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tomekkorbak

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[ "In the cabe, President Hadi expressed, on his own behalf and on behalf of the Yemeni people, the deepest condolences and sincere sympathy to the Saudi King and people and to the bereaved family over this painful event.", "\n\nPrince Turki bin Sultan, deputy minister of culture and information for media affairs, died on Tuesday at the age of 53. ", "He was the son of the late Saudi Crown Prince, Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan an engine that is extinguished by foam be returned to service?", "\n\nDuring the Qantas 32 accident, one of the engines could not be shut down as the control cable from the cockpit to the engine is cut. ", "The fire crew eventually shut down the engine by shooting fire-fighting foam into the engine.", "\nIn such cases, can the engine be returned to service following an inspection? ", "Or, does foam damage the engine to the extent that it is more economical to simply buy a new engine?", "\n\nA:\n\nA foamed healthy engine\n(Original)\n\nInaugural Virgin Atlantic flight to Atlanta cancelled after 'water cannon salute' is swapped for foam and clogs engines\nThe de-clogging work was carried out as the pilot and flight crew went on a diplomatic mission to explain exactly what had gone wrong.", "\n\nIf it's only foam, the non-faulty engine can be de-clogged, checked, and returned to service.", "\n\nFor QF32, all the engines were replaced. ", "There were issues with the Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engines. ", "The rest of the Qantas fleet either received new engines or modifications.", "\n\nVideo for an engine inspection.", "\nVideo for an engine wash.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "During yesterday’s Senate Judiciary subcommittee hearing, James Clapper, former director of national intelligence, put the kibosh on a major anti-Donald Trump talking point that 17 federal intelligence agencies have concluded that Russia interfered in the 2016 presidential election.", "\n\nThat talking point was amplified last October, when Hillary Clinton stated the following at the third presidential debate: “We have 17, 17 intelligence agencies, civilian and military, who have all concluded that these espionage attacks, these cyber-attacks, come from the highest levels of the Kremlin. ", "And they are designed to influence our election. ", "I find that deeply disturbing.”", "\n\nClinton was referring to an October 7, 2016 joint statement from the Homeland Security Department and Office of the Director of National Intelligence claiming, “The U.S. Intelligence Community (USIC) is confident that the Russian Government directed the recent compromises of emails from U.S. persons and institutions, including from U.S. political organizations.”", "\n\nThe statement was followed by a January 6, 2017 U.S. Intelligence Community report assessing Russian intentions during the presidential election.", "\n\nWhile the U.S. Intelligence Community is indeed made up of 17 agencies, Clapper made clear in his testimony yesterday that the community’s assessments regarding alleged Russian interference were not the product of all seventeen agencies but of three – the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the National Security Agency (NSA).", "\n\nReferring to the assessments, Clapper stated: “As you know, the I.C. was a coordinated product from three agencies; CIA, NSA and the FBI, not all 17 components of the intelligence community. ", "Those three under the aegis of my former office.”", "\n\nLater in the hearing, Clapper corrected Sen. Al Franken (D-Minn.) when Franken claimed that all 17 U.S. intelligence agencies concluded Russia attempted to influence the election.", "\n\nHere is a transcript of that exchange:\n\nFRANKEN: And I want to thank General Clapper and – and Attorney General Yates for – for appearing today. ", "We have – the intelligence communities have concluded all 17 of them that Russia interfered with this election. ", "And we all know how that’s right.", "\n\nCLAPPER: Senator, as I pointed out in my statement Senator Franken, it was there were only three agencies that directly involved in this assessment plus my office…\n\nFRANKEN: But all 17 signed on to that?", "\n\nCLAPPER: Well, we didn’t go through that – that process, this was a special situation because of the time limits and my – what I knew to be to who could really contribute to this and the sensitivity of the situation, we decided it was a constant judgment to restrict it to those three. ", "I’m not aware of anyone who dissented or – or disagreed when it came out.", "\n\nThe January 6 U.S. intelligence community report is titled, “Background to ‘Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections’: The Analytic Process and Cyber Incident Attribution.”", "\n\nThe report makes clear it is a product of three intelligence agencies and not 17.", "\n\nThe opening states: “This report includes an analytic assessment drafted and coordinated among the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the National Security Agency (NSA), which draws on intelligence information collected and disseminated by those three agencies.”", "\n\nFollowing Clinton’s presidential debate claim about “17 intelligence agencies,” PolitiFact rated her statement as “true.”", "\n\nHowever, within its ruling, PolitiFact conceded:\n\nWe don’t know how many separate investigations into the attacks there were. ", "But the Director of National Intelligence, which speaks for the country’s 17 federal intelligence agencies, released a joint statement saying the intelligence community at large is confident that Russia is behind recent hacks into political organizations’ emails.", "\n\nPolitiFact’s “true” judgement was the basis for a USA Today piece titled, “Yes, 17 intelligence agencies really did say Russia was behind hacking.”", "\n\nAaron Klein is Breitbart’s Jerusalem bureau chief and senior investigative reporter. ", "He is a New York Times bestselling author and hosts the popular weekend talk radio program, “Aaron Klein Investigative Radio.” ", "Follow him on Twitter @AaronKleinShow. ", "Follow him on Facebook.", "\n\nWith research by Joshua Klein." ]

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[ "Blog Archives\n\nSearch\n\nFast!", "\n\nThe weekend we by so fast!! ", "this Contest is going by FAST! ", "and I am loving feeling FAST!!!", "\n\nFriday- i had a GREAT run. ", "I felt really good and ran for about 4 miles, did abs and later hit the gym for a good Chest/Tri workout. ", "I had a recent bench pb of 145×3 and attempted 155- but needed assistance for the 2 reps that i did.", "\n\nSaturday- got in a great back, sh, bicep workout with the gym with hubby yesterday- Oh and we also played a bit of catch and we tanned 🙂\n\nThen today I had football practice- what a beautiful day!! ", "We did lots of SKILL And positional work today- I had a couple “fast” moments~ it was fun. ", "I had to leave practice a bit before we were done- practice got started late (it’s supposed to run from 2-4) and I still had to leave at 4:15 to get home for the kids.", "\n\nOnce I got them all settled, etc…Travis and I decided to hit the tennis courts. ", "Thankfully the courts have lights so we got to play for about an hour again.", "\n\nNow it’s bedtime and I have to confess- I only managed to put on my bikini a couple times this week. ", "I’ve simply forgot…BUT the times I’ve done it GAVE me GREAT MOJO!!", "\n\nWell ladies we’ve got 4 weeks left- TONS of time to get some stellar ripped results.", "\n\nLet’s push hard!! ", "DIET AND ABS are going to be a SUPER EMPHASIS for me in my blog- so stay tuned if you want to see improvement in those 2 areas!!", "\n\nYou will see your waist get smaller this week!!!", "\nVacuums are simply sucking in your tummy!", "\nI find they produce HUGE results~ they work your\nTRANSVERSE abs. “", "T-ABS”\n\nThese are highly important muscles that act as a\n“girdle” around your waist. ", "The muscles run\nHORIZONTALLY and HOLD your organs in place.", "\nThey are stretched out after pregnancy and\nneed to be rebuilt. ", "VACUUMS will do just that!", "\nThey are worked whenever you practice good\nposture, and will respond even quicker if you\naggressively work at rebuilding them through\nexercises like vacuums.", "\n\nOne of the easiest ways to do them is to stand\nwith your hands on your knees and suck your\ntummy in. ", "Try to pull your belly button to\nyour spine. ", "You can do vacuums anywhere\nanytime- I did some last night while brushing\nmy teeth and this morning sitting in the car." ]

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[ "// Copyright (c) .NET Foundation. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. ", "See License.txt in the project root for license information.", "\n\nusing JetBrains.", "Annotations;\nusing Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore.", "Infrastructure;\nusing Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore.", "SqlServer.", "Infrastructure.", "Internal;\nusing Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore.", "Utilities;\n\nnamespace Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore\n{\n /// <summary>\n /// NetTopologySuite specific extension methods for <see cref=\"SqlServerDbContextOptionsBuilder\" />.", "\n /// </summary>\n public static class SqlServerNetTopologySuiteDbContextOptionsBuilderExtensions\n {\n /// <summary>\n /// Use NetTopologySuite to access SQL Server spatial data.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"optionsBuilder\"> The build being used to configure SQL Server. ", "</param>\n /// <returns> The options builder so that further configuration can be chained. ", "</returns>\n public static SqlServerDbContextOptionsBuilder UseNetTopologySuite(\n [NotNull] this SqlServerDbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)\n {\n Check.", "NotNull(optionsBuilder, nameof(optionsBuilder));\n\n var coreOptionsBuilder = ((IRelationalDbContextOptionsBuilderInfrastructure)optionsBuilder).OptionsBuilder;\n\n var extension = coreOptionsBuilder.", "Options.", "FindExtension<SqlServerNetTopologySuiteOptionsExtension>()\n ?? ", "new SqlServerNetTopologySuiteOptionsExtension();\n\n ((IDbContextOptionsBuilderInfrastructure)coreOptionsBuilder).AddOrUpdateExtension(extension);\n\n return optionsBuilder;\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nResult returns 0 on password hash validation\n\nI'm in the process of learning how to use the CI framework and am currently working on a user login form. ", "Haven't created a user registration yet, so I'm manually adding credentials into the database. ", "Since I'm testing everything locally, I decided to give crypt a try with no salt which is probably not the best method. ", "I'm using form validation and a callback to check the form data against the information in the database.", "\nhere is a snippet from the users controller:\nfunction password_check($password) {\n\n$username = $this->input->post('username', TRUE);\n\n$password = Modules::run('security/create_hash', $password);\n\n$this->load->model('mdl_users');\n$result = $this->mdl_users->password_check($username, $password);\n\nif ($result == FALSE) {\n //$this->form_validation->set_message('password_check', 'Please login using the correct credentials!');", "\n //return FALSE;\n echo $password;\n echo '<br/><br/>';\n echo $result;\n echo '<br/><br/>';\n}\n else {\n return TRUE;\n }\n}\n\nI echoed the password and the result for testing and password is showing as hashed.", "\nHere is the password_check method:\nfunction password_check($username, $password) {\n $table = $this->get_table();\n $this->db->where('username', $username);\n $this->db->where('password', $password);\n $query=$this->db->get($table);\n $num_rows = $query->num_rows();\n return $num_rows;\n if ($num_rows>0) {\n return TRUE;\n } else {\n return FALSE;\n }\n}\n\nI'm sure the reason this isn't working is because the password in the DB is being treated as a literal string and not as hashed, but I'm not sure as to how I can compare it as a hash.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou could do something like this: get the user from the model and then check the saved value from the password with the hashed value from the user. ", "If you would use md5 it would look a bit like this.", "\ncontroller\n$this->load->model('user_model');\n\npublic function login() {\n $name = $this->input->post('name');\n $password = $this->input->post('password');\n\n $user = $this->user_model->get_user_through_name($name);\n if($user['password'] == md5($password)) {\n //logged in\n } else {\n //wrong password\n }\n}\n\nmodel\npublic function get_user_through_name($name) {\n $query = $this->db->get_where('Users', array(\n 'username' => $name\n ));\n return $query->row_array();\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\ntrouble in inserting the database\n\nI was trying to insert a few Values to the database, It showing the exception that no such table found.", "\nThe Code I used in the OpenHelper class for creating the database is\n//Call Details Table\nstatic final String Tablenamecall = \"call_details\";\nstatic final String key_idcall = \"key_idcall\";\nstatic final String datecall = \"datecall\";\nstatic final String timecall = \"timecall\";\nstatic final String toaddcall = \"toaddcall\";\n\nQuery For the table creation\npublic void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) \n{\n\n db.execSQL(\"CREATE TABLE \"+Tablenamecall+\"(\"+key_idcall+\" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, \"+datecall+\" TEXT, \"+timecall+\" TEXT, \"+toaddcall+\" TEXT)\");\n\n}\n\nCode For Insertion to the table is\n //Call Details Insertion Here\n\npublic void calldetails_insertion(String date11 ,String time11 ,String to11) \n{\n SQLiteDatabase db=this.getWritableDatabase();\n ContentValues cv=new ContentValues();\n\n cv.put(datecall, date11);\n cv.put(timecall, time11);\n cv.put(toaddcall, to11);\n\n db.insert(Tablenamecall, datecall, cv);\n\n db.close();\n Log.v(\"DB\", \"Inset_User OK\"); \n}\n\nand the code I used in the activity is \n OpenHelper db_obj = new OpenHelper(context);\n db_obj.calldetails_insertion(dateString, timeString,phoneNumberString);\n\nThe log cat output is\n 02-14 11:15:30.674: I/System.out(9716): The Data is28-1-2013\n02-14 11:15:30.674: I/System.out(9716): The Time is1-12\n02-14 11:15:30.674: I/System.out(9716): The Phone Number Is855-214\n02-14 11:15:31.774: E/DataBase(9716): opened\n02-14 11:15:31.794: I/SqliteDatabaseCpp(9716): sqlite returned: error code = 1, msg = no such table: call_details, db=/data/data/com.example.reminder/databases/Reminder\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): Error inserting timecall=1-12 datecall=28-1-2013 toaddcall=855-214\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): android.database.sqlite.", "SQLiteException: no such table: call_details: , while compiling: INSERT INTO call_details(timecall,datecall,toaddcall) VALUES (?,?,?)", "\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at android.database.sqlite.", "SQLiteCompiledSql.native_compile(Native Method)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at android.database.sqlite.", "SQLiteCompiledSql.<init>(SQLiteCompiledSql.java:68)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at android.database.sqlite.", "SQLiteProgram.compileSql(SQLiteProgram.java:143)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at android.database.sqlite.", "SQLiteProgram.compileAndbindAllArgs(SQLiteProgram.java:361)\n 02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at android.database.sqlite.", "SQLiteStatement.acquireAndLock(SQLiteStatement.java:260)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at android.database.sqlite.", "SQLiteStatement.executeInsert(SQLiteStatement.java:112)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at android.database.sqlite.", "SQLiteDatabase.insertWithOnConflict(SQLiteDatabase.java:1718)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at android.database.sqlite.", "SQLiteDatabase.insert(SQLiteDatabase.java:1591)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at com.example.reminder.", "OpenHelper.calldetails_insertion(OpenHelper.java:87)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at com.example.reminder.callcomposer$3.onClick(callcomposer.java:134)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at android.view.", "View.performClick(View.java:3511)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at android.view.", "View$PerformClick.run(View.java:14105)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at android.os.", "Handler.handleCallback(Handler.java:605)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at android.os.", "Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:92)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at android.os.", "Looper.loop(Looper.java:137)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at android.app.", "ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:4424)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at java.lang.reflect.", "Method.invokeNative(Native Method)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at java.lang.reflect.", "Method.invoke(Method.java:511)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at com.android.internal.os.", "ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:784)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at com.android.internal.os.", "ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:551)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: E/SQLiteDatabase(9716): at dalvik.system.", "NativeStart.main(Native Method)\n02-14 11:15:31.824: V/DB(9716): Inset_User OK\n\nA:\n\nTry out as below:\nChange your create table query primary key to autoincrement and insert data as below:\n\ndb.execSQL(\"CREATE TABLE \"+Tablenamecall+\" (\"+key_idcall+\" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, \"+datecall+\" TEXT, \"+timecall+\" TEXT, \"+toaddcall+\" TEXT)\"\n\n public void calldetails_insertion(String date11 ,String time11 ,String to11) \n {\n SQLiteDatabase db=this.getWritableDatabase();\n ContentValues cv=new ContentValues();\n cv.put(datecall, date11);\n cv.put(timecall, time11);\n cv.put(toaddcall, to11);\n db.insert(Tablenamecall, null, cv); <---- check this line and change it.", "\n db.close();\n Log.v(\"DB\", \"Inset_User OK\"); \n }\n\n" ]

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[ "[Hydrocephalus and papilledema in caudal tumors].", "\nAnother two cases of hydrocephalus and papilledema with cauda tumours are communicated and a multifactorial pathomechanism is discussed. ", "The following recommendations are given to avoid diagnostic and therapeutical mistakes due to an apparently cerebral symptomatology with cauda tumours and only a mild local finding: I. A thorough investigation of the history.--2. ", "An impartial complete neurological examination omitting possible emphasis indicated by the first examiner.--3. ", "A complex diagnostic intergration of single findings (native x-ray pictures, findings of the cerebrospinal fluid) in keeping with the diagnostic survey.--4. ", "A consideration of the differential diagnosis of rare diseases." ]

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[ "Spectator: \"Why Can't We Admit We're Afraid of Islam\"\n\nIf you listen to artists, writers, academics and journalists, you would think that thousands of them operate in a radical underground. ", "They say the right things. ", "They ‘speak truth to power’, ‘transgress boundaries’, and all the rest of it. ", "But you will have noticed that they are careful only to challenge religions that won’t hurt them (Christianity) and governments that won’t arrest them (democracies)." ]

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[ "Walled States, Waning Sovereignty\n\nWalled States, Waning Sovereignty Character List\n\nLate Modern Subjects\n\n\"Subjects\" are another word for people, including citizens of a country. “", "Late modern” describes the time period that we live in. ", "The term suggests we are at a later or more advanced stage of modernity, in which capitalism has grown to a global phenomenon. ", "Late modern subjects are thus all of us who live in this new world, which Brown says is characterized as well by the decline of national sovereignty.", "\n\nUnited States\n\nThe United States is one of the major actors Brown considers in Walled States, Waning Sovereignty. ", "She is particularly interested in its partial construction of a border wall with Mexico, beginning in the 1990s near San Diego. ", "For Brown, the United States provides a case study of how building walls relates to a decline in national sovereignty. ", "She also wants to understand the ways in which citizens of the United States respond to this waning of sovereignty through racist and xenophobic fantasies that their nation can be re-secured so long as it keeps racial others outside of it, on the other side of the wall.", "\n\nIsrael\n\nIsrael is the other primary case study Brown explores in Chapter 1 of Walled States, Waning Sovereignty. ", "She looks at the Israeli Security Fence built along its border with Palestine. ", "Brown thinks Israel is a unique country since it was founded so recently and has always had to secure its sovereignty by declaring its land separate from the Palestinian land that was there before. ", "But she thinks the border wall is still part of a larger pattern of declining national sovereignty that Israel shares with other countries, too. ", "Israel tries to shore up its sovereignty by building a wall, just like other countries do when they fear their sovereignty is under attack.", "\n\nSigmund Freud\n\nSigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis, which explores how people’s behavior is determined in part by unconscious desires, fantasies, and ideas. ", "Brown discusses Freud at length in the final chapter of Walled States, Waning Sovereignty. ", "In particular, she draws from Freud’s ideas about defense mechanisms. ", "A defense mechanism is an unconscious way in which people avoid confronting a challenging or negative idea or reality. ", "Brown thinks people desire walls precisely in order to avoid these kinds of unpleasant realities, including the fact the national sovereignty is waning and the nations can be unjust or damaged." ]

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[ "Q:\n\n¿Como mostrar categoria seleccionada en dropdown?", "\n\nLo que necesito es que muestre la categoría seleccionada previamente en stock/categories y la muestre en el dropdown del FILTRO DE CATEGORIAS en stock/productos.", "\nLo que tengo: \nSelecciono \"Ver productos\" en una categoria especifica en stock/categories con el siguiente enlace\n<a href=\"/stock/products/?categoryId=<?php echo $categoryId; ?", ">\" class=\"ViewProducts\"><?php echo __(\"Ver productos\"); ?", "></a>\n\nMe redirije a stock/products y me muestra solo los productos de esa categoria seleccionada y en la url me figuran el filtro por categoria '?", "categoryId='\nMi codigo actual: \nEn este filtro por categorias es el que maneja el dropdown al momento de ver el arbol de categorias disponible (sino me equivoco)\n /**\n * Filtro por categorías\n */\n\nvar loadCategoriesFilter = function() {\n var url = '/stock/ajaxGetCategoriesTree/';\n\n $.post(url, function(response) {\n if (response.success) {\n categories = [];\n\n $.each(response.categoryTree, function(index, element){\n categories.push(element);\n });\n\n getParentCategories(categories);\n }\n }, 'json');\n};\n\nEl codigo que muestra las categorias en el dropdown \n$('#categoriesFilter').live('change', function(e) {\n var appliedFiltersBox = $('.appliedFilters');\n var categoryFilterAppliedText = $('#categoriesFilter option:selected').text();\n var visibilityFilterText = setVisibilityFilterText($('.tab.active').attr('id'));\n applyFilter();\n $('.productVisibility').text(visibilityFilterText)\n $('.categoryFilterText').show();\n $('.categoryFilterApplied').text(categoryFilterAppliedText);\n if(appliedFiltersBox.is(\":hidden\")){\n showAppliedFilters();\n }\n });\n\nCuando carga la pagina se inician los filtros principales.", "\nif (!", "emptyProducts) {\n loadCategoriesFilter();\n loadStockFilter();\n\n var categoryId = getParameterByName('categoryId', window.location.href);\n\n if(categoryId !", "== null) {\n applyFilter({page: 1}, {category: categoryId});\n } else {\n applyFilter();\n }\n } \n\ny por si suma, para entender mejor, aca el codigo de getParamByName para el categoryId en la URL.", "\nvar getParameterByName = function (name, url) {\n if (!", "url) url = window.location.href;\n name = name.replace(/[\\[\\]]/g, '\\\\$&');\n var regex = new RegExp('[?&]' ", "+ name + '(=([^&#]*)|&|#|$)'),\n results = regex.exec(url);\n if (!", "results) return null;\n if (!", "results[2]) return '';\n\n return decodeURIComponent(results[2].replace(/\\+/g, ' '));\n} \n\nPueden ver el proceso previo de llegar hasta aca en Al hacer click, redireccione y filtre productos por categoria selecionada \n\nA:\n\nLo solucioné con: \nvar loadCategoriesFilter = function() {\n var url = '/stock/ajaxGetCategoriesTree/';\n\n $.post(url, function(response) {\n if (response.success) {\n categories = [];\n $.each(response.categoryTree, function(index, element){\n categories.push(element);\n });\n\n getParentCategories(categories);\n\n //fix load category filter by params\n $('#categoriesFilter').val(getParameterByName('categoryId', window.location.href));\n $('#categoriesFilter').trigger(\"liszt:updated\");\n }\n }, 'json');\n};\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to caputure an Bitmap created from a Windows Forms control to a BitmapSource?", "\n\nI want to caputure an image of a control which is an ActiveX imported control and display that image in WPF.", "\nThe reason I do not use the windows forms host is that it is too slow (i want to create a list with these activex controls) : so far i have:\n public Bitmap CaptureCtrl(Control ctrl)\n {\n // Ein neues Image mit der grösse des jeweiligen Controls anlegen\n Console.", "WriteLine(\"new Bitmap({0:d}, {0:d}, g)\", ctrl.", "Size.", "Width, ctrl.", "Size.", "Height);\n Bitmap newImage = new Bitmap(ctrl.", "Size.", "Width, ctrl.", "Size.", "Height);\n\n Graphics memoryGraphics = Graphics.", "FromImage(newImage);\n //Handle holen\n var hwnd = ctrl.", "Handle;\n IntPtr src = NativeMethods.", "GetDC(hwnd);\n IntPtr dest = memoryGraphics.", "GetHdc();\n\n // das Handle des Ziels\n // die X Position an der das Bild eingefügt werden soll\n // die Y Position an der das Bild eingefügt werden soll\n // die breite des Bildes\n // die höhe des Bildes\n // das Handle der Quelle\n // die X Position an der das Control liegt\n // die Y Position an der das Control liegt\n // Raster Operation Code an dieser Stelle ist es SRCCOPY\n // Natürlich muß der auf der Seite angegebene Hex wert noch in ein int umgerechnet werden\n // mehr informationen auf http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/wceui40/html/_celrfternaryrasteroperations.asp\n Console.", "WriteLine(\"BitBlt(dest, 0, 0, {0:d}, {1:d}, src, {2:d}, {3:d}, 13369376)\", ctrl.", "ClientRectangle.", "Width, ctrl.", "ClientRectangle.", "Height, ctrl.", "Location.", "X, ctrl.", "Location.", "Y);\n NativeMethods.", "BitBlt(dest, 0, 0, ctrl.", "ClientRectangle.", "Width, ctrl.", "ClientRectangle.", "Height, src, ctrl.", "Location.", "X, ctrl.", "Location.", "Y, 13369376);\n\n // Handles wieder Freigeben\n NativeMethods.", "ReleaseDC(hwnd, src);\n memoryGraphics.", "ReleaseHdc(dest);\n\n return newImage;\n }\n\nAnd:\n /// <summary>\n /// Converts a <see cref=\"System.", "Drawing.", "Bitmap\"/> into a WPF <see cref=\"BitmapSource\"/>.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <remarks>Uses GDI to do the conversion. ", "Hence the call to the marshalled DeleteObject.", "\n /// </remarks>\n /// <param name=\"source\">The source bitmap.</param>\n /// <returns>A BitmapSource</returns>\n public static System.", "Windows.", "Media.", "Imaging.", "BitmapSource ToBitmapSource(this System.", "Drawing.", "Bitmap source)\n {\n System.", "Windows.", "Media.", "Imaging.", "BitmapSource bitSrc = null;\n\n IntPtr hBitmap = source.", "GetHbitmap();\n\n try\n {\n bitSrc = System.", "Windows.", "Interop.", "Imaging.", "CreateBitmapSourceFromHBitmap(\n hBitmap,\n IntPtr.", "Zero,\n Int32Rect.", "Empty,\n System.", "Windows.", "Media.", "Imaging.", "BitmapSizeOptions.", "FromEmptyOptions());\n }\n catch (Win32Exception we)\n {\n bitSrc = null;\n Console.", "WriteLine(we.", "ToString()+ \" data: \"+we.", "Data + \" code: \" + we.", "ErrorCode);\n }\n finally\n {\n NativeMethods.", "DeleteObject(hBitmap);\n }\n\n return bitSrc;\n }\n\nand the calling code:\n using (var capture = host.", "CaptureCtrl(this.control))\n {\n this.image.", "Source = capture.", "ToBitmapSource();\n }\n\nthe NativeMethod calls are imported from the dlls and should be clear.", "\nNow the problem is that the pictures are just grey and not filled with the content (it seems that there is indeed something copied)\n\nA:\n\nI found a solution to the problem (not necessarily the bug which is in the current version), for anyone interested...\nif the caputure method is replaced with this, then it works like a charm:\npublic Bitmap CaptureCtrl(Control ctrl)\n{\n // Ein neues Image mit der grösse des jeweiligen Controls anlegen\n Bitmap newImage = new Bitmap(ctrl.", "Size.", "Width, ctrl.", "Size.", "Height);\n ctrl.", "DrawToBitmap(newImage, ctrl.", "ClientRectangle);\n return newImage;\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Accelerating cancer research\n\nNCRI has a number of different strands of work to support coordination in UK cancer research.", "\n\nThe NCRI Clinical Studies Groups, the annual NCRI Cancer Conference, and capturing research funding information in the NCRI Cancer Research Database make up our core business. ", "We also run a number of time-bound initiatives to respond to particular areas of need." ]

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[ "Arsenal appoint Mislintat to 'take recruitment forwards'\n\nSVEN MISLINTAT, Borussia Dortmund’s Head of Professional Football and the man nicknamed “Diamond Eye”, has joined Arsenal as Head of Recruitment.", "\n\nArsenal announced the appointment on their website, saying the 45-year-old was “one of Europe’s most respected player recruitment experts” and would have responsibilities “across the first team and academy”.", "\n\nHe will start in December “and will work closely with manager Arsène Wenger and chief executive Ivan Gazidis, plus other coaches, the background analytics team and our global scouting network”.", "\n\nMeanwhile, the club announced that chief scout Steve Rowley would be leaving after 25 years at the club, although he would continue to work for the Gunners “on a consultancy basis”.", "\n\nWenger said: “We are delighted that Sven is joining us. ", "Identifying and developing talent is a core part of our philosophy and Sven has an outstanding track record over many years. ", "We look forward to him taking our existing recruitment approach forwards.", "\n\n“We would like to thank Steve Rowley for all his hard work over many years for the club. ", "He has been a key figure in our recruitment of so many top players and has travelled thousands and thousands of miles, watching hundreds of games for us during his time at the club. ", "We wish him well for the future.”", "\n\nPlaying career: Ended his career with VfL Kamen in the lower leagues, combining the role of assistant coach. ", "Joined Dortmund as a scout in 2006.", "\n\nShinji Kagawa: “The key player for my career was Kagawa,” Mislintat has said. ", "In 2010, he identified the young Cerezo Osaka playmaker, travelling to Japan six times to watch him. ", "Kagawa went on to become a key player for Dortmund as they won the Bundesliga in 2011 and 2012 and later secured a big-money move to Manchester United.", "\n\nOther hits: Dortmund’s recruitment has been essentially excellent over the last decade and Mislintat is credited with identifying and signing the likes of Robert Lewandowski, Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang and Ousmane Dembele - although it has to be pointed out that recruitment is seldom down to just one man.", "\n\nPromotion: As Mislintat’s reputation grew, so too did interest from other clubs. ", "When there were reports that Bayern Munich wanted to make him their Sporting Director, Dortmund promoted Mislintat to Head of Professional Football, with a contract until 2021.", "\n\nTechnology: Mislintat is credited with being a key driver of the Footbonaut, Dortmund’s legendary skills machine. ", "He is also involved with the German data analytics firm matchmetrics." ]

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[ "Jared Bernstein is a senior fellow at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities in Washington and a former chief economist to Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr.\n\nAn interesting debate is percolating in the evaluation of our federal antipoverty programs. ", "President Obama’s recent emphasis on the problem of high inequality and low upward mobility has forced conservatives to join that debate, and they’ve developed a meme that, at the risk of straining the metaphor, goes like this:\n\nOur current spate of anti-poverty programs operate more like a hammock than a safety net when what we really need is a trampoline.", "\n\nToday's Economist Perspectives from expert contributors.", "\n\nAs Representative Paul Ryan, who has been hacking at the safety net for years, put it just the other day (before misrepresenting a fictional story as an actual anecdote against nutritional support), the “left” is “offering people is a full stomach and an empty soul.”", "\n\nIn economic terms, it’s pitting consumption against investment. ", "The right is saying that the left focuses on poor people’s consumption while neglecting to invest in their future. ", "Broadly speaking, consumption gets you through today; investment sets you up for a better tomorrow. ", "Representative Ryan might say that consumption is for the stomach; investment is for the soul.", "\n\nI should start by pointing out that I’ve heard this argument only from people whose personal consumption is unconstrained by the inability to meet their family budget and more. ", "But put that aside. ", "I suspect it’s a resonant argument to many and a potentially challenging one to the status quo.", "\n\nThere are, however, two big problems with it. ", "First, it presumes that those who set up this dichotomy have a robust investment plan, though they do not. ", "But more interestingly, a spate of recent research shows that it’s wrong on the merits. ", "A lot of what you’d mistake for consumption really works like investment: Yes, it fills the stomach today, but it’s also linked to better outcomes tomorrow.", "\n\nPhoto\n\nStart with a program that literally does fill the stomach: food stamps, now called SNAP, for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. ", "A recent study took advantage of the fact that the program gradually expanded across the country starting in the 1960s, creating a natural experiment wherein researchers could compare child outcomes conditional on food stamp receipt by tapping variation between counties that adopted or expanded the program at different times. ", "The chart highlights the findings.", "\n\nWhen poor, pregnant women and their young children had access to food stamps, those children had better health and economic outcomes as adults than did children born at the same time but in neighboring counties that did not yet offer such nutritional support. ", "The authors find that as adults, children exposed to the program (starting in utero) experienced lower rates of “metabolic syndrome” (obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes) and, for women, were more economically self-sufficient in that they were more likely to graduate high school, find work and avoid poverty (meaning they were also less likely to collect public benefits themselves).", "\n\nIncome supplements, like the earned-income tax credit or child tax credit, seem like classic near-term consumption boosters, yet they too have been found to have impacts that last into adulthood for children whose families receive them. ", "By following children whose families received these benefits and comparing their outcomes with similarly-situated children whose families did not get them (or got less), numerous researchers have found lasting outcomes here as well.", "\n\nAs my Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP) colleagues point out, one careful study found that children in low-income families that received an additional $3,000 of annual income (in 2005 dollars) betw​een the children’s prenatal year and fifth birthday earned an average of 17 percent more and worked 135 hours more annually as adults, compared with similar children whose families did not receive the added income.", "\n\nOther rigorous studies found similar results relating income support to higher test scores in reading and math, which are themselves correlated with better employment and earnings later in life.", "\n\nHousing assistance is also found to have positive, lasting investment-type impacts, especially when compared with the damage to children who experience homelessness, overcrowding and frequent moves that involve changing school systems. ", "According to CBPP, low-income families with housing vouchers “were 74 percent less likely to become homeless, 48 percent less likely to live in overcrowded housing, and moved fewer times over a five-year period than similar low-income families that didn’t receive housing assistance.”", "\n\nThere’s an important way in which this research is particularly germane right now. ", "Part of the conservative attack on the safety net — which, to be clear, is a setup for forthcoming budgets that are likely to seriously hack away at these programs — is motivated by what they call the “poverty trap.” ", "This is the idea that since eligibility for safety-net programs fades with income, beneficiaries suppress their earnings to stay of the rolls.", "\n\nWhile there’s logic to that claim, careful research finds it to be largely unfounded. ", "That’s probably a function of the fact that most low-income people don’t actually face work disincentives of the magnitude that Mr. Ryan and others claim, as the economist Robert A. Moffitt has shown. ", "But the findings above may also play a role. ", "By dint of these investments, low-income parents have a better platform — a stable dwelling, food on the table, a wage subsidy — from which to pursue upward mobility.", "\n\nThe point is that what Representative Ryan and others are thinking of as a hammock is itself more of a trampoline, at least for some children whose families receive these benefits. ", "More direct investments, like Head Start and Pell grants, are also essential, and recent research supports these programs as well. ", "And as I’ve consistently stressed, the best antipoverty program I’ve seen in my lifetime is a full employment labor market, where strong demand for low-wage workers dramatically increases their employment and earnings.", "\n\nBut if we want to correctly understand and evaluate the impact of policies currently helping poor families, we need to recognize that often what looks like consumption is actually investment. ", "Both functions are important, for stomachs today and for souls tomorrow." ]

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[ "Eagle Forum’s Phyllis Schlafly is riled up about comprehensive immigration reform, and she has hardly been hiding the reason why. ", "Last month, Schlafly predicted that comprehensive reform would be “suicide for the Republican Party” because immigrants “come from a country” where they expect “a handout” from the government. ", "Last week, she lamented that today’s immigrants are less patriotic than the “Irish, Italian, Jewish, etc.” ", "immigrants of “earlier generations.” ", "Then, she claimed that Mitt Romney lost the presidential election not because of eroding support for the GOP among people of color, but because “his drop-off from white voters was tremendous” – which is just blatantly false.", "\n\nBut in an interview this week with conservative radio program Focus Today, Schlafly just came right out and said it. ", "Calling the GOP’s need to reach out to Latinos a “great myth,” Schlafly said that “the people the Republicans should reach out to are the white votes, the white voters who didn’t vote in the last election.” ", "Schlafly accused the Republican “establishment” of nominating “a series of losers…who don’t connect with the grassroots.”", "\n\n“The propagandists are leading us down the wrong path,” she said. “", "There’s not any evidence at all that these Hispanics coming in from Mexico will vote Republican.”", "\n\nAlthough she doesn’t say it in so many words, Schlafly is basically repeating Pat Buchanan’s call for the GOP to revive the Southern Strategy, stirring up racial resentment among white voters against Latino immigrants in order to boost turnout." ]

