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"fixture `React Chart Demos`\n .page `http://localhost:3004/`;\n\ntest('MyTest', async t => {\n await t\n .expect(true).ok();\n});\n"
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"\"Star Wars:\" \"The Clone Wars Legacy #7 On The Wings Of Keeradaks\" \"In war there is no such thing as neutrality.\" \"",
"On an non sentient mission to rescue ARC trooper Echo General Skywalker, Captain Rex and the Bad Batch travel to Skako Minor.\" \"",
"Headquarters of the Techno Union.\" \"",
"After a heroic encounter with the natives our heroes infiltrate the city of Purkell only to find themselves surrounded by Wat Tambor's forces.\" \"",
"Hey!\" \"",
"Hunter, can you guys finish this up?\" \"",
"I'll...take that as a yes.\" \"",
"Situation is almost under control out there.\" \"",
"How's it going in here?\" \"",
"I'm still trying to decrypt Echo's cerebral interface.\" \"",
"Until I do we cannot disconnect him from this computer system.\" \"",
"How's he, Rex?\" \"",
"He's too weak to walk.\" \"",
"Very disoriented.\" \"",
"Doesn't even remember how he got here.\" \"",
"He remembers being at the Citadel but that's about it.\" \"",
"Any word on the extraction squad?\" \"",
"We called it in.\" \"",
"But no word back.\" \"",
"That's no surprise.\" \"",
"We knew when we got enter this, we'll be on our own.\" \"",
"Are we gonna get more ships to get out of here?\" \"",
"Several squads of droids closing in.\" \"",
"Drop your weapons and surr\" \"Alright, listen up.\" \"",
"Help is not coming after all.\" \"",
"We're on our own.\" \"",
"So let's move out.\" \"",
"Problem.\" \"",
"Echo cannot be moved.\" \"",
"You still haven't cracked that interface?\" \"",
"Of course I cracked the interface.\" \"",
"But now defuses autonomic functions.\" \"",
"Respetroy, halmonary, you name it.\" \"",
"They're all controlled by computer generated brainwaves.\" \"",
"Until I create a bypass, Echo cannot be unplugged.\" \"",
"All right.\" \"",
"I'll try to buy some time.\" \"",
"Status report.\" \"",
"The intruders are trapped in the core system room.\" \"",
"There is no escape.\" \"",
"Prepare the Organic Decimator.\" \"",
"Tambor.\" \"",
"If you're calling to beg for your release, Skywalker, you are wasting your time.\" \"",
"And mine.\" \"",
"I don't beg, Tambor.\" \"",
"I wanna bargain.\" \"",
"We don't want your credits.\" \"",
"That clone was purchased from the Separatists after its capture.\" \"",
"It is a research tool and legal property of the Techno Union.\" \"",
"Now honor the neutrality your senate provided us and surrender at once.\" \"",
"Your neutrality is a joke.\" \"",
"You're working for the Separatists.\" \"",
"The Organic Decimator is ready, sir.\" \"",
"Excellent.\" \"",
"I will show you, Skywalker, why neutrality in this war is more lucrative for the Techno Union.\" \"",
"Bring in a test subject.\" \"",
"We develop many technologies here and we offer them to the highest leader.\" \"",
"As you're about to see the Organic Decimator will make a great weapon for a droid army to use against clones.\" \"",
"Stop!\" \"",
"You can't.\" \"",
"Oh, but I can.\" \"",
"The Techno Union owns everything on this planet.\" \"",
"Including the primitives.\" \"",
"Activate the Decimator.\" \"",
"The energy tentacles seek out organic matter.\" \"",
"When one of them finds its target, the rest zero in and all organic species are vaporized.\" \"",
"You can surrender, Skywalker.\" \"",
"Or you can be my next test subject.\" \"",
"The choice is yours.\" \"",
"No luck.\" \"",
"We have to get out of here.\" \"",
"Fast.\" \"",
"Enemy approaching.\" \"",
"Droids.\" \"",
"Lots of them.\" \"",
"How long you think you can hold them off?\" \"",
"How long do you need?\" \"",
"Tech, how much longer?\" \"",
"Not yet.\" \"",
"I need more time.\" \"",
"We have them completely surrounded, sir.\" \"",
"Good.\" \"",
"Send in the Decimator.\" \"",
"I've got it.\" \"",
"You can unplug him now.\" \"",
"Rex!\" \"",
"What is it?\" \"",
"I got a big headache.\" \"",
"But it feels something and nothing, old buddy.\" \"",
"It's a touching reunion, guys.\" \"",
"But we need to get out of here now!\" \"",
"There's an exhaust vent.\" \"",
"It leads to the cooling systems.\" \"",
"Right there.\" \"",
"I didn't see that on the schematics.\" \"",
"Well, don't forget I've been plugged in to this thing for a while.\" \"",
"They breached the front door.\" \"",
"It won't be long before they're through the second.\" \"",
"That should get it open.\" \"",
"Great.\" \"",
"Now how do we get up there?\" \"",
"Oh, I can help with that.\" \"",
"A heads-up would have been nice.\" \"",
"The door is nearly breached, sir.\" \"",
"It's okay, Wrecker.\" \"",
"I've got this.\" \"",
"What are you doing?\" \"",
"I'm putting an end of Tambor's little science experiments.\" \"",
"Are you done?\" \"",
"Time's up.\" \"",
"What happened?\" \"",
"Why did it shut off?\" \"",
"No organic targets were acquired, sir.\" \"",
"The room appears to be empty.\" \"",
"That's impossible!\" \"",
"Oh no.\" \"",
"Orders, sir?\" \"",
"My machines!\" \"",
"My beautiful machines!\" \"",
"Ruined.\" \"",
"Years of research gone.\" \"",
"Find them!\" \"",
"This ventilation corridor acts as a cooling system for all the computers in the facility.\" \"",
"How did you know it was up here, Echo?\" \"",
"They got access to my memory.\" \"",
"And I got access to the Techno Union database.\" \"",
"All their plans, inventory building schematics, everything.\" \"",
"You mean you can find us a safe way out of here?\" \"",
"Well, there is a way.\" \"",
"But you're not gonna like it.\" \"",
"I don't know about this.\" \"",
"I'm telling you there's a landing pad on that other building.\" \"",
"So you think there's a ship there we can steal?\" \"",
"Well, I hope there's a ship we can steal.\" \"",
"Let's hope this trip isn't for nothing.\" \"",
"I'm guessing no one wants to hear the odds of us making across here alive.\" \"",
"Don't even think about it, Tech!\" \"",
"I think I'm gonna be sick.\" \"",
"Hang on, Wrecker.\" \"",
"We're almost there.\" \"",
"Turn around.\" \"",
"Go back!\" \"",
"Maybe this wasn't such a good plan.\" \"",
"You think?\" \"",
"It wasn't the plan that was bad.\" \"",
"It was the execution.\" \"",
"Gotcha!\" \"",
"Somebody do something!\" \"",
"Anybody got a brilliant idea?\" \"",
"I'll take that as a no.\" \"",
"Wait!\" \"",
"I do have a brilliant idea.\" \"",
"Let's hear it already, Tech!\" \"",
"Come on!\" \"",
"When the locals attacked us, I recorded the creatures' distress call.\" \"",
"He records everything.\" \"",
"It's a hobby.\" \"",
"Yes, a hobby.\" \"",
"Which allows us to call those flying creatures to us.\" \"",
"I don't think it's working, Tech.\" \"",
"There is our ride out of here.\" \"",
"Great plan, Tech.\" \"",
"Now how do we get on them?\" \"",
"How else?\" \"",
"We jump.\" \"",
"Alright, I'll go first.\" \"",
"What, wait, Echo!\" \"",
"I'm beginning to feel like a trooper again, Rex.\" \"",
"You never stopped being one, Echo.\" \"",
"Here goes nothing!\" \"",
"See you later.\" \"",
"Oops.\" \"",
"That wasn't part of the plan.\" \"",
"Those things can fly.\" \"",
"What?\" \"",
"Help to shake those droids!\" \"",
"How do I steer this thing?\" \"",
"Are you whole enough, Echo?\" \"",
"Never about that, sir.\" \"",
"Their leader is impressed we attained the Keeradaks.\" \"",
"But he wants to know why we've returned here.\" \"",
"Tell them we had no choice.\" \"",
"Tell them...that we wore out of their welcome in Purkell.\" \"",
"Not good.\" \"",
"If I know Tambor, he'll come after us.\" \"",
"Us and a Poltecs with everything he's got.\" \"",
"What's he saying, Tech?\" \"",
"He says we've broken our word.\" \"",
"We've brought the war to his village.\" \"",
"You're right.\" \"",
"Tell him he's right, Tech.\" \"",
"Tell him we didn't plan to drag his people into war.\" \"",
"But look what the Separatist did to one of our people.\" \"",
"They took away his freedom, his humanity.\" \"",
"They tried to turn him into a machine.\" \"",
"The Techno Union claims it's neutral.\" \"",
"But they've chosen sides.\" \"",
"Now, your people have to choose.\" \"",
"Couldn't have said it better, Rex.\" \"",
"Let's hope it works.\" \"",
"Because I see forces coming.\" \"",
"More than we can handle alone.\" \"",
"Report!\" \"",
"The clones are hiding among the natives.\" \"",
"Take the reinforcements and bring back my experiments.\" \"",
"Rex, we've got to take out these walkers.\" \"",
"I'll take one, you take the other.\" \"",
"Don't worry, General.\" \"",
"Boys and I can handle this.\" \"",
"Hunter, Wrecker, you're with me?\" \"",
"Still showing off, General?\" \"",
"You know me, Echo.\" \"",
"That seems to work.\" \"",
"But how do we get up there?\" \"",
"No, no.\" \"",
"Don't.\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"Not again!\" \"",
"It's hard to compete with a Jedi.\" \"",
"Sir, the attack force has failed.\" \"",
"The loss of the clone is a devastating blow to the Techno Union's profit margin.\" \"",
"Should we inform the Separatist of our loss?\" \"",
"All in good time.\" \"",
"We must find a way to recoupe on our investment.\" \"",
"Thank you for helping us in our fight.\" \"",
"He said the Jedi will always have an ally here on Skako Minor.\" \"",
"Thank you, Rex.\" \"",
"For saving me.\" \"",
"Couldn't have done it without you, my friend.\" \"",
"It's gonna be just like old times.\""
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"Early-life-stress affects the homeostasis of glutamatergic synapses.",
"\nEarly-life stress induces several neuropsychological disorders in adulthood, including depression. ",
"Such disorders may be induced by functional alteration of the glutamatergic system. ",
"However, their underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully clarified. ",
"Furthermore, the involvement of glucocorticoids, which are representative stress hormones, has not yet been fully clarified. ",
"In this study, we used maternal deprivation (MD) mice as an early-life-stress model, and studied the changes in the glutamatergic system in adulthood. ",
"The glutamate concentration and neuronal activity in the somatosensory cortex (SSC) increased under basal conditions in MD mice. ",
"Stressful physical stimulation (SPS) increased the concentration of corticosterone, but not of glutamate, in the control mouse SSC. ",
"On the other hand, in the MD mice, although the basal concentration of corticosterone in the SSC increased, no SPS-induced increase was observed. ",
"In contrast, the concentration of glutamate increased greatly during SPS. ",
"It was significantly high for 30 min after stimulation. ",
"The expression level of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid/N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the MD mice was also changed compared with that in the control mice after stimulation. ",
"These findings indicate that early-life stress disrupts the homeostasis of glutamatergic synapses."
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[
"Recommended Reading for March 29, 2010\n\nAnna’s note: Hi! ",
"I’m going to be included a link or two a day for the next couple of weeks that isn’t explicitly related to disability. ",
"I will also be increasing the number of links I put up a day – you may have noted that I lean towards 5 as my number – so that there are always at least five links related to disability. ",
"I feel that the other links that I will be including are in line with FWD’s mission to approach feminism from an intersectional perspective.",
"\n\nOr another reason might be that I’m tired of the responsibility for access issue being disproportionately allocated to the very people who are up against the access issues every. ",
"Single. ",
"Day. ",
"I would humbly suggest that every member of every University decision-making body has their own brain and can decide for themselves if they want to care about access, and if they want to become informed about the issues, and if they want to invest their time and energy into pushing those issues at decision-making levels. ",
"If non-disabled people on committees never think to ask themselves about disabled access, or never think to speak up about it, why should I think that my voice will be listened to? ",
"And what does that say for their commitment to access that they can’t be bothered to do the work themselves and instead decide to offload it onto precisely the people who do not have energy for it because we are too busy navigating an inaccessible campus?",
"\n\nGetting a token disabled person on a committee to keep “holding you to account” about disability or sexism issues is a good way of making it look like you care about equal opporunities when you just don’t care enough. ",
"Because if you really cared, you wouldn’t be relying on a disabled person or a woman to be doing your homework for you. ",
"You’d be doing your own homework, and holding yourself to account.",
"\n\nOver the past year I’ve been thinking more about the privileging of the able-bodied (& neurotypical) in activist movements — including, but by no means limited to, veganism & animal rights. ",
"Often certain types of activism are held up as the pinnacles of commitment & getting shit done: direct action; mammoth demonstrations on the street; confrontational protests; etc. ",
"These are more risky for people who do not fit within a certain paradigm. ",
"For example, the risk of being dragged away by the cops at a protest may look very different to you if you are: POC; gender nonconforming; undocumented; a person with childcare commitments; female; disabled — not that any of these categories are mutually exclusive, of course!",
"\n\nOut of the kitchen and into the workforce arguments always had a class (and race) division to them: many women had already been working and didn’t find it particularly liberating. ",
"Many of them, often women of color, worked as domestic laborers as well—getting paid, if not very well, to do the same work they then did for free at their own home. ",
"Well-off women were already recognizing in their own way that cooking was work, and we still recognize this when we watch cooking shows on TV or go to restaurants, fancy or otherwise.",
"\n\nNow back-in-the-kitchen arguments have their own class dimension. ",
"They imply the time to spend in the kitchen as well as the money to buy fancy ingredients. ",
"Ethically produced local food tends to be more expensive partly because the people who produce it are being paid decently, so despite the lack of middlemen we pay much more for organic produce from the farm around the corner.",
"\n\nYour brain is not Sephora. ",
"You don’t get to walk in and pick a bunch of “trendy” shit to throw on in order to make yourself look better. ",
"And you don’t get to accessorize with the “hip” disorder of the day just to make yourself seem “weird” and “fascinating” to your stupid friends. ",
"That’s not how it works. ",
"And it’s not fair to those of us who actually do have to deal with such diagnoses, and all the work, medication, and often times difficulties that come along with them, to act as if it’s adorable or hilarious that you’ve declared yourself to have something that you don’t. ",
"You’re not helping the cause any, and you certainly aren’t helping to research or de-stigmatize such things by wearing them as some kooky hipster badge of honor. ",
"Nor are you helping the public’s perception of bipolar disorder by comparing it to your shitty movie options.",
"\n\nWhen I first started working it out of my vocabulary, my criteria would be to stop and think (1)if I literally meant something was mentally ill or not (easily done by replacing the offending word with “mentally ill” and seeing if the sentence still worked), and (2)if yes, then was I putting that thing into a negative light by describing it that way. ",
"For example, if I’m reading a piece of literature and it’s really confusing to me and I throw the book down and exclaim “that’s just crazy!” – ",
"am I trying to say that I think the book or the author is mentally ill? ",
"And if I *am* trying to say that, am I saying it because I’m annoyed with it, and calling it crazy or mentally ill is a good way to discount it and feel better about not wanting to interact with it anymore?",
"\n\nIf that’s the case, if I’m trying to imply that something is mentally ill because that makes it easier for me to throw it away, what am I saying about mental illness and those of us (myself included) who are mentally ill? ",
"Wouldn’t it be better for me to throw the book down and say “I really hate this author’s narrative style!” ",
"or “This is pretentious bullshit!” ",
"or “I can’t figure out the point of this and it makes me mad!”",
"\n\nDo you know what I’d love to see? ",
"More shows and movies and books with character who just happens to be disabled. ",
"That their disability NOT be the focus of the episode but rather just happens to be included within the episode. ",
"No more super special episodes/movies/books about a super special person – but just an episode/movie/book with an interesting character who just happens to have a disability. ",
"One of the main characters on ER, Dr. Kerry Weaver, who was introduced as accomplished doctor – and that’s what the audiences saw the most because her disability was hardly ever mentioned. ",
"I’m sure there are other characters like her around – but I don’t know enough about them to counteract all the other characters I know of. ",
"The character portrayals that are bothersome and sometimes hurtful.",
"\n\nI am conflicted about the “don’t pretend to have disorders!” ",
"post. ",
"Because on the one hand, it’s definitely not cool to claim you’re autistic/bipolar/etc. ",
"for the lulz, and the examples in the post make my blood boil. ",
"On the other hand… one of the most serious problems I have encountered online re: autism is this widespread belief that there is this horde of people out there claiming to be autistic to be ~edgy~, and clearly the proper way to deal with it is to automatically disbelieve every single person who says they’re autistic and doesn’t say it’s been diagnosed. ",
"Which for one, I disbelieve (Moby is the first person I have ever heard of who did actually say they pretended to be autistic), for another, I think the damage done to autistic people by this attitude is so massive that it’d be preferable to have a bunch of fakers around who are believed when they say that they’re autistic, and finally the whole thing usually turns into massive scorn of self-diagnosed people (ignoring that if you can lie about being autistic, you can just as easily lie about being diagnosed!).",
"\n\nWhich is to say, although there is nothing I disagree with in that post I am very afraid that it reinforces some very nasty and harmful ideas about autistic people online. ",
"These are ideas that have made it so that every time I say I’m autistic in a new place online I expect to be viciously attacked as a faker, that often the defensive justification starts pouring out before anyone even says anything, that I have ended up thanking people deeply for believing me. ",
"That the main thing I felt after diagnosis (and going for diagnosis was a life-changing decision I seriously struggled with) was relief that from now on, I could whip out the Officially Official Diagnosis and not have to put up with shit like that anymore.",
"\n\nKaz, I think the point is that when someone as high-profile as Moby comes out and goes “I did it for the lolz”, it does actual harm to autistic people because it feeds into that impression that people are faking being on the spectrum.",
"\n\nI find it interesting how quickly the comments on that entry at the Vegans of Color blog turned into able-bodied persons telling disabled persons that, essentially, if veganism didn’t work for them, then they were doing it wrong. ",
"It seems a good example of the silencing of disabled persons in veg*n activist circles that the original post was about. ",
"It also seems to completely ignore the reality that some disabling conditions can severely impact one’s digestive capabilities.",
"\n\nFor instance, my father had to have surgery which removed his small intestine, his gallbladder and part of his pancreas, as well as a large non-cancerous mass that was killing him. (",
"It should have been pancreatic cancer, but it was just an ulcerated tumor causing a lot of internal bleeding. ",
"We are lucky and grateful that he survived… so grateful.) ",
"Dad can’t eat much fiber at all any more without experiencing extreme pain, since his body can’t process it correctly. ",
"It’s caused massive changes to his diet, to the point where a non-repetitive vegan diet would be extremely difficult for him to follow, especially since my mom has IBS and is allergic to soy protein, and Dad is allergic to sunflower seeds."
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[
" + 106*z**2 - 16*z - 96 = 0 for z.\n-4, -1, 1, 3\nFactor 5*a**3 + 190*a**2 + 1600*a - 4000.",
"\n5*(a - 2)*(a + 20)**2\nDetermine i so that 10*i**5/7 - 46*i**4/7 - 150*i**3/7 - 122*i**2/7 - 4*i = 0.",
"\n-1, -2/5, 0, 7\nFactor 2*u**3/7 + 46*u**2/7 + 160*u/7 + 152/7.",
"\n2*(u + 2)**2*(u + 19)/7\nFactor -2*h**3/5 + 302*h**2/5 + 304*h/5.",
"\n-2*h*(h - 152)*(h + 1)/5\nSolve s**3 - 6*s**2 + 5*s + 12 = 0.",
"\n-1, 3, 4\nSuppose 15*w**3/8 + 159*w**2 = 0. ",
"What is w?",
"\n-424/5, 0\nFactor -q**4/2 + 69*q**3/2 + 35*q**2.",
"\n-q**2*(q - 70)*(q + 1)/2\nFactor y**3/4 - y**2/2 - y/4 + 1/2.",
"\n(y - 2)*(y - 1)*(y + 1)/4\nFind r such that 20*r**5/3 - 14*r**4 - 32*r**3 + 130*r**2/3 - 4*r = 0.",
"\n-2, 0, 1/10, 1, 3\nLet -4*j**3 - 584*j**2 - 21316*j = 0. ",
"What is j?",
"\n-73, 0\nFactor -h**3/3 + 35*h**2/3 + 96*h + 84.",
"\n-(h - 42)*(h + 1)*(h + 6)/3\nLet 5*k**3 + 200*k**2 + 565*k + 370 = 0. ",
"What is k?",
"\n-37, -2, -1\nFactor d**2/2 - 3303*d + 10909809/2.",
"\n(d - 3303)**2/2\nFactor 2*h**2/5 + 102*h/5 + 252.",
"\n2*(h + 21)*(h + 30)/5\nSolve u**4/3 - u**3 + u**2 - u/3 = 0 for u.\n0, 1\nFactor q**2 - 4.",
"\n(q - 2)*(q + 2)\nFind c such that 20*c**2/7 + 36*c/7 - 1296/7 = 0.",
"\n-9, 36/5\nDetermine u so that 3*u**4/7 + 66*u**3/7 - 117*u**2/7 - 5280*u/7 + 19200/7 = 0.",
"\n-16, 5\nLet 3*j**2/2 - 375*j + 1476 = 0. ",
"What is j?",
"\n4, 246\nFactor -3*n**2/5 - 123*n/5 + 126/5.",
"\n-3*(n - 1)*(n + 42)/5\nFactor -2*h**3/7 - 22*h**2/7 + 8*h/7 + 88/7.",
"\n-2*(h - 2)*(h + 2)*(h + 11)/7\nLet 2*q**4 + 16*q**3 + 14*q**2 = 0. ",
"Calculate q.\n-7, -1, 0\nSolve -2*y**5/5 - 52*y**4/5 - 286*y**3/5 - 76*y**2 = 0.",
"\n-19, -5, -2, 0\nSuppose 3*n**2/4 - 1386*n + 640332 = 0. ",
"Calculate n.\n924\nSuppose -10*m**2/7 - 8*m/7 + 2/7 = 0. ",
"What is m?",
"\n-1, 1/5\nFactor 3*a**2/5 + 15942*a/5 + 21178947/5.",
"\n3*(a + 2657)**2/5\nFind k such that -5*k**2 - 445*k + 450 = 0.",
"\n-90, 1\nWhat is o in 3*o**4/5 + 54*o**3/5 + 156*o**2/5 - 216*o/5 - 672/5 = 0?",
"\n-14, -4, -2, 2\nFactor 4*r**3 + 192*r**2 + 900*r - 4536.",
"\n4*(r - 3)*(r + 9)*(r + 42)\nDetermine b, given that b**3/2 + 47*b**2 + 93*b/2 = 0.",
"\n-93, -1, 0\nFactor 3*f**3/4 - 63*f**2 + 243*f - 240.",
"\n3*(f - 80)*(f - 2)**2/4\nSuppose -7*p**3 + 3047*p**2 - 3908*p + 868 = 0. ",
"What is p?",
"\n2/7, 1, 434\nFactor -3*p**3 - 2*p**2 + 105*p - 100.",
"\n-(p - 5)*(p - 1)*(3*p + 20)\nLet -9*q**2 - 555*q + 186 = 0. ",
"What is q?",
"\n-62, 1/3\nFactor -4*b**2 - 320*b + 324.",
"\n-4*(b - 1)*(b + 81)\nSolve -3*h**5/2 - 27*h**4/2 + 21*h**3/2 + 291*h**2/2 - 261*h + 120 = 0 for h.\n-8, -5, 1, 2\nSolve -21*m**5 + 48*m**4 + 72*m**3 - 66*m**2 - 51*m + 18 = 0.",
"\n-1, 2/7, 1, 3\nFind q such that 2*q**2 + 124*q + 122 = 0.",
"\n-61, -1\nWhat is i in 2*i**2 - 46*i + 44 = 0?",
"\n1, 22\nFactor -4*n**3 + 216*n**2 - 3120*n + 13600.",
"\n-4*(n - 34)*(n - 10)**2\nFactor 2*o**3/13 + 6*o**2/13 - 90*o/13 - 350/13.",
"\n2*(o - 7)*(o + 5)**2/13\nLet 2*v**2 + 1408*v + 247808 = 0. ",
"Calculate v.\n-352\nSolve -3*g**4 + 18*g**3 - 15*g**2 = 0 for g.\n0, 1, 5\nFactor 1058*w**3/7 + 690*w**2/7 - 48*w + 32/7.",
"\n2*(w + 1)*(23*w - 4)**2/7\nFind p such that -2*p**3/15 - 10*p**2/3 - 158*p/15 + 14 = 0.",
"\n-21, -5, 1\nFactor 2*y**2/5 + 4612*y/5 + 2658818/5.",
"\n2*(y + 1153)**2/5\nSolve 3*i**5/5 + 18*i**4/5 - 216*i**3/5 + 162*i**2/5 + 1701*i/5 - 2916/5 = 0 for i.\n-12, -3, 3\nDetermine n so that n**2/5 - 488*n/5 - 489/5 = 0.",
"\n-1, 489\nFactor -w**2/10 + 228*w/5 - 25992/5.",
"\n-(w - 228)**2/10\nFind u, given that -2*u**4/7 + 242*u**3/7 - 7198*u**2/7 - 7442*u/7 = 0.",
"\n-1, 0, 61\nFactor 405*c**3 - 2610*c**2 + 1100*c - 120.",
"\n5*(c - 6)*(9*c - 2)**2\nFactor -b**5 + 4*b**4 + 12*b**3 - 32*b**2 - 64*b.",
"\n-b*(b - 4)**2*(b + 2)**2\nFactor 2*g**3 - 220*g**2/3 - 302*g/3 - 76/3.",
"\n2*(g - 38)*(g + 1)*(3*g + 1)/3\nDetermine v, given that -5*v**3 - 55*v**2 + 200*v - 140 = 0.",
"\n-14, 1, 2\nFactor 68*v**3 + 212*v**2 + 24*v.",
"\n4*v*(v + 3)*(17*v + 2)\nFactor c**2 - 33*c - 70.",
"\n(c - 35)*(c + 2)\nSolve 4*k**5/7 - 4*k**4/7 - 132*k**3/7 + 324*k**2/7 + 432*k/7 - 1296/7 = 0.",
"\n-6, -2, 3\nFactor -2*j**2 - 50*j - 272.",
"\n-2*(j + 8)*(j + 17)\nFactor 2*o**4/7 - 12*o**3/7 + 18*o**2/7 - 8*o/7.",
"\n2*o*(o - 4)*(o - 1)**2/7\nLet 4*t**3 + 16*t**2 - 364*t - 1960 = 0. ",
"What is t?",
"\n-7, 10\nFind z, given that -2*z**2/17 + 6604*z/17 - 5451602/17 = 0.",
"\n1651\nWhat is f in -5*f**2 + 80*f = 0?",
"\n0, 16\nFactor -k**3/3 - 227*k**2/3 - 16376*k/3 - 363952/3.",
"\n-(k + 43)*(k + 92)**2/3\nFactor 2*w**4 + 128*w**3 + 1916*w**2 - 4224*w + 2178.",
"\n2*(w - 1)**2*(w + 33)**2\nFind f such that 2*f**2/7 + 26*f/7 - 96/7 = 0.",
"\n-16, 3\nFactor z**4 - 3*z**3 - 24*z**2 - 28*z.",
"\nz*(z - 7)*(z + 2)**2\nDetermine v so that -2*v**4/7 - 52*v**3/7 - 218*v**2/7 + 1560*v/7 - 1800/7 = 0.",
"\n-15, 2\nWhat is y in y**3 - 1867*y**2 - 1868*y = 0?",
"\n-1, 0, 1868\nFactor r**3/6 - 31*r**2/6 + 37*r/2 - 27/2.",
"\n(r - 27)*(r - 3)*(r - 1)/6\nFactor -4*h**3/3 + 36*h**2 - 464*h/3 + 176.",
"\n-4*(h - 22)*(h - 3)*(h - 2)/3\nLet i**2/2 - 43*i - 87/2 = 0. ",
"What is i?",
"\n-1, 87\nLet 4*f**3/7 - 20*f**2/7 + 8*f/7 + 32/7 = 0. ",
"What is f?",
"\n-1, 2, 4\nDetermine g, given that -4*g**5 + 16*g**4 + 20*g**3 - 80*g**2 - 16*g + 64 = 0.",
"\n-2, -1, 1, 2, 4\nSolve -10*x**4/7 + 446*x**3/7 - 4650*x**2/7 - 7222*x/7 - 2116/7 = 0.",
"\n-1, -2/5, 23\nFind u such that 2*u**3/7 - 86*u**2/7 + 158*u/7 + 246/7 = 0.",
"\n-1, 3, 41\nFactor 3*u**2 - 87*u + 300.",
"\n3*(u - 25)*(u - 4)\nFactor -4*i**5 + 676*i**4 - 1340*i**3 + 668*i**2.",
"\n-4*i**2*(i - 167)*(i - 1)**2\nDetermine k so that -75*k**5 - 1965*k**4 + 8208*k**3 - 10104*k**2 + 4656*k - 720 = 0.",
"\n-30, 2/5, 1, 2\nSolve 2*s**2/9 - 62*s/9 + 20/3 = 0.",
"\n1, 30\nFactor -d**2/2 - 18*d + 117/2.",
"\n-(d - 3)*(d + 39)/2\nLet -2*u**5 - 438*u**4 - 24630*u**3 - 71282*u**2 - 70416*u - 23328 = 0. ",
"Calculate u.\n-108, -1\nFind j such that -j**4/7 - 166*j**3/7 - 935*j**2 + 28900*j/7 = 0.",
"\n-85, 0, 4\nFactor 4*x**2 + 224*x + 3136.",
"\n4*(x + 28)**2\nLet -c**3/4 + 31*c**2/2 + 127*c/4 + 16 = 0. ",
"Calculate c.\n-1, 64\nWhat is q in -36*q**3 - 1132*q**2 - 1576*q - 480 = 0?",
"\n-30, -1, -4/9\nSolve 2*x**2/17 - 140*x/17 - 142/17 = 0 for x.\n-1, 71\nFind f, given that -15*f**2 - 2016*f - 804 = 0.",
"\n-134, -2/5\nSuppose -n**4/3 + 29*n**3/3 - 149*n**2/3 - 389*n/3 - 70 = 0. ",
"What is n?",
"\n-1, 10, 21\nFactor 3*a**2/7 + 3*a - 132/7.",
"\n3*(a - 4)*(a + 11)/7\nDetermine j so that -2*j**5/13 - 4*j**4/13 + 42*j**3/13 - 44*j**2/13 - 40*j/13 + 48/13 = 0.",
"\n-6, -1, 1, 2\nFactor 3*a**2/7 + 159*a/7 + 1560/7.",
"\n3*(a + 13)*(a + 40)/7\nFactor -o**4/2 + 159*o**3/2 - 8427*o**2/2 + 148877*o/2.",
"\n-o*(o - 53)**3/2\nFind t such that t**5/6 - 25*t**4/3 + 23*t**3/3 + 74*t**2/3 - 47*t/6 - 49/3 = 0.",
"\n-1, 1, 2, 49\nFactor o**3/2 + 3*o**2 + 11*o/2 + 3.",
"\n(o + 1)*(o + 2)*(o + 3)/2\nFind d, given that -3*d**4 - 3*d**3 + 300*d**2 + 1056*d = 0.",
"\n-8, -4, 0, 11\nFactor 3*t**2/5 + 9*t/5 - 54/5.",
"\n3*(t - 3)*(t + 6)/5\nFind y such that 3*y**2 - 330*y + 9075 = 0.",
"\n55\nFactor 4*a**3 + 60*a**2 - 16*a - 240.",
"\n4*(a - 2)*(a + 2)*(a + 15)\nFactor -22*b**3 - 172*b**2 + 230*b - 36.",
"\n-2*(b - 1)*(b + 9)*(11*b - 2)\nDetermine b so that 5*b**3 - 50*b**2 - 6885*b + 6930 = 0.",
"\n-33, 1, 42\nDetermine g so that -g**4 + 74*g**3 - 73*g**2 = 0.",
"\n0, 1, 73\nSuppose 4*l**5 + 544*l**4 - 8*l**3 - 1088*l**2 + 4*l + 544 = 0. ",
"Calculate l.\n-136, -1, 1\nSuppose 6*n**5/7 + 81*n**4/7 + 30*n**3/7 - 120*n**2/7 - 36*n/7 + 39/7 = 0. ",
"What is n?",
"\n-13, -1, 1/2, 1\nSuppose -35*c**3 + 190*c**2 - 240*c = 0. ",
"What is c?",
"\n0, 2, 24/7\nDetermine l, given that l**3/4 + 115*l**2/4 - 117*l/2 = 0.",
"\n-117, 0, 2\nFactor l**5/6 - 25*l**4/2 + 1979*l**3/6 - 23101*l**2/6 + 18928*l - 74698/3.",
"\n(l - 34)*(l - 13)**3*(l - 2)/6\nFind k such that -4*k**5 - 12*k**4 + 304*k**3 - 528*k**2 = 0.",
"\n-11, 0, 2, 6\nFactor -x**3 + 481*x**2 - 58080*x + 57600.",
"\n-(x - 240)**2*(x - 1)\nSolve -2*h**2/9 + 8756*h/9 - 9583442/9 = 0.",
"\n2189\nFind j, given that j**2/2 - 373*j/2 - 187 = 0.",
"\n-1, 374\nFind w such that -2*w**2 - 106*w = 0.",
"\n-53, 0\nSuppose 45*z**4 - 158520*z**3 + 105665*z**2 - 17610*z = 0. ",
"Calculate z.\n0, 1/3, 3522\nFactor d**4/4 + 47*d**3/2 + 2113*d**2/4 - 1128*d + 576.",
"\n(d - 1)**2*(d + 48)**2/4\nSolve -8*b**2/5 - 38*b/5 - 24/5 = 0.",
"\n-4, -3/4\nFactor -24*d**3 - 84*d**2 - 75*d/2 - 9/2.",
"\n-3*(d + 3)*(4*d + 1)**2/2\nFactor f**2 - 10*f + 21.",
"\n(f - 7)*(f - 3)\nSuppose 4*m**3 + 156*m**2 + 1980*m + 8100 = 0. ",
"Calculate m.\n-15, -9\nFactor 5*p**3 - 145*p**2 - 150*p.",
"\n5*p*(p - 30)*(p + 1)\nFactor 2*t**3 + 6*t**2 + 4*t.",
"\n2*t*(t + 1)*(t + 2)\nDetermine n so that -5*n**4 - 115*n**3 - 485*n**2 - 645*n - 270 = 0.",
"\n-18, -3, -1\nDetermine o, given that -o**5 - 6*o**4 + 8*o**3 + 48*o**2 - 16*o - 96 = 0.",
"\n-6, -2, 2\nLet -2*c**2/5 - 458*c/5 - 360 = 0. ",
"What is c?",
"\n-225, -4\nFactor -3*s**3/5 - 66*s**2/5 - 123*s/5 - 12.",
"\n-3*(s + 1)**2*(s + 20)/5\nDetermine b, given that "
] | {
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to create slices for each selected area of a layer separated by transparency or solid color?",
"\n\nIn this example there are 4 shapes drawn on an empty layer, over a solid white background layer. ",
"Using the Magic Wand selection tool, I clicked on the empty space on the layer with shapes and then via right-click context menu inverted the selection. ",
"Now the selection entirely envelops all 4 shapes, anything unselected is transparent pixels:\n\nFrom here, I'd like to create a user-defined slice around each separate selection \"island\", so that each shape is in its own slice, like so (example created manually with help of rulers):\n\nIs there a menu option or a script to do this? ",
"Specifically, I want to avoid manually creating layers for each separate shape in cases where there may be tens or hundreds of separate shapes in an image. ",
"Basically, I'd like to automate slicing of what can fit under the definition of a \"sprite sheet\".",
"\n\nA:\n\nI've made a script to split a layer to separate islands, it might help:\n\nIt' a part of a free Scriptorator scripts pack. ",
"Then you can run Layer > New Layer Based Slice from the top menu to create slices based on the result.",
"\n\n"
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[
"Glove barriers to bacterial cross-contamination between hands to food.",
"\nHuman hands are an important source of microbial contamination of foods. ",
"However, published data on the effectiveness of handwashing and glove use in a foodservice setting are limited. ",
"Bacterial transfer through foodservice quality gloves was quantified using nalidixic acid-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes (a nonpathogenic surrogate with attachment characteristics similar to Salmonella). ",
"Five transfer rates were determined: chicken to bare hand, chicken to hand through gloves, bare hand to lettuce, hand to lettuce through gloves (with low inoculum on hands), and hand to lettuce through gloves (with high inoculum on hands). ",
"At least 30 observations were made for each percent transfer rate using 30 individual volunteers. ",
"The logarithm of percent transfer data were then fit to distributions: chicken to bare hand, normal (0.71, 0.42); chicken to hand through gloves, gamma (5.91, 0.40, -5.00); bare hand to lettuce, logistic (1.16, 0.30); hand to lettuce through gloves (low inoculum), normal (0.35, 0.88); hand to lettuce through gloves (high inoculum), normal (-2.52, 0.61). ",
"A 0.01% transfer was observed from food to hands and from hands to food when subjects wore gloves and a 10% transfer was observed without a glove barrier. ",
"These results indicate that gloves are permeable to bacteria although transfer from hands to food through a glove barrier was less than without a glove barrier. ",
"Our results indicate that gloves may reduce both bacterial transfer from food to the hands of foodservice workers and in subsequent transfer from hands back to food."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"[Early diagnosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy--case report].",
"\nDisproportionate heart muscle enlargement compared with little or no chamber enlargement are characteristic for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). ",
"The clinical course of HCM is highly variable. ",
"Many patients are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic and may be relatives of patients with known disease. ",
"Unfortunately, the first clinical manifestation of the disease may be sudden death, frequently occurring in children and young adults, often during or after physical exertion. ",
"We present 2 cases of HCM who emphasize the variability of clinical and ECG modifications and underline the importance of routine echocardiography in patients with atypical cardiac symptoms in order to identify the disease and prevent high risk for sudden death."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"A case of intracerebral metastasis in osteosarcoma without active pulmonary metastasis.",
"\nIntracerebral metastasis in osteosarcoma is extremely rare. ",
"A 14-year-old girl who had previously been operated upon for osteosarcoma of the femur presented with seizures and left hemiparesis. ",
"A right parietal lesion with calcification and brain oedema was found. ",
"After resection of the mass, pathology revealed an osteosarcoma metastasis."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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"{\n \"extends\": \"../tsconfig.settings.json\",\n\n \"compilerOptions\": {\n \"outDir\": \"lib\",\n \"rootDir\": \"src\"\n },\n\n \"include\": [\"src\"],\n\n \"references\": [{\"path\": \"../import-sort-parser\"}]\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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[
" FILED\n NOT FOR PUBLICATION MAY 10 2011\n\n MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS\n\n\n\n\n FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT\n\n\n\nRICHARD EARL GEORGE, No. ",
"09-56835\n\n Petitioner - Appellant, D.C. No. ",
"3:07-cv-02215-J-POR\n\n v.\n MEMORANDUM *\nV. M. ALMAGER, Warden and\nDISTRICT COURT OF CALIFORNIA,\nSOUTHERN DISTRICT,\n\n Respondents - Appellees.",
"\n\n\n\n Appeal from the United States District Court\n for the Southern District of California\n Napoleon A. Jones, District Judge, Presiding\n\n Submitted May 5, 2011 **\n Pasadena, California\n\nBefore: REINHARDT and HAWKINS, Circuit Judges, and COGAN, District\nJudge.***",
"\n\n\n\n *\n This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent\nexcept as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.",
"\n **\n The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision\nwithout oral argument. ",
"See Fed. ",
"R. App. ",
"P. 34(a)(2).",
"\n ***\n The Honorable Brian M. Cogan, United States District Judge for the\nEastern District of New York, sitting by designation.",
"\n\f Petitioner Richard Earl George’s (“George”) argument in this 28 U.S.C. § 2254\n\nhabeas corpus petition, that the state trial court violated his due process rights by\n\nadmitting evidence of a similar prior bad act, is foreclosed by our precedent. ",
"See\n\nMejia v. Garcia, 534 F.3d 1036, 1046 (9th Cir. ",
"2008) (citing Alberni v. McDaniel, 458\n\nF.3d 860 (9th Cir. ",
"2006), cert. ",
"denied, 549 U.S. 1287 (2007)).",
"\n\n Absent clear Supreme Court authority on point, even the erroneous admission\n\nof evidence resulting in a fundamentally unfair trial may not allow the grant of habeas\n\nrelief. ",
"Holley v. Yarborough, 568 F.3d 1091, 1101 (9th Cir. ",
"2009). ",
"To the extent the\n\nSupreme Court has addressed the issue, it has expressly reserved consideration of\n\nwhether the admission of prior bad acts under state law to show propensity constitutes\n\na due process violation. ",
"Alberni, 458 F.3d at 864 (citing Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S.\n\n62, 75 n.5 (1991)). ",
"Accordingly, the district court did not err in denying George’s\n\npetition. ",
"Id. at 867; see also 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1); Carey v. Musladin, 549 U.S. 70,\n\n77 (2006); Holley, 568 F.3d at 1101.",
"\n\n Even if we were free to consider George’s claim as alleging an error so\n\ninfecting the proceedings as to render his trial fundamentally unfair, habeas relief\n\nwould still be inappropriate as the evidence in question was relevant to a key witness’s\n\ncredibility and the jury could draw at least one permissible inference from it. ",
"See\n\nJammal v. Van de Kamp, 926 F.2d 918, 920 (9th Cir. ",
"1991) (“Only if there are no\n\n\n 2\n\fpermissible inferences the jury may draw from the evidence can its admission violate\n\ndue process.”).",
"\n\n Further, because George expressly declined a limiting instruction at trial, he is\n\nbarred from arguing error in the omission of one here. ",
"See id. at n.2. ",
"He is likewise\n\nforeclosed from arguing that the prosecutor used the prior bad acts evidence for an\n\nimpermissible purpose during closing argument – a claim he failed to raise in either\n\nthe state courts or before the district court. ",
"See Vang v. Nevada, 329 F.3d 1069,\n\n1075-76 (9th Cir. ",
"2003).",
"\n\n AFFIRMED.",
"\n\n\n\n\n 3\n\f"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
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[
"Introduction\n============\n\nCerebral palsy (CP) affects about 2--3 per 1,000 newborns, and it is one of the most frequent reasons for disability in the world.[@b1-ppa-8-1691] Besides neurological movement disorders, CP comprises different syndromes and problems including respiratory problems, which especially affect people with severe disabilities. ",
"A typical problem noted in premature infants is bronchopulmonal dysplasia, which causes pneumonia and respiratory failure, as well as influenza or infection of the lower respiratory tract.[@b2-ppa-8-1691] In a study of respiratory function of spastic children, the lung vital capacity (VC) was measured with a spirometer and compared with that of able-bodied persons.[@b3-ppa-8-1691] Spastic diplegic children showed the most reduced VC, and their respiratory function was more affected than in hemiplegic children. ",
"Also, during the feeding of persons with severe disabilities who also suffer from gastrointestinal reflux, aspiration could happen and lead to aspiration pneumonia.[@b4-ppa-8-1691] The oxygen saturation (OS) level, as measured by pulse oximetry, decreased during feeding in the sitting position because of the stress on the circulatory system.[@b5-ppa-8-1691] Reid et al studied the causes of death among persons with CP for a period of 35 years.[@b2-ppa-8-1691] The most common direct causes of death were respiratory-related. ",
"To improve the pulmonary function, early respiratory exercises are important and have to be included in the therapy programs for people with CP.[@b6-ppa-8-1691]\n\nNot only lung function, but also expansion (excursion) of the chest, can influence respiratory function. ",
"Decreased chest expansion (CE), as measured by chest circumference in maximal inspiration and expiration, was detected in children with spastic CP.[@b7-ppa-8-1691] CE was significantly decreased when compared to healthy people, and it also decreased with increasing age.",
"\n\nIn our study, OS, VC, and CE were measured in adults with CP. ",
"The dependency of VC on CE and on Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) mobility level was also examined. ",
"The GMFCS is an internationally recognized classification system that assesses motor function and assigns an individual one of five levels, with higher levels indicating more severe motor impairment. ",
"Additionally, we investigated the influence of clinically diagnosed scoliosis on VC, CE, and OS. ",
"Our aim was to gain a better understanding of the main factors associated with breathing problems in people with CP by cross-comparing information about lung and respiratory function, motor impairment, and other physical parameters.",
"\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nSample\n------\n\nForty-six adults aged from 22--59 years diagnosed with CP were examined. ",
"Most of them had congenital CP; only four had the same syndromes (ie, tetraparesis acquired after traumatic brain injury many years ago). ",
"Four patients (8.7%) were classified as GMFCS level I, three (6.5%) as GMFCS level II, 18 (39.1%) as GMFCS level III, and 21 (45.7%) as GMFCS level IV. ",
"The presence or absence of scoliosis was determined by an experienced orthopedic surgeon. ",
"Sixteen of the patients (34.8%) were diagnosed as having scoliosis. ",
"All individuals were involved in the general rehabilitation and training program at a center for persons with CP. ",
"The therapy program ran during the patients' work day and was comprised of speech therapy, physiotherapy, and occupational therapy, as well as respiratory exercises. ",
"To protect each participant's identity, no personal information (eg, age, weight, diagnosis, height, sex) is disclosed here. ",
"All experimental procedures were approved by the ethics committee of the faculty of medicine of the Technical University of Munich (reference 43/14). ",
"Informed consent was obtained from all participants before starting the measurements.",
"\n\nSpirometry\n----------\n\nVC was measured with a spirometer (MiniSpir^®^) from MIR (Medical International Research Srl, Rome, Italy). ",
"The spirometer was connected to a computer via a universal serial bus (USB) cable and controlled via the software supplied. ",
"For hygiene reasons, individual disposable turbines were used to perform the measurements.",
"\n\nDuring the measurement, the participant was asked to completely enclose the turbine with his or her mouth, to inhale up to his or her maximum capacity, and then to exhale with the maximum force possible. ",
"The VC was determined as the difference in the volume between maximal inhalation and maximum exhalation. ",
"The measurement was repeated four to five times, and the maximum value was chosen. ",
"Some persons could not enclose the turbine completely with their mouths. ",
"In these cases, a mouthpiece made of rubber was used to help stream the inhaled air into the turbine.",
"\n\nOxygen saturation (pulse oximeter)\n----------------------------------\n\nOS refers to the concentration of oxygen in the blood. ",
"The values in the range of 96%--100% are considered normal. ",
"To measure the heart rate and OS in the blood, a pulse oximeter (PO80; Beurer GmbH, Ulm, Germany) was used. ",
"The pulse oximeter is ideal for measurements among people with CP because it is noninvasive, fast, and has no disturbing effects.",
"\n\nDuring the measurement, the oximeter was simply clamped to the tip of a finger and the result was read directly from the device. ",
"Alternatively, the oximeter was connected to a computer via a USB to record the course of OS and heart rate. ",
"Recordings were made over a period of 5 minutes with a sampling rate of 1 Hz. ",
"In the evaluation, an average value over the entire measurement period was calculated.",
"\n\nChest expansion\n---------------\n\nCE was measured with a tapeline for maximum inspiration and expiration, and also during normal breathing. ",
"The tapeline was positioned slightly below the mammillary line. ",
"CE was calculated as the difference, in cm, between the perimeter of the chest at maximum inspiration and that at full expiration. ",
"To compare the measured values of CE with the normal values reported by Moll and Wright,[@b8-ppa-8-1691] the patients were assigned to different groups based on age.",
"\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nThe data were analyzed using the R-package STATS for Windows.[@b9-ppa-8-1691] We investigated the relationship between VC and CE. ",
"The association between OS and CE and the relationship of OS to the deviation of the measured CE (DCE) from the norm were analyzed. ",
"We also examined the association between OS and VC and between OS and the deviation of VC (DVC) from the norm. ",
"The norm values of VC were calculated using the following formulas:[@b10-ppa-8-1691]\n\nVC\n\n(\n\nmale\n\n,\n\n in l\n\n)\n\n=\n\n10\n\n−\n\n3\n\n×\n\n(\n\n27.63\n\n−\n\n(\n\n0.112\n\n×\n\nage\n\n)\n\n)\n\n×\n\nheight\n\n(\n\ncm\n\n)\n\nVC\n\n(\n\nfemale\n\n,\n\n in l\n\n)\n\n=\n\n10\n\n−\n\n3\n\n×\n\n(\n\n21.78\n\n−\n\n(\n\n0.101\n\n×\n\nage\n\n)\n\n)\n\n×\n\nheight\n\n(\n\ncm\n\n)\n\nA comparison of the DCE, DVC, and OS between patients with and without scoliosis was carried out. ",
"In the statistical analysis, Student's *t*-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson's correlation, and the *χ*^2^ test were used, depending on the variables and objectives. ",
"The significance was set at *P*\\<0.05.",
"\n\nResults\n=======\n\nFor all individuals, independent of the severity of the diagnosis and GMFCS, the OS showed physiological values ([Table 1](#t1-ppa-8-1691){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"The mean values of CE were below the normal values in all age groups[@b8-ppa-8-1691] (see [Table 1](#t1-ppa-8-1691){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Figure 1](#f1-ppa-8-1691){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"For example, in the age group of 25--34 years, the mean CE was 4.37 cm smaller for males and 3.21 cm smaller in females when compared to the normal values. ",
"The values of VC were also lower than the matched norm values (see [Table 1](#t1-ppa-8-1691){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Figure 2](#f2-ppa-8-1691){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\nBoth CE and VC varied inversely with the GMFCS: the greater the level of severity, the lower the mean values of CE and VC that were measured (see [Figures 3](#f3-ppa-8-1691){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [4](#f4-ppa-8-1691){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"This dependency was not statistically significant for CE (ANOVA, *P*=0.08), but it was significant for VC (ANOVA, *P*=0.012). ",
"Despite the decrease in CE and VC with GMFCS, no changes in OS with GMFCS level were observed (ANOVA, *P*\\>0.12).",
"\n\nWe verified the hypothesis that VC and CE were correlated, and the degree of their functional dependency. ",
"To this end, polynomial predictors of degree *n*, *n*=1--6 based on the nonlinear regression analyses that were used.[@b9-ppa-8-1691] The computed *R*^2^ values (the coefficients of determination) and Pearson's coefficients (*r*) of the correlation between the measured and predicted values are presented in [Table 2](#t2-ppa-8-1691){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"Both *R*^2^ values (the coefficients of determination) and Pearson's coefficients (*r*) of correlation are sufficiently large. ",
"Additionally, Pearson's correlation test confirms the significant correlation between the measured and predicted values, with *P*-values \\<0.05 beginning from *n*=2.",
"\n\nThe hypothesis on the presence of a correlation between CE and OS, as well as their degree of functional dependency, was verified. ",
"As expected, the *R*^2^ values grow with *n*, but they remain sufficiently small (see [Table 2](#t2-ppa-8-1691){ref-type=\"table\"}), which points to the absence of significant functional dependency between OS and CE. ",
"Pearson's correlation coefficients are also sufficiently small. ",
"Moreover, Pearson's correlation test proves the hypothesis that there is zero correlation between the measured and predicted values, with relative large *P*-values ([Table 2](#t2-ppa-8-1691){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Additionally, the nonparametric *χ*^2^ test shows a high level of independence of the measured and predicted random values for all *n*. ",
"The magnitude of *P*-values for the *χ*^2^ test is about 0.35 for all *n*. ",
"These results show the low likelihood of the presence of a functional dependency between OS and CE.",
"\n\nThe analogous statistical results listed in [Table 2](#t2-ppa-8-1691){ref-type=\"table\"} show the absence of the significant correlation and functional dependency between OS and the DCE from the norm values reported by Moll and Wright;[@b8-ppa-8-1691] see the computed *R*^2^ values, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and *P*-values. ",
"Moreover, a significant correlation and functional dependency between OS and VC and between OS and the DVC was also absent (see the corresponding *R*^2^ values, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and *P*-values listed in [Table 2](#t2-ppa-8-1691){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\nTo study the influence of scoliosis on VC and CE, two groups of individuals were considered: the first one included 15 people with scoliosis (SG); and the second one contained 23 people without scoliosis (NSG). ",
"We examined the DVC from the norm values computed by Equations [1](#fd1-ppa-8-1691){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} and [2](#fd2-ppa-8-1691){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}. ",
"The mean value of the DVC for the SG was equal to 2.189±0.434 L, the mean value for the NSG was equal to 1.216±0.388 L. This difference is statistically significant (*t*-test, *P*\\<0.001); that is, the two groups have different DVCs.",
"\n\nThe second question concerned the deviation, DCE, in the SG and NSG. ",
"The mean values were equal to 4.006 cm for SG and 3.382 cm for NSG. ",
"The difference was not statistically significant (*t*-test, *P*=0.365). ",
"Nevertheless, it should be noted that the 95% confidence interval for the *t*-test (−0.763 to 2.013) shifted towards positive values, which indicates that the DCE for the SG is greater than that for the NSG; that is, the SG showed a larger deviation from the normal values than did the NSG.",
"\n\nIt should be noted that no significant difference in the OS for the SG (mean ± standard deviation \\[SD\\]=96.33%±1.35%) and the NSG (mean ± SD=97.086%±0.521%) was found (*t*-test, *P*=0.668). ",
"The confidence interval (−2.175 to 0.668) shifted towards negative values, indicating that -- though not significantly different -- the mean OS for the SG is lower than that for the NSG. ",
"Nevertheless, both means fell in the range of normal values.",
"\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nSimilar to Ezeugwu, who compared lung function in people with stroke and healthy controls,[@b12-ppa-8-1691] the chest excursion in our study was reduced in all age groups both for male and female individuals, as compared to the norm values reported by Moll and Wright.[@b8-ppa-8-1691] The reduced CE associated with CP is caused by weakness of the trunk muscles and difficulty in stabilizing trunk posture. ",
"However, the decreased CE does not affect the level of blood OS, which remains in the range of normal values.",
"\n\nHutzler et al[@b13-ppa-8-1691] observed reduced VC in children with CP when compared to matched healthy persons. ",
"Improvement of lung function was achieved via a swimming program that took place two times a week for 6 months. ",
"In our study, VC was also decreased when compared to the calculated aged-, body height- and sex-matched normal values. ",
"Nevertheless, the decreased VC did not influence OS in adults with CP.",
"\n\nAccording to our findings, scoliotic deformity of the spine causes additional restriction of the functionally related VC and CE, which is in agreement with the results by Campbell et al.[@b14-ppa-8-1691] Kalen et al[@b15-ppa-8-1691] compared OS in two groups of individuals with quadriplegia: one group had severe scoliosis; another group had mild or no curves. ",
"No differences in the OS levels were registered. ",
"In our study, no difference was established between the measured mean OS values for persons with scoliosis and those without scoliosis, which suggests that oxygen supply in adults can reach normal levels despite the larger DVC from normality with a diagnosis of scoliosis.",
"\n\nThe OS values were at physiological levels, despite the reduced VC and CE, the lack of correlation between VC and OS, and the lack of correlation between CE and OS. ",
"This suggests that there is an adaptation in the bodies of persons with CP to their reduced mobility, which is reflected in the normal OS values. ",
"The natural question that arises is how does OS remain at normal levels? ",
"All patients in this study underwent physiotherapy and performed respiratory exercises several times a week. ",
"Also, they frequently had different therapies like Bobath physiotherapy, breathing exercises, and speech and swallowing therapies to prevent contractures and to retain their mobility and facilitate their breathing. ",
"Moreover, they were regularly examined by an experienced orthopedic surgeon and internal doctor. ",
"Considering the positive results that swimming exercises have been observed to have on the enhancement of VC in children with CP,[@b13-ppa-8-1691] the normal levels of OS observed here likely reflect the training that these patients receive every week. ",
"Physical therapy and training programs should therefore be a part of schools and centers for persons with physical disabilities. ",
"Moreover, the mobility of individuals with CP is reduced, which suggests that they do not need the same physiological VC and CE as normally developed, healthy adults.",
"\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nA significant functional relationship between lung VC and the CE of adults with CP was established. ",
"Despite the reduced VC and decreased CE, with the exception of four patients that presented with levels between 90% and 94%, the blood OS levels were not lower than 95% for the majority of patients involved in the study. ",
"No significant functional dependencies were found between VC and OS and between CE and OS. ",
"Even in patients with scoliotic deformities of the spine, which contributed to a reduction in lung VC and CE, oxygen supply within the normal range was observed. ",
"We concluded that the body systems of adults with CP involved in regular physical therapy and training programs adapt to individual conditions over the long term to retain sufficient oxygen supply.",
"\n\nThe authors thank Stiftung Würth and Buhl-Strohmaier Stiftung for their financial support. ",
"The authors are also grateful to Dr Nikolai Botkin, Center of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, for his help with statistical analysis of the data.",
"\n\n**Disclosure**\n\nThe authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.",
"\n\n![",
"Chest expansion.\\\n**Note:** Measured values (blue rhombs) with matched norm values (red squares) given by Moll and Wright. ",
"Adapted by permission from BMJ Publishing Group Limited. ",
"An objective clinical study of chest expansion, Moll JM, Wright V, 31(1), 1--8, Copyright © 1972.[@b8-ppa-8-1691]](ppa-8-1691Fig1){#f1-ppa-8-1691}\n\n![",
"Vital capacity.\\\n**Notes:** Measured values (blue rhombs) with matched normal values (red squares). ",
"Matched normal values calculated using formulas from Rollings.[@b10-ppa-8-1691]](ppa-8-1691Fig2){#f2-ppa-8-1691}\n\n{#f3-ppa-8-1691}\n\n{#f4-ppa-8-1691}\n\n###### \n\nMeasurement results\n\n N VC (L) Normal VC (L) Inspiration (cm) Expiration (cm) CE (cm) OS (%)\n ---- -------- --------------- ------------------ ----------------- --------- --------\n 1 1.20 Absent Sick Sick Sick 99\n 2 1.86 2.69 88.50 85.50 2.50 97\n 3 2.03 2.84 Absent Absent Absent 97\n 4 1.00 3.12 Absent Absent Absent 97\n 5 2.00 4.01 87.50 85.50 2.00 98\n 6 2.65 3.85 119.50 117.50 2.00 96\n 7 2.75 3.32 112.00 110.00 2.00 95\n 8 3.00 4.35 96.00 86.50 9.50 99\n 9 1.80 4.04 Absent Absent Absent 99\n 10 Absent 3.88 84.00 82.00 2.00 Absent\n 11 3.52 4.23 94.00 86.00 8.00 98\n 12 4.00 4.13 Absent Absent Absent 97\n 13 1.99 3.99 97.50 94.00 3.50 98\n 14 1.80 3.88 91.50 90.00 1.50 98\n 15 5.00 4.89 119.00 116.00 3.00 96\n 16 2.66 4.04 Absent Absent Absent 97\n 17 1.28 3.63 Sick Sick Sick 95\n 18 5.52 4.7 137.00 133.50 3.50 97\n 19 1.00 3.92 Absent Absent Absent 97\n 20 3.11 4.01 121.50 119.50 2.00 96\n 21 1.00 3 104.00 103.00 1.00 97\n 22 3.11 4.22 108.50 106.00 2.50 97\n 23 1.69 3.46 96.00 94.50 1.50 95\n 24 1.00 3.55 91.00 89.00 2.00 98\n 25 0.68 3.91 103.50 102.00 1.50 97\n 26 2.09 3.79 88.00 83.00 5.00 94\n 27 0.78 3.36 90.00 90.00 0.00 93\n 28 1.80 3.91 118.00 117.00 1.00 98\n 29 2.20 3.97 98.00 96.00 2.00 99\n 30 4.00 3.8 111.50 110.50 1.00 99\n 31 2.50 3.56 98.00 97.00 1.00 95\n 32 0.87 3.38 112.00 109.00 3.00 90\n 33 1.00 3.5 103.00 100.00 3.00 98\n 34 Absent 3.58 Absent Absent Absent 94\n 35 Absent 3.91 102.00 100.50 1.50 98\n 36 2.40 3.56 106.00 100.50 5.50 99\n 37 Absent 3.11 94.50 94.00 0.50 99\n 38 1.26 3.36 94.00 94.00 0.00 98\n 39 Absent 3.83 Absent Absent Absent 99\n 40 Absent 3.73 96.00 94.00 2.00 99\n 41 2.30 4.27 102.00 101.00 1.00 96\n 42 Absent 3.89 103.50 103.00 0.50 Absent\n 43 2.00 4.3 102.00 98.00 4.00 97\n 44 1.80 3.92 87.00 85.00 2.00 97\n 45 2.21 3.54 87.00 85.00 2.00 97\n 46 2.90 4 103.00 99.50 3.50 97\n\n**Abbreviations:** N, number; VC, vital capacity; CE, chest expansion; OS, oxygen saturation.",
"\n\n###### \n\nResults of the statistical analysis\n\n *n* Degrees of polynomial approximation \n --------------- ------- ------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------\n VC versus CE *R* 0.112 0.136 0.143 0.147 0.152 0.198\n *r* 0.335 0.369 0.379 0.384 0.391 0.445 \n *P* 0.066 0.04 0.035 0.033 0.03 0.012 \n CE versus OS *R* 0.019 0.046 0.059 0.089 0.110 0.110\n *R* 0.140 0.214 0.243 0.299 0.333 0.330 \n *P* 0.434 0.230 0.172 0.090 0.058 0.058 \n DCE versus OS *R* 0.0076 0.053 0.055 0.056 0.060 0.104\n *R* 0.087 0.231 0.236 0.237 0.245 0.323 \n *P* 0.622 0.187 0.178 0.176 0.161 0.060 \n VC versus OS *R* 0.023 0.056 0.070 0.110 0.151 0.168\n *r* 0.152 0.242 0.265 0.332 0.389 0.410 \n *P* 0.355 0.137 0.102 0.004 0.014 0.010 \n DVC versus OS *R* 0.017 0.023 0.024 0.037 0.104 0.105\n *r* 0.129 0.153 0.155 0.192 0.322 0.323 \n *P* 0.430 0.352 0.345 0.241 0.050 0.040 \n\n**Notes:** *n*, degree of polynomial approximation; *R*, *R*^2^ values; *r*, Pearson's correlation coefficients; *P*, *P*-values.",
"\n\n**Abbreviations:** VC, vital capacity; CE, chest expansion; OS, oxygen saturation; DCE, deviation of the measured chest expansion from the normal values; DVC, deviation of the measured vital capacity from the normal values.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[
"# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\n\n# Copyright 2014 OpenMarket Ltd\n# Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.",
"\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.",
"\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.",
"\n\nimport sqlite3\nimport logging\nimport os\n\nlogger = logging.getLogger(__name__)\n\nclass SqliteDatabase:\n def __init__(self, syd):\n self.sydent = syd\n\n dbFilePath = self.sydent.cfg.get(\"db\", \"db.file\")\n logger.info(\"Using DB file %s\", dbFilePath)\n\n self.db = sqlite3.connect(dbFilePath)\n curVer = self._getSchemaVersion()\n\n # We always run the schema files if the version is zero: either the db is\n # completely empty and schema-less or it has the v0 schema, which is safe to\n # replay the schema files. ",
"The files in the sql directory are the v0 schema, so\n # a new installations will start as v0 then be upgraded to the current version.",
"\n if curVer == 0:\n self._createSchema()\n self._upgradeSchema()\n\n def _createSchema(self):\n logger.info(\"Running schema files...\")\n schemaDir = os.path.dirname(__file__)\n\n c = self.db.cursor()\n\n for f in os.listdir(schemaDir):\n if not f.endswith(\".sql\"):\n continue\n scriptPath = os.path.join(schemaDir, f)\n fp = open(scriptPath, 'r')\n try:\n logger.info(\"Importing %s\", scriptPath)\n c.executescript(fp.read())\n except:\n logger.error(\"Error importing %s\", scriptPath)\n raise\n fp.close()\n\n c.close()\n self.db.commit()\n\n def _upgradeSchema(self):\n curVer = self._getSchemaVersion()\n\n if curVer < 1:\n cur = self.db.cursor()\n\n # add auto_increment to the primary key of local_threepid_associations to ensure ids are never re-used,\n # allow the mxid column to be null to represent the deletion of a binding\n # and remove not null constraints on ts, notBefore and notAfter (again for when a binding has been deleted\n # and these wouldn't be very meaningful)\n logger.info(\"Migrating schema from v0 to v1\")\n cur.execute(\"DROP INDEX IF EXISTS medium_address\")\n cur.execute(\"DROP INDEX IF EXISTS local_threepid_medium_address\")\n cur.execute(\"ALTER TABLE local_threepid_associations RENAME TO old_local_threepid_associations\");\n cur.execute(\n \"CREATE TABLE local_threepid_associations (id integer primary key autoincrement, \"\n \"medium varchar(16) not null, \"\n \"address varchar(256) not null, \"\n \"mxid varchar(256), \"\n \"ts integer, \"\n \"notBefore bigint, \"\n \"notAfter bigint)\"\n )\n cur.execute(\n \"INSERT INTO local_threepid_associations (medium, address, mxid, ts, notBefore, notAfter) \"\n \"SELECT medium, address, mxid, ts, notBefore, notAfter FROM old_local_threepid_associations\"\n )\n cur.execute(\n \"CREATE UNIQUE INDEX local_threepid_medium_address on local_threepid_associations(medium, address)\"\n )\n cur.execute(\"DROP TABLE old_local_threepid_associations\")\n\n # same autoincrement for global_threepid_associations (fields stay non-nullable because we don't need\n # entries in this table for deletions, we can just delete the rows)\n cur.execute(\"DROP INDEX IF EXISTS global_threepid_medium_address\")\n cur.execute(\"DROP INDEX IF EXISTS global_threepid_medium_lower_address\")\n cur.execute(\"DROP INDEX IF EXISTS global_threepid_originServer_originId\")\n cur.execute(\"DROP INDEX IF EXISTS medium_lower_address\")\n cur.execute(\"DROP INDEX IF EXISTS threepid_originServer_originId\")\n cur.execute(\"ALTER TABLE global_threepid_associations RENAME TO old_global_threepid_associations\");\n cur.execute(\n \"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS global_threepid_associations \"\n \"(id integer primary key autoincrement, \"\n \"medium varchar(16) not null, \"\n \"address varchar(256) not null, \"\n \"mxid varchar(256) not null, \"\n \"ts integer not null, \"\n \"notBefore bigint not null, \"\n \"notAfter integer not null, \"\n \"originServer varchar(255) not null, \"\n \"originId integer not null, \"\n \"sgAssoc text not null)\"\n )\n cur.execute(\n \"INSERT INTO global_threepid_associations \"\n \"(medium, address, mxid, ts, notBefore, notAfter, originServer, originId, sgAssoc) \"\n \"SELECT medium, address, mxid, ts, notBefore, notAfter, originServer, originId, sgAssoc \"\n \"FROM old_global_threepid_associations\"\n )\n cur.execute(\"CREATE INDEX global_threepid_medium_address on global_threepid_associations (medium, address)\")\n cur.execute(\n \"CREATE INDEX global_threepid_medium_lower_address on \"\n \"global_threepid_associations (medium, lower(address))\"\n )\n cur.execute(\n \"CREATE UNIQUE INDEX global_threepid_originServer_originId on \"\n \"global_threepid_associations (originServer, originId)\"\n )\n cur.execute(\"DROP TABLE old_global_threepid_associations\")\n self.db.commit()\n logger.info(\"v0 -> v1 schema migration complete\")\n self._setSchemaVersion(1)\n\n if curVer < 2:\n logger.info(\"Migrating schema from v1 to v2\")\n cur = self.db.cursor()\n cur.execute(\"CREATE INDEX threepid_validation_sessions_mtime ON threepid_validation_sessions(mtime)\")\n self.db.commit()\n logger.info(\"v1 -> v2 schema migration complete\")\n self._setSchemaVersion(2)\n\n if curVer < 3:\n cur = self.db.cursor()\n\n # Add lookup_hash columns to threepid association tables\n cur.execute(\n \"ALTER TABLE local_threepid_associations \"\n \"ADD COLUMN lookup_hash VARCHAR(256)\"\n )\n cur.execute(\n \"ALTER TABLE global_threepid_associations \"\n \"ADD COLUMN lookup_hash VARCHAR(256)\"\n )\n cur.execute(\n \"CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS lookup_hash_medium \"\n \"on global_threepid_associations \"\n \"(lookup_hash, medium)\"\n )\n\n # Create hashing_metadata table to store the current lookup_pepper\n cur.execute(\n \"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS hashing_metadata (\"\n \"id integer primary key, \"\n \"lookup_pepper varchar(256)\"\n \")\"\n )\n\n self.db.commit()\n logger.info(\"v2 -> v3 schema migration complete\")\n self._setSchemaVersion(3)\n\n if curVer < 4:\n cur = self.db.cursor()\n cur.execute(\"CREATE TABLE accounts(user_id TEXT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, created_ts BIGINT NOT NULL, consent_version TEXT)\")\n cur.execute(\"CREATE TABLE tokens(token TEXT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, user_id TEXT NOT NULL)\")\n cur.execute(\"CREATE TABLE accepted_terms_urls(user_id TEXT NOT NULL, url TEXT NOT NULL)\")\n cur.execute(\"CREATE UNIQUE INDEX accepted_terms_urls_idx ON accepted_terms_urls (user_id, url)\")\n self.db.commit()\n logger.info(\"v3 -> v4 schema migration complete\")\n self._setSchemaVersion(4)\n\n if curVer < 5:\n # Fix lookup_hash index for selecting on mxid instead of medium\n cur = self.db.cursor()\n cur.execute(\"DROP INDEX IF EXISTS lookup_hash_medium\")\n cur.execute(\"CREATE INDEX global_threepid_lookup_hash ON global_threepid_associations(lookup_hash)\")\n self.db.commit()\n logger.info(\"v4 -> v5 schema migration complete\")\n self._setSchemaVersion(5)\n\n def _getSchemaVersion(self):\n cur = self.db.cursor()\n res = cur.execute(\"PRAGMA user_version\");\n row = cur.fetchone()\n return row[0]\n\n def _setSchemaVersion(self, ver):\n cur = self.db.cursor()\n # NB. ",
"pragma doesn't support variable substitution so we\n # do it in python (as a decimal so we don't risk SQL injection)\n res = cur.execute(\"PRAGMA user_version = %d\" % (ver,));\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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] | 0.008998 | 5 |
[
"Injuries No Big Deal for Camozzi\n\n“I’m kind of a roughneck, scrappy person. ",
"I don’t have a lot of talents but fighting is one of them. ",
"I’m always up for a challenge and I’ll fight through anything.\"",
"\n\nSometimes a man is faced with only two choices, neither of them good. ",
"That was the case for Chris Camozzi last year when he reluctantly consulted a doctor about extreme pain in his jaw and an inability to chew on anything.",
"\n\nThe doc gave the pro fighter two options: A) No solid foods or chewing for six weeks or B) get your jaw wired shut for even longer.",
"\n\n“I chose not to chew anything,” said the 24-year-old middleweight, who is slated to clash with Kyle Noke on the main card of UFC 127 later this month in Sydney, Australia. ",
"Noke (18-4-1) is an Australian who once served as a bodyguard for the late Steve Irwin, best known as the “Crocodile Hunter.”",
"\n\nCamozzi’s broken jaw ordeal is a testament to his extraordinary toughness and will to win. ",
"The Coloradan suffered the injury during a preliminary bout against Victor O’Donnell on The Ultimate Fighter 11 last year. ",
"At stake: a chance to become one of 16 fighters to get into the house and compete for a six-figure UFC contract.",
"\n\nEarly in the first round, during a ferocious back-and-forth slugfest, O’Donnell landed a potent right cross to Camozzi’s chin.",
"\n\n“I felt a loud pop in my ears,” Camozzi said. “",
"But you’ve got to fight through things. ",
"It was nothing that would stop me from finishing.”",
"\n\nO’Donnell emerged from the scrap even more damaged, suffering a fractured orbital bone en route to losing three-round affair. ",
"Camozzi’s injury initially went undiagnosed and he preferred it that way. ",
"But his inability to chew any foods soon created a problem.",
"\n\n“I planned on fighting and I tried to avoid going to the doctor,” he said. “",
"I think I could’ve fought. ",
"I wanted it so badly that I was willing to do whatever. ",
"I figured I could fix it later. ",
"You know, pain doesn’t usually last forever … But the producers made me go to see the doctor and I was sent home. ",
"It was pretty devastating, not knowing if I would get another shot.”",
"\n\nImpressed with Camozzi’s performance, the UFC tapped him for The TUF 11 Finale and he delivered, winning a unanimous decision over James Hammortree. ",
"Note: Camozzi triumphed despite dislocating a shoulder in the first round. ",
"He followed that up with a split decision victory over Dongi Yang to run his record to 2-0 in the UFC. ",
"Winner of four straight, Camozzi finds himself pitted against another TUF 11 alum whom he considers his mirror image.",
"\n\n“I have a lot of respect for him,” Camozzi said. “",
"He was one of the guys on the show that I liked as a person because he wasn’t there to be a clown or play up his persona; he was there to fight and win. ",
"Too many guys go on the show go and make a jackass of themselves.”",
"\n\nCamozzi admitted to being a little more nervous than usual as the showdown with Noke inches closer.",
"\n\n“It makes me a little nervous, which is good. ",
"I’ve only had that feeling in a few fights and the fights where I was nervous have always been my best performances,” said Camozzi (14-3). “",
"It means I don’t go in there overconfident but I don’t go in there scared, either. ",
"Being a little bit nervous puts me on my game.”",
"\n\nFor good measure, Camozzi has a large tattoo across his chest depicting two skulls with a heart valve and a grenade sandwiched in between them.",
"\n\n“I’ve always been told that I have a lot of heart and I agree,” he said. “",
"I’m kind of a roughneck, scrappy person. ",
"I don’t have a lot of talents but fighting is one of them. ",
"I’m always up for a challenge and I’ll fight through anything. ",
"Like the jaw … in the finale I dislocated my shoulder in the first round and fought through that. ",
"The grenade is a reminder of if you’re willing to push through anything … grenades will take out anything. ",
"Fighters with heart go farther than guys going on just skill.”",
"\n\nHis track record is proof of that claim. ",
"And Camozzi said that as his career evolves he will continue to draw strength and educational value from his broken jaw experience.",
"\n\n“That’s given me more urgency to win fights quickly,” he said, mindful of making the most of his second go-round with the UFC. “",
"In the end it all worked out well. ",
"They gave me another opportunity and I made the most of it.”",
"\n\nWatch the full replay of the London press conference featuring Jose Aldo, Conor McGregor, and Dana White.",
"\n\nMar 31, 2015\n\nJose Aldo and Conor McGregor cross the pond to England. ",
"Aldo cheers on his countrymen to victory in a soccer game, and the two face off once more at a tension-filled press conference. ",
"Tickets for UFC 189 are now on sale at UFCFIGHTWEEK.com.",
"\n\nMar 31, 2015\n\nJose Aldo and Conor McGregor cross the pond to England. ",
"Aldo cheers on his countrymen to victory in a soccer game, and the two face off once more at a tension-filled press conference. ",
"Tickets for UFC 189 are now on sale at UFCFIGHTWEEK.com.",
"\n\nMar 31, 2015\n\nJose Aldo and Conor McGregor take over chilly Toronto. ",
"As Aldo’s patience for McGregor’s trash talk wears thin, Dana White is forced to play peacemaker on set, on stage and behind the scenes. ",
"Tickets for UFC 189 are now on sale at UFCFIGHTWEEK.com.",
"\n\nMar 30, 2015\n\nJose Aldo channels Tony Montana while his opponent Conor McGregor channels Muhammad Ali on a busy day in New York City. ",
"Aldo trains with his coaches while McGregor schools UFC President Dana White in jiu-jitsu.",
"\n\nMar 28, 2015\n\nJose Aldo and Conor McGregor share the stage yet again at The Strand Theatre. ",
"Buoyed by the Boston fans, Ireland’s McGregor wields more insults and taunts at the featherweight champion. ",
"Tickets for UFC 189 are on sale Friday, March 27."
] | {
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"A lawsuit against Jimmy John’s revealed that the sandwich shop forces all employees — including low-wage sandwich makers and delivery drivers — to sign an employment agreement with a non-competition clause that bars them from working for any competitor for two years after they leave, the Huffington Post reports.",
"\n\nSuch non-competition clauses are common among managers and other employees whose knowledge of a company’s business practices could be used by a competitor — but Jimmy John’s forces all employees to sign it.",
"\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nAccording to the agreement, employees must agree “that, during his or her employment with the Employer and for a period of two (2) years after…he or she will not have any direct or indirect interest in or perform services for…any business which derives more than ten percent (10%) of its revenue from selling submarine, hero-type, deli-style, pita and/or wrapped or rolled sandwiches and which is located with three (3) miles of…any such other Jimmy John’s Sandwich Shop.”",
"\n\nIn an email to the Huffington Post, Kathleen Chavez — a lawyer representing three former Jimmy John’s employees — wrote that a high school student in Illinois who worked for Jimmy John’s would be prevented from working anywhere that served sandwiches in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, because all such shops would fall within three miles of the University of Alabama campus.",
"\n\n“It is disturbing this document is being used and it is our position that it has broad impact on thousands of employees,” she wrote.",
"\n\nThe company is embroiled in numerous legal battles with its employees, some of whom are attempting to unionize, while others are fighting what the National Labor Relations Board recently deemed unfair labor practices.",
"\n\nThe owner of Jimmy John’s, James Liautaud, is an avid big game hunter who has come under fire not only for posing with his kills, but also for providing legally suspect funds to Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio’s “Sheriff’s Command Association.”"
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"Ellen Eglin\n\nEllen Eglin (1849 – after 1890) was an American inventor who invented a clothes wringer for washing machines.",
"\n\nPersonal \nEllen Eglin was born in 1849 in Washington, D.C. While living in D.C., Eglin made her living as a housekeeper and a government clerk.",
"\n\nInvention \n\nIn 1800s, she invented a special type of clothes-wringer which was a machine that had two rollers in a frame that was connected to a crank. ",
"Clothes would be fed in between the two rollers and as the crank was turned the clothes would have the water pressed out of them. ",
" A clothes wringer was made from two wooden pins that are on top of each other with a crank attached to allow the pins to roll. ",
"This invention came at a time when there were not a lot of ways to wash clothes other than with your hands. ",
"Therefore, this was an amazing invention and concept. ",
"However, Eglin decided to sell her patent to a “white person interested in manufacturing the product” for $18. ",
"In the April 1890 issue of Woman Inventor, Eglin was quoted as saying “You know I am black and if it was known that a Negro woman patented the invention, white ladies would not buy the wringer. ",
"I was afraid to be known because of my color in having it introduced into the market that is the only reason.” ",
"The buyer went on to reap considerable financial awards.",
"\n\nLater work \nAfter selling her clothes-wringer she remained hopeful to patent a second device. ",
"She was funding this invention by herself and wanted a patent for it so that people could know that “the invention will be known as a black woman’s.” ",
" Despite wanting to exhibit the new model at the Women's International Industrial Inventors Congress, she never went on to patent it. ",
"In fact, there is no information that she ever created this invention. ",
"She went on to work as a clerk in a census office. ",
"Eglin was in a rare position as an inventor because she was one of only a few African American women inventors. ",
"She set the stage for later inventors such as Madam C.J. Walker, as well as Sarah Boone. ",
"Although Eglin invention became very successful, there is still a lack of sources on the events that took place in her life.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal sources\n Patent of a Clothes Wringer from 1888\n Magazine showcasing Ellen Eglin\n\nCategory:People from Washington, D.C.\nCategory:African-American inventors\nCategory:American inventors\nCategory:Women inventors\nCategory:Year of death missing\nCategory:1849 births\nCategory:19th-century American businesspeople"
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"Our Vintner's Reserve Pinot Noir is sourced from some of the finest Pinot growing regions in the world: Santa Barbara, Monterey, Mendocino and Napa counties. ",
"Each region adds a layer of fruit, spice and texture that combine to create this alluring Pinot Noir release."
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"Cote de PabloAs Special Agent/Former Mossad Liaison Officer Ziva David\n\nRecap\n\nThe episode begins with a young Ziva praying with her family. ",
"Cut to present day, her praying in a synagogue, asking God why she should still have faith. ",
"Tony arrives. ",
"He wants to be anything she would want him to be. ",
"She tells him she does not want sympathy. ",
"She wants revenge. ",
"At NCIS, Jarvis gets 48 hours from the Secretary of State before they tell Israel what happened. ",
"They caught the shooter, but not the ones who hired him. ",
"Jarvis is angry that no one told him Eli David was in the country. ",
"Gibbs tells him that there was nothing much to tell. .."
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"Midgegooroo\n\nMidgegooroo (died 22 May 1833) was an Indigenous Australian elder of the Nyungar nation, who played a key role in Indigenous resistance to white settlement in the area of Perth, Western Australia. ",
" Everything documented about Midgegooroo (variously spelled in the record as 'Midgeegaroo', 'Midgegarew', 'Midgegoorong', Midgegoroo', Midjegoorong', 'Midjigoroo', 'Midgigeroo', Midjigeroo', 'Migegaroo', Migegaroom, 'Migegooroo', Midgecarro', 'Widgegooroo') is mediated through the eyes of the colonisers, some of whom, notably G.F. Moore, Robert Menli Lyon and Francis Armstrong, derived their information from discussions with contemporary Noongar people, in particular the son of Midgegooroo, Yagan. ",
" Largely due to his exploits in opposing colonisation and his relationship with Lyon and Moore, Yagan has a much sharper historical profile than his father. ",
"\nMidgegooroo was executed by firing squad and without trial under the authority of Lieutenant Governor Frederick Irwin in 1833.",
"\n\nEarly life\nNothing is known of Midgegooroo's life prior to the arrival of white settlers in 1829. ",
"At that time, Midgegooroo was the leader of his home country, Beeliar, which stretched from the Indian Ocean to the Canning River, south of the Swan River. ",
"Robert Menli Lyon reported that the northernmost land in Beeliar adjoined 'Melville Water and the Canning', and was bordered 'by the mountains on the east; by the sea on the west; and by a line, due east, from Mangles Bay, on the south.' ",
"Midgegooroo's main camp ('headquarters') was a place known as 'Mendyarrup, situated somewhere in Gaudoo', suggesting that it was in the vicinity of Blackwall Reach and Point Walter. ",
"However, Midgegooroo's family had some rights to use resources on a large part of what is now metropolitan Perth, and were able to move freely about an even larger area, presumably due to kinship ties with neighbours. ",
"For example, he was seen on some occasions as far afield as near Lake Monger and the Helena River.",
"\n\nIn 1830, Midgegooroo was reported to be an older man, short in stature with long hair and a 'remarkable bump' on his forehead, a physical description repeated on occasions over the next two and a half years, including in a deposition presented in evidence before his execution. ",
"Midgegooroo appears to have remained aloof from the colonists. ",
"There is evidence that he occasionally engaged in friendly communications with some local farmers, including Erin Entwhistle, a man he speared in 1831. ",
"Unlike some of the other named Aboriginal people of the region, including Yagan, Weeip and Yellagonga, Midgegooroo does not appear to have ever performed casual labour for colonists in any capacity, and continued to move around Beeliar with his wives and children. ",
" He was described as consistently hostile to the presence of Europeans on his country; 'a dangerous and furious ruffian.' ",
"He had at least two wives, the older described as 'rather tall and wanting her front teeth', the younger of whom was named Ganiup, and at least four sons, Yagan, Narral, Billy and Willim, and at least one brother. ",
"He appears to have spent much of his time 'taking care of the women and children of the tribe.'",
"\n\nConflicts with white settlers\nEarly relationships between Noongar and colonists at the Swan River colony have been documented by Neville Green and Bevan Carter. ",
" Both document a story in which Aboriginals of the Swan and Canning River areas consistently demonstrated their opposition to colonisation, initially manifested by shouted warnings and aggressive postures, but increasingly by hostility and violence. ",
"Lieutenant Governor Sir James Stirling, in his proclamation of the colony in June 1829, warned that Aboriginal people were protected by British laws and any colonist convicted of 'behaving in a fraudulent, cruel or felonious Manner towards the Aborigines of the Country' would be dealt with 'as if the same had been committed against any other of His Majesty's subjects.' ",
"Nonetheless, the first ten years of colonisation witnessed a significant level of violence in which a number of Europeans and Aboriginal people lost their lives. ",
"The actual death toll is unknown, but Carter in particular argues that the numbers of Aboriginal dead far exceeded the losses in the European community.",
"\n\nIt took some time before Swan River colonisers in the first four years of the settlement began to record the names of the Aboriginals of the Swan River region, but it is highly likely that Midgegooroo would have been one of those who observed the first British explorations in 1827 and the subsequent establishment in June 1829 of the port of Fremantle, the capital at Perth, satellite settlements at Guildford and further inland at York, and the network of small farms around the area. ",
"His first appearance in the colonial record may have been in May 1830 when an old man, tentatively identified by Sylvia Hallam and Lois Tilbrook as Midgegooroo, was found and beaten by a military detachment plucking two turkeys which had been stolen from a farm on the Canning River. ",
"The next day, a group of eight Aboriginal men, including 'Dencil' attacked a farm near Kelmscott and injured a settler named J.R. Phillips 'with whom they had always been friendly.' ",
"If Hallam and Tilbrook are correct and the old man was indeed Midgegooroo, he would quite early have been subjected to European violence in retaliation for actions he did not fully comprehend.",
"\n\nIn December 1830, Midgegooroo was camping by Lake Monger when two white labourers who were passing by stopped to shake hands with a group of indigenous women. ",
" When the two men returned later that day, Midgegooroo scared them off by threatening to spear one of them.",
"\n\nIn about February 1831, Midgegooroo was reported to have come to Lionel Samson's store in Fremantle and was given biscuits by a servant James Lacey. '",
"Midgegooroo was not satisfied, I was obliged to put him out of the store by force. ",
"As I was in the act of shutting the door he threw a spear at me through the open space of the door-way; it lodged in the opposite side. ",
"I went out of the store with a pickaxe in my hand to drive him out of the yard – he retreated when he saw me, and as I supposed he was going away, I threw down the pickaxe – he ran towards it, picked it up, and was in the act of throwing it at me, upon which I ran away, he then threw the pickaxe down the well.'",
"\n\nA few weeks later, Midgegooroo was involved in an incident that came to play a crucial part in his eventual execution. ",
"In apparent retaliation for the killing of an Aboriginal man in the act of taking potatoes and a fowl from the farm of Archibald Butler near Point Walter, Midgegooroo and Yagan attacked Butler's homestead and killed a servant Erin Entwhistle, whose son Ralph, then aged about ten, gave a deposition identifying Midgegooroo as the principal offender:\n\"They thrust spears through the wattle wall of the house – my father was ill at the time – he went out and was instantly speared. ",
"I saw the tall native called Yagan throw the first spear – which entered my father's breast, and another native Midgegooroo threw the second spear, which brought my father to the ground. ",
"I am quite sure the native now in Perth jail is the very same who threw the second spear at my father – I know him by the remarkable Bump on his forehead – and I had full time to mark him on the day of the Murder, for when my father fell, I and my brother ran into the inner room, and hid ourselves beneath the bed-stead. ",
"Midgegooroo came in and pulled all the clothes and bedding off the bed-stead, but there was a sack tied to the bottom of it, which he could not pull off, and by which we were still hid from him. ",
"I saw an old women rather tall and wanting her front teeth and who I have since been told by Midgegooroo himself is his wife, break my father's legs, and cut his head to pieces with an axe – Munday was one of the natives who attacked the house, but I did not see him throw a spear. ",
"My father had always been kind to Midgegooroo's tribe, and on good terms with them.\"",
"\n\nIn May 1833, colonist Charles Bourne recalled having sat on a jury inquiring into the death of Entwhistle which heard the evidence of Ralph Entwhistle and his younger brother. '",
"The description they gave so fully convinced the Jury that Midgegooroo was one of the principle perpetrators of the murder, that the Coroner, at their request, promised to recommend to the Government to proclaim him and the whole tribe outlaws.'",
"\n\nCharles Bourne figured again in the story when, in about May 1832, Midgegooroo and his wife attempted to break into their house in Fremantle. '",
"My wife told me', he recalled, 'that they had thrown two spears at her, and I saw the spears laying on the floor. ",
"Their violence was such that my wife was obliged to take a sword to them.' ",
"Later he was reported as having tried to take provisions from Thomas Hunt at his sawpit on the Canning River. ",
"Finally, he was reported as having set his dingos on a settler's pigs.",
"\n\nA police constable Thomas Hunt reported that he had known Midgegooroo for three years:\n\"When I lived on the opposite side of the river [on the Canning River] he and his wife used frequently to visit my residence. ",
"He was always present when they attempted to plunder and acted either as the spy or the instigator. ",
"He has come to my tent door, and pointed to any provisions which might be hanging up and openly thrust in some other of his tribe to take them away. ",
"I have frequently been obliged to make a show of hostility before he would desist. ",
"He has also set two native dogs at my pigs, which they have followed to the very door of my tent. ",
"He and his tribe have repeatedly robbed me whilst I was working at a saw pit on the Canning, and on those occasions I have watched him, and distinctly observed that he acted as a spy, and gave warnings when we approached. ",
"I have heard almost every person who has known him, speak of him as a dangerous and furious ruffian.\"",
"\n\nIn May 1832, Yagan was arrested for the murder of William Gaze on the Canning River, an incident that lead to his declaration as an outlaw, imprisonment on Carnac Island with Lyon, and subsequent escape. ",
"In March 1833, a number of Noongar men from King George's Sound visited Perth at the instigation of the Government. ",
"This was the second visit of King George's Sound people that year, apparently for the purpose of encouraging 'amicable relationships on the Swan like those at the Sound.' ",
"Yagan and ten of his countrymen had met the first visitors at Lake Monger and, when the next group arrived, he was keen to present a corroboree for them in Perth before an 'overflowing audience', which included the Lieutenant Governor Frederick Irwin. ",
"Yagan acted as 'master of ceremonies, and acquitted himself with infinite dignity and grace.' ",
" Although Yagan's group was referred to as 'Midgegooroo's group', it is unclear whether the old man also attended.",
"\n\nIn April 1833, an incident occurred in Fremantle that led directly to the declaration of Midgegooroo and Yagan as outlaws. ",
"A group of Aboriginal people, including a classificatory brother of Yagan named Domjun, broke into stores occupied by Mr. Downing. ",
"William Chidlow, who lived nearby:\n\"… perceived two or three natives in the act of breaking into the stores; he aroused some of his neighbours and each being armed, they surprized the natives in the fact [sic.], ",
"Chidlow fired and Domjum fell; the guns of the persons who accompanied Chidlow were discharged at the natives, as they fled; and there is every reason took effect, but did not prove fatal. ",
"Domjum was conveyed to the jail where he received medical attendance; the ball lodged in his head, and although the brains were exuding from the cavity, he lingered for three days before he expired.\" ",
" \nThe next morning, Yagan and a number of others crossed the Swan River near Preston Point and told Mr. Weavell's servant that they were going to the Canning River to 'spear 'white man', and fixing his spear into a throwing stick, he rushed into the bush, followed by his infuriated tribe.' ",
" At noon, Yagan, Midgegooroo, Munday, Migo and 'about 30 Natives', who 'appeared to be friendly', encountered Mr. Phillips and four other white men, including Thomas and John Velvick, who were employed as farm labourers at the entrance of Bull's Creek on the Canning River. ",
"The white men were loading a quantity of provisions for Phillips' farm at Maddington, onto carts when Midgegooroo inquired about the number of men in the first cart which had already left the scene. ",
"According to a witness, Thomas Yule:\n\"There were about thirty natives present, amongst whom I saw Yagan, Midgegooroo, Migo, and Munday. ",
"Their conduct was perfectly friendly. ",
"They appeared very anxious to know how many persons were to accompany the carts and the direction they were going. ",
"A few potatoes were given to them which they had roasted and eaten. ",
"When the carts were loaded and departed, the Natives went off in almost a parallel direction. ",
"I saw two of them pick up spears at a distance of about one hundred yards from Flaherty's stores; I separated from Mr Phillips and came on to Fremantle.\"",
"\n\nFrederick Irwin described the episode in his dispatch to the Secretary of State for Colonies:\n\"They left the place at the same time with the carts, and in a parallel, tho' distant line. ",
"The foremost cart had proceeded four miles and was in advance of the rest a quarter of a Mile, when the Natives suddenly surrounded it and murdered with circumstances of great barbarity, the two Drivers named John and Thomas Velvick, whose cries brought up the proprietor of the Cart Mr Phillips of the Canning, who arrived in time to recognize distinctly a Native of great notoriety throughout the settlement named Yagan, while the latter was in the act of repeatedly thrusting his spear into the body of one of the deceased. ",
"The surprise appears to have been so complete that the deceased had no time to take hold of their muskets which were in the cart. ",
"The fortunate and distinct recognition of the native above mentioned by Mr Phillips, a gentleman of unquestionable character, satisfactorily identified the tribe actually committing the murder, with that of which the native shot at Fremantle was a member, and the movements of which have above been traced from Fremantle to the vicinity of the scene of the murders. ",
"The Head or leader of this tribe, an elderly man well known by the name of Midgegooroo, is father of the above-mentioned Yagan, and the native killed at Fremantle, and has long borne a bad character as the repeated perpetrator of several acts of bloodshed and robbery. ",
"He, Yagan, and another of the tribe named Munday (remarkable even during the friendly visits of his tribe to Perth for his sullen behaviour and ungovernable temper) were recognized by several credible witnesses as being present, and making the enquiries before alluded to, before the loading of the Carts at Bull's Creek.\"",
"\n\nAccording to his account, Irwin immediately conferred with his Executive Council 'to take such steps for a prompt and summary retaliation, as the means at my disposal admitted.' ",
"A proclamation was issued and published in the Perth Gazette offering a reward of 30 pounds for the capture 'dead or alive' of Yagan, and 20 pounds of 'Midgigooroo' and Munday. ",
"The proclamation declared Yagan, Midgegooroo and Munday to be outlaws 'deprived of the protection of British laws, and I do hereby authorize and command all and every His Majesty's subjects residents in any part of this colony to capture, or aid or assist in capturing the body of the said 'Egan' DEAD OR ALIVE, and to produce the said body forthwith before the nearest Justice of the Peace.' ",
"\nFrederick Irwin rationalized his actions to the Secretary of State in the following terms:\nThis pecuniary stimulus has had the hoped for effect, by bringing forward some efficient volunteers among the Settlers whose ----- and occupations have necessarily given them a more intimate knowledge of the haunts of the natives in the neighbourhood of the settled district than is possessed by the Military, but no volunteers have received permission to act unless headed by a Magistrate or a Constable. ",
"Parties of the Military have also been in constant movement, traversing the bush is such directions as reports or conjecture rendered most likely to lead to a discovery of the lurking place of the offending tribes. ",
"These parties have all received express instructions to attempt the lives of no other than the three outlaws, unless hostility on the part of others of the tribe should render it necessary in self defense. ",
"I am happy to say these measures have already been attended with considerable effect. ",
"The whole of this hostile tribe have been harassed by the constant succession of parties sent against them, and in some instances have been hotly pursued to a considerable distance in different directions.",
"\n\nCapture and execution\nBy the time Irwin's dispatch had been received in London, Midgegooroo had been captured and executed. ",
"Despite his efforts to convince his superiors that his actions were justified, Irwin was criticized by the Secretary of State, who would have preferred a sentence of imprisonment, believing that execution would do little to improve relationships between the Aboroginals and the colonists. ",
"But as Irwin intended, the search for Midgegooroo, Yagan and Munday proceeded quickly as the military and private settlers combed the region. ",
"\nOne volunteer party led by a colonist named Thomas Hunt (according to G.F. Moore, 'a most appropriate name' who had previously been a constable in London) headed south 'in the direction of the Murray' and came across a number of 'native huts' not far from the south shore of the Swan. ",
"They 'routed' the Aboriginal people there, and pursued a group south, shooting and killing one man who was believed to be the brother of Midgegooroo and according to Moore, bringing his ears home 'as a token.' ",
"\nAccording to the Perth Gazette, throughout the period immediately after the proclamation, Midgegooroo remained near the property of the Drummonds on the Helena River 'employed as he usually had been of late in taking care of the women and children of the tribe' and clearly unaware of his outlaw status and his impending doom. ",
"On Thursday 16 May, a military party led by Captain Ellis, acting on information that Midgegooroo was in the area, joined forces with a number of civilians, including Thomas Hardey and J. Hancock. ",
"After camping overnight, the next morning they came across Midgegooroo and his young son:\nThe old man finding a retreat impossible, became desperate; Jeffers, a private of the 63rd … rushed forward and seized him by the hair, Captain Ellis seized his spears and broke them in his hand, he still retained the barbed ends, with which he struck at Jeffers repeatedly; the alarm he created by crying out for Yagan, and the apprehensions of his escaping, required the exercise of the greatest firmness on the part of Captain Ellis to accomplish his being brought in alive. ",
"The capture of this man as effected in a masterly manner, and redounds highly to the credit of Captain Ellis. … ",
"Midgegooroo in his dungeon presents a most pitiable object.",
"\nIn the same issue, the Perth Gazette went on to invite citizens to 'forward the ends of justice' by coming forward with their evidence of Midgegooroo's wrongdoings, indicative of the close relationship between the early colonial media, the Government and the nascent system of justice. ",
"\nThe Perth Gazette constitutes one of the principle records of the events over the next few days, and it is difficult to be definite about the chronological sequence between Midgegooroo's capture on 17 May and execution on the 22nd. ",
"It appears likely that Irwin spent the period weighing up his alternatives, consulting with the Executive Council as well as men such as G.F. Moore who, as well as being a private colonist, held the official post of Commissioner of the Civil Court. ",
"On Monday 20 May, Moore records a meeting with Irwin and hints that his personal view was that Midgegooroo should be transported but there was a strong public sentiment that he should be executed; 'there is a great puzzle to know what to do with him. ",
"The populace cry loudly for his blood, but it is a hard thing to shoot him in cold blood. ",
"There is a strong intention of sending him into perpetual banishment in some out of the way place.' ",
"Irwin told the Secretary of State he had conducted a 'patient examination' and had received statements from 'several credible witnesses', twelve-year-old Ralph Entwhistle, John Staunton of the 63rd Regiment of Foot, Charles Bourne, constable Thomas Hunt, James Lacey, Thomas Yule (sworn before Magistrates at Fremantle) and John Ellis. ",
"Each gave brief details of Midgegooroo's alleged crimes, and identified the prisoner as the same man. ",
"Irwin reported that he gave 'much anxious consideration' to Midgegooroo's punishment:\n\"The experiment of confinement, which had been tried to some extent in the case of the three Natives whose transportation to Carnac Island and ultimate escape I have reported to your Lordship in a former dispatch appeared to have produced no good effect on the subjects of that trial, and the age of the prisoner in question apparently exceeding fifty years, forbad any sanguine hopes from such an experiment in his case.\"",
"\n\nThere was no trial, even in the sense of an informal hearing. ",
"Midgegooroo was clearly not allowed the opportunity to give evidence or defend himself and indeed it is probable that he did not understand what was being alleged.",
"\n\nBy 22 May, Irwin had made up his mind:\n\"With the unanimous advice of the Council, I therefore decided on his execution as the only sure mode of securing the Colony from an enemy, who was doubly dangerous from his apparently implacable hostility and from his influence as an acknowledged Chief. ",
"The latter circumstance being also calculated to render his death a more striking example.\"",
"\nThe Perth Gazette recorded the execution as follows:\n\"In the absence of a Sherriff, the warrant was directed to the Magistrates of the District of Perth, the duty therefore devolved upon J. Morgan Esq., ",
"as Government Resident, who immediately proceeded to carry the sentence into execution.",
"\nThe death warrant was read aloud to the persons assembled who immediately afterwards went inside the Jail, with the Constables and the necessary attendants, to prepare the Prisoner for his fate. ",
"Midgegooroo, on seeing that preparations were making [sic.] ",
"to punish him, yelled and struggled most violently to escape. ",
"These efforts availed him little, in less than five minutes he was pinioned and blindfolded, and bound to the outer door of the Jail. ",
"The Resident then reported to his Honor the Lieutenant Governor (who was on the spot accompanied by the Members of the Council), that all was prepared, - the warrant being declared final – he turned around and gave the signal to the party of the 63rd [which had volunteered] to advance and halt at 6 paces, - they then fired – and Midgegooroo fell. – ",
"The whole arrangement and execution after the death warrant had been handed over to the Civil Authorities, did not occupy half an hour.\"",
"\n\nIrwin reported simply: 'He was accordingly shot, in front of the jail at Perth on the 22 Ultimo.' ",
"Moore also recorded the execution although it is not clear whether he was a witness: 'The native Midgegoroo, after being fully identified as being a principal in 3 murders at least, was fastened to the gaol door & fired on by a Military party, receiving 3 balls in his head, one in his body.'",
"\nAccording to the Perth Gazette, the execution was witnessed by a 'great number of persons … although the Execution was sudden and the hour unknown.'",
"\n\"The feeling which was generally expressed was that of satisfaction at what had taken place, and in some instances loud and vehement exaltation, which the solemnity of the scene, - a fellow human being – although a native – launched into eternity – ought to have suppressed.\"",
"\n \nThe aftermath\nIt appears from the extant record that, while there was a crowd in attendance at the execution, few if any Aboriginal people were present. ",
"The boy who was captured along with Midgegooroo, who was identified as his son 'Billy' (later referred to also as 'young Midgegooroo') was estimated to be between five and eight years old. ",
"He was removed 'out of sound and hearing of what was to happen to his father and has since been forwarded to the Government Schooner, Ellen, now lying off Garden Island, with particular instructions from the Magistrates to ensure him every protection and kind treatment.' ",
"Irwin informed the Secretary of State that 'the child has been kept in ignorance of his father's fate, and it is my present intention to retain him in confinement, and by kind treatment I am in hope from his tender age he may be so inured to civilized habits as to make it improbable he will revert to a barbarous life when grown up.'",
"\nThe Noongar population appears to have remained unaware of Midgegooroo's fate, possibly to ensure that the news would not reach the feared Yagan. ",
"Four days after the execution, G.F. Moore recorded an encounter with Yagan near his homestead when he arrived with Munday, Migo and seven others, possibly with the aim of finding out from Moore what had happened to his father. ",
"Moore, caught by surprise, decided to conceal the truth from Yagan, whereupon Yagan told him that if Midgegooroo's life was taken, he would retaliate by killing three white men. ",
"Six days later, it appears that news of the killing had still not penetrated the Noongar community for, when Moore was visited on 2 June by Weeip, Yagan's son Narral, and some women, they asked him again about Midgegooroo and his young son. ",
"Moore again concealed the execution but assured them that his son 'would come back again by & bye.' ",
"Two days later, Moore recorded that thefts of sheep and goats continued on the Canning River, and expressed his despair at the prospects for a people in whom he felt 'a very great interest': 'These things are very dispiriting. ",
"I fear it must come to an act of extermination between us at last if we cannot graze our flocks in safety.' ",
"It was not until 11 July that the colonists succeeded in killing Yagan, his death at the hands of sixteen-year-old James Keats on the Upper Swan, who duly collected his reward and left the colony.",
"\n\nThe Perth Gazette recorded its satisfaction at the deaths and believed that most of the citizenry supported the ruthless actions of the Government. ",
"Midgegooroo's execution, it claimed, met with 'general satisfaction … his name has long rung in our ears, associated with every enormity committed by the natives; we therefore join cordially in commending this prompt and decisive measure.' ",
"On the other hand, it is clear that a number of colonists were unhappy with the actions of the government. ",
"Robert Lyon, who published his account of the period in 1839 after he had left the colony, wrote that while the killing of Midgegooroo and Yagan was 'applauded by a certain class', they were 'far from being universally approved. ",
"Many were silent, but some of the most respectable of the settlers loudly expressed their disapprobation.' ",
"There was criticism also from other Australian colonies about the execution of Midgegooroo. ",
"The Hobart Town Review of 20 August 1833 was full of vitriol for Irwin's actions:\n\"It is hard to conceive any offence on the part of the poor unfortunate wretch that could justify the putting him to death, even in the open field, but to slay him in cool blood to us appears a cruel murder without palliation.\"",
"\n\nIrwin, however, was convinced that his actions were merited. ",
"Writing in England about two years after the events of 1833, he asserted that 'these acts of justice so completely succeeded in their object of intimidating the natives on the Swan and Canning Rivers that recent accounts from the colony represent the shepherds and others in the habit of going about the country, as having for a considerable laid aside their usual precaution of carrying firearms, so peaceable had the conduct of those tribes become.'",
"\n\nShortly after the death of Yagan, the Perth Gazette expressed hope that the Aboriginal people of the Swan and Canning Rivers would stop harassing colonists. ",
"At the same time, the way in which Yagan met his death was 'revolting to our feelings to hear this lauded as a meritorious deed.' ",
" 'What a fearful lesson of instruction have we given the savage!' ",
"the newspaper lamented. ",
"Munday approached the Lieutenant Governor seeking to make peace, and his outlaw status was annulled. ",
"Remarking on the apparent desire of Aboriginal visitors to the Perth town area to 'renew the friendly understanding', the newspaper nevertheless warned that 'they ought … never to be out of the sight of some authorized persons, who should have the power of controlling the conduct of individuals towards them, at the same time as they protect the public from any aggression on the part of the natives.'",
"\nEarly in September 1833, Munday and Migo were taken by a young colonist named Francis Armstrong, later to be appointed to manage a ration depot at Mt. Eliza, to meet the Lieutenant Governor. ",
"With Armstrong acting as interpreter, Migo and Munday told the Lieutenant Governor that they 'wished to come to an amicable treaty with us, and were desirous to know whether the white people would shoot any more of their black people.'",
"\n\"Being assured that they would not, they proceeded to give the names of all the black men of the tribes in this immediate neighbourhood who had been killed with a description of where they were shot and the persons who had shot them. ",
"The number amounted to sixteen, killed, and nearly twice as many wounded; indeed it is supposed that few have escaped uninjured. ",
" The accuracy with which they mark out the persons who have been implicated in these attacks, should serve as a caution to the public in regulating their conduct towards them. … ",
"After all the names of the dead were given, they intimated that they were still afraid that, before long, more would be added to the number, but being assured again that it would not be the case, unless they \"quippled\", committed theft, they said then no more white men would be speared. ",
"They seemed perfectly aware that it was our intention to shoot them if they 'quippled'; they argued however that it was opposed to their laws, - which as banishment from the tribe, or spearing through the leg. ",
"The death of Domjun at Fremantle, who was shot in the act of carrying away a bag of flour, they say was not merited, that the punishment was too severe for the offence; and further, that it was wrong to endanger the lives of others for the act of one, - two of his companions having been severely wounded. ",
"They say that only one life would have been taken for this occurrence, had they not met with the Velvicks at the Canning, who had previously behaved ill towards them: the attempt which was made at the Canning to break their spears, it seems, increased their irritation.\"",
"\n\nMigo and Munday went on to describe the arrest of Midgegooroo:\n\"They were not far off, and heard his cries; the party who took him were all known to them, and they followed them to within a very short distance of Perth; they evince some anxiety now to be made acquainted with the names of the soldiers who shot him, and still continue their enquiries about the son; both of which questions it is prudent to avoid answering, notwithstanding their proferred amnesty. ",
"Midgegooroo's wives, when they had ascertained that he was captured, scratched and disfigured themselves, - a usual practice among them - , and when his death was fully ascertained, Yellowgonga and Dommera fought a duel for the one, and Munday took the other.\"",
"\nThe Lieutenant Governor proposed that a meeting of all the Swan and Canning people should be held, but Munday and Migo told him this would have to wait until the 'yellow season', December, January and February when the banksias flowered. ",
"After the meeting, Migo and Munday were seen 'in earnest conversation with members of their tribe, communicating, it was supposed, the results of the interview.'",
"\nA day later, the newspaper reported that a large 'corrobara' was held in Perth, but that it had been interrupted by 'some blackguards throwing a bucket of water over them.' ",
"It also reported that a few days previously, a white woman had taken some wood 'from under a tree, which it had occupied Munday some time to cut. ",
"\nAs it was not intended for her, he called to her to put it down, she however persisted in carrying it off, he threw his saw down and was soon on the ground after her. ",
"He appeared terribly enraged; the female gave him some bread and he was pacified. ",
"The town would have been up in arms if Munday had speared the female, but there can be no question that she as richly deserved punishment as Domjum merited his fate.",
"\n\nThus, the Aboriginal people of the Swan and Canning were able for the first time to put their side of the story before the government, and even the Gazette, which had been unrelenting in its calls for harsh punishment, conceded that they might have a point and that justice, Swan River Colony style, was at best inconsistent. ",
"Munday and Migo argued forcefully that their people had been extremely badly treated. ",
"Even in the context of the early nineteenth century, death was an extreme penalty for the theft of flour and biscuits. ",
"Their people had consistently been roughly treated, but their story had been left untold. ",
"The rough treatment at the hands of people such as the Velvicks had been left out of the discourse of 'native barbarity', and the dispositions about the role of Midgegooroo, Yagan and Munday in their deaths failed to mention that, on that day at Bull's Creek, the colonists had tried to seize and break their spears.",
"\n\nThe colonial government and the colonists of Perth, however, had no intention of sharing their new possessions with the Aboriginals, who were henceforth to be dependent on government rations dispensed from ration points. ",
"Thus began the long and inexorable history of the dispossession of Western Australian Aboriginal people from their lands and the loss of their freedoms of movement. ",
"In Perth, the ruthless killing of Midgegooroo and Yagan certainly shocked the people of the Swan and Canning but, far from improving relationships between coloniser and colonized, violence and robbery continued for some years in the region and further afield. ",
"Aboriginal people of the Murray River felt the full force of colonial fury just over a year after Munday and Migo had expressed their desire for a treaty, when a large number of their people were massacred in a combined action near Pinjarra in October 1834. ",
"As the Western Australian frontier spread over the vast land area of the colony, other Aboriginal people were to experience much the same pattern of dispossession, death, incarceration and government repression.",
"\n\nMidgegooroo's land rights passed to his son Yagan, then to his other son Narral. ",
" Munday assumed responsibility for his older wife, and his younger wife Ganiup became the wife of a Noongar named Dommera.",
"\n\nLegacy\nBy June 2008, the Department of Environment and Conservation, Conservation Commission and the Geographic Names Committee approved the renaming of the Canning National Park to Midgegooroo National Park.",
"\n\nSee also\n Aboriginal history of Western Australia\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSelect bibliography\n\nPublished books and articles \n Adams, Simon 2009 The Unforgiving Rope: Murder and hanging on Australia's Western frontier, UWAP, Nedlands\n Cameron, J.M.R. (ed.) ",
"2006, The Millendon Memoirs: George Fletcher Moore's Western Australian Diaries and Letters, 1830 – 1841, Hesperian Press, Perth\n Carter, Bevan (c. 2005) Nyungah Land: Records of the invasion and theft of Aboriginal Land on the Swan River, 1829 – 1850, Black History Series, Perth\n Green, Neville 1984 Broken Spears: Aboriginals and Europeans in the southwest of Australia, Focus, Perth\n Green, Neville 1981 'Aborigines and white settlers in the nineteenth century' in A New History of Western Australia, University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands\n Hallam, Sylvia and Tilbrook, Lois 1990, Aborigines of the South-West Region, 1829 – 1840, University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands\n Hasluck, Alexandra 1961 'Yagan the Patriot' in Early Days: Journal of the WA Historical Society, Vol. ",
"V, Pt. ",
"VII, 1961, pp.",
" 33 – 48\n Irwin, F.C. 1835, The State and Position of Western Australia, commonly called the Swan River Settlement, London\n Lyon, R.M. 1839, An appeal to the World on behalf of the younger branch of the family of Shem, J. Spilsbury and J. M'Rachern, Sydney\n Shellam, Tiffany 2009, Shaking Hands on the Fringe, University of WA Press, Nedlands\n Staham-Drew, Pamela 2003, Governor Stirling: Admiral and Founding Governor of Western Australia, University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands\n\nContemporary newspapers \n Perth Gazette and West Australian Journal (1833)\n The Western Mail (1915)\n\nCategory:Extrajudicial killings\nCategory:19th-century executions by Australia\nCategory:18th-century births\nCategory:1833 deaths\nCategory:Executed Australian people\nCategory:Deaths by firearm in Western Australia\nCategory:Year of birth unknown\nCategory:People executed by the United Kingdom by firing squad\nCategory:Noongar elders"
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"Post-event processing in social anxiety.",
"\nClark and Wells' [1995. ",
"A cognitive model of social phobia. ",
"In: R. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D.A. Hope, & F.R. Schneier (Eds.) ",
"Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment (pp. ",
"69-93). ",
"New York: Guildford Press.] ",
"cognitive model of social phobia proposes that following a social event, individuals with social phobia will engage in post-event processing, during which they conduct a detailed review of the event. ",
"This study investigated the relationship between self-appraisals of performance and post-event processing in individuals high and low in social anxiety. ",
"Participants appraised their performance immediately after a conversation with an unknown individual and prior to an anticipated second conversation task 1 week later. ",
"The frequency and valence of post-event processing during the week following the conversation was also assessed. ",
"The study also explored differences in the metacognitive processes of high and low socially anxious participants. ",
"The high socially anxious group experienced more anxiety, predicted worse performance, underestimated their actual performance, and engaged in more post-event processing than low socially anxious participants. ",
"The degree of negative post-event processing was linked to the extent of social anxiety and negative appraisals of performance, both immediately after the conversation task and 1 week later. ",
"Differences were also observed in some metacognitive processes. ",
"The results are discussed in relation to current theory and previous research."
