vote on 2013 BudgetWhen the Blair County Chamber’s Board of Directors meets on Thursday morning at 7:30 a.m. at the Devorris Center, one primary agenda item will be the approval of the organization’s 2013 Annual Budget. “", "It’s always challenging to put together a budget when you do as many things as we do,” remarked Chamber President Joe Hurd. “", "We don’t want to short-change any programs and we always want our members to feel that their investment is used wisely.” ", "Hurd is encouraged by the fact that The Chamber continues to operate without government funding. “", "Our dues and our program and event revenue continue to offset our operational costs,” he reminded. “", "That’s the way we prefer it.”", "\n\nOnly a Few Spots Remain for First “Role Models” Program The Chamber’s newest educational program – “Role Models” – will debut this Thursday, November 15th from noon to 1:30 p.m. at The Blairmont Club by featuring two of Blair County’s most esteemed business leaders. ", "Donald Devorris of Blair Companies and John Wolf of Wolf Furniture Company will answer questions from attendees related to their business careers and will provide insight into what has worked (and not worked) during their many years in building and maintaining a business. ", "The cost to attend is just $25 for Chamber Members and $35 for non-members and includes lunch. ", "Seating is limited and only a few spots remain. ", "To register, call The Chamber at 943-8151 or register online.", "Thursday’s “Business After Hours” Slated for First National BankThe next Chamber “Business After Hours” will be held this Thursday, November 15th from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. at First National Bank, 224 Allegheny Street in Hollidaysburg. ", "The cost to attend is $6.00 for Chamber Members in advance and $7.00 at the door. ", "Non-members can attend for $12.00 in advance and $15.00 at the door. ", "To register, contact The Chamber at 943-8151 or register online.", "\n\nVillage at Morrisons Cove to Host “Business Before Hours” The “Bistro” at The Village at Morrisons Cove will host the next Chamber “Business Before Hours” on Friday, November 16th from 7:30 to 9:30 a.m. “The Bistro hosted last November’s Business Before Hours as well and the food and the atmosphere are tremendous,” explained Chamber President Joe Hurd. “", "Anyone who hasn’t been there has missed a great experience. ", "Don’t miss it a second time.” ", "There is no cost for Chamber Members to attend but registration is required. ", "Call The Chamber at 943-8151 or register online.", "\n\nControversial Issues to Highlight LBC Session DebateThe second session of The Chamber’s Leadership Blair County Adult program for the Class of 2013 will be held on Friday beginning at 8:00 a.m. at the Spring Cove School District Administration Building. ", "The session will feature a series of debates on three controversial topics related to local government: Taxing municipalities that use the PA State Police, Act 47, and Tax Exempt status for non-profits. ", "The class will also discuss DiSC Behavioral Profiles as well as their own Class Project. ", "For more information on Leadership Blair County, contact Judy Juda at 943-8151 or visit The Chamber Website.", "\n\nTime Management is Topic of WE-LEaD “Lunch ’n’ Learn”Wayne Blue, Executive Director for Workforce Development and Continuing Education for Allegany College of Maryland’s Pennsylvania Campuses, will be the keynote speaker at the next “Lunch ’n’ Learn” program being held by The Chamber’s WE-LEaD Committee on November 20th from noon to 1:30 p.m. at The Blairmont Club in Hollidaysburg. ", "Blue’s presentation, entitled “Eat that Frog” will help attendees to get organized, stop procrastinating and accomplish more in less time. ", "Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield is corporate sponsor of the Lunch ’n’ Learn. ", "The cost to attend is $22 for Chamber Members and $30 for non-members and includes lunch and materials. ", "To register, contact The Chamber at 943-8151 or register online. (", "WE-LEaD is an acronym for Women Encouraging: Leadership, Education and Development).", "\n\nInexpensive Opportunities Available to Sponsor Television ProgramsThe Chamber is featuring a number of informative programs during the next three months that will also give members an opportunity to get the name of their business or organization in front of the viewing public in an inexpensive way. ", "On November 28th, two half-hour “Blair County: It’s Our Business” programs will tape for airing on the Altoona Public Access Channel in December. ", "One program will be on local manufacturing; the other on local insurance. ", "The panel discussion format will be moderated by WTAJ’s Carolyn Donaldson. ", "On December 17th, two more BCIOB programs – one on local retail and the other on local restaurants will tape for airing in January. ", "The cost for a business to sponsor a “Blair County: It’s Our Business” program is just $100. ", "A business or organization can sponsor all four BCIOB programs for just $300. ", "To sponsor, contact Joe Hurd at 943-8151 or email him.", "Planning to Go With The Chamber to China? ", "Sign Up Now!Anyone still undecided on whether to go on The Chamber’s next trip to China needs to make up their mind soon. ", "A non-refundable $200 deposit which guarantees that a person will be part of the trip is due in the Chamber Office by no later than November 30th and the full payment for the trip is due by December 14th. ", "The dates of the China Trip are April 12-20, 2013. ", "For more information on the trip, contact The Chamber at 943-8151.", "\n\nChamber Co-Sponsoring Seminar on Small Games of ChanceThe Blair County Chamber is partnering with State Senator John Eichelberger on a seminar which will focus on the rules and regulations surrounding Small Games of Chance in Pennsylvania. ", "The seminar will be held next Monday, November 19th at 6:30 p.m. in the Saint Rose of Lima School Hall, 5519 Sixth Avenue in Altoona. ", "Guest presenter will be Sgt. ", "James Jones of the PA State Police’s Bureau of Liquor Control Enforcement. “", "So many of our Chamber Members, particularly our many non-profit organizations, rely on small games of chance to stay alive financially,” disclosed Chamber President Joe Hurd. “", "It’s important that they know and understand how to remain in compliance with state regulations.” ", "There is no cost to attend the seminar but registration is encouraged. ", "To register, call The Chamber at 943-8151.", "\n\n“Buy Here. ", "Live Here.” ", "Planning Invites Member ParticipationThe Chamber’s Buy Here. ", "Live Here. ", "program has made great strides since its kickoff in March. ", "What the program is able to accomplish in the future will be the focus of a strategic planning effort to be undertaken within the next month. ", "Facilitated by David Duncan of Blair Medical Associates, the process requires feedback from interested Chamber Members. ", "If you are a member of The Chamber and are willing to share your thoughts on local purchasing, contact Joe Hurd at 943-8151.", "\n\nCongratulations . . .. . . ", "to Allegheny Orthotics & Prosthetics of Altoona which was honored with the 2012 OPGA/POINT Freedom Award for service and dedication to veterans and active-duty soldiers.", "\n. . . ", "to J. Martin Kooman of Kooman & Associates, LLC, who recently achieved Chairman’s Council status with Raymond James Financial Services. ", "The designation recognizes outstanding client service and exemplary professional growth.", "\n. . . ", "to Nason Hospital Home Health Agency in Roaring Spring which was recently named to the Top 500 of the 2012 HomeCare Elite. ", "HomeCare Elite measures quality outcomes, process measure implementation, patient experience, quality improvement and financial performance.", "\n. . . ", "to Concurrent Technologies Corporation, headquartered in Johnstown, which has once again been recognized by Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve for its efforts in accommodating the needs of service members.", "\n\nBlue Card DiscountsHere are a few of the discounts you can receive with your Chamber Blue Card. ", "Click here to see the full list of Blue Card Discounts. ", "To have an offer listed contact Stacy Hoover at The Chamber at 943-8151." ]

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