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nJC polyomavirus (JCPyV), the etiological agent of the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), infects between 50--80% of the human population ([@B16]; [@B25]). ", "Spread via peroral transmission, JCPyV establishes primary infections in the host, specifically in the kidneys and B lymphocytes, producing an asymptomatic infection in healthy individuals ([@B14]; [@B13]; [@B10]). ", "However, under conditions of severe immunosuppression, JCPyV can spread from primary sites of infection into the central nervous system (CNS), targeting both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes for infection ([@B43]; [@B50]; [@B27]). ", "The lytic infection of these glial cell types leads to CNS demyelination and the onset of PML, for which there are currently no effective therapies ([@B20]).", "\n\nJC polyomavirus is a member of the *Polyomaviridae* family of viruses, which also includes simian virus 40 (SV40), one of the most widely studied viruses ([@B12]). ", "Polyomaviruses have a double-stranded DNA genome enclosed within a proteinaceous capsid comprised of viral proteins 1 (VP1), 2, and 3 ([@B20]). ", "VP1 serves as the viral attachment protein that initiates binding to the JCPyV receptor α2,6-linked lactoseries tetrasaccharide c (LSTc) ([@B33]; [@B29]; [@B44]). ", "Viral binding alone is not sufficient to support infection, as viral internalization requires the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 subfamily of receptors (5-HT~2~Rs) ([@B17]; [@B4]). ", "Internalization is mediated by clathrin-dependent endocytic events, trafficking through the endocytic compartment to the endoplasmic reticulum, and finally deposition into the nucleus ([@B37], [@B38]; [@B32]; [@B4]). ", "While the initial stages of SV40 infection vary slightly from JCPyV, all polyomaviruses traffic into the ER prior to genomic deposition in the nucleus. ", "Early viral genes, such as the T-antigens, are transcribed first followed by DNA replication and the transcription of viral late genes that encode the capsid proteins. ", "New viral progeny are then encapsidated and eventually egress from the host cell ([@B28]; [@B5]; [@B1]; [@B6]).", "\n\nWhile significant advances have been made in the characterization of JCPyV replication strategies, JCPyV research productivity has been hindered by the lack of a productive animal model and limited cellular tropism ([@B49]; [@B23]). ", "Currently, the study of JCPyV relies heavily on manual microscopic analysis of cell-culture-based assays to characterize infectivity ([@B3]). ", "The most widely used assay to measure JCPyV infectivity is the fluorescent focus unit (FFU) assay, which requires viral protein-specific antibodies to label infected cells for detection via epifluorescence microscopy ([@B35]; [@B9]). ", "While the FFU assay is a reliable and well-characterized virological method, it presents several challenges: it can introduce observer bias, often relies on partial sample analysis to generate representative data, and requires a significant time investment that reduces research productivity and limits the feasibility of large-scale screens. ", "To address these issues, other technologies, like the pseudovirus system, have been generated to enable high-throughput data collection of JCPyV infectivity ([@B34]; [@B21]). ", "However, this system relies on virus-like particles that lack infectious DNA, and thus can only provide insights into the early steps in the viral lifecycle. ", "In contrast, the In-Cell Western (ICW)^TM^ assay, has been shown to effectively quantitate viral infection using infectious viruses like influenza, herpes simplex virus, reovirus, and rotaviruses by employing a high-throughput laser-based scanning technology ([@B46]; [@B24]; [@B19]). ", "The ICW employs a similar method to that of indirect immunofluorescence staining, yet utilizes a secondary near infrared (NIR)-conjugated antibody labeling system. ", "Data regarding viral infection can then be obtained with this automated infrared imaging system, eliminating observational biases and greatly reducing the time needed to reliably quantitate infectivity data.", "\n\nThe goal of this study was to adapt the ICW assay as a reliable method to enable high-throughput study of JCPyV infection to enhance the rate of discovery and improve the feasibility of large-scale screens. ", "To this end, the ICW has been shown to accurately characterize JCPyV infectivity at variable levels of infection, including viral inhibition through chemical and siRNA treatments, and for the quantification of host-cell protein expression during viral challenge. ", "These findings demonstrate that the ICW assay provides an effective measure of viral infection and can be utilized as a platform for high-throughput screening of JCPyV infectivity.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s1}\n=====================\n\nCell Types and Viruses\n----------------------\n\nHuman fetal glial SVG-A cells were cultured in Minimum Essential Medium (Corning) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Atlanta Biologicals), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) (Mediatech, Inc.), and 0.2% Plasmocin prophylactic (Invivogen) (cMEM). ", "Cells were maintained in a humidified incubator at 37°C with 5% CO~2~. SVG-A cells ([@B30]) were generously provided by the Atwood laboratory (Brown University) and have been authenticated by ATCC through STR profiling. ", "Viral infections were performed with a purified JCPyV strain Mad-1/SVEΔ as previously described ([@B32]), or SV40 strain 777. ", "Virus strains were generously provided by the Atwood laboratory.", "\n\nCell Stains and Antibodies\n--------------------------\n\nCommercially available ab34756 (Abcam) and a monoclonal antibody derived from a hybridoma supernatant (PAB597) (generously provided by the Atwood laboratory) ([@B29]) were used to probe for the JCPyV major capsid protein VP1 to quantitate JCPyV infection. ", "PAB597 cross-reacts with the SV40 VP1 protein ([@B29]) and was also used to score SV40 infectivity. ", "Antibodies for ERK1/2 (ERK) (CST \\#4695), phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK) (CST \\#9101), or GAPDH (Abcam, ab8245) were used for ICW or western blot protein quantifications. ", "For the ICW, LI-COR 800 anti-mouse or anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (LI-COR) were used. ", "For FFU, Alexa Fluor 488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) anti-mouse or anti-rabbit secondary antibodies were used. ", "CellTag 700 (LI-COR) was used as a cell count normalization stain for ICW assays as indicated. ", "DAPI nuclear counterstain (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used as a cell count normalization stain for FFU assays.", "\n\nChemical Treatments and siRNAs\n------------------------------\n\nChemical inhibitors of MEK, U0126 and PD98059 (Cell Signaling Technology), were used at concentrations of 10 and 50 μM, respectively. ", "Bay43-9006 (Cayman Chemical), a chemical inhibitor of Raf, was used at 15 μM. Retro2 (Sigma--Aldrich), a retrograde trafficking inhibitor, was used at a concentration of 100 μM ([@B31]). ", "All chemical inhibitors were reconstituted in DMSO (Cell Signaling Technology), which served as a volume-specific vehicle control. ", "EGFR and ERK1/2 siRNAs (Cell Signaling Technology) were transfected into SVG-A cells with RNAiMax (Thermo Fisher) at 10 pmol per well per manufacturer's instructions. ", "Successful transfections of the siRNAs were confirmed using BLOCK-iT Red (Thermo Fisher) ([@B15]).", "\n\nJCPyV and SV40 Infectivity at Varying MOIs\n------------------------------------------\n\nSVG-A cells were infected with JCPyV and SV40 at MOIs indicated per figure legend in cMEM at 37°C for 1 h. Cells were then fed with cMEM, and plates were incubated at 37°C for 72 h. At 72 hpi, cells were washed with 1X PBS, fixed in 4% PFA at RT for 10 min, and washed three times in 1X PBS prior to staining for either ICW or FFU.", "\n\nChemical Inhibition of JCPyV Infectivity\n----------------------------------------\n\nSVG-A cells were plated to ∼70% confluency in 96-well plates. ", "Cells were pre-treated with cMEM containing DMSO, U0126, PD98059, Bay43-9006, or Retro2 at 37°C for 1 h. Following pre-treatment, cells were infected with JCPyV (MOI = 0.5 FFU/cell) at 37°C for 1 h. Media containing the indicated treatment was then added back to appropriate wells at 37°C for 72 h with the exception of Bay43-9006-treated wells. ", "Bay43-9006-treated wells were incubated for at 37°C for 2 h following infection, aspirated, washed with 1X PBS, and cMEM was added back for the duration of the experiment. ", "At 72 hpi, cells were fixed in 4% PFA, washed with 1X PBS three times and FFU and ICW plates were stained as described.", "\n\nsiRNA Inhibition of JCPyV Infectivity\n-------------------------------------\n\nPrior to siRNA transfection, SVG-A cells were plated to ∼50% confluency in 12-well plates (Greiner Bio-One). ", "Cells were then transfected with an EGFR or ERK1/2 siRNA with RNAiMax. ", "The RNAiMax transfection reagent and siRNAs were diluted in incomplete MEM (lacking FBS and antibiotics), combined, and incubated at RT for 5 min. ", "siRNA complexes were added to SVG-A cells and incubated at 37°C for 72 h. At 72 hpt, cells were infected with JCPyV (MOI = 0.5 FFU/cell) at 37°C for 1 h. Cells were then fed with cMEM and incubated at 37°C for 72 h. At 72 hpi, cells were fixed with 4% PFA, washed with 1X PBS three times, and stained for VP1 for FFU and ICW assays as described.", "\n\nFluorescent Focus Unit Assay Staining and Quantitation of Viral Infection\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFollowing fixation, cells were permeabilized with 1X TBS-1% Triton X-100 at RT for 15 min and were then incubated with TBS Odyssey Blocking Buffer (LI-COR) at RT for 1.5 h. Cells were stained with the primary antibodies PAB597 (JCPyV or SV40 VP1, 1:40) or ab34756 (JCPyV VP1, 1:1000) in TBS Odyssey Blocking Buffer (LI-COR) at 4°C overnight while rocking. ", "After primary incubation, cells were washed with 1X PBS and incubated with either an anti-mouse or anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor polyclonal 488 antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at RT for 1 h while rocking and nuclei were counter stained with DAPI (Thermo Fisher Scientific). ", "Using a Nikon Eclipse Ti epifluorescence microscope (Micro Video Instruments, Inc.), the number of infected cells per 10x visual field was quantitated. ", "Percent infection was determined by dividing the number of infected cells/field by the total number of DAPI-positive nuclei/field as previously described ([@B15]), reported as percent infection. ", "As indicated, the average percent infection was normalized to the highest MOI, vehicle control DMSO, or siRNA controls (set at 100%).", "\n\nICW Verification of Host-Cell Protein Knockdown\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nTo confirm ERK1/2 host-cell protein knockdown by ICW, SVG-A cells transfected with EGFR and ERK1/2 siRNAs (as described) were fixed at 72 hpt with 4% PFA. ", "Cells were washed with 1X PBS three times and stained for total ERK and CellTag for ICW analysis with the LI-COR Odyssey CLx.", "\n\nIn-Cell Western Assay Staining and Protein Quantification\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nFollowing fixation, cells were incubated with 1X TBS-1% Triton X-100 to permeabilize for 15 min. ", "Cells were then incubated with TBS Odyssey Blocking Buffer (LI-COR) at RT for 1.5 h while rocking. ", "Cells were stained with primary antibodies as indicated: PAB597 (1:40), ab34756 (1:1000), ERK1/2 (1:500), or pERK1/2 (1:500) in TBS Odyssey Blocking Buffer (LI-COR) at 4°C overnight while rocking. ", "After primary incubation, cells were washed with 1X TBS-T and incubated with either an anti-mouse or anti-rabbit LI-COR 800 secondary antibody (1:10,000) and CellTag 700 (1:500) at RT for 1 h while rocking. ", "Secondary-alone wells were treated only with species-appropriate LI-COR 800 secondary antibody (1:10,000). ", "Cells were washed with 1X TBS-T three times and aspirated to remove all liquid prior to scanning. ", "Using a LI-COR Odyssey CLx Infrared Imaging system, plates were immediately scanned to detect 700 and 800 nm channel intensities. ", "Plates were read at a 42 μm resolution, at medium quality, with a 3.0 mm focus offset. ", "After scanning, 700 and 800 nm channels were aligned using the Image Studio software (version 5.2) equipped with the ICW module. ", "After scanning, the ICW analysis grid (Image Studio) was applied to the plate image to outline each well and images were then processed using Image J (NIH).", "\n\nWestern Blot Verification of Host-Cell Protein Knockdown\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nWestern blot analysis of ERK1/2 protein expression was also used to confirm siRNA protein knockdown. ", "SVG-A cells were transfected with either EGFR or ERK1/2 siRNAs as described above. ", "Cells were then washed with 1X PBS and manually scraped from sample wells. ", "Cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 376 ×*g* 4°C for 5 min. ", "Pellets were resuspended in 50 μl of Tris-HCl lysis buffer containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors and incubated on ice for 15 min. ", "Samples were centrifuged at 18,600 ×*g* at 4°C for 10 min. ", "Samples were combined with Laemmli sample buffer (Bio-Rad), boiled at 95°C for 5 min, and proteins were then resolved by SDS-PAGE using a 4--15% gel (Bio-Rad). ", "Proteins were transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane with a Transblot Turbo Transfer System (Bio-Rad). ", "Protein-containing membranes were then blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk/TBS-T (1X TBS/0.1% Tween 20) overnight at 4°C while rocking. ", "Membranes were washed with 1X TBS-T for 15 min, three times. ", "Membranes were then incubated with primary antibodies for total ERK (1:500) and GAPDH (1:2000) in 5% BSA/TBS-T overnight at 4°C while rocking. ", "After primary antibody incubation, membranes were washed in TBS-T at RT for 15 min three times each and then incubated with the secondary anti-rabbit 680 antibody (1:10,000) (LI-COR) and anti-mouse 800 antibody (1:10,000) (LI-COR) at RT for 1 h in 5% milk/TBS-T. Membranes were washed in TBS and then imaged using a LI-COR Odyssey CLx.", "\n\nJCPyV-Induced Activation of ERK\n-------------------------------\n\nSVG-A cells were plated to ∼70% confluency in 96-well plates. ", "Cells were either mock-infected (cMEM only) or infected with JCPyV (MOI = 0.5 FFU/cell) in cMEM at 37°C for 0, 15, 30, or 60 min. ", "At the indicated timepoints, cells were fixed in 4% PFA at RT for 10 min and washed three times in 1X PBS. ", "After fixation, both mock- and JCPyV-infected wells were probed for pERK and CellTag for ICW analysis with the LI-COR Odyssey CLx.", "\n\nImage J Analysis of ICW-Plate Images\n------------------------------------\n\nEach plate processed for ICW was scanned using the LI-COR Odyssey CLx imager, and a size-specific plate template was added to the image containing both 700- and 800-channel intensities to define well boundaries. ", "Each image was subsequently loaded into ImageJ for analysis, adapted from previous models ([@B40]; [@B26]). ", "In brief, RGB ICW image channels were split and a background subtraction was applied to the 8-bit, red and green channels, in accordance to well size, using the rolling ball radius algorithm. ", "To measure signal intensity within each well, a mask of each well was generated from the aforementioned size-specific template as regions of interest (ROIs). ", "The ROIs generated from the template image were then applied to both the 700 (red) and 800 (green) images, and the fluorescence intensities from each well (as characterized per pixel) were generated. ", "To account for background fluorescence intensity from uninfected or untreated wells (mock), the mock sample (as experimentally indicated) intensity values for both the 700 and 800 channels were subtracted from experimental wells to account for non-specific fluorescence. ", "Resultant values were plotted using the ggplot2 R package (version 3.5.1) ([@B47]) and reported as percent response.", "\n\nStatistical Analyses\n--------------------\n\nStudent's t-test was used to compare means from at least triplicate samples in Microsoft Excel to determine statistical significance. ", "P-values \\< 0.05 were considered statistically significant. ", "Each experiment was performed in triplicate containing a minimum of triplicate samples. ", "Pearson correlation coefficients, calculated using R, were used to correlate manual microscopy FFU (percent infection) data with corresponding ICW (percent response) data as indicated.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nCharacterization of JCPyV Infectivity by ICW\n--------------------------------------------\n\nTo determine whether the ICW can be used to accurately quantitate JCPyV infection, SVG-A cells were infected with varying JCPyV MOIs and analyzed for infectivity using manual FFU quantitation (percent infection) and ICW (percent response) analyses performed in parallel ([Figure 1A,B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The Cell Tag 700 (ICW) and DAPI stain (FFU) were used as total cell number normalization controls to quantify the percentage of infected cells. ", "Infectivity was characterized through measurement of newly synthesized VP1 at 72 hpi, which represents a single replication cycle. ", "Both the percent infection and percent response data demonstrate an increase in VP1 expression with increasing MOIs. ", "Interestingly, the percent infectivity and percent response data were positively correlative across the range of the varying MOIs tested, as demonstrated by a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.978 ([Figure 1C](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These data indicate that the ICW is a robust and accurate assay for scoring JCPyV infectivity.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nQuantification of JCPyV Infectivity by ICW Following Chemical Inhibition\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nA key protein necessary for productive JCPyV infection is the host-cell protein extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. ", "It has been previously shown that chemical inhibition of ERK significantly reduces JCPyV infection ([@B15]). ", "ERK functions as the terminal kinase of the MAPK cascade and is directly phosphorylated by MEK, which is activated by the kinase Raf ([@B42]). ", "It has been previously shown that inhibitors of MEK (U0126 and PD98059) can be applied to cultured cells to inhibit the activation of the downstream target ERK ([@B18]; [@B45]), thereby impacting JCPyV infection ([@B39]; [@B15]). ", "Moreover, as Raf is critical for the downstream activation of ERK, chemical inhibition of Raf (Bay43-9006) was also investigated to determine if viral infection was impacted.", "\n\nTo characterize viral infectivity in the presence of the aforementioned MAPK inhibitors, SVG-A cells were pretreated with DMSO (vehicle control), Bay43-9006, PD98059, or U0126 and subsequently infected with JCPyV ([Figure 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A cell viability assay (MTS) was used to confirm that chemical inhibitors were not toxic (data not shown) and total cell numbers are accounted for through CellTag (ICW) and DAPI staining (FFU). ", "Cells were fixed and stained for VP1 using both FFU and ICW assays performed in parallel. ", "SVG-A cells treated with the inhibitor Bay43-9006 demonstrated an ∼60% decrease in infection in the case of both the FFU and ICW analyses, in comparison to controls ([Figure 2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The MEK inhibitor PD98059 decreased JCPyV infectivity by ∼80% as measured by FFU and ICW ([Figure 2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "U0126 reduced JCPyV infectivity by ∼60% in both the FFU analysis and the ICW quantitation of JCPyV VP1 expression ([Figure 2C](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In addition, the retrograde trafficking inhibitor Retro2, which has been previously demonstrated to inhibit JCPyV infection ([@B31]), was tested as a JCPyV inhibitor via ICW. ", "Treatment of SVG-A cells with Retro2 significantly reduced JCPyV infection by ∼90% as measured by FFU and ∼80% by ICW ([Figure 2D](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), suggesting that an inhibitor of another component of the viral infectious cycle, viral trafficking, can be assessed by ICW. ", "These data demonstrate the versatility of the ICW analysis in the characterization of viral infection during chemical inhibition.", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nAssessment of JCPyV Infectivity Following Protein Silencing\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nTreatment of SVG-A cells with an ERK1/2-specific siRNA has been previously shown to significantly decrease JCPyV infection as measured by FFU quantitation ([@B15]). ", "To determine whether siRNA-induced protein knockdown can be detected by the ICW, SVG-A cells were transfected with either an irrelevant EGFR- or an ERK1/2-specific siRNA. ", "In parallel, siRNA transfected SVG-A cells under the same conditions were also processed by western blot to confirm that the ICW provides an accurate measure of protein expression. ", "ERK protein expression was reduced in samples transfected with the ERK1/2 siRNA in comparison to the EGFR control for both the ICW and western blot assays ([Figure 3A,B](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), suggesting that the ICW is a viable method for protein expression analysis during siRNA transfection.", "\n\n{#F3}\n\nTo determine if the ICW can be used to quantitate JCPyV infection during siRNA conditions, SVG-A cells were transfected with the aforementioned siRNAs and cells were subsequently infected with JCPyV. Quantification of VP1 by FFU and ICW showed significant decreases of ∼90% for both percent infection and percent response ([Figure 3C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), suggesting that the ICW can be utilized to quantitate JCPyV infection during siRNA transfection with the same degree of accuracy as traditional FFU assays.", "\n\nJCPyV Infection Impacts on Host-Cell Protein Expression\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrevious research has demonstrated that early events during JCPyV infection induce alterations to the MAPK pathway resulting in phosphorylation of ERK ([@B37]; [@B15]). ", "Within 15 min of viral challenge, pERK is highly upregulated in SVG-A cells ([@B37]; [@B15]). ", "Traditionally, quantitation of protein phosphorylation has been measured through western blotting techniques, which can be laborious and time consuming. ", "However, the ICW has been implemented as an effective tool for the quantitation of both protein expression and signal transduction ([@B22]; [@B2]; [@B41]; [@B11]), but has had limited use in conjunction with the study of viral infectivity ([@B11]). ", "We employed the ICW technique to determine if alterations to pERK levels during JCPyV infection could be quantified using the ICW methodology, SVG-A cells were either mock-infected or infected with JCPyV, and levels of pERK were assessed by ICW over a time course of infection. ", "At 15 min post viral challenge, activation of ERK peaked, followed by a steady decline through 1 hpi ([Figure 4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These findings are in line with previously published work demonstrating that levels of pERK are highly upregulated in JCPyV-infected samples in comparison to mock-infected SVG-A cells at early timepoints during infection ([@B37]; [@B15]). ", "These results demonstrate that the ICW can not only assess viral infectivity, but can also quantify host-cell protein response to viral infection.", "\n\n![", "JCPyV-induced ERK activation as measured by ICW. **(", "A)** SVG-A cells were mock infected (cMEM without virus) or infected with JCPyV (MOI = 0.5 FFU/cell) for the specified duration and were then fixed and subsequently stained using antibodies targeting pERK1/2 and CellTag (to normalize to the total number of cells). **(", "B)** The percentage of pERK at each timepoint was quantitated by ICW signal intensity values per \\[(pERK/Cell Tag) × 100%\\]. ", "Data from nine samples are represented by box and whisker plot depicting the median and first and third quartiles. ", "Dots represent individual points comprising box and whisker plots. ", "Whiskers represent values 1.5 times the distance between the first and third quartiles (inter-quartile range). ", "^∗^P \\< 0.05 comparing JCPyV- to mock-infected samples at specified time points. ", "Data are representative of three independent experiments.](fmicb-10-00783-g004){#F4}\n\nICW Analysis of Infectivity by Other Polyomaviruses\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nSV40 is the most phylogenetically related polyomavirus to JCPyV and has a very similar replication cycle ([@B36]). ", "Thus, it was hypothesized that ICW can be utilized to quantify and characterize SV40 infectivity as well. ", "To determine whether the ICW technique could be applied to SV40, SVG-A cells were infected with varying MOIs of SV40. ", "Cells were then incubated for 72 h and stained for SV40 VP1 expression and analyzed by FFU and ICW ([Figure 5A,B](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Resultant data from both FFU and ICW demonstrated an increase in VP1 expression that correlated with increasing MOI ([Figure 5C](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Moreover, infectivity quantified by FFU and ICW proved to be positively correlative as per a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.985, suggesting that the ICW is a viable and accurate measure of SV40 infectivity ([Figure 5C](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}. **(", "A)** ICW plates were stained with CellTag 700 (red) and a LI-COR-800 secondary antibody to target VP1 (green). **(", "B)** For each experimental assay, a minimum of triplicate samples were analyzed and the percent infection or percent response for each treatment was normalized to the DMSO control, which was set to 100%. ", "For each experimental assay, the percent infection or percent response of a given MOI was normalized to the highest MOI, which was set to 100%. ", "Error bars are representative of the standard deviation from the mean. **(", "C)** ICW and FFU data were compared across identical conditions by linear regression and an experimental correlation was determined using a Pearson correlation coefficient. ", "The gray shaded region represents the confidence interval (standard error of the linear regression). ", "Error bars represent the standard deviation from the mean. ", "Data are representative of three independent experiments.](fmicb-10-00783-g005){#F5}\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe study of viral infections in vitro has provided innumerable advances to the field of virology. ", "However, the lack of rapid and efficient screening tools has hindered research progress for some viruses, like JCPyV ([@B23]; [@B48]; [@B3]). ", "To overcome this challenge, the development of high-throughput analyses is needed to help aid in the production of large data sets and generation of multiple lines of inquiry. ", "Current methodologies for analyzing JCPyV infectivity predominantly rely on manual quantitation of infection by indirect immunodetection of viral proteins by epifluorescence microscopy. ", "While these methodologies have provided crucial information into the characterization of JCPyV infectivity, the low-throughput nature of microscopy-based techniques has prevented the employment of large-scale screens and also hindered productivity within the field. ", "Adapting the ICW procedure to effectively measure JCPyV infectivity has enabled faster analysis by improving efficiency by ∼9 person hours per 96-well plate in comparison to traditional FFU manual assessments. ", "Moreover, this semi-automated assay allows for enhanced user objectivity. ", "Utilization of ICW analysis to detect JCPyV infection and viral impacts on host-cell proteins provides a new technological platform for large-scale screens to measure the viral response to treatments such as inhibitors or siRNAs with enhanced efficiency and reduced use of resources.", "\n\nThe results described herein demonstrate that the ICW provides a rapid, robust, and accurate measure of infectivity and can also assess viral impacts on host-cell protein expression. ", "Previous work has shown that the ICW can be utilized for quantifying viral infectivity of multiple types of viruses, including influenza, herpes simplex virus, reovirus, and rotavirus ([@B46]; [@B24]; [@B19]). ", "To confirm that the ICW can be used to measure JCPyV infectivity with accuracy, SVG-A cells were subjected to JCPyV infection at varying MOIs for both FFU and ICW quantitation ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Both assays demonstrated increasing detection of VP1 with increasing MOIs, demonstrating a positive Pearson correlation coefficient ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The positive correlation between the traditional microscopic quantitation of JCPyV and the ICW approach indicates that the ICW is a reliable and accurate technique to characterize JCPyV infectivity. ", "However, a limitation of the ICW includes the quantifiable limit of viral protein expression, particularly when administering low viral MOIs for infectivity assessment. ", "For most JCPyV-associated experiments, using a MOI of 0.1 FFU/cell and greater produced more representative and reproducible results, suggesting that this may be the lower limit of detection for this assay when assessing JCPyV infectivity by VP1 expression. ", "Together these findings confirm that the ICW can be utilized to quantitate JCPyV infection in SVG-A cells ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and as such, JCPyV infectivity can be accurately quantitated using this novel methodology.", "\n\nDue to viral dependency on the host cell for infectivity, virus--host cell interactions are a key area of focus in virology research. ", "To explore whether viral inhibition can be measured by ICW during JCPyV infection, SVG-A cells were exposed to chemical inhibitors targeting endocytic pathways and the MAPK cascade. ", "Under all treatments, as measured by both FFU and ICW, JCPyV infectivity was significantly reduced in comparison to controls ([Figure 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) suggesting that ICW is a viable option for screening potential anti-viral compounds. ", "Moreover, JCPyV infectivity can be scored in response to siRNA knockdown of proteins known to significantly decrease infection ([@B15]), as VP1 expression was significantly decreased in cells lacking ERK1/2 as measured by both FFU and ICW ([Figure 3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Importantly, these findings demonstrate that the ICW is capable of detecting changes in JCPyV infectivity following siRNA inhibition supporting its use in conjunction with high-throughput drug and siRNA screening libraries.", "\n\nJC polyomavirus has been previously shown to upregulate the critical MAPK signaling molecule ERK early in the infectious process to facilitate viral infection ([@B37]; [@B15]). ", "Through the ICW, alterations to normal expression or activation of ERK and other proteins can be quantitated in this plate-based system faster and more reproducibly to alternative traditional western blotting methods ([@B7]; [@B8]). ", "While this technique has been previously used to detect phosphoproteins, it has had limited adaptations with virology-based studies. ", "We have adapted this sensitive and quantitative measure of protein phosphorylation to assess viral impact on host-protein expression. ", "Quantitation of pERK by ICW demonstrated that JCPyV-induced activation of ERK was robust at early timepoints during infection ([Figure 4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), in line with previously published results ([@B15]), suggesting that the ICW can accurately detect host-cell protein changes during viral infection. ", "The ICW provides an advantage over traditional western blot techniques as cells can be fixed under more controlled intervals and processed directly within the sample plate. ", "These findings highlight the capacity of this assay to analyze changes in host-cell protein response due to viral infection, suggesting it can be successfully applied to large-scale studies of viral-induced proteomic alterations.", "\n\nIn addition, the ICW can also be adapted to measure infectivity of other polyomaviruses like SV40 PyV ([@B36]). ", "SVG-A cells infected with SV40 quantified by both FFU and ICW demonstrated a corresponding increase in both percent infection and percent response with increasing MOIs, which proved to be positively correlated ([Figure 5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These findings indicate that SV40 infection may also be characterized by the ICW assay and suggest that this assay could be adapted for the detection of other polyomaviruses such as BK polyomavirus. ", "Thus, this assay can be further validated and developed for other viruses and cell types. ", "Together these results demonstrate the dynamic range of experimental designs that can be investigated using the ICW. ", "With a rapid and automated approach, a significant amount of experimental information can be generated under high-throughput conditions and analyzed quickly and efficiently with this novel technology.", "\n\nThe ICW assay was initially designed to study protein expression in lieu of the traditional western blot system ([@B8]). ", "This system captures information regarding proteins of interest in a context that is directly pertinent to the cell, in a matter of hours rather than days. ", "Since its implementation, it has been adapted to study viral protein production during the infectious process and characterize viral infection under different experimental conditions. ", "This high-throughput application provides the means by which researchers can generate large data sets that can help drive productive research forward in a quick, unbiased manner, which can now be applied to the study of JCPyV. The addition of this new technology for characterizing JCPyV provides an advance to the field as the current methods for detection are limited to microscopy-based FFU assays, as JCPyV can neither be measured via plaque assay, nor studied in small animal model systems ([@B49]; [@B9]). ", "Thus, the findings described herein demonstrate that the ICW provides a unique high-throughput platform for quantifying viral infectivity that can be utilized to increase the rate of discovery and drive the study of *Polyomaviridae* forward.", "\n\nAuthor Contributions\n====================\n\nJD and MM conceived the study. ", "JD designed the experiments. ", "JD and MC performed the experiments. ", "JD, MC, MW, and MM evaluated the data. ", "JD and MW performed data analysis and prepared figures. ", "JD and MM wrote the manuscript. ", "All authors contributed to manuscript editing and approved the final submitted manuscript.", "\n\nConflict of Interest Statement\n==============================\n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "\n\n**Funding.** ", "This research was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103423 (MM) and The University of Maine MEIF (MM). ", "This work was financially sponsored in part by the Frederick H. Radke Undergraduate Research Fellowship (MC) and the Maine Space Grant Consortium and Center for Undergraduate Research (MC) at the University of Maine.", "\n\nWe thank members of the Maginnis laboratory, Pranav Danthi (Indiana University), and Christian Nelson (SUNY Cortland) for experimental advice and scientific discussion. ", "We thank the Atwood laboratory for generously providing cell lines, antibodies, and continuous support.", "\n\n[^1]: Edited by: Francois Villinger, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, United States\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: Pasquale Ferrante, University of Milan, Italy; Jianwei Wang, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China\n\n[^3]: This article was submitted to Virology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "\n\n# FLARE | OPINIONS (LAW, HUMAN RIGHTS AND POLITICS)\n\n### First Edition, 2015\n\n### Ankur Mutreja\n\n(ankurmutreja.com)\n\nCopyright © 2015 Ankur Mutreja\n\n### Introduction\n\nOpinions are like flare, which can turn either way: they can spread like wild fire or encapsulate themselves within the bounds of personal integrity, and thus illuminate. ", "I started writing opinions in the late 2008 through my blogs. ", "I admit at times I did go wild with unsubstantiated accusations and surmises, leading to risky speculations and irresponsible opinions. ", "Recently, I published a comprehensive book of my writings entitled **\"** **Writings @ Ankur Mutreja\",** and the present book is a short selection of my opinions presented therein with emphasis on responsible writing.", "\n\nI am an advocate by profession; therefore, most of my opinions have a tint of law; in the first part, the expression is simple; so, it is for lay persons who won't mind a little exercise of mind in the legal arena; whereas, in the second part, I have gone whole hog with law, and I admit those without formal legal training may find it convenient to ignore.", "\n\nMy style of writing is terse and pointed, but at times I have gone overboard like in one particular opinion on **Aarushi** murder, where emotions and logic intermingled in an expanded narrative. ", "Rights, especially privacy and equality, are my area of focus; therefore most of my opinions herein; i.e., the ones discussing **Brain Research** , **NCTC** , **Sting Operations** , **LGBTs** , **Prostitution** , **SC/ST quotas** , and **AADHAR/NPR** ; are focused on these two areas.", "\n\nIn my selection, I have tried steering clear of politics, but politics is nevertheless all encompassing; however, one opinion on tussle between **Delhi Police** and **AAP** is majorily political; another political opinion, but with a strong emphasis on law, is the discussion of **Zakia Jaffrey** case.", "\n\nThere were few very big events in the recent past; one amongst them is the **Nirbhaya** murder, and I have also discussed it, though my take is slightly different: I think the murder has been manipulated by the vested interests.", "\n\nI am a resident of an unauthorized colony; therefore, my opinion on **Unauthorized Colonies** has found place in the present selection; though I admit had the case been different, I wouldn't have included it; so please bear with my little bias.", "\n\nThough I have no expertise in international affairs, I have taken a plunge into it albeit within the ambit of my legal training; the topics discussed are **Indo-Pak** relationship and **Julian Assange**.", "\n\nFinally, in the second part, I have discussed various judgments and laws. ", "I would recommend anybody to read at least my critique of **Aarushi Judgement**. ", "Other than that I have critiqued **Binayak Sen Judgement** and **Aruna Shaunbaug Judgement**. ", "In the second part, I have also critiqued **RTI Act** and **Amendments in IPC** **post Nirbhaya** murder.", "\n\nEnjoy Reading! ", "Ankur Mutreja.", "\n\nPlease note that this book was published in July 2015, but I have added a comment dt. ", "25.09.2015 in the \"Chapter: Aarushi Murder Case Judgment: A Critique\" – an advantage of Indie Authorship.", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature)\n\n# Chapter 1: Opinions (General)\n### Chapter 1.1: The Danger of Brain Research\n\n(March 2014)\n\nBrain research is a fledgling area. ", "The documented objectives of the research include understanding the complex working of the brain for medicinal, surgical and artificial intelligence purposes. ", "The undocumented objectives include mind control, especially for the purpose of \"intelligence and security\"; the surreptitious research in this area has already advanced quite a lot mainly because of the use of innovative engineering techniques involving wave physics and computer modeling. ", "According to the conspiracy theorists, it is now possible to read the thoughts of a person, with or without bugging the brain or any other part of the body. ", "In fact, the research carried out after bugging the brain is well documented, and the visual and vocal images originating from the brain of the guinea pigs have been transferred to LCD screens and speakers respectively – this means that what a person speaks to himself can be heard, and what he dreams in his mind in the form of images can be seen.", "\n\nNow let us see where the research is headed. ", "The documented research till now has been able to demarcate the areas of brain responsible for various activities like smell, language, visual images, etc. ", "They also know that the brain activities take place in the form of electrical impulses. ", "The brain emits waves of low frequency, which can be read by proper modulation, and that is how the vocal and visual images are read. ", "However, the complex processes of brain and/or nervous system, like consciousness, are yet unknown. ", "In fact, there are certain quantum physicists who believe that consciousness is not a neuron function at all, but a microtubules function, and is thus inherently unpredictable in accordance with the laws of quantum physics, and thus artificial intelligence is impossible. ", "Nevertheless, even if it is assumed that the current research is headed in the right direction, and, by researching the neural interconnections, one can unravel the mysteries of the brain, this task is next to impossible because the number of interconnections between the nerves in a human brain are more than the number of atoms in the universe — just imagine how daunting a task it is. ", "Then, why should the corporate and the governments throw so much money into this field?", "\n\nThe answer lies in the undocumented mind control research. ", "They all know they are never going to achieve anything in the field of artificial intelligence, and the benefits in the field of surgery may also not arrive in the concrete form ever. ", "However, the benefits in the field of mind control are enormous. ", "If the conspiracy theorists are to be believed, there are tools and techniques through which any human brain can be read using wave technology; so, what is required is the strategic location (say in a police station) of the right machines, tools and implements in the residential neighborhoods in densely populated cities; now combine this with the organized harassment through the politicians and the police agents: well, one can potentially control each single mind. ", "The USA has, in the past, carried out extensive research on this aspect and also executed the same under the codename \"Cointelpro\", wherein the black rights activists were targeted by the State through organized stalking and electronic harassment. ", "The USA has officially shelved this program, but, if the conspiracy theorists are to be believed, the program has been institutionalized across the globe for targeting prospective rebels and rebellion. ", "However, the more distressing is the prospect of direct penetration of minds using the Nanobots; the Nanobots are microscopic robots invisible to human eyes and, when diffused in the air, can be inhaled. ", "Logical extrapolation makes me believe that the objective of the future brain research will be to unravel as many mysteries of the brain as would be necessary to effectively employ Nanobots for controlling the human mind through computer commands: This would be an alternative way of achieving artificial intelligence by converting humans themselves into robots.", "\n\nI don't know whether the above objective is achievable, but look at the prospects of human right violations even if such a research is carried out, and we never know what other methods of mind control may be under contemplation or discovered. **", "Last but not the least, what about the unwilling guinea pigs, who are left no more than zombies?**", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 1.2: Legalising Prostitution\n\n(November 2014)\n\nAs per the Immoral Trafficking (Prevention) Act, 1956, of India, prostitution means _\"the sexual exploitation or abuse of persons for commercial purposes or for consideration in money or in any other kind, and the expression 'prostitute' shall be construed accordingly.\"_ ", "However, it is to be noted that the Act doesn't criminalize prostitution _per se_ ; it only criminalizes certain instances of prostitution; it criminalizes prostitution in brothels; i.e., any place where two or more prostitutes practice their trade or a single prostitute practices her trade for the gain of another person, not for her own gain; it criminalizes living on the earnings of a prostitute with a rebutable presumption that any adult habitually in the company of a prostitute is living on her earnings; it criminalizes prostitution in vicinity of a public place; it criminalizes soliciting clients in a public place; and it obviously criminalizes all kinds of trafficking, explicit or implicit, for the purpose of prostitution; however, the most controversial provision is the one providing for removal of prostitutes from any place, whatsoever, by a DM/SDM/Executive Magistrate within his local jurisdiction in **General Public Interest** — it is to be noted that police officers are often given the powers of executive magistrates.", "\n\nFrom the above, it clearly emerges that prostitutes, irrespective of their mode of practice, are considered as out-castes. ", "They are not allowed to associate with the community at large as of right, and, even in the cases of individual interactions, there is hardly any chance for them to interact with the people other than those from their own profession, for anybody seen habitually with a prostitute runs the risk of being called her parasite and thus a criminal; they also can't form partnerships or solicit clients freely, thus restricting their practice of their profession.", "\n\nIt seems there are already talks to amend the Act. ", "In 2006 as well, a bill was introduced but it lapsed (Re: http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-immoral-traffic-prevention-amendment-bill-2006-143/). ", "The bill deleted the provisions putting restrictions on soliciting clients and providing for removal of prostitutes.", "\n\nI think Section 20 of the Act providing for removal of prostitutes is extremely derogatory. ", "A prostitute without being termed a criminal is, nevertheless, being treated like one. ", "She is being left at the mercy of the community to be accepted as a regular resident/citizen, which, more often than not, is denied; and, thus, the prostitutes tend to congregate and live their limited existence in ghettos like G. B. Road, _Sonagachi_ , _Kamathipura_ , etc.; ", "and then the community conveniently designate these areas as \"red-light\" areas — or, should we say the law regularized the derogatory practice of the society? ", "So, the amendment deleting this provision was certainly welcome.", "\n\nHowever, the other amendment deleting Section 8 of the Act providing for restrictions on soliciting clients in a public place was not welcome. ", "The solicitation of clients for the purpose of prostitution would obviously not be decent because the society doesn't consider sex _per se_ to be a decent activity, which, in a way, is also correct — if ever, only nuns and popes would enter into disciplined decent acts; the rest would do sex passionately and wildly. ", "So, the solicitation of clients for paid sex would naturally tend to be indecent: Who will ever go to a prostitute wearing black robe with wide collars? ", "I would say the solicitation of clients by prostitutes is a tricky issue; some kind of official list of prostitutes with contact details for further private communication displayed at public places, is the best way to advertise prostitution.", "\n\nHowever, I think the pro-prostitution proponents want greater freedom for prostitutes in the practice of their profession: They would like them to form partnerships, appoint pimps and managers, and even open licensed brothels. ", "There are certainly some very ulterior motives involved in all this. ", "There are people who don't only want to earn huge Dollar/Rupee profits from prostitution but also want to use women as currency, which can be laundered and re-minted almost perpetually; and they are trying to shoot from behind the shoulders of prostitutes. ", "Their motives are clear from the kinds of debates they hold in media: They keep terming prostitution as illegal — but which it is not as per law — and, in disguise of giving dignity to the prostitutes, they want to run industries where women would be labor, capital and goods, all at the same time, but, nevertheless, under the control of the capitalists; they want to make rape an industry. ", "The present BJP Government was expected to help them in their motives, but this soon! ", "That was not expected. ", "I would say this debate has thrown up a very serious challenge before the real women rights activists against the fakesters. ", "They will have to guard against any attempt, however indirect and remote, of the present government to legalize any kind of trafficking and/or industrialization of women. ", "The _status quo_ with respect to provisions restricting formation of prostitute partnerships or even restricting their free individual associations will have to be maintained for the better good of protecting women against their own commodification — in another of my writings, I have said that a prostitute has every right to get married like normal girls but only after leaving the profession, and, here, I reiterate it.", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 1.3: SC/ST Quota in Promotions\n\n(September 2012)\n\nA new debate has emerged on the Indian _newscape_ : Should there be quota in promotions? ", "Incidental to the debate is the legal question: Will the constitutional amendment introduced in the Parliament pass the test of judicial scrutiny? ", "I don't intend to discuss the second question except to express a _prima-facie_ view that there wouldn't be any challenge to the Basic Structure of the Constitution by introducing promotions in jobs for the SCs/STs; the logic is simple: the courts wouldn't look into the discretion of the Legislature to designate the SCs/STs as backwards, and, other than this, there won't be any challenge to the Basic Structure in reference to the **M. Nagaraj case** (Re: M _._ ", "Nagaraj v. Union of India (2006 (8) SCC 212); download from http://indiankanoon.org/doc/102852/).", "\n\nHowever, the real question, i.e. the first question, is clearly a political question. ", "I have heard two sets of alleged material facts, which I believe to be true: First that there are no or negligible SCs/STs in the secretary level posts in the ICS, and, second that the SCs/STs generally join the services very late with a time gap of around 5-6 years to the general candidates. ", "The ramification of the two facts is that the SCs/STs never reach the highest administrative grades.", "\n\nI think there are no further relevant issues in the present debate. ", "The SCs/STs have a genuine grievance that they are not represented in the higher echelons of the decision making, and, therefore, in spite of all the reservation benefits they get, they don't get to influence the decision making at the policy level — though it's another question whether an administrative officer should even be trying to influence the policy making given they are not supposed to make policy decisions as that's the work of the ministers; however, we all know how the Indian system works, and what competitiveness the ministers bring to the table.", "\n\nAt the same time, there is also an issue of reverse discrimination. ", "The SC, in its wisdom, held in the **M. Nagaraj** **case** that \"Catch-Up\" and \"Consequential Seniority\" don't form part of the Basic Structure. ", "However, that doesn't mean that the Legislature will completely ignore it. ", "There ought to be some guidelines for promotions and \"Consequential Seniority\"; these just can't be caste based promotions and \"Consequential Seniority\", as is intended to be done. ", "With respect to the challenge of equality, the logic of the SC judgment was that the two contradictory issues of affirmative action and reverse discrimination would get settled while ensuring controlling factors of backwardness and inadequate representation, which were held to be contextual to be determined on case-to-case basis in the light of the available **data** ; the word \"data\" is very important because now the \"data\" is being replaced by the \"common opinion\" of the Legislature, which, as already stated, won't be scrutinized by the courts within our existing constitutional scheme.", "\n\nI think, in the current monsoon session, the Legislature doesn't represent the \"general will\" of the citizens of India with respect to \"quota in promotions\" because the parliamentarians are not debating but fighting; people in India are sane enough not to entrust the expression of their \"general will\" to such hooligans; the Parliament is in _\"Paglapur\"_ state these days.", "\n\nThe best thing for the parliamentarians will be to take a break, go for a picnic, and, may be, flirt with each other — better than flirting with the trust of the people.", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 1.4: Minority Report - an Indian Adaptation\n\n(March 2012)\n\nWhen I watched the movie \"Minority Report\", I was scared to death on the prospect of robot-police entering the bedrooms of people for taking their IRIS scans to catch an alleged criminal not because I am a criminal but because I don't trust the State, especially the Police. ", "But, it was just a movie, and its chances of turning into reality were remote in India...but, not really! ", "The scary movie has already turned real in India, and there is no Hero in this movie, albeit there are plenty of villains.", "\n\nThe name of the villain/s will vary from person-to-person depending upon their discernment of facts. ", "Nevertheless, I suggest the following names:\n\n1) Mr. Manmohan Singh, the Prime Minister.", "\n\n2) Mr. P Chidambaram, the Home Minister.", "\n\n3) Mr. Pranab Mukherjee, the Finance Minister.", "\n\n4) Mr. Nandan Nilekani, the UIDAI chief and ex-CEO, Infosys.", "\n\n5) Mr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia, the Planning Commission's Deputy Chairman.", "\n\n6) Mr. L. K. Advani, the Home Minister of the NDA Government in the year 2003-04.", "\n\n7) Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the Prime Minister of the NDA Government in the year 2003-04.", "\n\nI will just state the facts and leave it for the readers to choose their villain/s.\n\nMinority Report – the FACTS\n\nThe movie started in 2004 when the politicians of this country, at the time of the NDA Government, amended (Re: http://www.legalindia.in/the-citizenship-amendment-act-2003) the Indian Citizenship Act by inserting Sec 14A, which made it mandatory for every citizen of India to register for National Register of Indian Citizen (NRIC) by providing his or her personal information. ", "Sec 17 of the Act was also amended increasing the punishment for providing wrong information from six months to five years. ", "No clues were provided in the Act as to what all will be collected for the registration. ", "At the same time, the Registrar General, India, who is under Home Ministry, was also made the National Registration Authority. ", "Subsequently, a division was created under him for collecting data of the usual residents of India to be entered in the National Population Register (NPR), which data is to be used eventually for preparing the NRIC. ", "As per the Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003 (Re: http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/citizenship_rules2003.pdf), the following information will form part of the NRIC:\n\n(i) Name\n\n(ii) Father's name\n\n(iii) Mother's name\n\n(iv) Sex\n\n(v) Date of birth\n\n(vi) Place of birth\n\n(vii) Residential address (present and permanent)\n\n(viii) Marital status – if ever married, name of the spouse\n\n(ix) Visible identification mark\n\n(x) Date of registration of Citizen\n\n(xi) Serial number of registration\n\n(xii) National Identity Number\n\nIn the year 2011, a door-to-door enumeration was carried out, in which 15 personal details were collected. ", "At the same time, Mr. Nandan Nilekani started collection of biometric information of the usual residents including IRIS scans for the purpose of issuing AADHAR cards. ", "As per the National Identification Authority of India Bill (Re: http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-national-identification-authority-of-india-bill-2010-1196/), the collection of information is not mandatory, and a resident may opt out of AADHAR registration; but, as per Mr. Nilekani in one of his interviews, the service providers like banks may make the mentioning of AADHAR numbers necessary for availing their services; the bill is still pending, and the collection of information till now is on the basis of a Cabinet nod. ", "How exactly? ", "I don't know.", "\n\nThe Home Ministry, led by Mr. Chidambaram, raised concern about the information to be collected by Mr. Nilekani and recommended collection of biometric information under the NPR only. ", "From time-to-time, I have been visiting the FAQ section of the NPR website (Re: http://ditnpr.nic.in/FAQs.aspx) and also other relevant portals, and, as per my knowledge, the biometric information was not to form part of the NPR earlier. ", "Also, the same is not necessary as the information forming part of the NRIC (mentioned above) doesn't include the biometric information. ", "However, my recent visit to the NPR website leaves me bewildered as the **biometric information now forms part of the NPR to be collected compulsorily by the Home Ministry**.", "\n\nAs per the news reports (Re: http://ibnlive.in.com/news/uid-nilekani-pc-reach-compromise-deal/224773-3.html), a compromise has been reached between the Home Ministry and Mr. Nilekani, as per which _\"[t]he NPR will continue to capture biometric data, but if a person says he/she has taken an Aadhar number, no biometric data will then be collected by the NPR.\"_ ", "However, the collection of biometric data would remain compulsory; those who don't get covered by the UIDAI shall be covered by the Home Ministry; and, it seems, it shall be ensured that the failure to provide biometric data would carry a punishment of five years u/s. 17 of the Citizenship Act, 1955.", "\n\nNow the readers may make their own conclusions; however, I will offer the following hint: The villain is not always the one who appears to be so; in a conspiracy, it is always very difficult to identify the master-mind, and guesses have to be made.", "\n\nIndia has now become the worst country of the world: The residents herein have to compulsorily divulge their biometric data to even live here. ", "People need to learn running because, eventually, they will have to run away from this country.", "\n\n### Chapter 1.5: Intelligence v. Investigation; In Reference NCTC\n\n(February 2012)\n\nThere is a fine distinction between an intelligence agency and an investigative agency. ", "Inclusion of the CBI in the list of exceptions under the RTI Act is a clear non-understanding of this fine distinction — or, should I say, it was deliberate — and the reason for this is the lack of respect for the privacy of people. ", "In **R. M. Malkani case** (Re: R. M. Malkani vs State of Maharashtra, 1973 AIR 157, 1973 SCR (2) 417; download the judgment from http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1179783/), the privacy of an accused was infringed to record the conversation between him and the complainant, of course, without the knowledge of the accused; a contention was raised that the evidence was inadmissible for having being collected illegally by infringing the privacy of the accused; however, the Supreme Court overruled the contention. ", "Here is where the problem lies: the collection of information by an investigative agency in the course investigation shouldn't be anything other than the public information or the private information collected by a procedure established by law. ", "If not, it becomes intelligence, which by its very nature is intrusive — assuming that the intelligence agencies never collect information by a procedure established by law, and it's no point debating it. ", "If the investigative agencies are allowed to invade the privacy of people without following a procedure established by law, it would be anarchy, not law; and the investigative agencies will cease to be the institutions of a Democracy. ", "However, the police forces in this country have Crime Investigation Departments (CID), which do nothing else but intrude into the privacy of people; so much so that they want to make everything public by installing cameras at each and every place, by collecting IRIS data of each and every Indian, etc. ", "And, of course, there are also the National Investigative Agency (NIA), the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), etc., ", "which also intrude into the privacy of people with impunity.", "\n\nNow comes the National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC), a nodal agency to co-ordinate the activities of all the investigative and intelligence agencies of the country with the perspective of controlling terrorism. ", "An intelligence agency can't control the investigative agencies, but, definitely, it can collect legitimate information from them. ", "I don't know what exactly this new agency is going to do, but if it is going to control the investigative functions of the police, then the concerns of the states are well-founded not only because it infringes upon the rights of the states but also because it will turn all police forces into intelligence bureaus, which is dangerous; but if such is not the case, the concerns of the states are obviously misconceived.", "\n\nHowever, I have a fundamental problem with the growth of intelligence agencies because they are beyond law, non-answerable to anybody, working under no compulsions whatsoever. ", "In India, they are created by administrative orders, but, even if assuming they were responsible to the Parliament, it doesn't change things much: Up there, they are all the same, and, since there are no privacy laws in India, they can very much do whatever they want. ", "A citizen can go to the Supreme Court u/a. 32 r/w a. 21 of the Indian Constitution r/w a 21 for the protection of his Right to Privacy, but only if he has knowledge of its infringement: The activities of the intelligence agencies are completely secretive, and no one knows what they do and why they do it. ", "In other words, the presence of intelligence agencies in a country is inversely proportional to the happiness of the people residing therein.", "\n\nI don't know what is the level of terrorism threat that India is facing, but the creation of any new intelligence agency directed towards blurring the distinction between intelligence and investigation is completely undesirable; however, if the creation is directed towards making the distinction obvious by taking the intelligence functions away from the police...well, I think, it can be allowed, but only if the threat of terrorism is real and extreme.", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 1.6: Privacy and Sting Operations\n\n(March 2010)\n\nPrivacy is derived from the word \"private\", which is an antonym of the word \"public.\" ", "There has always been a conflict between the society and the individual, so much so that some thoughts in sociology even consider privacy a disease. ", "Though, obviously, such thoughts are corrupt because privacy is an essential ingredient of the personal liberty of an individual, and **No Privacy Means Slavery**.", "\n\nThe definition of privacy is easy and clear: All power with respect to the private information of an individual should remain with the individual subject to the norms of the society. ", "Some of these norms are indeed set up by the powerful individuals, who use society as a medium to further their self interests. ", "However, other norms are set up genuinely by the society, and one such norm is to not to allow complete privacy to individuals. ", "No individual can exist in a society unless at least he discloses his identity to the society; so, some of his personal details like name, sex, age, etc., ", "can never remain private. ", "However, if an individual is a public figure or is involved in some public duty or is active in a public space/forum, he needs to disclose a lot more (a person active on a public street can hardly claim privacy from disclosure of his identity and acts; however, at the same time, nobody can disclose the identity of a _pardanasheen_ though can disclose the acts), and if an individual fails to disclose appropriate information, the society find out ways to gather the same.", "\n\nIt may often happen that the same means are used by the society to gather both appropriate and inappropriate information: \"sting operation\" is one such means. ", "So, the word \"appropriate\" becomes very important. ", "There are some interest groups that consider the knowledge of private sex lives of individuals as appropriate public information, especially if the individual concerned is a public figure or is involved in some public duty. ", "For example, some people in the Aligarh Muslim University consider the private sex life of their teacher as appropriate public information; yet some others elsewhere consider the sexual adventures of the movie stars, the religious gurus and the politicians as appropriate public information. ", "It is hardly a debatable question whether society approves of it; at least the law doesn't, which means even the society doesn't: Under section 294 IPC, an obscene act in a public place is an offense, which obviously includes sexual intercourse in a public place. ", "BTW, as per law, a public place means any place frequented by public, irrespective of whether the place is a private property or a public property; and \"public\" means any class of public or community: Even a single person can form a class, for example \"the President of India\". ", "So, how can the law allow public display of the private sex life of an individual? ", "Rather, the strictest punishment possible should be awarded under section 294 IPC to those who indulge in such public exhibition of sex lives of individuals. ", "However, I know there is hardly any punishment that can be awarded under section 294 IPC; so, what we need is a strict comprehensive privacy law, in which the infringement of privacy is considered an offence, and the strictest punishments possible are provided for.", "\n\nHowever, at the same time, some \"sting operations\" have also served useful purpose. ", "The public disclosure of the illegal acts of the public servants in contradiction to their well laid out public duties is definitely beneficial to the society. ", "A politician or a bureaucrat caught accepting bribe doesn't call for any privacy. ", "Moreover, the recording of these acts and making them public thereof doesn't infringe anybody's privacy. ", "As per the law laid down by the Supreme Court in **Rajagopal v. State of Tamilnadu** (R. Rajagopal vs State of T.N., 1995 AIR 264, 1994 SCC (6) 632; download the judgment from http://indiankanoon.org/doc/501107/), a public servant has no right to privacy for the acts done in discharge of his public duties. ", "So, if I record and make public my conversation with a public servant in which he demands bribe for discharging his public duty, I don't infringe his privacy as I only intended to record his public acts in the discharge of his public duties.", "\n\nThus, there is no dilemma between \"sting operations\" and privacy. ", "Both can co-exist except that those carrying out these \"sting operations\" will have to stop calling them that when they don't infringe anybody's privacy; and, when they do, they should anyways be banned. ", "In other words, the word \"sting\" should be banned.", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 1.7: LGBTs: Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, and Transgenders\n\n(July 2009)\n\nAre LGBTs actually a different sexual group, who are fighting for their rights to be treated equal to others? ", "The only group which I have seen isolated and deprived is that of eunuchs, who earn their livelihood by dancing in social events and, lately, also by extortion and prostitution; they probably fit into the category of transgenders. ", "Lesbians-Gays-Bisexual is not a different group, but, of course, unless they want to establish themselves as such; but, if they do, what is their identity? ", "They say they follow different rules of love, and that's their identity; but, I wonder, can there be any different rules of love. ", "I think the only thing which differentiates them from the others is their indulgence in \"unnatural sex\", which, most of the times, is without much love. ", "Yes, the Delhi High Court is correct in saying that they have the Right to Privacy, and it's nobody's business to know what happens within the confines of their bedrooms; but, unfortunately, it is not often limited to bedrooms: Gays and lesbians often proudly display their different identity (should we call it inferiority complex). ", "This group _per se_ differentiate themselves just on the basis of their sexuality, and, unless they publicize their sexuality, they are in the danger of losing their identity. ", "This is the important question which the decision makers need to look into; i.e., whether the recognition and promotion of a group which indulges in \"unnatural sex\" beneficial?", "\n\nI think it is not beneficial. ", "Even when we take the cases of transgender/eunuchs, there have been stories of forced conversion of normal people into eunuchs; they exist in close mafia like groups and often indulge in gang fights; they follow a very restrictive community culture in which all are subordinate to their respective mentors/gurus, and they follow the command of their gurus without questions. ", "All in all, they live a very unnatural life, restrictive to any kind of creative growth of mind. ", "Similar are the cases of gays. ", "Though they don't have such restrictive lifestyles, but they do have distorted ones: Most of the full time gays indulge in prostitution; many of them spend most of their time searching for suitable sex partners; only a few like established fashion designers, corporate honchos, etc., ", "do any thing worthwhile other than sex. ", "Actually, the idea of equality of a group, whose only differentiating factor is its sexuality, while safeguarding the sexual privacy of the group members, is self-contradictory. ", "A group which itself makes its sexuality public can't demand privacy for its sexual acts: If someone says he is a gay, then the obvious inference would be that he indulges in non-vaginal sex, and this information can't remain private; this information can remain private only if no group of gays exists, and the consenting individuals can continue to have whatever sex they want but within the confines of their bedrooms; of course, no policemen would ever get to know anything — I wonder if there is any healthy straight couple which doesn't indulge in non-vaginal sex (including oral sex) once in a while. ", "So, unto this point, Sec 377 is definitely against Article 21 and has been rightly held void, but the recognition of LGBTs as a different sexual group and upholding of their Right to Equality especially under Article 15, which reads, _\"the state shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them\"_ , is just not understandable. ", "Can there be a different sexual group (biologically) because of a different sexuality (practically)? ", "I think it is not possible. ", "Existence of such sexuality is an exception, which can't lead to the changes in the Laws of the Nature, which only recognizes men and women. ", "The LGBTs do have a right to equal treatment under Article 14, but not under Article 15, because doing so creates an unwanted category of people, who remain always in minority at odds with the majority and never get the Right to Equality in practice, irrespective of the judgments and the law.", "\n\nPost Supreme Court Judgment Addendum\n\nAgreed they indulge in \"unnatural sex\", but so do straight couples (non-vaginal sex). ", "Can the State intrude into the private sexual lives of the people? ", "Or, in other words, if someone goes and makes a complaint to the police that a couple indulges in \"unnatural sex\" and submits a furtively created sex-video in support, will the police put the couple under surveillance u/s 149 CrPC, so as to peep into their private sexual lives? ", "If not, how can s. 377 IPC be sustained without modifications? ", "There is a clear infringement of privacy in the cases u/s. 377 IPC; the SC has failed to appreciate it, which seems to be an error apparent on the face of the record.", "\n\nAfter the fast perusal of the SC Judgment (Re: Suresh Kumar Kaushal v. Naz Foundation, SLP (civil) no. ", "10972 of 2013 in the Supreme Court of India; download the judgment from http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=41070) on LGBTs, I am made to believe that the SC has impliedly held that the people don't have any Right to Sexual Privacy u/a 21 of the Indian Constitution, and any criminal procedure u/s 149 CrPC infringing the same is not undignified and therefore not arbitrary and therefore not violation of a. 14. ", "Now, this is highly regressive: Instead of expanding the scope of the Right to Privacy, the SC has chosen to limit it further while referring to the past judgments wherein the sexual privacy had not been discussed in the same context as raised in the appeal before the SC. ", "It is a complete blank out to even think that the people have no recognized Right to Sexual Privacy in India. ", "How can the SC even come up with something like this? ", "In a single stroke, the SC has made all the porn videos created by the State legal — yes they do it. ", "This is a highly regressive judgment. ", "Incredible! ", "The Parliament not only needs to quash the provisions like s. 377, s. 497 IPC, etc., ", "but also needs to immediately pass a comprehensive law on privacy; else, some robe-clad eggheads will keep making stupid sermons from behind the safety of the bench.", "\n\nThe LGBT judgment has created a serious crisis of human rights. ", "Sexual privacy is part of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution — one wouldn't even blink an eyelid before thinking so. ", "But, not anymore, now people in India have no sexual privacy: The State can legally peep into the bedrooms of the people u/s 149 CrPC because s. 377 IPC is a cognizable offence. ", "WTF! ", "Why the many liberals didn't intervene and left it only to the LGBTs to fight the court battles? ", "LGBTs wanted the recognition of their group identity, which they didn't get, but they ended up taking away the sexual privacy of all the people in India. ", "Now, the Parliament has to pass a comprehensive privacy law before all these parliamentarians face a serious threat to their persons and property from the people at large. ", "There just can't be any premature ending of the winter session. ", "F-off with financial business; first pass the privacy law and also a constitutional amendment making right to privacy a fundamental right as has been done in the case of Right to Education.", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 1.8: AAP versus Delhi Police\n\n(January 2014)\n\nLet's first discuss the legal issues. ", "The current turmoil has arisen because of the inaction of the Delhi Police on the night of 16th January, 2014, when Somnath Bharti, the Law Minister, urged/agitated with the Delhi Police personnel to carry out a raid in a building allegedly occupied by prostitutes and drug peddlers. ", "The Delhi Police justified inaction for the want of a search warrant. ", "Well, as appearing in various media reports, the offences were made out under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, the Immoral Trafficking (Prevention) Act, the IPC and the MCOCA as extended to the NCT of Delhi. ", "The police could have searched the premises not only u/s 42 of the Narcotic Drugs Act and u/s 15 of the Immoral Traffic Act but also u/s 47 CrPC; so, the excuse of the Delhi Police is completely bogus; this is an open and shut case. ", "By now, the SHO concerned should have not only been suspended but also dismissed. ", "However, I am damn impressed with the daring attitude of the AAP: They have directly challenged the Delhi Police, which is one of the most corrupt and arrogant police force. ", "If the AAP really have it in their agenda to reform the Delhi Police, well, they need to get ready for a seriously risky, long and tiring war. ", "But, of course, something needs to be done.", "\n\nHowever, I see a bigger conspiracy here. ", "The international mafias have vested interests in drug trade, and prostitution comes in as a natural accessory. ", "These international mafias are not restricted to any single country, but operate across the borders. ", "In some Asian countries like Thailand, these mafias are penetrating or have already penetrated deep enough and are thus posing serious threat to the social fabric of the countries. ", "India is at threat too: Goa has already become the sex and drugs capital of India, and the mafias are fast moving into the mega cities like Delhi, and then they will move into the rural areas as they did in Thailand. ", "I don't know how deep the threat has grown in India, but, certainly, the AAP has taken a security risk, which is commendable.", "\n\nNow let us see what could be the reasons for inaction of the Delhi Police. ", "It is beyond doubt that these kinds of organized crimes happen with the connivance of the police — if they want, they can invoke MCOCA on cricketers, then why not on organized drug trafficking and prostitution! ", "Giving the benefit of doubt to the Delhi Police, they might not have been prepared; and, as they operate, the local police don't get involved in macro issues like organized crimes. ", "But, why is the Delhi Police not taking any organized action against the organized crimes in Delhi? ", "What's stopping them? ", "Why can't they hold press conferences to satisfy people, clearly laying out their future action plans and elaborating the actions already undertaken? ", "There are too many unanswered questions, which makes me believe that there are some vested interests in the Delhi Police who want to let this keep going.", "\n\nI think these vested interests are the monetary benefits that the top cops might be getting from the corporate, who generally try to maintain a fine balance between the state forces and the private forces like the mafia, so that they can shift from one to another as per the need. ", "Most of the early corporate America was built on the shoulders of the private Mafia, and now, of course, the corporate in America are worse than the mafia. ", "However, that's only a speculation; the reasons could be different. ", "But, I wonder why the corporate media is not supporting the AAP now when they supported the completely rubbish Anna Agitation earlier. ", "Whatever the reasons, there just can't be any reason for allowing the Drug and Prostitution Mafia to take control over the urban landscape of India: **AAP is doing it right.**", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 1.9: In Reference Medical Student's Rape; the Indian Youth Are Disoriented\n\n(December 2012)\n\nI feel scared living in this country because anything is amenable to manipulation here. ", "I have worked in the corporate sector as an investment banker (though it's history now), in the legal sector as an advocate, and in the society at large as a writer — all in the urban areas. ", "The urban society can easily be classified into the power-elites, the elites, the skilled workers, and the unskilled/less-skilled workers/urban poor — Ram Singh, who is the main accused in the Delhi medical student rape case, can be said to be belonging to the unskilled/less-skilled workers/urban poor category. ", "In Delhi and Bombay, the politicians fully and completely control the urban poor — they can't even sneeze without the permission of the local politicians/goons. ", "The elites, i.e. the _nouveau riche_ entrepreneurs, the successful independent professionals, the high ranking corporate/government sector employees; i.e. the managers, etc., ", "are under a strong influence of the pseudo-liberal capitalist ideology, which is an amalgamation of the conservative and the Liberterarian ideologies. ", "The skilled workers, i.e. the clerical staff in the government/corporate sector, the dependent/struggling professionals, the small entrepreneurs, etc., ", "are a disoriented class strongly under the influence of the conservative ideologies (the saffron ideology, the religious fundamentalism, the regionalism, etc.). ", "The power-elite class is obviously enjoying the _status quo_.", "\n\nThe _status quo_ is beneficial to the power-elite in many ways, but, in the present context, the discussion on the status of women is relevant. ", "Except for the power-elite, I have experienced all the above-mentioned classes closely; however, I exist in such an inexplicable situation, where I have clearly understood the agenda of the power-elite. ", "The women across the board enjoy an inferior status. ", "Amongst the power-elite, but for few exceptions, she has been restricted, more or less, to the status of a house wife/queen. ", "Amongst the elite, she enjoys a more powerful status but only if she has been lucky enough to rise high just on the strength of her **talent & talent alone**; however, the majority in this category end up working both as full-time housewives/GFs of the elite male counterpart and as independent part-time skilled workers; so, they enjoy the overall status of an elite but the independent status of only a skilled worker; a few also enjoy the independent status of the elite sex-workers serving the power-elite. ", "However, the status of the woman amongst the workers and the urban poor is most deplorable: The woman in these categories is considered as a natural subordinate of the male counterpart, deserving of the physical violence at the hands of the male counterpart as a norm; however, ironically, they are also expected to be the bread-earners; many women in these categories also double up as sex workers serving the elites, the power-elites, and even the workers, mostly out of desperation, but, at times, also voluntarily.", "\n\nThe above statuses of the woman are not natural but the result of a well-orchestrated strategy of the power-elite, who are mainly men. ", "There are various modes through which these statuses are reinforced, both directly as well as subtly, as in the \"Pink _Chaddi_ \" campaign, the \"Legalization\" of Prostitution campaign, the \"Cleavage Power\" campaign, the alimonies, the beauty pageants, etc., ", "which are nothing but reinforcements of the statuses of the woman as sexual objects, which women at large fail to understand. ", "The death penalty for the rapists is yet another such mode, which is obviously being promoted at the behest of the power-elite. ", "The sole purpose of such a move is to enlarge the ridge between the man and the woman. ", "The power-elite want to completely bar the movement of women into power positions, which they can do best by limiting their growth to those positions where their sexual identities become the most important qualification, which is achieved best by protecting even the most trivial attacks on their sexual identities accompanied by very harsh punishments in the cases of transgressions; however, while allowing the power-elite and the elite to rape them with impunity by relegating their positions to that of the sex-workers of the power-elite and the elite.", "\n\nThis time the power-elite have made fools of the aspiring elite, i.e. the educated youth, who are agitating randomly at various places in Delhi. ", "I visited India Gate today; the groups agitating there were completely disoriented: one group was shouting for chemical castration of rapists — eunuchs have now started preferring chemical castration to physical castration to enjoy their preferred status of no-male eunuchs and are eagerly waiting for the launch of pills which can provide them permanent chemical castration; those who want to provide for chemical castration of rapists fail to understand that their choice of punishment also relegates the status of eunuchs to that of rapists and _vice versa_ — another was shouting for death penalty for rapists, yet another for justice in general; to my surprise, there was none seeking gender sensitization, the lack of which is the root cause of crime against women. ", "I had much rather seen posters like, \"The way to our hearts also lie through our stomachs, so, guys, learn cooking!\" ", "Now the government also seems to be budging: They are thinking of providing death penalty in the \"rarest of rare\" rape cases. ", "The \"rarest of rare\" is a loose concept, which has not yet been defined well enough to enter the law codes; how can any government even think of any such adventure!", "\n\nThe present rape case of the Delhi medical student, which has led to such a wide scale agitation, is not just a rape case; it is a case of aggravated physical violence against a woman; so, the commonsense approach to this problem is to differentiate physical violence against woman from that against man, and the exercise should then lead to a deliberation towards providing a harsh punishment for physical violence against woman.", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 1.10: Aarushi Talwar's Parents: Choices before Them\n\n(June 2012)\n\n**Assumption:** Aarushi's parents are not guilty, and the CBI's suspicion in the closure report is unwarranted.", "\n\nI am making the above assumption because balance of convenience lies in favor of this assumption; that is, a wrong report of the CBI does more harm to Aarushi's parents than a correct report does good to the society.", "\n\nHowever, having made the above assumption, I am scared about the security needs of the people in this country. ", "The only reason for the formation of government over anarchy is to secure the lower level security needs of the people, so that they may focus more on their higher level needs, especially when they are well-educated and have created enough resources in terms of money and knowledge. ", "The CBI's reason for closing down investigation is their not being able to attribute any motive to the Talwars. ", "Of course, the CBI is correct: sans motive, circumstantial evidence do not have much value as motive is itself an important circumstance. ", "But, the murderer, whoever he is, definitely had some motive to kill Aarushi; what could have been the motive?", "\n\nWas the motive to teach lesson to the Talwars? ", "That is, to make them recognize that they were incapable of protecting their minor child? ", "Not only that but also to make them realize that they are also completely incapable of protecting their reputation? ", "Was it because the Talwars at some point of time resisted the attacks on the person of Aarushi in terms of subjecting her to ridicule, exploitation and contempt? ", "Answer to my last question only the Talwars would know, and I respect their silence.", "\n\nHowever, Aarushi's case, more than highlighting the failure of investigating machinery in India, highlights the insecurity under which the educated class of India is living. ", "If it were anarchy, the educated class would have faced more challenges in terms of satisfying even their very basic needs, thus it would have never felt secured without gaining control over a variety of resources, not just knowledge and money, to gain power enough to protect the person, property and reputation of themselves and their dependents. ", "The State has a responsibility to ensure that those who have been allocated duties under law do perform their duties because that's its promise to the educated class, who chose the State over anarchy and utilized their skills and knowledge for higher pursuits. ", "However, as the things are emerging from Aarushi's case, it seems the State not only failed in performance of its promise but also helped those who killed Aarushi, both before and after the murder of Aarushi. ", "This makes me believe that it is actually the State that killed Aarushi, either directly or, at least, in partnership with those non-state actors who killed Aarushi. ", "This is a really serious issue because it seems, in India, the satisfaction of security needs of the people is more difficult than it is in anarchy, and the people don't even know about it.", "\n\nBut, what are the choices before those who realize the truth all of a sudden, but, in the process, end up losing their loved ones and/or their self-esteem? ", "Or, in other words, what are the choices before the parents of Aarushi? ", "Before the public disclosure of CBI's closure report, Aarushi's parents still seemed hopeful and desired to bring in changes in the system. ", "But, what now when their own credibility is at stake? ", "Will the system allow them the liberty to change it? ", "I don't think so. ", "Well, I think the choices before Aarushi's parent are two: the first choice is to maintain trust in the system and fight out the attack on their own reputation and that on the person and reputation of Aarushi by knocking the doors of law and society; however, this time after breaking their silence; the second choice is to continue maintaining their silence, stop giving these media interviews if there are no further attacks on their person, and start again and wait for the right opportunity. ", "The selection of the first choice depends upon their own objective assessment of their legal position, esp. ", "after breaking their silence, and upon their faith in the Judiciary and in the instruments of the society esp. ", "the Media. ", "Unfortunately, changing the system is just not a choice before them; they will have to live with it.", "\n\nAddendum\n\nUtsav Sharma's physical assault/attack on Rajesh Talwar needs to be seen in the following context: \n– Why Utsav Sharma was not under surveillance after the attack on Rathore?", "\n\n– Now, Utsav Sharma's father coolly says that he will have to keep him in confinement.", "\n\nWhat was he doing till now? ", "Wasn't Utsav supposed to be in his custody? ", "If not, why not? ", "Who was looking after him?", "\n\n– How come he has been able to inflict such grievous injuries this time when he couldn't do so the last time with Rathore? ", "Where did he source his weapon from?", "\n\n– Why the police is saying that Utsav Sharma seems to be normal?", "\n\n– Has Utsav Sharma read any portion of the closure report to form any opinion about Talwars? ", "Or, in other words, what was the motivation for attack?", "\n\n– Is Utsav Sharma's attack part of a larger conspiracy? ", "Are there some people wanting to put Rathore and Talwar on the same scale while using Utsav Sharma as a tool? ", "Given all conspiracies are hatched in Gujarat these days, does Utsav Sharma's undergoing treatment in Ahmedabad has something to do with it?", "\n\nThis attack is abhorrent; somebody really needs to get to the root of it.", "\n\n2nd Addendum\n\nI have reached a conclusion, and I am sure the conclusion reached by me as an individual, as part of the general public, can not influence the courts conducting the trials, so there is no contempt of court by me; nevertheless, my apologies to the courts; I can't wait for years to make my conclusions. ", "The conclusion reached by me is that the above assumption of mine is correct. ", "The reason for the same are as under: \n– Leaks to the media by the investigators. ", "They ordinarily do it only when it helps in investigation. ", "The disclosure of the investigators in this case, however, was not to help the investigation. ", "Especially, the disclosures by the UP police point to only one thing: the motive was to malign Talwars by giving stories to the Media, which the Media played and overplayed irresponsibly, or, should I say, with utmost responsibility to their patrons who wanted it done.", "\n\n– Utsav Sharma's attack on Rajesh Talwar. ", "It is the most unexplained element, and it points to a conspiracy to malign Talwars.", "\n\n– The attack of the conservatives on the Talwars. ", "This seems to me to be an ideological attack of the conservatives on the liberals. ", "The past shows that the conservatives make personal attacks avoiding logical debates in order to hide the truth; the attacks are often made on the private sexual lives of people. ", "Such attacks have been made in the present case as well.", "\n\n– Convincing prima-facie rebuttal of all the circumstantial evidence by the Talwars and their lawyers in the media debates, especially the counter-allegations made against the CBI including the unexplained u-turn in the investigation. ", " \n-The lack of motive for the Talwars to kill their daughter; in absence of which, the circumstantial evidence carry not much value. ", "And also, the investigators have not been able to account for the swapping of the vaginal swabs.", "\n\nI think this trial is better conducted in media because the people have been condemned in media. ", "For me, the trial is over, and the Talwars have come out clear of the accusations made against them. ", "Now, the investigators have to use all technology available to account for the murders.", "\n\nI have a conspiracy theory. ", "All this started at a time when lots of \"Honour Killings\" were taking place in the conservative sections of society, and the conservatives were taking the brunt. ", "Thus, they planned it all to show that even the liberals do the same things when faced with family honor, and, in the process, ended up taking innocent lives. ", "The Talwars really need to speak up if there is something of this sort. ", "These conservative animals can't be allowed to take people's lives like this. ", "They need to be sent behind cages.", "\n\n3rd Addendum\n\nI hear Mr. K.T. S. Tulsi, a senior advocate, saying that under Sec. ", "106 of the Indian Evidence Act, the onus lies on the Talwars to prove the facts especially within their knowledge. ", "Also, the media is reporting that the onus has now been shifted on the Talwars to prove their innocence. ", "Not having read the order/judgment of the CBI court, I don't know what exactly the court has asked the Talwars to explain. ", "Nonetheless, going by the CBI closure report, I don't think there is much explanation required from the Talwars: Most of the things have already been explained in the report (copies of the report are available on various websites, I also recommend Tehalka's article on this case). ", "Also, there is strong circumstantial evidence of the presence of intruders. ", "The CBI's conclusion on this aspect is completely wrong, and, if so considered, the Talwars will be left with nothing to explain. ", "I don't know whether the CBI court has considered the protest petition filed by the Talwars. ", "If not, this would be a gross error of judgment, which, but for the legal immunity provided to the judicial officers, would have made me think otherwise.", "\n\n4th Addendum\n\nNow, I have read the order of the CBI Court. ", "The CBI court reached the opinion that there were four options before the court:\n\n1. ", "To take cognizance against the prima facie accused as emerging from case diary and investigation (Sec 190(1)(b) CrPC).", "\n\n2. ", "To order further investigation (Sec 173(8) and 156(3) CrPC).", "\n\n3. ", "To consider protest petition as a complaint (Sec 200 CrPC).", "\n\n4. ", "To accept the closure report (Sec 190(1)(b) CrPC).", "\n\nThe Court reached the opinion on the basis of a referred case law **2001 AIR 2721**. ", "In the said judgment of the Supreme Court, the reference has been made to another Supreme Court Judgment, i.e. **1985(2) SCC 537,** wherein the under-quoted has been mentioned:\n\nIn Bhagwant Singh vs. Commissioner of Police and anr., ", "1985(2) SCC 537$1 a three-Judge Bench of this Court has said, though in a slightly different context, that three options are open to the court on receipt of a report under Section 173(2) of the Code, when such report states that no offence has been committed by the persons accused in the complaint. ", "They are:\n\n(1) The court may accept and drop the proceedings; or\n\n(2) The court may disagree with the report and take cognizance of the offence and issue process if it takes the view that there is sufficient ground for proceeding further; or\n\n(3) The court may direct further investigation to be made by the police.", "\n\nThe Court has taken cognizance against Rajesh Talwar on the basis of the closure report, which is the first option. ", "Other than that, the Court has also taken cognizance against Nupur Talwar; this seems to have been done under Sec 190(1)(c) CrPC as she was not mentioned as a suspect in the closure report; though the Court, in its order, has stated that the cognizance has been taken under Sec 190(1)(b) CrPC, but then it would be an erroneous interpretation of the above quoted SC judgment. ", "The power of the Court to accept the closure report is deemed to be available under Sec 190(1)(b) CrPC as the magistrates don't have any inherent powers, which means **the Court could have also considered the protest petition under Sec 190(1)(c) CrPC** to not to take cognizance against the Talwars. ", "Let us see whether the Court has done that.", "\n\nThe contents of the protest petition have been described in the order, so I will assume that the protest petition has been taken on record; however, while passing the order, the reasoning has been limited to the discussion of the circumstantial evidence available against the Talwars, not the protest petition filed by them. ", "The Court, in its order, was not only taking cognizance against the Talwars but also dealing with the question whether, on the basis of the information available before it (including the protest petition), the Talwars had discharged their onus (if any) under Sec 106, the Indian Evidence Act, and whether the CBI was required to carry out any further investigation. ", "From the reading of the order, it doesn't look like that the Court has considered all the information before it; i.e., the protest petition has not been considered. ", "It is so because the reasoning forwarded by the Court has been comprehensively rebutted in the protest petition. ", "The Court has laid lots of stress on the witness of Shauhrat with respect to the **attempt** to the destruction of evidence, not the destruction of evidence, by the Talwars. **", "A simple reading of the order shows that Shauhrat was earlier paid Rs. ", "25,000 for polishing, not painting, the \"wooden partition\" in the form of a brick wall.** ", "The Court has taken cognizance for the offense of destruction of evidence, not for attempt to destruction of evidence, thus the evidence of Shauhrat is irrelevant; the only relevant evidence is the sound test done by the earlier CBI team, which has been mentioned in the protest petition, but it has not been considered by the Court. ", "Moreover, the onus to disprove the destruction of evidence (if any) can't be placed on the Talwars in view of the serious doubts raised in the protest petition with respect to the non-involvement of intruder/s, which aspect has not been considered by the Court. ", "Another strong circumstance has been highlighted by the court with respect to the inability of the Talwars to account for the keys of Aarushi's room. ", "This is only a circumstance: in a secure environment of a home, one can allow oneself to be careless; one doesn't have to act with military finicky. ", "The testimony of Talwars, cross-checked in the scientific tests at four occasions, is enough to account for the unfavorable circumstance. ", "The Talwars' testimony has been mentioned in the protest petition, and, I think, the report of the scientific tests was also made available to the court, which the court, it seems, has not considered. ", "In the protest petition, the Talwars have also very strongly rebutted the _alibi_ of the servants, which again the Court has not considered. ", "Another circumstance going against the Talwars is the locking of the terrace door for the first time on the night of the murder combined with the murderer, instead of escaping through the adjacent linked terraces, coming back downstairs after leaving the dead body on the terrace, thus pointing to the involvement of the insiders. ", "This circumstance only points towards the presence of person/s acquainted with the place, not towards the involvement of the house-dwellers. ", "Other points, raised by the Judge, have also been rebutted in the protest petition. ", "Moreover, many of the points raised by the Judge are based on the consideration of the CBI closure report. ", "In the protest petition, there is substantial information which raises strong doubts about the authenticity of the report filed by the CBI, which aspect, it seems, has not been considered by the court.", "\n\nIn the above circumstances, I think, the Court has failed to consider the protest petition filed by the Talwars, and this is a gross error. ", "The Talwars should immediately rush to the High Court and file a petition under Section 397 and 482 CrPC seeking relief for modification of the CBI court's order by quashing the cognizance taken against them and for further investigation by the CBI. ", "They don't deserve to go through the trial.", "\n\n**5** th **Addendum**\n\nThe order of the SC passed in the review petition filed by Nupur Talwar reasons that the evidence of the defense can't be considered at the stage of issuance of process as the accused has no role in the proceedings prior to the issuance of process. ", "Well, **the reasoning forwarded by the SC is an error apparent on the face of the record**. ", "Rajesh Talwar and Nupur Talwar were not appearing as accused before the Trial Court, but as protestors: The duo had not been named as accused in the closure report filed by the CBI; in fact, Nupur Talwar was not even named as a suspect. ", "Now the question: whether the protest petition can be considered for arriving at a decision with respect to the issuance of process. ", "Of course, the answer is yes, else there is no use of the protest petition. ", "In the present case, there was no case of the prosecution against the Talwars. ", "The case has been made out _suo moto_ by the Trial Court on the basis of the relevant material placed before it. ", "The protest petition ordinarily would be considered as a private complaint, and the cognizance, if any, against the accused would be taken under Sec 190(1)(a) CrPC. ", "But, here in the present case, the cognizance has been taken against Nupur Talwar, who was not even a suspect in the closure report, which can be done only under Sec190(1)(c) CrPC. ", "The CBI had raised arguments before the Trial Court that even though they have filed a closure report, the cognizance can, nevertheless, be taken u/s 190(1)(c) CrPC. ", "The Trial Court however took cognizance both against Nupur Talwar and Rajesh Talwar u/s 190(1)(b) CrPC relying upon **1985(2) SCC 537** (quoted above). ", "The reliance is completely erroneous with respect to Nupur Talwar because she was not a suspect in the closure report filed by the CBI, so the cognizance against Nupur Talwar is deemed to have been taken u/s 190(1)(c) CrPC (else the Judge faces 7 year imprisonment for passing a grossly erroneous order at law). ", "Now, if the cognizance has been taken u/s 190(1)(c) CrPC, why shouldn't the material produced by Talwars in their protest petition be also considered u/s 190(1)(c) CrPC? ", "Why should any preferable treatment be given to the material produced by the CBI?", "\n\nAfter reading Justice Khehar's order, I am made to believe that the case has not been handled well enough by the lawyers of the Talwars: First, they didn't seek a prayer for further investigation; secondly, they didn't make out a strong technical ground for review; thirdly, they didn't make out a strong ground in the SLP even. ", "The cognizance against Nupur Talwar is completely erroneous in law; they ought to have pointed it out.", "\n\nCurative petition is an exceptional remedy granted under only two circumstances: denial of natural justice for not being heard and denial of natural justice because of bias. ", "The bias ground is completely ruled out here. ", "Denial of natural justice for not being heard certainly happened before the trial court, but, before the HC and SC, well, I am not sure. ", "However, I feel the interest of justice demands that denial of NJ even because of the error of the counsels should be a good ground in a curative petition. ", "The remedy has been created as a last resort for getting justice, and the interest of justice demands that at least the cognizance against Nupur Talwar be quashed. ", "And, of course, as already stated, there is also an error apparent in the SC order dt. ", "07.06.2012 passed in the review petition.", "\n\nSo, I would recommend filing of a curative petition irrespective of the negative opinions expressed by the SC in its order dt. ", "07.06.2012 because the said opinions are based on an error apparent. ", "Also, now Dr Rajesh Talwar should file a revision petition against the order dt. ", "09.06.2012 seeking further investigation with an application for condonation of delay.", "\n\nYou are not defeated till the time you accept defeat.", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 1.11: In Re: Supreme Court Order Dated 12.09.2011; Zakia Jaffrey Has a Reason to Be Unhappy\n\n(September 2011)\n\nZakia Jaffrey is the only person who, without knowing anything about law, is expressing the true sentiments with respect to the SC order dt. ", "12.09.11 in **Zakia Nasim Ahesan v. State of Gujarat** (Re: Jakia Nasim Ahesan v. State of Gujarat & Anr, Criminal Appeal No 1765 of 2011 in the Supreme court of India; download the judgment from http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/sr108808.pdf).", "\n\nIn this case, the SIT investigated the matter on the directions of the Supreme Court. ", "The SC also appointed Amicus Curiae and directed him to file his report after an independent assessment of the statements of the witnesses who deposed before the SIT. ", "The witnesses also included Sanjeev Bhatt. ", "As per the media reports, the SIT rejected the statement of Sanjeev Bhatt and, in its report, gave a clean chit to Modi. ", "Sanjeev Bhatt has filed an independent affidavit in the Supreme Court also. ", "Vide order dt. ", "05.05.11, the Supreme Court didn't take the affidavit of Sanjeev Bhatt on record and postponed the decision on the same after the report has been filed by the Amicus Curiae. ", "I don't know the independent assessment of the Amicus Curiae with respect to the statement of Sanjeev Bhatt, but, whatever may be the assessment, the SIT is not bound to include the report filed by the Amicus Curiae as part of its report to be filed before the Trial Court. ", "In the words of the Supreme Court: _\"Before submission of its report, it will be open to the SIT to obtain from the Amicus Curiae copies of his reports submitted to this Court._ \" ", "And, of course, the Supreme Court has not taken the affidavit filed by Sanjeev Bhatt on record in its order dt. ", "12.09.11 either.", "\n\nThe most important conclusion emerging from the order dt. ", "12.09.11 of the Supreme Court is that the Supreme Court has not doubted the SIT and has given it the final responsibility to file the investigation report before the Trial Court, and that is probably because the independent assessment by the Amicus Curiae is in sync with the assessment of the SIT including the assessment of Sanjeev Bhatt's statement **(The Amicus Curiae was the most important person in this whole case)**.", "\n\nHowever, the Supreme Court has directed the Trial Court to give an opportunity to the complainant to file its protest in case the SIT files a \"closure report\". ", "But, that would be of any value only if the Amicus Curiae has reached a different assessment with respect to the statement of Sanjeev Bhatt (which I guess is not the case). ", "So, it is a clear cut pro-Modi verdict.", "\n\nZakia Jaffrey, if the decision of the Supreme Court doesn't satisfy you, there is no contempt of court in cursing the decision, so don't change your position. ", "That's the only thing that can bring you closure now unless Sanjeev Bhatt goes out of the way to help you, which I doubt strongly.", "\n\nAddendum\n\nIn the **Vineet Narain Judgement** (Re: Vineet Narain vs Union Of India, 1996 SCC (2) 199, JT 1996 (1) 708; download the judgment from http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1754201/) dt. ", "30.01.1996, the Supreme Court observed:\n\nHowever, if in respect of any such person the final report after full investigation is that no prima facie case is made out to proceed further, so that the case must be closed against him, that report must be promptly submitted to this Court for its satisfaction that the concerned authorities have not failed to perform their legal obligations and have reasonably come to such conclusion.", "\n\nI am also unhappy because the Supreme Court has not finally decided the issue of \"closure report\" itself but left it for the Trial Court to decide it. ", "Also, I have not understood the need for keeping the SIT report confidential. ", " \nBTW, not deciding the issue of \"closure report\" can also be a ground for review ( _Stare Decisis_ ).", "\n\n2nd Addendum\n\nTill now I have commented on the basis of media speculations, but now it has become clear that the SIT did file a closure report in the Supreme Court. ", "What Supreme Court has done in this case is nothing less than a monumental blunder: It has overlooked its own precedence of the **Vineet Narain Judgment** dt. ", "30.01.1996 and failed to exercise its jurisdiction to reach a _\"satisfaction that the concerned authorities [i.e. the SIT] have not failed to perform their legal obligations and have reasonably come to such conclusion [i.e. the conclusion to close the case]\"_ and has left it to the trial court to reach a conclusion.", "\n\nIt is now clear that the Amicus Curiae reached a conclusion different from that of the SIT. ", "I am surprised how the Supreme Court could pass such an order. ", "It is a manifestly erroneous order. ", "The Amicus Curiae was appointed by the Supreme Court to draw conclusions with respect to the evidence collected by the SIT. ", "By leaving it to the SIT to file a closure report before the Trial Court with a liberty to draw conclusion distinct from that of the Amicus Curiae, the Supreme Court has basically made the whole exercise of appointing the Amicus Curiae infructuous and subjugated the independent position of the Amicus Curiae to the discretion of the SIT. ", "This is not only erroneous but also an insult of the Bar. ", "I am lost for words. ", "Why has Mr. Raju Ramachandran been keeping silent? ", " \nOf course, the opinions reached by the Amicus Curiae have been overruled by the SIT in its closure report filed before the Trial Court, and those being opinions, not evidence, are not to be considered by the Trial Court. ", "It is a different matter that the Trial Court may also reach the same opinions as those reached by the Amicus Curiae, but, if not, it would be an additional insult to the Amicus Curiae because his report has also been submitted by the SIT before the Trial Court, which again is a very foolish thing to do because the report has no relevance before the Trial Court; at the same time, the Trial Court can't allow itself to be influenced by the opinions reached by the Amicus Curiae. ", "So, now if the Trial Court reaches a conclusion different from the one reached by the Amicus Curiae, it will be an extreme insult to the position of the Amicus Curiae. ", " \nI think the Supreme Court has erred very badly in the order passed by it, and now the only way out is to _suo moto_ review its order and reach a decision with respect to the closure report filed by the SIT by juxtaposing the conclusions of the SIT against the conclusions of the Amicus Curiae. ", "If not, it is an insult of the Bar.", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 1.12: Unauthorised Colonies Are a Boon for the Citizens of Delhi\n\n(December 2010)\n\nCall it irony or whatever else; the unauthorized colonies have been a boon for the citizens of Delhi. ", "These colonies have allowed the real needy people to construct houses and thus checked black marketing of land. ", "Many people put up an argument that the DDA's control over the developed land has led to high land prices by creating artificial scarcity. ", "But, actually the reverse is true. ", "I need to speak a little about the land laws and the land market in Delhi to substantiate my point.", "\n\nIn Delhi, the major development of residential land is controlled by the DDA. ", "In other words, all residential land in Delhi has to be owned by the DDA unless it decides to make the status of lands/flats/houses freehold and convey the same to the lessees. ", "There are also some low income lands/flats/houses developed by the DDA and handed over to the MCD for management purposes, which lands/flats/houses are owned by the government and licensed out to the residents. ", "I don't have much knowledge of the cantonment area land. ", "Also, there is some land owned by the government directly. ", "Obviously, the DDA has badly failed in providing well developed land in Delhi leading to two ramifications: first, the price of land in the DDA developed land has sky rocketed, and, secondly, large number of unauthorized colonies have sprung up. ", "Now, let us see how the unauthorized colonies come up. ", "Unauthorized colonies are unauthorized not because the ownership is unauthorized but because the construction of residential units on an agricultural land owned bonafide is unauthorized. ", "In other words, if there were a mechanism for identification and transfer of small pieces (as small as 50 square yards) of agricultural land (which obviously can't be put to any kind of agricultural use, but only to residential use), the ownership of individual residents on these plots would have also been complete though the constructions would have still remained unauthorized, but only like any other unauthorized fourth floor in the so called authorized DDA colonies. ", "But **fortunately** that has not happened in Delhi; let us see what has happened.", "\n\nIn Delhi, the agricultural land owners made some haphazard site plans with maximum possible utilization for residential use and minimal dedication to public use and, accordingly, sold the so-demarcated small plots to bonafide purchasers, but the registrar failed to register these transfers, for being unable to identify the transferred land. ", "So, a person buying a plot of land this way has no recourse in a court of law because he is unable to identify his land legally. ", "The courts don't recognize the haphazard site plans prepared by the agricultural land owners and also want registered transfer documents in all cases of transfer of property; however, the courts do recognize bonafide possession. ", "So, in other words, these small plots can be utilized only by those who actually live there, which means the black marketing of land is minimal as the initial development of land has to be done by the bonafide residents themselves; and the retention of unutilized land for speculative purposes carries very high risk, not only legally but also practically as no speculator likes employing resources for keeping a constant vigil on his visually identifiable but legally unidentifiable plot of land. **", "This, in fact, has been a boon for the citizens of Delhi.** ", "This way, the resourceful citizens of Delhi have been able to find affordable land and make their houses over it. ", "The vote bank politics has also ensured the provision of basic amenities in good time. ", "Of course, these basic amenities only include _paani, bijli and sadak_ ; not parks, shopping centers, community hall, etc. ", "Though I agree that, with the provisions of basic amenities, the land prices in these unauthorized colonies have also sky-rocketed, and all kinds of builders, politicians and land mafia have benefited, but the initial development benefited the bonafide residents. ", "Burari is a recent example of such a phenomenon, where the migrants have benefited the most.", "\n\nWell, I think the Home Minister is definitely misinformed: The unauthorized colonies in Delhi are a boon for the bonafide residents, not criminals. ", "BTW, the ninety-five percent of Delhi live in slums and these unauthorized colonies with a large proportion of migrant population in it, so, obviously, no less than ninety-five percent of crimes should also originate from these colonies. ", "The Home Minister need not have retracted his statement; it is indeed a statement of fact — though no genius, except an evil genius, would make it at the first place.", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 1.13: Breakup with Pakistan Is Stupid\n\n(August 2014)\n\nI think the first international relations blunder has been made by the Modi Government. ", "India and Pakistan are neighbors fighting over a piece of land for ages now. ", "India went to the Judge with the dispute, who acknowledged the dispute, but then India realized its mistake and, ever since then, has been trying to withdraw the dispute without adjudication; but, of course, this Judge is different from the Indian Courts: he won't let this case be withdrawn now. ", "So, what did India do! ", "It started out of court talks with Pakistan and also reached a kind of agreement (Shimla Agreement), but the agreement had no legal validity in absence of the assurance of its enforcement; thus the agreement was breached at will, but the talks continued. ", "Now, India has decided not to talk with Pakistan if it continues talking with the Hurriyat Conference and the other separatist groups, who seem to be representing a large population in Kashmir. ", "The reason for this stance also seems to be the paradoxical approach of India of avoiding calling Kashmir a dispute but seeking its resolution through talks at the same time. ", "India thinks if they will involve the separatist groups in the trilateral talks, Kashmir would automatically get acknowledged as an international dispute, and whatever hide and seek game it has been playing on this issue will come to an end. ", "Well, the apprehensions are correct, but the approach adopted by India is, to say the least, stupid: by putting an inconsequential condition for talks, India has automatically brought this issue on the international map. ", "Pakistan is now free to approach the UN once again and revive the \"dispute\" recorded in the file, and India will no more be able to take a position that the dispute can and should be resolved through bilateral talks without involvement of the international arbitrators/mediators. ", "This is a monumental blunder, which can lead to serious problems in the future. ", "Still the worst, India has walked out in such a frivolous manner that it almost looks kiddish. ", "Furthermore, this approach of India has also closed all doors for talks on other issues like terrorism, rivers, exports, sports, media and culture.", "\n\nThe problem between India and Pakistan is that the militaries of the two countries have made a mountain out of a mole and have not allowed the Kashmir dispute to be settled in an amicable manner. ", "Everybody knows the only solutions to the Kashmir problem is to either declare LOC, LAC (including Mc Mohan Line) as international borders or to create a self-governing international zone of Kashmir Valley, militarily supported by Pakistan, India and China. ", "But for the ulterior motives of the militaries, the solution is so easy and simple that the dispute should not have taken more than a few hours to get resolved.", "\n\nThe problem is that the military forces across the globe are facing existential crisis. ", "They are no more needed in the globalized world except to protect the global business interests; but, of course, this can't be recognized as a rationale for keeping such large military forces; so, they have invented this imaginary threat of global terrorism and will propagate it until they invent some thing new like the threats from the extraterrestrial bodies. ", "India has either already jumped or is contemplating jumping into this band-wagon, and, in the process, it wants to establish and condemn Pakistan as a global terrorist. ", "There can't be any other comprehensible reason for the approach India has adopted towards Pakistan, but I am amazed at the audacity of the Modi Government: they are trying to condemn a long standing ally of the US as a global terrorist! ", "This can be done only if India becomes the strategic partner of the US in the east subduing Pakistan first as a junior partner and then gradually condemning it as a global terrorist. ", "I think the invitation to Sharif at Modi's swearing-in ceremony was also to the same effect; i.e., to subdue the role of Pakistan as a junior partner in the fight against terrorism; Pakistan also seems to have accepted this role for a while, but soon the Pakistani military took over, which is definitely better informed, and then the recent infiltrations in Kashmir were self-evident. ", "However, now in order to maintain/project its recently attained status of a senior partner, India seems to have taken this extreme and desperate step without realizing its true global status. ", "I don't think it is possible for India in its present global status to dislodge Pakistan altogether from the international map; Pakistan will have to do something really very silly to be condemned as a global terrorist.", "\n\nThis is what happens when a single political party gets overwhelming majority: they start reflecting their local status into the global arena without any local criticism — all Indian media channels are promoting even this stupid a move by India.", "\n\nBut, for a change, the Congress seems to have played its cards cleverly this time.", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 1.14: Mission \"Kill Assange\"\n\n(November 2011)\n\nIn one of the TV debates I saw a flashing note, \"Canada PM (ex) _Aide_ : Kill Assange\". ", "I am sure he is not the only one who wants to kill Assange. ", "But, unfortunately, this time their task is a bit difficult. ", "Let me help them.", "\n\nAssange is a comprehensive, new-age rebel. ", "The lines have been drawn, and the distinction is clear. ", "This time there are no armies, no weapons, no suicide bombers, but just \"RAW DATA\" facing the might of the most powerful states. ", "Assange is good to nobody and has cared less to hide the derogatory information against the most powerful leaders of the world; that's why his data is \"RAW DATA\". ", "I wonder is there anybody really supporting him! ", "And, for that, he can't be killed so easily: If killed just like that, he will end up becoming the most daring individual ever and, of course, an inspiration for the rebels, world over. ", "I feel pity for the Canadian PM ex-Aide; he just doesn't understand politics. ", "Let's see how Assange can be killed:\n\nStep 1: Project the information leaked by Assange as non-sensational, unproductive and irrelevant, and Assange himself as a money and publicity greedy wreck, so that the interest of people die down in Assange — well, this step has already been taken.", "\n\nStep 2: Catch Assange, put him in Jail, and torture him to death — BTW, as per the UK authorities, Assange is hiding in the UK, but they can't catch him because warrant has not been filed properly by Sweden.", "\n\nStep 3: Display the fabricated moments of remorse, desperation, helplessness of Assange, so as to make him look like a very weak person pleading for his life — and, the weak spineless people of this world would feel happy about their existence.", "\n\nStep 4: Declare Assange mentally unstable, suicidal, depressed, schizophrenic, and whatever else; of course, create/fabricate evidence and show it to the world — people will pity an idiot, who rebelled without a cause, and ended up becoming a lunatic.", "\n\nStep 5: Now, kill Assange and call it suicide — WOW...so easy to kill a rebel; give some prudence to this Canadian PM ex-Aide!", "\n\nAddendum\n\nI read the judgment of the UK Court on the extradition of Assange. ", "I must say his lawyers have done a great work, but, I think, they shouldn't have withdrawn the allegations of abuse of process/collateral purpose because abuse by the Swedish authorities is apparent on the face of the record. ", "Nonetheless, the UK Court's judgment is inconsistent: In the same judgment, a rupture of condom and the consequent ejaculation inside the vagina has been admitted to be rape in the UK (though not in Sweden), but, while actually dealing with the rape charges, the UK Court looked from a \"cosmopolitan eye\", which was neither the UK eye nor the Swedish eye. ", "If I am not wrong, the presence of coercion is necessary for the charge of rape in Sweden; so, actually, the charge made out in the EAW was not that of rape as per the Swedish law. ", "It was not rape as per the UK law either as in the UK only ejaculation, not penetration, is construed as rape; whereas, in the charge, though there was lack of consent for penetration, there was presence of consent for ejaculation. ", "The UK court applied the \"lack of consent\" and found the EAW to be appropriate looking from the \"cosmopolitan eye\". ", "Even then, I think the argument of Assange's lawyers has been wrongly rejected. ", "The UK court has differentiated between the stages when the penetration takes place and when the ejaculation takes place — though I wonder can they be separated. ", "In this case, the consent, though found present in the second stage, was found absent in the first stage as the girl had not consented for penetration without condom, and, therefore, the EAW was found appropriate. ", "This is same as saying that when a girl agrees for ejaculation inside her vagina, you need to pump up and excite your penis without touching her vagina because you never know when she will turn around and say, \"I never agreed to penetration\"; and just somehow shoot the semen inside her vagina at the time of ejaculation. **", "Basically, only the Superheroes can ejaculate inside vaginas in Sweden; the rest can only masturbate.** ", "The reasoning of the UK Court is ridiculous and devoid of common sense.", "\n\nI think the best ground before the lawyers now is their third ground; that is, Assange is not an \"accused.\" ", "It seems the UK court has completely erred in the reasoning with respect to this allegation of the lawyers. ", "If I am not mistaken, the Svea Court of Appeal in Sweden was only looking whether, from the allegations made, there were any grounds made out for investigation, as is also evident from Para 52 of the judgment. ", "This is similar to the aspects which the Indian High Courts look into while deciding whether an FIR should be quashed by using inherent powers u/s 482 CrPC. ", "As per the 2003 Act, an \"accused\" is definitely distinct from a mere suspect, who is being or is about to be investigated. ", "I fail to understand how the UK Court could apply the UK law to term the mere suspect under the Swedish law as an \"accused\" when the question in consideration was EAW issued by the Swedish authorities, that too after looking at the extrinsic evidence! **", "How?**", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n# Chapter 2: Opinions (Legal)\nChapter 2.1: Aarushi Murder Case Judgment: A Critique\n\n(December 2013)\n\nThe judgment in the **Aarushi Murder Case** (Re: The State of U.P. Through the C.B.I. v. Rajesh Talwar & Another, R.C. No.1(S)/2008/SCR-III/CBI/NEW DELHI in the court of Additional Sessions Judge/Special Judge, Anti-Corruption, C.B.I., Ghaziabad; download the judgment from https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3C_zx4dsPdWR1N3aHJLdzltSlU/edit?pli=1) has been pronounced, and the parents have been held guilty of the murders on the basis of the circumstantial evidence. ", "The undisputed facts of the case are that Nupur Talwar, Rajesh Talwar, Hemraj and Aarushi were last seen together on the night of 15/05/2008 in the flat owned by Rajesh Talwar and occupied by the four people mentioned above. ", "Nupur Talwar is the mother, Rajesh Talwar is the father, Aarushi Talwar was the daughter and Hemraj was the servant; all of them were living in the same flat. ", "Aarushi Talwar was a teenage minor girl with partial capability to make independent decisions, especially in the matter of love, sex, sports and education. ", "Hemraj was allocated separate room opening separately into the common verandah/passage unauthorizedly converted to the use of the occupants of the flat by installing a grill/mesh door at the end of the passage (this particular fact I can't confirm in absence of a site plan, but, from the reading of the judgment, it appears to be so). ", "The room of Hemraj also opened inside into the flat. ", "Thus, Hemraj, for all practical purposes, was the sole independent occupant of the said separate unit, with an independent access to the said unit and with an independent mind of his own. ", "Aarushi, on the morning of the next day, i.e. 16.05.2008, was found dead in her separate room, which opened inside the flat. ", "Hemraj was found dead on the next-to-next day, i.e. 17.05.2008, on the terrace of the flat having entrance from the staircase lobby. ", "The door of the terrace was locked and was broken open before recovering the body.", "\n\nThe prosecution theory is that Aarushi and Hemraj were murdered by Rajesh Talwar as he saw Aarushi and Hemraj in a compromising position on the intervening night in Aarushi's room, and he murdered them in a fit of rage, and that was the motive for the murders. ", "Nupur Talwar was found guilty in the furtherance of the common intention. ", "It is clear from the judgment that the prosecution theory on the motive of the murders has been accepted _in-toto_.", "\n\nComment: First and foremost, the crime committed in a fit of rage on a grave provocation doesn't tantamount to murder but, to culpable homicide. ", "So, the conviction of Nupur Talwar and Rajesh Talwar u/s 302 IPC is bad in law. ", "How are some people appreciating this judgment!", "\n\nRajesh Talwar and Nupur Talwar have been convicted on the basis of purely circumstantial evidence as the court found the prosecution was able to discharge its burden beyond reasonable doubt, to the extent they were able to prove that the four people were seen together in the same flat on the night before the murder, and that the two of them were murdered on the intervening night of 15.05.2008 and 16.05.2008 in the flat, or else that Hemraj was brought into unconscious state in the flat and removed from the flat in that state. ", "The burden thus shifted on the still surviving occupants of the flats to prove, u/s 106 Evidence Act, the events which occurred inside the flat on the intervening night and also to prove the events which occurred outside the flat, i.e. the appearance of the dead body of Hemraj on the terrace, in consequence of the events which occurred inside the flat\n\nComment: I have read this judgment twice; the prosecution has nowhere proved beyond reasonable doubt that either the murder of Hemraj happened inside the flat or else he was brought into unconscious state inside the flat. ", "On what basis the onus has been shifted on Talwars to account for the murder of Hemraj is beyond my comprehension; there is no basis even for shifting the onus for the murder of Aarushi on Talwars because there is a presence of a third independent person, i.e. Hemraj, inside the flat on the intervening night. ", "Furthermore, even otherwise, the onus has been shifted wrongly on Talwars to account for the murder of Hemraj or to account for his whereabouts. ", "Even if it is assumed that the murders happened inside the flat, Hemraj was an adult independent occupant of a separate dwelling unit inside the flat with unrestricted control over his movements inside and outside the flat and with even an independent access to his separate unit, and he could have provided friendly and/or surreptitious access to outsiders. ", "Rather, no onus can be shifted also because Aarushi was an independent individual with a partially mature mind of her own with the ability to provide surreptitious access to outsiders inside the flat. ", "The prosecution has not even attempted to prove that there was no friendly and/or surreptitious access inside the house through Aarushi and/or Hemraj. ", "Unless such is proven, how can the onus be shifted on Talwars u/s 106 Evidence Act?", "\n\nOne of the strong findings in support of shifting the onus is supposed to be the testimony of Bharti Mandal, the maid servant. ", "On the basis of her testimony, it has been held that the flat was not found locked or latched from outside in the morning. ", "The testimony of Bharti Mandal as recorded on page nos. ", "86-87 of the judgment is reproduced below:\n\n_P.W.-10 Bharti Mandal has recounted that on 16.05.2008 at about 06:00 A.M. she reached as usual at Flat No. ", "L-32, Jalvayu Vihar and rang the call-bell of the house but no response came from inside. ", "After pressing the call-bell second time, she went up-stairs to take mopping bucket. ", "Thereafter, she put her hand on the outer grill/mesh door but it did not open. ", "Subsequently, she again pressed the call-bell and then Dr. Nupur Talwar after opening the wooden door came near the grill door/mesh door situated in the passage and enquired about the whereabouts of Hemraj to which she replied that she had no idea of him and then Dr. Nupur Talwar told her that Hemraj might have gone to fetch milk from Mother-Dairy after locking the middle grill/mesh door from outside and she could wait until he returned. ", "Thereupon, she asked Dr. Nupur Talwar to give her keys so that she may come inside the house after unlocking the same and then Dr. Nupur Talwar told her to go to the ground level and she would be throwing keys to her from balcony. ", "Accordingly, when she came down the stairs and reached the ground level,_ _Dr. Nupur Talwar threw keys from balcony and told her that the door is not locked and only latched from outside and then she came back and opened the latch of the mesh door of the passage and came inside the house._ _", "Thereafter, Dr. Nupur Talwar told her \"Dekho Hemraj Kya karke gaya hai\" (Look here, what has been done by Hemraj). ", "When maid Smt. ", "Bharti went in Aarushi's room she saw that dead body of Aarushi was lying on the bed and covered with a white bed sheet and her throat was slit._ (", "Emphasis supplied)\n\n**Comment: I was so surprised at the finding reached by the court that I read the above testimony five times, and even now I am trying to convince myself that I am reading the above testimony wrongly, so I have blinked my eyes several times, and, accidentally, I also know a little bit of French, so the portion highlighted above is not \"French\" for me. ", "Though, I would agree** _\"Mise en Crime\"_ **,** _\"Beaut Damsel\"_ **,** _\"Dramatis Personae\"_ **did put me in doubt for a while. ", "Bloody hell! ", "The door was found latched from outside by the maid servant in the morning!**", "\n\n**Comment Dt. ", "25.09.2015: Well...after reading Avirook Sen's book, it has now become clear that the grill door and the mesh door were not together but separated from each other by a passage. ", "The mesh door in fact shared frame with the wooden door inside. ", "And the door in servant's room opened in the passage between the mesh door and the grill door. ", "The judgment has wrongly used the phrase \"outer grill/mesh door\", which made me misread the facts. ", "So, the relevance of Bharti Mandal's testimony is that the grill door was locked from inside the first time she came, and the next time when she came up after fetching the keys, the grill door was unlocked but the mesh door was latched from outside, which she opened and came inside, leading to an inference that Nupur Talwar manipulated locks/latches of the grill door and the mesh door while Bharti Mandal was fetching the keys. ", "The only counter argument to this could be that the grill door might have been jammed; therefore Bharti Mandal couldn't open it the first time. ", "I don't know whether the prosecution or the defence evidence create enough doubts in this respect. ", "Anyways, here I am only highlighting the manifest errors, not ordinary errors, of law/fact. ", "The relevance of Bharti Mandal's testimony lies in shifting of onus on Talwars u/s 106, the Evidence Act. ", "However, I still maintain that the prosecution has not proved beyond reasonable doubt that Hemraj was murdered inside the flat or brought into an unconscious state inside the flat.**", "\n\nAnother strong finding in support of shifting the onus is that the murder happened inside the flat, in which the rooms were separated by a partition wall, and at least one amongst Nupur Talwar and Rajesh Talwar was awake all night using internet broadband, so the commotion should have been heard. ", "The usage of 45 KB at 2 AM and 3 KB at 6 AM has been found in the internet log (pg. ", "134). ", "The defense argument of the usage being accounted for by myriad reasons has been countered by shifting the onus on Talwars u/s 106 Evidence Act (pg. ", "137).", "\n\nComment: This is incredible! ", "Somebody asking you to account for 3 KB and 45 KB usages just because you own and possess the router! ", "Any novice will tell that if a router is left open without any activity, it may download or upload 3 KB of data of its own without any triggered activity; 3 KB and 45 KB usages are so negligible that they can just be ignored. ", "Common sense, please!", "\n\nAnother reason attributed for shifting the onus is the establishment of the motive. ", "On the basis of the postmortem reports of Aarushi and Hemraj, showing whitish discharge sans spermatozoa in Aarushi's vagina and swollen penis of Hemraj, clubbed with the DNA matching of the pillow cover in Aarushi's room and the palm print impression on the terrace wall, it has been held that Aarushi Talwar and Hemraj have had intercourse.", "\n\n**Comment: This is nothing but arbitrary finding. ", "Enough expert evidence was laid to show that the whitish discharge sans spermatozoa could mean an internal discharge but not a discharge from any outside source; however, the same has been discarded giving some fancy explanations: The lack of spermatozoa could be because of vasectomy surgery; the doctor couple might have erased the evidence of sexual intercourse; etc. ", "The expert evidence attributing swollen penis of Hemraj to purification has been completely ignored with a statement,** _\"Be that as it may, the fact remains that the penis of Hemraj was found swollen at the time of postmortem examination of his dead body.\"_ **", "What is this if not arbitrariness! ", "What! ", "Somebody said bias!**", "\n\nI won't comment on the DNA reports because there is already lots of contention on this issue with the defense contending that the clarification statement issued by the prosecution that the pillow cover, earlier mentioned as the one recovered from Hemraj's room, was wrongly so mentioned, and it was actually the pillow cover of Aarushi, is unacceptable and was falsely introduced with ulterior motives. ", "Let it be contested.", "\n\nTo be very frank, this judgment is full of ridiculous discrepancies; I am not getting into the discussion of the evidence in detail; however, I am sure this judgment will be shattered left, right and centre by the defense counsels in the High Court. ", "I don't intend to indulge in this infructuous exercise here. ", "However, I am reproducing some glaring examples of arbitrariness in the judgment below.", "\n\n(Pg. ", "101-102)\n\n_It is pertinent to mention here that before 16.05.2008 they have hardly made telephone calls to each other and thus it is fully established that they were in contact with each other_ _regarding non disclosure of factum of sexual intercourse in the postmortem examination report of Ms. Aarushi_ _. ", "Dr. Sunil Kumar Dohre has also stated that when he was on way to postmortem examination room then Dr. Dinesh Talwar gave him a cell-phone and told him to talk with Dr. T.D. Dogra of A.I.I.M.S. Although, Dr. Dohre had only stated that Dr. T.D. Dogra had told him that blood samples of the deceased Aarushi be taken_ _but it appears that Dr. Dogra had asked him not to mention in the postmortem examination report about the evidence of sexual intercourse and this fact has been deliberately suppressed by Dr. Dohre._ (", "Emphasis supplied)\n\nComment: 1) No fact proved to draw the inference of contact in regard to disclosure of factum of sexual intercourse. ", "2) The arbitrary presumption made about the suppression of facts, without any base facts.", "\n\n(Pg. ", "120)\n\n_The evidence of Dr. Sharma is not reliable because he has displayed in his website that \"lawyers can have our services for their clients for better interpretation of scientific evidence against or for their clients............\"_ _Thus it becomes clear that he gives report in favor of the person from whom he charges fees irrespective of the merit of the case._ (", "Emphasis supplied)\n\nComment: This should mean that the State appointed medical practitioners should give reports in favor of the State from whom they get salaries! ", "Fantastical arbitrary presumption!", "\n\n(Pg. ", "123)\n\n_P.W.-39 Mr. A.G.L. Kaul has deposed that Mr. Ajay Chaddha has sent an e-mail to him intimating therein that one golf stick was recovered by him and Dr. Nupur Talwar from the attic opposite to the room of Ms. Aarushi during cleaning of the flat_ _...........Both the accused have stated in their examination under section 313 Cr.", "P.C. that Mr. Ajay Chaddha has not sent any e-mail on their behalf which cannot be believed in the face of the statement given by P.W.-39. ", "P.W.-31 Mr. Hari Singh has stated that Mr. Ajay Chaddha is a relative of Talwars._ _", "Mr. Ajay Chaddha has not been produced to rebut the evidence of P.W.-31 and P.W.-39._ (", "Emphasis supplied)\n\nComment: The arbitrary presumption made contrary to Sec 88 A of the Evidence Act, which doesn't allow any presumption to be made of the person who sent the electronic message.", "\n\n(Pg. ", "137)\n\n_It is established that in the night of 15/16.05.2008 internet was used throughout the whole night intermittently and the accused were awaken. ", "It should be borne in mind that both the accused are acquainted with the internet functioning and therefore,_ _they may have continued with the start and stop activity of internet router till 13:11:44 hours on 16.05.2008_ _with intent to confuse and camouflage the investigating agency as also to create evidence in their favour._ (", "Emphasis supplied)\n\nComment: Enough evidence in the judgment itself to prove that the couple were not using the internet but were attending to the death of Aarushi and to the police investigation. ", "The arbitrary presumption made without any base facts.", "\n\n(Pg 138- 139)\n\n_He has categorically stated on oath that when on 16.05.2008, when he was returning to his residence after morning walks and came near the curve of sector-25 N.O.I.D.A. then saw the presence of police and government vehicles there and thought that there is some problem of law and order and therefore, he went inside sector-25 where he gained knowledge that a murder has been committed in flat no. ", "L-32, Jalvayu Vihar and therefore, he reached there at about_ _7.30-7.40 A.M_ _. ", "and went inside the room of Ms. Aarushi where she was found dead and her dead body was covered with a white sheet, her trouser was just below the waist...............His evidence cannot be castigated that stadium in sector 25 N.O.I.D.A. is_ _about 28 km. ", "away from his residence_ _and it is not possible to come for morning walks after covering such a long distance. ", "He has assigned reasons for taking morning walks in the N.O.I.D.A. Stadium by stating that during those days Greater N.O.I.D.A. was not developed and keeping in view the nature of his job, it was not safe for him to have morning walks there._ (", "Emphasis supplied)\n\nComment: The sun rises in the summers at 6.00 am, and, by 7.00 am, it is hot enough to do morning walk any more. ", "What was he doing for half an hour in the stadium, given his residence is 28 km away from the stadium, and it would have taken him some good time in reaching his residence and then getting ready for the job? ", "Failure to ascertain the facts correctly, and thus the arbitrary finding reached!", "\n\n(Pg 151-152)\n\n_[W]hile Dr. Mohapatra has stated that DNA profile found from the bottle was a mixed partial profile of male and female origin which were consistent with the profile generated from the blood stained palm prints and Exhibits like bedsheet, mattress and pillow-cover collected from Ms. Aarushi's room but P.W.-25 S.P.R. Prasad on analysis of extracts generated by Dr. Mohapatra from the said bottle found DNA profile of only male which matched with the profile of the blood stained palmprint and other profiles belonging to deceased Hemraj. ", "If Dr. Rajesh Talwar had consumed neat liquor from its mouth then in that eventuality the saliva and DNA of Dr. Rajesh Talwar must have come in contact with the mouth of the bottle but no DNA could be found on it and therefore, this circumstance as relied upon by the prosecution is liable to be disbelieved._ _", "The aforesaid arguments do not appeal to the reason and therefore, liable to be rejected._ (", "Emphasis supplied)\n\nComment: If this doesn't appeal to reason, what does appeal!", "\n\n(Pg. ", "165)\n\n_The evidence of K.K.Gautam that on examination of the room of Hemraj it was observed that three persons might have been sitting in the bed as there were depressions on the bed and in the two glasses substance like alcohol was seen and it seemed that toilet of Hemraj had not been flushed and more than one person had urinated in the toilet hardly inspires confidence as this statement is based on surmises, conjectures and speculations. ", "It is not possible at all that in the midnight around 12.00 O'Clock Krishna, Rajkumar and Vijay Mandal will come to the room of Hemraj and have liquor drinks._ _", "If it was so, four glasses might have been found there but K.K. Gautam has stated before the I.O. that in only two glasses substance like alcohol was seen_ _which has not been confirmed by any other evidence._ (", "Emphasis supplied)\n\nComment: For goodness sake, the people were not drinking Scotch in a five star bar but Sula in a servant's room. ", "Complete lack of empathy for the practical realities of life, and the arbitrary finding reached thereby!", "\n\n(Pg 166)\n\n_The accused Dr. Rajesh Talwar has admitted at page no. ", "2 of his written statement under section 313 Cr.", "P.C. that he and his wife have been brought up in a very liberal atmosphere with modern outlook and at page 3 he has stated that he takes alcohol at parties. ", "However, at page no. ", "4 of his written statement he has stated that whisky bottle should have been ordinarily in the cabinet. ", "This answer itself suggests that Dr. Rajesh Talwar is fond of liquor and he used to take liquor in his flat as he himself has admitted that whisky bottle must have been in the cabinet and not in the dining table and therefore, there is every possibility that whisky was taken by the accused Dr. Rajesh Talwar._ _", "It is also possible that whisky bottle might have been lifted after wearing gloves. ", "It is also possible that Sula wine may have also been taken by the accused when he was extremely and intensely in tension after committing the crime_ _or it was partly made empty to show that Hemraj and his friends had consumed the liquor._ (", "Emphasis supplied)\n\nComment: Dr Rajesh in tension doesn't forget to wear gloves but consumes Sula wine!!! ", "Fantastical arbitrary presumption!", "\n\n(Pg 169)\n\n_It is also possible that before going to sleep Dr. Nupur Talwar might have changed her gown which she was wearing at the time of taking pix from digital camera._ _", "As stated herein before, being mother of the child it is not possible that on seeing her child dead she would not have hugged her. ", "During hugging certainly, the gown of Dr. Nupur Talwar must have also been blood stained but no blood was found, which clearly shows that she had changed her gown or other night-garment, which she was wearing in the night._ (", "Emphasis supplied)\n\nComment: People don't change gowns before going to sleep rather they wear gowns before going to sleep unless they pre-plan murders, which is certainly not the prosecution theory. ", "Fantastical arbitrary presumption!", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 2.2: Aruna Shanbaug Judgment: A Critique\n\n(March 2011)\n\nPara 1\n\nThe Supreme Court has apparently decided this case under its writ jurisdiction u/a. 32 of the Indian Constitution in a **Criminal Writ Petition** filed before it. ", "The criminal law in India is very clear: Any act (which includes omission) done with the knowledge that the act would cause death of a person amounts to culpable homicide/murder; and, by implication, any person doing any such act (omission) unto himself would amount to suicide. ", "The SC, earlier in **Gian Kaur's case** (Re: Gian Kaur vs. State of Punjab, 1996(2) SCC 648; download the judgment from http://indiankanoon.org/doc/217501/), has held that Right to Life doesn't include \"Right to Die\" (including right to dignified death). ", "Therefore, the SC, in Para 4 of the **Aruna Shanbaug judgment** (Re: Aruna R. Shaunbaug v. UOI, Writ Petition (criminal) no. ", "115 of 2009 in the Supreme Court of India; downloaded the judgment from http://indiankanoon.org/doc/235821/), has very clearly stated that the case could have been dismissed on a short point that there is no case made out for the violation of fundamental rights. ", "However, vide Para 98 of the judgment, the SC has also stated that, earlier in **Gian Kaur's case,** it has approved of the decision in **Airedale's case** (Re: Airedale vs. Director MHD, (1993) 2 WLR 316) to the extent that \"euthanasia could be made lawful only by legislation\". ", "Thereafter, in the **Aruna Shanbaug judgment** , the SC has laid down guidelines in the cases of passive euthanasia, deriving precedence from the **Vishaka judgment** (Re: Vishaka and others v. State of Rajasthan and others, (1997) 6 SCC 241, AIR 1997 SC 3011, (1998) BHRC 261, (1997) 3 LRC 361, (1997) 2 CHRLD 202; download the judjment from http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/).", "\n\nPara 2\n\nFrom the above, the view of the SC with respect to the legality of \"Right to Die\" u/a. 21 of the Constitution is not clear. ", "If the answer is in affirmative with respect to the legality, the **Aruna Shanbaug judgment** is apparently legal **(?)** , ", "and, by ramification, the relevant section/s of the IPC stand quashed/modified. ", "However, if the view of the SC is in negative with respect to the legality, the judgment may be deemed legal only u/a. 142 of the Constitution, but this view is amenable to challenge as Article 142 may not grant new original jurisdiction to the SC.", "\n\nPara 3\n\nSo, what has the Supreme Court done? ", "Well, it has referred to the **Airedale decision** and got extra-ordinarily **persuaded** by it. ", "The **Airedale decision** has recognized the common law rights of self-determination and informed consent, which, simply speaking, means that a patient with the knowledge of his death in absence of treatment, nevertheless, has a right to make a decision and give an informed consent thereof to not to be treated of the ailment and thus thereby omitting to take treatment for the ailment. ", "The SC has, interestingly, restrained itself from discussing the case of a person with the knowledge of his death in absence of food intake, nevertheless, omitting to take food. ", "The two cases have glaring similarities, and I wonder how a decision can be taken on the first case without discussion on the second case. ", "I think the SC has got extraordinarily persuaded by the **Airedale decision** with respect to the view that in a case when the patient omits treatment, there is no question of the patient committing suicide, nor, therefore, of the doctor aiding or abetting suicide. ", "I think the Indian Criminal Law is clear on this aspect: Anybody found guilty of withdrawing treatment to self with the knowledge of imminent death thereof but not actually dead is, nevertheless, guilty of attempt to commit suicide u/s. 309 IPC. ", "So, the SC judgment in this case has, by implication, quashed/modified s. 309 and s. 306 IPC.", "\n\nPara 4\n\nNow, I will refer to my question mark in Para 2 above. ", "This judgment is legal only if the SC has not overruled the **Gian Kaur judgment** while quashing/modifying s. 309 and s. 306 IPC but has only distinguished the **Gian Kaur judgment** in those cases when a person with the knowledge of imminent death in absence of treatment, nevertheless, omits treatment to self, for the **Gian Kaur judgment** was a larger bench judgment. ", "However, I say that the SC has not even distinguished the earlier **Gian Kaur judgment** as neither is there anything in the judgment suggesting the same nor was there any circumstance requiring the same. ", "So, in fact, the SC has laid down guidelines contrary to the precedent in the **Vishaka judgment**. ", "In the **Vishakha judgment** , the precedent is that in those cases where there is a legislative vacuum in absence of a domestic codified law but, however, exists a non-codified domestic law in form of a harmonious international law, appropriate guidelines can be formulated by the SC by interpreting the said non-codified domestic law in order to fill the legislative vacuum; it would be a stop-gap arrangement to provide clarity to the citizens with respect to the existing law of the country, but it is not creation of law by the SC. ", "However, in this case, the SC has, without overruling/distinguishing the earlier codified domestic law on the subject of passive euthanasia and attempt to suicide, created a new law in derogation of the existing codified domestic law, on the basis of the persuasive value of the international common law precedent in **Airedale's case** — the common law precedent had no authoritative value.", "\n\nPara 5\n\nIn other words, the SC judgment in **Aruna Shanbaug's case** is without jurisdiction, and the people relying on it would be doing so at their own risk of being convicted of abetment of suicide or of attempt to suicide. **", "At least if I come across any such case, I will immediately file a police complaint.**", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 2.3: Binayak Sen Judgment: A Critique\n\n(December 2010)\n\nAt the outset, let me state that the judgment delivered in the **Binayak Sen's case** (Re: Chhattisgarh Government v. Pijush (Piyush) alias Buboon Guha & Ors, Session Serial Number 182/2007 in the court of Second Additional Sessions Judge, Raipur (Chhattisgarh); download the judgment from http://www.binayaksen.net/2010/12/judgement-english/) is exceptionally bad. ", "A full book can be written on it. ", "However, I will discuss the most important angle of Section 120B IPC; i.e., the criminal conspiracy held to be proved against Binayak Sen. He has been held guilty under Section 124A IPC read with Section 120B IPC for conspiring with Narayan Sanyal and Pijush Guha in spreading hatred against the State vide certain letters held to be written by Sanyal and held to be found in the possession of Guha and held to be couriered by Sen from Sanyal to Guha, and vide various other documentary materials found to be in possession of Sen and Guha. ", "Out of the above, the letters written by Sanyal are the biggest bone of contention because other material _per se_ may not stand the test of **the Kedarnath judgment** (Re: Kedar Nath Singh vs State Of Bihar, 1962 AIR 955, 1962 SCR Supl. (", "2) 769; download the judgment from http://indiankanoon.org/doc/111867/).", "\n\nVide Para 112 of the judgment, the conspiracy has been proved by two set of facts: first by the fact of movement of letters from Sanyal to Guha via Sen, and secondly by pre-existing relationship between Sanyal and Sen. Out of these, Sen acting as a courier is the real bone of contention as existing relationship _per se_ doesn't mean anything; criminals have every right to undertake perfectly legal activities of getting married, opening bank accounts, renting houses, taking up teaching jobs, etc., ", "and can seek help from non-criminal persons for the same.", "\n\nAs far as the fact of Sen being a courier of Sanyal is concerned, it has been proved by two types of evidence: First by the circumstantial evidence of meetings between Sen and Sanyal in the jail linked with the forensic evidence of the letters written by Sanyal found in the possession of Guha, and secondly by the corroborative evidence of the witness of Anil Singh, who heard Guha stating it in the presence of the police officer that the said letters were delivered by Sen to Guha. ", "Vide Para 16 of the judgment, the objection of the defense counsel to the inclusion of the statement of Anil Singh with respect to the statements made by Guha in presence of the police as being inadmissible, has been overruled finding the same to be relevant evidence under Sections 8, 10, 17 and 21 of the Indian Evidence Act. ", "Here, the evidence found relevant under Section 10 is important. ", "The evidence found relevant under Sections 17 and 21 is inadmissible as the statement by Anil Singh about the admission of Guha convicting Sen is hearsay evidence. ", "The evidence found relevant under Section 8 is inconsequential without the evidence proving the main facts. ", "So, the evidence found relevant under Section 10 is the only relevant evidence. ", "But, the evidence under Section 10 is admissible subject to the proof of the _prima-facie_ conspiracy. ", "But, in the above judgment, the fact of Sen acting as a courier has been used as a main fact to prove the \"Unity of Mind\" vide Para 112 of the judgment. ", "And, as already stated, the evidence led to prove pre-exisiting links between Sen and Sanyal and Sen and others don't prove any pre-existing conspiracy.", "\n\nMoreover, vide Para 27 of the judgment, the linkage of Guha with Naxals has been proved on the basis of an FIR, and no other evidence has been produced. ", "This once again is a very weak evidence of the involvement of Guha in Naxal activities. ", "Rather, the proof against Sanyal is also very weak: Most of the evidences against him are the general opinions, not factual statements, of the police officers about his involvement in Naxal activities and/or Naxal groups, and thus they are inadmissible. ", "The strongest evidence against Sanyal is that of some intelligence report prepared by the AP police, but nothing much has been said about it in the judgment; i.e., whether the facts mentioned in the report were proved by the examination of the investigators, etc. ", "BTW, the announcement of award against Sanyal by the AP Government is no proof of his involvement in Naxal activities. ", "Evidence against Sen is the weakest, all of it being either hearsay evidence or opinions.", "\n\nSo, when the prosecution has not even proved the involvement of Sanyal and Guha in Naxal activities, where is the question of any conspiracy? ", "Subject to the belief in the finding of the Judge that the affidavit filed by the prosecution in the Supreme Court was a genuine typological mistake, the letters written by Sanyal have been proved. ", "It is also true that Guha has not been able to prove the bonafide source of possession of the letters. ", "But, the prosecution has not been able to arrange the missing links. ", "It seems Sanyal's name has been added to somehow solve the puzzle, and the story has turned out worse than a third-grade Bollywood movie.", "\n\nSeriously bad judgment! ", "I empathize with Ilinia Sen when she says that the judgment would have been ridiculous if it had not happened to them. ", "After reading this 92 page judgment, that too in Hindi, I am amused at the state of affairs in this country but at the cost of several lives lost in prisons. **", "What has happened to my sense of humor?**", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 2.4: Right to Information: A Review\n\n(June 2013)\n\nApplication Processing and Fees\n\nThe RTI Act provides for charging of the fees under three sections: Section 6(1), Section 7(1) and Section 7(5). ", "I am surprised that till date the government has not laid down any rules for the collection of fees u/s 7(1) — this is not the same as initial application fees of Rs. ", "10 charged u/s 6(1). ", "Of course, the fee charged u/s 6(1), the RTI Act is ludicrous: A single communication to an applicant leaves the government short. ", "Further, I have serious problems with the payment of initial application fees of Rs. ", "10 _per se_. ", "It just doesn't serve any purpose except for creating bureaucratic hurdles and wasting time. ", "Much better would be to accept the RTI requests via e-mail or directly on the websites sans any initial fees and to ask for the processing fees u/s 7(1) later on if the application is found worth processing. ", "This intimation about processing or non-processing of the applications can be sent to the applicants via e-mails and SMSs and can also be put up on the websites within a week's time or lesser. ", "Of course, at the same time, a person can be given a choice to file the initial application offline along with an adequately stamped self-addressed envelope.", "\n\nThe PIO\n\nThe PIO has been projected as a friend under the RTI Act, i.e. Section 5(3), but that is precisely what he has not emerged as; he has rather emerged more as an adversary, and that's the reality! ", "I think those PIOs who fail to understand their responsibilities under the RTI Act should be given harsh punishments at the instance of the applicants, but I am sorry to say that the faulty CIC proceedings endorsed by the Higher Judiciary has turned the CIC into a cozy club of senior bureaucrats protecting their junior counterparts: How can the CIC conduct penalty proceedings u/s 20 all of its own without presence of the applicants!", "\n\nAppeals\n\nThe first appeal is a farce, and it just wastes time: No FAA ever overturns the decision of the PIO; in fact, in many offices (like in that of the DP), the PIOs themselves prepare the FAAs' orders, and the FAAs sign them as routine bureaucratic exercises. ", "First appeals are useless. ", "Period!", "\n\nSecond appeals are very slow. ", "I fail to understand when a time limit has been fixed up for the disposal of the first appeals, then why not a time limit for the second appeals as well? ", "When will they understand that delay is the deadliest form of denial! ", "It takes six months to get the first listing in the CIC in the normal course, which is ridiculous, and still there is no provision for urgent hearing except for the senior citizens. ", "I think the normal Judiciary works far more efficiently than the CIC: At least they grant urgent interim orders.", "\n\nOrders\n\nThe CIC don't understand evidence. ", "I have read many orders of the CIC and have found many of them wanting in following the fine rules of evidence and NJ. ", "At times, they go overboard, but, at others, they falter badly. ", "For example, in the recent decision of the CIC on political parties, the CIC unnecessarily issued notices to the L&D department when they could have just asked them to produce the necessary documents; however, at the same time, they made an arbitrary generalized assumption that the political parties receive substantial amount of funding from the government and, in consequence, put up the onus on the NCP to prove that the subsidized land and the other concessions they got from the government did not form a substantial part of their funding. ", "When the matter goes before the HC, this one procedural irregularity may lead to an unnecessary advantage to the political parties in an otherwise pro-people order. ", "The CIC could have easily asked the political parties to render accounts, with or without an application for the same on behalf of the applicants, and that would have made the proceedings regular. ", "Surely, there is a strong need for the inclusion of judicial members in the CIC.", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Chapter 2.5: Justice Verma Committee's Proposed Amendment to IPC: Critique and More\n\n(March 2013)\n\nCritique\n\nMy critique of the amendment proposed in the IPC by Jusitce Verma Committee (Re: Appendix 4 at http://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/full-text-of-justice-vermas-report-pdf/article4339457.ece):\n\nSection 100: S 326A is not only grievous hurt; \"which shall include\" creates confusion about the intention of the Legislature; the courts may misinterpret the provision to allow this defense even in those cases where no case for the apprehension of grievous hurt is made out.", "\n\nSection 166A: Five year punishment is draconian.", "\n\nSection 166A (c): \"Record\" needs clarification. ", "Is it only an entry into the book as specified or a recording in any other form will also do? ", "Section 354: 5 year rigorous punishment for touching inappropriately is draconian and grossly impractical. ", "People will stop traveling in public transport.", "\n\nSection 354A: No rigorous punishment for attempt to disrobe a woman in public place! ", "No separate offense for actually disrobing a woman! ", "No separate offense for creating videos or in any other manner recording the act of disrobing a woman! ", "No separate offense for publishing the records so created! ", "No separate offense for disrobing or attempt to disrobe or creating records or publishing record with respect to a man!", "\n\nSection 354B (explanation): Is viewing an offense or is dissemination an offense?", "\n\nSection 354B: No separate offense for creating records without consent! ", "No separate offense for dissemination/publication of records so created! ", "No separate offense with respect to sexual acts of men!", "\n\nSection 354C(1): \"monitors\" is very wide. ", "Does it include even monitoring without use of any intruding programs, i.e. without any hacking. ", "If yes, then I am LOL — BBye. ", " \nSection 354C(1)(iii): What is \"reasonable\"? ", "Is spying by recruitment agencies or recruiters reasonable? ", "I think it is not. ", "Am I being reasonable!", "\n\nSection 370 (7), section 376D and section 376E: Does \"rest of that person's natural life\" means overriding s. 55 IPC?", "\n\nSection 375: I had much rather had it gender neutral; women can at least enter into fellatio without consent (as defined in the section or even otherwise) and even penetrate anus without consent. ", "Can consent be for a particular act but not for another act in the same transaction? ", "Can consent be in writing for a specified period for all or some acts? ", "The differentiation between Sexual Assault and Rape, as proposed, is important and welcome. ", " \nSection 376(3), section 376B(2) and section 376C: Does \"rest of that person's natural life\" means overriding s. 55 IPC? ", "If not, then there is a serious contradiction as s. 55 will not apply to 20 year punishment.", "\n\nMaking all offenses against women cognizable and non-bailable is draconian and arbitrary. ", "It will give arbitrary powers to the police, especially in minor offenses of voyeurism, stalking, and minor sexual assaults. ", "Furthermore, all the offenses have also been made non-compoundable; I think many of these offenses can be made compoundable, either with or without the permission of the Court. ", "There are mainly three viewpoints in Feminism: the Radical View, the Liberal View and the Socialist View. ", "The amendments proposed in the IPC in the report are greatly influenced by the Radical Feminism, which is a very negative sign. ", "The Radical feminism _per se_ is regressive and violent: It is the female version of right wing extremism. ", "Moreover, the report is not even comprehensive in dealing with the offenses with respect to sexual privacy.", "\n\nHowever, my biggest problem is the reverse gender bias that has been propagated in the report: disrobing, voyeurism, rape, etc, are gender neutral, and there is no reason to believe that the perpetrator can't be a woman, and the victim can't be a man. ", "Not making the law gender neutral propagates the view that the women are inherently shy, and the law should protect their modesty; this is an irrational view and greatly responsible for the subordination of women; the proposed amendments propagate this view even further.", "\n\nI feel there is a strong corporate influence in the preparation of this report; the corporate should just get out of this business of law making because they conduct their affairs most arbitrarily, and they just don't understand the concept of equality and rationality — this I can say from my personal experience.", "\n\nI am deeply disappointed and give thumbs down to the amendments proposed in the IPC in the report.", "\n\nThe Government Ordinance\n\nThe Cabinet has cleared an ordinance with respect to amendments in the criminal law in reference to the Criminal Amendment Bill 2012 and the recommendations made in the Verma Committee Report. ", "There are the following lacunae in the proposed ordinance:\n\n1. ", "Death penalty is regressive. ", "If a victim is left in a vegetative state, it is his/her misfortune. ", "He/She can take revenge by killing the perpetrator himself/herself, and, for doing that, he/she doesn't need the help from the State; and, then, when the State punishes him/her and his/her accomplices for murder, he/she and his/her accomplices can plead lesser punishment for obvious reasons.", "\n\n2. ", "Section 354, section 354A and section 354B have not been made gender neutral. ", "I fail to understand the difference between a man watching a woman naked or a woman watching a man naked. ", "Both are voyeuristic unless the State wants to attach value to women's modesty; ditto for sexual assault and disrobing.", "\n\n3. ", "I am completely surprised why the Justice Verma Committee has not made creation and/or dissemination of voyeuristic videos as offenses. ", "These, by far, are much graver offenses. ", "The ordinance also doesn't provide for these offenses. ", "Is it because the State and the power elites are themselves creating these videos to maintain the _status quo_! ", "Most of these videos are created by the politicians, the police, the corporate and other influential people, almost for ages now. ", "In the US (may also be in India), the corporate install stealth cameras in washrooms, and, when caught, they say it was being done in organizational interest as corporate spies deliberate strategies in washrooms. ", "Now, even student hostels have started installing these cameras with the approval of the parents in pretext of protecting the students. ", "Of course, the elites, who have never been caught and will never be caught, will keep seeking entertainment through these videos, and the common man will be punished for watching them — it's like saying those who manufacture and trade in drugs will not be caught, but those who do drugs will be punished. ", "Now, the videos have started getting circulated in masses through Torrentz, Youtube and what ever else, and the videos are also leaked by these power elites for punishing those who don't follow their dictates. ", "It is clear where these recommendations are coming from; ditto for disrobing.", "\n\nMarital Rape\n\nThere is lots of debate about marital rape. ", "Personally, I am in favor of making it an offense because it would be progressive. ", "But, there is a very strong pre-condition for doing that: The personal laws of all religions need to give way to a religion neutral uniform civil code, which wouldn't provide for restitution of conjugal rights, which means that the marriage will cease to be a sacrament as in Hindu law and a one-sided contract as in Muslim law, and the courts will acknowledge the restitution of conjugal right as an infringement of Right to Privacy. ", "I don't see it happening any soon because society has not yet reached that kind of maturity, and the personal matters are best left for a gradual change — even the British couldn't push English law in the personal affairs of the Indians.", "\n\nFurther, I believe, s. 497 IPC is a big hindrance: S. 497 IPC punishes adultery by an outsider male who infringes marriage and enters into an adulterous relationship with a married female without the consent of the husband; however, the reverse is not punishable; i.e., an outsider female who infringes the marriage and enters into an adulterous relationship with a married male is not an offender. ", "Though s. 497 has been included in chapter XX of IPC dealing with offenses relating to marriage, but the message is clear: It considers a married female as property of the husband, bound to have sex with him and him alone unless he consents to extra-marital affairs, and it is no provision to maintain the sanctity of marriage. ", "This means if a married female doesn't want to have sex with the husband, she can't have sex at all except with a willing criminal. ", "Marriage is an institution to propagate the association and institution of family; institutions are accepted form of procedures by the society for individual and group inter-relationships and are amenable to change and do undergo change, and the institution of marriage has in fact undergone change: No sane man believes his wife to be his property anymore. ", "Adultery otherwise is a valid ground for seeking divorce, but, ironically, this provision resists a woman from seeking divorce because during the period of litigation she would be forced to live in celibacy, whereas the husband can keep having adulterous relationships at will: What can be more regressive than this! ", "This is the most regressive provision in the IPC, which has been retained from the English law; the provision has been done away with in England, but it continues to be retained in India. **", "I fail to understand why no women group or the Verma Committee or the government itself hasn't recommended its deletion.**", "\n\n(Do have a look at my other book Annapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature.)", "\n\n### Other Books by the Same Author:\n\nAnnapurna Circuit Trek: Fairy Tale of Love with Nature\n\nKerala Hugged, a Travelogue\n\n Nine Poems Series\n\nClaims on Privacy: An Essay\n\nAnti-National Humanist\n\n Sparks: Satire and Reviews\n\n Light: Philosophy\n\n Writings @ Ankur Mutreja\n\nVisit ankurmutreja.com for downloading the above books; for readings author's blog; for following him on social networking websites; for leaving a feedback; for starting a chat with the author; and for more.", "\n\nIf you wish to send donations, please send them to ankur.mutreja@gmail.com at PayPal, to 9868893525 at PayTM, or to Mutreja@PayTM through UPI.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "BookCorpus2" }