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"1986 Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council election\n\nThe Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council elections were held on Thursday, 8 May 1986, with one third of the council to be elected. ",
"The Conservatives retained control of the council. ",
"Voter turnout was 34.6%.",
"\n\nElection result\n\n|- style=\"background-color:#F9F9F9\"\n! ",
"style=\"background-color: \" |\n| Independent Ratepayers & Residents \n| align=\"right\" | 2\n| align=\"right\" | 2\n| align=\"right\" | 0\n| align=\"right\" | +2\n| align=\"right\" | 11.8\n| align=\"right\" | 8.3\n| align=\"right\" | 4,503\n| align=\"right\" | +0.2%\n|-\n\nThis result had the following consequences for the total number of seats on the council after the elections:\n\nWard results\n\n|- style=\"background-color:#F6F6F6\"\n! ",
"style=\"background-color: \" |\n| colspan=\"2\" | Independent Residents gain from Conservative\n| align=\"right\" | Swing\n| align=\"right\" | -0.8\n|-\n\n|- style=\"background-color:#F6F6F6\"\n! ",
"style=\"background-color: \" |\n| colspan=\"2\" | Independent Residents & Ratepayers gain from Conservative\n| align=\"right\" | Swing\n| align=\"right\" | +4.5\n|-\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1986 English local elections\n1986\nCategory:1980s in the West Midlands (county)"
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"Q:\n\nWhen to use Ruby DelegateClass instead of SimpleDelegator? (",
"DelegateClass method vs. SimpleDelegator class)\n\nProbably i am missing something simple, but i do not understand how to use Ruby's DelegateClass method, i mean when to use it instead of SimpleDelegator class. ",
" For example, all of the following seem to work mostly identically:\nrequire 'delegate'\n\na = SimpleDelegator.new([0])\nb = DelegateClass(Array).new([0])\nc = DelegateClass(String).new([0])\na << 1\nb << 2\nc << 3\np a # => [0, 1]\np b # => [0, 2]\np c # => [0, 3]\n\nNote that it does not seem to matter which class is passed to DelegateClass.",
"\n\nA:\n\nUse subclass SimpleDelegator when you want an object that both has its own behavior and delegates to different objects during its lifetime.",
"\n\nEssentially saying use DelegateClass when the class you are creating is not going to get a different object.",
"\nTempFile in Ruby is only going to decorate a File object\nSimpleDelegator can be reused on different objects.",
"\nExample:\nrequire 'delegate'\n\nclass TicketSeller\n def sellTicket()\n 'Here is a ticket'\n end\nend\n\nclass NoTicketSeller\n def sellTicket()\n 'Sorry-come back tomorrow'\n end\nend\n\nclass TicketOffice < SimpleDelegator\n def initialize\n @seller = TicketSeller.new\n @noseller = NoTicketSeller.new\n super(@seller)\n end\n def allowSales(allow = true)\n __setobj__(allow ? ",
"@seller : @noseller)\n allow\n end\nend\n\nto = TicketOffice.new\nto.sellTicket » \"Here is a ticket\"\nto.allowSales(false) » false\nto.sellTicket » \"Sorry-come back tomorrow\"\nto.allowSales(true) » true\nto.sellTicket » \"Here is a ticket\"\n\nHere is another good explanation a-delegate-matter\n\n"
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"Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 1 regulates CD40-induced TRAF2-mediated NF-kappaB activation.",
"\nTo investigate CD40 signaling complex formation in living cells, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged CD40 signaling intermediates and confocal life imaging. ",
"The majority of cytoplasmic TRAF2-GFP and, to a lesser extent, TRAF3-GFP, but not TRAF1-GFP or TRAF4-GFP, translocated into CD40 signaling complexes within a few minutes after CD40 triggering with the CD40 ligand. ",
"The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins cIAP1 and cIAP2 were also recruited by TRAF2 to sites of CD40 signaling. ",
"An excess of TRAF2 allowed recruitment of TRAF1-GFP to sites of CD40 signaling, whereas an excess of TRAF1 abrogated the interaction of TRAF2 and CD40. ",
"Overexpression of TRAF1, however, had no effect on the interaction of TRADD and TRAF2, known to be important for tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1)-mediated NF-kappaB activation. ",
"Accordingly, TRAF1 inhibited CD40-dependent but not TNF-R1-dependent NF-kappaB activation. ",
"Moreover, down-regulation of TRAF1 with small interfering RNAs enhanced CD40/CD40 ligand-induced NF-kappaB activation but showed no effect on TNF signaling. ",
"Because of the trimeric organization of TRAF proteins, we propose that the stoichiometry of TRAF1-TRAF2 heteromeric complexes ((TRAF2)2-TRAF1 versus TRAF2-(TRAF1)2) determines their capability to mediate CD40 signaling but has no major effect on TNF signaling."
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[
"Q:\n\nReferencing DOM within object\n\nI have a table where each row contains some data (data-id) and a <div class = \"upload\">Upload</div>. ",
" The uploader needs to be passed an object which contains uploader_obj.button set as the initiating <div>, any parameters such as data-id to be sent to the server, and a bunch of other stuff which I didn't show.",
"\nThe following script loops over the table, modifies the object to set button and params.id, and creates the uploader on each row.",
"\nWhile a separate upload button is created on each row, they each reference the same params.id which is set to the last row's value (i.e. 222). ",
" I need each to be set to the value of their specific row.",
"\nOne way to fix it is to have each uploader have it's own upload_obj, but this seems like a waste of memory.",
"\nInstead, I tried to reference data-id within the uploader_obj. ",
" I can do so within onSubmit, however, haven't figured out how to use this value to set param.id. ",
" I've tried to set it within param by doing something like params: {'id':$(this.button).parent().parent().data('id')} but this is my document, and not the uploader.",
"\nSo... Without making a separate uploader_obj for each row, how could I make each row's uploader sent its own param.id to the server? ",
" Thank you\nPS. ",
" Sorry for the weak title. ",
" I really tried to think of a better one but couldn't.",
"\n<table>\n <tr data-id=\"123\"><td>Hello</td><td><div class=\"upload\">Upload</div></td></tr>\n <tr data-id=\"321\"><td>Hello</td><td><div class=\"upload\">Upload</div></td></tr>\n <tr data-id=\"222\"><td>Hello</td><td><div class=\"upload\">Upload</div></td></tr>\n</table>\n\nvar uploader_obj = {\n button:null,\n params: {'id':null},\n onSubmit: function(id, fileName) {\n var id=$(this.button).parent().parent().data('id')\n console.log(id);\n },\n otherStuff: whatever\n};\n\n$('#myTable div.upload').each(function(i,v){\n uploader_obj.button=this;\n uploader_obj.params.id=$(this).parent().parent().data('id');\n new qq.",
"FileUploaderBasic(uploader_obj);\n});\n\nA:\n\nYou're passing the same object in every iteration, just create the object from the values you have inside the loop instead:\n$('#myTable div.upload').each(function(i,ele){\n new qq.",
"FileUploaderBasic({\n button: ele,\n params: {\n id: $(ele).closest('tr').data('id')\n },\n onSubmit: function(id, fileName) {\n var id=$(this).closest('tr').data('id')\n },\n otherStuff: whatever\n });\n});\n\n"
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[
"Pages\n\nTuesday, December 13, 2016\n\nBike in a suitcase: 1982 Honda Motocompo\n\nThe Tokyo Metropolitan area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with a population of 2,600 people per square kilometer. ",
"As you can imagine, finding a place to park your car is a bit of a challenge, and once you find a spot, you wouldn't want to lose it. ",
"Leave it to Honda to come up with a trunk bike for your Kei car, so you can keep your parking space. ",
"Find this 1982 Honda Motocompo for sale in Kirkland, WA for $3,250 via craigslist.",
"\n\nThe Motocompo was developed by Honda in the early 80's as a collapsible scooter that would fit into the trunk of their Honda City Kei-class car. ",
"It was powered by a 49cc aircooled two stroke engine producing around two-and-a-half horsies. ",
"Its claim to fame was that the seat, handlebars and foot pegs would fold into a rectangular body with hand grips that you could wrestle into the trunk of your car. ",
"It weighed in at about 100 lbs wet, so depending on who you are and if you ate your Wheaties, it might be an even match.",
"\n\nNot a lot of details in the CL ad on the specific bike, like how did it get here (trunk of a car?), ",
"title, registration, etc. ",
"It looks a little scratched up on the \"down\" side from riding around in a trunk no doubt. ",
"They made about 50,000 of them for the JDM and used western themes to hawk them. ",
"Check out the cool Japanese brochure for the Motocompo featuring the U.K. Ska Band Madness.",
"\n\nThe Mighty Car Mods guys just did an episode on the Motocompo, but I never expected to find one in my local List o' Craig.",
"\n\nI completely agree. ",
"I've got a brace of doodlebug pit bikes for $500 on my local CL. ",
"While they're nowhere near as civilized or useful as a Motocompo, they do take 6.5hp $100 harbor freight engines rather well, and I guarantee they'd rip a Motocompo in a drag race, and carry a higher top speed to boot.",
"\n\nThe real problem is that you have to register this as a motorcycle in Ohio if you want to use it on the street, so something like this makes a much better argument for itself for a smaller outlay: http://dayton.craigslist.org/mcy/5905453961.html\n\nYeah the Motocompo was never fast, but it sure is quirky and fun. ",
"Got mine as a hand-me-down from my high school physics teacher after it had been donated \"in the name of science.\" ",
"We ran several experiments including in-motion rocket launches via Estes launch rod and blast shield affixed to the handlebars at about 20 degrees from horizontal. ",
"This is when I learned that model rockets do not like to fly in any direction but up. ",
"Imagine kids doing that on high school grounds today - there would be an immediate Homeland Security lockdown and you'd never hear from me again.",
"\n\nAs you could probably imagine, a lifetime of tomfoolery was hard on this little bike. ",
"So earlier this year I scored a ton of very nice replacement parts through a friend that was on work assignment in Japan. ",
"Currently I need to de-rust the spindly little tube frame and repaint it, then start reassembly.",
"\n\nMarket price for these is pretty ridiculous in the states, even clapped-out examples. ",
"In Japan the prices are just as high, but everything's expensive there, so I think it's actually a better value in the home market. ",
"Plus the fact that the average 30 year old motorcycle in Japan would be classed as mint condition here in the states - they take much better care of their physical possessions there.",
"\n\nIt wouldn't be too hard to build your own suitcase bike. ",
"Disassembling a Motocompo, you can see what Honda did was mostly parts bin engineering. ",
"They started with an existing step-thru Scooter engine/drivetrain/swingarm combo (it has a CVT and an encased drive; the whole thing swings on one mounting bolt, including the engine). ",
"Throw away the step-thru frame and fabricate a mini spaceframe out of thin-wall steel tube, no bigger than about 1/2\" OD except for the head. ",
"Shorten the forks, swap on smaller wheels, repackage all the mechanical & electrical gubbins inside the new frame. ",
"The seat's on a simple scissor lift style linkage to raise and lower it. ",
"Handlebars have a long tie bolt that runs down into the fork top clamps, and the bars and clamps both have 4 chunky dogs for engagement. ",
"The tie bolt's connected to the big plastic knob on top of the handlebar for tightening and loosening. ",
"Plastic body was bespoke but you could make a wooden buck and lay up some fiberglass to make a similar design.",
"\n\nCommenting Commandments:I. Thou Shalt Not write anything your mother would not appreciate reading. ",
"II. ",
"Thou Shalt Not post as anonymous unless you are posting from mobile and have technical issues. ",
"Use name/url when posting and pick something Urazmus B Jokin, Ben Dover. ",
"Sir Edmund Hillary Clint Eastwood...it don't matter. ",
"Just pick a nom de plume and stick with it.",
"III. ",
"Honor thy own links by using <a href =\"http://www.linkgoeshere\"> description of your link </a>IV. ",
"Remember the formatting tricks <i>italics</i> and <b> bold </b>V. Thou Shalt Not commit spam.",
"VI. ",
"To embed images: use [image src=\"http://www.",
"IMAGE_LINK.com\" width=\"400px\"/]. ",
"Limit images to no wider than 400 pixels in width. ",
"No more than one image per comment please.",
"\n\nAmazon\n\nContributors\n\nFacebook & Twitter\n\nFind Cars On Ebay\n\nMatched Ads\n\nTrackers\n\nAll rights reserved. (",
"C) Daily Turismo. ",
"Disclaimer: No guarantees, claims or contracts are implied or assumed by the dailyturismo for items advertised at this site or referred to from this site. ",
"Buyer beware: This site assumes no responsibility for any of the items for sale or referenced and does not assume any responsibility for any accuracy in the postings."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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[
"using System;\nusing System.",
"Collections.",
"Generic;\nusing UnityEngine;\n\nnamespace UnityEditor.",
"PostProcessing\n{\n public sealed class CurveEditor\n {\n #region Enums\n\n enum EditMode\n {\n None,\n Moving,\n TangentEdit\n }\n\n enum Tangent\n {\n In,\n Out\n }\n #endregion\n\n #region Structs\n public struct Settings\n {\n public Rect bounds;\n public RectOffset padding;\n public Color selectionColor;\n public float curvePickingDistance;\n public float keyTimeClampingDistance;\n\n public static Settings defaultSettings\n {\n get\n {\n return new Settings\n {\n bounds = new Rect(0f, 0f, 1f, 1f),\n padding = new RectOffset(10, 10, 10, 10),\n selectionColor = Color.yellow,\n curvePickingDistance = 6f,\n keyTimeClampingDistance = 1e-4f\n };\n }\n }\n }\n\n public struct CurveState\n {\n public bool visible;\n public bool editable;\n public uint minPointCount;\n public float zeroKeyConstantValue;\n public Color color;\n public float width;\n public float handleWidth;\n public bool showNonEditableHandles;\n public bool onlyShowHandlesOnSelection;\n public bool loopInBounds;\n\n public static CurveState defaultState\n {\n get\n {\n return new CurveState\n {\n visible = true,\n editable = true,\n minPointCount = 2,\n zeroKeyConstantValue = 0f,\n color = Color.white,\n width = 2f,\n handleWidth = 2f,\n showNonEditableHandles = true,\n onlyShowHandlesOnSelection = false,\n loopInBounds = false\n };\n }\n }\n }\n\n public struct Selection\n {\n public SerializedProperty curve;\n public int keyframeIndex;\n public Keyframe? ",
"keyframe;\n\n public Selection(SerializedProperty curve, int keyframeIndex, Keyframe? ",
"keyframe)\n {\n this.curve = curve;\n this.keyframeIndex = keyframeIndex;\n this.keyframe = keyframe;\n }\n }\n\n internal struct MenuAction\n {\n internal SerializedProperty curve;\n internal int index;\n internal Vector3 position;\n\n internal MenuAction(SerializedProperty curve)\n {\n this.curve = curve;\n this.index = -1;\n this.position = Vector3.zero;\n }\n\n internal MenuAction(SerializedProperty curve, int index)\n {\n this.curve = curve;\n this.index = index;\n this.position = Vector3.zero;\n }\n\n internal MenuAction(SerializedProperty curve, Vector3 position)\n {\n this.curve = curve;\n this.index = -1;\n this.position = position;\n }\n }\n #endregion\n\n #region Fields & properties\n public Settings settings { get; private set; }\n\n Dictionary<SerializedProperty, CurveState> m_Curves;\n Rect m_CurveArea;\n\n SerializedProperty m_SelectedCurve;\n int m_SelectedKeyframeIndex = -1;\n\n EditMode m_EditMode = EditMode.",
"None;\n Tangent m_TangentEditMode;\n\n bool m_Dirty;\n #endregion\n\n #region Constructors & destructors\n public CurveEditor()\n : this(Settings.defaultSettings)\n {}\n\n public CurveEditor(Settings settings)\n {\n this.settings = settings;\n m_Curves = new Dictionary<SerializedProperty, CurveState>();\n }\n\n #endregion\n\n #region Public API\n public void Add(params SerializedProperty[] curves)\n {\n foreach (var curve in curves)\n Add(curve, CurveState.defaultState);\n }\n\n public void Add(SerializedProperty curve)\n {\n Add(curve, CurveState.defaultState);\n }\n\n public void Add(SerializedProperty curve, CurveState state)\n {\n // Make sure the property is in fact an AnimationCurve\n var animCurve = curve.animationCurveValue;\n if (animCurve == null)\n throw new ArgumentException(\"curve\");\n\n if (m_Curves.",
"ContainsKey(curve))\n Debug.",
"LogWarning(\"Curve has already been added to the editor\");\n\n m_Curves.",
"Add(curve, state);\n }\n\n public void Remove(SerializedProperty curve)\n {\n m_Curves.",
"Remove(curve);\n }\n\n public void RemoveAll()\n {\n m_Curves.",
"Clear();\n }\n\n public CurveState GetCurveState(SerializedProperty curve)\n {\n CurveState state;\n if (!",
"m_Curves.",
"TryGetValue(curve, out state))\n throw new KeyNotFoundException(\"curve\");\n\n return state;\n }\n\n public void SetCurveState(SerializedProperty curve, CurveState state)\n {\n if (!",
"m_Curves.",
"ContainsKey(curve))\n throw new KeyNotFoundException(\"curve\");\n\n m_Curves[curve] = state;\n }\n\n public Selection GetSelection()\n {\n Keyframe? ",
"key = null;\n if (m_SelectedKeyframeIndex > -1)\n {\n var curve = m_SelectedCurve.animationCurveValue;\n\n if (m_SelectedKeyframeIndex >= curve.length)\n m_SelectedKeyframeIndex = -1;\n else\n key = curve[m_SelectedKeyframeIndex];\n }\n\n return new Selection(m_SelectedCurve, m_SelectedKeyframeIndex, key);\n }\n\n public void SetKeyframe(SerializedProperty curve, int keyframeIndex, Keyframe keyframe)\n {\n var animCurve = curve.animationCurveValue;\n SetKeyframe(animCurve, keyframeIndex, keyframe);\n SaveCurve(curve, animCurve);\n }\n\n public bool OnGUI(Rect rect)\n {\n if (Event.current.type == EventType.",
"Repaint)\n m_Dirty = false;\n\n GUI.BeginClip(rect);\n {\n var area = new Rect(Vector2.zero, rect.size);\n m_CurveArea = settings.padding.",
"Remove(area);\n\n foreach (var curve in m_Curves)\n OnCurveGUI(area, curve.",
"Key, curve.",
"Value);\n\n OnGeneralUI(area);\n }\n GUI.EndClip();\n\n return m_Dirty;\n }\n\n #endregion\n\n #region UI & events\n\n void OnCurveGUI(Rect rect, SerializedProperty curve, CurveState state)\n {\n // Discard invisible curves\n if (!",
"state.visible)\n return;\n\n var animCurve = curve.animationCurveValue;\n var keys = animCurve.keys;\n var length = keys.",
"Length;\n\n // Curve drawing\n // Slightly dim non-editable curves\n var color = state.color;\n if (!",
"state.editable)\n color.a *= 0.5f;\n\n Handles.color = color;\n var bounds = settings.bounds;\n\n if (length == 0)\n {\n var p1 = CurveToCanvas(new Vector3(bounds.xMin, state.zeroKeyConstantValue));\n var p2 = CurveToCanvas(new Vector3(bounds.xMax, state.zeroKeyConstantValue));\n Handles.",
"DrawAAPolyLine(state.width, p1, p2);\n }\n else if (length == 1)\n {\n var p1 = CurveToCanvas(new Vector3(bounds.xMin, keys[0].value));\n var p2 = CurveToCanvas(new Vector3(bounds.xMax, keys[0].value));\n Handles.",
"DrawAAPolyLine(state.width, p1, p2);\n }\n else\n {\n var prevKey = keys[0];\n for (int k = 1; k < length; k++)\n {\n var key = keys[k];\n var pts = BezierSegment(prevKey, key);\n\n if (float.",
"IsInfinity(prevKey.outTangent) || float.",
"IsInfinity(key.inTangent))\n {\n var s = HardSegment(prevKey, key);\n Handles.",
"DrawAAPolyLine(state.width, s[0], s[1], s[2]);\n }\n else Handles.",
"DrawBezier(pts[0], pts[3], pts[1], pts[2], color, null, state.width);\n\n prevKey = key;\n }\n\n // Curve extents & loops\n if (keys[0].time > bounds.xMin)\n {\n if (state.loopInBounds)\n {\n var p1 = keys[length - 1];\n p1.time -= settings.bounds.width;\n var p2 = keys[0];\n var pts = BezierSegment(p1, p2);\n\n if (float.",
"IsInfinity(p1.outTangent) || float.",
"IsInfinity(p2.inTangent))\n {\n var s = HardSegment(p1, p2);\n Handles.",
"DrawAAPolyLine(state.width, s[0], s[1], s[2]);\n }\n else Handles.",
"DrawBezier(pts[0], pts[3], pts[1], pts[2], color, null, state.width);\n }\n else\n {\n var p1 = CurveToCanvas(new Vector3(bounds.xMin, keys[0].value));\n var p2 = CurveToCanvas(keys[0]);\n Handles.",
"DrawAAPolyLine(state.width, p1, p2);\n }\n }\n\n if (keys[length - 1].time < bounds.xMax)\n {\n if (state.loopInBounds)\n {\n var p1 = keys[length - 1];\n var p2 = keys[0];\n p2.time += settings.bounds.width;\n var pts = BezierSegment(p1, p2);\n\n if (float.",
"IsInfinity(p1.outTangent) || float.",
"IsInfinity(p2.inTangent))\n {\n var s = HardSegment(p1, p2);\n Handles.",
"DrawAAPolyLine(state.width, s[0], s[1], s[2]);\n }\n else Handles.",
"DrawBezier(pts[0], pts[3], pts[1], pts[2], color, null, state.width);\n }\n else\n {\n var p1 = CurveToCanvas(keys[length - 1]);\n var p2 = CurveToCanvas(new Vector3(bounds.xMax, keys[length - 1].value));\n Handles.",
"DrawAAPolyLine(state.width, p1, p2);\n }\n }\n }\n\n // Make sure selection is correct (undo can break it)\n bool isCurrentlySelectedCurve = curve == m_SelectedCurve;\n\n if (isCurrentlySelectedCurve && m_SelectedKeyframeIndex >= length)\n m_SelectedKeyframeIndex = -1;\n\n // Handles & keys\n for (int k = 0; k < length; k++)\n {\n bool isCurrentlySelectedKeyframe = k == m_SelectedKeyframeIndex;\n var e = Event.current;\n\n var pos = CurveToCanvas(keys[k]);\n var hitRect = new Rect(pos.x - 8f, pos.y - 8f, 16f, 16f);\n var offset = isCurrentlySelectedCurve\n ? ",
"new RectOffset(5, 5, 5, 5)\n : new RectOffset(6, 6, 6, 6);\n\n var outTangent = pos + CurveTangentToCanvas(keys[k].outTangent).normalized * 40f;\n var inTangent = pos - CurveTangentToCanvas(keys[k].inTangent).normalized * 40f;\n var inTangentHitRect = new Rect(inTangent.x - 7f, inTangent.y - 7f, 14f, 14f);\n var outTangentHitrect = new Rect(outTangent.x - 7f, outTangent.y - 7f, 14f, 14f);\n\n // Draw\n if (state.showNonEditableHandles)\n {\n if (e.type == EventType.repaint)\n {\n var selectedColor = (isCurrentlySelectedCurve && isCurrentlySelectedKeyframe)\n ? ",
"settings.selectionColor\n : state.color;\n\n // Keyframe\n EditorGUI.DrawRect(offset.",
"Remove(hitRect), selectedColor);\n\n // Tangents\n if (isCurrentlySelectedCurve && (!",
"state.onlyShowHandlesOnSelection || (state.onlyShowHandlesOnSelection && isCurrentlySelectedKeyframe)))\n {\n Handles.color = selectedColor;\n\n if (k > 0 || state.loopInBounds)\n {\n Handles.",
"DrawAAPolyLine(state.handleWidth, pos, inTangent);\n EditorGUI.DrawRect(offset.",
"Remove(inTangentHitRect), selectedColor);\n }\n\n if (k < length - 1 || state.loopInBounds)\n {\n Handles.",
"DrawAAPolyLine(state.handleWidth, pos, outTangent);\n EditorGUI.DrawRect(offset.",
"Remove(outTangentHitrect), selectedColor);\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n // Events\n if (state.editable)\n {\n // Keyframe move\n if (m_EditMode == EditMode.",
"Moving && e.type == EventType.",
"MouseDrag && isCurrentlySelectedCurve && isCurrentlySelectedKeyframe)\n {\n EditMoveKeyframe(animCurve, keys, k);\n }\n\n // Tangent editing\n if (m_EditMode == EditMode.",
"TangentEdit && e.type == EventType.",
"MouseDrag && isCurrentlySelectedCurve && isCurrentlySelectedKeyframe)\n {\n bool alreadyBroken = !(",
"Mathf.",
"Approximately(keys[k].inTangent, keys[k].outTangent) || (float.",
"IsInfinity(keys[k].inTangent) && float.",
"IsInfinity(keys[k].outTangent)));\n EditMoveTangent(animCurve, keys, k, m_TangentEditMode, e.shift || !(",
"alreadyBroken || e.control));\n }\n\n // Keyframe selection & context menu\n if (e.type == EventType.mouseDown && rect.",
"Contains(e.mousePosition))\n {\n if (hitRect.",
"Contains(e.mousePosition))\n {\n if (e.button == 0)\n {\n SelectKeyframe(curve, k);\n m_EditMode = EditMode.",
"Moving;\n e.Use();\n }\n else if (e.button == 1)\n {\n // Keyframe context menu\n var menu = new GenericMenu();\n menu.",
"AddItem(new GUIContent(\"Delete Key\"), false, (x) =>\n {\n var action = (MenuAction)x;\n var curveValue = action.curve.animationCurveValue;\n action.curve.serializedObject.",
"Update();\n RemoveKeyframe(curveValue, action.index);\n m_SelectedKeyframeIndex = -1;\n SaveCurve(action.curve, curveValue);\n action.curve.serializedObject.",
"ApplyModifiedProperties();\n }, new MenuAction(curve, k));\n menu.",
"ShowAsContext();\n e.Use();\n }\n }\n }\n\n // Tangent selection & edit mode\n if (e.type == EventType.mouseDown && rect.",
"Contains(e.mousePosition))\n {\n if (inTangentHitRect.",
"Contains(e.mousePosition) && (k > 0 || state.loopInBounds))\n {\n SelectKeyframe(curve, k);\n m_EditMode = EditMode.",
"TangentEdit;\n m_TangentEditMode = Tangent.",
"In;\n e.Use();\n }\n else if (outTangentHitrect.",
"Contains(e.mousePosition) && (k < length - 1 || state.loopInBounds))\n {\n SelectKeyframe(curve, k);\n m_EditMode = EditMode.",
"TangentEdit;\n m_TangentEditMode = Tangent.",
"Out;\n e.Use();\n }\n }\n\n // Mouse up - clean up states\n if (e.rawType == EventType.",
"MouseUp && m_EditMode !",
"= EditMode.",
"None)\n {\n m_EditMode = EditMode.",
"None;\n }\n\n // Set cursors\n {\n EditorGUIUtility.",
"AddCursorRect(hitRect, MouseCursor.",
"MoveArrow);\n\n if (k > 0 || state.loopInBounds)\n EditorGUIUtility.",
"AddCursorRect(inTangentHitRect, MouseCursor.",
"RotateArrow);\n\n if (k < length - 1 || state.loopInBounds)\n EditorGUIUtility.",
"AddCursorRect(outTangentHitrect, MouseCursor.",
"RotateArrow);\n }\n }\n }\n\n Handles.color = Color.white;\n SaveCurve(curve, animCurve);\n }\n\n void OnGeneralUI(Rect rect)\n {\n var e = Event.current;\n\n // Selection\n if (e.type == EventType.mouseDown)\n {\n GUI.FocusControl(null);\n m_SelectedCurve = null;\n m_SelectedKeyframeIndex = -1;\n bool used = false;\n\n var hit = CanvasToCurve(e.mousePosition);\n float curvePickValue = CurveToCanvas(hit).y;\n\n // Try and select a curve\n foreach (var curve in m_Curves)\n {\n if (!",
"curve.Value.editable || !",
"curve.Value.visible)\n continue;\n\n var prop = curve.",
"Key;\n var state = curve.",
"Value;\n var animCurve = prop.animationCurveValue;\n float hitY = animCurve.length == 0\n ? ",
"state.zeroKeyConstantValue\n : animCurve.",
"Evaluate(hit.x);\n\n var curvePos = CurveToCanvas(new Vector3(hit.x, hitY));\n\n if (Mathf.",
"Abs(curvePos.y - curvePickValue) < settings.curvePickingDistance)\n {\n m_SelectedCurve = prop;\n\n if (e.clickCount == 2 && e.button == 0)\n {\n // Create a keyframe on double-click on this curve\n EditCreateKeyframe(animCurve, hit, true, state.zeroKeyConstantValue);\n SaveCurve(prop, animCurve);\n }\n else if (e.button == 1)\n {\n // Curve context menu\n var menu = new GenericMenu();\n menu.",
"AddItem(new GUIContent(\"Add Key\"), false, (x) =>\n {\n var action = (MenuAction)x;\n var curveValue = action.curve.animationCurveValue;\n action.curve.serializedObject.",
"Update();\n EditCreateKeyframe(curveValue, hit, true, 0f);\n SaveCurve(action.curve, curveValue);\n action.curve.serializedObject.",
"ApplyModifiedProperties();\n }, new MenuAction(prop, hit));\n menu.",
"ShowAsContext();\n e.Use();\n used = true;\n }\n }\n }\n\n if (e.clickCount == 2 && e.button == 0 && m_SelectedCurve == null)\n {\n // Create a keyframe on every curve on double-click\n foreach (var curve in m_Curves)\n {\n if (!",
"curve.Value.editable || !",
"curve.Value.visible)\n continue;\n\n var prop = curve.",
"Key;\n var state = curve.",
"Value;\n var animCurve = prop.animationCurveValue;\n EditCreateKeyframe(animCurve, hit, e.alt, state.zeroKeyConstantValue);\n SaveCurve(prop, animCurve);\n }\n }\n else if (!",
"used && e.button == 1)\n {\n // Global context menu\n var menu = new GenericMenu();\n menu.",
"AddItem(new GUIContent(\"Add Key At Position\"), false, () => ContextMenuAddKey(hit, false));\n menu.",
"AddItem(new GUIContent(\"Add Key On Curves\"), false, () => ContextMenuAddKey(hit, true));\n menu.",
"ShowAsContext();\n }\n\n e.Use();\n }\n\n // Delete selected key(s)\n if (e.type == EventType.keyDown && (e.keyCode == KeyCode.",
"Delete || e.keyCode == KeyCode.",
"Backspace))\n {\n if (m_SelectedKeyframeIndex !",
"= -1 && m_SelectedCurve !",
"= null)\n {\n var animCurve = m_SelectedCurve.animationCurveValue;\n var length = animCurve.length;\n\n if (m_Curves[m_SelectedCurve].minPointCount < length && length >= 0)\n {\n EditDeleteKeyframe(animCurve, m_SelectedKeyframeIndex);\n m_SelectedKeyframeIndex = -1;\n SaveCurve(m_SelectedCurve, animCurve);\n }\n\n e.Use();\n }\n }\n }\n\n void SaveCurve(SerializedProperty prop, AnimationCurve curve)\n {\n prop.animationCurveValue = curve;\n }\n\n void Invalidate()\n {\n m_Dirty = true;\n }\n\n #endregion\n\n #region Keyframe manipulations\n\n void SelectKeyframe(SerializedProperty curve, int keyframeIndex)\n {\n m_SelectedKeyframeIndex = keyframeIndex;\n m_SelectedCurve = curve;\n Invalidate();\n }\n\n void ContextMenuAddKey(Vector3 hit, bool createOnCurve)\n {\n SerializedObject serializedObject = null;\n\n foreach (var curve in m_Curves)\n {\n if (!",
"curve.Value.editable || !",
"curve.Value.visible)\n continue;\n\n var prop = curve.",
"Key;\n var state = curve.",
"Value;\n\n if (serializedObject == null)\n {\n serializedObject = prop.serializedObject;\n serializedObject.",
"Update();\n }\n\n var animCurve = prop.animationCurveValue;\n EditCreateKeyframe(animCurve, hit, createOnCurve, state.zeroKeyConstantValue);\n SaveCurve(prop, animCurve);\n }\n\n if (serializedObject !",
"= null)\n serializedObject.",
"ApplyModifiedProperties();\n\n Invalidate();\n }\n\n void EditCreateKeyframe(AnimationCurve curve, Vector3 position, bool createOnCurve, float zeroKeyConstantValue)\n {\n float tangent = EvaluateTangent(curve, position.x);\n\n if (createOnCurve)\n {\n position.y = curve.length == 0\n ? ",
"zeroKeyConstantValue\n : curve.",
"Evaluate(position.x);\n }\n\n AddKeyframe(curve, new Keyframe(position.x, position.y, tangent, tangent));\n }\n\n void EditDeleteKeyframe(AnimationCurve curve, int keyframeIndex)\n {\n RemoveKeyframe(curve, keyframeIndex);\n }\n\n void AddKeyframe(AnimationCurve curve, Keyframe newValue)\n {\n curve.",
"AddKey(newValue);\n Invalidate();\n }\n\n void RemoveKeyframe(AnimationCurve curve, int keyframeIndex)\n {\n curve.",
"RemoveKey(keyframeIndex);\n Invalidate();\n }\n\n void SetKeyframe(AnimationCurve curve, int keyframeIndex, Keyframe newValue)\n {\n var keys = curve.keys;\n\n if (keyframeIndex > 0)\n newValue.time = Mathf.",
"Max(keys[keyframeIndex - 1].time + settings.keyTimeClampingDistance, newValue.time);\n\n if (keyframeIndex < keys.",
"Length - 1)\n newValue.time = Mathf.",
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"In && pos.x > 0f)\n pos.x = 0f;\n\n if (targetTangent == Tangent.",
"Out && pos.x < 0f)\n pos.x = 0f;\n\n float tangent;\n\n if (Mathf.",
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"Length - 1)\n return 0f;\n\n const float kD = 1e-3f;\n float tp = Mathf.",
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"PositiveInfinity : float.",
"NegativeInfinity;\n\n return (vn - vp) / (tn - tp);\n }\n\n #endregion\n }\n}\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nInjected SVG losing dimensions\n\nAttempting to inject SVG elements with raw javascript. ",
" I can inspect and see the elements have been loaded, but dimensions end up being 0x0 instead of the size set on the element.",
"\n (function() {\n // Constructor\n this.",
"Loading = function() {\n\n this.svgNamespace = \"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\";\n\n var svg = createSvgObject(\"svg\", \"loaderSvg\");\n svg.setAttributeNS(null, \"width\", 200);\n svg.setAttributeNS(null, \"height\", 200);\n document.getElementById(\"possibleLoadingLocation\").appendChild(svg);\n var circle = createSvgObject(\"circle\", \"test\");\n circle.setAttribute(\"cx\", 40);\n circle.setAttribute(\"cy\", 40);\n circle.setAttribute(\"r\", 30);\n circle.setAttribute(\"stroke\", \"#000\");\n circle.setAttribute(\"stroke-width\", 2);\n circle.setAttribute(\"fill\", \"#f00\");\n svg.appendChild(circle);\n }\n\n function createSvgObject(elementType, elementId) {\n if (elementType === undefined || elementType == null) {\n throw \"elementType is required to createSvgObject\";\n }\n var element = document.createElementNS(this.svgNamespace, elementType);\n if (elementId !",
"= null) {\n element.setAttributeNS(null, \"id\", elementId);\n }\n return element\n }\n\n}());\nvar myLoading = new Loading();\n\nBoth the SVG object and the Circle object arrive with dimensions of 0x0. ",
" I have used css in the below example to force the svg to match the dimensions of the div containing it. ",
" I have also copied the exact svg code from the inspection into the body without css where I can see it sizing properly. ",
" \nThanks for any help.",
"\nhttps://jsfiddle.net/t92m5L8s/3/\n\nA:\n\nChange the location of\n this.svgNamespace = \"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\";\n\nto before:\nthis.",
"Loading = function() {\n\n"
] | {
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[
"Background\n==========\n\nThe medicinal leech, *Hirudo medicinalis*, has been used with increasing frequency during the past few decades for salvage of venous compromised pedicled flaps, microvascular free-tissue transfers and replantations. ",
"Although the therapeutic use of leeches in medicine dates back 50 BC; for centuries they were collected from various water supplies and utilised under septic conditions with the risk of wound infection and infestation. ",
"The supply of leeches was modernized by medicinal leech farm set up in the 1970s \\[[@B1]\\].",
"\n\nToday, leech therapy is indicated in plastic and reconstructive surgery, to relieve venous congestion and to improve the microrevascularization of flaps (Fig [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"},[2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"},[3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"},[4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) or replants with an increase in success rate by 60%--83%. ",
"However, in the presence of infection as a complication of medicinal use of leeches; the success rate for flap salvage may decrease to ≤ 30% \\[[@B2]\\]. *",
"Aeromonas*is the most common microorganism in leech infections and may cause a wide spectrum of deseases such as cellulitis, ocular infections, arthritis, myocarditis, peritonitis, meningitis, bacteremia and sepsis \\[[@B2]-[@B5]\\]. ",
"In many countries, wild leeches are still provided from local markets and utilised in many plastic and reconstructive surgery clinics depending on antibiotic prophylaxies.",
"\n\nIn the first stage of the study, bacterial content of the transport fluid of leeches that were bought from local markets were studied, also oral and intestinal flora cultures and antibiograms of the identified microorganisms were performed subsequently.",
"\n\nIn the next stages hypochloric acid, a disinfectant, was tested on animals that were not bred in specific laboratories, to suppress the relevant microorganisms in order to avoid possible infections, without changing the life style and behavior of leeches in terms of sucking function.",
"\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nThis study was approved by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee of our institution.",
"\n\nStage 1\n-------\n\nTen leeches were obtained with their 100 cc original water from different stores. ",
"Their sizes varied between 6--10 cm in length and 0, 5 -- 1, 5 cm in width. ",
"They were transported in sterile boxes immersed in the water which the animals were kept at the market. ",
"For 2 days they were observed at room temperature. ",
"Specimens were taken and smears from transport fluids were prepared. ",
"All leeches were held with sterile gloves and prepared in sterile conditions. ",
"Specimens were obtained from their mouth (the smaller and more mobile pole) with the help of sterile cotton -- swab. ",
"After traction was applied between the mouth and posterior muscular organ, the animal was cleaned with alcoholic solution of povidone-iodine, as described by Hokelek et al. ",
"\\[[@B6]\\]. ",
"A longitudinal incision was made on the animal and crop or intestine was exposed (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Using sterile cotton-swabs, smears were prepared from the intestinal material and they were planted in MacConkey and blood agars in 5 minutes. ",
"The growth was observed after 24--48 hours of incubation at 37°C. ",
"In addition to classical bacterial identification methods, Analytical Profile Index 32 GN (BioMérieux, France) kit was also used for identification. ",
"Further biochemical studies were made on microorganisms that were found to be *A. hydro/caviae*and *A. sobria*for definite identification. ",
"Since bacterial growth was observed in specimens taken from oral and intestinal flora or transport fluid of all animals except one ; antibiograms for aeromonas isolates were performed.",
"\n\nStage2\n------\n\n30 leeches from different stores were obtained and transported in different sterile boxes with their 100 cc original water as in stage 1. ",
"On the following day, samples were taken from transport fluids and oral region and planted in MacConkey and blood agar. ",
"Twenty five leeches, which had bacterial growth in either oral flora or transport water were used for the second stage. ",
"100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 *ppm*solutions were prepared by adding apropriate amounts of hypochloric acid into the transport fluids of 25 leeches seperately with five animals in each concentration group. ",
"After 10 minutes of contact with hypochloric acid solutions at 20°C, smears were taken from mouths and transport fluids of each leech under sterile conditions with cotton-swabs. ",
"Cotton-swabs were put into a neutralizing media (lecithinized agar media) because they could also contain disinfectant fluid which would prevent microorganism reproduction. ",
"Then the neutralized smears were planted into MacConkey and blood agar \\[[@B7]\\]. ",
"The leeches were then put into boxes containing distilled water and observed. ",
"Although the leeches which had been left in the 100, 50, 25 *ppm*solutions lost their muscular activity and died ;the leeches which were treated with 12.5 and 6.25 *ppm*hypochloric acid solutions were alive. ",
"Bacterial growth was not observed in either concentration group for the specimens taken from oral flora and transport fluid, however bacterial cultures were positive for in specimens taken from the intestine or crop. ",
"Of these microorganisms, bacterial colonies for *Aeromonas spp*were counted. ",
"To compare the changes in the number of *Aeromonas*colonies in leech intestinal flora induced with the application of hypochloric acid, the intestine of five new leeches were exposed as described for Stage 1. ",
"Based on the findings of Stage 2, a concentration of 12.5 ppm was chosen for Stage 3 studies.",
"\n\nStage 3\n-------\n\n20 leeches were obtained with their 100 cc original water from different stores and equally divided into two groups. ",
"One group was treated with hypochloric acid while the others had no treatment at all. ",
"After taking specimens from the transport fluids and oral floras, for 10 leeches 12.5 *ppm*hypochloric acid solution was prepared with the transport fluids. ",
"After waiting for 10 min at 20°C temperature, smears were taken from the oral floras and fluids again. ",
"All leeches were put into boxes containing distilled water and watched for survival and blood suction function on sedated rats (ketamine 30 mg/kg and xylazine 10 mg/kg). ",
"After shaving dorsal region of 20 rats, 2 mm long skin incissions were done in order to produce bleeding. ",
"The leeches were applied to the bleeding areas atraumatically and the duration of suction was determined and compared statistically (ANOVA) between the leeches treated and not treated with hypochloric acid solution. ",
"Statistical significance was presumed at *p*\\< 0.05.",
"\n\nResults\n=======\n\nStage 1\n-------\n\nBacterial growth was observed in specimens taken from the oral flora in 4 animals (40%), intestinal flora in 9 animals (90%) and transport media in 5 animals (50%). ",
"In one leech, no growth was observed in either oral, intestinal and transport fluid cultures. ",
"In all culture media, 4 different gram (-) bacterial growth (*aeromonas species*, *peudomonas species*, *acinetobacter species*, *sphingobacterium species*) was observed. ",
"In one media, Gram (+) growth was seen :*meticilline susceptible coagulase (-) staphylococcus*. ",
"Dominant microorganisms were *aeromonas species*, Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"This was an expected result. ",
"The biochemical characterization and identification of *Aeromonas spp*. ",
"was investigated by using conventional methods and a commercial kit ID 32 GN ATB System (BioMérieux). ",
"In this study, with this system the results were obtained as *A. hydro/caviae*, *A. sobria*, *A. salmonicidia and A. spp*, with the latter nomenclature designating all other *Aeromonas species*. ",
"The most commonly encountered agents, *A. hydro/caviae*and *A. sobria*underwent further biochemical studies, as suggested by Abbott, et al.\\[[@B4]\\]. ",
"As a result, it was seen that *A. hydro/caviae*was in fact *A. hydrophila*, and *A. sobria*was in fact *A. veronii biovar sobria*(Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}) Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method according to NCCLS (National Commity Clinical Laboratory Standart / American). ",
"The *Aeromonas spp*. ",
"were found to be susceptible to third generation cephalosporines, aminoglycosides and co-trimoxazole, and all aeromonas spp. ",
"were resistant to ampicillin-sulbactam and amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Three *Aeoromonas spp*. ",
"were found to have inducable beta lactamase which meant that although they were susceptible, they might develop resistance to beta lactams other than carbapenems during treatment.",
"\n\nStage 2\n-------\n\nFluid and oral flora cultures that were prepared before hypochloric acid application showed multiple microorganism growth, as it was in stage 1. ",
"After adding hypochloric acid there was no growth in transport fluid and oral media cultures in either concentration so that no identification and antibiogram study could be performed. ",
"After 10 minutes in hypochloric acid solution, leeches were taken to sterile containers which contained distilled water. ",
"The muscle activity of all leeches that had been treated in 100 *ppm*solution ended in 3 min, in 50 *ppm*ended in 7 min, in 25 *ppm*ended in 21 min and they died eventually. ",
"The ones which had been immersed in 12.5 *ppm*and 6.25 *ppm*solutions survived. ",
"The *Aeromonas*colonies in the intestinal flora of these last two groups were compared with the control animals\\'. ",
"With respect to colony suppression, while the difference between the control group, 12.5 ppm group was significant, (p \\< 0.05, F = 30.1, ANOVA) however the difference between control group and 6.25 ppm group was not significant.",
"\n\nStage 3\n-------\n\nAll the leeches survived while hyperactivity followed by hypoactivity was seen in the group of leeches treated with hypochloric acid. ",
"In this group, two of the leeches never made suction but the other eight leeches sucked the bleeding area for 5--16 min (mean 12.2 ± 3.8). ",
"Non hypochloric acid treated group sucked for 9--22 min (mean 15.5 ± 4.4) and the difference between two groups was not significant (p \\> 0.05, F = 2.6, ANOVA).",
"\n\nIn 70 % of cultures that were prepared from transport fluids of leeches and in 50% of cultures that were prepared from oral floras of leeches before hypochloric acid application, bacterial growth (mainly *Aeromonas spp*) were observed. ",
"After hypochloric acid application no growth was observed in any of the specimens taken from animals, therefore no identifications or antibiograms could be performed.",
"\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nMany reports showed that venous compromise is a more common complication than arterial occlusion in free-tissue transfers. ",
"Although surgical correction is the first choice for management of venous compromised flaps ; in cases where surgical correction is not feasible or fails, nonsurgical procedures such as exanguination treatments can be used. ",
"Among them, medicinal leech therapy has become widely accepted to promote perfusion of venous compromised flaps and to relieve congestion. ",
"However there are reports in the literature concerning about infections specially with aeromonas bacteria after leech therapy calling attention for appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis \\[[@B8],[@B9]\\].",
"\n\nMany species of *Aeromonas*survive in water. ",
"These also can live in materials embedded in water, drainage tubes, fountains and containers for distilled water. ",
"Among other aeromonas species *A. hydrophilia*is the mostly isolated one from the intestines of leeches. ",
"Hemoglobin that is sucked by the leech is denaturated by *aeromonas*. ",
"One of the products, heme, is used by aeromonas and the other, globulin, is used by the leech\\[[@B10]\\]. ",
"This shows the endosymbiotic relationship of leeches and aeromonas. ",
"Many investigators isolated *aeromonas spp*as the dominant bacteria in infections related with leech usage \\[[@B11]-[@B13]\\]. *",
"Aeromonas spp*. ",
"can cause infections with contamination through the bite point of the leech or on the macerated skin. ",
"The infections caused by these microorganisms can be minimized by easy measures. ",
"Leeches should not be handled with the forceps from the containers because these traumas can cause regurgitation of the leech into the wound and eventual contamination. ",
"Therefore, leeches should be taken with sterilized gloves without traumatisation of the animal. ",
"Same care should be taken while carrying the leech from the wound. ",
"When the leech is filled up, it puts itself off. ",
"If it is taken before this time, the risk of regurgitation is high. ",
"Low amounts of cigarette smoke or a heat source can be used in order to cause the leech to put itself off. ",
"During leech application, the routine surgical antibiotic prophylaxis must be changed because aeromonas spp. ",
"are resistant to first generation cephalosporins which are widely used at surgical wards. ",
"These are usually susceptible to third generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and quinolones. ",
"Lineaweaver et al. ",
"recommended third generation cephalosporins for the prophylaxis of surgical procedures after which leeches were utilised \\[[@B10],[@B12]\\].",
"\n\nIn countries, where special farms for medicinal leeches do not exist, animals obtained from markets should be studied for their floras and antibiotic susceptibilities. ",
"Eroğlu et al. ",
"investigated the floras and the antibiotic susceptibility of leeches in Black Sea region. ",
"Most commonly *A. hydrophila*, *Ochrobacter antropia*, *nonfermantating gram (-) rods*, *Acinetobacter Iwofii*and *A sobria*were isolated. ",
"All of the isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacine, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamycine and trimetoprim-sulfamethoxasole \\[[@B14]\\]. ",
"Likewise, we aimed to investigate the general flora of leeches we use occasionally and antibiotic susceptibility of these bacteria. ",
"Our results correlated with the other studies about this subject in the literature. ",
"The interesting observation in our study was there were 3 *Aeromonas hydrophylia*colonies which produced inducable betalactamase. ",
"In case of infections with these species, beta lactam antibiotics except carbapenems should not be used.",
"\n\nIn addition, we aimed to supress possible bacterial contamination of the transport media and oral floras of leeches but not intestinal flora because of the endosymbiotic relationship of the aeromonas and leech, with hypochloric acid solutions at disinfectant concentrations that does not affect the life style of leeches.",
"\n\nInvestigators have attempted to disinfect the guts of leeches before they are placed on patients by placing the ectoparasites in % 0.02 chlorhexidine for 15 seconds or in antibiotic solutions (tetracycline or cefoperazone solutions) for 12 hours, but these attempts were unsuccessful \\[[@B2]\\]. ",
"Mackay et al. ",
"incubated leeches in solutions of antibiotics to which *Aeromonas spp*. ",
"are sensitive for 12 hours but could not eradicate *aeromonas*from the intestines \\[[@B11]\\].",
"\n\nWe preferred hypochloric acid which is an ideal disinfectant and has a wide antibacterial spectrum for desired purpose. ",
"Chlorine in the form of hypochloric acid exhibits rapid microbicidal activity by inhibiting of key enzymatic reactions within the cell and eventual protein denaturation. ",
"It has a rapid bactericidal effect and can dissolve in water. ",
"However, it has some disadvantages as it irritates mucosal membranes, has interactions with some chemicals and metals \\[[@B15]\\].",
"\n\nIt was showed that bactericidal effect of hypochloric acid of 100 *ppm*concentrations on pseudomonas was achieved within 10 min exposure \\[[@B7]\\]. *",
"Aeromonas spp*. ",
"cause similar nosocomial infections and has similar antibiotic susceptibility with *pseudomonas spp*. ",
"Therefore, in the second stage of our study, beginning with 100 *ppm*, we applied decreasing concentrations of hypochloric acid in transportation fluids, observed bacterial growth by taking specimens from transport material and oral flora of *hirudo medicinalis*. ",
"We tried to find the dilution ratio that was closest to 100 *ppm*, suppresing oral flora and transfer liquid and also allowing the leech to survive with normal function. ",
"As a result of the second stage of the study we found out that concentration to be 12.5 *ppm*.",
"\n\nIn the third stage, we observed that mean sucking duration of the hypochloric acid treated group was shorter than the other group but the difference was not significant (12.2 min & 15.5 min respectively). ",
"However hypochloric acid had successful disinfection effect for transport liquid and oral flora. ",
"In our opinion, such a decrease in duration of sucking function can be preferable to infection possibility. ",
"Since leeches are much cheaper than antibiotics, it is logical to use them once, after treating with hypochloric acid, and never utilise them again.",
"\n\nWe do not advise to use \\\"full-up\\\" leeches over and over again by putting them in hypertonic solutions to force them vomitting because if they regurgitate, the intestinal flora can readly contaminate the environment where the leeches are kept and cause infection eventually. ",
"Although the oral flora and transport enviroment studies do not really address the problem since excretory contamination is probably the major factor in leech infections ; we believe that to take any measure in order to decrease the infection risk during utilisation of ordinary leeches is valuable.",
"\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nWe can comment that preparation of 12.5 *ppm*hypochloric acid solution with transport fluids of ordinary leeches obtained from the local market for 10 minutes and then taking the leeches gently from water before application can prevent possible infections caused by contamination from leech oral flora and transport medium.",
"\n\nCompeting interest\n==================\n\nNone declared.",
"\n\nAuthor\\'s contributions\n=======================\n\nAA and SVK participated in design of the study, involved in the dissections of leeches. ",
"EH and ST participated in the design of the study and writing of the manuscript.",
"HN, NG and BO involved in the antibiogram tests. ",
"SNK participated in design of the study.",
"\n\nPre-publication history\n=======================\n\nThe pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:\n\n<http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/4/28/prepub>\n\nFigures and Tables\n==================\n\n{#F1}\n\n{#F2}\n\n{#F3}\n\n{#F4}\n\n{#F5}\n\n###### \n\nResults of the cultures prepared from transport fluids, oral and intestinal smears of 10 leeches.",
"\n\n **Number of leech** **Source of the culture material** **Bacterial Growth**\n --------------------- ------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n **1** oral flora no reproduction\n intestinal flora no reproduction\n transport fluid no reproduction\n **2** oral flora Aeromonas hydro/cavie, Aeromonas spp, Acinetobacter spp\n intestinal flora Aeromonas hydro/cavie, Aeromonas spp, Acinetobacter spp\n transport fluid Aeromonas hydro/cavie, Aeromonas spp, Acinetobacter spp\n **3** oral flora no reproduction\n intestinal flora Aeromonas hydro/cavie\n transport fluid no reproduction\n **4** oral flora no reproduction\n intestinal flora Aeromonas hydro/cavie\n transport fluid Aeromonas hydro/cavie, Aeromonas spp, Acinetobacter spp\n **5** oral flora no reproduction\n intestinal flora Aeromonas sobria\n transport fluid no reproduction\n **6** oral flora no reproduction\n intestinal flora Aeromonas sobria\n transport fluid Acinetobacter spp, methicillin sensitive-coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp\n **7** oral flora Aeromonas salmonicidia, Pseudomonas spp, Sphingobacterium spp\n intestinal flora Aeromonas hydro/cavie, Aeromonas sobria\n transport fluid Aeromonas hydro/cavie, Aeromonas salmonicidia\n **8** oral flora Aeromonas hydro/cavie\n intestinal flora Aeromonas sobria\n transport fluid Pseudomonas spp\n **9** oral flora Aeromonas hydro/cavie\n intestinal flora Aeromonas hydro/cavie\n transport fluid no reproduction\n **10** oral flora no reproduction\n intestinal flora Aeromonas hydro/cavie\n transport fluid no reproduction\n\n###### \n\nDefinitive identification of A. hydro/caviae and A. sobria with biochemical tests.",
"\n\n **No** **2** **3** **4** **5** **6** **7** **8** **9** **10** \n -------------------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -----\n **◆** **O** **I** **F** **I** **I** **F** **I** **I** **I** **F** **O** **I** **O** **I** **I** \n \n **Results of API 32 GN** h/c h/c h/c h/c h/c h/c s s h/c s h/c h/c s h/c h/c h/c\n **M** \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+\n **Esculin** \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\- \\- \\+ \\- \\+ \\+ \\- \\+ \\+ \\+\n **Catalase** \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+\n **Indole** \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+\n **VP** \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\- \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+\n **LDC** \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+\n **ODC** \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\-\n **DNase** \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+\n **Hem.** ",
" \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+\n **Glucose** \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+\n **Lactose** \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\-\n **Urea** \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \\-\n **Citrate** \\+ \\+ \\+ \\- \\+ \\+ \\- \\- \\- \\+ \\- \\+ \\+ \\+ \\+ \\-\n **Results** h h h h h h v v h v h h v h h h\n\n**Abbreviations :**No: Number of leech, ◆: Source of the culture material, API 32 GN: Analitycal Profile Index 32 GN (BioMérieux), O: Oral flora, I: Intestinal flora, F: Transport fluid, h/c: A. hydro/caviae, h: A. hydrophila, s: A. sobria, v: A. veronii biogroup sobria, M: Motility, VP: Voges-Proskauer, LDC: Lysine decarboxylase, ODC: Ornithine decarboxylase, Hem: Hemolysis, Lactose: Asit from Lactose.",
"\n\n###### \n\nThe antibiograms of aeromonas isolates from 9 different leeches.",
"\n\n **Leech** \n --------- ----------- ---- --- --- --- --- ---- ---- ---\n **AMP** R R R R R R R R R\n **SAM** R R R R R R R R R\n **AMC** R R R R R R R R R\n **CZ** R R R S S R R R S\n **CXM** S S S S S S S S S\n **FOX** S S S S S S S S S\n **CRO** S S S S S S S S S\n **SCF** S S S S S S S S S\n **FEP** S S S S S S S S S\n **GM** S S S S S S S S S\n **TOB** S S S S S S S S S\n **NET** S S S S S S S S S\n **AK** S S S S S S S S S\n **SXT** S S S S S S S S S\n **NOR** S S S S S S S S S\n **IPM** S S S S S S S S S\n **MEM** S S S S S S S S S\n **TZP** S S S S S S S S S\n **AZM** S S S S S S S S S\n **IBL** \\+ \\+ \\+ \n\n**Abbreviations :**h:A. hydrophila, v:A. veronii biogroup sobria, R:Resistant, S:Sensitive AMP:Ampicillin, SAM:Sulbactam/ampicillin, AMC:Amoxicillin/clavulanate, CZ:Cefazolin, CXM:Cefuroxim FOX:Cefoxitin, CRO:Ceftriaxone, SCF:Sulbactam/cefoperazone, FEP:Cefepime, GM:Gentamicin, TOB:Tobramycin, NET:Netilmicin, AK:Amikacin, SXT:Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, NOR:Norfloxasin, IPM:Imipenem, MEM:Meropenem, TZP:Piperacillin/tazobactam, AZM:Aztreonam,\n\n###### \n\nThe number of bacterial colonies before and after hypochloric acid applications of 12.5 *ppm*and 6.25 *ppm*concentrations and control group.",
"\n\n **No** ***Concentration of hypochloric acid*** **Transport fluid Colony count** **Mouth Colony count** **Gut Colony count**\n -------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------ ----------------------\n **1** **before** 12 16 Not studied\n ***12.5 ppm*after** No reproduction No reproduction 25\n **2** **before** 23 14 Not studied\n ***12.5 ppm*after** No reproduction No reproduction 18\n **3** **before** 30 34 Not studied\n ***12.5 ppm*after** No reproduction No reproduction 50\n **4** **before** 25 16 Not studied\n ***12.5 ppm*after** No reproduction No reproduction 44\n **5** **before** 18 No reproduction Not studied\n ***12.5 ppm*after** No reproduction No reproduction 30\n **1** **before** No reproduction 20 Not studied\n ***6.25 ppm*after** No reproduction No reproduction 100\n **2** **before** 27 7 Not studied\n ***6.25 ppm*after** No reproduction No reproduction 120\n **3** **before** 20 No reproduction Not studied\n ***6.25 ppm*after** No reproduction No reproduction 72\n **4** **before** No reproduction 8 Not studied\n ***6.25 ppm*after** No reproduction No reproduction 95\n **5** **before** 15 12 Not studied\n ***6.25 ppm*after** No reproduction No reproduction 75\n **1** **Control group** Not studied Not studied 100\n **2** Not studied Not studied 150\n **3** Not studied Not studied 120\n **4** Not studied Not studied 105\n **5** Not studied Not studied 140\n"
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"It's more interactive and potentially more satisfying than porn. ",
"Ok Cupid allows you to conduct detailed searches or view matches based on your profile and personality questions. ",
"And those marriages also tend to be happier and more stable than for couples that met in traditional face to face meetings. ",
"In short, it's working for him.",
"\n\nTop Dating Sites Our Picks\n\nMajority of the members are from Asia, and its aim is to link them to people from North America. ",
"Our site receives compensation from many of the offers listed on the site. ",
"Listening to music makes me relax and peaceful. ",
"The only thing that you need to worry about is scammers. ",
"They also cater to different ethnicities, religions, sexual choice, and more.",
"\n\nWhat are the best free dating sites? ",
"There are a lot of websites today that are offering their dating sites for free. ",
"These women will select the new friends and short term dating options instead of hookup.",
"\n\nYouDate - Best Free Online Dating Site for Local Singles\n\nWe have made an easy table you can choose from that covers which genre the site is and the name of the site. ",
"Per their tagline, it is a great way to meet new friends and one of the free dating sites in usa without credit card. ",
"There are free online dating sites without credit card required, hook up pittsburgh but there are also some who needs a credit card. ",
"Create a personal profile and search for potential matches in your area with whom you can chat with. ",
"If I meet someone and there is some sort of connection or we just have fun it would be nice.",
"\n\nMatchopolis\n\nThis means that coming across with a scammer is definitely low. ",
"What is right about this dating site is that it is focusing on the compatibility level and not actually on the appearance of the person. ",
"If you wanna know just ask. ",
"Play an occasional game of golf and tennis but I am average at both. ",
"These men all have great photos and profiles.",
"\n\nWhether you're searching for women or men for the purpose of fun dates, a serious relationship, to fall in love or marriage. ",
"Second, broaden your search criteria. ",
"The features that they provide will help their users to find a potential friend or date, that can lead to something more profound.",
"\n\nIn the same note, be yourself. ",
"Movies I like reading on a tablet It's hard to write about ones self. ",
"They have live adult cams that suit every interest, 20 year old and you can interact with the models. ",
"Their app is available for both Apple and Android phones. ",
"For now I am only after friends and then see how it goes.",
"\n\nThe website has strong scam-protection measures in place, and extensive features. ",
"Also, if you are someone who is new to the online dating world, then choosing a free online dating site would be best. ",
"Men who are looking for Filipino women will surely find who they are looking for here. ",
"It promises you there will be no surprise charges for specific features. ",
"Can at least relate to some of my interests.",
"\n\nVisit Muslima Dating App Tinder.",
"\n\nOk Cupid Can be used for free Large userbase Great free choice for older users Personality questions used for matching.",
"\n\nWould like it if he was a good communicator and did not have a problem with sharing his feelings and thoughts.",
"\n\nYou feel like you know something about them.",
"\n\nWhat are the most successful online dating sites?",
"\n\nPeople just like you, are waiting to hear from you now, seeking dates, love or marriage.",
"\n\nOnline dating lets you filter out the sea of fishes and only seek out those with higher potential of compatibility. ",
"Are there any completely free dating sites? ",
"They might even bring you Starbucks.",
"\n\nFree Dating Sites Credit Card Required\n\nOnce done, you can immediately communicate with other members or wait for them to send you a message. ",
"Also, being able to make me laugh is definitely a plus. ",
"Browse local singles by man or woman, height, weight, body type, eye color, hair color, dating a busy or ethnicity.",
"\n\nOnline dating sites cater to people from different interests and from all walks of life. ",
"With this online dating site, it is actually a great thing because they are finally getting all the attention that they need. ",
"One of the popular online dating sites for Filipina is Filipino Cupid. ",
"This guide covers in depth how to hookup without registration, free dating sites that dont have subscriptions and free sex sites that dont require credit cards to enter or message.",
"\n\nThey have a forum and blog section for people to talk, and even provides advice how to meet more people and how to make your profile stand out.",
"\n\nOf course, there will be competition since you will not be the only one looking for a match.",
"\n\nNo credit card sex dating does occur at fckme.",
"\n\nOf course, you need to check if the dating site is actually effective.",
"\n\nDating and Soial Networking with Badoo. ",
"This dating site is one of the best dating sites for seniors, which aims in linking seniors between each other. ",
"Just like in any kind of social media network sites today, 41 dating 21 everything has its own risk.",
"\n\nPeople whether single or in a relationship need their time out. ",
"Which of these dating sites is your favorite? ",
"Free Dating Australia is super user-friendly! ",
"Its easy to express your dating intentions, so you can easily filter out those who are looking for a serious relationship.",
"\n\nYou can view profiles, send messages and gifts, chat with singles, be seen and use our Encounters to match with online singles who have liked you. ",
"In addition to the bagels you recieve each day, you can view others who meet your criteria in the discover tab. ",
"Once you've exchanged a few messages with someone, you have the option to video chat. ",
"No drug or alcohol dependence is mandatory, and a wicked sense of humour would be a bonus.",
"\n\nChinaLoveCupid is one of the most popular Asian dating sites. ",
"One of the best things about this site is that they always make sure that the site will be safe for everyone and every member will find someone that they can be with. ",
"Always put in mind that for you to be able to enjoy the site, make sure that you choose a dating site that will suit your interest.",
"\n\nPrefer tall guys with dark hair usually and someone who is confident and cheeky. ",
"You won't find any such surprises here. ",
"Want someone who communicates his feelings and thoughts. ",
"The best feature of A-list is being able to see who liked you. ",
"Fortunately, with how the internet is playing its part in our own social lives, it made it easier for anyone to find a date."