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[ "I[NTRODUCTION]{.smallcaps} {#sec1-1}\n==========================\n\nRegional anesthesia offers several benefits over general anesthesia both from the patient\\'s and anesthesiologist\\'s point of view. ", "These include an awake patient with patent airway reflexes and stable cardiovascular and respiratory parameters.\\[[@ref1][@ref2]\\] Managing an awake patient\\'s stress and anxiety related to the surgery and unknown surrounding remains a challenge.\\[[@ref3]\\] Various drugs and techniques have been used for this purpose. ", "Propofol has been the gold standard of intraoperative sedation due to its rapid onset and offset of sedation and easy titratability.\\[[@ref4][@ref5]\\] The major disadvantage of propofol is its depressant action on the patient\\'s hemodynamics and respiration.\\[[@ref6]\\] Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha 2 agonist with many desirable properties such as sedation, hypnosis, analgesia, anxiolysis with rapid onset--offset of sedation, and minimal effect on respiration.\\[[@ref7]\\] Despite being used as a sedative widely, it is not free of adverse effects. ", "Hypotension and bradycardia are the two commonly seen adverse effects.\\[[@ref8]\\] Although there have been studies comparing both these drugs for Intensive Care Unit sedation, there are few studies comparing them in brachial plexus blocks.\\[[@ref9][@ref10]\\] In addition, there are no studies comparing them in the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I/II patients undergoing surgeries in brachial plexus block. ", "Hence, in this study, we aimed to compare both these drugs with emphasis on their effect on the hemodynamic and respiratory profile.", "\n\nM[ATERIALS AND]{.smallcaps} M[ETHODS]{.smallcaps} {#sec1-2}\n=================================================\n\nAfter approval from Institutional Ethics Committee, sixty ASA I and II patients between the age group 18--50 years were recruited for this randomized, single-blind, prospective study done over a period of 1 year. ", "Inclusion criteria included ASA health status classes I and II patients undergoing forearm fixation surgeries under supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks. ", "Patients with a history of chronic systemic disease, drug or alcohol abuse, allergy to any of the study medications, second- or third-degree heart block, and bleeding disorders were excluded from this study. ", "The sample size was calculated as 30 in each group. ", "Randomization was done using computer-generated random number table. ", "Sequence allocation was done using sealed, opaque envelopes that were opened just before the procedure by the floor nurse. ", "The patients were allocated into either of the 2 groups: Group I patients received propofol infusion (loading dose 75 µg/kg over 10 min followed by 12.5--75 µg/kg/min). ", "Fifty milliliters 1% propofol was loaded undiluted in a 50 ml syringe. ", "Patients in Group II received dexmedetomidine infusion (loading 1 µg/kg over 10 min followed by 0.2--0.6 µg/kg/h). ", "Two milliliters dexmedetomidine (200 µg) was diluted to 50 ml with 0.9% normal saline in a 50 ml syringe.", "\n\nOn arrival in the operating theater (OT) holding area, 18 gauge intravenous cannula was secured in the dorsum of the contralateral hand. ", "Preloading with 15 ml/kg ringers lactate was done over half an hour. ", "On shifting to OT, standard monitors including pulse oximeter, noninvasive blood pressure, electrocardiography, and end-tidal carbon dioxide were connected. ", "Nasal prong was inserted, and supplemental oxygen was administered at 2 L/min throughout the procedure. ", "After recording baseline vitals, ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block was given using 20 cc of 0.5% bupivicaine. ", "Sensory blockade was complete when there was complete loss to pinprick sensation along the distribution of radial, ulnar, and median nerve. ", "Motor blockade was attained with the complete loss of finger movements. ", "After confirming adequate sensory and motor blockade, drug infusion was started according to the group allocated A screen was applied, and the patient was unaware of the infusion being administered. ", "Parameters including mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR), and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO~2~) were recorded every 5 minutes until the termination of the surgery.", "\n\nIntraoperatively, target sedation Ramsay sedation score (RSS) 2--4 was maintained by titrating the dose of the infusion (1 = awake, agitated, 2 = awake, cooperative, 3 = sleeping, responds to commands, 4 = sleeping, responds to loud verbal commands, 5 = sluggish response to auditory or light glabellar touch, and 6 = deeply sedated, no response) Adverse events including bradypnea (RR \\<10/min), desaturation (SpO~2~ \\<92%), bradycardia (HR \\<45 b.p.m), and hypotension (MAP \\<50 mm Hg) were recorded and treated with 4 L/min of oxygen via a nasal cannula, intravenous 0.5-mg atropine, and intravenous 10 ml/kg 0.9% saline, respectively. ", "Pain on injection, dry mouth, nausea, and any event of hypertension (\\>20% increase in MAP) was also recorded. ", "The surgeons were asked to rate their satisfaction immediately after the surgery using a 7-point likert-like verbal rating scale\\[[@ref6]\\] \\[[Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\]. ", "Patients rated their satisfaction 10 h after the surgery using the same scale.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nA pilot study had been done earlier to determine the sample size of this study. ", "The 10 case pilot study showed that the mean MAP in Group I (propofol) was 86.37 ± 6.33 mm Hg and Group II (dexmedetomidine) was 80.42 ± 6.36 mm Hg. ", "Taking 6 mm difference of MAP as clinically relevant, the sample size estimated at 95% power and 5% level of significance was 29 in each group. ", "Hence, we took a sample size of 30 in each group.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#sec2-1}\n--------------------\n\nStatistical analysis was carried out using Stata Version 10 (Stata Corp, Houston, Texas, USA). ", "Baseline continuous variables of two groups were compared using *t*-test for assuming equal variance. ", "Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare continuous variables. *", "Post hoc* testing was performed with Scheffé\\'s *F*-test. *", "P* \\< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.", "\n\nR[ESULTS]{.smallcaps} {#sec1-3}\n=====================\n\nThree patients were excluded from the study due to inadequate block. ", "General anesthesia had to be administered in these three patients. ", "The two groups were comparable with respect to the following variables: age, sex, weight, ASA health status, and duration of surgery \\[[Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}\\].", "\n\n###### \n\nDemography and other characteristics\n\n![](", "AER-11-201-g002)\n\nMean arterial pressure {#sec2-2}\n----------------------\n\nThere was no significant difference in the mean MAP of both the groups. ", "The basal MAP in Group I (propofol) was 86.37 ± 6.33 mm Hg which reduced to 81.23 ± 5.98 mm Hg at the end of the surgery. ", "This was statistically significant (*P* = 0.020). ", "The mean MAP in Group II (dexmedetomidine) was 83.42 ± 6.25 mm Hg which remained somewhat constant till the end of surgery (83.58 ± 5.89 mm Hg) \\[[Figure 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\].", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nHeart rate {#sec2-3}\n----------\n\nThe baseline HR in Group II (dexmedetomidine) was 81.9 ± 12.46 beats/min while that of Group I (propofol) was 83.8 ± 12.93 beats/min. ", "The mean HR in Group II (dexmedetomidine) gradually decreased to 74.5 ± 12.27 beats/min while that in Group I (propofol) remained 83.6 ± 13.90 beats/min. ", "The decrease in HR in Group II (dexmedetomidine) was statistically significant \\[[Figure 3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\].", "\n\n{#F3}\n\nPeripheral oxygen saturation {#sec2-4}\n----------------------------\n\nThere was no difference in peripheral SpO~2~ levels in both the groups in the intraoperative period. ", "The SpaO~2~ values in all the patients in both the groups were above 92%.", "\n\nPatient and surgeon satisfaction {#sec2-5}\n--------------------------------\n\nThe mean level of patient\\'s satisfaction score regarding the anesthetic technique was statistically higher in Group II (dexmedetomidine) when compared to Group I (*P* \\< 0.001). ", "There was no difference in the mean values of satisfaction scores among surgeons in either of the groups \\[[Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}\\].", "\n\n###### \n\nSatisfaction in both groups\n\n![](", "AER-11-201-g005)\n\nAdverse effects {#sec2-6}\n---------------\n\nThere was no incidence of vomiting, hypotension, hypertension, or respiratory depression in both the groups. ", "Bradycardia occurred in two patients in Group II while compared to none in Group I. This was not statistically significant. ", "Six patients in Group II (dexmedetomidine) had dry mouth when compared to none patient in Group I and this difference was statistically significant. ", "Pain on injection was complained by six patients in Group I (propofol) and none in Group II and this difference was statistically significant \\[[Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}\\].", "\n\n###### \n\nComparison of adverse effect in two groups\n\n![](", "AER-11-201-g006)\n\nD[ISCUSSION]{.smallcaps} {#sec1-4}\n========================\n\nOur study shows that dexmedetomidine can be used as a useful alternative to propofol as an intraoperative sedative in forearm fixation surgeries under brachial plexus block. ", "It provides good sedation with little hemodynamic compromise and more patient satisfaction.", "\n\nAlpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists are being increasingly used in anesthesia and critical care due to their sedative, analgesic, and sympatholytic effects.\\[[@ref11]\\] The unique feature of dexmedetomidine is deep sedation without respiratory compromise.\\[[@ref12][@ref13]\\] Satisfactory results have been found when dexmedetomidine has been used for sedation during regional and local anesthesia in all age groups.\\[[@ref12][@ref13]\\] Doses of both the drugs in this study were selected based on earlier studies on their sedative effects during regional anesthesia.\\[[@ref5][@ref14][@ref15]\\]\n\nThe adverse effects of dexmedetomidine include hypotension and bradycardia. ", "Alpha 2 agonists cause a temporary increase in blood pressure due to the activation of postjunctional alpha 2 receptors in the vessels. ", "This is followed by decrease in the sympathetic outflow decreasing the blood pressure and HR both.\\[[@ref16]\\] There are studies which have utilized dexmedetomidine for hypotensive anesthesia during maxillofacial, middle ear, and nasal surgeries.\\[[@ref17]\\] The incidence of hypotension has been reported to be more after the loading dose. ", "In fact, few authors have recommended the omission of the loading dose.\\[[@ref18]\\] In our study, we used the loading dose followed by maintenance dose with no significant hypotension. ", "This could be due to preloading and inclusion of only ASA I and II patients. ", "These findings are similar studies done by Yektas *et al*. ", "and Shah *et al*. ", "where there was no hemodynamic compromise despite using a loading dose.\\[[@ref19][@ref20]\\] Dinardo observed in their study that multiple bolus doses and less age are strong predictors of occurrence of the initial hypertension.\\[[@ref21]\\] We did not observe hypertension in our patients. ", "This could be due to a single bolus dose used and the range of patients' age (18--50 years). ", "Patients who were administered propofol experienced a decrease in MAP. ", "The fall in MAP could be due to the powerful inhibitory effect on the sympathetic outflow propofol has.\\[[@ref20]\\]\n\nHR was significantly lesser in Group II (dexmedetomidine) when compared to Group I. This is due to the sympatholytic and vagal mimetic effect of dexmedetomidine. ", "The results are similar to the studies done by Dinardo, Mahmoud *et al*., ", "and Al-Mustafa *et al*.\\[[@ref21][@ref22][@ref23]\\]\n\nThere are very few studies in which dexmedetomidine has been used for intravenous sedation during brachial plexus block, with only two emphasizing its effects on the hemodynamic profile. ", "In a study done by Bondok *et al*., ", "the HR and MAP decreased in both the groups with no significant increase in bradycardia or hypotension in either of the groups. ", "This is similar to the results in our study.\\[[@ref8]\\] In a study done by Rutkowska, dexmedetomidine was used as a sedative in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing surgeries in brachial plexus block.\\[[@ref10]\\] Although there was decrease in HR and MAP, no significant increase in incidence of hypotention and bradycardia was noted. ", "Both of these studies were done in patients with systemic renal or cardiac disease on various medications. ", "Our study included only ASA I/II patients.", "\n\nDexmedetomidine has not been associated with respiratory depression despite profound levels of sedation.\\[[@ref23]\\] In our study also, there was preservation of respiratory function with the use of dexmedetomidine. ", "Few reports describe the incidents of respiratory depression during infusions of propofol for sedation.\\[[@ref24]\\] However, in the present study, patients receiving propofol did not have significant respiratory depression. ", "This preservation of respiratory function may be related to the frequent queries by the observers in the intraoperative period to assess the RSS. ", "Each time the patient was evaluated for RSS score, the basal respiratory pattern would be affected.", "\n\nAnother finding in our study was that the surgeon\\'s satisfaction score with patient\\'s sedation was similar for both groups. ", "Patient\\'s satisfaction score with the anesthetic technique was higher in the Group II (dexmedetomidine) when compared to the Group I (propofol). ", "This can be attributed to dexmedetomidine mimicking the natural sleep pathway.\\[[@ref25]\\]\n\nDry mouth is a known side effect of α 2 agonist.\\[[@ref26]\\] This was also seen in our study where there was significant increase in dry mouth in Group II (dexmedetomidine). ", "There was a significant increase in pain on injection in Group I (propofol). ", "This is attributed to the lipid solvent of propofol which activates the plasma kallekrein-- kinin system producing bradykinin.\\[[@ref27]\\]\n\nThe strength of the study was the inclusion criteria: ASA I/II patients. ", "The studies done earlier included patients with ischemic heart disease or end-stage renal disease. ", "Hence, the results in such studies might not be generalized to ASA I/II patients.", "\n\nOne of the drawbacks of the study was that RSS was used as a sedation scale. ", "This was due to unavailability of the BIS (bispectral index) monitor in our institute. ", "RSS is a subjective score and requires repeated external stimulus by the observant.\\[[@ref28]\\] BIS provides real-time objective assessment of the patient\\'s sedation.\\[[@ref29]\\] The main aim of our study was to study both these drugs with emphasis on the hemodynamic parameters. ", "We did not study the effect of both these drugs on analgesic requirements or sedation characteristics intraoperatively or postoperatively. ", "This study was a single-blind study not double blind.", "\n\nC[ONCLUSION]{.smallcaps} {#sec1-5}\n========================\n\nDexmedetomidine can be used safely as a sedative in orthopedic forearm surgeries under brachial plexus block without significant compromise on the patients' hemodynamic and respiratory profile. ", "It has a similar surgeon satisfaction score, a higher patient satisfaction score with insignificant side effects compared to propofol. ", "Thus, dexmedetomidine may prove to be a useful alternative to propofol for sedation in patients undergoing upper limb surgeries under ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block.", "\n\nFinancial support and sponsorship {#sec2-7}\n---------------------------------\n\nNil.", "\n\nConflicts of interest {#sec2-8}\n---------------------\n\nThere are no conflicts of interest.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Evaluation of antibodies reactive with porcine lymphocytes and lymphoma cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, antigen-retrieved tissue sections.", "\nTo determine whether antibodies raised against human or porcine lymphocytes are reactive with porcine lymphocytes and lymphoma cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, antigen-retrieved tissue sections, and to determine the conditions suitable for antigen retrieval. ", "We evaluated reactivities of 27 anti-lymphocyte antibodies with porcine tissue sections, including those of lymphomas, treated with 11 antigen-retrieval methods. ", "Swine. ", "We used 19 anti-human and 8 anti-porcine lymphocyte antibodies. ", "For antigen retrieval, we tested 11 methods: heating with 6 soaking solutions in a microwave oven, heating with 2 commercially available soaking solutions in a water bath, and enzyme digestion with 3 proteases. ", "After these treatments, sections were immunostained along with untreated sections. ", "Of 27 anti-lymphocyte antibodies tested, CDw75 (clone LN-1), CD79 alpha (mb-1, clone HM57),CD79 beta (B29, clone B29/123), HLA-DR (clone TAL 1B5), and polyclonal CD3 were strongly reactive with porcine lymphoid tissues, including lymphomas, when sections were deparaffinized and heated in 0.1M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) in a microwave oven or with antigen-retrieval solution in a water bath. ", "All patterns of positive staining were essentially the same as those previously described in human beings. ", "These 5 antibodies, with the antigen retrieval sequences, are helpful in identifying, distinguishing, and characterizing lymphocyte subsets in archival sections of normal and pathologic porcine lymphoid tissues including lymphomas. ", "In addition, our findings indicated that antigen retrieval by microwave heating of the sections can appreciably expand the range of antibodies useful in paraffin immunohistochemistry, including those that otherwise work only on sections from frozen tissues or from an antigen-derived species." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Optimization of solid-state fermentation conditions for Trichoderma harzianum using an orthogonal test.", "\nThe aim of this study was to develop a protocol for the production of fungal bio-pesticides with high efficiency, low cost, and non-polluting fermentation, while also increasing their survival rate under field conditions. ", "This is the first study to develop biocontrol Trichoderma harzianum transformants TS1 that are resistant to benzimidazole fungicides. ", "Agricultural corn stover and wheat bran waste were used as a medium and inducing carbon source for solid fermentation. ", "Spore production was observed, and the method was optimized using single-factor tests with 4 factors at 3 levels in an orthogonal experimental design to determine the optimal culture conditions for T. harzianum TS1. ", "In this step, we determined the best conditions for fermenting the biocontrol fungi. ", "The optimal culture conditions for T. harzianum TS1 were cultivated for 8 days, a ratio of straw to wheat bran of 1:3, ammonium persulfate as the nitrogen source, and a water content of 30 mL. Under optimal culture conditions, the sporulation of T. harzianum TS1 reached 1.49 x 10(10) CFU/g, which was 1.46-fold higher than that achieved before optimization. ", "Increased sporulation of T. harzianum TS1 results in better utilization of space and nutrients to achieve control of plant pathogens. ", "This method allows for the recycling of agricultural waste straw." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nUnable to get the data to next activity\n\nI am trying to get the data to next activity using Bundle and putString. ", "But the data fail to carry to the next page. ", "Below is part of my coding:\npublic class assessment_table_edit extends AppCompatActivity {\nToolbar toolbar;\nString data = \"\";\nTableLayout tlAssessment;\nTableRow tr;\nTextView stuID,totalmarks,marks,edit;\n\n@Override\nprotected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.activity_assessment_table_edit);\n toolbar=(Toolbar)findViewById(R.id.toolbar);\n setSupportActionBar(toolbar);\n getSupportActionBar().setTitle(\"Percentage of the Marks\");\n tlAssessment=(TableLayout)findViewById(R.id.tlAssessment_Edit);\n\n final Assessment_Information_GetData getdb=new Assessment_Information_GetData();\n new Thread(new Runnable() {\n @Override\n public void run() {\n data =getdb.getDataFromDB();\n System.out.println(data);\n runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {\n @Override\n public void run() {\n ArrayList<Assessment_Information> users=parseJSON(data);\n addData(users);\n }\n });\n }\n }).start();\n\n if(getSupportActionBar()!=null){\n getSupportActionBar().setDisplayShowHomeEnabled(true);\n getSupportActionBar().setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true);\n }\n}\n\nView.", "OnClickListener onClickListener=new View.", "OnClickListener() {\n @Override\n public void onClick(View v) {\n switch (v.getId()){\n case R.id.assessment_id:\n Assessment_Information user=new Assessment_Information();\n Intent iChange=new Intent(assessment_table_edit.this,assessment_edit_data.class);\n Bundle b=new Bundle();\n b.putString(\"stuID\",user.getStuID());\n iChange.putExtras(b);\n // iChange.putExtra(\"stuID\",user.getStuID());\n startActivity(iChange);\n break;\n }\n }\n};\n\npublic ArrayList<Assessment_Information>parseJSON(String result){\n ArrayList<Assessment_Information> users=new ArrayList<Assessment_Information>();\n try {\n JSONObject jsonObject=new JSONObject(result);\n JSONArray jsonArray = jsonObject.getJSONArray(\"posts\");\n for (int i = 0; i < jsonArray.length(); i++) {\n JSONObject json_data = jsonArray.getJSONObject(i);\n Assessment_Information user=new Assessment_Information();\n user.setStuID(json_data.getString(\"stuID\"));\n user.setTotalmarks(json_data.getString(\"totalmarks\"));\n user.setMarks(json_data.getString(\"marks\"));\n users.add(user);\n }\n\n }catch (JSONException e){\n Log.e(\"log_tag\", \"Error parsing data \" + e.toString());\n }\n\n return users;\n}\n\nWhen I replace user.getString() to \"check\" for testing, it managed to show in the next activity(assessment_edit_data). ", "\nThis is assessment_edit_data.java:\npublic class assessment_edit_data extends AppCompatActivity {\n TextView tvMatrix;\n\n @Override\n protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.activity_assessment_edit_data);\n tvMatrix=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.edit_data_assessment);\n Bundle bundle=getIntent().getExtras();\n String stuID=bundle.getString(\"stuID\");\n tvMatrix.setText(stuID);\n\n }\n\nMy Assessment_Information.java:\npublic class Assessment_Information {\n String stuID;\n String totalmarks;\n String marks;\n\n public String getStuID() {\n return stuID;\n }\n\n public void setStuID(String stuID) {\n this.stuID = stuID;\n }\n\n public String getTotalmarks() {\n return totalmarks;\n }\n\n public void setTotalmarks(String totalmarks) {\n this.totalmarks = totalmarks;\n }\n\n public String getMarks() {\n return marks;\n }\n\n public void setMarks(String marks) {\n this.marks = marks;\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nUse this code to send data to another activity:\nIntent intent = new Intent(context, YourActivity.class);\nintent.putExtra(\"key\", \"value\");\nintent.putExtra(\"key2\", \"value2\");\nstartActivity(intent);\n\nAnd use this code to get the data in the other Activity:\nBundle bundle = getIntent().getExtras();\nif(bundle!=null){\n String value1 = bundle.getString(\"key\");\n String value2 = bundle.getString(\"key2\");\n}\n\nYou can check if your bundle contains the key:\nif(bundle.containsKey(\"key\")){\n //...\n}\n\nUPDATE\nYou're creating a new user without any data (it seems)\nAssessment_Information user=new Assessment_Information(); //This user has data?", "\nIntent iChange=new Intent(assessment_table_edit.this,assessment_edit_data.class);\nBundle b=new Bundle();\nb.putString(\"stuID\",user.getStuID()); // user.getStuID() probably is null\n\nI don't see in your class Assessment_Information a constructor where you insert data to the stuID variable.", "\n\nUPDATE\nTry this part of code:\npublic class assessment_table_edit extends AppCompatActivity {\n Toolbar toolbar;\n String data = \"\";\n TableLayout tlAssessment;\n TableRow tr;\n TextView stuID,totalmarks,marks,edit;\n ArrayList<Assessment_Information> users;\n\n @Override\n protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.activity_assessment_table_edit);\n toolbar=(Toolbar)findViewById(R.id.toolbar);\n setSupportActionBar(toolbar);\n getSupportActionBar().setTitle(\"Percentage of the Marks\");\n tlAssessment=(TableLayout)findViewById(R.id.tlAssessment_Edit);\n\n final Assessment_Information_GetData getdb=new Assessment_Information_GetData();\n new Thread(new Runnable() {\n @Override\n public void run() {\n data =getdb.getDataFromDB();\n System.out.println(data);\n runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {\n @Override\n public void run() {\n users=parseJSON(data);\n addData(users);\n }\n });\n }\n }).start();\n\n if(getSupportActionBar()!=null){\n getSupportActionBar().setDisplayShowHomeEnabled(true);\n getSupportActionBar().setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true);\n }\n }\n\n View.", "OnClickListener onClickListener=new View.", "OnClickListener() {\n @Override\n public void onClick(View v) {\n switch (v.getId()){\n case R.id.assessment_id:\n\n Intent iChange=new Intent(assessment_table_edit.this,assessment_edit_data.class);\n Bundle b=new Bundle();\n b.putString(\"stuID\", users.get(0).getStuID());\n\n // If you want to send more than the first user\n //for(int i=0; users.size() < i ; i++) {\n // b.putString(\"stuID\"+i, users.get(i).getStuID());\n //}\n //b.putInt(\"numberOfUsers\", users.size());\n\n iChange.putExtras(b);\n // iChange.putExtra(\"stuID\",user.getStuID());\n startActivity(iChange);\n break;\n }\n }\n };\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Merry Christmas\n\nI’m wishing you a merry Christmas and I’d like to thank you very very much for your ongoing support of my little webcomic here!", "\nIt makes me more than happy to know that people like what I’m doing and I’m looking forward continuing this strip.", "THANKS!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Regulation of macrophage-mediated xenocytotoxicity by overexpression of alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase in swine endothelial cells.", "\nMacrophages play an important role in xenogenic rejection and therefore may represent a major obstacle in clinical application of xenograft. ", "CD33-related sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily and contain a cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) that is able to inhibit cytokine production. ", "Because human macrophages express various CD33-related Siglecs, we hypothesized that overexpression of α-2,6-sialyltransferase (2,6-ST) in swine endothelial cells (SECs) might prevent the cytotoxicity mediated by macrophages. ", "To confirm our hypothesis, the cytotoxicity of macrophages against 2,6-ST-overexpressing SECs was determined with the use of in vitro-generated macrophages as an effector and naïve or 2,6-ST-overexpressing SECs as a target. ", "The 2,6-ST-overexpressing SECs were established by transfection with the genes for 2,6-ST. ", "Transfection of 2,6-ST led to significant reduction in cytotoxicity compared with naïve SECs. ", "These findings indicate that the sialylated ligands against CD33-related Siglecs may provide an effective therapeutic strategy to inhibit macrophage-mediated xenograft rejection in xenotransplantation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Puerto Rico: Is this any way to run an island?", "\n\nAs the Obama administration and leading figures in Congress weigh options to address the fiscal calamity in Puerto Rico, they are surely mindful of the need to avoid what could yet become a debt crisis that would make Detroit’s fiscal woes look like mere child’s play.", "\n\nIndeed, recent events on the island suggest that the time has come for the president’s Task Force on Puerto Rico to advise the Commonwealth on how to navigate the current difficulties without making matters worse.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nThe Commonwealth’s direct liabilities are on the order of $70 billion, versus less than $10 billion in Detroit’s case. ", "Despite a much heavier debt burden, Puerto Rico’s taxable base has eroded a great deal more: since 2006, the island has lost 275,000 jobs, or one-fifth of total, while the Detroit metro area has lost 100,000 jobs, or one-eighth of total. ", "In Puerto Rico, the unemployment rate exceeds 14 percent, whereas in Detroit it has already subsided below 10 percent.", "\n\nAnd whereas Detroit can avail itself of a Chapter 9 bankruptcy process, and obtain debt forgiveness from its creditors through an orderly procedure – as it is doing – Puerto Rico is a United States territory treated largely as a state, and thus the U.S. Bankruptcy Code is not applicable. ", "This means that the Commonwealth has no established way to bind creditors to any sort of debt-reduction proposal that might address its heavy liabilities. ", "It must keep raising taxes and cutting government spending to generate the cash needed to service its obligations – unless, of course, it were to do the unthinkable and disavow them.", "\n\nLast February the authorities in San Juan were almost overwhelmed when all three of the leading credit-rating agencies decided to downgrade Puerto Rico’s bonds to “junk” status. ", "This move shut the Commonwealth’s access to pension funds and other institutional investors, because they are limited to purchasing investment-grade bonds. ", "Since that time, Puerto Rico has gained some breathing time by managing to place $3.5 billion of new debt mostly with risk-prone hedge funds, though at the cost of locking in a high coupon rate of 8 percent.", "\n\nThe new dark cloud on the island’s horizon is the potential for a banking crisis. ", "Banks in Puerto Rico have been weighed down for several years now by bad loans, pressure on their margins, intense competition, excessive reliance on wholesale funding, and lately the economic consequences of the government’s austerity measures. ", "In recognition of their vulnerabilities, most of the banks are graded very low by the credit-rating agencies.", "\n\nRecently, the industry’s outlook took a turn for the worse by a surprise decision on the government’s part to disavow a major tax refund that was supposed to be paid to Doral Bank, one of the island’s largest lenders with assets of $8.5 billion and branches also in New York City and Florida. ", "Doral and Puerto Rico’s Treasury Department had subscribed agreements on these tax receivables on six separate occasions during the past decade, with the latest binding commitment dated March 2012. ", "Since the expected tax refund was part of Doral’s capital base, the news of its cancellation was followed by a swift reaction: Doral’s shares tanked, its ratings were slashed to near-default levels, and the FDIC and Federal Reserve imposed stringent operating restrictions on the bank.", "\n\nWhy would the island’s government default on a lawful obligation, thereby possibly pushing one of its leading banks into insolvency? ", "The most likely explanation is that, given its own delicate financial position, the government does not wish to part with the $230 million long owed to Doral.", "\n\nIn recent weeks, the government has also introduced bills in the island’s legislature that would raid the insurance fund (COSSEC) set up by cooperative banks, in order to use that capital for fiscal purposes.", "\n\nGovernor Alejandro García Padilla is increasingly acting in a penny-wise, pound-foolish manner. ", "The lesson of ample international experience is that when banks teeter and possibly fail, confidence often vanishes and economic conditions quickly get worse. ", "Therefore, no measures should be taken to weaken the island’s already fragile financial system.", "\n\nPorzecanski is the director of the International Economic Relations Program at American University’s School of International Service." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to a new process for the direct catalytic hydrogenation of glyceride oils using particulate and/or granulated catalysts containing copper chromite.", "\n2. ", "Statement of Related Art\nThe direct catalytic hydrogenation of glyceride oils has long been known from the literature. ", "Processes such as these enable fatty alcohols--products of considerable commercial interest--to be directly obtained from fats and oils of natural origin. ", "Hitherto, however, the process of direct hydrogenation has not been used to any significant extent in the commercial production of fatty alcohols. ", "Instead, it has been preferred first to transesterify the glycerides of the native fats and oils with lower monoalcohols, preferably methanol, and then to subject the resulting fatty acid esters of lower alcohols to catalytic hydrogenation to form fatty alcohols. ", "The valuable glycerol obtained in high yields and in high purity in this way ensures that the two-stage process is highly economical.", "\nIt is known from the prior art that water and propanol, rather than glycerol, are unexpectedly formed as secondary products in the one-stage process of direct hydrogenation of triglycerides (W. Nommann, Z. angewandte Chemie, 44(1931), 714-717). ", "This is attributed to the fact that, under the prevailing reaction conditions, the glycerol initially formed enters into secondary reactions with elimination of water. ", "The fact that it is not high-purity glycerol, but less valuable secondary products which are largely formed in the direct catalytic hydrogenation of glyceride oils by known processes means that this method of producing fatty alcohols cannot compete with the two-stage process in terms of economy. ", "This is also the reason why the known processes for the direct hydrogenation of glyceride oils have not been adopted for working on an industrial scale.", "\nProcesses for the direct hydrogenation of triglycerides to higher aliphatic alcohols were also described in the patent literature, for example in U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "2,094,127; 2,109,844; and 2,241,417. ", "In addition to the fatty alcohols corresponding in the length of the alkyl radicals to the C-chain length of the fatty acid residues, the processes disclosed in these U.S. patents, which are carried out at reaction temperatures of from 200.degree. ", "to 400.degree. ", "C. and under hydrogen pressures of from 100 to 300 bar, produce only small quantities of the desired reaction product glycerol and, instead, relatively large quantities of propane, propanol or propanediols.", "\nGerman published application No. ", "16 68 219 describes a process for the hydrogenation of triglycerides from fats and oils, in which aluminum oxide and/or silicon dioxide catalysts promoted with iron, cobalt, molybdenum, chromium, tungsten or nickel are used for the hydrogenation at temperatures of from 300.degree. ", "C. to 460.degree. ", "C. and under pressures of up to 130 bar. ", "This publication also mentions the danger of uncontrolled secondary reactions with formation of propylene glycol, propanol or propane instead of the valuable glycerol required. ", "The controlled performance of the reaction at extremely high reaction temperatures and pressures is carried out to enable catalysts which, although comparatively inactive, are unaffected by catalyst poisons to be used for the hydrogenation and, in spite of this, to obtain glycerol as a secondary product. ", "The use of copper chromite catalysts is specifically mentioned as unsuitable for the desired purposes. ", "One disadvantage of this process is that selective product control to glycerol as a secondary product is only possible in a very narrow, but very high temperature and pressure range. ", "Under the conditions mentioned, reduction of the fatty alcohols produced to the corresponding hydrocarbons is also observed in practice, jeopardizing the economy of the process through a reduction in yield. ", "Another disadvantage lies in the fact that the catalysts used are not stable to traces of acid in the starting materials obtainable from native sources and, in addition, show inadequate mechanical strength, so that not only is separation of the solid catalyst from the reaction products extremely difficult, losses of active catalyst through erosion of catalyst material also have to be accepted. ", "The need for continuous replenishment of active catalyst also jeopardizes the economy of the process." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "/*\n * Copyright 2016 Coursera Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\n\npackage org.coursera.naptime\n\nimport akka.stream.", "Materializer\nimport org.coursera.common.stringkey.", "StringKeyFormat\nimport org.coursera.naptime.actions.", "NaptimeActionSerializer.", "AnyWrites._", "\nimport org.coursera.naptime.model.", "KeyFormat\nimport org.coursera.naptime.model.", "Keyed\nimport org.coursera.naptime.path.", "ParseSuccess\nimport org.coursera.naptime.path.", "RootParsedPathKey\nimport org.coursera.naptime.resources.", "TopLevelCollectionResource\nimport org.coursera.naptime.router2._", "\nimport org.junit.", "Test\nimport org.scalatest.junit.", "AssertionsForJUnit\nimport org.scalatest.mockito.", "MockitoSugar\nimport play.api.libs.json.", "Json\nimport play.api.libs.json.", "OFormat\nimport play.api.mvc.", "AnyContentAsEmpty\nimport play.api.mvc.", "RequestHeader\nimport play.api.test.", "FakeRequest\nimport org.mockito.", "Mockito._", "\nimport org.mockito.Matchers.any\n\nimport scala.concurrent.", "ExecutionContext\n\ncase class Item(name: String, description: String)\nobject Item {\n implicit val jsonFormat: OFormat[Item] = Json.format[Item]\n}\n\ncase class ComplexEmailType(user: String, domain: String)\n\nobject ComplexEmailType {\n implicit val stringKeyFormat =\n StringKeyFormat.caseClassFormat((ComplexEmailType.apply _).tupled, ComplexEmailType.unapply)\n}\n\nclass Resource(implicit val executionContext: ExecutionContext, val materializer: Materializer)\n extends TopLevelCollectionResource[String, Item] {\n\n override def keyFormat: KeyFormat[String] = KeyFormat.stringKeyFormat\n\n override implicit def resourceFormat: OFormat[Item] = Item.jsonFormat\n\n override def resourceName: String = \"items\"\n\n implicit val fields = Fields.withDefaultFields(\"name\")\n\n val allItems = List(\n Keyed(\"1\", Item(\"one\", \"the first one\")),\n Keyed(\"2\", Item(\"two\", \"the first one after the first one\")),\n Keyed(\"3\", Item(\"tree\", \"with branches and leaves\")),\n Keyed(\"4\", Item(\"flour\", \"make bread with me\")))\n\n def getAll = Nap.getAll { implicit ctx =>\n Ok(allItems)\n }\n\n def get(id: String) = Nap.get { ctx =>\n Ok(allItems.head)\n }\n\n def multiGet(ids: Set[String]) = Nap.multiGet { ctx =>\n Ok(allItems.filter(item => ids.contains(item.key)))\n }\n\n def update(id: String) = Nap.update { ctx =>\n ???", "\n }\n\n def delete(id: String) = Nap.delete { ctx =>\n ???", "\n }\n\n def create = Nap.create { ctx =>\n ???", "\n }\n\n def byEmail(email: String) = Nap.finder { ctx =>\n ???", "\n }\n\n def byUsernameAndDomain(userName: String, domain: String) = Nap.finder { ctx =>\n ???", "\n }\n\n def complex(complex: ComplexEmailType, extra: Option[String]) = Nap.finder { ctx =>\n ???", "\n }\n\n def actionWithParams(someParam: Option[ComplexEmailType]) = Nap.action { ctx =>\n ???", "\n }\n\n def actionWithoutParams() = Nap.action { ctx =>\n ???", "\n }\n\n}\n\nobject Resource {\n val routerBuilder = Router.build[Resource]\n}\n\nclass NonNestedMacroTests extends AssertionsForJUnit with MockitoSugar with ResourceTestImplicits {\n\n val instance = mock[Resource]\n val instanceImpl = new Resource\n when(instance.resourceName).thenReturn(\"items\")\n when(instance.resourceVersion).thenReturn(1)\n when(instance.keyFormat).thenReturn(KeyFormat.stringKeyFormat)\n\n when(instance.get(any())).thenReturn(instanceImpl.get(\"id\"))\n when(instance.multiGet(any())).thenReturn(instanceImpl.multiGet(Set.empty))\n when(instance.getAll).thenReturn(instanceImpl.getAll)\n when(instance.create).thenReturn(instanceImpl.create)\n when(instance.delete(any())).thenReturn(instanceImpl.delete(\"someId\"))\n when(instance.update(any())).thenReturn(instanceImpl.update(\"someId\"))\n when(instance.byEmail(any())).thenReturn(instanceImpl.byEmail(\"emailAddr\"))\n when(instance.byUsernameAndDomain(any(), any()))\n .thenReturn(instanceImpl.byUsernameAndDomain(\"user\", \"domain\"))\n when(instance.actionWithoutParams()).thenReturn(instanceImpl.actionWithoutParams())\n when(instance.actionWithParams(any())).thenReturn(instanceImpl.actionWithParams(None))\n when(instance.complex(any(), any())).thenReturn(instanceImpl.complex(null, None))\n\n val router =\n Resource.routerBuilder.build(instance.asInstanceOf[Resource.routerBuilder.", "ResourceClass])\n\n private[this] def mkRequest(\n id: Option[String],\n method: String = \"GET\",\n query: Map[String, String] = Map.empty): FakeRequest[AnyContentAsEmpty.type] = {\n var path = \"/api/items.v1\"\n id.foreach { id =>\n path = s\"$path/$id\"\n }\n when(instance.optParse(path.substring(\"/api\".length))).thenReturn(\n ParseSuccess(None, id ::: RootParsedPathKey).asInstanceOf[ParseSuccess[instance.", "OptPathKey]])\n if (query.nonEmpty) {\n val queryStr = query\n .map { param =>\n s\"${param._1}=${param._2}\"\n }\n .toList\n .mkString(\"?\", \"&\", \"\")", "\n path = s\"$path$queryStr\"\n }\n FakeRequest(method, path)\n }\n\n private[this] def checkRouter(requestHeader: RequestHeader, methodName: String): Unit = {\n assert(requestHeader.path.startsWith(\"/api\"))\n val result = router.routeRequest(requestHeader.path.substring(\"/api\".length), requestHeader)\n assert(result.isDefined)\n val taggedRequest = result.get.tagRequest(requestHeader)\n assert(taggedRequest.tags.contains(Router.", "NAPTIME_RESOURCE_NAME))\n assert(taggedRequest.tags.get(Router.", "NAPTIME_METHOD_NAME).contains(methodName))\n }\n\n private[this] def noCustomInputOutputAuthTypes(methodName: String): Unit = {\n val handler = Resource.routerBuilder.schema.handlers.find(_.name === methodName).get\n assert(handler.inputBodyType.isEmpty)\n assert(handler.customOutputBodyType.isEmpty)\n assert(handler.authType.isEmpty)\n }\n\n @Test\n def getAllTest(): Unit = {\n val getAllRequest = mkRequest(None)\n checkRouter(getAllRequest, \"getAll\")\n verify(instance).getAll\n }\n\n @Test\n def getTest(): Unit = {\n val getRequest = mkRequest(Some(\"123\"))\n checkRouter(getRequest, \"get\")\n verify(instance).get(\"123\")\n }\n\n @Test\n def multiGetTest(): Unit = {\n val multiGetRequest = mkRequest(None, query = Map(\"ids\" -> \"1,2\"))\n checkRouter(multiGetRequest, \"multiGet\")\n verify(instance).multiGet(Set(\"1\", \"2\"))\n }\n\n @Test\n def updateTest(): Unit = {\n val putRequest = mkRequest(Some(\"123\"), \"PUT\")\n checkRouter(putRequest, \"update\")\n verify(instance).update(\"123\")\n }\n\n @Test\n def deleteTest(): Unit = {\n val deleteRequest = mkRequest(Some(\"123\"), \"DELETE\")\n checkRouter(deleteRequest, \"delete\")\n verify(instance).delete(\"123\")\n }\n\n @Test\n def createTest(): Unit = {\n val createRequest = mkRequest(None, \"POST\")\n checkRouter(createRequest, \"create\")\n verify(instance).create\n }\n\n @Test\n def finderByEmailTest(): Unit = {\n val finderRequest =\n mkRequest(None, query = Map(\"q\" -> \"byEmail\", \"email\" -> \"user@example.com\"))\n checkRouter(finderRequest, \"byEmail\")\n verify(instance).byEmail(\"user@example.com\")\n }\n\n @Test\n def finderByUsernameAndDomainTest(): Unit = {\n val finderRequest =\n mkRequest(\n None,\n query =\n Map(\"q\" -> \"byUsernameAndDomain\", \"userName\" -> \"daphne\", \"domain\" -> \"coursera.org\"))\n checkRouter(finderRequest, \"byUsernameAndDomain\")\n verify(instance).byUsernameAndDomain(\"daphne\", \"coursera.org\")\n }\n\n @Test\n def finderComplexTest(): Unit = {\n val finderRequest =\n mkRequest(None, query = Map(\"q\" -> \"complex\", \"complex\" -> \"daphne~coursera.org\"))\n checkRouter(finderRequest, \"complex\")\n verify(instance).complex(ComplexEmailType(\"daphne\", \"coursera.org\"), None)\n }\n\n @Test\n def finderComplexTypes2(): Unit = {\n val finderRequest2 = mkRequest(\n None,\n query = Map(\"q\" -> \"complex\", \"complex\" -> \"daphne~coursera.org\", \"extra\" -> \"foo\"))\n checkRouter(finderRequest2, \"complex\")\n verify(instance).complex(ComplexEmailType(\"daphne\", \"coursera.org\"), Some(\"foo\"))\n }\n\n @Test\n def actionTest(): Unit = {\n val actionRequest = mkRequest(\n None,\n \"POST\",\n query = Map(\"action\" -> \"actionWithParams\", \"someParam\" -> \"daphne~coursera.org\"))\n checkRouter(actionRequest, \"actionWithParams\")\n verify(instance).actionWithParams(Some(ComplexEmailType(\"daphne\", \"coursera.org\")))\n }\n\n @Test\n def actionWithoutParamsTest(): Unit = {\n val actionRequest = mkRequest(None, \"POST\", query = Map(\"action\" -> \"actionWithoutParams\"))\n checkRouter(actionRequest, \"actionWithoutParams\")\n verify(instance).actionWithoutParams()\n }\n\n @Test\n def noCustomTypes(): Unit = {\n noCustomInputOutputAuthTypes(\"getAll\")\n noCustomInputOutputAuthTypes(\"get\")\n noCustomInputOutputAuthTypes(\"multiGet\")\n noCustomInputOutputAuthTypes(\"create\")\n noCustomInputOutputAuthTypes(\"update\")\n noCustomInputOutputAuthTypes(\"delete\")\n noCustomInputOutputAuthTypes(\"complex\")\n noCustomInputOutputAuthTypes(\"actionWithoutParams\")\n }\n\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Memories of the Sword\n\nMemories of the Sword (; lit. \"", "Female Warrior: Memories of the Sword\") is a 2015 South Korean martial arts/romance period drama co-written and directed by Park Heung-sik, starring Lee Byung-hun, Jeon Do-yeon and Kim Go-eun.", "\n\nPlot\nThis is a story of three swordsmen, Poong-cheon, Seol-rang, and Deok-gi, who led an uprising during the Goryeo era. ", "When their desire for freedom and justice is about to be fulfilled, Deok-gi betrays them, leading to the death of Poong-cheon, and to Seol-rang disappearing along with Poong-cheon's infant daughter Hong-ee. ", "When Seol-rang leaves, Deok-gi intones the prophecy that \"You, no, not just you, but you and I both will be killed by Hong-ee.\"", "\n\nEighteen years later, Seol-rang, now called Wallso, is a blind woman with two children who manages a tea house at Byukran port. ", "Determined to take revenge on Deok-gi, Wallso tries to teach Hong-ee to become a master of the sword, but Hong-ee (who changed her name to Seol-hee) is much more interested in day-to-day affairs than what happened to her father in the past.", "\n\nOne day, a big sword match hosted by the powerful military ruler Deok-gi (now known as Yoo-baek) is held in the market. ", "Seol-hee participates in the match despite Wallso's objections. ", "As the match progresses, she ends up fighting Yull, who is the\nmaster of the sword.", "\n\nYoo-baek realizes that Seol-hee's skill with the sword is similar to Seol-rang's, whom he had once loved. ", "Yoo-baek orders his\nsubordinates to catch Seol-hee, but she is able to run away. ", "That same night, Seol-hee learns how her father, Poong-cheon died. ", "Wallso tells her that there are two enemies that Seol-hee is destined to vanquish: Yoo-baek, and Wallso herself. ", "Shocked and desperate, Seol-hee leaves home: the beginning of a long journey of revenge.", "\n\nCast\nLee Byung-hun as Deok-gi/Yoo-baek\nJeon Do-yeon as Seol-rang/Wallso\nKim Go-eun as Hong-ee/Seol-hee\nLee Junho as Yull\nLee Geung-young as Teacher\nKim Tae-woo as Jon-bok\nKim Soo-an as Gu-seul\nKim Young-min as Wang\nSung Yu-bin as Gam-cho\nBae Soo-bin as Poong-cheon\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:South Korean films\nCategory:South Korean historical films\nCategory:South Korean martial arts films\nCategory:Films directed by Park Heung-sik (born 1965)\nCategory:Lotte Entertainment films\nCategory:South Korean films about revenge\nCategory:2015 martial arts films\nCategory:Period action films" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "INDIA - Life in Exile (Tibetan Refugees)\nTibetan refugees are seen at Reception Center, a temporary shelter for newly arrived Tibetan refugees in McLeod Ganj, Dharamsala, India, where the Dalai Lama settled after fleeing Tibet in 1959 after a failed uprising against Chinese rule, June 3, 2009." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nError that reference is missing when it seems to be added to project\n\nI am poking around ASP.Net MVC 5/ASP.Net Core and am getting errors when trying to build the project.", "\nThe error is simple enough on its own:\n\nError CS0234 The type or namespace name 'Xrm' does not exist in the namespace 'Microsoft' (are you missing an assembly reference?)", "\n\nBut...it does. ", "The class name in the C# file is correctly 'coloured' and if I hover over it, Visual Studio understands what it is (class Entity in picture below).", "\nMy main project is a web app, but this problem is occurring in a sibling 'Class Library (package)' project. ", "The reference was added by nuget.", "\n\nAny ideas what I might have done wrong or where I might look to try to debug?", "\nThe project.json looks like this:\n{\n \"version\": \"1.0.0-*\",\n \"description\": \"My Proj Name\",\n \"authors\": [ \"Robert\" ],\n \"tags\": [ \"\" ],\n \"projectUrl\": \"\",\n \"licenseUrl\": \"\",\n\n \"frameworks\": {\n \"net451\": {\n \"dependencies\": {\n \"Microsoft.", "Crm.", "Sdk.", "Proxy\": \"1.0.0-*\",\n \"Microsoft.", "CrmSdk.", "CoreAssemblies\": \"8.1.0\"\n \"Microsoft.", "Xrm.", "Client\": \"1.0.0-*\"\n }\n },\n \"dotnet5.4\": {\n \"dependencies\": {\n \"Microsoft.", "CSharp\": \"4.0.1-beta-23516\",\n \"System.", "Collections\": \"4.0.11-beta-23516\",\n \"System.", "Linq\": \"4.0.1-beta-23516\",\n \"System.", "Runtime\": \"4.0.21-beta-23516\",\n \"System.", "Threading\": \"4.0.11-beta-23516\"\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou are referencing NuGet Package that has only \"full\" framework implementation while you are targeting both net451 and dotnet5. ", "Tooltip for the Entity class (asterisk sign) should give you an idea about the error.", "\nYou have two options\n\nRemove dotnet5 from target frameworks - This means your application will work only on Windows and with framework 451\nUse conditional compilation to separate implementation for two frameworks. ", "\n\ne.g. \n#if DNX451\n // utilize resource only available with .NET Framework\n#endif\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nGameCenter Operation cancelled if account never used with game center\n\nI am using GameCenter on my app. ", "I have these lines\nGKLocalPlayer *localPlayer = [GKLocalPlayer localPlayer];\n[localPlayer authenticateWithCompletionHandler:^(NSError *error) {\n if (localPlayer.isAuthenticated)\n {\n\n }\n\nthe problem is that the localPlayer.isAuthenticated flag is always TRUE bur error variable comes with code 2 = \"operation was cancelled\" (???).", "\nI have sign out from device's game center and from the store but this flag is always true and I do not see the game center sign in that my app should show when it starts. ", "I don't see either the \"welcome\" banner that always show when a game that uses game center starts.", "\nHow do I force a sign out of game center to make the sign in window to show again?", "\nI am compiling for iOS 4.3.", "\nthanks\n\nWhat I have discovered now is that this happens if you never signed in on device's game center. ", "Once you login there, and say you want to use your username on game center, the app works. ", "The worst part is this: suppose someone downloads the game but does not have the game center set yet. ", "So, the game will never work for them? ", "My game is supposed to work exclusively with game center on. ", "So, for me this is an issue.", "\n\nA:\n\nFor me its working great. ", "Just changed code from\nif([GKLocalPlayer localPlayer].authenticated)\n\nTo\nif([GKLocalPlayer localPlayer].authenticated == NO)\n\n//Other codes\nif([GKLocalPlayer localPlayer].authenticated == NO)\n {\n [[GKLocalPlayer localPlayer] authenticateWithCompletionHandler:^(NSError *error)\n {\n [self processGameCenterAuth: error];\n }];\n }\n\n- (void) processGameCenterAuth: (NSError*) error\n{\n if(error == NULL)\n {\n [mGameCenterManager reloadHighScoresForCategory: self.currentLeaderBoard];\n }\n else\n {\n // NSLog(@\"%@\\n\\n\",[NSString stringWithFormat: @\"Reason: %@\", [error localizedDescription]]);\n\n AppController *app = (AppController*)[UIApplication sharedApplication].delegate;\n\n if(!app.isgameCenterStarted)\n {\n UIAlertView* alert= [[[UIAlertView alloc] initWithTitle:@\"Game Center Unavailable\" message: @\"Player is not signed in\"\n delegate: NULL cancelButtonTitle: @\"OK\" otherButtonTitles: NULL] autorelease];\n [alert show];\n }\n else\n {\n [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] postNotificationName:@\"GameCenterUnAvailable\" object:nil];\n }\n }\n\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Alan Pardew is the type of man who prides himself on spotting solutions to situations others see as insurmountable problems.", "\n\nInconvenient as a three-game stadium ban is, with four from the touchline to follow, the Newcastle United's manager desire to remain in control of matchday events on the pitch has involved the club briefing a team of video analysts who will sit alongside Pardew in a hotel suite during games.", "\n\nQuite apart from watching a live feed, the 52-year-old will be provided with a stream of Prozone-type statistical information of the sort he usually receives in post-match debriefs.", "\n\nIn theory no direct contact with his staff on the bench is allowed but armed with such knowledge there would be nothing to prevent him using intermediaries to contact John Carver, his assistant, and issue those instructions via mobile phone.", "\n\nDespite the existence of such elaborate contingency plans, Pardew trusts Carver implicitly. ", "After hiring him as his No2 on an initial four-month contract in January 2011, Newcastle's manager took only a few weeks to extend that term to five-and-a-half years.", "\n\nPardew had seen the coaching talent which, back in 1998, persuaded Ruud Gullit, then Newcastle's manager, to prompt astonishment by promoting Carver from a lowly youth-coaching role to first-team coach.", "\n\nIf he owes his career to Gullit, the 49-year-old Geordie soon came to regard the Dutchman's successor, Sir Bobby Robson, as a key mentor before leaving St James' Park for coaching stints at Plymouth, Sheffield United and Leeds as well as a spell in charge of Toronto in the MLS.", "\n\n\"We get on very well,\" says Carver of Pardew, a man he had not met before his job interview at Slaley Hall hotel in Northumberland three years ago. ", "At the time, Newcastle's manager had been rebuffed by a series of people including Peter Taylor and Phil Parkinson and seemed to turn to Carver almost in desperation.", "\n\nIt was to prove the start of a highly productive relationship, facilitated partly by Pardew's new-found ability to share the workload. \"", "The reason we've got such a good working relationship is because one of Alan's qualities is delegation,\" says Carver. \"", "We all know he's the boss because he has the final say but he likes you to have an opinion.\"", "\n\nEven so the coming weeks are likely to provide Pardew with quite a test of the control-freak aspect of his character that he concedes can be \"a bit OCD\". ", "Newcastle's manager freely acknowledges learning to delegate has not come easily to him.", "\n\n\"Football management is the kind of job where perhaps you interfere too much and don't delegate enough,\" says Pardew. \"", "But as you get more experienced you realise you need to delegate. ", "You don't have to be a perfectionist. ", "Early on in my managerial career I was worrying about things like the [club] wallpaper as well as everything else. ", "I'm still a bit like that, I've got that kind of OCD going on but now I know I have to reel myself back.\"", "\n\nNo stranger to the need to rein himself in, Carver can be almost as combustible as Pardew but a man who famously once wrestled with Craig Bellamy in a lounge at Newcastle airport after a row over parking will be on his best behaviour during the coming weeks.", "\n\nDescribed as \"one of my best signings\" by Pardew, he is part of a close-knit backroom quartet completed by their fellow Geordie first-team coach Steve Stone and the manager's former Crystal Palace team-mate turned goalkeeping coach, Andy Woodman. ", "Uber loyal to each other, all four share a strong sense of humour which has frequently helped them cope with the idiosyncrasies of Mike Ashley, Newcastle's owner.", "\n\nStone and Woodman will be alongside Carver in the technical area on matchdays and are unlikely to underestimate the sense of frustration brewing in Pardew's hotel.", "\n\n\"In training Alan constantly runs through every scenario of where players should be when the ball is in certain positions,\" says Stone, the former Nottingham Forest and Aston Villa winger. \"", "Tactically he's as good as anyone; Alan really understands the game. ", "During matches some managers dither on the sidelines, which can cost you, but Alan will change things because he believes in his decision-making ability.\"", "\n\nIt is said that come matchdays, Pardew likes to see himself as \"the king\" and the technical area as his \"castle\". ", "It perhaps explains why David Meyler's incursion into this sacred territory met with such an extreme, inexcusable reaction.", "\n\nAs he paces his London hotel room on Saturday when his team visit Fulham, Newcastle's manager will have ample time to reflect on how much better things would be if only he had taken himself less seriously. ", "If only he had seen the funny side and laughed at the Hull midfielder's impudence. ", "If only …" ]