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"The development will be built on the northwest corner of Chet Atkins Place and 19th Ave. ",
"South and will include retail space on the ground floor. ",
"Developers expect to break ground on the 233,863 square-foot building this fall and complete it by late 2020.",
"\n\nMoore Building renderings for Midtown property show 15-story office tower\n\nCLOSE The 15-story Moore Building in Midtown will feature glass walls, a rooftop terrace and fitness centers, according to Creed Investment Company, which released new renderings of the planned building. ",
"The development will be built on the northwest corner of Chet Atkins Place and 19th Ave.",
"\n\nCLOSE The Olympics remind me of food. ",
"How could they not? ",
"OK, to be fair, everything reminds me of food. ",
"But case in point: I'm watching someone luge down an icy track at 65 mph and thinking, \"Me when they announce free pizza downstairs at work.\"",
"\n\n...be Saturday, March 10 at a special time: 11:30 a.m. at Casa Azafran, 2195 Nolensville Pike. ",
"We're teaming up with District 16 Councilmember Mike Freeman and D16ers for a special...\n\nSouth Nashville Action People (SNAP) will meet at the SNAP Center, 1224 Martin St., at 6 p.m.\n\nUpdates and Events/Meetings for Feb. 16-23\n\nLots of stuff going on in District 17, so let's get going: Our next District 17 meeting will be Saturday, March 10 at a special time: 11:30 a.m. at Casa Azafran, 2195 Nolensville Pike. ",
"We're teaming up with District 16 Councilmember Mike Freeman and D16ers for a special meeting on transit.",
"\n\nLocated in Edgehill Village, in Nashville, Legato Gelato has long been one of my favorite treats. ",
"Located next to Mamacita and close Bella Napoli Pizza, it's the perfect ending or stop in for gelato, sorbetto, espresso or a baked good.",
"\n\n...site of memory and consciousness.\" ",
"In his lecture at the First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt, 1207 18th Ave. ",
"S., Seck will present the history of the Whitney Plantation in the wider context of the...\n\n...research, with a discussion following. ",
"It takes place in the Library and Archives auditorium at 403 Seventh Ave. ",
"N., Free parking is available near the Library and Archives building. ",
"The workshop is free, but...\n\nMs. Cheap: Black History Month events abound in Nashville\n\nCLOSE The February calendar is full of African-American history events, with puppet shows, colorful cultural programs, interesting lectures, rich storytelling, history and genealogy workshops, and lots and lots of music. ",
"Most of the events are free, or have a small cost or suggested donation.",
"\n\n...and Horton on Monday, Feb. 12 at 3 p.m. at Sonny West Conference Center, 700 2nd Ave S. Your attendance makes a difference, and you will have an opportunity to testify to wrecks...\n\nEnvision Edgehill will host a community storytelling tour around Edgehill from 2 to 4 p.m. Vans will leave from Edgehill Library (1409 12th Ave S) every 15 minutes. ",
"Hot cocoa, tea and pastries will be provided.",
"\n\nChestnut Hill neighbors interested in a neighborhood watch are meeting with Sgt. ",
"Rafael Fernandez of South Precinct at 5:30 p.m. at Safe Haven Family Center, 1234 3rd Ave S.\n\nUpdates and Events/Meetings for Jan. 26-Feb. 3\n\nWe had quite a week at Council, which you'll see below, but first things first: Our next District 17 meeting will be Saturday (tomorrow!), ",
"Jan. 27 at 8:30 a.m. at Midtown Hills Precinct. ",
"I'll be going over a lot of ongoing and anticipated proposals in District 17 for 2018.",
"\n\nPrint This Post New York-based Rough Trade Publishing has announced the opening of their new Nashville offices, to be headed by Nashville publishing veteran Lynn Gann. ",
"Rough Trade Publishing began business in 2007 as House of Hassle Publishing, and was founded by partners Lyle Hysen, Gandhar Savur and Ken Weinstein.",
"\n\nPrint This Post Entertainment business and financial management firm Blue Sky Group (BSG) has added Steven McMillan as Director of Royalties. ",
"He joins the BSG team from Round Hill Music where he served as the Director of Tracking.",
"\n\nAbout\n\nEveryBlock collects 17 types of news in Nashville — including articles, real estate listings, meetups and conversations neighbors are having — and organizes it by location. ",
"Here is all the recent news and discussion near 1000-1513 16th Ave."
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"\nThe effects of pre-gelatinization on the capacity of amorphous and granular octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starches as an emulsifier were compared. ",
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"Verkhnyaya Khokhlovka\n\nVerkhnyaya Khokhlovka () is a rural locality (a village) in Permsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. ",
"The population was 4 as of 2010. ",
"There are 10 streets.",
"\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rural localities in Perm Krai"
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"Since the show began almost two years ago, A Change of Tune has highlighted some of the best up-and-coming artists out of these West Virginia hills with podcast-y chats ranging from Bishops to Rozwell Kid, The Sea The Sea to Bud Carroll and more.",
"\n\nBut those interviews have been a bit infrequent, and since West Virginia Day is upon us (not to mention A Change of Tune’s second birthday), we thought we’d do something special: 30 days, 30 brand new #WVmusic interviews that range from Morgantown alt-rockers and Parkersburg singer-songwriters to West Virginia music venues and regional artist management and beyond, all of which contribute to this state’s wild and wonderful music scene.",
"\n\nAnd on this West Virginia Day, we’re turning the focus from the artist to the places that they play, the venues where #WVmusic starts on a Friday night, ends in the wee hours of Saturday, and kicks off again that evening. ",
"But how does a band end up in one of these venues? ",
"And what can fans do to help? ",
"We spoke with some of West Virginia's favorite venues (including Charleston's The Empty Glass, Fayetteville's The 35th Star, Huntington's The V Club, Morgantown's 123 Pleasant Street, and Thomas' The Purple Fiddle) to come up with a guide on how to get your band booked across the Mountain State and beyond.",
"\n\nBefore you start looking around for a gig, it might be good to brush up on your #WVmusic venue history.",
"\n\nSince its doors first opened in 1985, Charleston's The Empty Glass has been a staple for both national and local acts in West Virginia. ",
"The Drive-By Truckers, Justin Townes Earle, NRBQ, Joss Stone, and John Inghram’s Slugfest have all hung their musical hats at this #CharlestonWV establishment at one time or another.",
"\n\nAlthough it's the new #WVmusic kid on the block, Fayetteville's The 35th Star has hit the ground running with acts like Dinosaur Burps, Sly Roosevelt, and Black King Coal since opening its musical doors late last summer. ",
"The venue is located on the grounds of Cantrell’s Rafting, a space that hosted West Virginia bands for well over a decade before The 35th Star's opening. ",
"Any local band that played there can testify to Cantrell’s being an enormous asset to the #WVmusic scene, so when the opportunity arose to make the area bigger and better, the space was revamped with a stage and professional in-house PA system to turn it into a year-round destination rather than just a spot for rafting season. ",
"Oh, and the venue's name? ",
"It comes from the 35th star on the American flag, representing West Virginia's statehood.",
"\n\nI scream, you scream, we all scream for... The V Club! ",
"In the 1930's, Huntington's The V Club was actually a split building that housed a neighborhood grocery store and ice cream parlor. ",
"Once prohibition was repealed in 1933, the ice cream parlor began selling beer, and that was the end of that. ",
"This summer actually marks The V Club's tenth anniversary as a #HuntingtonWV music destination, and there's a lot to celebrate when you look at the venue's gig history. ",
"Before they were household names, once little-known acts like Chris Stapleton, Josh Ritter, and Jason Isbell performed at The V Club. ",
"The same could be says for up-and-coming locals like Ona, Tyler Childers, and The Horse Traders.",
"\n\nIn the 1980's, it was known as The Underground Railroad. ",
"In the 1990's, folks referred to it as The Nyabinghi Dance Hall (or The Nyabinghi for short). ",
"But for almost two decades, Morgantown music fans and friends alike have called this little piece of heaven 123 Pleasant Street. ",
"Consider this West Virginia's 9:30 Club, with acts and styles ranging from Guided By Voices to Bo Diddley, The Flaming Lips to My Morning Jacket and even local talent like Todd Burge's 63 Eyes and upcoming Mountain Stage guests William Matheny and Qiet.",
"\n\nGreensky Bluegrass. ",
"The Avett Brothers. ",
"Crooked Still. ",
"These are just a few of the acts that have called Thomas' The Purple Fiddle their musical home away from home (three times, in fact, when it comes The Avett Brothers). ",
"Located in one of the coolest and coziest towns in West Virginia, The Purple Fiddle is a combination healthy food restaurant, high quality beer bar, and music venue with a colorful name that shows how differences can blend and dissipate (red + blue = purple) when we share the common experience of a great concert.",
"\n\nSo how do these venues scout for talent?",
"\n\nFor some venues, booking isn’t a problem. ",
"John Bright of The Purple Fiddle says the venue has had no trouble filling the schedule with bands that contact them. “",
"More times than I can name, I have heard that musicians are told by other bands that they have to play here,” Bright says.",
"\n\n“Being as old as it is, The Empty Glass is on almost every touring directory there is in the United States and abroad,” says Jason Robinson of The Empty Glass. “",
"I don’t have a lot of time to scout for new local talent since we book seven days a week, but I try and keep my ear to the ground and find new local talent.”",
"\n\nWord-of-mouth obviously plays an important role in getting booked, especially if you have someone outside of your band being able to vouch for you. ",
"Whether it's fans, band friends, or local radio figureheads, it's all about leaving a great impression with your music and professionalism.",
"\n\n“We are fortunate to personally know many of the bands that we book and count them as our friends,” says Sean Kinder of The 35th Star, “Our friends in bands turn us on to new bands that they enjoy and respect, which gives us a deep well of talent to draw from.”",
"\n\nWhat is the best way to reach out to a venue for booking consideration?",
"\n\nA well-written e-mail with links to your band's audio or video seems to be the venues' preferred way of being contacted. ",
"While you might be tempted to message them through Facebook or another social media outlet, using the channel they set up specifically for booking (i.e. email) will help them help you.",
"\n\nBright says, “300 shows a year is a lot to juggle. ",
"E-mail is searchable, so I can always return to previous conversations about specific dates, times, and money. ",
"E-mail prevents simple mistakes based on miscommunication.”",
"\n\n“E-mail is preferred,” agreed Patrick Guthrie of The V Club. “",
"Don't be discouraged if there is no response to your email the first time. ",
"Sometimes there are too many to filter through.” ",
"But, he says, he will get to it.",
"\n\nL.J. Giuliani of 123 Pleasant Street says, “[Make sure to send] links to the music, so we can get an idea if there’s interest in the band. ",
"Also find out if there are local bands interested in partnering [for a show]. ",
"If you see bands you want to play with, let us know, or contact them yourself so they can play [with you at the venue].”",
"\n\nKinder adds, “It’s also helpful to include a specific, finely-tuned description of your band’s sound and influences. ",
"Hopefully that will let talent buyers and venues know what kind of energy you bring and how to best promote your music.”",
"\n\nHow does social media play a role in booking talent?",
"\n\nBeing active on social media is important for a variety of reasons. ",
"For starters, it gives venues a way to gauge a band's popularity and guesstimate how many folks will come out to see them live. ",
"Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram also give the venues a taste of the band’s interactions with fans and whether they use the platform enough to promote their music, their shows, and their venues.",
"\n\n“We think the best use of [band] social media is to showcase high-quality audio and video that really reflects a band’s live show,” says Kinder. ",
"And when they say “high-quality,” they mean no shaky hands and no weird filters. ",
"Keep it clean, keep it crisp, and have it be the best representation of what you can bring to the venue.",
"\n\n“I think what buyers are looking for is that the band is working hard to promote their band and staying busy touring,” Guthrie says. “",
"It’s certainly a good rule of thumb for bands to have [an active] social media presence to help them grow their fan base.”",
"\n\n“It has become a very important and handy part of the business… and sometimes a necessary evil,” says Robinson. “",
"It’s always good to check Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook and see how well the bands promote themselves and how organized they are with promoting.”",
"\n\nA band has booked the show. ",
"What do they do next?",
"\n\nA recurring theme for all venues was promotion. ",
"Yes, it is the venue's responsibility to promote a show, but they also believe the bands needs to promote it themselves.",
"\n\n“It’s the responsibility of both venues and bands to promote and get people excited about events,” Kinder says. “",
"Sharing videos on social media sites, posters, and inviting friends are all very important parts of getting people interested in an event and getting the band repeat gigs.”",
"\n\n“More bodies in the room means more money for your band and a higher chance of performing at the venue again,” Giuliani says.",
"\n\n“Just because the show is booked doesn't mean the work is over,” Guthrie says. “",
"They need to take responsibility of help getting the word out by promotion.”",
"\n\nWhat are mistakes a band will want to avoid?",
"\n\n“One mistake we see local bands make is overbooking themselves in a small area. ",
"While you may be able to get booked five nights a week, the band and the venues both lose out when you oversaturate the market,” says Kinder. “",
"Showing up late to a show can make for a stressful environment. ",
"Crowds definitely pick up on that, [so] show up on time and be happy to be there.”",
"\n\nRobinson echoes those sentiments. “",
"Not promoting themselves or being unprofessional during the show [are the worst attributes of a booked band]. ",
"Being organized and professional goes a long way.”",
"\n\n“For our venue specifically, [the worst mistake is] a band thinking a great crowd one time means they will get [another great crowd] the next time [or] every time,” says Bright. “",
"Very rarely does a band bring us their crowd. ",
"A few do bring maybe up to half, but we always match it with unsuspecting tourists who just happen to be in the area and know to come here to see a good band.”",
"\n\nIs it important that a local opening act match the sound of a headlining national touring act?",
"\n\nAttaching a local opener to a show with a larger draw as the headliner is important for all parties. ",
"It exposes the audience to new local artists that they might not have gone out to see on a normal bill. ",
"But is it important that the two acts sound similar?",
"\n\n“It’s not always necessary to have the same genre, but it really depends on the type of show,” Guthrie says. “",
"It sometimes makes for an interesting night. ",
"There are times when a patron walks away from a show exposed to new music they would not have found otherwise.”",
"\n\nOther venues would prefer the genres complement each other, but they realize this isn’t realistic due to regional availability. “",
"Being in Charleston, we don't always have that option, so it’s good to at least have a good contrast of music and try and make sure that the listeners of one type would like or appreciate the other genre,” Robinson says.",
"\n\n“It’s nice, but a lot of times it’s not possible,” Giuliani says. “",
"So at that point, you try to recognize a band whose audience is the kind that would still dig the band. ",
"You try to match them up the best you can, think of the audience that would come to see a show like that. ",
"If you have a local band drawing well, then it’s easier to bring in a regional or national act that isn’t too well known in the area. ",
"The biggest thing is originality, if they can draw heads, and if they can engage an audience.”",
"\n\nBright agrees. “",
"It’s more important to us that the energy of the acts is complementary, so they don’t necessarily need to be the same genre. ",
"We’ve had some really fun nights blending bands that don’t play the same sort of music. ",
"There can be a common thread between bands outside of having the same instrumentation or style. ",
"It works when you really deliberate (read: obsess) over the headliner/support dynamic, and it’s incredibly satisfying to give our audience those unexpected match-ups.”",
"\n\nAt the end of the day, how important is #WVmusic to the venues?",
"\n\n“The West Virginia music scene is the life blood of our venue, and us as people. ",
"It’s why we’re here. ",
"We are truly fans of these artists,” says Kinder. “",
"Our favorite thing is to see our regional and nationally-touring bands’ reactions to the level of talent our local acts bring to the table. ",
"They’re blown away by what we have going on in our music scene. ",
"If we can provide a space that supports our state’s exceptional musicians and songwriters while still exposing people to new artists from across the country, we have accomplished our mission.”",
"\n\nGuthrie says, “The local shows are our heartbeat of the club and community. ",
"They are our friends and family that create our music scene, and if they’re not playing a show, they are the ones supporting another show at the venue. [",
"So] we try and support as much West Virginia music as possible without oversaturating the market with the same local bands. ",
"There is certainly a lot of different formats and genres to West Virginia’s music scene, and we try accommodate as much of it as we can.”",
"\n\n“It’s very important [to foster local talent at 123 Pleasant Street], but I also know that West Virginia is a very regionally-dictated kind of state,” says Giuliani. “",
"A band that might be doing really well in Huntington or Charleston might not do well in Morgantown, and vice-versa. [",
"Due to Morgantown’s waning and waxing student population], the audience can be somewhat fickle. ",
"Cultivating talent can sometimes be a tricky thing, [but at least] we’re blessed with a lot of great local talent.”",
"\n\n“It sets a standard of excellence that makes West Virginians very proud,” says Bright. “",
"People like Kathy Mattea and Tim O’Brien keep the mountain music traditions alive. [",
"It’s] important to stretch the limits of what a ‘hillbilly band’ sounds like, [which is] nothing like you think.”",
"\n\nFinal words of wisdom from venues to bands?",
"\n\n“Raise the bar until you have all the facets of a great band combined in one,” says Bright. “",
"Strive to improve the smallest of your weaknesses. ",
"Find a successful model in another act or other musicians, people doing what you aspire to do and emulate their dedication and practice. ",
"Surround yourself with people better than you are, and then rise to the challenge (and, if you can, put them in your band).”",
"\n\n“Open mics are always the best way to get a foot in the door,” Guthrie says. “",
"And just because you played here before doesn’t ensure you another spot on the calendar. ",
"Another way [to get booked] is to try and make friends with local bands that have an established fan base at the club and see about opening for them.”",
"\n\n“Take it serious. ",
"Be organized, have fun, and be professional,” says Robinson.",
"\n\n“The biggest thing I could say is, yes it’s the venue's responsibility to promote your show, but it’s not our only responsibility. ",
"It’s yours as well,” says Giuliani. “",
"A venue won’t have your back if you’re not going to bring heads in and generate business, [so] go out there and spread the word!”",
"\n\n“Work! ",
"Write, practice, and interact with your audience,” says Kinder. “",
"West Virginia’s a small market with a huge amount of talent to choose from, with more bands popping up constantly. ",
"Skill is great, but audiences also want to see acts with heart and soul going for it as hard as possible.”"
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[
"“The biggest test for the bowling unit will be trying to do what no other team has done this year, which is to win a game and take 20 wickets at Lord’s.”",
"\n\nLord’s: Home of Rain-Affected Draws as well as Home of Corks. ",
"Engineering a result will indeed be a challenge.",
"\n\nBut after that, Broad said the following about communicating with the other bowlers: “We always talk, not as an ego thing, but to try to get one over the opening batsman.”",
"\n\n“Not as an ego thing”? ",
"What in blazes does that mean? ",
"Why would verbal communication – the basic keystone supporting the whole of humankind’s development – ever be considered merely ‘an ego thing’?",
"\n\nNot a year goes by – not one single year – when we do not see two or more human beings engaged in conversation with one another. ",
"Not once have we ever thought to ourself: “Look at those raging egotists.”",
"\n\n16 Appeals\n\nOh you would be surprised. ",
"You can usually tell two egotists in conversation because it’s a series of anecdotes, each one being tangentially related to the other, but mostly an excuse to talk about their own experiences and ignore what’s gone before.",
"\n\nApparently, when we are listening to someone speak, the majority of our attention is being used to formulate and rehearse the thing we want to say next. ",
"Only a small part of our brain is actually taking in what the other person is saying. ",
"That is a sort-of egotistical thing, because we are focussed more on what we want to do than on the other’s point o… ALRIGHT ALREADY, I’LL PHONE THE BLOODY AMBULANCE, IT’S NOT LIKE HE’S GONE ANY BLUER SINCE YOU ASKED THE FIRST TIME.",
"\n\nBut if Broad’s lungs were full of helium, his verbal ejaculations would sound more like Micky Mouse’s than Stuart Broad’s voice. ",
"That would detract from ego and/or “getting one over the opposition” purposes, in my humble opinion.",
"\n\nThis one is helped by growing up on a street that was named after a proper lord, Lord Lindsay, The Earl of Crawford and Balcarres. ",
"The land on which the street was built belonged to this chap. ",
"As I often tell people, I grew up on an estate."
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[
"# org.openapitools.client - Kotlin client library for OpenAPI Petstore\n\n## Requires\n\n* Kotlin 1.3.61\n* Gradle 4.9\n\n## Build\n\nFirst, create the gradle wrapper script:\n\n```\ngradle wrapper\n```\n\nThen, run:\n\n```\n./gradlew check assemble\n```\n\nThis runs all tests and packages the library.",
"\n\n## Features/Implementation Notes\n\n* Supports JSON inputs/outputs, File inputs, and Form inputs.",
"\n* Supports collection formats for query parameters: csv, tsv, ssv, pipes.",
"\n* Some Kotlin and Java types are fully qualified to avoid conflicts with types defined in OpenAPI definitions.",
"\n* Implementation of ApiClient is intended to reduce method counts, specifically to benefit Android targets.",
"\n\n<a name=\"documentation-for-api-endpoints\"></a>\n## Documentation for API Endpoints\n\nAll URIs are relative to *http://petstore.swagger.io/v2*\n\nClass | Method | HTTP request | Description\n------------ | ------------- | ------------- | -------------\n*PetApi* | [**addPet**](docs/PetApi.md#addpet) | **POST** /pet | Add a new pet to the store\n*PetApi* | [**deletePet**](docs/PetApi.md#deletepet) | **DELETE** /pet/{petId} | Deletes a pet\n*PetApi* | [**findPetsByStatus**](docs/PetApi.md#findpetsbystatus) | **GET** /pet/findByStatus | Finds Pets by status\n*PetApi* | [**findPetsByTags**](docs/PetApi.md#findpetsbytags) | **GET** /pet/findByTags | Finds Pets by tags\n*PetApi* | [**getPetById**](docs/PetApi.md#getpetbyid) | **GET** /pet/{petId} | Find pet by ID\n*PetApi* | [**updatePet**](docs/PetApi.md#updatepet) | **PUT** /pet | Update an existing pet\n*PetApi* | [**updatePetWithForm**](docs/PetApi.md#updatepetwithform) | **POST** /pet/{petId} | Updates a pet in the store with form data\n*PetApi* | [**uploadFile**](docs/PetApi.md#uploadfile) | **POST** /pet/{petId}/uploadImage | uploads an image\n*StoreApi* | [**deleteOrder**](docs/StoreApi.md#deleteorder) | **DELETE** /store/order/{orderId} | Delete purchase order by ID\n*StoreApi* | [**getInventory**](docs/StoreApi.md#getinventory) | **GET** /store/inventory | Returns pet inventories by status\n*StoreApi* | [**getOrderById**](docs/StoreApi.md#getorderbyid) | **GET** /store/order/{orderId} | Find purchase order by ID\n*StoreApi* | [**placeOrder**](docs/StoreApi.md#placeorder) | **POST** /store/order | Place an order for a pet\n*UserApi* | [**createUser**](docs/UserApi.md#createuser) | **POST** /user | Create user\n*UserApi* | [**createUsersWithArrayInput**](docs/UserApi.md#createuserswitharrayinput) | **POST** /user/createWithArray | Creates list of users with given input array\n*UserApi* | [**createUsersWithListInput**](docs/UserApi.md#createuserswithlistinput) | **POST** /user/createWithList | Creates list of users with given input array\n*UserApi* | [**deleteUser**](docs/UserApi.md#deleteuser) | **DELETE** /user/{username} | Delete user\n*UserApi* | [**getUserByName**](docs/UserApi.md#getuserbyname) | **GET** /user/{username} | Get user by user name\n*UserApi* | [**loginUser**](docs/UserApi.md#loginuser) | **GET** /user/login | Logs user into the system\n*UserApi* | [**logoutUser**](docs/UserApi.md#logoutuser) | **GET** /user/logout | Logs out current logged in user session\n*UserApi* | [**updateUser**](docs/UserApi.md#updateuser) | **PUT** /user/{username} | Updated user\n\n\n<a name=\"documentation-for-models\"></a>\n## Documentation for Models\n\n - [org.openapitools.client.models.",
"ApiResponse](docs/ApiResponse.md)\n - [org.openapitools.client.models.",
"Category](docs/Category.md)\n - [org.openapitools.client.models.",
"Order](docs/Order.md)\n - [org.openapitools.client.models.",
"Pet](docs/Pet.md)\n - [org.openapitools.client.models.",
"Tag](docs/Tag.md)\n - [org.openapitools.client.models.",
"User](docs/User.md)\n\n\n<a name=\"documentation-for-authorization\"></a>\n## Documentation for Authorization\n\n<a name=\"api_key\"></a>\n### api_key\n\n- **Type**: API key\n- **API key parameter name**: api_key\n- **Location**: HTTP header\n\n<a name=\"petstore_auth\"></a>\n### petstore_auth\n\n- **Type**: OAuth\n- **Flow**: implicit\n- **Authorization URL**: http://petstore.swagger.io/api/oauth/dialog\n- **Scopes**: \n - write:pets: modify pets in your account\n - read:pets: read your pets\n\n"
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[
"Multiple threats imperil freshwater biodiversity in the Anthropocene.",
"\nAppropriation of fresh water to meet human needs is growing, and competition among users will intensify in a warmer and more crowded world. ",
"This essay explains why freshwater ecosystems are global hotspots of biological richness, despite a panoply of interacting threats that jeopardize biodiversity. ",
"The combined effects of these threats will soon become detrimental to humans since provision of ecosystem services, such as protein from capture fisheries, can only be sustained if waters remain healthy. ",
"Climate change poses an insidious existential threat to freshwater biodiversity in the Anthropocene, but immediate risks from dams, habitat degradation and pollution could well be far greater."
] | {
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"Gabo Island Forecast\n\nToday\n\n22°C\n\nTonight\n\n18°C\n\nmostly_sunny\n\nNow\n\n24.3°CUpdated at 16:10 EDT\n\nSouth Coast for Sunday\nPartly cloudy. ",
"Medium chance of showers in the north, slight chance elsewhere. ",
"Light winds becoming E/SE 15 to 20 km/h in the late afternoon then becoming light in the evening. ",
"Daytime maximum temperatures around 30."
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[
"Q:\n\n\"Star Field\" Animation with JavaScript and Sass-CSS\n\nI've have make this animation on the weekend as a \"just for fun\" thing. ",
"And for to play with various techniques I've seen in others code.",
"\nI think it works quite alright.",
"\nNevertheless I would appreciate comments about:\n\nHow to structure / shorten the JavaScript- and Sass-code better?",
"\nHow could the animation be improved? ",
"So that it runs smoother and more \"natural\"?",
"\nHow to improve the responsiveness? ",
"\n\nLooking forward to read your comments and suggestions.",
"\n\n'use strict';\n\nvar field = document.querySelector('.field');\nvar starCount = 1000;\n\nfunction addStar(parent, maxX, maxY) {\n var x = Math.floor(Math.random() * (maxX + 1));\n var y = Math.floor(Math.random() * (maxY + 1));\n var randomNumber = Math.random();\n\n var star = document.createElement('div');\n var starTop = document.createElement('div');\n var starBottom = document.createElement('div');\n var styleValue = 'left: ' + x + 'px; top: ' + y + 'px;';\n var starKind = '';\n\n switch (true) {\n case randomNumber < 0.25:\n starKind = 'large-star';\n break;\n case randomNumber < 0.5:\n starKind = 'medium-star';\n break;\n case randomNumber < 0.75:\n starKind = 'small-star';\n break;\n default:\n starKind = 'tiny-star';\n }\n\n starTop.classList.add(starKind + '-top');\n starBottom.classList.add(starKind + '-bottom');\n\n star.appendChild(starTop);\n star.appendChild(starBottom);\n\n star.setAttribute('style', styleValue);\n star.classList.add('star');\n star.classList.add(starKind);\n\n parent.appendChild(star);\n\n return star;\n}\n\nfor (var i = 0; i < starCount; i++) {\n addStar(field, 4000, 400);\n}\n@keyframes rotateStar {\n 0% {\n transform: rotate(0deg);\n opacity: 0.09; }\n 10% {\n transform: rotate(36deg);\n opacity: 0.18; }\n 20% {\n transform: rotate(72deg);\n opacity: 0.27; }\n 30% {\n transform: rotate(108deg);\n opacity: 0.36; }\n 40% {\n transform: rotate(144deg);\n opacity: 0.45; }\n 50% {\n transform: rotate(180eg);\n opacity: 0.54; }\n 60% {\n transform: rotate(216deg);\n opacity: 0.63; }\n 70% {\n transform: rotate(248deg);\n opacity: 0.72; }\n 80% {\n transform: rotate(284deg);\n opacity: 0.81; }\n 90% {\n transform: rotate(320deg);\n opacity: 0.9; }\n 100% {\n transform: rotate(356deg);\n opacity: 1.0; } }\n@keyframes moveGlass {\n 100% {\n margin-left: -3200px; } }\n* {\n padding: 0;\n border: 0;\n margin: 0; }\n\nbody {\n background-color: black; }\n\n.wrap {\n width: 100%;\n max-width: 800px;\n height: 200px;\n margin: 50px auto;\n overflow: hidden;\n border: 2px solid white;\n border-radius: 8px;\n line-height: 0;\n padding: 0 20px; }\n\n.field {\n height: 200px;\n position: relative;\n background-color: #000000;\n animation: moveGlass 55s ease-in infinite alternate;\n display: inline-block; }\n\n.star {\n background-color: white;\n opacity: 1.0;\n position: absolute;\n animation: rotateStar 2s infinite alternate; }\n\n.star .large-star-top:before {\n border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .large-star-top:after {\n left: 7px;\n border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .large-star-bottom:before {\n top: 7px;\n border-top-right-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .large-star-bottom:after {\n top: 7px;\n left: 7px;\n border-top-left-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .large-star-top:before, .star .large-star-top:after,\n.star .large-star-bottom:before, .star .large-star-bottom:after {\n content: \"\";\n position: absolute;\n background-color: black;\n width: 8px;\n height: 8px; }\n\n.star .medium-star-top:before {\n border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .medium-star-top:after {\n left: 6px;\n border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .medium-star-bottom:before {\n top: 6px;\n border-top-right-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .medium-star-bottom:after {\n top: 6px;\n left: 6px;\n border-top-left-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .medium-star-top:before, .star .medium-star-top:after,\n.star .medium-star-bottom:before, .star .medium-star-bottom:after {\n content: \"\";\n position: absolute;\n background-color: black;\n width: 7px;\n height: 7px; }\n\n.star .small-star-top:before {\n border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .small-star-top:after {\n left: 4px;\n border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .small-star-bottom:before {\n top: 4px;\n border-top-right-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .small-star-bottom:after {\n top: 4px;\n left: 4px;\n border-top-left-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .small-star-top:before, .star .small-star-top:after,\n.star .small-star-bottom:before, .star .small-star-bottom:after {\n content: \"\";\n position: absolute;\n background-color: black;\n width: 5px;\n height: 5px; }\n\n.star .tiny-star-top:before {\n border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .tiny-star-top:after {\n left: 3px;\n border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .tiny-star-bottom:before {\n top: 3px;\n border-top-right-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .tiny-star-bottom:after {\n top: 3px;\n left: 3px;\n border-top-left-radius: 100%; }\n\n.star .tiny-star-top:before, .star .tiny-star-top:after,\n.star .tiny-star-bottom:before, .star .tiny-star-bottom:after {\n content: \"\";\n position: absolute;\n background-color: black;\n width: 4px;\n height: 4px; }\n\n.star.large-star {\n width: 14px;\n height: 14px; }\n\n.star.medium-star {\n width: 12px;\n height: 12px; }\n\n.star.small-star {\n width: 8px;\n height: 8px; }\n\n.star.tiny-star {\n width: 6px;\n height: 6px; }\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n <div class=\"field\"></div>\n</div>\n\nHere's the uncompiled Sass-code:\n$largeStarDimension: 14px;\n$mediumStarDimension: 12px;\n$smallStarDimension: 8px;\n$tinyStarDimension: 6px;\n$animationDuration: 2s;\n$windowDimension: 200px;\n$primaryColor: #000000;\n@mixin addOffsets($starClass, $dimension) {\n .star .#{$starClass}-top:before {\n border-bottom-right-radius: 100%;\n }\n .star .#{$starClass}-top:after {\n left: $dimension;\n border-bottom-left-radius: 100%;\n }\n .star .#{$starClass}-bottom:before {\n top: $dimension;\n border-top-right-radius: 100%;\n }\n .star .#{$starClass}-bottom:after {\n top: $dimension;\n left: $dimension;\n border-top-left-radius: 100%;\n }\n .star .#{$starClass}-top:before, .star .#{$starClass}-top:after, \n .star .#{$starClass}-bottom:before, .star .#{$starClass}-bottom:after {\n content: \"\";\n position: absolute;\n background-color: black;\n width: $dimension + 1;\n height: $dimension + 1;\n }\n}\n@mixin setStarDimensions($className, $starDimension) {\n .star.#{$className} {\n width: $starDimension;\n height: $starDimension;\n } \n}\n@keyframes rotateStar {\n 0% {\n transform: rotate(0deg);\n opacity: 0.09;\n }\n 10%{\n transform: rotate(36deg);\n opacity: 0.18;\n }\n 20% {\n transform: rotate(72deg);\n opacity: 0.27;\n }\n 30% {\n transform: rotate(108deg);\n opacity: 0.36;\n }\n 40% {\n transform: rotate(144deg);\n opacity: 0.45;\n }\n 50% {\n transform: rotate(180eg);\n opacity: 0.54;\n }\n 60% {\n transform: rotate(216deg);\n opacity: 0.63;\n }\n 70% {\n transform: rotate(248deg);\n opacity: 0.72;\n }\n 80% {\n transform: rotate(284deg);\n opacity: 0.81;\n }\n 90% {\n transform: rotate(320deg);\n opacity: 0.9;\n }\n 100% {\n transform: rotate(356deg);\n opacity: 1.0;\n }\n}\n@keyframes moveGlass {\n 100% {\n margin-left: -3200px;\n }\n}\n* {\n padding: 0;\n border: 0;\n margin: 0;\n}\nbody {\n background-color: black;\n}\n.wrap {\n width: 100%;\n max-width: 800px;\n height: 200px;\n margin: 50px auto;\n overflow: hidden;\n border: 2px solid white;\n border-radius: 8px;\n line-height: 0;\n padding: 0 20px;\n}\n.field {\n height: $windowDimension;\n position: relative;\n background-color: $primaryColor;\n animation: moveGlass 55s ease-in infinite alternate;\n display: inline-block;\n}\n.star {\n background-color: white;\n opacity: 1.0;\n position: absolute;\n animation: rotateStar 2s infinite alternate;\n}\n@include addOffsets(\"large-star\", $largeStarDimension / 2);\n@include addOffsets(\"medium-star\", $mediumStarDimension / 2);\n@include addOffsets(\"small-star\", $smallStarDimension / 2);\n@include addOffsets(\"tiny-star\", $tinyStarDimension / 2);\n@include setStarDimensions(\"large-star\", $largeStarDimension);\n@include setStarDimensions(\"medium-star\", $mediumStarDimension);\n@include setStarDimensions(\"small-star\", $smallStarDimension);\n@include setStarDimensions(\"tiny-star\", $tinyStarDimension);\n\nA:\n\nThere's no need to define an animation frame at every 10%. ",
"This is prone to many errors (e.g. the change in angle from 60% to 70%).",
"\nYou need only a from and a to (aliases for 0% and 100%):\n@keyframes rotateStar {\n from { transform: rotate(0); }\n to { transform: rotate(360); }\n}\n\nI'm guessing you'd like the stars to always rotate in one direction, not alternate in animation-direction. ",
"One way to do that would be to decouple the star \"blinking\" and the rotation. ",
"Have the opacity be its own keyframe animation. ",
"Then you can have the blinking alternate while keeping the rotation normal.",
"\nThe rotation animation would work with a linear animation-timing-function.",
"\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nIn R, how do you differentiate a result is vector or matrix?",
"\n\nI am learning R right now and using R Studio\nI wrote :\nlibrary(datasets)\ndata(mtcars)\n\n## split() function divides the data in a vector. ",
"unsplit() function do the reverse.",
"\nsplit(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$cyl)\n\nI get back:\n$`4`\n [1] 22.8 24.4 22.8 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 27.3 26.0 30.4 21.4\n\n$`6`\n[1] 21.0 21.0 21.4 18.1 19.2 17.8 19.7\n\n$`8`\n [1] 18.7 14.3 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4 10.4 14.7 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2 15.8 15.0\n\nI know that split returns vector. ",
"But is this a vector of vectors of length 1?",
"\nVisually in R Studio, what is the difference in the display of vector and a matrix?",
"\n\nA:\n\nHere are a few ways to see what the result of split(calculations..) is:\nclass(split(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$cyl))\ntypeof(split(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$cyl))\nmode(split(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$cyl))\nstorage.mode(split(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$cyl))\n\n# str() Shows the structure of the object. ",
"It gives an small summary of it.",
"\nstr(split(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$cyl))\n\nYou can also assing the a new object with the list and interrogate it using the previous functions\ncars_ls <- split(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$cyl)\n\nclass(cars_ls)\ntypeof(cars_ls)\nmode(cars_ls)\n\n# and\n\nstr(cars_ls)\n# List of 3\n# $ 4: num [1:11] 22.8 24.4 22.8 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 27.3 26 30.4 ...0\n# $ 6: num [1:7] 21 21 21.4 18.1 19.2 17.8 19.7\n# $ 8: num [1:14] 18.7 14.3 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4 10.4 14.7 15.5 15.2 ...\n\nBy now, it's clear the object split returns is a list. ",
"In this case, the list cars_ls has 3 numeric vectors. ",
"\nYou can index the list in a few ways. ",
"Here are some examples. ",
"Obviously, there is no matrix here.",
"\n# Using $[backquote][list name][back quote]\ncars_ls$`4` \n\n# Including names using [\ncars_ls[1]\n\n# No names using [[\ncars_ls[[1]]\n\nEDIT\nTechnically speaking, lists are vectors also. ",
"Here are a few more functions to check what type of object you have. ",
"\nis.vector(cars_ls)\n# [1] TRUE\nis.matrix(cars_ls)\n# [1] FALSE\nis.list(cars_ls)\n# [1] TRUE\nis.data.frame(cars_ls)\n# [1] FALSE\n\nRegarding what unlist does:\nun_ls <- unlist(cars_ls)\n\nmode(un_ls)\nstorage.mode(un_ls)\ntypeof(un_ls)\nclass(un_ls)\n\nis.vector(un_ls)\n# [1] TRUE\nis.list(un_ls)\n# [1] FALSE\n\nun_ls is a numeric vector, clearly not a list. ",
"So unlist() grabs a list and unlists it.",
"\nYou can find a more detailed description of these functions in the R Language Definition\n\n"
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[
"Highway 7 is among danger areasLast week, we highlighted several dangerous intersections in the Russellville area. ",
"We should have included another dangerous area. ",
"A wreck on Highway 7 near its intersection with Linker Mountain Road resulted in two deaths Saturday. ",
"The fatal crash wasn't the first on that stretch of highway between Russellville and Dover. ",
"Every now and then, an accident will claim someone's life, and the victims follow no pattern - young and old, residents a...\n\nDesperate measure is evidentThe $25 million bounty on Saddam Hussein's head is a desperate measure of an administration desperate for something to show for Gulf War II. ",
"Something other than a mounting toll of dead American troops, that is. ",
"The war began with an attack on a location that supposedly held Saddam and his sons and henchmen. ",
"In the days afterward, we were told that Saddam had been injured, perhaps seriously. ",
"At another point in the war, bombs again targeted a ...\n\nReason to celebrate todayNot everybody agrees with us. ",
"That's fine. ",
"We can still print our little editorials, and letter-writers can send in their rebuttals. ",
"We might not find 100 percent agreement on any subject, but no one -- not even Big Brother -- can muzzle us. ",
"That's the way this freedom of the press works. ",
"We don't have to go to the state-sanctioned church. ",
"We can go to whichever one we want. ",
"We don't have to go at all. ",
"We can be Baptists or Catholics or Method...\n\nDangerous roadways need lookStaff writers Mark Scott and Sean Ingram have been writing this week about the most dangerous intersections in and around Russellville. ",
"Their findings came as no surprise to those who keep up with accidents and traffic congestion. ",
"We were aware that Arkansas Avenue is a dangerous roadway because of its traffic volume, numerous points of entry and narrow lanes. ",
"We also knew that Highway 331 sees more than its fair share of crashes, and many of ...\n\nColleges on target with mergerThe folks in higher education get the big picture. ",
"News came Tuesday that Mississippi County Community College in Blytheville and Cotton Boll Technical Institute in Burdette have merged to form Arkansas Northeastern College. ",
"The institution will have a main campus in Blytheville and satellite campuses in Burdette, Leachville, Osceola and Paragould. ",
"What does that mean? ",
"Two things. ",
"First, and foremost, students in Northeast Arkansas will have a...\n\nMajority knows truth about warAccording to a recent poll conducted by the Program on International Policy Attitudes at the University of Maryland, American attitudes toward Gulf War II are changing, if slowly. ",
"One number in particular doesn't bode well for President George W. Bush. ",
"Six in 10 of those surveyed believe that the government lied about aspects of the war. ",
"Sixty percent, a majority, believe that the president and his administration fudged the truth about going t...\n\nStudy may highlight inequitiesLegislators will soon begin studying how the state Department of Higher Education doles out dollars to colleges and universities. ",
"They'll probably learn many things, and they'll have a lot to consider. ",
"We'd like to send them a copy of last Wednesday's edition of The Courier. ",
"The top of page one included a story and graphic that addresses one of the most important aspects of higher education funding in this state - inequity. ",
"Inequity is a commo...\n\nDon't give up on a good thingThe quiet picnic on a Buffalo River gravel bar was interrupted by the green dragonflies roaring overhead. ",
"It was a time between the wars, not Gulf War I and II, but between Vietnam and Gulf War I. It was a time of cold war, before the Berlin Wall fell, when the big worry in western Europe was whether Soviet tanks would come surging through the Fulda Gap, igniting World War III. ",
"Those dragonflies were taking part in the preparations for that da...\n\nHard issues won't go awayAmong the many Murphy's laws are these: The important things are always simple. ",
"The simple things are always hard. ",
"The easy way is always mined. ",
"Why is it that city officials so often forget these small truths? ",
"They choose the easy way out. ",
"Such is the case with the issue of truck trailers used for advertising, which was tabled at the request of the planning staff at Monday night's Russellville Planning Commission meeting. ",
"Instead of facing th...\n\nCensorship harmful, tooThe Arkansas Legislature has been maligned (and, for the most part, rightly so) for doing little during this year's General Assembly, but one little thing the legislature approved is something libraries and bookstores are having a big problem with. ",
"Tucked into an amendment to an existing unlawful-acts law was a provision requiring libraries and bookstores to cover and segregate material deemed inappropriate for young children. ",
"The American Civ...\n\nKeep away, Little RockWe may not agree fully with the rural advocates who are strongly (and thus far successfully) opposing any form of school consolidation, but we will stand in solidarity with any who choose to oppose further encroachment by Little Rock. ",
"The federal government, in its infinite wisdom, recently decided to add rural Perry County to the greater Little Rock Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which puts the outermost outskirts of Little Rock five mi...\n\nTax plan just might workWe've made few bones about our disagreements with President George W. Bush's recent tax-cut proposals and Congress' final action. ",
"We think that too many of the plan's facets help those who don't need the help and too few of them help those who do. ",
"The nation's white-collar workers and silver-spoon heirs made out pretty well, at the expense of blue-collar Americans. ",
"But one small part of the tax-cut plan • misleadingly termed a \"stimulus\" packa...\n\nCivil secrecy is no serviceCity Attorney Trey Smith definitely needs to sit down with members of the Russellville Civil Service Commission - if he can ever find them together. \"",
"It's hard enough to get a quorum with five members,\" said Chairwoman Toni Bachman in explaining why the commission opposes a proposal now before the City Council to expand the membership to seven. ",
"But lack of a quorum is no obstacle to taking action on behalf of the commission, which is supposed ...\n\nLate facility beats noneThere's just no satisfying some people, but we hope that won't be the case when it comes to the recent challenge to the proposed River Valley Intermodal Facility. ",
"The Intermodal Authority learned Monday that the project, once slated to begin by January, could be delayed two years if a full Environmental Impact Statement is required following a lawsuit filed by the city of Dardanelle, three wildlife groups and three individuals. ",
"At least one au...\n\nA structure for the agesFor a structure so shiny and new, there is an odd sense of permanence about the new visitors center at Lake Dardanelle State Park. ",
"Approached from the roadway, the center already has the solidity and presence of structures like Mather Lodge on Petit Jean or even the grand old buildings at Yellowstone National Park. ",
"Seen from the Arkansas River, the complex's stone ramparts leave a feeling of a scaled-down Civil War coastal battery. ",
"One can alm...\n\nTrailer sign rules neededPlanning issues are like campaign finance issues for politicians • they're gonna come up now and then, but nobody wants to talk about them. ",
"Because of that swept-under-the-rug fact, development projects and their ramifications have long been a thorn in Russellville's side. ",
"Elected and appointed officials through the years have, for the most part, supported development at nearly any cost, at the expense sometimes of orderly growth. ",
"They've rela...\n\nFrom abstract to concreteWhat do children most need out of schools today? ",
"There are almost as many answers to that question as there are students. ",
"Parents aren't doing a good job of parenting? ",
"Teachers can give those kids the love and nurturing they need, all 100 of them per teacher each day. ",
"The kids live in poverty? ",
"The lunchroom ladies will serve them two squares a day at school. ",
"Little Johnnie can't stay out of trouble with the law? ",
"The assistant principal will ma...\n\nIt's not easy being a dadFather's Day. ",
"Among all the holidays, Father's Day is perhaps the only one with Dad as its focus. ",
"Thanksgiving, Christmas, even Labor Day give families excuses to visit Mom or call Mom or send Mom a card. ",
"Father's Day, though, is just for Dad. ",
"It's not easy being a dad. ",
"There's no rule book, and there aren't too many experts on the subject, other than other dads. ",
"For whatever reason, parenting isn't something that men talk amongst themselves a...\n\nThree options for fiscal budgetRussellville City Council members, led by Alderman Cliff Kirchner, have begun looking for ways to turn the city's fiscal situation around. ",
"At this point, it's not in good shape. ",
"A few years ago, the city began building a new police station, softball park and soccer complex. ",
"Those facilities cost about $5 million. ",
"They're done now and have benefitted the city in many ways. ",
"The downside to these projects is that they drained the city's treasury....\n\nGovernor's tour kicks off todayGov. ",
"Mike Huckabee's first tour stop to stump for public education reform will be today in Springdale. ",
"He chose a fairly safe locale for the kickoff speech. ",
"Springdale School District is one of the state's shining examples of education as it should be. ",
"Its facilities are community college-esque. ",
"Its course offerings are staggering in number, subject content and scope. ",
"Its faculty are the cream of the crop (boasting a starting salary about 50 p..."
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"package com.codahale.metrics.httpclient5;\n\nimport com.codahale.metrics.",
"MetricRegistry;\nimport org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.",
"HttpClient;\nimport org.apache.hc.core5.http.",
"HttpRequest;\n\n@FunctionalInterface\npublic interface HttpClientMetricNameStrategy {\n\n String getNameFor(String name, HttpRequest request);\n\n default String getNameFor(String name, Exception exception) {\n return MetricRegistry.name(HttpClient.class,\n name,\n exception.getClass().getSimpleName());\n }\n}\n"
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[
"This doesn't say much.",
"\n\nEnron Global Markets\n520 Madison Avenue\nNew York, NY 10022\nTel: 212.715.5283\nFax: 212.715.5608\nE-Mail: Limor.Nissan@Enron.com\n\n-----Original Message-----\nFrom: \tMGLI Confirmations \nSent:\tTuesday, November 27, 2001 5:44 PM\nTo:\tNissan, Limor\nSubject:\tFW: TSS130 CLIENT CONTRACT CONFIRMATION\n\n\n\nBrian Flaherty\nTel 212-715-2344\nFax 212-715-2360\nbrian.flaherty@enron.com\n\n\n\n\n-----Original Message-----\nFrom:\tEnron Metals Confirmations \nSent:\tFriday, October 05, 2001 2:33 PM\nTo:\tMGLI Confirmations\nSubject:\tTSS130 CLIENT CONTRACT CONFIRMATION\n\n\nFrom:\tEnron Metals Limited London 05-OCT-01 18:32 T1961806\n\tAttn: COLIN CROWLEY\n \nHerewith copy of telex/fax sent to\nBNP Paribas\n \nQuote\nHEREWITH BUSINESS TRANSACTED FOR ACCOUNT SEAL\nWe confirm having bought from you at 15:15 on 5/10/01\n875 tonnes of COPPER GRADE 'A'\nat 1,419.80 USD per tonne\nPrompt 4/02/02\nOur reference: 2377509 / BEF\n \nAnd\nWe confirm having bought from you at 15:15 on 5/10/01\n475 tonnes of COPPER GRADE 'A'\nat 1,419.80 USD per tonne\nPrompt 4/03/02\nOur reference: 2377510 / BEF\n \n \n \n \n \n \nAnd\nWe confirm having bought from you at 15:15 on 5/10/01\n325 tonnes of COPPER GRADE 'A'\nat 1,419.80 USD per tonne\nPrompt 3/04/02\nOur reference: 2377513 / BEF\n \nAnd\nWe confirm having bought from you at 15:15 on 5/10/01\n200 tonnes of COPPER GRADE 'A'\nat 1,419.80 USD per tonne\nPrompt 2/05/02\nOur reference: 2377518 / BEF\n \n \n \n \n \n \nAnd\nWe confirm having sold to you at 15:15 on 5/10/01\n875 tonnes of COPPER GRADE 'A'\nat the simple average of the LME Settlement prices for COPPER GRADE\n'A' over the period 1/01/02 to 31/01/02 inclusive\nPrompt 4/02/02\nOur reference: 2377527 / BEF\n \nAnd\nWe confirm having sold to you at 15:15 on 5/10/01\n475 tonnes of COPPER GRADE 'A'\nat the simple average of the LME Settlement prices for COPPER GRADE\n'A' over the period 1/02/02 to 28/02/02 inclusive\nPrompt 4/03/02\nOur reference: 2377533 / BEF\n \n \n \n \nAnd\nWe confirm having sold to you at 15:15 on 5/10/01\n325 tonnes of COPPER GRADE 'A'\nat the simple average of the LME Settlement prices for COPPER GRADE\n'A' over the period 1/03/02 to 31/03/02 inclusive\nPrompt 3/04/02\nOur reference: 2377539 / BEF\n \nAnd\nWe confirm having sold to you at 15:15 on 5/10/01\n200 tonnes of COPPER GRADE 'A'\nat the simple average of the LME Settlement prices for COPPER GRADE\n'A' over the period 1/04/02 to 30/04/02 inclusive\nPrompt 2/05/02\nOur reference: 2377543 / BEF\n \n \n \n \nThanks and regards\nEnron Metals Limited\n \nUnquote\n \nThanks and regards\nEnron Metals Limited"
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"ipv6\n\nThe latest version of Infuse for iPhone, iPad, and Apple TV is here and contains a number of things that we think you're really going to enjoy!",
"\n\nAll-new list view\n\nWe've added a slick new list view option that provides quick access to video artwork and details. ",
"It has all the same great details as the standard poster view, and should allow you to feel right at home when you start using it. ",
"List View can be enabled in Infuse > Settings."
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"Non-dopaminergic neurons expressing dopamine synthesis enzymes: differentiation and functional significance.",
"\nThe development and functional significance of neurons in the arcuate nucleus expressing tyrosine hydroxylase and/or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase were studied in rat fetuses, neonates, and adults using immunocytochemical (single and double immunolabeling of tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) methods with a confocal microscope and computerized image analysis, HPLC with electrochemical detection, and radioimmunological analysis. ",
"Single-enzyme neurons containing tyrosine hydroxylase were first seen on day 18 of embryonic development in the ventrolateral part of the arcuate nucleus. ",
"Neurons expressing only aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase or both enzymes of the dopamine synthesis pathway were first seen on day 20 of embryonic development, in the dorsomedial part of the nucleus. ",
"On days 20-21 of embryonic development, dopaminergic (containing both enzymes) neurons amounted to less than 1% of all neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase and/or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. ",
"Nonetheless, in the ex vivo arcuate nucleus and in primary neuron cultures from this structure, there were relatively high leveLs of dopamine and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), and these substances were secreted spontaneously and in response to stimulation. ",
"In addition. ",
"dopamine levels in the arcuate nucleus in fetuses were sufficient to support the inhibitory regulation of prolactin secretion by the hypophysis, which is typical of adult animals. ",
"During development, the proportion of dopaminergic neurons increased, reaching 38% in adult rats. ",
"Specialized contacts between single-enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase-containing and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase-containing neurons were present by day 21 of embryonic development; these were probably involved in transporting L-DOPA from the former neurons to the latter. ",
"It was also demonstrated that the axons of single-enzyme decarboxylase-containing neurons projected into the median eminence, supporting the secretion of dopamine into the hypophyseal portal circulation. ",
"Thus, dopamine is probably synthesized in the arcuate nucleus not only by dopaminergic neurons, but also by neurons expressing only tyrosine hydroxylase or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase."
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[
"1. ",
"Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nDehydrated stomatocytosis, also known as hereditary xerocytosis (HX, OMIM 194380), is the most frequent variant of hereditary stomatocytoses, a group of rare disorders characterized by a leak of monovalent cations (Na^+^ and K^+^) from the red blood cells (RBCs) \\[[@B1], [@B2]\\]. ",
"In particular, in HX red cells a decreased intraerythrocytic K^+^ and total cations content is not accompanied by a proportional net gain of sodium and water, ultimately resulting in erythrocyte dehydration \\[[@B3]\\]. ",
"HX patients usually present with mild to moderate chronic haemolytic anaemia and splenomegaly, increased reticulocyte count, and slight macrocytosis; moreover, erythrocyte mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is increased and erythrocyte osmotic fragility is decreased. ",
"Blood smears show variable numbers of stomatocytes, but usually less than 10% \\[[@B1]\\]; HX is characterized by a propensity to iron overload \\[[@B4]\\]. ",
"The majority of HX cases has a mild presentation and may be overlooked for many years or sometimes misdiagnosed as hereditary spherocytosis or other congenital haemolytic anaemia \\[[@B1]\\]. ",
"However, unlike hereditary spherocytosis in which it is highly beneficial, splenectomy is contraindicated in HX due to increased risk of thromboembolic complications \\[[@B5]--[@B7]\\].",
"\n\nOsmotic gradient ektacytometry, which measures red cell deformability, osmotic fragility, and cell hydration, is the gold standard test for the definitive diagnosis and typically shows a leftward shift of the bell-shaped curve \\[[@B1], [@B8]\\]. ",
"Sixteen different mutations in*PIEZO1* gene have been identified in 27 unrelated families with HX, primarily located in the highly conserved COOH terminus of the protein \\[[@B9]--[@B18]\\]. ",
"Functional studies of HX-associated*PIEZO1* mutations demonstrate a partial gain-of-function phenotype with many mutants demonstrating delayed inactivation \\[[@B10], [@B11], [@B19]\\], suggesting increased cation permeability that leads to HX erythrocyte dehydration.",
"\n\nIn this paper we report the clinical, haematological, and molecular characterization of two unrelated Italian families with HX due to mutation p.E2496ELE in*PIEZO1* gene associated with beta-thalassemia trait in one and heterozygous pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency in the other. ",
"By reviewing the other cases reported in literature carrying the same mutation, we exclude a synergetic effect between HX and the concomitant disorders. ",
"In one patient the initial diagnosis of pyruvate kinase deficient haemolytic anaemia delayed the correct diagnosis of HX and resulted in splenectomy followed by thrombotic complications.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Case Report {#sec2}\n==============\n\n2.1. ",
"Family A {#sec2.1}\n-------------\n\nTwo siblings, born after uncomplicated pregnancy form unrelated parents, were studied ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}); the father (AI.1) was reported to have chronic haemolytic anaemia of unknown origin. ",
"AII.1 displayed chronic haemolysis and jaundice since infancy; she was diagnosed with PK deficiency on the basis of decreased enzyme activity and splenectomised in 1979 at the age of 21. ",
"After splenectomy jaundice disappeared and Hb levels increased from 9.4 to 11 g/dL, two episodes of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurred, at the age of 26 and 54. ",
"Hyperferritinemia (1162 ng/ml) was documented at the age of 46 and one cycle of deferoxamine chelation was done for 3 months only because of intolerance; at the age of 55 T2^*∗*^ MRI revealed marked liver iron overload (*R* = 0.51) and patient started deferasirox treatment.",
"\n\nAII.2 was first studied in 1992 at the age of 29 after his wife\\'s first pregnancy interruption at 26 weeks of gestation for severe hydrops foetalis attributed to parvovirus B19 infection. ",
"On that occasion, Hb levels were 12.5 g/dL, reticulocytes were 316 × 10^9^/L, unconjugated bilirubin was 5.9 mg/dL, and serum ferritin was 723 ng/ml; PK activity was slightly decreased (10.2 IU/gHb, normal values 13.3 ± 2.29); however, because of family history he was diagnosed with PK deficiency. ",
"Physical examination revealed scleral jaundice and splenomegaly. ",
"He underwent cholecystectomy at the age of 30. ",
"Both siblings were referred to our Centre for reevaluation of haemolytic anaemia and iron overload. ",
"The patients\\' clinical and haematological data at the time of this study are shown in [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}.",
"\n\nBoth patients AII.1 and AII.2 displayed mild macrocytic anaemia and reticulocytosis, 13--15% stomatocytes in peripheral blood smear examination with 7% target cells, and 2--4% schistocytes, ovalocytes, and spherocytes ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Increased serum ferritin levels were also detected in the absence of blood transfusions;*HFE* genotype was H63D/wt. ",
"Interestingly AII.1 showed mild spectrin deficiency with normal EMA binding test. ",
"RBC PK activity was decreased in both siblings (7 IU/gHb and 10.8 IU/gHb, resp.). ",
"Direct sequencing of the entire coding region, intronic flanking regions, and promoter of*PK-LR* gene showed heterozygosity for the c.257G\\>A mutation (p.R86H). ",
"Because PK deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease this finding allowed excluding the previous diagnosis of PK deficiency and prompted us to investigate other causes of haemolysis in this family; the RBC morphology, the apparent dominant transmission, and the history of DVT in the splenectomised patient were suggestive of hereditary stomatocytosis.",
"\n\nLoRRca Osmoscan ([Figure 3(a)](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) showed in AII.2 a left shift of the curve (Omin 156, n.v. ",
"151--175; Ohyper 456, n.v. ",
"473--534), indicating the presence of dehydrated red cells. ",
"In AII.1, a more pronounced left shift (Omin 119, Ohyper 428), was also associated with decreased EImax (0.541, n.v. ",
"0.586--0.610), in line with the spectrin deficiency detected by SDS-PAGE analysis.*PIEZO1*gene sequencing revealed in both siblings heterozygosity for the mutation c.7479_7484dupGGAGCT in exon 51 (p.E2496ELE), thus confirming the diagnosis of HX.",
"\n\n2.2. ",
"Family B {#sec2.2}\n-------------\n\nPatient BII.1 was first recognized to be anaemic at the age of 15 years because of scleral jaundice; at the age of 23 in 1995 she was diagnosed with hereditary stomatocytosis based on the presence of stomatocytes at peripheral blood smear examination (12%); in that occasion, she had Hb 11.9 g/dL, MCV 95 fL, reticulocytes 550 × 10^9^/L, serum ferritin 421 ng/ml, transferrin saturation 70%, and unconjugated bilirubin 6.7 mg/dL. Abdominal ultrasound showed splenomegaly (18 × 12 cm), hepatomegaly, and gallstones. ",
"Family study revealed in the mother (BI.1) a compensated haemolysis (Hb 12.6 g/dL, reticulocytes 311 × 10^9^/L, and unconjugated bilirubin 2 mg/dL) with 11% stomatocytes, suggesting dominant transmission of the disease.",
"\n\nOne year later the patient underwent cholecystectomy for gallstones, associated with splenectomy. ",
"Surgery had no effect on Hb levels; postsplenectomy reticulocytes were 200--300 × 10^9^/L and serum ferritin was 300--400 ng/ml. ",
"At the age of 30 years, the patient became pregnant and she gave birth to a girl (BIII.1); pregnancy was complicated by gestosis, with delivery at 35 weeks. ",
"At birth the child was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit for neonatal immaturity and respiratory distress, and she was diagnosed with hereditary stomatocytosis associated with beta-thalassemia trait (Hb 10.6 g/dL, MCV 71.9 fL, stomatocytes 22%, reticulocytes 260 × 10^9^/L, and unconjugated bilirubin 1.09 mg/dL).",
"\n\nThe mother and daughter were referred to our hospital for reevaluation of their anaemia and to confirm the diagnosis at molecular level. ",
"At the last follow-up patient BII.1 reported that a thromboembolic event occurred 20 years after splenectomy. ",
"Patient BII.1 displayed compensated haemolytic anaemia with 22% stomatocytes at peripheral blood smear examination, 13% target cells, and 2% schistocytes ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Ferritin levels and transferrin saturation were increased in the presence of a normal*HFE* genotype. ",
"Bone marrow evaluation showed marked dyserythropoiesis. ",
"Case BIII.1 had mild microcytic anaemia, reticulocytosis, and increased ferritin levels; 17% of stomatocytes were detected at blood smear examination ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}); the molecular testing for*HBB* gene revealed the presence of the splicing mutation c.93-21G\\>A at heterozygote level, confirming the beta-thalassemia trait.",
"\n\nLoRRca Osmoscan ([Figure 3(b)](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) showed the pronounced left shift of the curve typical of dehydrated stomatocytosis (Omin 71 and 76, resp., ",
"n.v. ",
"136--151; Ohyper 342 and 352, n.v. ",
"447--474).*PIEZO1*gene sequencing revealed in both cases the presence of the mutation p.E2496ELE.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Discussion {#sec3}\n=============\n\nThere is an increasing interest in defects of RBC permeability due to the recent advances in knowledge of their molecular bases. ",
"Considered to be a group of very rare diseases, the number of reported cases of HX in the past three years is increased after the identification of the causative genes, such as*PIEZO1* \\[[@B9]--[@B11]\\] and, more recently,*KCNN4*codifying for Gardos channel \\[[@B20]--[@B23]\\].",
"\n\nThe wide heterogeneity of clinical presentation and in particular the occurrence of mild/compensated cases may contribute to delay of the diagnosis \\[[@B14], [@B16]\\]. ",
"Moreover, some patients displaying very few stomatocytes at the blood film examination may be misdiagnosed as hereditary spherocytosis or as suffering from an enzyme deficiency \\[[@B1]\\]. ",
"This was the case in patient AII.1, initially diagnosed as PK deficiency based on decreased enzyme activity, who underwent splenectomy and was eventually identified as HX with 30-year delay: the apparently dominant transmission of the anaemia, the absence of the expected increase of reticulocytes number after splenectomy, and*PK-LR* genotyping showing monoallelic mutation ruled out the diagnosis of PK deficiency as a primary cause of haemolysis. ",
"This case therefore pinpoints the need of confirming a suspected RBC enzymopathy at the molecular level.",
"\n\nMore than in other haemolytic anaemia, a precise diagnosis is of the utmost importance in HX in light of the increased risk of thrombotic complications following splenectomy \\[[@B5]--[@B7]\\] reported in all the splenectomised patients with*PIEZO1* mutations but one. ",
"Patient AII.1 displayed two DVT episodes 5 and 33 years after splenectomy, and patient BII.1 had pulmonary embolism 20 years after surgery. ",
"It is worth mentioning that the only patient reported in the literature without thromboembolic complication after splenectomy had a relatively short follow-up \\[[@B17]\\].",
"\n\nAlthough usually well compensated and requiring no blood transfusions, dehydrated stomatocytosis is a heavily iron loading condition \\[[@B4], [@B14]\\], as also shown in our cases. ",
"The causes of this are not well established: haemolysis is commonly mild and it is unlikely to be per se the main cause of iron overload. ",
"An important factor in this regard may be dyserythropoiesis, which was also present in patient BII.1. ",
"The occurrence of dyserythropoiesis has been documented in a variant of hereditary stomatocytosis due to Gly796Arg mutation of the erythroid anion exchanger \\[[@B24]\\] and in one case with HX associated with hereditary high phosphatidylcholine haemolytic anaemia \\[[@B17]\\] but excluded in another*PIEZO1* mutated patient described by Archer et al. ",
"\\[[@B14]\\].",
"\n\nHX has been long known to be a pleiotropic syndrome which combines in some families with haemolytic anaemia and perinatal edema; the latter, usually transient and of relatively benign prognosis \\[[@B25]--[@B28]\\], has been recently correlated with*PIEZO1* mutation by Andolfo et al. ",
"\\[[@B10]\\]. ",
"The nonimmune foetal hydrops recorded in family A is the most severe form so far described in patients with*PIEZO1* mutations.",
"\n\nLoRRca Osmoscan proved to be very useful in orienting the diagnosis toward HX, later confirmed by the*PIEZO1* gene analysis. ",
"Interestingly, patient AII.1 also displayed a decrease in EImax, as found in the case reported by Grootenboer-Mignot et al. ",
"\\[[@B27]\\]. ",
"In our patient the decrease in EImax is in line with the SDS-PAGE finding of a moderate spectrin deficiency. ",
"Spectrin deficiency in the absence of any mutation in RBC cytoskeletal proteins documented by whole exome sequencing has been reported in hereditary stomatocytosis due to*KCNN4* mutation \\[[@B23]\\] and considered to be a secondary effect of a membrane perturbation \\[[@B29], [@B30]\\] disclosed by splenectomy \\[[@B31]\\].",
"\n\nAll the four patients here described were heterozygous for mutation p.E2496ELE. ",
"The mutation was already reported in 8 unrelated cases described by Albuisson et al. ",
"\\[[@B11]\\] and very recently in a Japanese family \\[[@B17]\\] ([Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Although being also detected in 2 of 600 healthy French controls, this mutation was considered pathogenic; in fact, patch-clamp experiments in transfected HEK293 cells demonstrated a considerable increase in the inactivation time in the mutant compared to wild-type channel kinetics, indicating that it represents a gain-of-function mutation \\[[@B11]\\]. ",
"The finding of p.E2496ELE mutation also in our unrelated families (the first two families of Italian origin characterized at molecular level) supports its pathogenicity and confirms that this is one of the most frequent mutations in HX, with 15 patients so far reported in literature.",
"\n\nCombined defects of red cell membrane and/or metabolism are very rare, and the fact that carriership for a metabolic defect may be a modifier for the clinical expression of a membrane defect is still debated \\[[@B32], [@B33]\\]; in particular, the copresence of beta-thalassemia trait seems to reduce the degree of haemolysis in patients with hereditary spherocytosis \\[[@B34]--[@B37]\\]. ",
"In the presented cases the clinical phenotype does not differ from the HX cases reported in literature ([Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}), thus excluding a synergetic effect between HX and the concomitant disorders.",
"\n\nIn conclusion, our data underline the importance of a precise diagnosis in HX, particularly in view of splenectomy because of the increased thrombotic risk, and the need of a molecular confirmation of a suspected RBC enzymopathy.",
"\n\nThis study was supported by the Italian Ministry of Health: Ricerca Finalizzata Conv no. ",
"RF-2010-2303934.",
"\n\nCompeting Interests\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.",
"\n\n{#fig1}\n\n{#fig2}\n\n{#fig3}\n\n###### \n\nClinical and haematological data of the patients at the time of the study.",
"\n\n AII.1~ ~^\\#^ AII.2 BII.1~ ~^\\#^ BIII.1 Normal values\n ---------------------------- --------------- -------------- --------------- ----------- ------------------------\n Sex F M F F \n Age 55 50 39 9 \n Detection of anaemia Infancy 29 yrs 15 yrs Birth \n Splenectomy (age) Yes (21) No Yes (24) No \n Cholecystectomy (age) No Yes (30) Yes (24) No \n Transfusions No No No No \n Hb (g/dL) 11 13 12 10.8 F 12--16; M 13.5--17.5\n MCV (fl) 108 103 100 66.4^*∗*^ 78--99\n MCH (pg) 39.7 39.2 38.1 24.1 25--35\n MCHC (g/dL) 36.5 37.8 38 36.2 31--37\n Reticulocytes (×10^9^/L) 166 273 198 423 24--84\n Stomatocytes (%) 13 15 33 22 \n PLTs (×10^9^/L) 696 172 875 329 130--400\n WBCs (×10^9^/L) 8.4 7.68 9.31 8.15 4.8--10.8\n Unconj bilirubin (mg/dL) 1.33 4.82 1.33 2.8 \\<0.8\n Serum iron (*μ*g/dL) 101 150 167 n.a. ",
" 59--158\n Serum ferritin (ng/mL) 745 1571 356 321 F 15--150; M 30--400\n Transferrin (*μ*g/dL) 149 170 237 221 200--360\n Transferrin saturation (%) 56 71 75 n.a. ",
" 16--54\n GLT (sec) 180 68 480 195 23--45\n AGLT (sec) \\>900 \\>900 \\>900 \\>900 \\>900\n NaCl osmotic fragility Reduced Reduced Reduced Reduced \n Pink test (%) 27 28 16 16 11--33\n EMA binding test Normal Normal n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" \n Sp/Bd3 ratio 0.90 1.14 1.11 1.05 0.97--1.19\n *HFE* genotype H63D/wt H63D/wt wt/wt n.a. ",
" wt/wt\n Gilbert genotype 6/6 6/6 6/7 n.a. ",
" 6/6\n PK activity (IU/gHb) 7 10.8 nd nd 11.9--16.1\n 2,3 DPG (nmol/gHb) n.a. ",
" 14183 nd nd 10540 ± 1720\n ATP n.a. ",
" 5674 nd nd 4231 ± 630\n *PK-LR* genotype c.257G\\>A/wt c.257G\\>A/wt nd nd \n\n^*∗*^ *β*-Thalassemia trait; n.a. ",
"= not available; nd = not determined.",
"\n\n^\\#^Postsplenectomy.",
"\n\n###### \n\nPatients reported in literature with mutation p.E2496ELE in *PIEZO1* gene.",
"\n\n Reference Case Age at diagnosis Family history Perinatal edema Splenectomy (age) Thrombotic events Stomatocytes Typical HX ektacytometry Hb (g/dL) MCV (fL) MCHC (%) Retics (10^9^/L) Ferritin (ng/mL) HFE\n ------------ ------------------ ------------------ ---------------- ----------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------- -------------------------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ------------------ ------------------ ---------\n \\[[@B11]\\] K1 16 No No n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" Yes 10.3 102.8 32.5 136 n.a. ",
" n.a.",
"\n \\[[@B11]\\] K2 15 n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" Yes 14.4 98.5 36 202 n.a. ",
" n.a.",
"\n \\[[@B11]\\] K3 11 Yes n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" Yes 11.3 91.9 37.3 275 n.a. ",
" n.a.",
"\n \\[[@B11]\\] K5 21 Yes No n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" Yes 12.7 98.9 37.5 256 n.a. ",
" n.a.",
"\n \\[[@B11]\\] K6 18 Yes No n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" Yes 12.5 102.5 36 378 n.a. ",
" n.a.",
"\n \\[[@B11]\\] K7 42 Yes n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" n.a. ",
" Yes 12.6 108.6 36.5 290 n.a. ",
" n.a.",
"\n \\[[@B11]\\] F2 30 Yes Yes No --- n.a. ",
" Yes 9.4 99.1 n.a. ",
" 182 n.a. ",
" n.a.",
"\n \\[[@B11]\\] F3 26 Yes No Yes (27) Yes 5% Yes 13.9 120 33.8 220 2910 n.a.",
"\n \\[[@B17]\\] Daughter~ ~^\\#^ 50 Yes No Yes (38) No Yes n.a. ",
" 7.9 133.9 n.a. ",
" 3.9% 4315 wt\n \\[[@B17]\\] Son~ ~^\\#^ 41 Yes No No --- Yes n.a. ",
" 6.6 101.1 n.a. ",
" 4.9% 4350 wt\n This study AII.1^\\$^ 55 Yes No Yes (21) Yes 13% Yes 11 108 36.5 166 939 H63D/wt\n This study AII.2^\\$^ 50 Yes No No --- 15% Yes 13 103 37.8 273 1571 H63D/wt\n This study BII.1 23 Yes No Yes (23) No 33% Yes 12 100 38 198 356 wt\n This study BIII.1^*∗*^ Birth Yes No No --- 22% Yes 10.8 66.4 36.2 423 321 n.a.",
"\n\n~ ~ ^*∗*^HX associated with *β*-thalassemia trait; ~ ~^\\$^HX associated with heterozygote PK deficiency.",
"\n\n~ ~ ^\\#^HX associated with hereditary high phosphatidylcholine haemolytic anaemia (HHPCHA).",
"\n\nn.a. ",
"= not available.",
"\n\n[^1]: Academic Editor: Ramon Tiu\n"
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[
"Mark Sullivan advises us, \"You can now read, review, download all the materials in the most recent Legal Assistance Course given at The Army JAG School in Charlottesville by going to Legal Assistance.\" ",
"Click TJAGLCS Publications, then Legal Assistance and select May ’06 course book.",
"\"Good materials on custody jurisdiction, military family care plans, current regulations on nonsupport of the various branches of service, Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA), child support guidelines [by Laura Morgan ** !!], ",
"divorce jurisdiction and the military client, survivor benefits, UIFSA the Uniformed Services Former Spouses’ Protection Act, and divorce taxation. ",
"All FREE and open to the public!\"Mark is the author of a newly released book on Military Divorce, available through the ABA."
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[
"Friday, December 31, 2010\n\nWe are celebrating at home this year as we normally do. ",
"Stuffed mushrooms, cheese sticks, pizza, little smokies, jalapeno peppers, several chips and dips and more. ",
"We have the Wii set up and movies to watch.",
"\n\nI asked the girls if they were making any New Years Resolutions, and they all said no. ",
"I have heard several people say they aren't as it is too hard. ",
"Maybe that means they are setting their goals to high. ",
"Instead of vowing to loose 50 pounds next year, make your goal to loose 20 or 25, or to simply walk for 30 minutes a day, instead of vowing to keep a spotless house, make it your goal to deep clean one room of your home every week or two weeks. ",
"Then, reward yourself when you do well.",
"\n\nThe new year brings all sorts of hopes and new opportunities. ",
"But remember, you don't have to wait for a New Year for a new beginning. ",
"Every day brings a new beginning, as the old saying goes \"today is the first day of the rest of your life\".",
"\n\nThursday, December 30, 2010\n\nRight now it is 62 degrees here on the farm and windy. ",
"Very very windy. ",
"I have been watching my ducks and chickens, and one of my ducks just flew into the side of the house, thanks to a gust of wind.",
"\n\nThe wind and warm weather is nice though, we turned the heat way down and have opened windows for some fresh air.",
"\n\nToday I plan on starting to take down the Christmas decorations, although we usually wait until Jan 1. ",
"I am really wanting them down because I want my bedroom back. ",
"Since the tree is up in the living room, my bedroom is holding an extra rocking chair and toy box from the living room. ",
"The outside Christmas lights will have to wait, as it is too windy to get on a ladder.",
"\n\nLater today I plan on making next years supply of laundry soap. ",
"I always make a years worth at a time, but then I give part of it away, so it usually only will last around 6-9 months. ",
"For detailed instructions look here. ",
"Then, I also plan on going through the clothes the girls have outgrown, get them all mended and washed and ready to donate (that is another pile in a corner of my bedroom that will go away).",
"\n\nThat should give me my room back. ",
"Did you notice that doing one chore (of cleaning my room), first requires me to do the other chores? (",
"taking down the tree to make room for the chair, making more laundry soap so I can wash the clothes to donate...) No wonder moms don't get much done!!",
"\n\nLast night I made a list of 365 journal entries for next year. ",
"I'll post them under my homeschool happenings.",
"\n\nThis is the time to save on buying wrapping paper for next year. ",
"Also, its a good time to buy marked down Christmas blankets or sheets that you can make cloth gift bags out of. ",
"You can make them like a cloth shopping bag, or like a pillowcase with a draw string top. ",
"Also, the sheet fabric is great for making next years Christmas PJ's out of for little ones. ",
"Much cheaper to do it this way than to buy the fabric.",
"\n\nFriday, December 24, 2010\n\nOn Thanksgiving, we were surprised with two new calves, which we named Turkey and Pumpkin. ",
"Turkey is all white, while Pumpkin is the color of...pumpkin of course! ",
"Turkey doesn't seem to know the meaning of a barbed wire fence, and we have found her all over the farm. ",
"She just kind of walks right through them. ",
"However, she has never left the farm and always comes back when her momma calls her. ",
"She is very curious. ",
"Pumpkin tends to stay right beside her momma. ",
"Once these calves are ready to travel, they, along with their mommas will be moving to Oklahoma.",
"\n\nLast week, on one of the coldest days, Hershey, an Angus, gave birth to twins, which the girls have named Tator and Tot. ",
"They will be staying here on the farm. ",
"Tator and Tot were born very tiny, much smaller than our black lab. ",
"However, they are very lively and eating well.",
"\n\nAn interesting note about cows, they all help take turns watching each others babies. ",
"While the mommas eat or for a swim in the pond, they send their calves over to another momma to watch. ",
"The 'babysitter' cow will even feed them if need be. ",
"Sad that cows often take better care of their young than some people. ",
"We have also at times caught one of the horses watching the calves, while the mommas are all at the pond. ",
"It is rather fun to watch the interaction between the animals. ",
"In fact, when the dogs are in the pasture it even seems they can communicate with them also.",
"\n\nWednesday, December 22, 2010\n\nSo far, we have had 2 Christmas, and we still have about 3 more to go...\n\nThis morning, we had Christmas with all 5 girls. ",
"One of the older ones will be leaving in the morning to head back to her home, (and hopefully beat the snow and ice we are supposed to get), and the other one just got in last night, so today was the \"overlap\" to have a Christmas with all the girls home. ",
"We opened presents, then ate a German casserole my husband made. ",
"He loves German food, and just got a new cookbook that had some recipes in it he wanted to try, and this was one of them.",
"\n\nDon't get me wrong, I LOVE all the gifts I have received, but wanted to share some unique ones the 3 younger girls and I received. ",
"They were made by a relative of my stepdaughters, who is an artist. ",
"One cool thing is she works with metal art, and her last name is Eisenhauer, which in German translates to \"metal worker\". ",
"Anyway, we received angels, made out of screen wire. ",
"She also makes wreaths, flowers and more. ",
"She works with other metals and paints also. ",
"Visit her online store, called Village Designs.",
"\n\nBible\n\n4H cookbooks for sale\n\nEarn Inbox Cash\n\nPinterest\n\nVine House\n\nfacebook\n\nAbout Me\n\nI'm a mom, currently homeschooling 2 of our 3 daughters still living at home, & stepmom to 2 who have already left home. ",
"We also have 3 toddlers we watch part time. ",
"Our 5 girls include 2 sets of twins.",
"\nThis is our 5th year of homeschooling. ",
"We farm- have cows, horses, ducks, pigs, chickens, rabbits, dogs,cats & fish. ",
"We plant a garden & can & freeze our food. ",
"We have 2 stocked ponds, an orchard, & vineyard. ",
"Each year we try to expand. ",
"Our goal to be more of a homesteading family than a farm family.",
"\nMy husband works fulltime outside of the home, & is a fire fighter, both paid and volunteer; I work at home. ",
"In addition, I also subteach & teach once a week.",
"\nI write part time & and sell articles to both print & online publications. ",
"I also own a business that teaches CPR, First Aid, babysitting 101, & more. ",
"In order to continue to be a stay at home mom (for the most part) I am always researching new ways to be frugal. ",
"My hobbies include sewing, reading, baking, needle work, gardening, camping & genealogy, volunteer firefighting & EMT.",
"\n\nMy family tree\n\nGenealogy is one of my favorite hobbies. ",
"I can spend hours in the library, at cemeteries or on the computer researching and inputting information into my software “Family Tree Maker”. ",
"Names in my tree that I am researching include (but are not limited to and of course have various spellings): Espey, also spelled Aspey, Shinabarger, Gray, Hough, Haynes, Lay, Cox, Miller, Lynn, French, Neukommer, Williams, Edgerton, Moore, Baldwin, Hall, Yoder, Rothman, Chadwick, Richards, Brey, Updike, Pierson and more.",
"\n\nA cousin has traced the line back to Austria. ",
"I have worked on lines in MO, IN, OR and PA.",
"\n\nIf someone needs a grave photo that is located near Clinton Co, Nodaway Co or Johnson Co in Missouri, I can take a digital photo and send it to you for a $20 fee (mainly for my gas). ",
"You will get faster response for Clinton Co as that is where I live.",
"\n\nPrayer requests\n\nOur family, as we deal with the loss of Debbie from cancer.",
"\n\nthose without jobs\n\nCaleb W\n\nIDES teams as they work in Joplin MO\n\nDaryl Burchetts' family, Daryl passed away from cancer.",
"\n\nKori-a 16 year old that has been fighting cancer off and on the last several years.",
"\n\nMonette A. (a local homeschooling Christian mom with cancer)\n\nBryn (recovering from a heart transplant)\n\nThose in or with family in Japan. ",
"Japan has disappeared out of the news, but there are still many who are homeless.",
"\n\nOur president\n\nour soldiers away from home and their families here at home\n\nour economy\n\nour youth--our future! ",
"May we train them and teach them the way they should be taught\n\nJoplin MO. ",
"We have friends who live here. ",
"One (Doug) completely lost EVERYTHING. ",
"Another, Faith Dunn, lost her life. ",
"Our family along with area homeschoolers have volunteered in Joplin and are planning to return.",
"\n\nSoap & Misc recipes\n\nAutomatic Dishwasher Soap\n\nAdd equal parts of 20 Mule Team Borax and Arm & Hammer Super Washing Soda (not baking soda!). ",
"Stir together until well mixed.",
"\nA normal dishwasher will use 2 tablespoons per load"
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[
"Author\nTopic: Network configuration questions (Read 6474 times)\n\nI have one more configuration issue I'm trying to resolve with my networking configuration.",
"\n\nHere is the scenerio: I have a 500GB HP MediaVault that currently has an IP address of 192.168.1.50, which I defined as static. ",
"Therefore it communicates fine with all my \"regular\" home w/s on this same subnet. ",
"I keep all my audio, pictures, and videos here. ",
"However, the problem is the CORE hasn't mapped any CIFS shares to it, presumably because the way the CORE works it wants the HP unit to be on the 192.168.80.x subnet to discover it.",
"\n\nBut, if I put it on this side of the LAN, I can't see it anymore from the \"regular w/s\" on the 192.168.1.x subnet. ",
"I can't ping or see anything on the 192.168.80.x subnet from them.",
"\n\nSo maybe I need some routing entries defined on the CORE so that they will see it, is this correct? ",
"If so, where in LCME admin would I do this, and what would the entries have to say. ",
"If I leave it the way it is now, I possibly could manually configure the network shares. ",
"But are there advantages to having the HP unit on the 192.168.80.x subnet besides the discoverabilty factor?",
"\n\nSwitch it to DHCP and put it on the 192.168.80.0/24 network, let LMCE discover it and add the shares as appropriateIn the admin console you need to go to Advanced->Network->Firewall Rules.",
"\n\nHere you can either turn off the firewall completely and it will just route straight through to the internal network like a normal router and your external network and internal network will be able to communicate freely. ",
"However, note that if you do this, you will not be able to use the port_forwarding functions of LMCE. ",
"These will be needed, typically, if you want to publish something on your internal network to the Internet, like a website. ",
"Or if you need to have other kinds of inbound connections to the internal network, eg if you have a bittorrent client on the internal network, for maximum performance you need to forward the port.",
"\n\nAlternatively, you will need to leave the firewall on, and allow only the ports you need through it. ",
"This depends on what you want to get access to through the Core.",
"\n\nBasic filesharing is typically on port 445 and perhaps 139 if using Windows. ",
"You may need to add others if you want to be able to browse your network neighbourhood. ",
"FTP - ports 20/21, ssh-22, web browsing-80, remote desktop-3389\n\nAlso, you will also need to add a static route to your broadband router that tells it how to get to the 192.168.80.0/24 network via the Core's external IP address. ",
"This will allow clients on the external network to get to the internal network.",
"\n\nYou haven't mentioned what kind of connection you have to the WAN. ",
"It is possible that you could use LMCE to be your gateway to the WAN and then move the Belkin router to the switch with the MDs. ",
"Then let everything get its adresses from LMCE. ",
"Of course....you are gonna want to wait til you are running well with LMCE before hand. ",
"You mentioned your wife not being happy when the internet is down. ",
"Once it is going well you shouldnt really have to take LMCE down for anything. ",
"Just a thought. ",
"It might end up making the network a little more simple for you.",
"\n\nAlso, you will also need to add a static route to your broadband router that tells it how to get to the 192.168.80.0/24 network via the Core's external IP address. ",
"This will allow clients on the external network to get to the internal network.",
"\n\nYes I believe that is the crux of my question, is do I need to add a static route to the Core. ",
"Would that be using a shell and using the route command or is there a better way?",
"\n\nAlso, you will also need to add a static route to your broadband router that tells it how to get to the 192.168.80.0/24 network via the Core's external IP address. ",
"This will allow clients on the external network to get to the internal network.",
"\n\nYes I believe that is the crux of my question, is do I need to add a static route to the Core. ",
"Would that be using a shell and using the route command or is there a better way?",
"\n\n1.) ",
"make sure routing is correct (if you put the route on the outside router you don't have to touch all outside clients)2.) ",
"make sure the firewall allows the traffic3.) ",
"make sure the inside hosts don't get natted when communication with the outside hosts (aka no nat rule)\n\nFollowing your directions I took a look at my Belkin router's configuration.",
"\n\n1.) ",
"make sure routing is correct (if you put the route on the outside router you don't have to touch all outside clients)[/color]\n\nI don't see any ability to put routes into it. ",
"The only configuration I see is the port forwarding ability in the firewall settings. ",
"Is this where I would have to configure routes to the 192.168.80/24 subnet? ",
"I thought this was only used to open ports in the firewall from the internet. ",
"Anyway, I put entries into it for ports 80, 139, 445 to forward to my Core/Hybrid external interface, but alas I still don't have access to the HPMediaVault on the internal subnet.",
"\n\n2.) ",
"make sure the firewall allows the traffic\n\nSee above\n\n3.) ",
"make sure the inside hosts don't get natted when communication with the outside hosts (aka no nat rule)\n\nNAT is enabled on the Belkin router. ",
"Could you explain this more because I thought I needed to keep NAT turned on to protect the inside computers from internet hacks.",
"\n\nI appreciate y'alls help.",
"\n\nFins\n\nPS The good news is now all my media shares have been discovered by the Core!",
"\n\nso you don't have a router but an internet access appliance Maybe there is an alternate (linux?) ",
"firmware for the device? ",
"Setting static routes is really a _basic_ feature of a router.",
"\n\nQuote\n\n2.) ",
"make sure the firewall allows the traffic\n\nSee above\n\ni meant the firewall on the core. ",
"That has to allow traffic from outside hosts routed to the inside. ",
"Maybe you wan't to disable it for further tests. ",
"The outside router^H^Hinternet access appliance will still \"protect\" you from the internet.",
"\n\nQuote\n\n3.) ",
"make sure the inside hosts don't get natted when communication with the outside hosts (aka no nat rule)\n\nNAT is enabled on the Belkin router. ",
"Could you explain this more because I thought I needed to keep NAT turned on to protect the inside computers from internet hacks.",
"\n\nof course you need nat on the outside router. ",
"I meant the core. ",
"The core also does nat in the default setup. ",
"That will possibly interfere with successful routing from outside to inside hosts (to be exact the inside responses will be tried to rewritten).",
"\n\nThen I guess it must be NAT interfering with my routing because I have the CORE firewall off. ",
"I can see (ping) the Core's external IP of 192.168.1.100 from the outside subnet when the firewall is off, and can't when the firewall is on. ",
"I can't see anything on the 192.168.80/24 subnet from outside.",
"\n\nCould that be more of a gateway problem? ",
"It sounds like he has the Belkin router set as the gateway. ",
"Won't everything not on its own subnet go there to find other subnets? ",
"What do you have set as the gateway on the 1.X stuff?",
"\n\nYes the Belkin rtr is the gateway for the 192.168.1.x network. ",
"So yes everything would have to go there to find another network subnet. ",
"How I route packets to 192.168.80.x is the problem. ",
"Maybe I can find an update for the Belkin that will allow me to build static routes. ",
"I'm no expert, but what may be happening is the packets from the 192.168.1/24 network goes to the belkin, then out to the external WAN side, which then has no idea how to route to 192.168.80/24 subnet, since it is a private address.",
"\n\nI'm no expert, but what may be happening is the packets from the 192.168.1/24 network goes to the belkin, then out to the external WAN side, which then has no idea how to route to 192.168.80/24 subnet, since it is a private address.",
"\n\nof course the belkin uses its own default gateway as it has no \"better\" route for the 80.x network.",
"To see if this is what's holding you back you could add a static route on a 1.x host for the 192.168.80.0/24 via gateway 192.168.1.<your core's outside ip's last octet here>\n\nHari is right - the broadband route should have a route function somewhere, it really is one of the most basic things. ",
"A NAT/port forward is completely different and yes it probably will interfere if you try to use it as a route. ",
"Perhaps take a look to see if the device has a command line interface, not just the web site and telnet into it. ",
"Sometimes the more advanced features are in there.",
"\n\nJust be aware though, as I said previously, if you turn the firewall off on the Core, and you want to be able to access this device from the Internet (do you?) ",
"then the broadband router needs to be able to NAT to a \"remote subnet\" which many cannot do.",
"\n\nI don't believe the Belkin can be manually configured for multiple static routes <hmm> so I'm going to put a static route to the internal network on my regular workstations and see how that goes. ",
"I don't have any use to access the CORE from the internet at the moment so leaving the firewall off there is no problem. ",
"Thanks a bunch."
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[
"Mark J. Rebilas-USA TODAY Sports\n\nArizona Cardinals defensive lineman Robert Nkemdiche will be forced to the sidelines after suffering a left calf strain in practice, Arizona Sports' Mike Jurecki reported Wednesday.",
"\n\nAccording to Jurecki, Nkemdiche could miss two to three weeks, which would rule him out for the remainder of the preseason. ",
"The Cardinals have two more preseason games before opening the regular season against the Detroit Lions on Sept. 10.",
"\n\nNkemdiche was a first-round pick in the 2016 draft, but it was a forgettable rookie year for the raw athlete.",
"\n\nHe was slowed by an ankle injury and only appeared in five games and barely made an impact for a team that struggled to a 7-8-1 record.",
"\n\nDespite the disappointing start to his career, the young player worked hard in the offseason in order to earn a bigger role in 2017.",
"\n\n\"He's changed,\" teammate Frostee Rucker said of Nkemdiche in May, per Darren Urban of the team's official site. \"",
"For the good. ",
"He's changed.\"",
"\n\n\"I know he's trying to become a dominant player,\" Rucker added. \"",
"He's trying to step up and make his name and make a role for himself, and that's all you can ask of him.\"",
"\n\nVideo Play Button Videos you might like\n\nWhile the latest injury could be a setback, Nkemdiche still possesses tremendous upside and will continue working until he reaches his potential.",
"\n\nIn the meantime, Rucker, Rodney Gunter, Josh Mauro and Ed Stinson will see playing time in the rotation at defensive tackle to help keep the Cardinals defense running strong."
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[
"The following description sets forth the inventor's knowledge of related art and problems therein and should not be construed as an admission of knowledge in the prior art.",
"\nIn recent years, there has been increased use of an electronic circuit, such as, e.g., an LSI circuit (hereafter referred to as an “electronic circuit”) that includes a power backup capacitor. ",
"In such an electronic circuit, even if the power supply is interrupted due to, e.g., electric power failure, the electronic circuit can be continuously operated for a certain period of time using electric charges stored in the power backup capacitor. ",
"With this power backup capacitor, if the power failure continues only for a short period of time, for example, the data will not be cleared due to the power interruption. ",
"More specifically, in an electronic device having a timer recording function, the risk of occurrence of such inconvenience that the scheduled timer recording cannot be performed due to the power interruption can be reduced as low as possible.",
"\nElectric charges stored in a power backup capacitor will reduce with time, and therefore it is required to reset the electronic circuit before the backup voltage becomes lower than the operation lower limit voltage of the circuit to prevent a runaway thereof.",
"\nDuring the backup operation using the electric charges stored in the power backup capacitor, a predetermined voltage is generally used as a low reset voltage at which the circuit is reset when the backup voltage becomes lower than the predetermined voltage. ",
"When the power supply is resumed and then the backup voltage becomes higher than the reset voltage, the reset is terminated to resume the operation.",
"\nIn a normal low voltage reset circuit, as shown in FIG. ",
"4, when the voltage of the power backup capacitor becomes lower than a predetermined low reset voltage, a reset request signal is outputted, and when the voltage of the power backup capacitor becomes higher than the predetermined low reset voltage, the reset request signal is released. ",
"The reset state will be maintained when the voltage of the power backup capacitor is kept lower than the predetermined low reset voltage.",
"\nAccording to the aforementioned prior art, however, during the process in which the voltage of the power backup capacitor raises after resuming of the power supply, there is a risk that a malfunction may occur because of voltage fluctuates before restoration of the normal operation voltage after exceeding the predetermined reset voltage.",
"\nMore specifically, for example, when power supplied from the main power source is interrupted for some reason, the electronic circuit enters into a backup state in which the circuit is operated by the electric charges stored in the power backup capacitor. ",
"The electric charges of the power backup capacitor gradually decrease with time, which in turn causes dropping of the voltage of the power backup capacitor. ",
"When the voltage reaches a predetermined voltage, the low voltage reset circuit resets the electronic circuit to prevent the possible malfunction. ",
"In order to secure the time from the interruption of the main power supply to the reset of the electronic circuit by detecting the low reset voltage as long as possible, it is required to make the low reset voltage as close to the operation lower limit voltage Vmin of the LSI as possible.",
"\nHowever, in cases where the low reset voltage is lowered too much, when the power supply is resumed and then the power supply voltage Vdd raises slightly, the reset state will be released. ",
"In this case, since the reset release timing is too early, the operation will be resumed at unstable voltages not sufficiently high. ",
"This may cause malfunction of the electronic circuit. ",
"To prevent such malfunction, if the low reset voltage is raised, the backup operation time becomes shorter.",
"\nEven in cases where a reset voltage can be set using a microcomputer in a programmable manner, it is hard to find the most suitable low reset voltage value.",
"\nFurthermore, in cases where a width of a conventional reset signal is increased using a counter, it is difficult to assuredly prevent the operation at unstable voltages while securing a sufficient time of the backup operation.",
"\nThe description herein of advantages and disadvantages of various features, embodiments, methods, and apparatus disclosed in other publications is in no way intended to limit the present invention. ",
"For example, certain features of the preferred embodiments of the invention may be capable of overcoming certain disadvantages and/or providing certain advantages, such as, e.g., disadvantages and/or advantages discussed herein, while retaining some or all of the features, embodiments, methods, and apparatus disclosed therein."
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"Because I'm not quite sure who to direct this request to, I'm e-mailing \neveryone I think might be involved in entering new counterparty names. ",
"One of \nour mid-marketers has executed a deal with Sierra Pacific Holding Company, \nwhich is a new counterparty name and needs to be added as a choice in \nEnpower. ",
"Please let me know if I've contacted the correct people, and if I've \ncontacted the incorrect people. (",
"Sorry!)",
"\n\nThanks,\nKate Symes\nTrading Support\n503-464-7486"
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"Q:\n\nConditionally ignore primitive typed fields with Jackson\n\nShort Question: Is there a way to optionally serialize a field depending on it's value in jackson? ",
"Is there a way to tell jackson, something like \"if a certain integer field's value is 0, don't serialize it.\"",
"\n(skip the following if you get what I mean)\nLong Question aka Why would I want to do such a thing:\nSay I have a Spring MVC model class\n@JsonSerialize(include=JsonSerialize.",
"Inclusion.",
"NON_NULL)\npublic class Foo {\n int a0;\n int a1;\n .",
"\n .",
"\n .",
"\n int a99;\n String c;\n\n //getters and setters\n}\n\nFor a new object of Foo, all int will get initialized to 0, The String to null. ",
"So if I serialize this object, I will only get ints in result, all set to 0, thanks to @JsonSerialize(include=JsonSerialize.",
"Inclusion.",
"NON_NULL).",
"\nIn actual operation, say I have to reply with only some of the a1...a99, say a20 to a26, set to some meaningful value (to me it's something other than 0). ",
"It would be wise to send only those fields, right?",
"\nTo achieve this, I can always change my int declarations to Integer. ",
"However, I have a lot of numerical computations over ints, and pondering over the net a bit and coming across links like this and this, I kinda want to stick to primitive types. ",
"Does there exist a solution satisfying both my needs?",
"\n\nA:\n\nConsider JSON Filters. ",
"I think you will need to implement your own instance of BeanPropertyFilter though.",
"\n\n"
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"Coppenrath & Wiese\n\nCoppenrath & Wiese KG is a German food company that is one of the largest manufacturers of frozen bakery products in Europe. ",
"The company mainly produces frozen pies, cakes, tortes and tarts. ",
"The head office is in Osnabrück. ",
"In 2010, the company employed about 1,700 people at its production site Mettingen and 300 at their administrative and logistics base in Osnabrück district.",
"\n\nHistory\n\nProduction of frozen cakes began in 1975 at the old dairy in Westerkappeln, when the cousins Aloys Coppenrath and Josef Wiese who had previously run a small bakery in the village of Mettingen joined forces. ",
"Production was continuously expanded and new products added to the range. ",
"In 1992 a new production plant in Mettingen commenced operations. ",
"A small production area was left in neighbouring Westerkappeln until in 2003 the production shifted totally to Mettingen.",
"\nThe products of the company are now distributed throughout Europe and since 2005 to the United States and since 2010 to Australia. ",
"The company headquarters in the United Kingdom is in Castleford, West Yorkshire and in Cumming, Georgia, for their US operations.",
"\n\nIn 2015 the company was acquired by Dr. Oetker.",
"\n\nProducts\nThe range sold in Germany comprises more than 70 different tarts, tortes, pies and cakes including pavlovas, cheesecakes, strudels, crumbles and marscapones. ",
"The flagship product of the company is a Black Forest Gateau.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Coppenath-Wiese official website\n\nCategory:Food and drink companies established in 1975\nCategory:Food and drink companies of Germany\nCategory:German brands\nCategory:1975 establishments in West Germany\nCategory:Dr. Oetker"
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"Q:\n\nRecover corrupt text file?",
"\n\nWinXP screwed itself on my system last week so I built a new machine on a separate drive and added the old drive as a secondary to it. ",
"Windows could see the drive but the formatting was messed up so I ran a disk recovery utility on it, which allowed me to recover almost everything I needed. ",
"Unfortunately, there were 2 text files on which I frequently took notes that I recovered, but when opening them up, they were corrupt. ",
"I think the cause was that they were always open in Notepad++ so when Windows crashed and burned, it may have corrupted them. ",
"Is there any way for me to recover the text within the file or any temp directories I can check on the old HD in case Windows had a working copy somewhere?",
"\n\nA:\n\nFrom linux I've had luck in a similar situation by grepping the raw drive for strings from the text file.",
"\ngrep -C 42 'string I know is in text file' /dev/sda1\n\nwhere 42 is some number of lines of context and /dev/sda1 is the block device for your partition.",
"\nThis may get you an old version of the file and will only work on a 4K chunk of the file at a time, but it will work if the data is still on the drive at all.",
"\n\n"
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"Peer-to-peer finance has accelerated in the past decade. ",
"With more people becoming aware of the exorbitant charges banks and other financial institutions have been charging all along, they have explored other avenues. ",
"Cryptocurrencies have been a god-send for the P2P movement, with the low charges, swift transactions, privacy and ready availability being among the most prominent factors.",
"\n\nIn countries where the financial systems aren’t as robust and developed, P2P has found a ready market. ",
"In such countries, cash and mobile money are the predominant systems used by the people. ",
"The assumption has for a long time been that in the first world countries, the banking system is just as efficient as the emerging P2P pipelines.",
"\n\nHowever, this has been proven wrong. ",
"Countries in which nearly the entire population has a bank account have been just as enthusiastic about crypto-based P2P channels as their peers in the less developed countries.",
"\n\nPaxful, a peer-to-peer crypto marketplace, has been one of the platforms that have seen an upsurge in users in developed countries. ",
"According to data shared with CoinGeek, out of the five markets that led in the sale of cryptos on their platform, four were developed countries. ",
"These were the U.S., China, Japan and Taiwan.",
"\n\nThe U.S. was also the country with the highest number of users on Paxful, with India and the U.K. also being in the top five. ",
"The other two were Ghana and Nigeria. ",
"Malaysia, Indonesia, Turkey and Israel registered the highest growth respectively in the first half of the year.",
"\n\nThe numbers are a clear indication that P2P finance is taking over the world, be it in the Africa where about half of the population is unbanked or in the U.K. where 97% of the population has access to banking services.",
"\n\nOne of the factors that have continuously pushed people away from the traditional banking services and into crypto are the high fees the banks continue to charge for slow transactions. ",
"While it takes close to a week to send money internationally, with Bitcoin SV (BSV), it takes seconds and at a tiny fraction of the bank charges.",
"\n\nFor the longest time, the people have had to adhere to the system laid out by the government, even when such systems are only put in place to benefit a few. ",
"There haven’t been any options for the people and those in power have ensured that it remains that way. ",
"Cryptos have changed this, giving the people a choice.",
"\n\nZimbabwe is one of the best examples. ",
"Recently, the government banned the use of the U.S. dollar which the people had been using after the country abandoned the use of the Zimbabwe dollar a decade ago. ",
"A few years ago, the people would have had no choice but to comply. ",
"However, currently in Zimbabwe, the use of cryptos has skyrocketed as people seek a better option to the unstable local currency.",
"\n\nNew to Bitcoin? ",
"Check out CoinGeek’s Bitcoin for Beginners section, the ultimate resource guide to learn more about Bitcoin—as originally envisioned by Satoshi Nakamoto—and blockchain."
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"Model-based rational strategy for chromatographic resin selection.",
"\nA model-based rational strategy for the selection of chromatographic resins is presented. ",
"The main question being addressed is that of selecting the most optimal chromatographic resin from a few promising alternatives. ",
"The methodology starts with chromatographic modeling,parameters acquisition, and model validation, followed by model-based optimization of the chromatographic separation for the resins of interest. ",
"Finally, the resins are rationally evaluated based on their optimized operating conditions and performance metrics such as product purity, yield, concentration, throughput, productivity, and cost. ",
"Resin evaluation proceeds by two main approaches. ",
"In the first approach, Pareto frontiers from multi-objective optimization of conflicting objectives are overlaid for different resins, enabling direct visualization and comparison of resin performances based on the feasible solution space. ",
"The second approach involves the transformation of the resin performances into weighted resin scores, enabling the simultaneous consideration of multiple performance metrics and the setting of priorities. ",
"The proposed model-based resin selection strategy was illustrated by evaluating three mixed mode adsorbents (ADH, PPA, and HEA) for the separation of a ternary mixture of bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, and amyloglucosidase. ",
"In order of decreasing weighted resin score or performance, the top three resins for this separation were ADH [PPA[HEA. ",
"The proposed model-based approach could be a suitable alternative to column scouting during process development, the main strengths being that minimal experimentation is required and resins are evaluated under their ideal working conditions, enabling a fair comparison. ",
"This work also demonstrates the application of column modeling and optimization to mixed mode chromatography."
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"Osteoma in mandibular condyle.",
"\nA case of peripheral osteoma occurring in the mandibular ramus in a 26-year-old man is reported. ",
"Radiographic examination revealed a pedunculated, protruding globular, bone-like opaque mass around the notch of the right mandibular ramus. ",
"Histopathological examination showed a lamellar bone structure with irregular arrangement. ",
"Wide trabeculae, narrow interstitial areas, and many fibrovascular channels were detected by scanning electron microscopy. ",
"Thus, characteristic findings of a compact osteoma were obtained clinically and histopathologically."
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"Bohemian Rugs\n\nMake a floor statement with our bold geometric rugs, in an array of hues from neutral to bright. ",
"Part of our Bright Bohemian and Moroccan Living collections, these area rugs—in wool, jute, and cotton— are the perfect addition for a variety of décor styles.",
"\n\nDescription:\nBe transported with this woven wool/viscose area rug\nin varying shades of a clear night's sky. ",
"Featuring a beautiful ombre effect, soft, nubby pile, and slightly mottled appearance, this rug is a clear choice for showcase spots like the office, ...\n\nDescription:\nThis stepped check rug brings a touch of\ntraditional order and rustic earthy charm to any interior. ",
"Inspired by menswear suitings, this low profile floor covering can grace any room with natural, understated style. ",
"With dramatic texture in hardworking classically ..."
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"\"When you're in jail, a good friend will be trying to bail you out. ",
"A best friend will be in the cell next to you saying, 'Damn, that was fun'.\"",
"\n— Groucho Marx\n\nFebruary 14, 2009\n\nPhilematology-The science of Kissing\n\nThe science of kissing. ",
"Sounds like a study that I might have concocted in my college days, except back then it would have been funded solely by me. ;)",
"\n\nAt the risk of ruining my reputation I'll concede that a good kiss has always influenced my decisions. ",
"In fact one kiss changed my life, but that is not a story to be told now.",
"\n\n\"the practice of kissing is nearly universal. ",
"It is practiced in at least 90 percent of cultures among sexual or romantic partners, experts say. ",
"Now, scientists are investigating the biological factors underlying that ubiquitous expression of love.",
"\n\nThe science of kissing even has a name: philematology. ",
"Research on the subject was presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy for the Advancement of Science in Chicago on Friday.",
"\n\n\"Kissing is not just kissing. ",
"It is a major escalation or de-escalation point in a powerful process of mate choice,\" said Helen Fisher, professor at Rutgers University and author of the book \"Why Him, Why Her: Finding Real Love by Understanding Your Personality Type.",
"\n\nA study by Gordon Gallup Jr., professor of psychology at the University of Albany, showed that 59 percent of men and 66 percent of women reported that after feeling attracted to another person initially, the attraction ended after the first kiss, Fisher said.",
"\n\nLooking at a sample of more than 1,000 college students, Gallup and colleagues found that women also tend to emphasize kissing more than men, and are much more likely to insist on kissing before a sexual encounter.",
"\n\nA person receives information about the person he or she is smooching by locking lips, Fisher said. ",
"A kiss transmits smells, tastes, sound and tactile signals that all affect how the individuals perceive each other and, ultimately, whether they will want to kiss again.",
"\n\nWomen tend to be attracted to male partners with a different immune system makeup from their own, Fisher said. ",
"They subconsciously detect information about a partner's immune system through smell during kissing, she said.",
"\n\nResearch led by Wendy Hill, professor of neuroscience at Lafayette College, looked at how kissing affects the hormones oxytocin, sometimes called the \"love hormone,\" which is associated with social bonding, and cortisol, a measure of stress.\""
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"Q:\n\nDispatcher and collection bound to the UI\n\nAnnoyance of the Dispatcher and hopefully some know the ways around it.",
"\nIssue:\nAny UI element or anything binding to them are FORCED/Required onto the Dispatcher thread.",
"\nWhich then results in hang time depending on the operation.",
"\nI for one have a collection bound to an UI element and the operations onto cannot be on a different thread so hang time is imminent. ",
"\nAny solution to this problem ?",
"\nPlease, do not reply with Dispatcher.",
"Invoke or any related type as they do not work. ",
"Because they are synchronous. ",
"Right now, all I can really do is optimize the operation to go as fast as possible but really limited.",
"\n\nA:\n\nIt's likely that, while some of the work that you're doing needs to be in the UI thread, that all of it doesn't. ",
" If you're binding data to a control you should ensure that the data is all computed in a background thread, and then the only action taking place in the UI thread is applying already fetched/computed data to controls. ",
" As an example, if you are using an IQueryable framework and you bind the result of an IQueryable query as a data source, then the results of that query haven't actually been evaluated yet; the database hasn't actually been queried as the results have not been iterated. ",
" Doing this would result in the UI thread making a database call, which is a bad thing. ",
" In such an example it would be best to pull the query results into a List and then bind the list in the UI thread.",
"\nIf you actually have so much data that it really takes you a long time to update all of the controls despite the fact that you aren't doing anything like what I have described, then you may need to more fundamentally re-design your application. ",
" If this is really the case for you then you must be binding many thousands of rows of data to a DataGrid (or something along those lines). ",
" You may need to paginate the data, or do something else along those lines to ensure that that much data isn't actually applied to your control all at once. ",
" You need to find some way of breaking things up into smaller chunks of data, and then displaying those smaller chunks of data.",
"\n\n"
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"Provincial candidates from the northeast faced off on Thursday night for the first time in this election campaign.",
"\n\nThe election forum hosted by CBC Sudbury was emotional, as well as political with citizens telling their stories to the candidates.",
"\n\nA single mother with two kids, a young couple struggling with student debt and a business owner upset about government regulation were among the people who put a personal tinge on political issues for the three candidates and the crowd of about 100 at St. Andrew's Place in downtown Sudbury.",
"\n\nTheir stories will be featured at cbc.ca/sudbury in the coming days.",
"\n\nNipissing Conservative Vic Fedeli and Sudbury Liberal Glenn Thibeault spar over job creation stats in front of a live audience at St. Andrew's Place. (",
"Erik White/CBC )\n\nThe three political veterans—Sudbury Liberal Glenn Thibeault, Nipissing Conservative Vic Fedeli and Nickel Belt New Democrat France Gelinas—did exchange barbs over several hot button issues.",
"\n\nA question from the floor about growing the economy, prompted Thibeault to boast about how the Liberal government has created 500 jobs a day since Kathleen Wynne became the premier.",
"\n\n\"You cannot say we're leading the G7 in growth, when we're not even leading on our country,\" Fedeli said, pointing a finger at Thibeault.",
"\n\n\"But economists are showing that as well Vic, that we are leading, that we are growing in this province,\" Thibeault said.",
"\n\n\"Creating 500 jobs a day that you need to put two or three together to make ends meet is not creating wealth, it's not helping our economy,\" said Gelinas.",
"\n\nNipissing Conservative Vic Fedeli, Sudbury Liberal Glenn Thibeault and Nickel Belt NDPer France Gelinas listen intently while a citizen tells their story during the CBC election forum. (",
"Erik White/CBC )\n\nThe cost of hydro came up several times over the evening, with Gelinas repeatedly pushing her party's pledge to buy back the portion of Hydro One that was privatized by the Liberal government in recent years.",
"\n\n\"Every other government has been able to keep hydro public and invest in hospitals and build roads,\" said Gelinas.",
"\n\n\"It was to help the Liberal government, not to help us.\"",
"\n\nFedeli took issue with the NDP hydro plan, saying that buying back the shares with the $250 million annual dividend from the electric utility will take too long .",
"\n\n\"People need relief on their hydro bill today, not 25 years from now,\" he said.",
"\n\n\"The sale of Hydro One has not raised the price of electricity by one single cent,\" Thibeault shot back.",
"\n\n\"Nobody believes you,\" Gelinas replied."