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[ "Student, artist, intellectual. (", "That’s what I’d like to think, anyhow.) ", "I’m using this as a repository of sorts for my writing, so I can easily share it.", "\n\nMar 2, 2016\n\nI Hate Social Media\n\nIt makes me uncomfortable, and, to be frank, it pisses me off.", "\n\nNow you might wonder why. ", "Social media is such an integral part of my generation’s social life, after all, and essential to being successful in just about any creative or marketing-related field nowadays.", "\n\n9. ", "Lack of regulation and legislation render it a breeding ground for crime and harassment.", "\n\n10. ", "It functions on the fundamentally flawed premise that everyone else cares about your life.", "\n\nI feel weird posting things on Facebook or Instagram.", "\n\nWhy would anyone care about what I do? ", "It feels extraordinarily self-aggrandizing to assume that random acquaintances would want to hear about my day or see my vacation pictures. ", "If you’re important to me, you’ll probably hear about it anyway. ", "I also don’t like the idea of everyone I know having the option to see and judge what I’m putting up. ", "Let’s be honest, social media is about judging others, comparing yourself to them, and receiving validation.", "\n\nLearning to Live With It\n\nNow, I’m starting to accept that there are some benefits to social media.", "\n\nAs a poor, isolated college student, I no longer receive The Washington Post daily to my home. ", "This caused me to fall very behind on current events my freshman year. ", "Realizing that various reputable news sources, interest groups, and well-informed individuals of my acquaintance are constantly posting noteworthy items on social media websites allowed me to tap back in to the pulse of world news. ", "Mutual-interest groups — from Freethought to cat lovers to a chronic illness support group — have also improved my attitude towards social media. ", "They remove much of the self-important feel of networking sites.", "\n\nBusiness is Business\n\nI don’t like to tell people my strengths, to advocate for myself, or to do things that risk rejection. ", "Even in a traditional business model, these character traits would have made my career track a more difficult one. ", "But as a loosely-defined creative type, these traits could be fatal. ", "With interest and experience in photography, music, digital art and design, and who knows what else, I need a strong social media presence in order to be successful.", "\n\nMy best friend is a parkour athlete, and he’s not what anyone would call shy. ", "He’s one of the most confident, self-possessed individuals I’ve ever known (and a bit of a show-off, too). ", "With nearly 3,000 YouTube subscribers and over 43,000 hits on his most popular solo video (his ongoing collaboration with a filmmaker has reached over a million), he’s doing pretty well for himself. ", "He’s always getting on my case about building a stronger media presence for myself as both a vocalist and photographer.", "\n\nI have one unattractively-filmed YouTube video, and have just recently started (slowly) posting my enormous backlog of portfolio-worthy photographs to Instagram. ", "Beyond my discomfort with the premise of social media, I also don’t like people that I know to be able to see what I’m up to professionally/creatively. ", "It’s one thing to post anonymously and have strangers appreciate (or not) what you’re doing, but it’s embarrassing to have to see those people ever again. ", "I have a barely-begun Behance page and a recently updated LinkedIn.", "\n\nI’m working on bringing myself into the age of mass-media marketing. ", "It’s not fun, it’s not easy, but it is necessary." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nTinyMCE not wrapping around entire section\n\nI have a textarea model field, that you can edit without admin using Django's inplace edit. ", "The inplace edit also uses a TinyMCE adaptor. ", "When clicking on the textarea in Chrome, the TinyMCE text editor wraps around only like two thirds of the section. ", "Is there something in TinyMCEs init method to make it wrap around the entire section ? ", "I tried switching the height, but it had no affect on the height of the text editor\n\ntinymce.init\ntinymce.init({\n selector: \"textarea\",\n theme: \"modern\",\n plugins: [\n \"template advlist autolink lists link image charmap hr anchor\",\n \"searchreplace wordcount visualblocks visualchars code fullscreen\",\n \"insertdatetime media nonbreaking table contextmenu directionality textcolor\",\n ],\n menubar: \"edit insert view format table tools\",\n toolbar1: \"template insertfile undo redo | styleselect | bold italic | forecolor backcolor | alignleft aligncenter alignright alignjustify | bullist numlist outdent indent | link image | media\",\n image_advtab: true,\n content_css:'/static/admin_css/editor.css?v=1',\n width: \"98%\",\n height: 500,\n file_browser_callback : FileBrowser,\n image_dimensions: false,\n style_formats : [\n {title : 'Header 1', block : 'h1'},\n {title : 'Header 2', block : 'h2'},\n {title : 'Header 3', block : 'h3'},\n {title : 'Header 4', block : 'h4'},\n {title : 'Header 5', block : 'h5'},\n {title : 'Header 6', block : 'h6'},\n {title : 'Div', block: 'div'},\n {title : 'Paragraph', block: 'p'},\n {title : 'Alpha List', selector: 'ol', styles: {'list-style-type': 'lower-alpha'}},\n {title : 'Button', selector: 'a', classes: 'btn'},\n {title : 'Dialog Link', selector: 'a', classes: 'dialog-link'}\n ],\n extended_valid_elements : 'iframe[src|title|width|height|allowfullscreen|frameborder|webkitallowfullscreen|mozallowfullscreen],',\n templates: [\n {'title': '1 Column Center', 'description': '1 Centered Column.',", "\n 'url': '/static/tinymce_templates/1-col-center.html'},\n {'title': 'Schedule Demo Button', 'description': 'Button that links to schedule demo page',\n 'url': '/static/tinymce_templates/schedule-demo-button.html'},\n {'title': '1 Column Center w/ Button', 'description': '1 Centered Column w/ button',\n 'url': '/static/tinymce_templates/1-col-center-button.html'},\n {'title': '1 Column', 'description': '1 Full Width Column.',", "\n 'url': '/static/tinymce_templates/one_col.html'},\n {'title': '2 Column', 'description': '2 Equal Columns',\n 'url': '/static/tinymce_templates/2-col.html'},\n {'title': '2 Column w/ Contact Form', 'description': '2 Equal Columns w/ a Contact Form on the Right',\n 'url': '/static/tinymce_templates/2-col_contact.html'},\n {'title': '3 Column', 'description': '3 Equal Columns',\n 'url': '/static/tinymce_templates/3-col.html'},\n {'title': '4 Column', 'description': '4 Equal Columns',\n 'url': '/static/tinymce_templates/4-col.html'},\n {'title': '2 Column Wide Right', 'description': 'One Skinny Column & One Wide Column',\n 'url': '/static/tinymce_templates/wide_col_right.html'},\n {'title': '2 Column Wide Left', 'description': 'One Skinny Column & One Wide Column',\n 'url': '/static/tinymce_templates/wide_col_left.html'},\n ],\n visual\n\nblocks_default_state: true,\n paste_as_text: true,\n paste_data_images: true,\n browser_spellcheck: true,\n});\n\nA:\n\nI don't know TinyMCE at all, but it looks like the editor has a fixed width and height, and the content is overflowing. ", "\nTinyMCE may or may not have an API function that abstracts this, but you could try adding the following to the #textarea selector:\noverflow: auto;\n\nThis would add a scrollbar when any content is clipped, i.e. when it would spill outside the boundary of the container. ", "\nI'm not sure if that would go in editor.css specified by the content_css property, or if you need the editor_css property, as per this.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nThe Game of the Century - why didn't Byrne take the rook after he forked Fischer?", "\n\nI'm guessing that there's a pretty simple explanation for this, but I can't seem to see it.", "\n[White \"Donald Byrne\"]\n[Black \"Robert James Fischer\"]\n\n[fen \"\"]\n\n1. ", "Nf3 Nf6 2. ", "c4 g6 3. ", "Nc3 Bg7 4. ", "d4 O-O 5. ", "Bf4 d5 6. ", "Qb3 dxc4 7. ", "Qxc4 c6 8. ", "e4 Nbd7 9. ", "Rd1 Nb6 10. ", "Qc5 Bg4 11. ", "Bg5 {11. ", "Be2 followed by 12 O-O would have been more prudent. ", "The bishop move played allows a sudden crescendo of tactical points to be uncovered by Fischer. — ", "Wade} Na4! {!} ", "12. ", "Qa3 {On 12. ", "Nxa4 Nxe4 and White faces considerable difficulties.} ", "Nxc3 {At first glance, one might think that this move only helps White create a stronger pawn center; however, Fischer’s plan is quite the opposite. ", "By eliminating the Knight on c3, it becomes possible to sacrifice the exchange via Nxe4 and smash White’s center, while the King remains trapped in the center.} ", "13. ", "bxc3 Nxe4 {The natural continuation of Black’s plan.} ", "14. ", "Bxe7 {Forking Black's Queen and Rook - Brandon_J} Qb6 15. ", "Bc4 (15. ", "Bxf8 Rxf8 16. ", "Bd3 (16.Be2)(16.Bc4)) Nxc3 16. ", "Bc5 Rfe8+ 17. ", "Kf1 Be6!! {", "If this is the game of the century, then 17…Be6!! ", "must be the counter of the century. ", "Fischer offers his queen in exchange for a fierce attack with his minor pieces. ", "Declining this offer is not so easy: 18. ", "Bxe6 leads to a ‘Philidor Mate’ (smothered mate) with …Qb5+ 19. ", "Kg1 Ne2+ 20. ", "Kf1 Ng3+ 21. ", "Kg1 Qf1+ 22. ", "Rxf1 Ne2#. ", "Other ways to decline the queen also run into trouble: e.g., 18. ", "Qxc3 Qxc5} 18. ", "Bxb6 Bxc4+ 19. ", "Kg1 Ne2+ 20. ", "Kf1 Nxd4+ {This tactical scenario, where a king is repeatedly revealed to checks, is sometimes called a “windmill.”} ", "21. ", "Kg1 Ne2+ 22. ", "Kf1 Nc3+ 23. ", "Kg1 axb6 24. ", "Qb4 Ra4 25. ", "Qxb6 Nxd1 26. ", "h3 Rxa2 27. ", "Kh2 Nxf2 28. ", "Re1 Rxe1 29. ", "Qd8+ Bf8 30. ", "Nxe1 Bd5 31. ", "Nf3 Ne4 32. ", "Qb8 b5 {Every piece and pawn of the black camp is defended. ", "The white queen has nothing to do.} ", "33. ", "h4 h5 34. ", "Ne5 Kg7 35. ", "Kg1 Bc5+ 36. ", "Kf1 Ng3+ {Now Byrne is hopelessly entangled in Fischer’s mating net.} ", "37. ", "Ke1 Bb4+ 38. ", "Kd1 Bb3+ 39. ", "Kc1 Ne2+ 40. ", "Kb1 Nc3+ 41. ", "Kc1 Rc2# 0-1\n\nWhy is 15. ", "Bxf8 not played?", "\nHere is the chessgames link to the game.", "\n\nA:\n\nShort answer: Since after the bishop recapture on f8 (and not the rook recapture!) ", "white is tactically and positionally completely busted, with 5 active black pieces against a completely exposed king in the centre and no foreseeable chance of consolidation in order to eventually benefit from the material advantage.", "\nFirst observations:\n\n15...Bxf8 is with tempo as it attacks the queen on a3\nWhite king is still stuck in the centre and being at least two tempi away from castling, not even sidestepping from the open file with Kf1 is possible.", "\nWith the bishop recapturing on f8, Bb4 becomes a constant threat, which means Nxc3 is unstoppable for white as Qxc3 falls to Bb4 winning the queen in all ensuing lines.", "\nAlthough white is an exchange up temporarily, one of their rooks and the f1 bishop are completely out of play still and therefore it is in fact black who effectively appears to be material up (with last piece being the a8 rook that comes into play with check in fact Re8+), not in the raw count of pieces but most definitely in terms of the positional compensation.", "\nMost important consequence of all these observations: black is well in time to prevent white from ever consolidating, which means even without concrete assessment of the different lines we can safely bet that everything's about to fall apart for white quite shortly after 15...Bxf8 as black's initiative on the white king seems to lead to tactically and forcibly winning variations in every scenario.", "\n\nBrief concrete assessment:\nNow let's look at a few candidate lines concretely (by no means exhaustive, please make sure to check these and the connected sidelines with an engine on your own)\n [title \"after 15. ", "Bxf8 Bxf8\"]\n [fen \"r4bk1/pp3p1p/1qp3p1/8/3Pn1b1/Q1P2N2/P4PPP/3RKB1R w K - 0 2\"]\n\n 1. ", "Qb3 Nxc3 2. ", "Bc4 (2. ", "Ra1 Re8+ 3. ", "Kd2 (3. ", "Ne5 Rxe5+ 4. ", "dxe5 Bb4 {and the mating net is set, white's completely defenseless.}) ", "Ne4+ {and black's at least winning the f3 knight after for instance Kc2 and Qa5}) (2. ", "Qxb6 axb6 3. ", "Ra1 Bb4 4. ", "Bc4 Ne4+ 5. ", "Ke2 Re8 {only way to avoid the discovery is to play Kd3 but after Nxf2 Nxh1 we're back to a quite similarly lost endgame compared to the 2...Nxd1 Qxb6 line}) Nxd1 {and black is up a clear piece as white cannot in any way recapture the knight} 3. ", "Qxb6 (3. ", "Qxd1 Qb4+) (3. ", "Kxd1 Qxd4+ 4. ", "Qd3 Qa1+ {and the h1 rook is lost, notice the Bxf7 trick doesn't lead to anything for white.}) ", "axb6 4. ", "Kxd1 Ra4 5. ", "Bb3 Rxd4+ 6. ", "Ke2 Re4+ 7. ", "Kd1 Bb4 {and black's clearly winning considering the bishop pair, the 2 pawns up and a passed one already, the exposed white king under constant threats and the out of play white rook.}", "\n\nthese lines clearly demonstrate why the f8 rook is in fact not hanging and why white's best chances lie in Bc4 creating Luft on f1 for the king (or even short castles if black allows on a good day) side-stepping (at first glance) most of the tactical shenanigans we just witnessed after 13...Bxf8.", "\n [title \"15. ", "Bc4 only attempt at consolidating\"]\n [fen \"r4rk1/pp2Bpbp/1qp3p1/8/3Pn1b1/Q1P2N2/P4PPP/3RKB1R w K - 0 1\"]\n\n 1. ", "Bc4 Nxc3 2. ", "Bc5 Rfe8+ 3. ", "Kf1 {and the rest is as you see in the real game, with Fischer's devastating attack despite the tucked away king on f1, which is just too little too late.}", "\n\nA:\n\nInstead of 15... Rxf8 like in your line, black could play 15... Bxf8. ", "Bxf8 attacks the queen, so the queen has to move. ", "16. ", "Qa4 let c3 uncovered and makes 16... Nxc3 with an upcoming Re8+ possible, 16. ", "Qc1 (the only other square for the queen) should pretty much be lost after 16... Nxc3 (the queen can't take because of Bb4). ", "On 17. ", "Rd2 Re8+ looks strong, and against 17. ", "Rd3 Bb4 looks pretty strong. ", "16... Re8 could also be strong instead of Nxc3. ", "\nAll in all the white king is very vulnerable in the middle of the board and black can play pretty strong gaining some tempo by attacking the white queen. ", "So black would have a strong initiative for the exchange, which gives compensation at least. ", " \n\n" ]