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[
"20 F.3d 895\n90 Ed. ",
"Law Rep. 580, 9 Indiv.",
"Empl.",
"Rts.",
"Cas. (",
"BNA) 527\nLarry WINEGAR, Appellant,v.DES MOINES INDEPENDENT COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT, sued as\"Des Moines Independent School District\"; ThomasStokes; Gary Wegenke; Jerry Stillwell;Barbara Prior, Appellees.",
"\nNo. ",
"93-2585.",
"\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Eighth Circuit.",
"\nSubmitted Jan. 12, 1994.Decided April 5, 1994.Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehearing En Banc Denied June13, 1994.*",
"\n\nAlfredo Parrish, Des Moines, IA, argued (T. Rae Hammans, on the brief), for appellant.",
"\nThomas W. Foley, Des Moines, IA, argued (Edward W. Remsburg, on the brief), for appellees.",
"\nBefore BEAM, Circuit Judge, MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge, and STROM,** District Judge.",
"\nBEAM, Circuit Judge.",
"\n\n\n1\nLarry Winegar appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the Des Moines Independent Community School District (School District) in his action for deprivation of procedural due process rights under 42 U.S.C. Sec. ",
"1983. ",
" We reverse.",
"I. BACKGROUND\n\n\n2\nThe evidence establishes that Winegar had been an industrial arts teacher at East High School in Des Moines for nineteen years. ",
" He had an unblemished record. ",
" On October 3, 1991, he became involved in an altercation with a student. ",
" The School District concedes that, whether intentionally, or as horseplay which got out-of-hand, the student hit Winegar in the chest, causing Winegar to fall backward and hit his head. ",
" Winegar then, by his own admission and allegedly in self-defense, kicked the student, aiming at his rear, but the student turned and the kick landed in the groin or upper thigh. ",
" Winegar then slapped the student across the face.",
"\n\n\n3\nWinegar and several student witnesses later reported the incident to the vice principal. ",
" Winegar was instructed to submit a written statement. ",
" Later that same day, Winegar spoke with the principal, Jerry Stillwell. ",
" During that discussion, Winegar was allowed to present his version of the incident. ",
" Stillwell prepared a written report and placed Winegar on paid suspension. ",
" (Winegar remained on paid suspension until December 3, 1991.)",
"\n\n\n4\nThe School District then implemented a Level I investigation of physical abuse, pursuant to district policy. ",
" Principal Stillwell referred the matter to Shirley Leonard, a School District employee and a \"designated investigator\" under Iowa Department of Education regulations. ",
" As part of her investigation, Leonard reviewed Stillwell's report, Winegar's written statement, the written statements of the student involved in the altercation, and statements of the student witnesses. ",
" She also interviewed the student involved, his father, and Winegar. ",
" Based on her review, she concluded that it was likely that an incident of physical abuse had occurred and referred the matter for further investigation.",
"\n\n\n5\nThe School District then retained William Pearce, a private investigator, to conduct a Level II investigation. ",
" He reviewed the Level I investigation materials and interviewed the student involved in the altercation, the student's mother, Winegar, and Winegar's wife. ",
" Pearce concluded that Winegar had physically abused the student and that the abuse was not justified.",
"\n\n\n6\nPrincipal Stillwell and two other School District administrators, Dr. Barbara Prior and Mr. Thomas Stokes, reviewed the reports and supporting documentation and met with Winegar on November 20, 1991.1 Winegar was again allowed to present his version of the incident. ",
" Stillwell and the School District's attorney later interviewed the student involved and several student witnesses. ",
" After several telephone conversations, Prior, Stokes, and Stillwell decided to suspend Winegar without pay for three days. ",
" They informed Winegar by letter. ",
" Winegar was actually suspended for four days from December 3 through 6, 1991. ",
" Further, as a result of the incident, he was transferred to another school \"until a suitable industrial technology position becomes vacant at a school other than East High School.\" ",
" Appellant's Appendix at 25.",
"\n\n\n7\nWinegar sought administrative review and was allowed to meet with Dr. Gary Wegenke, the superintendent. ",
" Wegenke upheld the committee's finding. ",
" Winegar then asked for a hearing before the school board and the School District refused.",
"\n\n\n8\nWinegar filed this action in the district court alleging deprivation of property in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. ",
" He also alleged injury to his reputation. ",
" The district court granted the School District's motion for summary judgment, finding that Winegar's four-day suspension without pay entitled him to procedural due process protection but that the opportunity to relay his version of events afforded him all the process he was due.",
"\n\nII. ",
"DISCUSSION\n\n9\nWe review a grant of summary judgment de novo. ",
" United States ex rel. ",
"Glass v. Medtronic, Inc., 957 F.2d 605, 607 (8th Cir.1992). ",
" The question before the district court, and this court on appeal, is whether the record, when viewed in light most favorable to the nonmoving party, shows that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. ",
" Id.\n\n\n10\nA government employee is entitled to procedural due process only when he has been deprived of a constitutionally protected property or liberty interest.2 See, e.g., Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 570-71, 92 S.Ct. ",
"2701, 2705-06, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972). ",
" An employee's liberty interests are implicated where the employer levels accusations at the employee that are so damaging as to make it difficult or impossible for the employee to escape the stigma of those charges. ",
" Shands v. Kennett, 993 F.2d 1337, 1347 (8th Cir.1993), cert. ",
"denied, --- U.S. ----, 114 S.Ct. ",
"880, --- L.Ed.2d ---- (1994). ",
" The requisite stigma has generally been found when an employer has accused an employee of dishonesty, immorality, criminality, racism, and the like. ",
" See id. (and cases cited therein). ",
" We find that allegations of unjustified child abuse are sufficiently stigmatizing to a teacher's reputation, honor, and good name in the community to implicate liberty interests.3\n\n\n11\nA person must have a legitimate claim of entitlement to his or her employment to have a property interest in it. ",
" Roth, 408 U.S. at 577, 92 S.Ct. ",
"at 2709. ",
" The existence of a property interest must be determined with reference to state law. ",
" Bishop v. Wood, 426 U.S. 341, 344, 96 S.Ct. ",
"2074, 2077, 48 L.Ed.2d 684 (1976). ",
" Typically, this interest arises from contractual or statutory limitations on the employer's ability to terminate an employee. ",
" Id. A property interest in employment can also be created by implied contract, arising out of customs, practices, and de facto policies. ",
" Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 601-02, 92 S.Ct. ",
"2694, 2699, 2700, 33 L.Ed.2d 570 (1972). ",
" When such a property interest exists, the employee is entitled to a hearing or some related form of due process before being deprived of the interest. ",
" Cleveland Bd. ",
"of Educ. ",
"v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 542, 105 S.Ct. ",
"1487, 1493, 84 L.Ed.2d 494 (1985). ",
" Here, the parties agree that Winegar has a protected property interest in his employment by virtue of his continuing contract under Iowa Code Ann. ",
"Secs. ",
"279.13-.19 (West 1988).4\n\n\n12\nHaving decided that Winegar has property and liberty interests we must thus decide what process is due Winegar.5 The fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. ",
" Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333, 96 S.Ct. ",
"893, 902, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976). ",
" Due process is a flexible concept that varies with the particular situation. ",
" Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113, 127, 110 S.Ct. ",
"975, 984, 108 L.Ed.2d 100 (1990). ",
" To determine what process is due in any particular case, we must weigh:\n\n\n13\nFirst, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail.",
"\n\n\n14\nId. (quoting Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335, 96 S.Ct. ",
"at 903).",
"\n\n\n15\nApplying the principles of Mathews to the present case, we first find that Winegar's interest is weighty on the scales of Mathews. ",
" Winegar has a nineteen-year history as an industrial arts teacher and a clean record in that capacity. ",
" The deprivations at issue here are significant. ",
" This case involves more than a mere suspension.6 As noted above, Winegar has been deprived of liberty interests. ",
" He has also been transferred to another school. ",
" The transfer, which might not implicate due process interests if executed for ordinary business or administrative reasons, must also enter into the calculus here.7 See, e.g., Wilson v. Walker, 777 F.2d 427, 429 (8th Cir.1985) (no protected property interest in a pilot's assignment to flight duty absent statute, regulation or other source that would establish a claim of entitlement to it). ",
" An employee can have a protected property interest in a benefit, such as a particular assignment or duty station, if he legitimately expects to continue in that assignment or duty station. ",
" See Roth, 408 U.S. at 577, 92 S.Ct. ",
"at 2709; Perry, 408 U.S. at 601, 92 S.Ct. ",
"at 2699. ",
" Here, the School District has not suggested that Winegar would have been transferred if the incident had not occurred. ",
" He had an impeccable record at East High and legitimately expected to stay there. ",
" Under the circumstances, Winegar has demonstrated a weighty private interest in retention of his job, his assignment, and his good name that are adversely affected by the School District's official actions of suspension and punitive transfer.",
"\n\n\n16\nSecond, we must assess the risk of an erroneous deprivation and the probable value of additional procedural safeguards. ",
" This involves consideration of both the predeprivation and postdeprivation procedures utilized here. ",
" In general, \"something less\" than a full evidentiary hearing has been held sufficient prior to adverse administrative action. ",
" Moore v. Warwick Pub. ",
"Sch. ",
"Dist. ",
"No. ",
"29, 794 F.2d 322, 327 (8th Cir.1986) (quoting Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 545, 105 S.Ct. ",
"at 1495). ",
" An assessment of the adequacy of predeprivation procedures depends on the availability of meaningful postdeprivation procedures. ",
" See, e.g., Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546, 105 S.Ct. ",
"at 1495; Post v. Harper, 980 F.2d 491, 494 (8th Cir.1992) (upholding minimal predeprivation procedures where plaintiff requested and received a full adversarial evidentiary posttermination hearing); Bartlett v. Fisher, 972 F.2d 911, 915 (8th Cir.1992) (same); Moore, 794 F.2d at 327 (availability of prompt postdeprivation hearings obviates need for predeprivation hearing in certain circumstances which require quick action by the state).",
"\n\n\n17\nHere, the predeprivation procedures might have been adequate if Winegar had been given a meaningful chance to challenge the outcome of those procedures. ",
" Winegar was informed of the charges against him before his suspension and was given a chance to tell his side of the story. ",
" Those procedures were similar to those approved in Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 545-46, 105 S.Ct. ",
"at 1495. ",
" In contrast to Loudermill and its progeny, though, Winegar was not allowed a meaningful opportunity to be heard after the initial suspension. ",
" See Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546-47, 105 S.Ct. ",
"at 1495-96; Post, 980 F.2d at 494; Bartlett, 972 F.2d at 915. ",
" Winegar characterizes the postdeprivation encounters with the School District as meetings rather than hearings. ",
" We agree.8 Winegar was never given an opportunity to cross-examine those witnesses who had furnished statements to the private investigator or to present witnesses on his behalf.",
"\n\n\n18\nApparently conflating two concepts, the School District outlines and relies on the extensive investigation to support its position that Winegar had an adequate opportunity to be heard. ",
" The investigation is exactly that--an investigation. ",
" No matter how elaborate, an investigation does not replace a hearing. ",
" We find that the School District's decision occasioned the sort of irreparable consequences that entitled Winegar to a full-blown hearing at some point. ",
" See, e.g., Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 264, 90 S.Ct. ",
"1011, 1018, 25 L.Ed.2d 287 (1970) (full-blown predeprivation hearing required if initial taking of welfare benefits will irreparably harm plaintiffs before a postdeprivation hearing can take place).",
"\n\n\n19\nThe last step of the Mathews balancing test is to assess the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional procedure would entail. ",
" Here, we find the burdens almost negligible in comparison to Winegar's weighty interests. ",
" Winegar sought only further administrative review by the school board. ",
" There is little question that the School District could have provided Winegar with a hearing--including a chance to present and cross-examine witnesses--at little cost in terms of either time or money. ",
" The administrative procedures for such a hearing are already in place by virtue of Iowa Code Ann. ",
"Secs. ",
"279.13-.19.",
"\n\n\n20\nWe are mindful that the Due Process Clause does not convert the federal courts into arbitral forums for review of those commonplace personnel decisions that public agencies routinely make. ",
" See Miller v. Lovell, 14 F.3d 20 (8th Cir.1994) (no due process rights implicated when an employee was not punished in any way; did not lose pay, benefits, job status, or tenure; and his good name, reputation, honor, or integrity were not at stake). ",
" We do not view this as a case involving mundane day-to-day details of school administration. ",
" These are serious allegations with serious and far-reaching repercussions and Winegar deserved a meaningful chance to confront those allegations.",
"\n\n\n21\nFinally, we deem it ironic, if not strange, in a day when students often carry knives or guns to school, that a situation where a student admittedly attacks a teacher results in discipline of the teacher but not of the student.9\n\nIII. ",
"CONCLUSION\n\n22\nFor the foregoing reasons, we reverse the entry of summary judgment in favor of the School District and remand to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.",
"\n\n\n\n*\n Wollman, Magill and Hansen, JJ. ",
"would grant the suggestion\n\n\n**\n The HONORABLE LYLE E. STROM, Chief United States District Judge for the District of Nebraska, sitting by designation\n\n\n1\n There is some dispute about whether Winegar received the reports, but the dispute is not relevant to our analysis\n\n\n2\n The School District argues that liberty interest claims were raised for the first time on appeal. ",
" Though not artfully pleaded, we find such claims in the complaint. ",
" Appellant's Appendix at 50-51. ",
" Also, the parties and court repeatedly referred to Winegar's clean record and to damage to his reputation at argument on the motion for summary judgment in district court. ",
" Transcript of Hearing on Motion for Summary Judgment at 21. ",
" It is clear to us that the allegations of injury to reputation and good name are currently and always have been at the heart of this dispute. ",
" Any claim of surprise by the School District is disingenuous\n\n\n3\n The School District also argues that Winegar cannot assert a liberty interest for the reason that the stigmatizing information was not \"published,\" citing our holding in Hogue v. Clinton, 791 F.2d 1318, 1322 (8th Cir.), ",
"cert. ",
"denied, 479 U.S. 1008, 107 S.Ct. ",
"648, 93 L.Ed.2d 704 (1986). ",
" In that case we held that a finding of publication is a prerequisite to demonstrating a liberty interest, but noted that a personnel file replete with wrongdoing may be a sufficient publication if the file were made available to prospective employers. ",
" Id. at 1322 and n. 7. ",
" Here, the evidence shows that the stigmatizing information was disseminated to the point that an outside private investigator was hired and students were interviewed. ",
" We find the information has been sufficiently disseminated to satisfy the publication requirement\n\n\n4\n Iowa Code Ann. ",
"Secs. ",
"279.13-.19 prescribe procedures for teacher termination or non-renewal of teacher contracts, culminating with a hearing in front of the school board\n\n\n5\n Although the School District concedes that this case involves more than a de minimis deprivation, it argues that because the impact of the deprivation is slight, the process due is lessened. ",
" As long as property deprivation is more than de minimis, its gravity is irrelevant to the question of whether the Due Process Clause must be taken into account. ",
" Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565, 576, 95 S.Ct. ",
"729, 737, 42 L.Ed.2d 725 (1975). ",
" It is true, however, that while the length and consequent severity of a deprivation are not decisive of the basic right, they are factors to weigh in determining the appropriate form of hearing. ",
" Id\n\n\n6\n In this way the present case differs from Bartlett v. Fisher, 972 F.2d 911, 915 (8th Cir.1992) where we discussed the minimal due process standards enunciated in Goss, 419 U.S. at 579, 95 S.Ct. ",
"at 738-39 (notice of charges and an opportunity to respond to them) with regard to suspension of a public employee\nThe School District cites Goss, which involved a student suspension, for the proposition that Winegar has been afforded all the process due him. ",
" In Goss, the Supreme Court found that student liberty and property interests were implicated in a short suspension, but stated that due process is satisfied by \"some kind of hearing;\" that is, notice of the charges and an opportunity for the student to tell his or her side of the story. ",
" Id. at 579, 95 S.Ct. ",
"at 738-39. ",
" The School District asserts that Winegar's interests are overshadowed by the School District's interest in preserving order in its school and in maintaining an effective and expeditious method for resolving allegations of teacher misconduct, stating that \"no meaningful distinction can be made between the short suspension of a student and that of a teacher.\" ",
" School District's Brief at 24.",
"\nWe find the School District's reliance on Goss misplaced. ",
" A Goss-type hearing was approved in Bartlett only because the plaintiff in Bartlett received a full evidentiary hearing after the deprivation, as discussed infra at 901. ",
" Also, the need for only an attenuated hearing in a short-duration student suspension is based on a school district's need to maintain student discipline. ",
" Goss, 419 U.S. at 580, 95 S.Ct. ",
"at 739. ",
" Similarly, a prisoner's interests are satisfied by less process than, say, a welfare recipient's due to the nature and complexity of prison management. ",
" Compare Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556, 94 S.Ct. ",
"2963, 2975, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974) (prisoners due process rights are limited \"by the nature of the regime to which they have been lawfully committed\") with Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 267-68, 90 S.Ct. ",
"1011, 1020-21, 25 L.Ed.2d 287 (1970) (welfare recipients afforded full procedural due process).",
"\nWe reject the School District's attempt to place a stigmatizing, unpaid teacher suspension and punitive transfer in the same category, for due process purposes, as either a short-duration student suspension or a prisoner's discipline, since neither temporarily suspended students nor prisoners are afforded the full panoply of rights afforded a statutorily protected public employee. ",
" The School District's assertion that limitation of due process rights is necessary to enable it to \"manage and control its work force,\" School District's Brief at 22, is similar to saying that the property or liberty interests of prison guards or wardens are circumscribed merely because the guards or wardens work in a prison environment. ",
" A school district owes its employees no less than any other public employer.",
"\n\n\n7\n Although it is not clear from the record before us, there is some suggestion that this case could also be viewed as a constructive termination. ",
" It appears that after an extended medical leave for injuries resulting from the student's attack, Winegar declined the transfer and is no longer teaching. ",
" He may have been required to deplete accrued sick leave which would arguably amount to another deprivation under this theory. ",
" Because the record is unclear on this issue, we will not reach it\n\n\n8\n We have reviewed the evidence, including a letter from Superintendent Wegenke in response to Winegar's request for an administrative review. ",
" We agree with Winegar that he had no reason to believe he could present witnesses at that meeting. ",
" Appellant's Appendix at 28\n\n\n9\n The record is silent on whether the student received any punishment, but comments at oral argument lead us to believe that the student went unpunished. ",
" Counsel for the School District asserted that the student's punishment is irrelevant since this is not an equal protection case. ",
" We find the information, if true, is indeed relevant, if only to show that there may have been some partiality involved in the decisionmaking process\n\n\n"
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"Domain age r-broker.info is no data, the first time it has been registered no data. ",
"Now located on the service registrar nic-handle — no data. ",
"DNS addresses, which is located r-broker.info: idea.wm.ru, ns1.wm.ru ip-address that hosts the domain: 141.101.241.120. ",
"Name r-broker.info refers to 8-character domains. ",
"Add your reviews about r-broker.info below in the form of."
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"Hinges Replacement\n\nOur Services\n\nWe replace Hinges Replacement for UPVC/Aluminium windows and doors.",
"\n\nMany times, you often confront challenges when shutting and opening your windows and doors because of corroded hinges. ",
"At whatever point you face this issue, the best option is supplanted them.",
"\n\nAs a house owner, you may lack knowledge on the most proficient method to go about it and there is no better way to do it than to seek for services of a handyman who won’t just complete the doors and window hinges repair or the, however, will take a look at the whole system.",
"\n\nAt Vibrant JDR Windows, we look to fabricate a relationship with you by not just tending an eye on the services that brought us to your building yet rather we check the building’s doors and windows and advise on the ideal way possible to take care of them so as to delay their life expectancy.",
"\n\nGlass shower and closet doors are well-known additions for many homes. ",
"They provide a unique of a kind and modern look for your bathroom and bedroom spaces. ",
"There are a few homes that additionally have glass doors for their pantries and other purposes.",
"\n\nAt the point when the hinges become broken or damaged, you may think that the main choice is to replace the whole door. ",
"Fortunately, our expert glass professionals can repair your hinges on the glass doors to guarantee they are working legitimately. ",
"We can likewise completely replace the whole hinge if necessary to ensure that the door is working accurately.",
"\n\nHinges Repair Services\n\nOur technicians will assess the problem with your hinge to determine whether repairs are possible. ",
"They will only recommend replacements if no other viable solutions are possible. ",
"We will land arrive with the best possible instruments and hardware to get the job done appropriately and guarantee that the hinge is fixed and working legitimately before we leave.",
"\n\nRemember, we will repair hinges that we have installed, and in addition, ones that we haven’t. ",
"Our quality services provide you the genuine feelings of serenity that the job will be completed legitimately the first run through around. ",
"On the off chance that you require any kind of hinge repair, call our glass technicians and see what they have to offer.",
"\n\nRegardless of on the off chance that it is for residential or commercial purposes, our hinge repair services will have your doors or windows up and open legitimately in a matter of seconds."
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"Estrogen in a karstic aquifer.",
"\nAdverse impacts on the health of some fish populations, such as skewed sex distributions, have been noted in surface waters and in laboratory experiments with relatively low concentrations (above 25 ng/L) of natural estrogen (17 beta-estradiol--E2). ",
"Sources of E2 to surface and ground waters can include avian, human, and mammalian waste products. ",
"The Ozark Plateau Aquifer (OPA) is a karstic basin that receives a significant portion of its water through losing reaches of rivers. ",
"Thus, there is a direct connection between surface water and ground water. ",
"The OPA was targeted for an E2 study to assess the potential for adverse health effects to aquatic organisms living in the system. ",
"Eight springs, which drain the aquifer, were sampled quarterly. ",
"The concentrations of E2 in the OPA ranged from 13 to 80 ng/L. For any one sampling event, the concentrations of E2 at the spring waters were statistically similar; however, the concentrations of E2 at all springs varied throughout the year. ",
"At Maramec Spring, one of the larger springs, the E2 concentration, was correlated with discharge. ",
"Based on the correlation between discharge and E2 concentration, aquatic organisms living in the plateau or in its discharged waters, including the threatened southern cavefish T. subterraneus, are exposed to concentration of E2 above 25 ng/L approximately 60% of the time. ",
"This implies that organisms living in karst basins throughout the OPA are likely exposed to E2 concentrations that may adversely impact their reproductive success for a significant portion of each year."
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"Gain Confidence & Enhance Athletic Performance with Sports Hypnosis\n\nThere has been a great deal of debate over the years regarding the value of hypnosis for athletic and sports performance. ",
"People who are tasked with performing in front of others are typically always on the lookout for new techniques to increase their performance. ",
"Hypnosis is one of many tools that can be used to aid an athlete in achieving his/her full potential. ",
"In fact, utilized correctly, hypnosis in sports can be a really great tool.",
"\n\nHow Hypnosis is Used in Sports\n\nHypnosis in sports is often used to control anxiety levels both pre- and post-game or during a meet or match. ",
"Hypnosis can help to regulate concentration demands and encourage more aggressive behavior when it is appropriate. ",
"It also helps to increase self-confidence and pride and can be used to reduce any psychological factors that can sometimes limit athletic performance.",
"\n\nI think it is important to point out that hypnosis is not a performance panacea but a very useful tool. ",
"Hypnosis is only as good as the skill level of the athlete using it. ",
"There must be continued reinforcement of the new neural pathways created in the mind by continual practice of self-hypnosis.",
"\n\nThere are many examples of how hypnosis is currently being used to improve athletic and sports performance.",
"\n\nSports Team Hypnosis\n\nIn sports team hypnosis, the entire basketball, volleyball, football team etc., ",
"is hypnotized and asked during the hypnosis, to visualize themselves practicing and “feeling” precise motor skills. ",
"The most important thing is that during the visualization the player actually feels the physical experience in their body. ",
"This leads to strengthening of neural patterns through hypnotic mental imagery, which reinforces neuromuscular coordination.",
"\n\nHypnosis for Better Performance\n\nWhen competing against a certain opponent, a player may become “psyched out” by the athlete’s reputation or abilities. ",
"This stress and anxiety when going up against this person can cause them to then perform poorly. ",
"Their belief of not being able to perform is reinforced every time that opponent is there. ",
"While this is not a matter of poor technique or skills, it is a matter of an emotional problem the player has created in their own mind.",
"\n\nFor performers who are having a hard time falling asleep the night before a big game, there is also benefit in using hypnosis to get a full nights rest and by using that time to visualize themselves playing exactly the way they want to play versus how they don’t want to perform.",
"\n\nLikewise, the idea of becoming fearful to perform a particular routine or move can limit a performers abilities. ",
"Hypnosis helps to change their viewpoint and helps them to become “calm and relaxed” while doing the particular maneuver.",
"\n\nGet Sports Hypnosis Now\n\nHypnosis for sports and athletic performance is very helpful in changing and strengthening mental attitude. ",
"It can be applied to specific situations in sports to reduce feelings of pressure, tension, stress and anxiety.",
"\n\nIf you’re ready to start performing to your full potential, contact me NOW. ",
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"Abstract\n\nContext Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival. ",
"Physical performance measures, such as gait speed, might help account for variability, allowing clinicians to make more individualized estimates.",
"\n\nObjective To evaluate the relationship between gait speed and survival.",
"\n\nDesign, Setting, and Participants Pooled analysis of 9 cohort studies (collected between 1986 and 2000), using individual data from 34 485 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older with baseline gait speed data, followed up for 6 to 21 years. ",
"Participants were a mean (SD) age of 73.5 (5.9) years; 59.6%, women; and 79.8%, white; and had a mean (SD) gait speed of 0.92 (0.27) m/s.\n\nMain Outcome Measures Survival rates and life expectancy.",
"\n\nResults There were 17 528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%-88.8%) and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95% CI, 46.5%-70.6%). ",
"Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87-0.90; P < .001). ",
"Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s. At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women. ",
"Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization.",
"\n\nConclusion In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.",
"\n\nRemaining years of life vary widely in older adults, and physicians should consider life expectancy when assessing goals of care and treatment plans.1 However, life expectancy based on age and sex alone provides limited information because survival is also influenced by health and functional abilities.2 There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function, although several models have been developed from individual data sources.3-5 Gait speed, also often termed walking speed, has been shown to be associated with survival among older adults in individual epidemiological cohort studies6-12 and has been shown to reflect health and functional status.13 Gait speed has been recommended as a potentially useful clinical indicator of well-being among the older adults.14 The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association of gait speed with survival in older adults and to determine the degree to which gait speed explains variability in survival after accounting for age and sex.",
"\n\nMethods\n\nOverview\n\nWe used individual participant data from 9 cohort studies, baseline data for which were collected between 1986 and 2000 (Table 1).8,15,16,18-23 Each study, which included more than 400 older adults with gait speed data at baseline, monitored survival for at least 5 years. ",
"Analyses performed herein were conducted in 2009 and 2010. ",
"All studies required written informed consent and institutional review board approval.",
"\n\nPopulations\n\nAll studies recruited community-dwelling older adults. ",
"Although some sought representative samples,8,15,20,23 others focused on healthier participants,16,17 single sex,19,22 or older adults from primary care practices.21 Only participants 65 years and older with baseline gait speed data were included in this study. ",
"Individual study goals, recruitment methods, and target populations have been published.8,15-23\n\nMeasures\n\nGait speed was calculated for each participant using distance in meters and time in seconds. ",
"All studies used instructions to walk at usual pace and from a standing start. ",
"The walk distance varied from 8 ft to 6 m. For 8 ft, we converted to 4-m gait speed by formula.24 For 6 m, we created a conversion formula (4-m speed = −0.0341+(6-m speed) × 0.9816 with R2 = 0.93, based on a cohort of 61 individuals with concurrent 4- and 6-m walks). ",
"For 15 feet (4.57 m),23 speed was simply meters divided by time. ",
"Where available, data on fast gait speed (walk as fast as comfortably able25) and the Short Physical Performance Battery were obtained.26 Survival for each individual used study monitoring methods, including the National Death Index and individual study follow-up. ",
"Time from gait speed baseline to death was calculated in days. ",
"Five-year survival status was confirmed for more than 99% of participants.",
"\n\nAdditional variables include sex, age, race/ethnicity (white, black, Hispanic, other, defined by participant), height (centimeters), weight (kilograms), body mass index (BMI), calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (<25, 25-30, and >30), smoking (never, past, current), use of mobility aids (none, cane, walker), systolic blood pressure, self-reports of health (excellent or very good vs good, fair, or poor), hospitalization in the past year (yes/no), and physician-diagnosed medical conditions (cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and heart disease, all yes/no). ",
"Measures of self-reported functional status were not collected in all studies and varied in content and form. ",
"We created a dichotomous variable reflecting dependence in basic activities of daily living (ADLs) based on report of being unable or needing help from another person to perform any basic activity, including eating, toileting, hygiene, transfer, bathing, and dressing. ",
"For individuals independent in ADLs, we created a dichotomous variable reflecting difficulty in instrumental ADLs based on report of difficulty or dependence with shopping, meal preparation, or heavy housework due to a health or physical problem. ",
"Participants were then classified into 1 of 3 groups; dependent in ADLs, difficulty with instrumental ADLs, or independent. ",
"Physical activity data were collected in 6 studies, but time frames and items varied widely. ",
"Two studies used the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE).27 We dichotomized the PASE score at 100.28 We created operational definitions of other covariates that were reasonably consistent across studies. ",
"Covariates were identical for height, weight, BMI, and systolic blood pressure. ",
"Hospitalization within the prior year was determined largely by self-report, and chronic conditions were by self-report of physician diagnosis, with heart disease encompassing angina, coronary artery disease, heart attack, and heart failure.",
"\n\nStatistical Analysis\n\nDescriptive statistics summarized participant characteristics, follow-up period, and median survival from baseline. ",
"A study-wide a priori P value of .002 provides a conservative Bonferroni correction accounting for at least 25 individual statistical comparisons. ",
"Kaplan-Meier product-limit survival curves graphically summarize lifetimes for each gait speed category.29 For graphical purposes, gait speed was categorized into 0.2-m/s increments with lower and upper extremes being grouped as less than 0.4 m/s and higher than 1.4 m/s.\n\nCox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess associations between gait speed and survival, adjusting for age at baseline, for which hazard ratios (HRs) correspond to a 0.1-m/s difference in gait speed. ",
"The analyses were repeated adjusting for height, sex, race, BMI, smoking history systolic blood pressure, diseases, prior hospitalization, and self-reported heath. ",
"Proportionality of hazards was verified by examining Schoenfeld residual plots.30 Appropriateness of using gait speed as a continuous predictor was confirmed by observing linearity in Cox models with ordered 0.2-m/s gait speed categories. ",
"To examine the influence of early deaths, we repeated analyses excluding deaths within 1 year of gait speed measurement and moved up the 0 time for survival assessment (results were similar; eTable 1). ",
"Subgroup analyses were repeated in strata by age (65-74, 75-84, or ≥85 years), sex, race, self-reported health status, smoking history, BMI, functional status, use of mobility aids, and hospitalization and by report of cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and heart disease.29 Results were pooled across sex because no substantial sex differences existed in HRs within subgroup strata.",
"\n\nTo obtain simple and clinically usable estimates of survival probability based on sex, age, and gait speed, we fit logistic regression models separately for each sex with dichotomized 5- and 10-year survival as the response variable and age, gait speed, and their interaction as continuous predictors. ",
"To obtain estimates of median survival (further life expectancy), we fit Weibull accelerated failure–time models separately for each with time to death as the response variable, and age, gait speed, and their interaction as continuous predictors. ",
"To compare ability to predict survival among candidate variables and to determine whether gait speed improves predictive accuracy beyond other clinical measures, we fit logistic regression models with dichotomized 5-year or 10-year survival as the response variable and various combinations of predictors as independent variables with both linear and squared terms for BMI. ",
"The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve or C statistic was used as a measure predictive of accuracy for mortality. ",
"All study-specific statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina).",
"\n\nAge-adjusted HRs were pooled from all studies using standard meta-analytic statistical methodology. ",
"Heterogeneity of HRs across studies was assessed using the Q and I2 statistics.31,32 We used a random-effects model to appropriately pool the HRs on the log scale while incorporating any heterogeneity among study estimates and then transform back to obtain an overall HR, along with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and P value.33 Sensitivity of the results was assessed by fitting a shared frailty34 (unrelated to the geriatric syndrome frailty) model to individual participant data with a γ-distributed frailty parameter to account for study effect (results similar; not shown).34,35 Five- and 10-year pointwise survival rates from the Kaplan- Meier curves for each sex, age-group, and gait speed category combination were pooled across studies using a random-effects model on the complementary log-log scale36 and then appropriately inverted to obtain overall estimates of survival, as presented in the tables. ",
"We further used the standard random effects meta-analytic model to combine sex-specific regression coefficients for age, gait speed, and their interaction from logistic regression models for 5- and 10-year survival and used the overall estimates to construct clinically usable survival probability nomograms; combine sex-specific regression coefficients for age, gait speed, and their interaction from accelerated failure time models for time to death and used the overall estimates to construct clinically usable life-expectancy nomograms; and combine areas under ROC curves obtained from 9 studies. ",
"An increase of 0.025 in overall area under ROC curve was interpreted as clinically relevant better accuracy.37 To appropriately combine entire survival curves across the 9 studies, we used the generalized least squares method for joint analysis of survival curves.38 We used a random-effects model with weights obtained by inverse of the variance of the survival function at the median lifetimes to pool the median survival times for each sex, age group, and gait speed category. ",
"We used Comprehensive Meta Analysis version 2.2 (Biostat Inc, Englewood, New Jersey) for all meta-analytic methods and Stata SE 8 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas) for fitting shared frailty models.",
"\n\nResults\n\nThe 9 participating studies contributed a total of 34 485 participants (Table 1). ",
"Although most studies included men and women, 2 were sex specific.19,22 Of the total, 59.6% were women. ",
"There were substantial numbers of African American (n = 3852) and Hispanic (n = 2650) participants. ",
"The studies had a wide age range, including 1765 persons older than 85 years. ",
"Similarly, there was a wide range of gait speeds, from less than 0.4 m/s (n = 1247) to more than 1.4 m/s (n = 1491). ",
"Study follow-up time ranged from 6.0 to 21.0 years, with participants followed up for a mean of 12.2 and a median of 13.8 years. ",
"There were 17 528 total deaths across all studies, with rates varying from 18.40% to 91.87% in individual studies. ",
"Mortality rates appear to be related to length of follow-up (Table 1).",
"\n\nTo assess consistency across studies, risk of death was estimated per 0.1-m/s higher gait speed. ",
"Age-adjusted HRs by study ranged from 0.83 to 0.94 and all were significant (P < .001; Figure 1). ",
"We also examined the survival HRs for gait speed by study in subgroups, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, smoking history, use of mobility aids, prior hospitalization, self-reported health, functional status, and selected chronic diseases. ",
"There were consistent associations across studies, although given the large sample sizes, Q statistics were often statistically significant (details available in eFigure 1A-M). ",
"For the 3 levels of functional status (independent, difficulty with instrumental ADLs, and dependent in ADLs), the pooled HR per 0.1-m/s increase in gait speed for those who were independent was 0.92 (P = .005), for those with difficulty in instrumental activities was also 0.92 (P < .001) but was 0.94 (P = .02) among those dependent in ADLs. ",
"Because physical activity measures were not sufficiently consistent across studies, effects could not be pooled. ",
"The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS)19 and Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE)8 used the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). ",
"When dichotomized at a score of 100 into low and high activity, MrOS had consistent and statistically significant HRs for low (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.81-0.88) and high (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84-0.90) physical activity. ",
"In the Hispanic EPESE, the HR for low physical activity was significant (0.92; 95% CI, 0.88-0.96) but the HR for higher physical activity was not (0.99; 95% CI, 0.95-1.04).Pooled HRs for all subgroups except functional status were consistently in the range of 0.81 to 0.92 and all were significant (P < .002).",
"\n\nThe overall HR for survival per each 0.1 m/s faster gait speed was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.87-0.90; P < .001) when pooled across all studies using a random-effects meta-analytic statistical approach (Figure 1 and eFigure 2). ",
"Further adjustment for sex, BMI, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, diseases, prior hospitalization, and self-reported health did not change the results (overall HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.89-0.91; P < .001). ",
"Using data from all studies, we created for each sex, 5- and 10-year survival tables (Table 2, data derived from pooled Kaplan-Meier estimates evaluated at 5 and 10 years, presented in 3 age groups) and graphs (eFigure 3 and eFigure 4 predicted survival based on pooled logistic regression coefficients, data presented with age as a continuous variable). ",
"Gait speed was associated with differences in the probability of survival at all ages in both sexes, but was especially informative after age 75 years. ",
"In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88 (eFigure 3A) and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 (eFigure 4A). ",
"In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age (eFigure 3B), but 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.34 to 0.92 and at age 80 years from 0.22 to 0.86 (eFigure 4B). ",
"Stratification by sex-specific median height failed to show systematic differences in survival rates between short and tall participants, so results presented are not stratified by height. ",
"Stratification by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic) suggested generally similar survival rates by gait speed among age and sex groups. ",
"Confidence intervals were often wide. ",
"In some subsets of slow walkers of Hispanic descent, survival rates were 10% to 20% higher than in other groups (eTable 2).",
"\n\nWe also used our analyses to estimate median years of remaining life based on sex, age, and gait speed. (",
"Figure 2, predicted survival data are based on an accelerated failure time model with Weibull distribution, with age as a continuous variable, and eTable 3, data are derived from pooled Kaplan-Meier estimates evaluated at 5 and 10 years in 3 age groups.) ",
"In the pooled sample, median survival in years for the age groups 65 through 74 years was 12.6 for men and 16.8 for women; for 75 through 84 years, 7.9 for men and 10.5 for women; and for 85 years or older, 4.6 for men and 6.4 years for women (eTable 3). ",
"Predicted years of remaining life for each sex and age increased as gait speed increased, with a gait speed of about 0.8 m/s at the median life expectancy at most ages for both sexes (Figure 2; a PDF of enlarged graphs is available). ",
"Gait speeds of 1.0 m/s or higher consistently demonstrated survival that was longer than expected by age and sex alone. ",
"In this older adult population, the relationship of gait speed with remaining years of life was consistent across age groups, but the absolute number of expected remaining years of life was larger at younger ages. ",
"For 70-year-old men, life expectancy ranged from 7 to 23 years and for women, from 10 to 30 years.",
"\n\nTo compare the 5-year survival predictive ability between demographics and gait speed vs other combinations of variables, we used areas under the ROC curve (C statistics) in logistic regression models for individual studies and pooled across studies (Table 3). ",
"Gait speed added substantially37 to age and sex in 7 of the 9 studies and in the pooled analysis. ",
"C statistics for age, sex, and gait speed were greater than those for age, sex, and chronic diseases in 4 of 9 studies, approximately equivalent in 5 studies and inferior in no studies. ",
"C statistics for age, sex, and gait speed were approximately equivalent to those for age, sex, chronic diseases, BMI, systolic blood pressure, and prior hospitalization in all 9 studies and in the pooled analysis. ",
"There were 4 studies that had sufficiently consistent data on functional status to create 3 categories: dependent in ADLs, difficulty with instrumental ADLs, and independent. ",
"For these studies, gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.741) that was not significantly different (P = .78) from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (P = .75; Table 3).",
"\n\nFor 10-year survival, 6 studies had sufficient follow-up time to perform many of the analyses (Table 3). ",
"Gait speed added predictive ability to age and sex in 4 of 6 studies and in the pooled analysis. ",
"C statistics for age, sex, and gait speed were not significantly different from C statistics with all the other factors for any study nor for the pooled analysis. ",
"Three studies had sufficiently consistent data on functional status at baseline to allow pooling. ",
"Gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.734) that was not significantly different from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (0.732; (P = .95; Table 3).",
"\n\nIn addition, we used C statistics to assess the ability of usual gait speed to predict survival compared with other physical performance measures, such as fast gait speed and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), a brief measure that includes walk speed, chair rise ability, and balance. ",
"We assessed usual vs fast gait speed in the single study with both measures (Invecciare in Chianti18 study: usual, 0.727 [95% CI, 0.678-0.776]; fast, 0.684 [95% CI, 0.630-0.739]), suggesting that fast walks did not have an advantage in survival prediction over usual-paced walks. ",
"Gait speed was superior to the SPPB in the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly8 (gait speed, 0.617; 95% CI, 0.585-0.649; SPPB, 0.574; 95% CI, 0.539-0.649); was equivalent in the following 3 studies: Health, Aging, and Body Composition (ABC) study and ABC16 (gait speed, 0.579; 95% CI, 0.548-0.610; SPPB, 0.560; 95% CI, 0.528-0.592); Invecciare in Chianti (gait speed, 0.727; 95% CI, 0.678-0.776; SPPB, 0.738; 95% CI, 0.690-0.735); Predicting Elderly Performance study18 (gait speed, 0.667; 95% CI, 0.610-0.724; SPPB, 0.691; 95% CI, 0.637-0.744); and worse than SPPB in the Established Populations for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly15 (gait speed, 0.638; 95% CI, 0.610-0.777; SPPB, 0.663; 95% CI, 0.636-0.691).",
"\n\nComment\n\nGait speed, age, and sex may offer the clinician tools for assessing expected survival to contribute to tailoring goals of care in older adults. ",
"The accuracy of predictions based on these 3 factors appears to be approximately similar to more complex models involving multiple other health-related factors, or for age, sex, use of mobility aids, and functional status. ",
"Gait speed might help refine survival estimates in clinical practice or research because it is simple and informative.",
"\n\nWhy would gait speed predict survival? ",
"Walking requires energy, movement control, and support and places demands on multiple organ systems, including the heart, lungs, circulatory, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems. ",
"Slowing gait may reflect both damaged systems and a high-energy cost of walking.13,39-54 Gait speed could be considered a simple and accessible summary indicator of vitality because it integrates known and unrecognized disturbances in multiple organ systems, many of which affect survival. ",
"In addition, decreasing mobility may induce a vicious cycle of reduced physical activity and deconditioning that has a direct effect on health and survival.6\n\nThe association between gait speed and survival is known.6,7,9-12,55,56 Prior analyses used single cohorts and presented results as relative rather than absolute risk, as done herein. ",
"Similarly, mortality prediction models have been developed.3-5,57-60 Some models use self-reported information but others also include physiological or performance data, for a total of 4 to more than 10 predictive factors. ",
"Only a few models assess overall predictive capacity using C statistics; the reported values are in the range found in the present study (published area under the curve range, 0.66-0.8261 vs this study, 0.717 and 0.737).",
"\n\nThe strengths of this study are the very large sample of individual participant data from multiple diverse populations of community-dwelling elders who were followed up for many years and use of consistent measures of performance and outcome. ",
"We provide survival estimates for a broad range of gait speeds and calculate absolute rates and median years of survival. ",
"Compared with prior studies that were too small to assess potential effect modification by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and other subgroups, we were able to assess multiple subgroup effects with substantial power. ",
"This study has the limitations of observational research; it cannot establish causal relationships and is vulnerable to various forms of healthy volunteer bias. ",
"The participating study cohorts, while large and diverse, do not represent the universe of possible data. ",
"Our survival estimates should be validated in additional data sets. ",
"Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research. ",
"However, median years of survival in this study resemble estimates for US adults across the sex and age range assessed.62 We were unable to assess the association of physical activity with survival in pooled analyses because measures of activity were highly variable across studies. ",
"Also, participants in these studies had no prior knowledge about the meaning of walking speed. ",
"In clinical use, participants might walk differently if they are aware of the implications of the results. ",
"Although this study provides information on survival, further work is needed to examine associations of other important pooled outcomes such as disability and health care use and to examine effects in populations more completely based in clinical practice.",
"\n\nBecause gait speed can be assessed by nonprofessional staff using a 4-m walkway and a stopwatch,21 it is relatively simple to measure compared with many medical assessments. ",
"Nevertheless, methodological issues such as distance and verbal instructions remain.63,64 Self-report is an alternative to gait speed for reflecting function. ",
"However, significant challenges remain in the use of self-report as well, such as choice of items and reliability, some of which can be addressed by emerging techniques such as computer adaptive testing based on item-response theory.65 The results found herein suggest that gait speed appears to be especially informative in older persons who report either no functional limitations or only difficulty with instrumental ADLs and may be less helpful for older adults who already report dependence in basic ADLs. ",
"The research studies analyzed herein used trained staff to measure gait speed. ",
"Staff in clinical settings would need initial training and may produce more variable results. ",
"Long-distance walks have become accepted in some medical fields and may contribute information beyond short walks.66-68 However, the longer distance and time to perform the test may limit feasibility in many clinical settings. ",
"Although the sample size of very slow walkers was small, our data suggest that there may be a subpopulation who walk very slowly but survive for long periods. ",
"It would be valuable to further characterize this subgroup.",
"\n\nAlthough the gait speed–survival relationship seems continuous across the entire range, cut points may help interpretation. ",
"Several authors have proposed that gait speeds faster than 1.0 m/s suggest healthier aging while gait speeds slower than 0.6 m/s increase the likelihood of poor health and function.7,21 Others propose one cutoff around 0.8 m/s.13 In our data, predicted life expectancy at the median for age and sex occurs at about 0.8 m/s; faster gait speeds predict life expectancy beyond the median. ",
"Perhaps a gait speed faster than 1.0 m/s suggests better than average life expectancy and above 1.2 m/s suggests exceptional life expectancy, but additional research will be necessary to determine this relationship.",
"\n\nHow might gait speed be used clinically? ",
"First, gait speed might help identify older adults with a high probability of living for 5 or 10 more years, who may be appropriate targets for preventive interventions that require years for benefit. ",
"Second, gait speed might be used to identify older adults with increased risk of early mortality, perhaps those with gait speeds slower than 0.6 m/s. In these patients, further examination is targeted at potentially modifiable risks to health and survival. ",
"A recommended evaluation and management of slow walking includes cardiopulmonary, neurological and musculoskeletal systems.6,18 Third, gait speed might promote communication. ",
"Primary clinicians might characterize an older adult as likely to be in poor health and function because the gait speed is 0.5 m/s. In research manuscripts, baseline gait speed might help to characterize the overall health of older research participants. ",
"Fourth, gait speed might be monitored over time, with a decline indicating a new health problem that requires evaluation. ",
"Fifth, gait speed might be used to stratify risks from surgery or chemotherapy. ",
"Finally, medical and behavioral interventions might be assessed for their effect on gait speed in clinical trials. ",
"Such true experiments could then evaluate causal pathways to determine whether interventions that improve gait speed lead to improvements in function, health, and longevity.",
"\n\nThe data provided herein are intended to aid clinicians, investigators, and health system planners who seek simple indicators of health and survival in older adults. ",
"Gait speed has potential to be implemented in practice, using a stop watch and a 4-m course. ",
"From a standing start, individuals are instructed to walk at their usual pace, as if they were walking down the street, and given no further encouragement or instructions. ",
"The data in this article can be used to help interpret the results. ",
"Gait speed may be a simple and accessible indicator of the health of the older person.",
"\n\nBack to top Article Information\n\nCorresponding Author: Stephanie Studenski, MD, MPH, Kaufmann Bldg, Ste 500, 3471 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15143 (sas33@pitt.edu).",
"\n\nAuthor Contributions: Dr Studenski had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.",
"\n\nStudy concept and design: Studenski, Faulkner, Chandler, Nevitt, Kritchevsky, Ferrucci, Guralnik.",
"\n\nAcquisition of data: Studenski, Faulkner, Nevitt, Visser, Kritchevsky, Badinelli, Harris, Newman, Cauley, Ferrucci, Guralnik.",
"\n\nAnalysis and interpretation of data: Studenski, Perera, Patel, Rosano, Faulkner, Inzitari, Brach, Chandler, Cawthon, Barrett-Connor, Nevitt, Visser, Harris, Newman, Cauley, Guralnik.",
"\n\nDrafting of the manuscript: Studenski, Perera, Inzitari, Badinelli.",
"\n\nCritical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Studenski, Perera, Patel, Rosano, Faulkner, Brach, Chandler, Cawthon, Barrett-Connor, Nevitt, Visser, Kritchevsky, Harris, Newman, Cauley, Ferrucci, Guralnik.",
"\n\nStatistical analysis: Studenski, Perera, Patel, Inzitari, Chandler, Guralnik.",
"\n\nObtained funding: Studenski, Chandler, Nevitt, Kritchevsky, Badinelli, Harris, Newman, Ferrucci, Guralnik.",
"\n\nAdministrative, technical, or material support: Studenski, Patel, Rosano, Faulkner, Cawthon, Nevitt, Visser, Badinelli, Harris, Newman, Cauley\n\nStudy supervision: Perera, Nevitt, Newman.",
"\n\nConflict of Interest Disclosures: All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. ",
"Dr Studenski reported receiving institutional grant support, travel expenses, and consultancy fees from Merck; consultlancy fees from Novartis and GTX; and royalties from Hazzart Text McGraw Hill. ",
"Dr Perera reported receiving institutional grant support from Merck Research Lab. ",
"Dr Inzitari reported receiving insitutional grant support from Merck. ",
"Dr Brach reported receiving institutional grant support from Merck. ",
"Dr Cawthon reported receiving consultancy fees from Amgen and Merck. ",
"Dr Cauley reported receiving consultancy fees and institutional grant support from Novartis. ",
"Drs Patel, Faulkner, Barett-Connor, Nevitt, Visser, Bandellini, Harris, Newman, Ferrucci, and Gurlanik reported no disclosures.",
"\n\nFunding/Support: Additional support for the pooled analyses was provided by grants AG023641, AG024827 and the Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH NIA Professional Services Contract Health and Human Services number 11200800292P. Dr Studenski received grant support from Merck to perform this work.",
"\n\nRole of the Sponsor: The role of Merck and Co in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript is as follows: Merck and Co reviewed and approved an initial proposal to conduct the study, which included gathering existing data and pooled statistical analyses. ",
"Representatives from Merck reviewed the initial manuscript draft."
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[
"Q:\n\nDisproving Cantor's diagonal argument\n\nI am familiar with Cantor's diagonal argument and how it can be used to prove the uncountability of the set of real numbers. ",
"However I have an extremely simple objection to make. ",
"Given the following:\nTheorem: Every number with a finite number of digits has two representations in the set of rational numbers.",
"\nProof: It follows from the fact that 0,9999... = 1, that any integer $n$ can be represented as $(n-1),9999...$\nThis similarly works for rational numbers with finite digits, as follows:\nlet $n_i$ be the $i$-th digit after the comma of a rational number with a finite number of digits $k$. Then $n,n_1n_2...n_k = n,n_1n_2...(n_k-1)999...$.\nNow, going through Cantor's diagonalization argument, assume that I built what I claim to be an exhaustive list of all real numbers in binary representation. ",
"Then, Cantor would claim that the number created by concatenating the negated $i$-th digit of the $i$-th number is not contained in my list. ",
"To which I would reply: \"Yes, but can you prove that your number is not the alternative representation of one already present in the list?\", ",
"following the theorem above.",
"\nHow does my remark not disprove or at least require further efforts in Cantor's proof? ",
"Has this point already been made?",
"\nEDIT:\nThe point is invalid if the base is different from 2, giving Cantor the choice of avoiding the more \"offending\" decimals 9 and 0. ",
"However, in the case of binary representation, which is the most commonly thought in universities, how could he make sure that happens by simply flipping bits as described above? ",
"It seems to me that he would have to go through the rather complex process of converting the binary number to another base, flipping its digits avoiding 0s and 9s, and converting back. ",
"\n\nA:\n\nThere is a simple fix to this particular technicality. ",
"The only cases of multiple representations are numerals that:\n\nEnd in repeated $9$'s\nEnd in repeated $0$'s\n\nTo avoid these, when using the diagonal argument to construct a new numeral, we could decide to use only the digits $3$ and $6$. Even with this restriction we still have enough freedom to make the diagonal argument work and construct a numeral not appearing on the given list.",
"\nBut by making this restriction, the numeral constructed by the diagonal argument is guaranteed to represent a real number that has only one decimal representation.",
"\n\nNote, however, that somewhere in the theory you have (or are going to) show that the set of real numbers have the same cardinality $2^{\\mathbb{N}}$; that is, there is a bijection between the set of real numbers and the set of binary sequences. ",
"In my opinion, the most efficient way to develop the overall theory is:\n\nDeal with this whole multiple-representation issue when showing that the reals are in bijection with binary sequences.",
"\nApply Cantor's argument to binary sequences.",
"\n\n(actually, the first bullet point is probably best done in the contest of general cardinal arithmetic)\n\n"
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[
"With the continued flash memory scaling, particularly, NAND flash technology scaling, the conventional use of a fixed starting program voltage (Vstart) throughout the life cycle of a NAND flash memory device results in inefficient programming. ",
"Incremental Step Pulse Programming (ISPP) is a commonly used NAND program method to achieve balance between Vth distribution and program time (tPROG). ",
"FIG. ",
"1 illustrates the ISPP scheme, and FIG. ",
"2 shows the four threshold voltage distributions for a 2-bit per cell flash memory where L0 represents the erased state and L1, L2 and L3 represent 3 program states. ",
"The ISPP starts by applying a relatively low starting program voltage Vstart followed by a program verify PV operation. ",
"After that, the program voltage is increased by Vstep and another programing/verifying operation is carried out. ",
"This process is repeated until the target threshold voltage (L1, L2 or L3 in FIG. ",
"2) is reached.",
"\nAs FIG. ",
"1 suggests, the number of program pulses can be calculated as follows:\n Number of Program Pluses = V final - V start V step \nAs the above relationship indicates, the program time is fixed regardless of the lifecycle of the NAND flash memory. ",
"However, in general, the NAND program time is reduced as the number of program-erase (PE) cycles increases. ",
"Because of this phenomenon, a cycling guard band (program speed difference between the beginning of life (BOL) condition and the end of life (EOL) condition) needs to be accounted for in selecting an appropriate Vstart value. ",
"As is more clearly described with reference to FIG. ",
"3 further below, the cycling guard band results in selection of a low (conservative) Vstart in order to avoid over-program (program overshoot) in the EOL scenario. ",
"Accordingly, the cycling guard band leads to BOL program time (tPROG) that is longer than necessary. ",
"This programming inefficiency is even more pronounced in flash technologies with greater than four levels, such as TLC with 8 states and QLC with 16 states.",
"\nThe impact of the guard band on the selection of Vstart can be more clearly seen in FIG. ",
"3. ",
"In FIG. ",
"3, the three voltage distribution lines shown by dashed lines represent there different Vstart distributions corresponding to different stages in the program/erase (PE) life cycle of the flash memory. ",
"The first dashed line distribution next to L0 represents the start of life (SOL) distribution. ",
"The next one represents the middle of life (MOL) distribution and the far right dashed line represents the end of life (EOL) distribution of Vstart. ",
"These three distribution dashed lines are marked in FIG. ",
"3 as SOL, MOL and EOL. ",
"As can be seen, with increasing PE cycles, the distribution of Vstart shifts higher. ",
"In other words, the programming of the NAND cell becomes easier and easier as the number of PE cycles increases. ",
"However, after the initial Vstart programing, the Vstart distribution should never extend beyond the distribution of the L1 state. ",
"This is illustrated by the dashed line distribution for Vstart marked in FIG. ",
"3 as EOL. ",
"If the distribution of Vstart goes beyond the L1 state, an over-shot condition occurs and programming fails. ",
"Because of this, Vstart is set to a lower value to avoid the over-shot programming in the EOL condition. ",
"However, the lower Vstart value leads to slower than necessary programming during BOL to MOL cycles, thus resulting in excessively long overall programming performance. ",
"This programming inefficiency is even more pronounced in flash technologies with greater than four levels, such as TLC (8 levels) and QLC (16 levels). ",
"Thus, there is a need for more efficient programming techniques."