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[ "# /* **************************************************************************\n# * *\n# * (C) Copyright Paul Mensonides 2005. ", " *\n# * Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See *\n# * accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at *\n# * http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) *\n# * *\n# ************************************************************************** */\n#\n# /* See http://www.boost.org for most recent version. */", "\n#\n# ifndef BOOST_PREPROCESSOR_REPETITION_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_HPP\n# define BOOST_PREPROCESSOR_REPETITION_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_HPP\n#\n# include <boost/preprocessor/arithmetic/dec.hpp>\n# include <boost/preprocessor/arithmetic/inc.hpp>\n# include <boost/preprocessor/cat.hpp>\n# include <boost/preprocessor/config/config.hpp>\n# include <boost/preprocessor/punctuation/comma_if.hpp>\n# include <boost/preprocessor/repetition/repeat.hpp>\n# include <boost/preprocessor/tuple/elem.hpp>\n# include <boost/preprocessor/tuple/rem.hpp>\n#\n# /* BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS */\n#\n# if ~BOOST_PP_CONFIG_FLAGS() & BOOST_PP_CONFIG_EDG()\n# define BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS(count, p1, p2) BOOST_PP_REPEAT(BOOST_PP_DEC(count), BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_M, (p1, p2))\n# else\n# define BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS(count, p1, p2) BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_I(count, p1, p2)\n# define BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_I(count, p1, p2) BOOST_PP_REPEAT(BOOST_PP_DEC(count), BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_M, (p1, p2))\n# endif\n#\n# if BOOST_PP_CONFIG_FLAGS() & BOOST_PP_CONFIG_STRICT()\n# define BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_M(z, n, pp) BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_M_IM(z, n, BOOST_PP_TUPLE_REM_2 pp)\n# define BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_M_IM(z, n, im) BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_M_I(z, n, im)\n# else\n# define BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_M(z, n, pp) BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_M_I(z, n, BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(2, 0, pp), BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(2, 1, pp))\n# endif\n#\n# define BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_M_I(z, n, p1, p2) BOOST_PP_COMMA_IF(n) BOOST_PP_CAT(p1, BOOST_PP_INC(n)) BOOST_PP_CAT(p2, BOOST_PP_INC(n))\n#\n# /* BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_Z */\n#\n# if ~BOOST_PP_CONFIG_FLAGS() & BOOST_PP_CONFIG_EDG()\n# define BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_Z(z, count, p1, p2) BOOST_PP_REPEAT_ ## z(BOOST_PP_DEC(count), BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_M, (p1, p2))\n# else\n# define BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_Z(z, count, p1, p2) BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_Z_I(z, count, p1, p2)\n# define BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_Z_I(z, count, p1, p2) BOOST_PP_REPEAT_ ## z(BOOST_PP_DEC(count), BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_BINARY_PARAMS_M, (p1, p2))\n# endif\n#\n# endif\n" ]