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"This rich, savory, and mildly spicy dish is a convenient, healthy alternative to store-bought frozen dinners. ",
"It’s high in protein, complex carbohydrates, and fiber. ",
"Plus, one serving has almost half your RDA of vitamin A and calcium!",
"\n\nVegan Freezer Meal: Thai Green Curry on Brown Rice\n\nTime to make: 40 minutes\n\nTime to heat from frozen: 6 minutes in the microwave or about 40 minutes in an oven\n\nIngredients\n\n2 cups of cooked brown rice\n\n1 tablespoon Thai Green Curry Paste, store bought (watch out for brands that include shrimp paste and avoid) or homemade\n\n1 tablespoon coconut oil (refined or unrefined)\n\n2 cloves garlic, minced\n\n1/2 cup onions, sliced\n\n1 Chinese eggplant, sliced into 3” long and ¼” thick pieces. (",
"use a small regular eggplant if you can’t find the Chinese kind)\n\n1 block of firm tofu, cubed\n\n1 tablespoon sugar (or agave)\n\n165 ml coconut milk\n\n1 cup water\n\n3 cups chopped, uncooked, dark leafy greens (snow pea leaves, kale or spinach works well here)\n\nsalt to taste\n\nYou’ll also need 4 individual-sized containers to freeze each portion in.",
"\n\nDirections\n\nDivide your cooked brown rice into the four containers and set aside.",
"\n\nIn a medium-sized sauce pan, break up the curry paste and mix with the coconut oil over medium-high heat. ",
"Let it heat up for a minute to open up the flavours of the spices. ",
"Add the onions and garlic; cook for another minute while stirring occasionally.",
"\n\nAdd the tofu, eggplant, sugar, coconut milk, and water. ",
"Stir to combine all the ingredients.",
"\n\nTurn the heat to high until the curry starts to boil. ",
"Turn down the heat to a simmer and add the greens.",
"\n\nRemove from stove as soon as the greens turn bright. ",
"Mix well and add salt to taste.",
"\n\nDivide the curry into the containers. ",
"Allow it to cool for 12-15 minutes before sealing with aluminum foil, labelling, and freezing.",
"\n\nTo reheat in the oven, cook in a pre-heated oven at 375 F for 35-40 minutes. ",
"It’s done when the middle is hot. ",
"I find it doesn’t take as long if you use a toaster oven. ",
"You can also speed up reheating time by popping it into a covered microwave-safe dish. ",
"Nuke for 3 minutes, stir, and then nuke for about 3 more minutes or until the middle is hot.",
"\n\nThis will smell so good that you may want to forgo the freezing and have some tonight.",
"\n\nBest topped with raw bean sprouts, a squeeze of lime juice and some smashed peanuts. ",
"Enjoy!",
"\n\nNutrition Information per serving (1/4 recipe)\n\nCalories: 259; Total Fat: 11.7g (Saturated Fat: 8.3, Polysaturated Fat: 1.3g, Monosaturated Fat: 1.0); Cholesterol: 0.0mg; Sodium: 620.4; Potassium: 377.6mg; Carbohydrates: 31.0g (Dietary Fiber: 3.7g, Sugars: 3.7g); Protein: 9.3g"
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[
"\n468 So.2d 122 (1985)\nLeonidas MOORE, Jr.\nv.\nLIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE CO., ",
"a Corp., et al.",
"\n83-339.",
"\nSupreme Court of Alabama.",
"\nMarch 29, 1985.",
"\nJere L. Beasley and James W. Traeger of Beasley and Wilson, Montgomery, for appellant.",
"\nN.T. Braswell III of Rushton, Stakely, Johnston and Garrett, Montgomery, for appellees.",
"\nEMBRY, Justice.",
"\nThis is an appeal from a summary judgment as to four counts and a judgment dismissing the fifth count of a five-count complaint. ",
"We affirm.",
"\nLeonidas Moore, Jr., plaintiff below, a high school graduate, thirty-five years of age, was employed at Tallassee Mills (Mt. Vernon Mills, Inc.) in 1967 and worked there continuously from that time (except for a term of military service) until he was laid off in 1982.",
"\nIn July 1975, while working as a loom fixer, Moore was injured, and hospitalized for a period of eleven days, during which time his right eye was surgically removed because of the injury to it in the on-the-job accident. ",
"He returned to work approximately three months later, was given a new job in the training room as a full-time instructor but at the same rate of pay he was receiving before the accident. ",
"While off the job he was paid temporary total workmen's compensation benefits at the then-maximum rate.",
"\nEllis O. Frost, a claims adjuster with Liberty Mutual, the workmen's compensation carrier for Mt. Vernon Mills, contacted *123 Moore while Moore was in the hospital and advised that he would receive the maximum, all of the medical bills would be paid, and at an appropriate time after the doctor had released him a supplement would be paid under workmen's compensation.",
"\nLater, Moore was contacted at work by Frost, who advised Moore that he was entitled to additional compensation for loss of the eye, a greater sum if paid periodically or a lesser amount if paid in a lump sum. ",
"Moore stated, at that time, he wanted to think about the offer, as he was concerned about whether he would be receiving a fair settlement. ",
"Moore did, in fact, consult with his wife, brothers-in-law, and a sister-in-law about the matter. ",
"Some weeks later, Frost contacted Moore about the matter and was told that he, Moore, was not satisfied with the amount offered because he felt his eye was worth more. ",
"Frost informed him the amount offered was all he was entitled to receive. ",
"Moore suffered no bodily injury other than the loss of his eye, according to his testimony.",
"\nAfter the second contact by Frost, Moore discussed the claim with the general manager of the mill and a supervisor, a Mr. Redden, because he was concerned whether his job might be in jeopardy because of the accident and injury. ",
"He was assured he would have a job in spite of that.",
"\nOnce again, Frost contacted Moore and again advised him that the scheduled benefits were all he would get as compensation. ",
"It was also related to Moore that there were time limitations on his claim. ",
"Moore then agreed to accept the commuted lump sum amount. ",
"Frost told him that he, Frost, would contact William Inge Hill, a Montgomery lawyer, to have the necessary papers prepared to present to, and have approved by, the court. ",
"In mid-January 1976, Moore, with his wife, went to Mr. Hill's office and was presented a settlement petition. ",
"After he and Mrs. Moore read it, Moore raised questions about some of the wording and medical benefits. ",
"The provision that closed payment of medical benefits was deleted at Moore's request. ",
"The petition was signed and then approved by Circuit Judge Carter of Montgomery County. ",
"After this was done, Moore was paid $8,829.52. ",
"Neither Moore, Frost, nor Hill discussed his job or anything concerning lifetime employment.",
"\nMoore testified in other proceedings that Mr. Beasley, his attorney, told him he was entitled to more compensation and he had been deceived about his benefits.",
"\nFor the ensuing six-plus years, Moore continued to work for Mt. Vernon Mills, did not encounter any difficulties with his job, and was promoted. ",
"In April of 1982, Moore and hundreds of his fellow employees were laid off.",
"\nThere is no evidence of any conspiracy by Frost and agents of Mt. Vernon Mills and no documentation of Moore's assertion he was promised lifetime employment. ",
"To the contrary, both of these matters are denied by defendants and Mt. Vernon Mills.",
"\n\nIssues\n(1) Did the trial court err when it entered summary judgment in favor of Liberty Mutual and Frost on Moore's claims for fraudulent misrepresentation, fraudulent suppression, failure to disclose, and conspiracy?",
"\n(2) Did the trial court err in entering summary judgment in favor of Liberty Mutual and Frost on Moore's claims of outrageous conduct? (",
"3) Did the trial court err in entering judgment dismissing Moore's claim of conspiracy?",
"\nEach of these issues must be answered in the negative.",
"\n\nI\nUnder the facts of record, the claims for fraudulent misrepresentation and fraudulent suppression of facts are not ones for which relief may be granted, because of the exclusivity of the Alabama Workmen's Compensation Act. ",
"Code 1975, § 25-5-1 et seq.; ",
"Waldon v. Hartford Insurance Group, 435 So.2d 1271 (Ala.1983); Wilkins v. West Point-Pepperell, Inc., 397 So.2d 115 (Ala.1981). ",
"Moore's remedy, if indeed there was fraud infecting the settlement *124 of his compensation claim, was to have it set aside under the provisions of Code 1975, § 25-5-56, and seek relief from the settlement judgment under the provisions of Rule 60, ARCP. ",
"However, in this case there is no evidence of any fraud.",
"\nThere was no duty of disclosure upon the part of Liberty Mutual or Frost. ",
"There is no duty to disclose the law. ",
"It is available and presumed known. ",
"Henson v. Estes Health Care Center, Inc., 439 So.2d 74 (Ala.1983). ",
"Moore's allegations would require Frost to give legal advice, which the law prohibits a layman from doing. ",
"Wilkey v. State, 244 Ala. 568, 14 So.2d 536 (1943).",
"\nRegarding the claim that may be read as one either for the bad faith failure to settle or the tort of outrageous conduct, we opine that no relief could be granted upon these claims. ",
"Bad faith or negligent conduct upon the part of the employer or its compensation carrier is not actionable. ",
"Relief is barred because of the exclusivity of the compensation remedy. ",
"Waldon, supra, Garvin v. Shewbart, 442 So.2d 80 (Ala.1983).",
"\nThe tort of outrageous conduct is not so barred. ",
"Garvin, supra. ",
"However, the facts of this case show there was no tortious conduct upon the part of the appellees. ",
"Cates v. Taylor, 428 So.2d 637 (Ala. 1983).",
"\nThe judgments below are due to be, and they are hereby, affirmed.",
"\nAFFIRMED.",
"\nTORBERT, C.J., and FAULKNER, ALMON and ADAMS, JJ., ",
"concur.",
"\n"
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[
"Techweek\n\nTechweek may refer to:\n Techweek (conference), a Chicago-based conference and expo for start-up companies\n TechWeek (magazine), a bi-weekly technology magazine\n Tech week or technical week, the week before the opening night of a play"
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a integrated circuit memory including an array of flash EEPROM memory cells and circuitry to provide for overerase correction for the flash EEPROM cells.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nFIG. ",
"1 shows a typical configuration for an integrated circuit including a flash EEPROM memory array 100 and circuitry enabling programming, erasing, reading, and overerase correction for memory cells in the array 100. ",
"The flash EEPROM array 100 is composed of individual cells, such as 102. ",
"Each cell has a drain connected to a bitline, such as 104, each bitline being connected to a bitline pull up circuit 106 and column decoder 108. ",
"Sources of the array cells are connected to Vss, while their gates are each connected by a wordline to a row decoder 110.",
"\nThe row decoder 110 receives voltage signals from a power supply 112 and distributes the particular voltage signals to the wordlines as controlled by a row address received from a processor or state machine 114. ",
"Likewise, the bitline pull up circuit 106 receives voltage signals from the power supply 112 and distributes the particular voltage signals to the bitlines as controlled by a signal from the processor 114. ",
"Voltages provided by the power supply 112 are provided as controlled by signals received from processor 114.",
"\nThe column decoder 108 provides signals from particular bitlines to sense amplifiers or comparators 116 as controlled by a column address signal received from processor 114. ",
"The sense amplifiers 116 further receive a signal from reference cells of reference array 118. ",
"An example of circuitry for reference array 118, as well as operation of such circuitry is provided in U.S. patent application Ser. ",
"No. ",
"08/160,582 entitled \"Programmed Reference\", and U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,335,198 entitled \"Flash EEPROM Array With High Endurance\", both of which are incorporated herein by reference. ",
"With signals from the column decoder 108 and reference array 118, the sense amplifiers 116 then each provide a signal indicating a state of a bitline relative to a reference cell line to which it is connected through data latches or buffers 120 to processor 114.",
"\nTo program a cell in the flash memory array 100, high gate-to-drain voltage pulses are provided to the cell from power supply 112 while a source of the cell is grounded. ",
"For instance, during programming typically multiple gate voltage pulses of 10 V are each applied for approximately two to three microseconds to a cell, while a drain voltage of the cell is set to 5.5 V and its source is grounded. ",
"The large gate-to-drain voltage pulses enable electrons flowing from the source to drain to overcome an energy barrier to produce \"hot electrons\" which are accelerated across a thin dielectric layer enabling the electrons to be driven onto a floating gate of the cell. ",
"This programming procedure, termed \"hot electron injection\" results in an increase of a threshold voltage for the cell, the threshold being the gate-to-source voltage required for the cell to conduct.",
"\nTo erase a cell in the flash memory array 100, a procedure known as Fowler-Nordheim tunneling is utilized wherein relatively high negative gate-to-source voltage pulses are applied for a few tenths of a second each. ",
"For instance, during erase multiple gate voltage pulses of -10 V are applied to a cell, while a drain of the cell is set to 5.5 V and its source is floating. ",
"The large negative gate-to-source voltage pulses enable electrons to tunnel from the floating gate of a cell reducing its threshold.",
"\nTo represent a data bit, the floating gate of a cell is programmed or erased as described above. ",
"In a programmed state, the threshold voltage of a cell is typically set at greater than 6.5 volts, while the threshold voltage of a cell in an erased state is typically limited below 3.0 volts. ",
"To read a cell, a control gate voltage between the 3.0 and 6.5 volt range, typically 5 V, is applied. ",
"The 5 V read pulse is applied to the gate of an array cell as well as a cell in reference array 118 having a threshold near 5 V. In a programmed state with an array cell in array 100 having a threshold above 6.5 V, current provided by the reference cell with a threshold of 5 V will be greater indicating a programmed cell exists. ",
"In an erased state with a threshold of a cell in array 100 below 3.0 V, current provided by the array cell will be greater than the reference cell with a threshold of 5 V indicating an erased cell. ",
"To verify programming or erase, a read voltage is similarly applied to both a cell in the array and to cells in the reference array 118. ",
"For programming, a reference cell having a threshold of 6.5 V is used for a comparison, while for erase, a reference cell having a threshold of 3.0 V is used for comparison.",
"\nIn a flash memory array, all cells are typically erased simultaneously. ",
"Erasing of the memory cells is typically done by repeated applications of the short erase pulses, described above, applied to each of the cells in an array, such as flash memory array 100. ",
"After each erase pulse, erase verify is performed cell by cell to determine if each cell in the array has a threshold above a limit, such as 3.0 V, or if a cell is \"undererased\". ",
"If an undererased cell is detected, an additional erase pulse is applied to the entire array. ",
"With such an erase procedure, a cell which is not undererased will also be repeatedly erased, and its floating gate may eventually acquire a threshold below zero volts. ",
"A cell with a threshold erased below zero volts is referred to as being \"overerased\".",
"\nAn overerase condition is undesirable because the programming characteristics of an overerased cell more rapidly become deteriorated, reducing the number of times the cell can be reprogrammed which is referred to as the cells \"endurance\". ",
"Overerased cells are also undesirable because they create bitline leakage current during program or read procedures. ",
"For instance, during program or read, only one wordline carries a positive voltage, while the remaining wordlines are typically grounded. ",
"With wordlines grounded, or at 0 V, a cell with a threshold voltage below 0 V will conduct a bitline leakage current. ",
"With bitline leakage current, power supplies providing power to a bitline during programming may become overloaded. ",
"Similarly, with bitline leakage current during read, read errors may occur.",
"\nTo prevent overerase, manufacturers of integrated circuits containing flash memory cells typically provide an overerase correction mechanism. ",
"FIG. ",
"2 is a flow chart illustrating a prior art erase and overerase correction procedure. ",
"In the procedure, erase is performed first, and then overerase correction is provided. ",
"The procedure of FIG. ",
"2 will be described in more detail below.",
"\nFirst, for the erase procedure, in steps 202 and 204, the row address and column address provided by processor 114 are set to an initial address. ",
"Next, in step 206, an erase verify pulse is provided to a cell as selected by the row and column addresses. ",
"Outputs from sense amplifiers 116 are then utilized by processor 114 to determine if the cell referenced by the row and column addresses is undererased. ",
"If the cell is undererased an erase pulse is applied in step 208 to the entire array and the erase verify step 206 is repeated.",
"\nIf the cell referred to by the row and column addresses is not undererased in step 206, the column address is incremented in step 210. ",
"Next, in step 212, if the last column address has not been exceeded, control returns to step 206. ",
"Otherwise, in step 214 the row address is incremented, and if the last row address has not been exceeded in step 216, control is returned to step 206. ",
"If the last row has been exceeded, the column address is reset in step 218 to begin the overerase correction procedure.",
"\nNext, in the overerase correction procedure, in step 220 power supply 112 is controlled to provide an overerase verify pulse to bitlines of the cells referred by the column address, while wordlines remain grounded. ",
"Outputs from sense amplifiers 116 are then provided to the processor 114 to determine if the bitline referenced by the column address is providing a leakage current. ",
"If the bitline is providing a leakage current, overerased cells exist, so in step 222 power supply 112 is controlled to provide an overerase correction pulse to all the cells connected to the bitline referred to by the column address and step 220 is repeated.",
"\nThe overerase correction pulse applied in step 222 is a relatively high voltage applied to the drain of a cell, such as 6 V, while its gate and source are typically grounded. ",
"U.S. patent application Ser. ",
"No. ",
"08/269,530 entitled \"Multistepped Threshold Convergence For A Flash Memory Array\", and U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,359,558 entitled \"Flash EEPROM Array With Improved High Endurance\", both incorporated herein by reference, disclose further details regarding application of overerase correction pulses.",
"\nIf no bitline leakage current is identified in step 220, the column address is incremented in step 224. ",
"Next, in step 226, if the last column address has not been exceeded, control is returned to step 220. ",
"Otherwise, the overerase correction procedure is complete.",
"\nAlthough the overerase correction procedure illustrated in FIG. ",
"2 eliminates overerased cells, because overerased cells may have been present during the erase procedure, the endurance of cells in the array will be reduced.",
"\nFurther, because overerased cells may have been present during erase verify in step 206, undererased, or programmed cells may still be present after the erase procedure is complete. ",
"In explanation, during erase, one cell in an array may erase on the order of one 100 times faster than other cells. ",
"If the cell verified in step 206 is erased very slowly, while a cell in the same column is erased rapidly by continual applications of the erase pulse of step 208, the cell in the same column which erases faster may become overerased before the cell addressed in step 206 is verified as properly erased. ",
"Since during verify in step 206, the remaining cells on the column other than the cell addressed have grounded wordlines, the overerased cell will conduct a bitline leakage current. ",
"With such bitline leakage current adding to the current conducted by the addressed cell, a sense amplifier comparing the current of the addressed cell to current of a reference cell in reference array 118 will prematurely indicate for step 206 that the addressed cell has been properly erased. ",
"Thus, after completion of erase, cells may remain undererased."
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"A British horror set in a self-storage facility from actor and film-maker Noel Clarke was the poorest performing movie at the US box office last year with a paltry £44 ($72) haul. ",
"A spokesperson for the production said the £44 figure was so low because Storage 24 was released on only one screen for one day in the US due to the terms of a TV deal.",
"\n\nStorage 24 was shot on a reportedly tiny budget of around £1.6m and was Clarke's first film to appear in American cinemas following his cameo appearance in Star Trek film Into Darkness last year. ",
"The former Doctor Who star is well known to British audiences for his work behind the camera, and in front of it, on the popular 2006 urban drama Kidulthood and its 2008 sequel Adulthood.",
"\n\nClarke played the lead role and co-wrote the screenplay for Storage 24, which centres on a couple who find themselves trapped in a London storage facility inhabited by a menacing extraterrestrial. ",
"Its creator came up with the idea after visiting a similar facility (presumably minus the alien interloper).",
"\n\nHe told Movieweb last year: \"[I thought] wouldn't it be crazy if there was a serial killer that was killing people in one of these places? ",
"One day I woke up and I was like, 'Don't be ridiculous. ",
"A serial killer is ridiculous. ",
"An alien would be better.'\"",
"\n\nStorage 24, which was directed by Johannes Roberts, did slightly better in the UK. ",
"The film made £225,000 in June 2012, according to Box Office Mojo. ",
"The Guardian's Jeremy Clarke handed the film a four-star review upon its British debut two years ago. \"",
"An impressive if unoriginal monster is upstaged by – spoiler alert! – ",
"a cuddly toy dog with fireworks attached,\" he revealed. \"",
"The whole thing proves unexpectedly entertaining.\"",
"\n\n• This article was amended on Friday 10 January 2014. ",
"The original piece failed to mention Storage 24's distribution pattern in the US, which plays into its box office take. ",
"This has been amended."
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"La Fontana\n\nBen Litchfield & Lisa Fasulo\n\nLisa comes from one of Bedford's reputatable cooking families, with her father Vittorio Fasulo providing food for most of Bedford's Italian weddings during the 1980's/1990's. ",
"Lisa and her sister then ran a local coffee shop in Mill Yard for a number of years.",
"\n\nAfter meeting Ben, ten years ago, they both had a yearning to set up their own resturant and make it Bedford's most sort after Italian restaurant.",
"\n\nAfter years of talking about it and becoming an avid chef in his spare time, Ben's job as a professional dog handler was taking him away from the family home for weeks at a time and they sat down and decided a new quality of life was needed so why not live their dream.La Fontana is this dream and everyone is welcome to share it!",
"\n\nMeet the La Fontana Team\n\nHiding in the kitchen they may be, but busy at work they are preparing the amazing dishes La Fontana offers its customers. ",
"The chef's are hidden away but quiet and shy they certainly are not.",
"\n\nChef's Carlos and Augusto work hard preparing and cooking as well as having input into new menu idea's. ",
"Anytime you wish to speak to them please ask.Ryan is a the trainee chef learning the trade from the two experienced brothers.\n\nFront of house are making sure that all your needs are met with all the professional staff who excel in high standards of customer service"
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"Toyota announced the second generation of the sports car GT86\n\nTalking to journalists, the head of the European division of Toyota Karl Schlicht said that the affordable sports car GT86 was a kind of experiment, a Japanese brand. ",
"Nevertheless, the model showed good sales, and now companies are working on a second generation coupe. ",
"According to a top manager, the new Toyota GT86 II is made in the same concept as the original model. ",
"This means that the second generation of rear-drive coupe will get a fairly powerful engine of small volume, which will provide high dynamic performance, at the same time to buy a car can be at a relatively affordable price. ",
"It is possible that the development of the next Toyota GT86 reconnect the Subaru company, which provided a 2.0-liter boxer engine for the current version of the model. ",
"However, while cooperation has not been confirmed. ",
"Sales of new Toyota GT86 should begin approximately at the end of 2018 – beginning of 2019. ",
"Whether sports car will appear – is unknown. ",
"Coupe of first generation was presented in our market, but demand for it turned out to be low, and at the beginning of 2016 sales of the model have been discontinued."
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"In India, where 70 percent of electricity comes from coal, production has long been increasing in defiance of global trends. ",
"The country has long argued it has both a right and an obligation to expand power generation as it extends electricity access to hundreds of millions of people who still have none. ",
"India also is seeking to reduce its reliance on imported coal by mining more of its own reserves."
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"The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. ",
"All source code, validation test cases, topology files for the graphene and BPTI systems, and residue-averaged BPTI stresses required to replicate this study are available from the GitHub repository at <https://github.com/afenley/CAMS>.",
"\n\nIntroduction {#s1}\n============\n\nThe rapidly expanding fields of mechanochemistry [@pone.0113119-Brantley1]--[@pone.0113119-Liang1] and mechanobiology [@pone.0113119-Sielaff1]--[@pone.0113119-Bratzel1] require methods of defining and computing the mechanical properties of molecules at the atomistic level. ",
"The fundamental mechanical concept of stress is likely to be particularly useful for understanding structure-function relations in biomolecular systems like allosteric proteins, molecular motors, and mechanosensitive channels, as well as in nanoscale systems, like various graphene constructs. ",
"There is thus a need for computational tools to extract information about stress from molecular simulations.",
"\n\nThe theory connecting macroscopic stress to microscopical forces and configurations is considered in prior works [@pone.0113119-Lutsko1]--[@pone.0113119-Theodorou1], and these concepts have been applied to molecular simulation data in order to analyze mechanical stress in several molecular systems. ",
"An early example is Yamato and co-workers\\' dynamical stress analysis of a \"protein quake\" in photoactive yellow protein and important follow-up work on the system [@pone.0113119-Koike1], [@pone.0113119-Ishikura1]. ",
"Other examples include applications of atomistic stress analysis to understand barriers in the dissociation pathways of high-affinity host-guest systems [@pone.0113119-Gilson1], [@pone.0113119-VelezVega1], mechanical stresses in proteins in liquid and glass states [@pone.0113119-Hatch1], and stresses in lipid membranes [@pone.0113119-Ollila1] and lipid bilayers [@pone.0113119-Sonne1]. ",
"However, software to carry out similar analyses on existing simulation data is still not generally available. ",
"One post-processing tool, Force Distribution Analysis [@pone.0113119-Stacklies1], [@pone.0113119-Costescu1], provides valuable information that is similar in spirit to atomistic stresses and has been applied in a variety of biophysical [@pone.0113119-Xiao1]--[@pone.0113119-Palmai1] nanomaterial [@pone.0113119-Costescu2] contexts. ",
"It is worth remarking, however, that it does not distinguish between regions of tension and compression. ",
"The widely used simulation program LAMMPS [@pone.0113119-Plimpton1], [@pone.0113119-Sirk1] provides for on-the-fly calculation of atomistic stresses and is often used for simulation of materials. ",
"However, while there are some applications of LAMMPS for biomolecular simulations [@pone.0113119-Orsi1], [@pone.0113119-Nair1], the biomolecular simulation community typically uses other software packages, such as GROMACS [@pone.0113119-VanDerSpoel1]--[@pone.0113119-Pronk1], CHARMM [@pone.0113119-MacKerell1], [@pone.0113119-Brooks1], NAMD [@pone.0113119-Phillips1], GROMOS [@pone.0113119-Scott1], and AMBER [@pone.0113119-Case1].",
"\n\nHere, we describe a new software package that computes atomistic stresses for MD simulation outputs generated by various biomolecular simulation codes. ",
"Natively, the software directly supports GROMACS file formats. ",
"However, we provide a protocol for converting simulation data from AMBER into the supported formats. ",
"The software is available in the GitHub repository (<https://github.com/afenley/CAMS>) and is released under the GPL version 2 open source license. ",
"As a demonstration of the software, we apply it to an equilibrium simulation of the protein BPTI and to nonequilibrium simulations of graphene nanostructures.",
"\n\nMethods {#s2}\n=======\n\nCalculation of atomic virial stresses from simulation snapshots {#s2a}\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n\nMechanical stress is properly a macroscopic quantity, which can be computed in terms of microscopical (atomistic) forces and configurations, as detailed in theoretical work cited above. ",
"It is most rigorously defined for objects that are large and homogeneous enough that the local stresses can be meaningfully averaged over a characteristic volume containing many atoms. ",
"However, useful insights can be gained by considering the stress to be a quantity that varies within a heterogeneous nanoscale object, such as a protein. ",
"References provided above discuss various approaches to defining local stress; here, we use one of the simpler approaches which is to compute the virial stresses on individual atoms.",
"\n\nWe write the stress tensor at atom *i* of a molecule in a given configuration as [@pone.0113119-Zimmerman1], [@pone.0113119-Zhou1]:\n\nHere, , , and are, respectively, the mass, velocity, and characteristic volume of the atom; is the force acting on the *i*th atom due to the *j*th atom; and is the distance vector between atoms *i* and *j*. ",
"Here *j* ranges over atoms that lie within a cutoff distance of atom *i* and that participate with atom *i* in a non-bonded, bond-stretch, bond-angle or dihedral force term. ",
"For the analysis presented here, the cutoff distance is set to 10 Å.\n\nThe characteristic volume is normally taken to be the volume over which local stress is averaged [@pone.0113119-Zimmerman1], and it is required that the characteristic volumes satisfy the condition, [@pone.0113119-Theodorou1], where is the total simulation box volume. ",
"The characteristic volume of a single atom is not unambiguously specified by theory, so we make the somewhat arbitrary decision to set the characteristic volume to be equal per atom; i.e., the simulation box volume divided by the number of atoms, : . ",
"If the system has no box volume (e.g. coordinates from trajectories using implicit solvent), then each atom is assigned the volume of a carbon atom. ",
"Either way, the characteristic volumes are treated as constant over the simulation. ",
"Note that the time average of the sum of the atomic virial stress over all atoms is closely related to the pressure of the simulation.",
"\n\nOur chief interest is to analyze the atomistic contributions to the virial within the local coordinate system of each atom as it moves, so the stresses are computed in the local (i.e., Lagrangian) frame of reference. ",
"In this case, [Equation (1](#pone.0113119.e001){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) is further simplified to [@pone.0113119-Liu1],\n\n[Equation (2](#pone.0113119.e011){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) is directly applicable to existing simulation data where atomic velocities were not stored with the atomic coordinates. ",
"Nevertheless, the CAMS software package can, as an option, include the second term in [Equation (1](#pone.0113119.e001){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) if the simulation output includes velocity information.",
"\n\nAlthough [Eq. ",
"2](#pone.0113119.e011){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} is straightforward to apply in the case of a purely pairwise potential, it is also applicable to more general many-body potentials [@pone.0113119-Delph1], [@pone.0113119-Chen1], such as bond-angles and torsions that arise in classical molecular simulations. ",
"As previously described [@pone.0113119-Ishikura1], one may decompose the atomic forces () into pairwise contributions () using the chain rule of differentiation:\n\nHere is the potential energy, is the position vector of atom *i*, is the vector from atom *j* to *i*, and is the unit vector along . ",
"Recently, Ishikura et al. [",
"@pone.0113119-Ishikura1] have derived the equations for pairwise forces of angle and torsional potentials that are commonly used in classical force-fields. ",
"Note that, for torsional potentials whose phase angle is not 0 or π, the stress contribution contains a ratio of sine functions that is singular for certain values of the torsion angle. (",
"For phase angles of 0 or π, the singularity can be removed by re-expressing the ratio of sine functions as a series of cosines.) ",
"However, this singularity does not pose a problem in the present study, as the force field torsion parameter values used here all have phase angle values of 0 or π. ",
"In addition, we have derived the formulae for stress contributions associated with the Onufriev-Bashford-Case (OBC) generalized Born implicit solvation model [@pone.0113119-Onufriev1]. ",
"The formulae for the principal stress contributions from the various supported potential terms are summarized in [Table 1](#pone-0113119-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}.",
"\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0113119.t001\n\n###### Formulae for mean principal stress (negative hydrostatic pressure) associated with potential terms in common classical force-fields.",
"\n\n![](",
"pone.0113119.t001){#pone-0113119-t001-1}\n\n Potential Energy function Principal stress\n --------------------------- ----------------- ------------------\n **Bond** \n \n \n \n **Angle** \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n **Dihedral** \n \n \n \n \n **Coulomb** \n **vdW** \n **GB (Implicit solvent)** \n\nAlthough a formalism for including long-ranged electrostatic interactions in a periodic simulation has previously been described [@pone.0113119-Hatch1], it was reported to require about 30 minutes to process one trajectory frame of the small protein ubiquitin. ",
"While significant performances gains might be possible via carefully tuned code along with the use of GPUs, we find that the strongest forces, and hence the largest contributions to the stress, are short-ranged. ",
"It is therefore reasonable to omit long-ranged electrostatic contributions to the stress, especially given that many applications of CAMS will likely seek qualitative insight more than quantitative rigor. ",
"It is also worth noting that the use of bond-length constraints, by methods such as SHAKE [@pone.0113119-Ryckaert1], can lead to errors in the virial, unless special measures are taken. ",
"It is therefore recommended that, for applications where more quantitative results are sought, CAMS be applied to simulation data where bond-lengths are not constrained.",
"\n\nThe tensor form (3×3 matrix) of stress poses problems for visualization and comparative analysis, as the tensor components vary with orientation, and it is cumbersome to visualize a multicomponent tensor at each atom of a large system, such as a protein. ",
"We therefore simplify the representation by averaging the principal stresses at each atom and applying a sign change to yield the local hydrostatic pressure. (",
"Note that by convention, hydrostatic pressure has the opposite sign of the local stress, such that regions with negative hydrostatic pressure are under tension and regions with positive hydrostatic pressure are under compression.) ",
"No diagonalization is required to compute the average principal stress, as this quantity is simply one-third of the trace of the stress tensor. ",
"This eliminates the need to compute the off-diagonal stress tensor components and thus speeds the calculations while preserving the ability to distinguish between compression and tension. ",
"Furthermore, using the identity, *trace(A+B) = trace(A) + trace(B)*, one may obtain the total stress at an atom as the sum of contributions from the potential terms in an additive force-field, such as bond, angle, dihedral, van der Waals, Coulomb, and generalized Born. ",
"The current implementation of the software only supports computing the average of the principal stresses on each atom, and its decomposition, but it may be useful to write out the full stress tensor, with its off-diagonal elements, in a later version of the software.",
"\n\nThe CAMS package reads in three files in the GROMACS [@pone.0113119-VanDerSpoel1], [@pone.0113119-Hess1] format: an index file (\\*.ndx), a topology file (\\*.tpr), and a binary trajectory file (\\*.trr). ",
"If the system includes explicit solvent with periodic boundaries, then the trajectory coordinates need to be imaged/wrapped, with the solute centered in the simulation box, prior to running CAMS. ",
"An installation of GROMACS is also necessary to properly build all of the input files. ",
"The standard output comprises a data file containing the total stress per atom for each snapshot in the trajectory file for the set of atoms specified in the index file, along with four structure files in pdb format containing the input coordinates used to build the.tpr file, where the beta columns contain either the total stress per atom, the total stress per residue, the mean square fluctuation of the stress per atom, or the mean square fluctuation of the stress per residue. ",
"Additionally, the user may specify the \"-split\" flag to generate analogous output files for the individual stress contributions: bonds, angles, dihedral, Coulombic, solvent (GB), van der Waals, all nonbonded, all bonded, and kinetic (if the trajectory contains velocities). ",
"For simulations involving the AMBER software package [@pone.0113119-Case1], [@pone.0113119-SalomonFerrer1], we use the script amb2gmx.pl [@pone.0113119-Mobley1] along with the GROMACS tool \\'grompp\\' to convert AMBER prmtop topology files into the GROMACS format. ",
"For netcdf (\\*.nc) trajectory files, we use VMD [@pone.0113119-Humphrey1] to generate the GROMACS binary format (\\*.trr). ",
"Currently, this conversion process results in the removal of velocities from the netcdf trajectory if the trajectory contained the velocities. ",
"Future versions of the code are planned to contain native support for AMBER file formats.",
"\n\nSoftware validation {#s2b}\n-------------------\n\nWe verified the CAMS software package in several ways. ",
"First, we checked that the forces computed via the CAMS software matched identically to the forces computed directly by GROMACS. ",
"This verifies that the CAMS software package correctly parses the coordinates, parameters, and topology of the structures, and that that the analytical forms of the gradients are correct. ",
"Second, we validated the computed stress values via a variety of simple test structures, up to 5 atoms in size, which are small enough that computing the associated stress values is tractable by hand. ",
"The test structures, topology, and stress output files have been added to the CAMS software package so that new users can check whether or not the software compiled correctly and is producing expected values.",
"\n\nApplicability of CAMS stress software {#s2c}\n-------------------------------------\n\nThe CAMS package can be used to compute stresses for a wide range of simulated molecular systems, with or without explicit solvent. ",
"The software supports any additive potential which uses the functional forms listed in [Table 1](#pone-0113119-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"The 10 Å nonbonded cutoff and the solvent dielectric constant of 80 in the GB implementation are currently hard-coded, but these values can be changed through recompilation. ",
"Currently, the molecular topology and parameters must be available in the format of a GROMACS \\*.tpr file, and the coordinate trajectories as a binary \\*.trr file type, but the package includes tools for converting AMBER\\'s prmtop/inpcrd files into these required GROMACS formats. ",
"It is worth noting that CAMS can be applied to simulations in which artificial external forces are applied to the molecular system, such as via steered MD or other external loading conditions.",
"\n\nMolecular dynamics data {#s2d}\n-----------------------\n\n### Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) {#s2d1}\n\nTime-averaged stresses and stress fluctuations were computed for the longest, continuous MD simulation of a protein published to date, a 1 ms simulation of the small trypsin inhibitor BPTI [@pone.0113119-Shaw1]. ",
"The trajectory contains over 4 million snapshots separated into several conformational clusters [@pone.0113119-Shaw1]. ",
"Although the CAMS software can be used to compute stresses that account fully for the presence of explicit solvent, here we removed the explicit waters from the trajectory and used GB theory, instead, to estimate the solvent contributions to the atomic virial stress, in order to speed up the stress calculations. ",
"An identical protocol of replacing the explicit waters with implicit water for post processing analyses is commonly used when estimating free energy differences via MM-GBSA and should suffice when qualitatively investigating stress differences in structural features of the protein. ",
"We emphasize that this approach is only recommended for estimating differences in stress values when it is not critical to estimate those differences quantitatively. ",
"Stresses and stress fluctuations were compared between clusters 1 and 2, which have the largest differences in entropy and enthalpy [@pone.0113119-Fenley1] and a significant difference in the correlation of their respective configurational entropies [@pone.0113119-Fenley2]. ",
"These quantities are averaged by residue and displayed by color on a conformer representative of cluster 1.",
"\n\n### Graphene nanostructures {#s2d2}\n\nWe also studied the propagation of high-energy stress waves in graphene nanoribbons and nanotubes. ",
"The atomic geometries of these systems were constructed using the Carbon Nanostructure Builder plugin to VMD 1.9.1 [@pone.0113119-Humphrey1]. ",
"All of the carbon atoms of C~60~, the nanoribbons, and the nanotubes were then set to be the atomtype \"ca\" to represent aromatic carbon with sp^2^ bond order for use with the Generalized Amber Force Field (GAFF) 1.4 [@pone.0113119-Wang1], and all partial charges were set to zero. ",
"The AMBER12 software package [@pone.0113119-Case1] with GPU support [@pone.0113119-Gtz1], [@pone.0113119-LeGrand1] was used to simulate these systems. ",
"First, the systems were energy-minimized with 1000 steps of steepest descent followed by up to 4000 steps of conjugate gradient such that the root-mean-square of the gradient is less than 0.0001 kcal/mole-Å. Next, the system was heated to 1 K over the course of 1000, 0.5 fs timesteps with all atoms restrained to their initial positions by a weak (1.0 kcal/mol/A^2^) harmonic restraint. ",
"The heating step generated a necessary restart file with an initial very small velocity assigned to each atom. ",
"The restart file was then manually edited to substitute in larger initial velocities (∼20.5 km/s or ∼204.5 A/ps) for selected atoms or components as detailed in the Results section, to initiate either a collision or a wave pulse. ",
"Finally, the system was allowed to evolve during an NVE simulation for 1.5 ps with 0.05 fs time steps. ",
"These short time-steps are required because of the high initial velocities. ",
"All carbon atoms were gently restrained by a 0.1 kcal/mol/A^2^ harmonic restraint during the production NVE simulations, in order to prevent overall translation of the graphene system. ",
"The small contributions from the very weak restraints were not included in the stress calculations as they would only play a minor role when visualizing the shock pulse as it traveled through the ultra cold graphene atoms.",
"\n\nResults and Discussion {#s3}\n======================\n\nEquilibrium stresses in BPTI {#s3a}\n----------------------------\n\nLike an engineered structure, a protein may be expected to have nonuniform distributions of internal stress, with potential implications for kinetic and thermodynamic stability as well as function. ",
"In addition, the temporal fluctuations of stress that result from thermal motion may provide insight regarding local elasticity. ",
"Here we report the computations of mean stress and stress fluctuations in BPTI.",
"\n\nWe focus in particular on differences in the atomic virial stresses averaged over all atoms within an amino acid residue between the two most thermodynamically distinct conformational clusters (1 and 2) identified in a 1 ms BPTI molecular dynamics simulation [@pone.0113119-Shaw1]--[@pone.0113119-Fenley2]. ",
"We compute the residue-averaged stress for residue per snapshot as, where is the instantaneous stress of atom within residue , and is the number of atoms per residue type. ",
"While such averaging results in stresses that in principle cannot be summed in a way to determine the virial of the whole system without properly shifting into the Lagrangian frame of reference of the residue, it can provide a clearer picture of the stress differences within distinct structural features, e.g. disulfide bridges, than the atomistic values. ",
"This residue-averaging approach provides an intuitive method of highlighting potentially mechanistically interesting regions within the structure. ",
"The differences in the total stress ([Fig. ",
"1](#pone-0113119-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left) highlight a greater degree of tensile stress (purple), for cluster 1 relative to cluster 2, in the loop disulfide at the top of the protein (Cys14-Cys38), as well as in a segment of strand near the front, while other localized regions are under greater compressive stress (orange). ",
"Note that the loop disulfide has different preferred conformers in the two clusters. ",
"It is interesting to speculate that large stress differences may highlight residues that play key structural roles in stabilizing the two conformational states. ",
"In addition, differences in disulfide stress have been related to differences in chemical reactivity [@pone.0113119-Iozzi1].",
"\n\n{#pone-0113119-g001}\n\nIndividual stress components ([Fig. ",
"1](#pone-0113119-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right) show larger differences (note change in color scale) than the total stress, indicating cancellation across terms. ",
"Not surprisingly, for example, differences in Coulombic stress are largely balanced by opposite changes in solvent-induced stress, computed with the GB model. ",
"Most of the tensile stress in the loop disulfide is observed to be associated with angle-bend terms, while compression at the lower left of the protein derives from both bond-stretch and van der Waals stresses.",
"\n\nEstimates of the standard error of the mean (SEM) for the residue average stress values were computed using \\'pymbar\\', a statistical software package capable of determining the statistical inefficiency within a time series of data [@pone.0113119-Chodera1]. ",
"We found the SEM values of cluster 1 to vary from 0.005 to 0.02 kbar, and those of cluster 2 to vary from 0.01 to 0.3 kbar. ",
"For a given residue, we combined the SEM values in quadrature when computing the differences in residue-averaged stresses. ",
"The combined SEM values associated with the delta between clusters ranged from 0.009 to 0.3 kbar. ",
"The delta in residue-averaged hydrostatic pressure between the two clusters per residue and the associated combined SEM values are shown in [Fig. ",
"2](#pone-0113119-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}.",
"\n\n{#pone-0113119-g002}\n\nWe compute the mean square fluctuation (MSF) of the total residue-averaged stress per residue as,\n\nwhere is the number of snapshots, is total stress for residue at snapshot , and is the total residue-averaged stress over the whole trajectory for residue . [",
"Fig. ",
"3](#pone-0113119-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"} (left) shows the MSF values for all residues when BPTI is in conformational cluster 2; the corresponding result for cluster 1 looks the same, as the differences in the MSF values are small relative to the absolute values, and therefore is not shown. ",
"The distribution of stress fluctuations is quite heterogeneous, with larger fluctuations in the lower part of the protein, whose conformational fluctuations are relatively modest and which contains alpha helices, which may be expected to be relatively stiff. ",
"On the other hand, the more flexible loop region at the top of the protein shows smaller stress fluctuations. ",
"Differences in stress fluctuations between the relatively rigid cluster 1 and more flexible cluster 2 are displayed in the right-hand side of [Fig. ",
"3](#pone-0113119-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"Although the largest differences are roughly two orders of magnitude less than the total values (∼10^3^ kbar^2^ vs. ∼10 kbar^2^), they clearly highlight the loop region of the protein, which is the part whose structure and dynamics differs most between the two clusters. ",
"Although cluster 1 is more rigid than cluster 2 [@pone.0113119-Fenley1], regions of both increased and decreased stress fluctuations are observed.",
"\n\n{#pone-0113119-g003}\n\nStress waves in graphene nanostructures {#s3b}\n---------------------------------------\n\nPure carbon materials, e.g. graphene, can form a wealth of different structures at various length scales and geometries, yielding a large range in mechanical and electronic material properties [@pone.0113119-Ivanovskii1]. ",
"These materials have a variety of uses, for example, ion beams of charged fullerenes at energies greater than 10 keV are used in time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry [@pone.0113119-Weibel1], while graphene has many potential applications including transistors [@pone.0113119-Sordan1], filters for desalination [@pone.0113119-CohenTanugi1], and supercapacitors [@pone.0113119-Stoller1], [@pone.0113119-ElKady1]. ",
"Here, we use CAMS to visualize waves generated by large mechanical perturbations, such as collisions, in several different graphene constructs.",
"\n\nFirst, we investigated stress waves in a monolayer of graphene initiated by the impact of a hypervelocity C~60~ fullerene (∼20.5 km/s; 1.8 keV) [@pone.0113119-Weibel1], [@pone.0113119-RadicatidiBrozolo1]. [",
"Fig. ",
"4](#pone-0113119-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the time-evolution of the waves from the moment of impact. ",
"Initially, radially symmetric longitudinal tensile waves (colored purple in [Fig. ",
"4](#pone-0113119-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}) rapidly spread out from the point of impact, moving at ∼12 km/s, which is just over half the experimental speed of sound in graphene (21 km/s) [@pone.0113119-Hao1], [@pone.0113119-Ghosh1]. ",
"A transverse wave, traveling at ∼7 km/s, lags the longitudinal waves as the collision visibly deforms the graphene sheet out of its plane. ",
"The reflection of the longitudinal wave from the edge of the sheet results in compression (orange in [Fig. ",
"4](#pone-0113119-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}) at the edges of the graphene monolayer and interacts with the leading edge of the transverse wave. ",
"The collision of the two wavefronts impedes regions of the transverse wave and thus alters the shape of the transverse wavefront. ",
"Visualization of the resulting tensile and compressive stresses as the waves propagate throughout the material clearly highlights the shapes and interaction regions of the waves. ",
"These reported pressures, shown in [Fig. ",
"4](#pone-0113119-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}, are within the tolerance of the material, as graphene has been measured to have an intrinsic (ultimate tensile) strength of 1.3 Mbar [@pone.0113119-Lee1].",
"\n\n{#pone-0113119-g004}\n\nNext, we investigated wave propagation through graphene nanoribbons by applying a 23 km/s velocity pulse uniformly to an edge of the nanoribbon, where the carbons are either in the \"zigzag\" or \"armchair\" configuration [@pone.0113119-Ivanovskii1]. ",
"This resulted in propagation of a sharply defined pressure wave along the nanoribbon, with a trailing pattern of excitations that are clearly visualized by the color-coded atomistic stresses, as illustrated for a series of time-points in [Fig. ",
"5](#pone-0113119-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"The main wave-front is slightly curved, suggesting a somewhat slower velocity at the edges of the ribbon. ",
"Interestingly, although the configuration of the ribbon (zigzag vs. armchair) does not greatly affect the shape and velocity of the total stress wavefront ([Fig. ",
"5](#pone-0113119-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}, top row), decomposition of the stresses into bonded and nonbonded contributions showed striking differences and emergent patterns in some of the contributions ([Fig. ",
"5](#pone-0113119-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}, lower 4 rows). ",
"In particular, the stresses resulting from the bond and angle terms show distinct patterns in the region of the nanoribbons behind the wavefront, including an \"X\" configuration of angle stresses in the armchair configuration, which is absent in the zigzag configuration. ",
"There are also clear distinctions between the two nanoribbon configurations in the bond and van der Waals stresses.",
"\n\n{#pone-0113119-g005}\n\nIn order to determine which of the patterns observed in the nanoribbons ([Fig. ",
"5](#pone-0113119-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}) resulted from edge effects, we performed the same analysis on graphene nanotubes, where edge effects are absent. [",
"Fig. ",
"6](#pone-0113119-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows that, while the leading wavefront from the initial pulse is no longer slowed down by the edges, there are now far more uniform trailing stress waves of opposite sign and in different locations depending on the carbon configurations. ",
"The bond stresses are the primary origin of these bands, and the differences in the angle stresses between the two carbon configurations are less striking in the nanotubes than the nanoribbons. ",
"Therefore, edge effects seem to play a major role in the propagation and dispersion of stress waves in graphene sheets.",
"\n\n{#pone-0113119-g006}\n\nConclusions {#s4}\n===========\n\nWe have described CAMS, a new software package, which reads in a molecular dynamics trajectory and associated parameters files, and writes out trajectory frames annotated with atomistic virial stresses, including contributions from non-central force terms. ",
"The output includes not only the total stress, but also the stress contribution from each term in the potential function. ",
"Mean stresses and stress fluctuations computed for an equilibrium simulation of BPTI show heterogeneous patterning that correlates with structural elements and with conformational changes and may help to highlight residues playing key structural or functional roles. ",
"The propagation of stress waves in graphene nanostructures is clearly visualized as well, enabling identification of edge effects, wave dispersion, and distinct contributions of the various terms in the potential function. ",
"Fruitful applications are expected in studies of protein allostery, DNA coiling and packing, molecular machines, and mechanosensors. ",
"The CAMS package can also be applied to simulations in which external forces are applied to a protein, such as via steered molecular dynamics or the addition of artificial springs, thus enabling mechanical studies of biomolecules.",
"\n\nThe CAMS source code has been deposited at the stable GitHub repository <http://github.com/afenley/CAMS>, where it is available for general use and further development under a GNU General Public License. ",
"Topology information for the graphene and BPTI systems along with the residue-averaged stresses for BPTI are included with the source code. ",
"The repository also contains test cases, and a tutorial for using CAMS with the AMBER biomolecular simulation package is planned. ",
"Potential future developments include the provision of command-line access to additional parameters, such as the nonbonded cutoff radius; calculation and output of off-diagonal stress tensor terms; and the ability to handle additional force field functional forms, such as ones that allow bond-breaking and bond-making.",
"\n\nWe thank Dr. Kaifu Gao for helpful discussions and D.E. Shaw Research for providing the BPTI trajectory and their assignment of snapshots to conformational clusters.",
"\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**MKG has an equity interest in, and is a cofounder and scientific advisor of VeraChem LLC. ",
"This does not alter the authors\\' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.",
"\n\n[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: ATF HSM MKG. ",
"Performed the experiments: ATF HSM. ",
"Analyzed the data: ATF HSM MKG. ",
"Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ATF HSM. ",
"Wrote the paper: ATF HSM MKG.",
"\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to oracle call own type member function\n\nI created a SQL object:\ncreate type foo_type as object (\n bar integer(2),\n bar2 varchar(200),\n\n member function get return integer\n)\n\nand I implemented my type's body:\nCREATE TYPE BODY foo_type as\nmember function get return integer is\nbegin\n return bar;\nEND;\nEND;\n\nThen I created a table with this type:\nCREATE TABLE test_table(\n foo1 foo_type\n)\n\nand I inserted a row:\nINSERT INTO test_table (foo1) VALUES (foo_type(1, 'a'))\n\nI would like that this is callable like this:\nSELECT foo1.get() FROM test_table\n\nbut it doesn't works.",
"\n\nA:\n\nyou have to use an alias when referencing type methods/attributes.",
"\neg alias the table to t:\nSQL> INSERT INTO test_table (foo1) VALUES (foo_type(1, 'a'));\n\n1 row created.",
"\n\nSQL> select t.foo1.get() from test_table t;\n\nT.FOO1.GET()\n------------\n 1\n\n"
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[
"---\nabstract: 'In this note we study the image of ${{\\mathbb P}}^2$ in $\\text{Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4})$ given by tangent bundle of ${{\\mathbb P}}^2. ",
"$ We show that there is component $\\mathcal{H}$ of the Hibert scheme of surfaces in $\\text{Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4})$ with no point of it corresponds to a smooth surface.'",
"\naddress:\n- 'Laboratoire de Mathématiques de Lens EA 2462 Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin Rue Jean Souvraz, SP18 F-62307 LENS Cedex France'\n- 'Institute of Mathematical Sciences C.I.T. campus, Taramani, chennai 600113,India'\nauthor:\n- 'A. El Mazouni'\n- 'D.S. Nagaraj'\ntitle: |\n Tangent bundle of ${{\\mathbb P}}^2$ and morphism from ${{\\mathbb P}}^2$ to $\\text{Gr}(2,\n {{\\mathbb C}}^{4})$\n---\n\nProjective plane; Tangent bundle; Morphisms; Grassmannian.",
"\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nLet ${{\\mathbb P}}^2 $ denote the projective plane over the field of complex numbers ${{\\mathbb C}}$ and $\\text{Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4})$ Grassman variety of two dimensional quotients of the vector space ${{\\mathbb C}}^4.$\n\nThe aim of this paper is to study the image of ${{\\mathbb P}}^2$ by non constant morphisms ${{\\mathbb P}}^2 \\to \\text{Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4})$ obtained by tangent bundle $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}$ of ${{\\mathbb P}}^2.$ The bundle $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}$ is generated by sections and hence it is generated by four($=\\text{rank}(T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2})\n+\\text{dim}({{\\mathbb P}}^2)$) independent global sections. ",
"Any set $S$ of four independent generating sections of $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}$ defines a morphism $$\\phi_S: {{\\mathbb P}}^2 \\to \\text{Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4}),$$ such that the $\\phi_S^*(Q) = T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2},$ where $Q$ is the universal rank two quotient bundle on $\\text{Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4}):$ $$\\mathcal{O}_{\\text{Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4})}^4 \\to Q \\to 0.$$\n\nAccording to a result of Tango [@Ta], if $ \\phi: {{\\mathbb P}}^2 \\to Gr(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4})$ is an imbedding then the pair of Chern classes $(c_1(\\phi^*(Q)), c_2(\\phi^*(Q)))$ is equal to one of the following pairs: $(H,0), (H,H^2), (2H,H^2)$ or $(2H,3H^2),$ where $H$ is the ample generator of $\\text{H}^2({{\\mathbb P}}^2, \\mathbb{Z}).$\n\nSince $c_1(T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}) = 3H$ and $c_2(T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}) = 3H^2,$ the morphism $\\phi_S$ defined by a set $S$ of four independent generating sections of $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}$ is not an imbedding. ",
"Thus, it is natural to ask, does there exists a set $S$ of four independent generating sections of $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}$ for which $\\phi_S$ is generically injective? ",
"In this direction we have the following (Theorem \\[thm1\\]):\n\nFor general choice of an ordered set $S$ of four independent generating sections of $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}$ the morphism $$\\phi_S: {{\\mathbb P}}^2 \\to {\\rm Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4})$$\n\nis generically injective.",
"\n\nWe also, show that in fact one can find an ordered set of generators $S$ of $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}$ the morphism is an immersion i.e., the morphism induces an injection on all the tangent spaces.",
"\n\nAs by product of our result we obtain the following (Theorem \\[hilb\\]):\n\nThere is an irreducible component $\\mathcal{H}$ of the Hilbert scheme of surfaces in ${\\rm Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4})$ no point which corresponds to a smooth surface.",
"\n\nThe Tangent bundle of ${{\\mathbb P}}^2.$\n========================================\n\nThe tangent bundle of ${{\\mathbb P}}^2$ fits in an exact sequence called the “Euler sequence”: $$\\label{eq1}\n0 \\to \\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2} \\to \\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(1)^{3} \\to \nT_{{{\\mathbb P}}^n} \\to 0.$$ This exact sequence together with the fact $\\text{H}^1(\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^n})= 0,$ implies that $\\text{dim}\\text{H}^0(T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}) = 8,$ where $\\text{H}^i$ denotes the $i$ th sheaf cohomology group. ",
"Since the rank two bundle $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}$ on ${{\\mathbb P}}^2$ is ample and generated by sections, a minimal generating set of independent sections has cardinality four. ",
"Any set $S$ of four independent generators of $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}$ gives to an exact sequence: $$0\\to E_S \\to \\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}^4 \\to T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2} \\to 0.$$ This in turn corresponds to a morphism $\\phi_S :{{\\mathbb P}}^2 \\to \\text{Gr}(2,{{\\mathbb C}}^{4}),$ where $\\phi_S(x) = \\{ \\mathbb{C}^4 = \\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}^4|_x \\to \nT_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}|_x \\to 0\\}.$\n\nThe main result\n===============\n\nNote that in the “Euler sequence” (\\[eq1\\]) the injective map $$0 \\to \\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2} \\to \\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(1)^{3}$$ is given by the section $v=(X,Y,Z),$ where $X,Y,Z$ is the standard basis of $\\text{H}^0(\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^n}(1)).$ For a section $v_i$ of $\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^n}(1)^3$ we denote $w_i$ the image section of $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}$ under the surjection $$\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(1)^{3} \\to T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^n} \\to 0$$ in (\\[eq1\\]). ",
"Let $\\tilde{S} = (v_1,v_2,v_3,v_4)$ be an ordered set of four linearly independent sections of $\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(1)^{3}$ and $S = (w_1,w_2,w_3,w_4)$ be the corresponding ordered set of sections of $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}.$ Clearly,the set $S$ is generating set of independent sections of $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}$ if and only if $\\tilde{S}\\cup \\{v\\}$ is a generating set of independent sections of $\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(1)^{3}.$\n\n\\[lem1\\] Let $v_1=(X,0,0),v_2=(0,Y,0),v_3=(Y,Z,X),v_4=(Z, X, Y)$ be four sections of $\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(1)^3$ and $\\tilde{S}=(v_i|1\\leq i \\leq 4).$ Then the ordered set $\\tilde{S}$ with $ \\{v=(X,Y,Z) \\}$ is a generating set of independent sections of $\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(1)^{3}.$ Hence the corresponding ordered set of sections $S =(w_1,w_2,w_3,w_4)$ generate $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2},$ where $w_i$ is the image of $v_i$ under the map given in exact sequence (\\[eq1\\]).",
"\n\n[**Proof:**]{} Clearly, $v$ generate a subspace of $\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(1)^{3}$ dimension one at every point of ${{\\mathbb P}}^2.$ Hence $w_i,w_j$ is not independent at a point $p \\in {{\\mathbb P}}^2$ if and only if the section $v_{ij}=v_i\\wedge v_j \\wedge v$ of $\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(3)$ vanishes at $p.$ Thus, if the six independent sections $\\{v_i\\wedge v_j \\wedge v| 1\\leq i<j \\leq 4\\}$ has no common zero implies $\\tilde{S}$ with $\\{v=(X,Y,Z) \\}$ is a generating set of independent sections of $\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(1)^3.$ Note that $v_{12}=XYZ,v_{13}=X(Z^2-XY),\nv_{14}=X(XZ-Y^2), v_{23}=Y(X^2-YZ),v_{24}=Y(YX-Z^2),\nv_{34}=3XYZ-(X^3+Y^3+Z^3).$ It is easy to see that the set $\\{v_{12}, v_{13},v_{14},v_{23},v_{24},v_{34}\\}$ of sections of $\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(3)$ has no common zero in ${{\\mathbb P}}^2$ and hence the ordered set $\\tilde{S}$ with $\\{v=(X,Y,Z) \\}$ is a generating set of independent sections of $\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(1)^{3}.$ Hence the corresponding ordered set of sections $S =(w_1,w_2,w_3,w_4)$ generate $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}.$ $\\hfill{\\Box}$\n\n\\[lem2\\] Let $f: {{\\mathbb P}}^2 \\to {{\\mathbb P}}^n$ be a non constant morphism and $f^*(\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^n}(1))= \\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(m).$ Assume that there exists a linear subspace $W$ of codimension two such that $W\\cap f({{\\mathbb P}}^2)$ consists of exactly $m^2$ points. ",
"Then the morphism $f$ is generically injective.",
"\n\n[**Proof:**]{} Note as the morphism $f$ is non constant $f^*(\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^n}(1))=\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(m)$ with $m>0$ and hence is ample. ",
"This means $f$ is finite map. ",
"Set $r= \\text{deg}(f),$ the number of elements $f^{-1}(f(x))$ for a general $x\\in {{\\mathbb P}}^2.$ If $d$ to be the degree of $f({{\\mathbb P}}^2)$ in ${{\\mathbb P}}^n$ then it is easy to see that $m^2 =d.r.$ On the other hand the assumption, $W\\cap f({{\\mathbb P}}^2)$ consists of exactly $m^2$ points, implies $d\\geq m^2.$ Thus we must have $d=m^2$ and $r=\\text{deg}(f)=1.$ Thus $f$ is generically injective. ",
"$\\hfill{\\Box}$\n\n\\[lem3\\] With the notations of Lemma(\\[lem1\\]), the surjection of vector bundles on ${{\\mathbb P}}^2$ $$\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}^4 \\to T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}$$ given by $S$ defines a generically injective morphism $$\\phi_S : {{\\mathbb P}}^2 \\to {\\rm Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4}).$$\n\n[**Proof:**]{} Let $p: \\text{Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4}) \\to {{\\mathbb P}}^5$ be the Pluker imbedding given by the determinant of the universal quotient bundle. ",
"Then $p\\circ \\phi_S $ is given by $$\\begin{array}{l}\n(x;y;z) \\mapsto \\\\\n(xyz;x(z^2-xy);x(xz-y^2));y(x^2-yz);y(xy-z^2);\\\\\n3xyz-(x^3+y^3+z^3)).",
"\n\\end{array}$$ To prove the map $\\phi_S$ is generically injective it is enough to prove the map $p\\circ \\phi_S $ is so. ",
"Set $(Z_0,\\ldots, Z_5)$ as the homogeneous coordinates of ${{\\mathbb P}}^5$ and $W$ be the codimension two subspace of ${{\\mathbb P}}^5$ defined by $Z_0= 0 = Z_5.$ Then $W\\cap p\\circ \\phi_S({{\\mathbb P}}^2)$ is equal to $$\\{(0,-\\omega^i, 1,0,0,0);(0,0,0,-\\omega^i,\n1,0);(0,\\omega^i, 1,\\omega^i,1,0)|1\\leq i\\leq 3 \\},$$ where $\\omega$ is a primitive cube root of unity. ",
"Note that $$(p\\circ \\phi_S)^*(\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^5}(1)) = \\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(3).$$ Hence,the required result follows from Lemma(\\[lem2\\]). ",
"$\\hfill{\\Box}$\n\nWe show (see Lemma \\[lem5\\]) that $p\\circ \\phi_S$ is an immersion. ",
"i.e., the induced linear map on the tangent space at every point of ${{\\mathbb P}}^2$ is injective and one to one except finitely many points.",
"\n\nNext we recall the follwing \\[See, Lemma(3.13)[@ALN]\\]:\n\n\\[lem4\\] Let $X$ and $Y$ be two irreducible projective varieties. ",
"Let $T$ be an irreducible quasi-projective variety and $t_0 \\in T$ be a point. ",
"Let $$F : X \\times T \\to Y$$ be a morphism. ",
"Assume that $F_t :=F|_{X\\times t} : X \\to Y$ is finite for all $t\\in T$ and $F_{t_0}$ is a birational onto its image. ",
"Then there is an open subvariety $U$ of $T$ such that $t_0 \\in U$ and for $t \\in U$ the morphism $F_t$ is birational onto its image.",
"\n\n[*Proof:*]{} For the sake of completeness we reproduce the proof here. ",
"Consider the morphism $G=F\\times Id_T : X \\times T \\to Y \\times T.$ Then the assumption $F_t$ is finite implies the morphism $G$ is finite and proper. ",
"Hence ${\\mathcal G}= G_{*}({{\\mathcal O}}_{X\\times T})$ is coherent sheaf of ${{\\mathcal O}}_{Y\\times T}$ modules. ",
"Let $Z \\subset Y\\times T$ be the subvariety on which the sheaf $G_{*}({{\\mathcal O}}_{X\\times S})$ is supported. ",
"Then clearly the map $p: Z \\to T,$ restriction of the natural projection, is surjective. ",
"The section $1 \\in {{\\mathcal O}}_{X\\times T}$ gives an inclusion of $ {{{\\mathcal O}}_{Z}}$ in ${\\mathcal G}.$ Let ${\\mathcal F} = {\\mathcal G}/{{{\\mathcal O}}_{Z}}.$ Let $Z_1\\subset Y\\times T $ be the subvariety on which the sheaf ${\\mathcal F} $ supported. ",
"Let $q : Z_1 \\to T$ be the natural projection and let $U = \\{ t \\in T| {\\rm dim}{q^{-1}(t)} < {\\rm dim}(X) \\} $ then we see that by semi continuity \\[See, page 95, Exercise (3.22) [@Ha]\\], $U$ is an open subset and is non-empty as $t_0 \\in U.$ For $t \\in U$ the morphism $F_t$ is an isomorphism on $X\\times t - G^{-1}(q^{-1}(t).$ Since $G$ is finite $G^{-1}(q^{-1}(t)$ is proper closed subset of $X\\times t$ and hence the morphism $F_t$ is birational onto its image. ",
"This proves the Lemma. ",
"$\\hfill{\\Box}$\n\n\\[thm1\\] For a generic choice of an ordered set $S$ of four independent generating sections of $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}$ the morphism $$\\phi_S: {{\\mathbb P}}^2 \\to {\\rm Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4})$$ is generically injective.",
"\n\n[*Proof:*]{} It is easy to see that the ordered set of four sections $S$ generating $T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}$ is an irreducible quasi projective variety. ",
"In fact it is an open subvariety of the affine space $V^4,$ where $V=\\text{H}^0(T_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}). ",
"$ The theorem at once follows from Lemma(\\[lem4\\]), if we show the existence of one $S$ for which $\\phi_S$ is generically injective. ",
"But the existence of one such $S$ follows from Lemma(\\[lem3\\]). ",
"$\\hfill{\\Box}$\n\nAn example\n==========\n\nThe result of the previous section can be used give an example of a component of a Hilbert Scheme of $Gr(2,{{\\mathbb C}}^4)$ with out any point corresponding to a smooth surface.",
"\n\n\\[lem5\\] The morphism $p\\circ \\phi_S: \\mathbb{P}^2 \\to \\mathbb{P}^5$ of Lemma(\\[lem2\\]) is an immersion i.e., the induced linear map on the tangent space at every point of ${{\\mathbb P}}^2$ is injective. ",
"Moreover, $p\\circ \\phi_S$ one to one except $$S_1=\\{ (1;0;0),(0;1;0), (0;0;1) \\} \\mapsto (0;0;0;0;0;1)$$ and $$S_2=\\{ (1;1;1),(\\omega;\\omega^2;1),(\\omega^2;\\omega;1)\\} \\mapsto (1;0;0;0;0;0),$$ where $\\omega$ is a primitive cube root of unity.",
"\n\n[*Proof:*]{} Let $X, Y, Z$ be the homogeneous coordinates functions on $\\mathbb{P}^2$ and $Z_0, Z_1,Z_2,Z_3,Z_4,Z_5 $ be the homogeneous coordinates functions on $\\mathbb{P}^5.$ Clearly under the morphism $p\\circ \\phi_S: \\mathbb{P}^2 \\to \\mathbb{P}^5$ the set $S_1$ maps to $(0;0;0;0;0;1)$ and the set $S_2$ maps to $(1;0;0;0;0;0).$ Note that the lines $X=0, Y=0,$ and $Z= 0$ mapped to nodal cubics $Z_0=Z_1=Z_2=Z_3^3+Z_4^3-Z_3Z_4Z_5 =0,$ $Z_0=Z_3=Z_4=Z_1^3+Z_2^3+Z_1Z_2Z_5 =0,$ and $Z_0=Z_1-Z_4=Z_2+Z_3=Z_1^3+Z_2^3-Z_1Z_2Z_5 =0$ respectively. ",
"Thus we can conclude that the morphism $p\\circ \\phi_S$ is an immersion on these three lines. ",
"On the complement of these lines the morphism $p\\circ \\phi_S$ can be described as $$(x,y) \\mapsto (1/y-x,x/y-y,x-y/x,y-1/x,3-x^2/y-y^2/x-1/xy)$$ from $\\mathbb{C}^2-\\{xy=0\\} \\to \\mathbb{C}^4.$ If $(x,y)$ and $(x_1,y_1)$ maps to the same point then we get the following equations: $$\\label{eq2}\n 1/y-x = 1/{y_1}-x_1$$ $$\\label{eq3}\n x/y-y = {x_1}/{y_1}-y_1$$$$\\label{eq4}\n y/x-x= {y_1}/{x_1}-x_1$$$$\\label{eq5}\n 1/x-y = 1/x_1-y_1.$$ The equations \\[eq2\\] and \\[eq5\\] gives us $$\\frac{xy-1}{y} = \\frac{x_1y_1-1}{y_1}; \\,\\, \\frac{xy-1}{x} = \\frac{x_1y_1-1}{x_1} .$$ Since $xy\\neq 0$ and $x_1y_1\\neq 0$ we see that either $xy-1 \\neq 0 $ and $(x,y) = (x_1,y_1)$ or $xy-1 = 0 =x_1y_1-1 .$ Hence we get $(p\\circ \\phi_S)$ is one to one out side the set $ \\{(1,1),(\\omega,\\omega^2),(\\omega^2,\\omega)\\}$ and this is mapped to $(0,0,0,0,0). ",
"$ The assertion about the immersion of the given morphism $$\\mathbb{C}^2-\\{xy=0\\} \\to \\mathbb{C}^4$$ can be checked by looking at the two by two minors of the below jacobian matrix of the morphism: $$\\left( \\begin{matrix}\n -1 & 1/y & 1+y/{x^2} & 1/{x^2} & -2x/y+y^2/{x^2}+ 1/{x^2y}\\\\\n -1/{y^2} & -x/{y^2}-1 & -1/x & 1 & {x^2}/{y^2}-2y/x+ 1/{xy^2}\n\\end{matrix}\n\\right)$$ $\\hfill{\\Box}$\n\n\\[hilb\\] Let $\\mathcal{H}$ be the irreducible component of the Hilbert scheme of ${\\rm Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4})$ containing the point corresponding to the image surface of the morphism $$\\phi_S : {{\\mathbb P}}^2 \\to {\\rm Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4})$$ of \\[lem3\\]. ",
"Then no point of $\\mathcal{H}$ corresponds to a smooth surface.",
"\n\n[**Proof:**]{} Let $ p:{\\rm Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4}) \\to {{\\mathbb P}}^5$ be the Pluker imbedding. ",
"Since $(p\\circ \\phi_S)^*(\\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^5}(1)) = \\mathcal{O}_{{{\\mathbb P}}^2}(3)$ and by Lemma \\[lem5\\] the morphism $ p\\circ \\phi_S $ is an imbedding outside finite set of points. ",
"Moreover, general hyperplane section of $(p\\circ \\phi_S)({{\\mathbb P}}^2)$ in ${{\\mathbb P}}^5$ is smooth curve of genus one. ",
"If a point of the irreducible $\\mathcal{H}$ of corresponds to a smooth surface $Y$ then it has to have the same cohomology class as that of $(p\\circ \\phi_S)({{\\mathbb P}}^2)$ namely $(3,6) \\in \\rm{H}^4({\\rm Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4}), {{\\mathbb Z}}).$ Also, the general hyperplane section of $p(Y)$ has to be a smooth curve of genus one. ",
"But according to the classification of smooth surfaces of type $(3,6)$ in ${\\rm Gr}(2, {{\\mathbb C}}^{4})$ (see, [@GM Theorem 4.2]) implies that there are no smooth surface of type $(3,6)$ with hyperplane section a smooth curve of genus one. ",
"This contradiction proves that no point of $\\mathcal{H}$ corresponds to a smooth surface. ",
"$\\hfill{\\Box}$\n\nThe component $\\mathcal{H}$ of the the Hilbert Scheme in Theorem \\[hilb\\] is reduced irreducible of dimension 23. ",
"In fact computing the normal sheaf associated to the morphism $\\phi_S$ of Lemma \\[lem3\\] and counting the dimension of space of all such morphisms we see that $\\mathcal{H}$ is a reduced irreducible of dimension 23.",
"\n\n[**Acknowledgment**]{} This work was supported in part by the Labex CEMPI (ANR-11-LABX-0007-01). ",
"The second author thanks university D’artois, Lens and the University of Lille. ",
"We thank Laytimi Fatima for help during the work.",
"\n\n[111]{}\n\nEl Mazouni, A.; Laytimi, F.; Nagaraj, D. S. *Morphisms from ${{\\mathbb P}}^2$ to $Gr(2,{{\\mathbb C}}^4).$* J. Ramanujan Math. ",
"Soc. ",
"26 (2011), no. ",
"3, 321–332.",
"\n\nGross, Mark.; *",
"Surfaces of bidegree $(3,n)$ in $\\text{Gr}(1,\\mathbb{P}^3).$* Math. ",
"Z. 212 (1993), no. ",
"1, 73–106.",
"\n\nR. Hartshorne: Algebraic Geometry. ",
"Graduate Texts in Mathematics, No. ",
"52, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977.",
"\n\nHiroshi Tango: *On (n-1)-dimensional projective spaces contained in the Grassmann variety $Gr(n,1).$* J. Math. ",
"Kyoto Univ. ",
"14-3 (1974) 415-460.",
"\n"
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"\n\nA:\n\nYou need to write below two lines wherever you want to inject your directive element to DOM, don't forget to add $document & $compile dependency wherever you use it.",
"\nvar template = '<calender></calender>',\n body = $document.find('body');\nbody.append($compile(template)(scope));\n\n"
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"Latinopeoplemeetcom is a niche, latin dating service for latin men and latin women become a member of latinopeoplemeetcom and learn more about latin dating.",
"\n\nArizona diocese of tucson hispanic catholic men we offer a truly catholic environment, thousands of members, and highly compatible matches based on your personality, shared faith, and lifestyle. ",
"The 15 best places that are good for singles in tucson created by foursquare lists • published on: march 23, 2018 share tweet 1 tap & bottle 90 403 n 6th. ",
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"Din motive necunoscute, Nicolae Fronescu, s-a aruncat, pur şi simplu de pe balcon în gol, căzând într-un copac.",
"\n\nNicolae Fronescu avea 48 de ani şi era consilier judeţean PSD la al doilea mandat. ",
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"Absolvent al Universităţii Maritime Constanţa, coleg de grupă cu Nicuşor Constantinescu, Nicolae Stelian Fronescu era căsătorit şi avea un fiu de 17 ani, căruia, ieri, îi sărbătoriseră ziua de naştere în Mamaia. ",
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"Ar fi vrut să renunţe şi la mandatul de consilier judeţean însă a fost convins de colegii de partid să râmână până la alegerile locale de la anul."