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[ "After a good run, warning lights are flashing in the auto industry—and that’s not good for the broader manufacturing sector, for heartland metropolitan areas, or for President Trump.", "\n\nHere’s the problem: after seven years of strong growth following the 2008 economic crisis and federal bailouts of both General Motors (GM) and Chrysler, auto sector output and employment growth have slowed markedly from record levels. ", "Years of catch-up purchases by car buyers have finally plateaued. ", "Likewise, automakers must economize to invest billions in developing the electric and self-driving cars of tomorrow.", "\n\nAnd so the layoffs have begun. ", "Last fall, Ford jolted the industry by revealing that its sales had peaked, while projecting a tough 2017. ", "Then came the company’s April disclosure that it will need to slash $3 billion in costs to free up capital to invest in new technology. ", "Soon after that came Ford’s announcement of as many as 20,000 layoffs worldwide, as well as word that GM had cut production at four U.S. assembly lines and would be laying off about 4,400 factory workers. ", "Fiat Chrysler also laid off 1,300 workers at a Detroit assembly line.", "\n\nBy themselves, these announcements are not apocalyptic like the dire layoffs of 2008. ", "Rather, the recent cuts mostly reflect the fundamentally cyclical nature of a huge consumer business. ", "And yet, the present and future auto slow-down is a big deal because auto is critical to the manufacturing sector, which in turn looms large in regional and political narratives about whether the country is moving “in the right direction.”", "\n\nAuto-related industries, after all, delivered about 40 percent of the nation’s manufacturing employment gains in the last two years, especially important given the slow growth of other production sectors in the face of a strong dollar.", "\n\nAuto-related industries, after all, delivered about 40 percent of the nation’s manufacturing employment gains in the last two years, especially important given the slow growth of other production sectors in the face of a strong dollar. ", "Focusing on just last year and the first quarter of this year, though, the data shows that auto represented fully 80 percent of U.S. manufacturing employment growth, even as auto hiring slowed significantly. ", "Since then, the trend line has been blurry, but it’s unclear whether other industries—such as chemical manufacturing—are going to be able to pick up the slack from a likely auto-sector slowdown.", "\n\nThis is a problem. ", "With auto growth slowing and employment growth potentially poised to turn negative, hundreds of metros, congressional districts, and states in the Midwest and Southeast could soon see the end of the solid to modest manufacturing sector momentum of recent years.", "\n\nFor a glimpse of what’s at stake, see here how manufacturing growth has turned negative in 39 of the nation’s 100 largest metropolitan areas in 15 months ending in March:\n\nAll those red dots suggest hazards are ahead: if layoffs accelerate in the auto sector, as they appear likely to, and no other manufacturing industries pick up the slack, scores of Midwestern and southern metropolitan areas and small towns—especially along Interstate 65 from the Great Lakes to Alabama—may have to deal with reduced help from what has been a steady source of decent employment, taxable sales, and economic momentum since the crisis. ", "Such layoffs would be disappointing headwind as more metropolitan areas in the industrial Midwest, for example, continue to reduce their unemployment rates—including via the interesting ways tracked by my colleagues Alan Berube and Cecile Murray.", "\n\nWhich is why President Trump and congressional Republicans—along with regional economic development leaders from Kenosha to Wayne to Huntsville—should be worried about the direction of the auto and manufacturing sectors. ", "To the extent that auto industries won’t likely be able to carry the mantle of a manufacturing revival in the next year, other production industries are going to have to step up to generate the working class hiring President Trump has promised.", "\n\nTo be sure, a number of new petrochemical plant openings along the Gulf Coast, made possible by cheap and plentiful natural gas, have allowed President Trump to tweet congratulations. ", "And recent months have seen the economy add a modest number of manufacturing jobs—about 31,000 a month in the first quarter. ", "However, those gains were later revised down and the economy actually lost 1,000 manufacturing jobs in May. In any event, none of this adds up to being remotely on track to deliver the “millions” of manufacturing jobs Trump promised to “bring back.”", "\n\nAll of which underscores the importance of the nation’s auto industry to the success of its manufacturing sector—and ultimately to President Trump’s core promise to “make America great again.” ", "With fewer other manufacturing industries turning in substantial employment numbers, much more hangs on continued employment growth in the auto sector today than a decade ago. ", "A true slump in the enormous auto sector—like the one that appears in the offing—could prompt new frustration in the battleground metros and congressional districts of Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania.", "\n\nDownload appendix here\n\nThe author would like to thank Dustin Swonder for providing analytic and graphics help." ]

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[ " TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN\n\n\n NO. ", "03-02-00427-CV\n\n\n\n David Michael Johnson, Appellant\n\n v.\n\n Erin Lynn Johnson, Appellee\n\n\n\n\n FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 201ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT\n NO. ", "FM0-02572, HONORABLE DARLENE BYRNE, JUDGE PRESIDING\n\n\n\n MEMORANDUM OPINION\n\n\n This is a divorce case involving an award of attorney’s fees against appellant David\n\nJohnson in favor of appellee Erin Johnson and her trial attorney, Patricia English. ", "Although David\n\nfiled this appeal and English filed a response, Erin did not appear.", "\n\n In eight issues, David argues that there is insufficient evidence to support certain\n\nfindings of fact and conclusions of law and that the trial court erred by (1) imposing a lien on his\n\nseparate property and homestead located at 301 Woodlake Circle, (2) striking his original\n\ncounterclaim against English, (3) awarding attorney’s fees to English pursuant to family code\n\nsections 2.501 and 3.201, (4) changing the date of the parties’ divorce, (5) awarding attorney’s fees\n\nto English pursuant to family code section 106.002, (6) failing to forfeit a portion of the attorney’s\n\ffees award, (7) excluding the testimony of a witness, and (8) entering finding of fact number twenty-\n\nseven against the weight of the evidence and failing to file findings of fact required by family code\n\nsection 154.130. ", "We will modify the decree and, as modified, affirm.", "\n\n\n BACKGROUND\n\n David and Erin Johnson were married on October 29, 1987. ", "After almost thirteen\n\nyears of marriage in which the couple had three children, Erin filed for divorce on grounds of\n\ninsupportability. ", "See Tex. ", "Fam. ", "Code Ann. § ", "6.001 (West 1998). ", "David filed an answer and\n\ncounter-petition for divorce based on the same grounds. ", "See id. At a hearing on February 20, 2001,\n\nthe trial court announced that the divorce was granted. ", "Erin was appointed sole managing\n\nconservator of the children, and David was appointed possessory conservator. ", "A decree was entered,\n\nassessing Erin’s attorney’s fees against David in the amount of $40,000 and stating that the divorce\n\nwas rendered in court on February 20 but ministerially signed on May 25.", "\n\n On May 27, David was traveling with a female companion when Erin pulled up next\n\nto his car, driving on the shoulder. ", "Two of David and Erin’s minor children were in Erin’s car. ", "Erin\n\nrepeatedly swerved her car into David’s lane in an apparent attempt to hit his car. ", "A Travis County\n\ndeputy sheriff happened to be traveling behind David and witnessed the incident. ", "Erin was arrested\n\nfor assault with a deadly weapon and child endangerment. ", "The children were placed in the custody\n\nof David, and on June 5 he moved for a new trial on all issues except the granting of the divorce.", "\n\nThe court granted his motion on the issues of custody and conservatorship of the minor children, the\n\ndivision of the marital estate, and attorney’s fees. ", "On October 25, Erin filed a jury demand and paid\n\n\n\n\n 2\n\fthe jury fee.1 In November, Erin’s divorce attorney, Patricia English, intervened, seeking\n\ncompensation for unpaid attorney’s fees.", "\n\n Erin and David then settled all issues other than attorney’s fees and signed a written\n\nagreement, which was filed and subsequently approved by the court. ", "See id. § 7.006 (West 1998)\n\n(agreement incident to divorce); see also Tex. ", "R. Civ. ", "P. 11. ", "The agreement recites, in relevant part,\n\nthat both parties would be appointed joint managing conservators of the three children and that\n\nDavid would assume full ownership of the property located at 301 Woodlake Circle, which would\n\nbe deeded to him upon his payment of $100,000 to Erin in settlement of the property division. ", "The\n\nparties also agreed that “the issue of attorney’s fees is reserved for a bench trial, to be conducted\n\nwithin 120 days and to include Intervenor [English], and any claim the parties have against the other,\n\nexcept that [David] releases his claims against Erin and Erin releases her claims against [David].”", "\n\nThe agreement is signed by both parties and their respective attorneys.", "\n\n The trial court signed a final decree of divorce on June 25, 2002. ", "The decree states\n\nthat the parties were divorced as of June 13, as ordered in open court on that date. ", "David’s motion\n\nfor new trial, which was subsequently denied, as well as his entry into bankruptcy in September,\n\nextended the court’s plenary jurisdiction over the case. ", "See Tex. ", "R. Civ. ", "P. 329b; In re Southwestern\n\nBell Tel. ", "Co., 35 S.W.3d 602, 604 (Tex. ", "2000) (when defendant files bankruptcy, automatic stay goes\n\ninto effect and abates any judicial proceeding against that party). ", "Following a hearing on post-\n\n\n\n\n 1\n On November 20, the non-jury setting was struck.", "\n\n 3\n\fjudgment motions,2 an amended final decree was signed on December 10, 2002.3 Findings of fact\n\nand conclusions of law were subsequently requested by David and filed by the trial court. ", "This\n\nappeal followed.", "\n\n\n DISCUSSION\n\n In eight issues, David argues that the trial court erred by (1) imposing a lien on his\n\nseparate property and homestead located at 301 Woodlake Circle, (2) striking his original\n\ncounterclaim against English, (3) awarding attorney’s fees to English pursuant to family code\n\nsections 2.501 and 3.201, (4) changing the date of the parties’ divorce, (5) awarding attorney’s fees\n\nto English pursuant to family code section 106.002, (6) failing to forfeit a portion of the attorney’s\n\nfees award, (7) excluding the testimony of a witness, and (8) entering finding of fact number twenty-\n\nseven against the weight of the evidence and failing to file findings of fact required by family code\n\nsection 154.130.", "\n\n The crux of David’s arguments relate to whether the trial court properly held him\n\nliable for attorney’s fees that he did not personally incur and whether the resulting judgments were\n\nproperly secured by an equitable lien, vendor’s lien note, and owelty lien deed of trust related to\n\nproperty located at 301 Woodlake Circle. ", "We will begin by discussing threshold issues regarding\n\nthe effective date of the parties’ divorce and the award of attorney’s fees.", "\n\n\n\n\n 2\n The record is not clear as to what post-judgment motions were heard and addressed in the\namended decree.", "\n 3\n Finding of fact twenty-nine states that the automatic stay was lifted by the bankruptcy court\non December 2, 2002.", "\n\n 4\n\fEffective date of the divorce\n\n Several of David’s arguments depend upon the effective date of the parties’ divorce.", "\n\nThus, we will first address his fourth issue alleging that the trial court incorrectly determined the\n\neffective date of the divorce as June 13, 2002, rather than February 20, 2001.", "\n\n The trial court originally pronounced the parties divorced as of February 20, 2001 and\n\nsigned a decree on May 25, 2001. ", "However, David filed a motion for new trial which was\n\nsubsequently granted. ", "The final decree states that David’s “motion for new trial was granted for all\n\nissues other than the divorce itself.” ", "Furthermore, “the divorce ordered on February 20, 2001, was\n\ninterlocutory until the disposition of all issues and order rendered by this court on June 13, 2002, and\n\n[] the parties therefore remained married up through that date; accordingly, IT IS ORDERED AND\n\nDECREED that ERIN LYNN JOHNSON, Petitioner, and DAVID MICHAEL JOHNSON,\n\nRespondent, be and they are hereby divorced as of June 13, 2002, and [] the marriage between them\n\nis dissolved by order of the Court announced in open Court on that date.” ", "This conclusion is\n\nsupported by finding of fact twenty-six as well as conclusions of law fourteen and fifteen, which\n\ncollectively state that the “divorce entered on December [sic] 20, 2001, was interlocutory until the\n\ndisposition of all issues by order rendered by this court on June 13, 2002, and the parties therefore\n\nremained married up to that date,” and that “[b]ecause the issues of property and the children had\n\nnot been disposed of, no final judgment of divorce existed prior to the judgment signed by this court\n\non June 25, 2002.” ", "David does not challenge these findings or conclusions, but argues instead that\n\nbecause oral rulings from the bench are valid, the original pronouncement of divorce on February\n\n20, 2001, should stand. ", "See Tex. ", "R. Civ. ", "P. 306a. ", "Additionally, he contends that because the grant\n\nof divorce itself was not considered in the new trial, its original effective date should remain\n\nundisturbed.", "\n\n 5\n\f When a motion for new trial is granted, the previous “final judgment” is no longer\n\neffective. ", "See Old Republic Ins. ", "Co. v. Scott, 846 S.W.2d 832, 833 (Tex. ", "1993). ", "Furthermore, it is\n\nwell settled that the division of a marital estate is not a claim severable from the rest of a divorce\n\nproceeding. ", "Dawson-Austin v. Austin, 968 S.W.2d 319, 324 (Tex. ", "1998); see Tex. ", "Fam. ", "Code Ann.", "\n\n§ 7.001 (in decree of divorce, court shall order division of estate of parties); see also Vautrain v.\n\nVautrain, 646 S.W.2d 309, 314 (Tex. ", "App.—Fort Worth 1983, writ dism’d).", "\n\n As a matter of law, when David’s motion for new trial was granted, the prior\n\npronouncement of the effective date of the divorce became ineffective. ", "See Scott, 846 S.W.2d at\n\n833. ", "Because the grant of divorce itself cannot be severed from the division of the marital estate and\n\nlegal issues involving the couple’s children, the parties remained legally married until June 13, 2002.", "\n\nSee Austin, 968 S.W.2d at 324; see also Tex. ", "Fam. ", "Code Ann. § ", "7.001; Dunn v. Dunn, 439 S.W.2d\n\n830, 832-33 (Tex. ", "1969) (oral judgment by court is valid; written judgment signed by trial judge is\n\nnot prerequisite to finality of judgment). ", "Therefore, the trial court did not err by determining that\n\nthe effective date of the divorce was June 13, or by considering evidence of events which occurred\n\nsubsequent to February 20, 2001. ", "We overrule David’s fourth issue.", "\n\n We will now consider the main issue on appeal—whether the trial court properly\n\nawarded attorney’s fees against David in favor of English.", "\n\n\nAttorney’s fees\n\n The parties’ arguments regarding attorney’s fees revolve around three sections of the\n\nfamily code: 2.501, 3.201, and 106.002. ", "See Tex. ", "Fam. ", "Code Ann. §§ ", "2.501 (duty to support), 3.201\n\n(spousal liability), 106.002 (attorney’s fees in suit affecting parent-child relationship) (West 2002).", "\n\n 6\n\f First, David does not dispute the general application of section 106.002, but argues\n\nthat it is inapplicable in this case because (1) issues related to the children had been resolved by\n\nFebruary 20, 2001, (2) Erin was not a prevailing party entitled to attorney’s fees, and (3) the\n\nattorney’s fees should have been segregated between issues relating to the children and those relating\n\nto property. ", "See id. §§ 101.032 (West 2002) (defining “suit affecting the parent-child relationship”),\n\n106.002; see also London v. London, 94 S.W.3d 139, 146 (Tex. ", "App.—Houston [14th Dist.] ", "2002,\n\nno pet.) (", "trial court has discretion to award reasonable attorney’s fees in suit affecting parent-child\n\nrelationship).", "\n\n In suits affecting the parent-child relationship, the court may render judgment for\n\nreasonable attorney’s fees and expenses and order the judgment and postjudgment interest to be paid\n\ndirectly to an attorney. ", "See id. § 106.002. ", "A divorce proceeding involving custody of children\n\nincludes a suit affecting the parent-child relationship. ", "See Capellen v. Capellen, 888 S.W.2d 539,\n\n545 (Tex. ", "App.—El Paso 1994, writ denied). ", "An unsuccessful party may be awarded reasonable\n\nattorney’s fees under section 106.002 when the record shows that the attorney’s fees were necessary\n\nand were performed for the benefit of the child. ", "Marichal v. Marichal, 832 S.W.2d 797, 799 (Tex.", "\n\nApp.—Houston [14th Dist.] ", "1992, no writ); see Drexel v. McCutcheon, 604 S.W.2d 430 (Tex. ", "Civ.", "\n\nApp.—Waco 1980, no writ).", "\n\n On page twenty-one of the final divorce decree, the trial court awarded $40,000 in\n\nattorney’s fees to English. ", "In doing so, the court found that (1) Erin incurred $40,000 in reasonable\n\nand necessary attorney’s fees, (2) payment was owing and past due, and (3) judgment should be\n\nrendered in favor of English and against Erin. ", "The court also found that\n\n\n\n 7\n\f such attorney services and fees were necessaries furnished for the support of ERIN\n LYNN JOHNSON and the children the subject of this suit and that DAVID\n MICHAEL JOHNSON failed to pay or provide them. ", "Accordingly, the Court finds\n that DAVID MICHAEL JOHNSON should be and is personally liable to both ERIN\n LYNN JOHNSON and PATRICIA A. ENGLISH for such fees. ", "The court further\n finds pursuant to Section 106.002 of the Texas Family Code that such debt is\n enforceable by PATRICIA A. ENGLISH in her own name.", "\n\n\n The record in this case supports a finding that the attorney’s fees were necessary and\n\nwere performed for the benefit of the children. ", "See Tex. ", "Fam. ", "Code Ann. § ", "106.002; Marichal, 832\n\nS.W.2d at 799. ", "English testified at the final hearing that, in addition to her representation of Erin,\n\nshe represented the children in the divorce.4 We disagree with David’s assertion that issues related\n\nto the children had been completely resolved by February 2001. ", "The final decree in this case, signed\n\n\n\n\n 4\n English’s written agreement with Erin was introduced into evidence. ", "David objected to\nEnglish’s testimony that she represented the children, asserting that the parole evidence rule\nprecluded evidence of oral agreements outside the four corners of the contract regarding\nrepresentation of Erin in the divorce. ", "See Sun Oil Co. v. Madeley, 626 S.W.2d 726, 732 (Tex. ", "1981).", "\nParole evidence is inadmissible if it will vary or contradict a writing intended by the parties as a final\nand complete expression of their agreement, provided the writing is not ambiguous. ", "See Carr v.\nChristie, 970 S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tex. ", "App.—Austin 1998, pet. ", "denied).", "\n\n The written agreement references “In the Matter of the Marriage of Erin Lynn Johnson and\n[David] Michael Johnson, and In the Interests of [N.J.], [H.J.], and [E.J.], Minor Children.” ", "David\npoints out that the second paragraph states that the retainer fee does not include contested child\ncustody issues. ", "However, the agreement does not preclude representation of the best interests of the\nchildren, exclusive of issues that are contested. ", "Furthermore, evidence that English had an\nagreement with Erin regarding her representation in the divorce does not render inadmissible\nEnglish’s testimony of a subsequent and separate oral agreement regarding representation of the\nchildren. ", "See Hobbs Trailers v. J. T. Arnett Grain Co., Inc., 560 S.W.2d 85, 87 (Tex. ", "1977)\n(considering law regarding parole evidence, collateral contract may stand so long as it is not\ninconsistent with another contract); see also Hubacek v. Ennis State Bank, 159 Tex. ", "166, 170 (Tex.", "\n1958) (parole evidence does not preclude enforcement of prior or contemporaneous agreements\nwhich are collateral to integrated agreement and which are not inconsistent with and do not vary or\ncontradict express or implied terms or obligations thereof).", "\n\n 8\n\fin 2002, contains over ten pages of details regarding possession and care of the couple’s children.", "\n\nFurthermore, provisions of the decree regarding conservatorship of the children changed between\n\nthe 2001 and 2002 decrees.5\n\n David also argues that the attorney’s fee award is inappropriate because Erin’s\n\nconduct caused the filing of the motion for new trial. ", "However, in the final decree, David was\n\nawarded attorney’s fees against Erin related to the time period after he filed the motion for new trial\n\nand before the final decree was entered. ", "Erin did not appeal that award. ", "Clearly, the $40,000 in\n\nattorney’s fees assessed against David was for services incurred prior to the filing of the motion for\n\nnew trial.", "\n\n Additionally, David’s argument that Erin was not a prevailing party is irrelevant\n\nbecause section 106.002 does not require Erin to prevail in order to collect attorney’s fees. ", "See Tex.", "\n\nFam. ", "Code Ann. § ", "106.002; Marichal, 832 S.W.2d at 799. ", "Moreover, David did not object at trial\n\nregarding segregation of attorney’s fees between children and property issues. ", "Thus, he failed to\n\npreserve any error related to the failure to segregate. ", "Green Int’l, Inc. v. Solis, 951 S.W.2d 384, 389\n\n(Tex. ", "1997); Hruska v. First State Bank of Deanville, 747 S.W.2d 783, 785 (Tex. ", "1988); see Tex.", "\n\nR. App. ", "P. 33.1. ", "We overrule David’s sixth issue.", "\n\n\n\n\n 5\n David also contends that he was found liable for fees incurred after the original decree was\npronounced in February 2001. ", "In February, the court found that Erin had “incurred $40,000 as of\nFebruary 20, 2001, as attorney’s fees” and awarded Erin a judgment of $40,000 against David, for\nthe benefit of English. ", "The final decree on appeal does not award English anything in addition to\nthe $40,000 David was originally ordered to pay. ", "Furthermore, the arbitration report, signed April\n11, 2001, values the attorney’s fees, expert witness fees, and litigation expenses incurred by Erin at\n$40,000.", "\n\n 9\n\f Because we find that family code section 106.002 provided the trial court a proper\n\nbasis on which to order David to pay attorney’s fees to Erin and English, we do not reach David’s\n\nthird issue regarding the propriety of the award pursuant to sections 2.501 or 3.201 of the family\n\ncode.", "\n\n\nCharacterization of attorney’s fees as child support\n\n David also contends that the trial court erred by awarding attorney’s fees of “$40,000\n\nas past due child and spousal support” to English.", "\n\n We review de novo an award of attorney’s fees as child support. ", "Finley v. May, 154\n\nS.W.3d 196, 199 (Tex. ", "App.—Austin 2004, no pet.). ", "With the exception of child support\n\nenforcement actions, attorney’s fees may only be awarded as costs enforceable by debt. ", "See Tex.", "\n\nFam. ", "Code Ann. § ", "106.002; May, 154 S.W.3d at 199. ", "Texas law prohibits imprisoning a person for\n\ndebt. ", "Tex. ", "Const. ", "art. ", "I, § 18; see May, 154 S.W.3d at 199. ", "However, attorney’s fees awarded as\n\nchild support are not viewed as debt and may be enforced by contempt. ", "Tex. ", "Fam. ", "Code Ann.", "\n\n§ 157.167 (West Supp. ", "2005). ", "Moreover, characterizing fees as child support permits the trial court\n\nto issue an order withholding earnings for such fees. ", "Id. § 158.0051 (West 2004).", "\n\n English is a third-party who is not entitled to attorney’s fees in the nature of child\n\nsupport. ", "We sustain David’s eighth issue and modify the judgment to delete the characterization of\n\nan award of attorney’s fees in the nature of child support.", "\n\n\nFailure to forfeit attorney’s fees\n\n In his fifth issue, David argues that a portion of the attorney’s fees award should have\n\nbeen forfeited as the result of a violation of the disciplinary rules. ", "Gayle Cipriano, an attorney, was\n\n\n 10\n\fhired by English to assist in her representation of Erin in the divorce proceedings. ", "Subsequently,\n\nEnglish hired Cipriano to assist her in suing Erin for recovery of English’s attorney’s fees. ", "After\n\nDavid filed a motion to disqualify Cipriano, see Tex. ", "R. Disciplinary P. 1.06(a), reprinted in Tex.", "\n\nGov’t Code Ann., ", "tit. ", "2, subtit. ", "G app. ", "A-1 (West 1998), English hired a new attorney.6 On appeal,\n\nDavid argues for the first time that because Cipriano’s fees were improperly included in the $40,000\n\nattorney’s fee award against him, the issue should be remanded for a determination of how much of\n\nthe fee is attributable to Cipriano’s allegedly improper representation. ", "However, David failed to\n\npreserve any error regarding this issue because he did not object to the introduction of the billing\n\nrecords, which included time submitted by and paid to Cipriano. ", "See Tex. ", "R. App. ", "P. 33.1.", "\n\nFurthermore, the issue was not raised in his motion for new trial. ", "We overrule David’s fifth issue.", "\n\n Having found that the trial court properly awarded attorney’s fees in favor of English,\n\nwe next consider whether the award was properly secured.", "\n\n\n\nMotion for judicial notice of deed\n\n As a preliminary matter to determining whether it was proper to secure the attorney’s\n\nfee award by imposing a lien on the Woodlake Circle property, David urges us to take judicial notice\n\nof a notarized, recorded, and certified warranty deed relating to this property. ", "The deed is dated\n\nApril 26, 2002, and reflects that Erin conveyed to David her interest in “Lot 11, Block B,\n\nWOODLAKE TRAILS, a subdivision in Travis County, Texas, according to the map or plat thereof\n\nrecorded in Volume 69, Page 49, Plat Records of Travis County, Texas” (301 Woodlake Circle).", "\n\n\n\n 6\n Although the motion to disqualify is not in the record, we have gathered the facts from\nDavid’s testimony and the briefs.", "\n\n 11\n\fDavid contends that the deed evidences that the property became his homestead upon a transfer from\n\nErin to him. ", "Although David testified at the trial in June 2002 that he borrowed money to refinance\n\nthe house after Erin conveyed her interest in the house to him, he explains that the deed was\n\nunavailable at the time of trial because it was being processed. ", "Erin did not respond to the motion\n\nfor judicial notice or file a brief in this case, but English argues that the motion should be denied\n\nbecause it was not accompanied by an affidavit of authenticity and was not “capable of accurate and\n\nready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” ", "See Tex.", "\n\nR. Evid. ", "201.", "\n\n We disagree. ", "The deed reflects on its face that it is a certified document that was\n\nrecorded with the county clerk of Travis County. ", "The deed meets the requirements of rule 201, and\n\nwe will take judicial notice of it. ", "See id. We grant David’s motion and will consider the merits of\n\nhis claims.", "\n\n\nLien on property to secure award of attorney’s fees\n\n David argues that the equitable lien, vendor’s lien note, and owelty lien deed of trust\n\nwere improper because 301 Woodlake Circle is his homestead, as evidenced by the deed.", "\n\n English argues that 301 Woodlake Circle was not David’s homestead, that there was\n\nno finding of fact that it was his homestead, and that the evidence does not conclusively establish\n\nthat it was his homestead. ", "We disagree.", "\n\n In addition to the deed in which Erin conveyed her interest in the property to David,\n\nDavid testified at trial that he had paid Erin for the property, that she had conveyed her interest to\n\nhim, and that he had recently refinanced the mortgage on the house in his name. ", "Significantly, the\n\n\n\n 12\n\ffinal decree awards David the property as his sole and separate property and describes it as his\n\nhomestead. ", "On page twenty-two of the decree, an equitable lien is created against the property, and\n\nthe decree recites that the “amount secured is limited to the amount of homestead interest awarded\n\nto [David] and is to compensate [Erin] for her interest in the homestead.” ", "On page twenty-three, the\n\ndecree establishes an encumbrance for owelty partition and states that the court had already “awarded\n\nthe family homestead of the parties to [David].” ", "In the next sentence, it “is ordered and decreed that\n\nan encumbrance for owelty of partition is imposed against the entirety of the homestead property,”\n\ndescribed as 301 Woodlake Circle. ", "Furthermore, there is evidence in the record that 301 Woodlake\n\nCircle was the only real property owned by the parties; that it was the home address listed on Erin’s\n\ncontract for representation and billing invoices submitted by English; and that in 1996, the parties\n\nlisted it as their home address on a tax return. ", "There was sufficient evidence that the property\n\nlocated at 301 Woodlake Circle was David’s homestead.", "\n\n A homestead is exempt from seizure for the claims of creditors except for\n\nencumbrances properly fixed on homestead property. ", "Tex. ", "Prop. ", "Code Ann. § ", "41.001 (West Supp.", "\n\n2005). ", "The legislature has specified seven circumstances under which an encumbrance may be\n\nproperly fixed. ", "See id. § 41.001(b). ", "Furthermore, the Texas Constitution enumerates certain limited\n\ncircumstances under which an encumbrance may properly attach to a homestead. ", "See Tex. ", "Const.", "\n\nart. ", "XVI, § 50. ", "A lien that is illegally levied against homestead property is void. ", "See Laster v. First\n\nHuntsville Props. ", "Co., 826 S.W.2d 125, 129-130 (Tex. ", "1991) (citing Toler v. Fertitta, 67 S.W.2d\n\n229, 230-31 (Tex. ", "Comm’n App. ", "1934, judgm’t adopted)).", "\n\n A lien granted to a third-party creditor seeking payment for attorney’s fees pursuant\n\nto section 106.002 of the family code does not qualify as an encumbrance that is properly fixed on\n\n\n 13\n\fa homestead pursuant to the property code or otherwise authorized by the Texas constitution. ", "See\n\nTex. ", "Const. ", "art. ", "XVI, § 50; Tex. ", "Prop. ", "Code Ann. § ", "41.001. ", "The court erred in granting a lien of any\n\nkind in favor of English on 301 Woodlake Circle.", "\n\n\nVendor’s lien note\n\n David also contends that the court erred by requiring him to sign a vendor’s lien note.", "\n\nThe decree recites that\n\n\n [David] is ORDERED to sign a vendor’s lien note for $40,000.00 payable to\n [English]. ", "The note shall bear interest at 10 percent per year, compounded annually.", "\n It is to be payable according to the following terms: on demand, or if not [sic] demand\n is made, on or before January 15, 2003.", "\n\n\nAn unsigned “Real Estate Lien Note” is attached to the judgment. ", "However, English’s pleadings do\n\nnot request relief in the form of ordering David to sign any type of note. ", "Therefore, the court erred\n\nby awarding judgment which was not supported by the pleadings. ", "See Davidow v. Inwood N. Prof’l\n\nGroup-Phase I, 747 S.W.2d 373, 377 (Tex. ", "1988) (pleading held insufficient to support award of\n\naffirmative relief).", "\n\n\nDivision of community property\n\n Next, in another section of his first issue, David argues that the trial court erred by\n\nfailing to implement the parties’ settlement agreement, which was approved by the court.", "\n\nSpecifically, he asserts that his right to a jury trial was violated because the final decree effectuated\n\na property division not contemplated by the agreement when it awarded Erin an additional $40,000.", "\n\n\n\n\n 14\n\f Section 7.006 of the family code provides that spouses in a divorce case may enter\n\ninto written agreements concerning the division of the property and the liabilities of the spouses and\n\nmaintenance of either spouse. ", "See Tex. ", "Fam. ", "Code Ann. § ", "7.006. ", "If the court finds that the terms\n\nof the written agreement are just and right, those terms are binding on the court. ", "Id.\n\n The parties’ agreement, dated March 27, 2002, recites that it is a rule 11 “agreement\n\nand contract settling all terms and disputes.” ", "In resolving issues surrounding conservatorship of the\n\nchildren and ownership of the parties’ property, it states that David would be entitled to the house\n\nat “301 Woodlake Circle (deeded to [David] upon full payment of 9.b. ", "below)” and responsible for\n\nthe mortgage on the house. ", "In section 9.b. ", "of the agreement, Erin is entitled to “[p]roperty division\n\nof $100,000 payable by [David] to Erin in cashier’s check in the following manner and not\n\ndischargeable in bankruptcy.” ", "A payment schedule follows, along with a description of the\n\npayments. ", "Furthermore, section thirteen is entitled “Final Decree” and states that the “parties will\n\nprove up this agreement on March 25, 2002, however, the decree will not be entered until after\n\n[David] has made the final payment of $100,000 as set forth above.”", "\n\n The final decree includes a provision stating that\n\n\n For the purpose of a just and right division of property made in this decree, IT IS\n FURTHER ORDERED AND DECREED that Petitioner, ERIN LYNN JOHNSON,\n is awarded judgment of $40,000.00 against Respondent, DAVID MICHAEL\n JOHNSON, payable in accordance with the terms of the closing documents ordered\n in this decree to be executed, with interest at 10 percent per year compounded\n annually from the date of judgment, for which let execution lie.", "\n\n This judgment is part of the division of community property between the parties and\n shall not constitute or be interpreted to be any form of spousal support, alimony, or\n child support.", "\n\n\n\n\n 15\n\f The Court finds that this decree is a partition of the community property of the\n parties. ", "Because of the nature of the properties making up the estate, the property\n cannot be divided in a just and right manner without impairing the value of all\n portions. ", "A vendor’s lien note in the amount of $40,000.00 is necessary to make a\n just and right partition of the property. ", "IT IS ORDERED AND DECREED that an\n equitable lien is created against [301 Woodlake Circle]. ", "This lien is in the nature of\n a purchase-money lien. ", "The property described above is a part of this partition order.", "\n The entire interest in the property described above is subject to the lien.", "\n\n\nDavid also challenges findings of fact twelve through fourteen, which support this section of the\n\ndecree. ", "Erin did not file a brief in response, and English’s only response to David’s argument is that\n\n“[a]s can be seen from the Rule 11 Agreement, although [David] received most of the property in\n\nthe marital estate, its value was obviously very minimal. ", "The trial court therefore was clearly entitled\n\nto find, as it did, that it was unable to partition the property so as to give $40,000 in value to [Erin],\n\nand hence the decision to require a secured note was well within its discretion.” ", "English does not\n\npoint to any evidence in the record, and we have found none, which would support her conclusion.", "\n\nAlthough she argues that the court was entitled to find that the property was unable to be partitioned,\n\nshe mistakes the effect of the parties’ agreement, which the court approved, settling all disputes other\n\nthan attorney’s fees. ", "Moreover, English acknowledges that the court approved the agreement and\n\nthat the only issue submitted to the court was attorney’s fees, but states that David “had no issues\n\non characterization and value,” thus the court did not make a determination on those issues. ", "We\n\ndisagree.", "\n\n The final decree includes a finding that the community property is not susceptible to\n\npartition, resulting in an award to Erin of $40,000 as part of the division of community property.", "\n\nThat section of the decree directly conflicts with the agreement of the parties regarding division of\n\ncommunity property, which was approved by the trial court and is, therefore, binding. ", "See Tex. ", "Fam.", "\n\n\n 16\n\fCode Ann. § ", "7.006 (“If the court finds that the terms of the written agreement in a divorce or\n\nannulment are just and right, those terms are binding on the court.”). ", "Furthermore, the fact that a\n\njury request was on file and a jury fee had been paid precluded a subsequent determination by the\n\ncourt, in conflict with the parties’ agreement, regarding the characterization of or division of\n\ncommunity property. ", "See Tex. ", "R. Civ. ", "P. 216 (request and fee for jury trial); G.M. Corp. v. Gayle,\n\n951 S.W.2d 469, 476 (Tex. ", "1997). ", "The trial court erred by awarding Erin $40,000 as part of a\n\ndivision of community property contrary to the parties’ approved agreement. ", "Accordingly, as\n\ndiscussed previously in this opinion, the trial court also erred by securing that award with owelty and\n\nvendor’s liens, a note, and deed of trust.7 Therefore, the ordered transfers from Erin to English are\n\nalso void. ", "We sustain David’s first issue.", "\n\n\nDavid’s counterclaim against English\n\n In his second issue, David argues that the trial court erred by striking his original\n\ncounterclaim against English. ", "We review the decision for an abuse of discretion. ", "See Greenhalgh\n\nv. Service Lloyds Ins. ", "Co., 787 S.W.2d 938, 939 (Tex. ", "1990).", "\n\n Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 63 provides that parties “may amend their pleadings,\n\n. . . ", "by filing such pleas with the clerk at such time as not to operate as a surprise to the opposite\n\nparty; provided, that any pleadings, responses or pleas offered for filing within seven days of the date\n\nof trial or thereafter, or after such time as may be ordered by the judge under Rule 166, shall be filed\n\n\n 7\n The decree provided that David “is ORDERED to sign an owelty lien deed of trust to\nsecure the note. . . . ", "The purpose of the encumbrance is to secure the payment of the debt of [David]\nin favor of [Erin] of $40,000.00, as assigned to [English]. ", "The debt shall bear interest at 10 percent\nper year and shall be payable as follows: Principal and Interest shall be due and payable on January\n15, 2003.” ", "However, because the court erred in awarding Erin $40,000 in division of the community\nproperty, it also erred by granting the owelty lien deed of trust.", "\n\n 17\n\fonly after leave of the judge is obtained, which leave shall be granted by the judge unless there is a\n\nshowing that such filing will operate as a surprise to the opposite party.” ", "Tex. ", "R. Civ. ", "P. 63. ", "Under\n\nrule 63, a trial court has no discretion to refuse an amendment unless the opposing party presents\n\nevidence of surprise or prejudice, or the amendment asserts a new cause of action or defense, and\n\nthus is prejudicial on its face, and the opposing party objects to the amendment. ", "Id.; Greenhalgh,\n\n787 S.W.2d at 939. ", "The burden of showing prejudice or surprise rests on the party resisting the\n\namendment. ", "Greenhalgh, 787 S.W.2d at 939; see Hardin v. Hardin, 597 S.W.2d 347, 349 (Tex.", "\n\n1980). ", "This showing may be based on the trial court’s conclusion that the amendment on its face\n\nis calculated to surprise or that the amendment would reshape the cause of action, prejudicing the\n\nopposing party and unnecessarily delaying the trial. ", "Id.\n\n On May 21, 2001, twenty-one days before trial, David filed a counterclaim against\n\nEnglish, requesting attorney’s fees related to claims brought by English, and asserting a new cause\n\nof action against English for “any and all torts she has committed against [David] and his children\n\nand for conspiracy to commit various torts against him and his children.", "”8 English timely moved to\n\nstrike David’s counterclaim, alleging surprise and inadequate time to prepare a defense. ", "See Tex.", "\n\nR. Civ. ", "P. 63. ", "David moved for a continuance, which was denied. ", "A bench trial then began as\n\nscheduled on June 12. ", "The trial court granted English’s motion to strike the tort and conspiracy\n\nclaims. ", "It subsequently denied English’s motion to strike David’s request for attorney’s fees against\n\n\n\n\n 8\n At the hearing before the trial court, David explained that the cause of action is related to\nan allegation that in June 2001, English advised Erin that she was permitted to take possession of\nthe children. ", "Allegedly following English’s advice, Erin took possession of the children in\nOklahoma, apparently in violation of a court order. ", "English testified that she was not aware that\nErin’s possession of the children would have been in violation of a court order.", "\n\n 18\n\fEnglish.9 Thus, we only consider whether the court abused its discretion by striking David’s tort and\n\nconspiracy claims against English. ", "See Greenhalgh, 787 S.W.2d at 939.", "\n\n David argues that although English alleged surprise in response to his counterclaim,\n\nEnglish did not produce evidence to support her contention. ", "Furthermore, he asserts that his March\n\n27, 2002 letter notified her of his claim and is evidence that she was not surprised by the\n\ncounterclaim. ", "However, David’s counterclaim alleging tort and conspiracy actions against English\n\nfor advice given to Erin in June 2001 was not related to the issue of whether English was entitled\n\nto recover her attorney’s fees related to representation of Erin and the children—the sole issue before\n\nthe court pursuant to the parties’ agreement. ", "See Tex. ", "Fam. ", "Code Ann. § ", "7.006. ", "Furthermore, the\n\nMarch 27 letter states that David incurred attorney’s fees due to a writ of attachment issued after\n\nErin’s possession of the children, and that he was “looking to Ms. English to make him whole in this\n\nregard.” ", "The letter vaguely suggested settlement of all claims “before Mr. Johnson engages separate\n\ncounsel to pursue his claims against Ms. English and your law firm.” ", "It did not put English on notice\n\nof the specific causes of action that would be asserted, aid English in conducting discovery related\n\nto the allegations or otherwise serve as notification that she would be required to defend against the\n\nallegations.", "\n\n At the hearing on her motion to strike, English argued that the additional causes of\n\naction, which were asserted almost a year after the advice was allegedly given, constituted unfair\n\nsurprise and were merely David’s attempt to delay trial. ", "She claimed that the allegations, if\n\n\n\n\n 9\n Although David’s request for attorney’s fees against English was ultimately denied, he\ndoes not appeal that finding.", "\n\n 19\n\fpermitted, would have to be turned over to her malpractice carrier, who would then “be entitled to\n\nhave their own lawyers come in and decide who’s going to defend the claim.”", "\n\n Under these circumstances, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion\n\nin determining that the new, substantive amendment would reshape the cause of action, constituting\n\nsurprise, prejudicing English, and unnecessarily delaying the trial. ", "See Greenhalgh, 787 S.W.2d at\n\n939. ", "We overrule David’s second issue.", "\n\n\nExclusion of testimony\n\n In his seventh issue, David asserts that the trial court improperly excluded the\n\ntestimony of Deputy Knight. ", "David argues that Deputy Knight’s testimony regarding the arrest of\n\nErin for assault with a deadly weapon and child endangerment would have led “a reasonable person\n\nto conclude that a trier of fact would not award attorney’s fees” against him.", "\n\n Whether to admit or exclude evidence is within the trial court’s sound discretion.", "\n\nNational Liab. & ", "Fire Ins. ", "Co. v. Allen, 15 S.W.3d 525, 527 (Tex. ", "2000). ", "David’s argument at trial\n\nprimarily revolved around the assertion that he was entitled to attorney’s fees from Erin because her\n\nconduct on May 27, which the officer would have testified to, caused David to incur attorney’s fees\n\nin seeking the new trial. ", "However, the trial court did grant David’s request for attorney’s fees from\n\nErin related to fees incurred by him after May 27. ", "David’s only other argument is that the testimony\n\nwas necessary because the children were in the car that day, and the officer could testify about the\n\ndanger that they were in. ", "But Erin’s conduct is not relevant to our inquiry of whether attorney’s fees\n\nwere correctly awarded as part of a suit affecting the parent-child relationship or whether the fees\n\nincurred before May 27 were for the benefit of the children. ", "See Tex. ", "R. Evid. ", "401; see also Tex.", "\n\n\n\n 20\n\fFam. ", "Code Ann. § ", "106.002; Marichal, 832 S.W.2d at 799. ", "Thus, the trial court did not abuse its\n\ndiscretion in excluding Deputy Knight’s testimony. ", "We overrule David’s seventh issue.", "\n\n\n CONCLUSION\n\n Having sustained David’s first issue, we modify the decree to delete: (1) the\n\nreferences to liens, notes, and deeds of trust to secure the attorney’s fees owed to English; (2) the\n\naward of $40,000 to Erin as a division of community property and any liens, notes or deeds of trust\n\nto secure that award; and (3) the characterization of the attorney’s fees to English as child support.", "\n\nAs modified, we affirm the award of attorney’s fees in favor of English against David in the amount\n\nof $40,000, and otherwise affirm the decree of the trial court.", "\n\n\n\n\n __________________________________________\n\n W. Kenneth Law, Justice\n\nBefore Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Puryear\n\nModified and, as Modified, Affirmed\n\nFiled: December 16, 2005\n\n\n\n\n 21\n\f" ]