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"I know that the API provides services for creating and editing documents, though they bear the experimental tag, but I can't seem to find a way to create and install a script on a document.",
"\nAnd when I say document services, I refer to the following link: https://developers.google.com/apps-script/service_document\n\nA:\n\nYou can't find it because you cannot do it. ",
"Scripts can indeed manipulate documents using Document services (as you referred to) but the script itself should be linked to a spreadsheet or a Google site. ",
"Linked is probably not the best word since the apps script can be published to work as a standalone web application - in this case the link to the spreadsheet is used only during the development of your application.",
"\nI hope this makes things clear enough.",
"\n\n"
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"Interior with an Old Woman and a Young Boy\n\nInterior with an Old Woman and a Young Boy is a c.1656-1660 oil on panel painting by Jan Steen. ",
"Initially identified in the Hague as an anonymous copy by Macalester Loup. ",
"It was probably bought in the Hague by Johan Gabriel Schwarzmann (1739-1812). ",
"After his death he left it to Maria Anna Schwarzmann (1778-1847), wife of Pierre Bartholomeus van den Hove (1763-1839). ",
"They left it to their daughter Anna Maria Ludicova van den Hove (1822-1855), wife of Eduard Theodor Leon Speyart van Woerden (1813-1881). ",
"It was then inherited by Cornelius Ludovicus Maria Emilius Joannes Eduard Speyart van Woerden (1849-1911) and left by him to another private owner. ",
"On 9 June 2015 it was auctioned at Sotheby's in London as \"property from a Dutch noble collection\".",
"\n\nExternal links\nhttp://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2015/old-master-british-paintings-day-sale-l15034/lot.122.html\n\ncategory:1650s paintings\ncategory:Paintings by Jan Steen\ncategory:Paintings of children"
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"Florida’s continued infrastructure woes stretched after Irma\n\nLast night as a gusty tropical disturbance pounded southeastern Florida, my power went out again for the fourth time since being restored five days after Irma sideswiped Broward County with sustained Tropical Storm force winds and Category 1 Hurricane-force gusts. ",
"Down the road about 10 miles in Fort Lauderdale, a colleague of mine returned home to a house without power scuttling our efforts to record a critically-timed soccer podcast in advance of this weekend’s NWSL playoffs which features the Orlando Pride and the US Men’s National Team qualifying match against Panama in Orlando.",
"\n\nWhat I personally have found since the end of Irma is that it is unwise to rely on power being a permanent feature and that my professional life remains disrupted – as perhaps it should since “normalcy” remains an enemy of the average Floridian. ",
"Three times while I have been working on projects with someone else my power has gone out since it’s post-Irma restoration.",
"\n\nWe’ve editorialized repeatedly about infrastructure issues in this state that were tested and exposed by Irma’s wrath. ",
"Now we’re finding the utilities companies like Florida Power & light (FPL) who were under the gun to restore power quickly to residents thanks to media pressure and the shut down of most of the state for business, probably did things too quickly – but can we blame them? ",
"With the news reporting “restoration rates” as an implied absolute sign of recovery, FPL, Duke Energy, TECO and the other power companies in the state realized doing things quickly and perhaps half-asked was smarter public relations than admitting it would take weeks to restore power in some areas. ",
"Perhaps this isn’t the fault of FPL and other other utilities – they are just taking what the politicians bureaucrats and media give them.",
"\n\nMore than three weeks after the storm as Southern Florida is being battered by a Tropical Disturbance and the Panhandle might have to worry about Nate, the clean-up hasn’t been completed. ",
"In Broward County, if you drive from the western part of the county to Fort Lauderdale Beach, you’ll see piles of trash, storm damage off the side of most roads, isolated and waiting for pick up by contractors. ",
"Had the area been hit with a quick succession of storms as we were in 2004 thanks to Frances and Jeanne, an absolute disaster would have occurred. ",
"While officials, particularly in Broward County have been full of excuses for this actuality including blaming neighboring counties for poaching contractors, their poor planning and lack of preparation is the actual culprit.",
"\n\nWhile those who have criticized my post-Irma editorials have claimed it is disingenuous to compare Florida’s experience with Irma to that of a Developing County, I disagree completely. ",
"I was in Chennai, India during the Boxing Day 2004 Tsunami which ravaged the region. ",
"Power only went out briefly and within three days most of the damage was collected. ",
"In 2005’s Hurricane Wilma, Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula was battered by sustained Category 5 force Hurricane winds for 18-24 hours. ",
"The storm then impacted Florida as a Category 3 for the southwest coast and a category 2 for the southeast coast. ",
"It was noted at the time by observers that Mexico was able to restore power and clean up areas more quickly than southern Florida where certain functions remained disrupted for weeks.",
"\n\nIrma has now killed unofficially 76 people in the state, the highest death toll of any Florida storm since the 1935 Labor Day disaster – the strongest storm in the recorded history of the United States. ",
"Authorities who have wanted to move back to the comfortable life of political posturing and easy ideological issues have shortchanged Floridians and have once again not held the hardly-regulated utility company’s feet to the fire on the reliability of their restoration equipment. ",
"Other politicians have moved back to easy partisan issues and talking points rather than using this storm and its aftermath to discuss ideas that should be commonplace – like solar (my solar lamps have saved me each time the power has gone out since Irma), climate change defenses, overdevelopment and better evacuation routes.",
"\n\nFlorida isn’t close to actually recovering from Irma and perhaps that’s a good thing – we must take the opportunity to have the discussions on serious issues that impact the state’s sustainability. ",
"Otherwise, we will all pay for it again the next time around."
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[
"Way back in September, I promised a series of blogs addressing this subject. ",
"I had high hopes of delivering a post a week for five weeks on the topic. ",
"Needless to say . . . ",
"life interjected!",
"\n\nSo here, a little later than planned, is the second post in the series.",
"\n\nStep 1 - Change where you work\n\nIf I had a thousand bucks for each time I’ve heard someone in technology management say “IT and the business,” I’d have retired long ago. ",
"And it’s not just something we hear in technology circles either. ",
"The plain truth is technology professionals have been using isolationist language for decades. ",
"I say isolationist because any time we refer to \"IT and the business” as if they were two different entities, we are creating an artificial divide. ",
"As a department of the business, IT is very much part of “the business.”",
"\n\nWhen technology leaders create this divide between the technology group and the rest of the business, it separates their actions from the purpose of the business. ",
"Technology professionals start to see themselves as some sort of technology service provider to the business. ",
"But the truth is that the technology team should be integral to delivering value to the customer. ",
"If “the business” wanted a technology service provider, the leadership team would outsource IT. ",
"Unfortunately, one consequence of managing IT like a vendor is that it becomes much easier for the leadership team to make that outsourcing decision.",
"\n\nAgile and Lean transformations depend to a great extent on cultivating a good sourcing ecosystem. ",
"The decisions you make around the partners and providers supporting your transformation and projects will be at the core of a successful strategy. ",
"But sourcing strategy needs to go beyond just resource or services providers (read outsourcing) and address a larger ecosystem made of Agile SW development and delivery choices, collaboration and communication capabilities for distributed teams, and teams' physical work spaces, standard equipment, and office layout.",
"\n\nIn September, I published a report on how to source your Agile strategy, that describes what the ecosystem looks like and how to navigate it effectively, the document is part of our larger research container on Agile - The Agile and Lean Playbook. ",
"The report gives an overview on how large vendors, SIs, and medium to small consulting organizations can (not) help you with your Agile journey but also what you need to do to be successful. ",
"Here are some of the takeaways from the research:\n\nWhat you think about Agile and Lean might not be what your SI thinks. ",
"You need to take control of your own destiny with Agile and Lean. ",
"Change your application development and delivery sourcing strategy to embed the best talents around the world to help you make it happen. ",
"But be careful with the traditional SIs, because Agile is as disruptive to them as it is you, and if they have not been seriously transforming themselves, it will be hard for them to deliver Agile services to you. ",
"Some good alternative new fully Agile players exist, including highly specialized external consulting firms. ",
"You might want to start testing the ground with these options.",
"\n\nI just recently had a conversation with Peter Hinssen, one of our keynote speakers at Forrester’s colocated CIO Forum and EA Forum in Las Vegas (May 3-4) and our EMEA CIO Forum and EA Forum in Paris (June 19-20).",
"\n\nPeter is both a dynamic speaker and a provocative thought-leader on the rapidly changing relationship of technology, business, and “the business function called IT.” ",
"Here’s a short summary of this conversation — and a preview of what he will be talking about at our forums.",
"\n\nOn “The New Normal”:\n\nTechnology has stopped being “technology,” and digital has just become “normal”: We’ve entered the world of the “New Normal.” ",
"The rate of change of the technology world has become the beat to which markets transform. ",
"But the rate of change “outside” companies is now faster than the internal velocity of organizations. ",
"But how will companies evolve to cope with the changes as a result of the New Normal? ",
"How will organizations evolve to respond quickly enough when markets turn into networks of intelligence?",
"\n\nThink of a medieval fortress: It was originally used for a small army, it has walls nine meters thick, and it’s surrounded by buildings hundreds of years old. ",
"Upon entering, you are confronted with the concept of eternity.",
"\n\nThis fortress is located in the smallest state on earth — though it is also perhaps the best-known state in the world. ",
"The business housed within the fortress is what many might classify as a SME but with with complexity of a large enterprise, holy but busy, centralized but truly global — its work spans hundreds of countries with hundreds of currencies and hundreds of languages — and it serves very special and demanding clients.",
"\n\nHave a clue yet of where we are?",
"\n\nZoom on Italy, then zoom on Rome, then zoom on Vatican City, and you can’t miss the round tower (Torrione Sisto V) where the Vatican Bank, or Istituto per le Opere di Religione (IOR ), is located. ",
"You won’t be allowed in if you are not a client, an employee, or part of a religious congregation. ",
"Change comes hard to institutions this steeped in tradition. ",
"To give you a clue, IOR’s previous managing director spent his entire career at IOR — 60 years — and retired at the age of 80. ",
"We all know it’s the soft and cultural aspects of transformation that are the hardest part for any organization.",
"\n\nNevertheless, IOR has been going through a major change since 2008, working to replace its legacy IT system with a modern BT one. ",
"The new BT system brings more flexibility for the business, richer business functionality, and greater integration and development capabilities. ",
"Enabling fast change is the key driver for IOR’s IT transformation program from IT into BT."
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[
"The Rite of Spring: The\nMusic of Modernity\n\nBy Gillian Moore\n\nApollo\n\n208 pp\n\nGillian Moore CBE, director\nof music at Southbank\nCentre, tackles one of the\nmost (in)famous works\nof all time in this stylish,\ncompact, beautifully and\ntastefully illustrated book.",
"\nMoore tackles the score\nfrom multiple angles, giving\nplenty of space to context,\nwhile also including a relevant discography and\nbibliography\n(the usual suspects, Taruskin and Hill; but also\nthe more recent\nIndiana University Press The Rite of\nSpringat 100). ",
"Moore’s\nsources are beautifully up to date, including a\nsection on the\nrecently discovered Funeral Song as a\nmissing link between early\nStravinsky and the clear masterpieces of the\nBallets Russes.",
"\n\nMost relevant in the discography is the\nMariinsky/Gergiev DVD\nStravinsky and the Ballets Russes, in\nwhich Millicent Hudson\nand Kenneth Archer reproduce Nijinsky’s original\nchoreography\n(it is coupled with Fokine’s Firebird).",
"\nAfter an examination of\n‘What was so new?’ (",
"musical architecture, melody,\nharmony\nand of course rhythm are examined in turn), Moore\ngives a\nlistening guide (‘TheRite\nstep-by-step’). ",
"Following her account\nof the music itself with the Nijinsky\nchoreography DVD at hand\nis highly recommended; the impact, for example,\nof the jagged\nmovements of the Sorceress in ‘Augurs of Spring’\ncan only be\nfully appreciated in this way.",
"\n\nContextualising TheRite speaks of\nMoore’s strengths, and\nshe goes right back to the 1825 Decembrists and\nTolstoy; it\nis, however, the ‘after-shocks’ that provide the\nmost food for\nthought. ",
"These range from the reactions of\ntoday’s conductors\n(Salonen, Gražinytė-Tyla, Alsop, Jurowski) to the\nwork’s ‘shadow,’\nextending from Prokofiev (Ada and Lolly)\nthrough Varèse\n(Amériques), Antheil (Ballet\nméchanique) and on to Charlie\nParker, Joni Mitchell, Zappa and further to the\nRussian folk-metal\nof Arkona (Yarilo). ",
"There is, she is\ncorrect to say, an ‘intimidating’\nmountain of musicology both analytical and\nhistorical, over The Rite; Moore’s writing offers a way in,\nperhaps, inviting one to dig\never deeper into Stravinsky’s seminal score.",
"\n\nFrom a Cocteau line drawing to a Roerich imagined\nportrait\nof prehistory to Walt Disney, illustrations\nconsistently stimulate\nand illuminate; Moore’s enthusiasm and trademark\nclarity\nare everywhere. ",
"This is, as a rival concert\norganisation to the\nSouthbank might say, ‘Total Immersion’."
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[
"MUGA-KOLALE-CHARLES-MUKHWAY\n\nAccording to the Kenya University Staff Union General Secretary (KUSU) Charles Mukhwaya, the government has violated the agreement and return to work formula as no money has been wired to their accounts/FILE"
] | {
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[
"A stem cell must meet the following criteria: (1) ability of a conal stem cell population to self-renew; (2) ability of a clonal stem cell population to generate a new, terminally differentiated cell type in vitro; (3) Ability of a clonal stem cell population to replace an absent terminally differentiated cell population when transplanted into an animal depleted of its own natural cells.",
"\nThe neonatal period in human development is characterized by the presence of “stem” cells with the potential to develop along multiple differentiation pathways. ",
"The terminal differentiation of these cells is determined by cytokine and hormonal cues which co-ordinate organogenesis and tissue architecture. ",
"Murine embryonic stem (ES) cells have been isolated and studied extensively in vitro and in vivo. ",
"Using exogenous stimuli in vitro, investigators have induced ES cell differentiation along multiple lineage pathways. ",
"These pathways include neuronal, B lineage lymphoid, and adipocytes (Dani et al. (",
"1997) J. Cell Sci. ",
"110:1279; Remoncourt et al. (",
"1998) Mech Dev 79:185; O'Shea, S. (1999) Anat. ",
"Rec. ",
"257:32, 1999). ",
"The ES cells have been manipulated in vivo by homologous recombination techniques to generate gene specific null or “knock-out” mice (Johnson, R. S. (1989) Science 245:1234). ",
"Once ES cell clones lacking a specific gene are isolated, they are transplanted into a fertilized murine zygote. ",
"The progeny of this isolated ES cell can develop into any and all murine tissues in a coordinated manner.",
"\nMultipotential stem cells exist in tissues of the adult organism. ",
"The best characterized example of a “stem cell” is the hematopoietic progenitor isolated from the bone marrow and peripheral blood. ",
"Seminal studies by Trentin and colleagues (Trentin (1965) Cardiovasc. ",
"Res. ",
"Cent. ",
"Bull 4:38; Till & McCulloch (1961) Rad. ",
"Res. ",
"14:213) examined lethally irradiated mice. ",
"In the absence of treatment, these animals died because they failed to replenish their circulating blood cells; however, transplantation of bone marrow cells from syngeneic donor animals rescued the host animal. ",
"The donor cells were responsible for repopulating all of the circulating blood cells. ",
"A wealth of elegant studies have gone on to demonstrate that donation of a finite number of undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells is capable of regenerating each of the eight or more different blood cell lineages in a host animal. ",
"This work has provided the basis for bone marrow transplantation, a widely accepted therapeutic modality for cancer and inborn errors of metabolism. ",
"Thus, hematopoietic stem cells remain present in normal human bone marrow throughout life; they are not limited to the neonatal period.",
"\nThere is exciting new evidence that hematopoietic progenitors may not be limited to the bone marrow microenvironment. ",
"Investigators at the University of Calgary have examined neuronal stem cells, which routinely differentiate along neuronal cell lineage pathways. ",
"When these cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated hosts, the investigators detected the presence of donor cell markers in newly produced myeloid and lymphoid cells (Bjornson (1999) Science 283:534). ",
"Investigators at the Baylor College of Medicine have performed similar studies using satellite cells isolated from murine skeletal muscle (Jackson et al. (",
"1999) PNAS 96:14482). ",
"When these muscle-derived cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated hosts, the investigators detected the presence of the muscle gene markers in all blood cell lineages. ",
"Together, these studies indicate that neuronal and muscle tissues contain stem cells capable of hematopoietic differentiation. ",
"This suggest that sites other than the bone marrow may provide a renewable source of hematopoietic progenitors with potential application to human disease therapy (Quesenberry et al. (",
"1999) J. Neurotrauma 16:661: Scheffler et al. (",
"1999) Trends Neurosci 22:348; Svendson & Smith (1999) Trends Neurosci 22:357).",
"\nJust as neuronal and muscle cells are capable of regenerating the irradiated bone marrow, bone marrow derived cells are capable of repopulating other organ sites. ",
"When bone marrow derived hematopoietic and stromal cells are transplanted into an animal with an injured liver, they are capable of regenerating hepatic oval cells in the host animal (Peterse et al. (",
"1999) Science 284:1168). ",
"Similarly, when labeled bone marrow stromal cells are implanted into the lateral ventricle of a neonatal mouse, they were capable of differentiating into mature astrocytes (Kopen et al. (",
"1999) PNAS 96:10711). ",
"Indeed, when bone marrow stromal cells are transplanted intraperitoneally into mice, they are detected throughout the organs of the host animal, including the spleen, lung, bone marrow, bone, cartilage, and skin (Pereira et al (1998) PNAS 95:p 1142, 1998). ",
"These studies suggest that the bone marrow stromal cell is capable of differentiating into lineages different from their original dermal origin (Kopen et a. (1999) PNAS 96:10711).",
"\nThe recent development of entire organisms from a single donor cell is consistent with this hypothesis. ",
"For example, the “Dolly” experiment showed that cells isolated from an ovine mammary gland could develop into a mature sheep. ",
"In similar murine studies, cells derived from the corpus luteum of the ovary could develop into a mature mouse. ",
"These studies suggest that stem cells with ability to differentiate into any and all cell types continue to exist in the adult organism. ",
"Thus, “embryonic” stem cells may be retained throughout the life of an individual.",
"\nThe adult bone marrow microenvironment is the potential source for these hypothetical stem cells. ",
"Cells isolated from the adult marrow are referred to by a variety of names, including stromal cells, stromal stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), mesenchymal fibroblasts, reticular-endothelial cells, and Westen-Bainton cells (Gimble et al.(1996) Bone 19:421, 1996). ",
"In vitro studies have determined that these cells can differentiate along multiple mesenchymal or mesodermal lineages which include, but are not limited to, adipocytes (fat cells) (Gimble et al. (",
"1990) Eur J. Immunol 20:379), Chondrocytes (Bruder et al. (",
"1994) J. Cell Biochem. ",
"56:283), hematopoietic supporting cells (Pietrangeli et al. (",
"1988) Eur. ",
"J. Immunol. ",
"18:863), skeletal muscle myocytes (Prockop (1998) J. Cell Biochem Suppl. ",
"30–31:284–5), smooth muscle myocytes (Charbord), and osteoblasts (Beresford et al. (",
"1992) J. Cell Sci. ",
"99:131; Dorheim et al. (",
"1993) J. Cell Physiol. ",
"154:317). ",
"In addition, bone marrow stromal cells display the ability to differentiate into astrocytes (Kopen et al. (",
"1999) PNAS 96:10711) and hepatic oval cells (Petersen et al. (",
"1999) Science 284:1168). ",
"Based on these findings, the bone marrow has been proposed as a source of stromal stem cells for regeneration of bone, cartilage, muscle, adipose tissue, liver, neuronal, and other tissues. ",
"However, extraction of bone marrow stromal cells presents a high level of risk and discomfort to the patient.",
"\nIn contrast, adult human extramedullary adipose tissue-derived stromal cells represent a stromal stem cell source that can be harvested routinely with minimal risk or discomfort to the patient. ",
"Pathologic evidence suggests that adipose-derived stromal cells are capable of differentiation along multiple lineage pathways. ",
"The most common soft tissue tumors, liposarcomas, develop from adipocyte-like cells. ",
"Soft tissue tumors of mixed origin are relatively common. ",
"These tumors may include elements of adipose tissue, muscle (smooth or skeletal), cartilage, and/or bone. ",
"In patients with a rare condition known as progressive osseous heteroplasia, subcutaneous adipocytes form bone for unknown reasons.",
"\nRecent studies have demonstrated the specific ability of bone marrow-derived stromal cells to undergo neuronal differentiation in vitro (Woodbury et al. (",
"2000) J Neuroscience Research 61:364; Sanchez-Ramos et al. (",
"2000) Exp Neurology 164:247). ",
"In these investigations, treatment of bone marrow stromal cells with antioxidants, epidermal growth factor (EGF), or brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induced the cells to undergo morphologic changes consistent with neuronal differentiation, i.e., the extension of long cell processes terminating in growth cones and filopodia (Woodbury et al. (",
"2000) J Neuroscience Research 61:364; Sanchez-Ramos et al. (",
"2000) Exp Neurology 164:247). ",
"In addition, these agents induced the expression of neuronal specific protein including nestin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), neurofilament M (NF-M), NeuN, and the nerve growth factor receptor trkA (Woodbury et al. (",
"2000) J Neuroscience Research 61:364; Sanchez-Ramos et al. (",
"2000) Exp Neurology 164:247\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,486,359 to Osiris is directed to an isolated, homogeneous population of human mesenchymal stem cells which can differentiate into cells of more than one connective tissue type. ",
"The patent discloses a process for isolating, purifying, and greatly replicating these cells in culture, i.e. in vitro.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,942,225 to Case Western and Osiris describes a composition for inducing lineage-directed differentiation of isolated human mesenchymal stem cells into a single particular mesenchymal lineage, which includes human mesenchymal stem cells and one or more bioactive factors for inducing differentiation of the mesenchymal stem cells into a single particular lineage.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,736,396 to Case Western describes a method of inducing ex vivo lineage-directed differentiation of isolated human mesenchymal stem cells which includes contacting the mesenchymal stem cells with a bioactive factor so as to thereby induce ex vivo differentiation thereof into a single particular mesenchymal lineage. ",
"The patent also describes method of treating an individual in need of mesenchymal cells of a particular mesenchymal lineage which includes administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising isolated, human mesenchymal stem cells which have been induced to differentiate ex vivo by contact with a bioactive factor so as to thereby induce ex vivo differentiation of such cells into a single particular mesenchymal lineage.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,908,784 to Case Western discloses a composition for the in vitro chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal precursor cells and the in vitro formation of human chondrocytes therefrom, which composition includes isolated human mesenchymal stem cells condensed into close proximity as a packed cell pellet and at least one chondroinductive agent in contact therewith. ",
"The patent also describes a process for inducing chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells by contacting mesenchymal stem cells with a chondroinductive agent in vitro wherein the stem cells are condensed into close proximity as a packed cell pellet.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,902,741 to Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc. discloses a living cartilage tissue prepared in vitro, that includes cartilage-producing stromal cells and connective tissue proteins naturally secreted by the stromal cells attached to and substantially enveloping a three-dimensional framework composed of a biocompatible, non-living material formed into a three-dimensional structure having interstitial spaces bridged by the stromal cells. ",
"The patent also discloses a composition for growing new cartilage comprising mesenchymal stem cells in a polymeric carrier suitable for proliferation and differentiation of the cells into cartilage.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,863,531 to Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc. discloses a tubular living stromal tissue prepared in vitro, comprising stromal cells and connective tissue proteins naturally secreted by the stromal cells attached to and substantially enveloping a three-dimensional tubular framework composed of a biocompatible, non-living material having interstitial spaces bridged by the stromal cells.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,811,094 to Osiris describes a method of producing a connective tissue which includes producing connective tissue in an individual in need thereof by administering to said individual a cell preparation containing human mesenchymal stem cells which is recovered from human bone marrow and which is substantially free of blood cells.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"6,030,836 describes a method of maintaining human hematopoietic stem cells in vitro comprising co-culturing human mesenchymal stem cells with the hematopoietic stem cells such that at least some of the hematopoietic stem cells maintain their stem cell phenotype.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"6,103,522 describes an irradiated immortalized human stromal cell line in a combined in vitro culture with human hematopoietic precursor cells.",
"\nWO 9602662A1 and U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,879,940 describes human bone marrow stromal cell lines that sustain hematopoiesis\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,827,735 to Morphogen describes purified pleuripotent mesenchymal stem cells, which are substantially free of multinucleated myogenic lineage-committed cells, and which are predominantly stellate-shaped, wherein the mesenchymal stem cells form predominantly fibroblastic cells when contacted with muscle morphogenic protein in tissue culture medium containing 10% fetal calf serum and form predominantly branched multinucleated structures that spontaneously contract when contacted with muscle morphogenic protein and scar inhibitory factor in tissue culture with medium containing 10% fetal calf serum.",
"\nWO 99/94328 describes the use of mesenchymal stem cells to treat the central nervous system and a method of directing differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells.",
"\nWO 98/20731 to Osiris describes a mesenchymal megakaryocyte precursor composition and method of isolating MSCs associated with isolated megakaryocytes by isolating megakaryocytes.",
"\nWO 99/61587 to Osiris describes human CD45 and/or fibroblast and mesenchymal stem cells.",
"\nWO 00/53795 to the University of Pittsburgh and The Regents of the University of California discloses adipose-derived stem cells and lattices substantially free of adipocytes and red blood cells and clonal populations of connective tissue stem cells. ",
"The cells can be employed, alone or within biologically-compatible compositions, to generate differentiated tissues and structures, both in vivo and in vitro. ",
"Additionally, the cells can be expanded and cultured to produce hormones and to provide conditioned culture media for supporting the growth and expansion of other cell populations. ",
"In another aspect, WO 00/53795 a lipo-derived lattice substantially devoid of cells, which includes extracellular matrix material form adipose tissue. ",
"The lattice can be used as a substrate to facilitate the growth and differentiation of cells, whether in vivo or in vitro, into anlagen or mature tissue or structures. ",
"WO 00/53795 did not disclose adipose tissue derived stromal cells that have been induced to express at least one phenotypic characteristic of a neuronal, astroglial, hematopoietic progenitor, or hepatic cell in its priority document, nor did it disclose an isolated adipocyte tissue-derived stromal cell that has been dedifferentiated such that there is an absence of adipocyte phenotypic markers.",
"\nWO 99/28444 discloses methods and compositions for differentiating stromal cells form adipose tissue into cells having osteoblastic properties, and methods for improving a subject's bone structure.",
"\nWO 00/44882 discloses a method and composition for inducing stromal cells derived from adipose tissue into fully functional pleuripotent stem cells as evidenced by differentiated hematopoietic or blood cell lineages, neuronal lineages, epithelial lineages, and uses thereof.",
"\nIt is a goal of the present invention to provide new cells and methods for therapeutic treatment, diagnosis, other medical uses, and other purposes, including the cellular production of desired materials."
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[
"Klaas-Erik Zwering\n\nKlaas-Erik Zwering (born 19 May 1981 in Eindhoven, North Brabant) is a former Dutch swimmer and an Olympic medalist. ",
"He is currently studying MBO entrepreneurship as he trained in Eindhoven with the PSV Eindhoven swim club. ",
"His personal coach was Jacco Verhaeren, who is also coach for Dutch swimming phenom Pieter van den Hoogenband.",
"\n\nZwering originally specialized in the 200 meter backstroke, coming in seventh place in his first senior competition at the European Championships in Istanbul. ",
"In the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, he came in tenth place in the same event. ",
"Recently, however, he's been focusing exclusively on freestyle swimming.",
"\n\nIn 2001 at the FINA World Championships in Fukuoka, Japan, Klaas-Erik was a member of the silver medal winning 4×100 meter freestyle relay team. ",
"Later, along with teammates Pieter van den Hoogenband, Johan Kenkhuis and Mitja Zastrow, Zwering won his first Olympic silver medal in the 4×100 meter freestyle relay in the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece. ",
"Afterwards he retired.",
"\n\nSee also \n Dutch records in swimming\n\nExternal links\n Zwemkroniek online profile\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1981 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Dutch male swimmers\nCategory:Male backstroke swimmers\nCategory:Male freestyle swimmers\nCategory:Olympic swimmers of the Netherlands\nCategory:Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands\nCategory:Sportspeople from Eindhoven\nCategory:World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming\nCategory:European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming\nCategory:Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic silver medalists in swimming\nCategory:Goodwill Games medalists in swimming"
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"A 78-year-old male, farmer by occupation, presented with defective vision in both eyes (OU) with best-corrected visual acuity of 20/120 and 20/200 in the right eye (OD) and Left eye (OS), respectively. ",
"He had no history of trauma or infrared radiation exposure. ",
"Intraocular pressure were elevated in OU. ",
"Slit-lamp examination revealed bilateral nuclear cataracts OS \\> OD and double delamination of anterior lens capsule (ALC) in OU \\[Fig. [",
"1a](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [b](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\]. ",
"Fundus examination revealed CDR-0.7 in OD and CDR-0.8 in OS. ",
"ASOCT confirmed the presence of split in the ALC. ",
"The patient started on antiglaucoma medications followed by uneventful cataract extraction in OS. ",
"Adequate cohesive viscoelastics and capsular staining with tryphan blue dye were used during continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis, as double-ring sign of the ALC was noted. ",
"True exfoliation, a rare disorder where anterior layer of lens capsule delaminates and appears as thin fluttering membrane in anterior chamber, was first reported by Elschnig in 1922 in glassblowers.\\[[@ref1]\\] Double delamination, a rare clinical finding, occurs due to different stages in detachment of outer and inner anterior lens flaps and there exists a narrow space between the detached flaps.\\[[@ref2]\\] Predisposing factors for true exfoliation are infrared-radiation, inflammation, trauma, idiopathic, senility, radiotherapy, and laser iridotomy.\\[[@ref3][@ref4][@ref5]\\] Association between true exfoliation and glaucoma has been sparsely reported in ethnic Indian eyes.",
"\n\n{#F1}\n\nDeclaration of patient consent {#sec2-1}\n==============================\n\nThe authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. ",
"In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. ",
"The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.",
"\n\nFinancial support and sponsorship {#sec2-2}\n=================================\n\nNil.",
"\n\nConflicts of interest {#sec2-3}\n=====================\n\nThere are no conflicts of interest.",
"\n"
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"Monday, May 29, 2017\n\nToday's guest post is from Oscar Slotboom of Houston Freeways. ",
"A bit longer than usual posts here, but with some great updates.",
"\n\n---\n\nNorth Houston Highway Improvement Project (including downtown)\n\nIn conjunction with public hearings in May and release of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement, TxDOT recently released updated schematics for the North Houston Highway Improvement Project, which includes the planned total rebuild of downtown freeways. ",
"I attended two of the three public meetings, and there were about 10-15 speakers at each meeting, with minimal or negligible opposition among the speakers. ",
"So this project appears to have community support.",
"\n\nTxDOT and its consultant HNTB have continued the process of ongoing improvement of the design, with incremental refinements mostly on the north side of downtown. ",
"The numerous improvements on the northwest side of downtown and downtown access spur (on the west side of downtown) combine to provide a significant improvement in that area. ",
"These changes are most easily viewed in the green annotations I added to the official schematic here.",
"\n\nI have updated my detailed analysis of the design on HoustonFreeways.com, noting the improvements but also identifying 12 remaining items of concern in the design. ",
"Some of these concerns have been submitted to TxDOT during previous comment periods, so they likely have already been evaluated with no action taken. ",
"Nevertheless, I included the complete list of all issues, new and previous, to provide an overall summary of remaining concerns.",
"\n\nWith a price tag of $4 billion for the downtown work and around $7 billion for the overall project, it certainly makes sense for TxDOT to take a look at every possible opportunity for improvement to ensure we get the best possible design for the huge expenditure.",
"What Could Have Been\nI also prepared this map of a potential relocation of the IH 45 main lanes to create space to bring managed lanes through downtown. ",
"This option was not formally studied, although it may have been rejected very early in the process. ",
"It is now too late to consider this option, but I think this would be the only way to create a north-south corridor of managed lanes through downtown, assuming the Pierce Elevated will be removed. (",
"see previous post on MaX Lanes)\n\nTexas Legislature\n\nTransportation was not expected to be an issue receiving much attention in the session which ended Monday, and that was mostly true. ",
"Here’s a summary of the results for this session.",
"\n\nFunding\n\nThe main question for this session was whether the legislature would fully fund the transfers of general revenue to TxDOT as specified in Proposition 7, approved by voters in 2015. ",
"The answer turned out to be no, but the immediate impact is expected to be minimal. ",
"TxDOT was slated to receive $4.7 billion in Proposition 7 funding in the next budget cycle, but that amount was reduced to $2.9 billion due to a delay in the transfer of $1.8 billion. ",
"Exact Proposition 7 amounts in the budget document are $2.205 billion in fiscal 2018 and $700 million in fiscal 2019.",
"\n\nHowever, the delay in the $1.8 billion is reportedly only one month, from August 2019 to September 2019, an accounting gimmick to move the money to the next budget cycle. ",
"So this one-month delay is not expected to affect projects being planned with Proposition 7 funds. ",
"But it is not clear if and when funding will catch up to restore the $1.8 billion, or if the $1.8 billion is permanently deferred. ",
"According to a report in the Dallas Morning News, House Appropriations chief John Zerwas, R-Richmond, said the legislature is committed to restoring the $1.8 billion when budget conditions allow.",
"\n\nThe budget covers fiscal years 2018 (September 2017-August 2018) and fiscal year 2019.",
"\n\n2018 budget amount: $12.4 billion\n\n2019 budget amount: $14.2 billion\n\nDebt service is high and rapidly increasing, $815 million in FY 18 and $1.23 billion in FY 19. ",
"Nearly all of this increase is the result of shifting certain interest payments from the general budget to the TxDOT budget as a result of Proposition 7. ",
"Total financing costs in the biennium are listed at $2.3 billion.",
"\n\nA big increase in expenditures for professional fees and services, from $1.06 billion in FY 18 to$1.80 billion in FY 19. ",
"Presumably, this large increase is due to planning and engineering services for Proposition 7 projects.",
"\n\nThe budget document instructs TxDOT to expand Houston’s Green Ribbon program to other areas of the state\n\nComprehensive Development Agreement Failure\n\nHouse bill 2861 called for authorizing 18 projects statewide to be developed using comprehensive development agreements, including two in Houston, the proposed Hempstead Tollway and Interstate 45 between Interstate 10 and Beltway 8, which is all of the North Houston Highway Improvement project outside of the downtown area. ",
"Comprehensive Development Agreements, called public-private partnerships in most places outside Texas, use private money to finance projects, with the private funding entity receiving the toll payments. ",
"The SH 288 toll lanes are the only project being built with this arrangement in Houston. ",
"The bill moved steadily through the legislative process, but the House soundly defeated the bill on May 5. ",
"According to remarks by the North Central Texas Council of Governments, it was believed to have failed due to general anti-toll sentiment in the House and a desire to wait and see what happens at the federal level, with President Trump’s infrastructure plan still a work in progress. ",
"So TxDOT cannot pursue the two Houston projects or any other projects as new CDAs in the next two years.",
"\n\nAnti-Toll Legislation\n\nNumerous bills seeking to limit or curtail toll roads were filed, mostly in the House, but all of these bills died, most with little or no progress. ",
"However, three anti-toll provisions did become amendments on the TxDOT sunset bill.",
"\n\nTxDOT Sunset Legislation and Other Bills\n\nThe legislature must periodically review all state departments to authorize their continued existence, the so-called sunset process. ",
"This year TxDOT was subject to the sunset review process, and the TxDOT reauthorization bill was a must-pass bill which was approved on Saturday and sent to the governor. ",
"Due to the legislative procedural meltdown earlier this month, many bills died and the TxDOT sunset reauthorization became a vehicle for including provisions as amendments on the bill (final conference committee report). ",
"While there were no amendments specific to Houston, some amendments of statewide interest include the following:\n\nTolls will be removed on State Highway 255 in Laredo, which is formerly the Camino-Columbia private toll road which went bankrupt and was purchased by TxDOT and now operates as a TxDOT toll road. ",
"To the best of my knowledge, this will be the first removal of tolls in Texas since the Dallas-Fort Worth Turnpike became a freeway in 1978.",
"\n\nThere is a provision to accommodate the potential removal of tolls on the Loop 375 managed lanes in El Paso, which (if implemented) would be the first removal of tolls from managed lanes in Texas. ",
"The Loop 375 managed lanes have been a failure, generating negligible traffic and revenue.",
"\n\nA requirement that any TxDOT funds used for financing toll roads must be repaid by the tolling agency managing the project (non-retroactive)\n\nImposes new rules on delinquent toll collection, including limits on administrative fees\n\nImposes a large number of reporting and administrative requirements on TxDOT relating to project cost, schedule, performance measures, online reporting and coordination with MPOs\n\nRequires TxDOT contractors to use E-Verify to verify legal status for employment\n\nOther bills sent to the governor (not signed as of May 29) include:\n\nSB 2205 defines rules and regulations for fully-autonomous self-driving cars. ",
"This will clarify the legal issues, an important step toward actually having autonomous vehicles on the road.",
"\n\nHB 2646 which authorizes TxDOT to purchase right-of-way for a project before it receives a record of decision of environmental clearance. ",
"This will be a useful tool, especially for projects where environmental clearance can take many years.",
"\n\nSB 977 prohibits the use of state funds to plan, build or operate high speed rail operated by a private entity\n\nNeither of these laws is expected to have a significant effect on Texas Central’s plans. ",
"The bill which probably posed the greatest threat to the project was SB981, which would have required the project to be compatible with more than one type of train technology. ",
"Since the project is being designed to use Japanese technology, this could have been a show stopper. ",
"But the bill died in mid-April. ",
"So the Houston-Dallas high speed rail project is alive and well.",
"\n\nDuring the presidential campaign, Trump spoke about a trillion-dollar infrastructure investment, but the plan is still being developed and details are not expected until the third quarter of this year (here and here). ",
"Preliminary indications are that it will focus on public-private partnerships, which of course translates to toll roads. ",
"Preliminary numbers mentioned are for $200 billion in new federal money to be used to attract $800 billion in private funds. ",
"Michael Morris, head of the North Texas Council of Governments, has commented that the completed Dallas-Fort Worth PPP projects (LBJ Texpress and North Tarrant Texpress) are being used as a model in formulating the plan, and the DFW projects also used the 4-to-1 private/public money leverage ratio.",
"\n\nThere are many reasons to be skeptical that this will plan will move forward in any shape or form, even massively downsized as a token effort.",
"\n\nThe long delay in developing a plan suggests there is difficulty getting a consensus on a plan which can get sufficient support for approval.",
"\n\nPresident Trump’s influence on Capitol Hill is weak and probably getting weaker, so persuading Congress to adopt a sea change in infrastructure finance will be difficult.",
"\n\nPPPs are not consistent with the values of Congress. ",
"House and Senate members generally want to bring home the goods (some would say pork) to their district. ",
"Bringing home a PPP which imposes hefty tolls on their constituents and privatizes previously public assets is not necessarily good politics, and could be bad politics.",
"\n\nCongress has shown minimal interest in PPPs and tolling in recent transportation reauthorizations.",
"\n\nPrevious reauthorizations of transportation legislation have been difficult and were delayed by numerous short-term stopgap reauthorizations, even though the current FAST Act (expiring in 2020) generally continued long-established policies.",
"\n\nPassing a sweeping PPP-heavy plan would likely rely exclusively on Republican votes, and as we’ve seen, holding together the slim Republican majorities in the House and Senate will be very difficult.",
"\n\nFinancing $200 billion for the public share of PPPs will be difficult or impossible without increasing the deficit or raising fuel taxes.",
"\n\nPPPs financed by project revenue are generally suitable for toll roads only and will do little or nothing to help aging urban rail systems with massive deferred maintenance costs, particularly in Washington DC, Boston, New York and Chicago. ",
"Without funding for those political interests, the base of potential support is reduced.",
"\n\nCongress is still going to be focused on other issues like Affordable Care Act repeal/replacement tax code reform and another budget battle looming at the end of September.",
"\n\nAbout Me\n\nSocial Systems Architect and entrepreneur with a genuine love of my hometown. ",
"I cover a wide range of topics in this blog - including transportation, transit, economic development, quality-of-life, city identity, and development and land-use regulations - and have published numerous Houston Chronicle op-eds on these topics. ",
"I'm a Founding Senior Fellow with the Center for Opportunity Urbanism and co-authored the original study with noted urbanist Joel Kotkin and others, creating a city philosophy around upward social mobility for all citizens as an alternative to the popular smart growth, new urbanism, and creative class movements. ",
"I am a native Houstonian, 6th-generation Texan, attended Rice University for my BSEE and MBA, and a former McKinsey consultant and adjunct faculty member with Leadership Houston. ",
"I am currently the founder of Coached Schooling, pioneering a transformational new approach for a more effective and engaging 21st-century K-12 education combining the best elements of eLearning, home and traditional schooling. ",
"CONTACT EMAIL: tgattis (at) pdq.net - send me an email if you would like to receive these posts via email, or see the Google Groups signup box below."
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"\nShow HN: Unofficial .NET SDK for the Anki Vector Robot - wvenable\nhttps://github.com/codaris/Anki.Vector.SDK\n======\nwvenable\nThis SDK is for the Anki Vector robot ([https://www.anki.com/en-\nus/vector](https://www.anki.com/en-us/vector)). ",
"The company is shut down now\nbut a team has been working hard to find an exploit and root vector. ",
"If you\nhave interest in hacking and exploiting Linux/Android devices, the Project\nVictor team could use your help ([https://www.project-\nvictor.org/](https://www.project-victor.org/)).",
"\n\nI have been working on this .NET SDK for the last 10 months. ",
"It's build by\nboth porting the original Python SDK and reverse engineering some of Vector's\ninterfaces.",
"\n\nI decided in late November that I would try and release all my Vector software\nby the beginning of December regardless of whether it was finished. ",
"And that\nwas strangely motivating and created a whole new set of projects!",
"\n\nIn addition to the SDK, I've also released a few tools for Anki Vector and a\nwhole ugly website dedicated to my projects:\n\n[https://www.weekendrobot.com](https://www.weekendrobot.com)\n\n"
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