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[ "Boston – CastleOS launched home-automation software for Windows computers more than two years ago and now plans August availability of its first home-automation hub, which runs Windows 10 and the latest version of the company’s software.", "\n\nThe $499 CastleHUB is a computer-grade hub that but can be controlled from iOS, Android, Windows, BlackBerry, and Linux-based smartphones from within the house or remotely. ", "It runs Microsoft Cortana to enable natural-language voice control from a smartphone, Microsoft’s Kinect game accessory, or Android Wear smart watch. ", "It packs Intel Celeron CPU, 30GB SSD, and 2GB RAM.", "\n\nThe hub, which does not require a cloud connection to control home systems, also serves as a home entertainment server via optional internal 2.5-inch hard drive or USB 3.0-connected hard drive. ", "The hub also streams video via Microsoft apps, including Hulu and Netflix apps.", "\n\nThe hub controls home-automation devices that incorporate Z-Wave, Insteon, X10, WeMo, Philips Hue, ecobee, Lightwave, TCP, and Universal Powerline Bus (UPB) technologies. ", "The company plans to add control of ZigBee, Lutron, RadioRA2, GE Link, KNX, Elk, Wink, Chamberlain, Somfy, and Universal Devices products, among others.", "\n\nNotifications can be sent via text or email, and they can be voice announced through Sonos and other speakers.", "\n\nThe Hub will be available in August at CastleOS.com. ", "Preorders can be placed for $429.", "\n\nThe device incorporates Wi-Fi 802.11 ac, gigabit Ethernet, Bluetooth, HDMI, seven USB ports, and 4-in-1 card reader. ", "It can be upgraded to 16GB RAM.", "\n\nBecause the hub doesn’t use a cloud-based server to execute commands, CastleOS said, users don’t risk their privacy, and there is no latency between the time a command is issued and executed, which the company said is “all too common with cloud-based systems.” ", "In addition, if a home’s Internet connection goes down, the hub will continue to work, CastleOS said.", "\n\nCastleOS’s home-automation software for Windows computers is currently available at Amazon for $199." ]

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[ "Tag Archives: WordPress\n\nDuring the past half decade I’ve deployed my share of WordPress sites. ", "Though my background primarily revolves around Microsoft technologies, many of those deployments were on top of some kind of a Linux distribution due to the nature of WordPress that it was originally optimized for LAMP stack. ", "However, there have been a couple of Windows… Read More »" ]

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[ "Google increasingly interferes with search results, Wall Street Journal reports A new investigation from the Wall Street Journal found that Google is interfering with its algorithms to alter users' search results. ", "Kirsten Grind, one of the authors of the report, joined CBSN to break down the findings." ]

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[ "L'ex-garde des Sceaux est accusé d'avoir envoyé, lorsqu'il était encore en fonction à l'entre-deux-tours de la présidentielle, une note au député Thierry Solère évoquant une enquête sur des soupçons de fraude fiscale le concernant.", "\n\nL'enquête de la Cour de justice de la République concernant Jean-Jacques Urvoas est terminée. ", "L'ex-Garde des sceaux a été mis en examen mardi pour avoir violé le secret professionnel dans l'exercice de ses fonctions, selon les informations du journal Le Monde . ", "L'ancien ministre de la Justice est accusé d'avoir transmis au député Thierry Solère des informations sur une enquête pour fraude fiscale le concernant. ", "Cette note aurait été envoyée par Telegram, messagerie cryptée connue des policiers comme des délinquants, lors de l'entre-deux-tours de la présidentielle, avait révélé Le Canard enchaîné à la mi-décembre.", "\n\nÀ lire aussi : Affaire Urvoas: vent de révolte dans la magistrature\n\nAprès l'article de l'hebdomadaire satirique, la procureure de la République de Nanterre, Catherine Denis, avait fait état de l'existence d'éléments «susceptibles d'engager la responsabilité pénale» de l'ex-Garde des Sceaux. «", "Il ressort en effet d'une perquisition effectuée le 29 juin 2017 au domicile de Thierry Solère dans le cadre d'une enquête préliminaire ouverte, depuis le 6 septembre 2016, des chefs de fraude fiscale, blanchiment, corruption, trafic d'influence et recel d'abus de biens sociaux, certains éléments susceptibles d'engager la responsabilité pénale de Jean-Jacques Urvoas», avait-elle précisé dans un communiqué. «", "Si les faits étaient avérés, évidemment ce serait une affaire très grave en termes d'éthique et de comportement», avait pour sa part estimé l'actuelle ministre de la Justice, Nicole Belloubet.", "\n\nDepuis sa création en 1993, la Cour de justice de la République, composée de six députés et sénateurs, est régulièrement critiquée pour sa trop grande indulgence à l'égard des responsables politiques. ", "Seulement sept membres du gouvernement ont été jugés par cette juridiction. ", "Quatre ont été condamnés à des peines légères, voire dispensés de peine. ", "En décembre 2016, Christine Lagarde a été condamnée pour «négligence» dans l'affaire Tapie, mais a été dispensée de peine, ce qui lui a valu un flot de critiques. ", "Après François Hollande, Emmanuel Macron avait exprimé sa volonté de «supprimer» cette instance." ]

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[ "It amuses me when my religious mom tries to tell me how to live Because she's still married to a man that cheated on her with another man\n\n449 shares" ]

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[ "Beccy, I know I left a comment yesterday BUT... I have to thank you for helping me out with this gorgeous poinsettia. ", "I used your beautifully colored version, making it 2\" across. ", "I then overlayed it with names of guests coming to our home for a Cookie Exchange Luncheon Party on Saturday, to be used with ornament place holders. ", "These will be name plates so people will know seating arrangements. ", "I sprinkled a little SNS Celestial Glitter on the centers, cut them with assorted dies, distressed them, and they look beautiful. ", "THANK YOU for making life a little easier in one area of my party preps, Beccy.", "\n\nAbout Me\n\nI love spending time in my craft room designing and creating with paper, fabric, flowers, ribbons, paint... anything I can get my hands on really. ", "I have tried many different arts and crafts and have a particular passion for papercrafts, decorative painting and ribbon embroidery. ", "I love to share ideas and \"how to's\" with other keen crafters, which is the purpose of this blog. ", "Thanks for stopping by and I hope you enjoy what I have to offer.", "\n\nMy Designers\n\nFollowers\n\nTranslate\n\nTotal Pageviews\n\nAngel Policy\n\nBeccy’s Place images are protected by copyright and remain the sole property of Beccy Muir, all rights reserved.", "\n\nAll images (free and purchased) are intended for personal use and must not be copied, electronically swapped, electronically shared, resold or mass produced without the express written permission of the artist.", "\n\nPlease feel free to use the step-by-step instructions, tips, techniques and ideas in any of your personal projects, for informal free group classes, or individual sale. ", "Mention of this blog is appreciated by not required. ", "Have fun and enjoy!" ]

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[ "Apparently for the past few years there has been a lot of hubbub in the Philippines over a proposed Reproductive Health Bill. ", "As a non-Filipino I never really gave it much thought, until it was brought to my attention in an email I received from a concerned man who is worried that gay rights will lead to legalised abortion via the passage of what he called the \"liberal reproductive health law.\" ", "His premise was that same-sex marriage causes numerous societal problems, listing drug legalisation and abortion as examples. ", "He also cited Norway as an example of a country where both abortion and drugs are legal because of same-sex unions.", "\n\nHonestly the argument he makes is confusing. ", "First, there is no evidence from any country that legalizing same-sex marriage leads to drug legalisation or other social problems. ", "Second, drugs are actually not legal in Norway. ", "He may be confusing Norway with the Netherlands, a country to the south of Scandinavia, where personal use of marijuana is legal but other drugs are not.", "\n\nAs far as abortion goes, it has been legal in Norway since 1979 (and in the Netherlands since 1981) -- 22 and 29 years, respectively, before same-sex marriage became legal in the two countries. ", "The two have no bearing upon each other; same-sex marriage did not cause abortion legalisation, nor has it caused an increase in abortion rates.", "\n\nThis brings us to the Philippines' controversial Reproductive Health Bill: House Bill No. ", "03. ", "Based on a reading of the full text of the bill, it seeks to promote information on and access to both natural and modern family planning methods that are medically safe and legally permissible. ", "It seeks to ensure an environment where both women and couples have the freedom of informed choice as to which type of family planning they choose to use, according to their needs, personal convictions, and religious beliefs. ", "That's the extent.", "\n\nThis is what all the fuss is about? ", "This is what is deemed as a scary, liberal, \"D.E.A.T.H.\" (pro-death, euthanasia, abortion, two-child policy, homosexuality) bill? ", "Really??", "\n\nWhat's strange is that some people say Europe is evil because we have abortion. ", "But you don't have to investigate very deeply to discover that Western European abortion rates are actually the lowest in the world. ", "In the Netherlands, there are nine abortions per every one-thousand pregnancies. ", "In Norway there are roughly fifteen abortions per one-thousand pregnancies. ", "But did you know that the abortion rate in the Philippines is averaged at twenty-seven per every one-thousand pregnancies? ", "Abortion is illegal in the Philippines, yet its abortion rate exceeds even that of the United States (23:1,000).", "\n\nIn Norway the parliament passed a reproductive health bill of its own last year. ", "Well it actually wasn't a new bill, it was more of an upgrade. ", "We've already had very liberal reproductive health policies since the 1960s. ", "The new Act is an initiative to cut the abortion rate in half by 2013, by making birth control pills absolutely free to girls aged 16 to 20. ", "The law now states that it is every young woman's reproductive health right to have access to a free supply of birth control pills, paid for by the government.", "\n\nA study conducted in two Norwegian cities in 2008 showed that providing women aged 20-24 with free birth control (the pill, injection, patches, spirals, and vaginal rings) cut the abortion rate in those cities in half. ", "The government was so impressed that it drafted a new bill to subsidise the cost of hormonal contraceptives, with the aim of halving the national abortion rate. ", "The bill had wide support from all political parties and became law on the 1st of January, 2011.", "\n\nI'm quite surprised that some Filipinos, including the man who emailed me, think House Bill 5043 is \"liberal\" and \"wicked.\" ", "It looks like a very conservative and cautious bill to me. ", "I understand full well that the Catholic Church doesn't like the bill, and I know that H.E. Archbishop Oscar Cruz says it will \"lead to the implementation of an immoral policy.\" ", "If they honestly believe that, they are within their right to say so, but I for one cannot see how giving Filipinos the basic option to decide family planning matters on their own is either liberal, wicked, or immoral. ", "The Filipino people are not children, and they should not be treated as such.", "\n\nOf course there are other \"grave concerns\" surrounding the bill, including the much-feared implementation of sex education in the schools. ", "This seems to be the boogeyman under the bed for many conservatives. ", "I suppose the status quo of teenagers swapping STDs and getting pregnant is the best way to go?", "\n\nI know that if you already don't like Norway, this next bit of information will really seal the deal. ", "Not only do we have comprehensive sex education in the schools, but students are able to get free condoms from the school nurse anytime. ", "Birth control pills for girls are also available for free from school nurses, starting at age 16. ", "Condoms and pills are also available for free from government-run Youth Health Centres which can be found in every community. ", "What's more, teenagers can order condoms online for free and have them delivered to their home two days later (up to 20 condoms at a time), paid for by the Norwegian Health Department. ", "Imagine that ever happening in the Philippines.", "\n\nBut in all seriousness, there are very big differences (obviously) between the policies of our two countries. ", "Nordic governments tend to base their policies on research rather than religion, and provide extensive public education programs using a wide range of media. ", "The end results speak for themselves: lower teen pregnancy rates, lower STD infection rates, lower abortion rates. ", "Teenage abstinence-only education doesn't do that, by the way; proper sex education and access to contraceptives does.", "\n\nIf the goal is to protect the health, dignity, and well-being of the people, then it is high time to use methods that show results. ", "Hopefully for the Philippines, the Reproductive Health Bill will pass, and soon. ", "And if it does it will at least be a step in the right direction.", "\n\nThursday, July 15, 2010\n\nJust past 4 a.m. Buenos Aires time on July 15th, 2010, the Argentine Senate voted to approve a bill legalizing same-sex marriage in the country. ", "On July 22nd, President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner signed the bill into law.", "\n\nThe new law grants same-sex couples the same rights and benefits as opposite-sex couples, including adoption and inheritance rights. ", "It makes Argentina the first South American nation to grant full marriage equality to all citizens; a true progressive step for the 91% Catholic country. ", "Argentina joins nine other countries around the world that currently have full marriage equality.", "\n\nNext up for marriage equality: Luxembourg perhaps? ", "The government of this European nation announced July 15th that they are moving forward with crafting legislation to provide same-sex couples with marriage and adoption rights. ", "Luxembourg has had same-sex civil unions since 2004, but it looks like full marriage equality is on the way.", "\n\nAnd the Finns may not be far behind. ", "The government of Finland is also calling for marriage equality. ", "Latest polls show that Finns overwhemingly support same-sex marriage, and Finland's Justice Minister Tuija Brax says that \"it is essential that everyone be treated equally before the law, regardless of sexual orientation.\"", "\n\nFour of the five major parties in the Finnish legislature agree, and following the legislative cycle a new gender-neutral marriage bill could be voted on as early as 2011. ", "Finland has had a civil union law since 2001.", "\n\nAbout the Author\n\nOn Equality\n\n\"The wiser you are, the more you believe in equality, because the difference between what the most and the least learned people know is inexpressibly trivial in relation to all that is unknown.\"", "\n\n- Albert Einstein\n\nPhilippines\n\nNorway\n\nWhere is Marriage Equality the law of the land as of July 2013?", "\n\nArgentinaBelgium\n\nBrazilCanada\n\nDenmark\n\nEngland & Wales*\n\nFranceIcelandNetherlands\n\nNew ZealandNorwayPortugalSouth AfricaSpainSweden\n\nUruguay\n\nalso in:• Mexico City and the state of Quintana Roo (recognized throughout Mexico)• The U.S. at the federal level, as well as in the states of California, Connecticut, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and the capital Washington D.C.• Fully recognized in Israel• Recognized in Japan (for Japanese citizens)\n\n*takes effect in 2014\n\nOn Speaking for God\n\n\"I distrust those people who know so well what God wants them to do, because I notice it always coincides with their own desires.\"" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an outboard motor and a watercraft including the same, and specifically to an outboard motor including a V-shaped 4-cycle engine which includes a fuel injection device that directly injects fuel into a combustion chamber.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nConventionally, as described in JP 2003-74340, a 4-cycle engine including a fuel injection device for injecting fuel into an intake port of an outboard motor (hereinafter, such a fuel injection device will be referred to as an “in-port injection device”) is used as an engine of an outboard motor. ", "Since the pressure in the intake port is lower than the pressure in the combustion chamber, the injection pressure of the in-port injection device may be relatively low. ", "Therefore, a pump having a low ejection pressure may be used as a fuel pump for supplying fuel to the in-port injection device. ", "As such a fuel pump, a compact pump or an electric pump is usable. ", "Thus, this type of engine has a high degree of freedom for layout of the fuel pump.", "\nMeanwhile, in order to improve the fuel efficiency and performance, it has recently been studied to adopt a V-shaped 4-cycle engine including a fuel injection device for directly injecting fuel into a combustion chamber (hereinafter, such a fuel injection device will be referred to as an “in-cylinder combustion device”). ", "JP 2002-138925 describes such an engine.", "\nThe engine described in JP 2002-138925 includes a left bank extending in an obliquely rearward and leftward direction and a right bank extending in an obliquely rearward and rightward direction. ", "In a cylinder head in the left bank, an exhaust port and an intake port located to the left of the exhaust port are formed. ", "In a cylinder head in the right bank, an exhaust port and an intake port located to the right of the exhaust port are formed. ", "In other words, the exhaust ports are located at an inner position in a width direction of the outboard motor, and the intake ports are located at an outer position in the width direction of the outboard motor. ", "Hereinafter, unless otherwise specified, the term “width direction” refers to the width direction of an outboard motor, and the expressions “inward in the width direction” and “outward in the width direction” respectively refer to inward and outward in the width direction of the outboard motor.", "\nEach intake port is connected to an intake path for introducing air into the intake port. ", "The intake ports and the intake paths each extend from the combustion chamber in an obliquely rearward and outward direction and then are largely curved in a forward direction at an outer portion in the width direction of the corresponding bank. ", "The fuel injection device is attached to a portion of the cylinder head which is outward in the width direction.", "\nIn the engine described in JP 2002-138925, each intake port is largely curved in a portion of the cylinder head which is outward in the width direction. ", "This causes a problem that air is unlikely to flow smoothly in the intake port and thus the combustion chamber is unlikely to be filled with a sufficient amount of air. ", "As a result, the effect of, for example, improving the engine output, which would be provided by directly injecting fuel into the combustion chamber, may not be sufficiently achieved.", "\nIn order to smooth the flow of the air in the intake port, it is conceived to curve the intake port more slowly. ", "However, the fuel injection device is provided in a portion of the cylinder head which is outward in the width direction, and the presence of the fuel injection device may restrict the layout of the intake port. ", "Because of the layout of the fuel injection device, the intake port may not be curved more slowly. ", "In addition, if the intake port is curved more slowly, the intake path may largely protrude outward in the width direction. ", "This causes a problem that the size of the outboard motor in the width direction is increased.", "\nSince the pressure in the combustion chamber is higher than the pressure in the intake port, the injection pressure of the in-cylinder combustion device needs to set high. ", "For this reason, a fuel pump for supplying fuel to the in-cylinder combustion device needs to have a high ejection pressure. ", "As such a fuel pump, a relatively large pump drivable by a cam shaft of the engine is preferably usable. ", "However, such a large fuel pump needs to be located close to the cam shaft and also requires a large space for installation.", "\nIn an outboard motor including a V-shaped engine, portions corresponding to the outermost portions of the left bank and the right bank in the width direction of the outboard motor are of the largest width. ", "From the viewpoint of suppressing an increase of the width of the outboard motor, it is preferable that the portions corresponding to the outermost portions of the left bank and the right bank are as compact as possible. ", "However, the outboard motor described in JP 2002-138925 includes the fuel pump in the portion corresponding to the outermost portion of the left bank. ", "This causes a problem that the width of the outboard motor is increased." ]

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[ "More unrest among tech ranks\n\nWorkers view their employers in an increasingly negative light--mainly because managers don't understand the reasons employees are upset, according to a new report.", "\n\n8 February 20037:13 am AEDT\n\nManagers at tech companies are increasingly out of step with a work force that seems to grow angrier by the day, according to a new report.", "\n\nIn a study that included employees at several large tech companies, researchers found that workers view their employers in an increasingly negative light--mainly because managers don't understand the reasons employees are upset.", "\n\nResearchers found that, overall, workers want work that's challenging and that feeds their self-worth, something managers can provide even in an industry that's been hard hit by layoffs, pay cuts and shutdowns.", "\n\nThe study, conducted by human resources company Towers Perrin and research firm Gang & Gang, surveyed 1,100 workers and 300 executives at medium and large companies across North America in September 2002. ", "Tech workers made up the second-largest group, after retail employees, and their input statistically mirrored the study's findings as a whole.", "\n\nThe study, released last week, found that people relate to their work on a personal level, basing much of their satisfaction on whether their job provides them a sense of confidence or control over their destinies. \"", "Employees are not apathetic or indifferent, as many suppose. ", "In fact, people have very strong emotions about their work,\" researchers wrote.", "\n\nThe study said that one of the reasons workers are so grumpy is because managers wrongly interpret why employees are so disgruntled. ", "Some of the major reasons that workers cite for their unhappiness are: amount of workload, a lack of a chance for professional development, boring job tasks and insufficient recognition.", "\n\nMeanwhile, managers mistakenly believe that employees' feelings about management and the future of the company were more important to job satisfaction than workers' personal goals. ", "In fact, the opposite is true. ", "The study also found that managers underestimate the importance of many factors contributing to workplace satisfaction, including career development opportunities, rewards, challenging tasks and a sense of self-confidence.", "\n\nSteve Gang, who led the study, said managers would be wise to look back at some of the workplace philosophies and customs that evolved during the dot-com era in order to counteract some of the study's findings.", "\n\nWhile the heady stock options and ever-present foosball tables that were the hallmarks of the dot-com era are ancient memories by now, Gang said managers can still focus on other ways to encourage employees to put in long hours, if needed, and to buy into their company's future.", "\n\nIn the dot-com heyday, Gang said, workers were bolstered by a feeling that they were making a difference, stretching their skills and trying new jobs. ", "In addition, there was a high level of trust among teams. \"", "If you can't change the workload that much, then you need to go after those little pieces on the positive side,\" Gang said.", "\n\nNot surprisingly, the study found that worker satisfaction was related to turnover, with happy employees more likely to stay. ", "As a result, Towers Perrin executives said the study should serve as a wake-up call to employers.", "\n\n\"Without strong positive ties to work or the work experience, employees have little incentive to go the distance or deliver consistently top performance,\" Donald Lowman, a managing director of Towers Perrin, said in a statement. \"", "Organizations may face real risk when the economy improves and top talent begins looking for greener pastures elsewhere.\"" ]

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[ "Google Earth Dives Into The Deep Blue Sea\n\nGoogle Earth is adding an ocean feature, allowing people to dive into the deep blue right from their desktop, CBS News Correspondent Daniel Sieberg reports.", "\n\nJohn Hanke, director of Google Earth and Map, said, \"Vast parts of it are largely unexplored and we don't really know what's down there.\"", "\n\nWhile the visibility in the water has been cleaned up, everything you see is based on actual data. ", "It's not quite swimming with the fishes, but it will let you see where they live.", "\n\nHanke showed Sieberg some impressive images that can be found with the new feature. \"", "This is really an undersea canyon that is quite dramatic,\" Hanke said. \"", "It's similar in scale to the Grand Canyon.\"", "\n\nYou can also click on icons to see photos and sometimes video of endangered species, like the Goliath Grouper, or even an odd-looking type of shrimp off the coast of Spain.", "\n\nThere's even a fish GPS - you can follow creatures that have been tagged, from above the water or below it.", "\n\nA world-wide network of scientists will be constantly adding video, photos and underwater topography.", "\n\n\"Just as Google Earth has connected people to far off places and made them real, this is going to connect people to the ocean, and make it a much more real and accessible place,\" said Marine Biologist Stephanie Wear, from the Nature Conservancy.", "\n\nThe good news is you don't need to be a computer whiz or a marine biologist.", "\n\nOnce you download Google Earth, it's just a matter of double-clicking on the ocean to get more detail. ", "Then scroll your mouse over different icons to see what lies beneath, or on the surface." ]

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[ "JOHN CAULFIELD has confirmed Cork City are in negotiations with Burton Albion about keeping Ryan Delaney at Turner’s Cross.", "\n\nSunSport revealed on Wednesday morning that Delaney – who has a year to run on his Burton contract – was in line to join City on a permanent basis after he impressed on loan.", "\n\n1 Ryan Delaney could be set to make his loan switch to Cork City permanent Credit: Sportsfile\n\nCaulfield said: “We’re talking, it’s progressing. ", "In modern football things don’t get sorted in one phone call unfortunately.", "\n\n“I’d be hopeful in the next two weeks that situation would be resolved one way or the other.”", "\n\nIt was thought that City would seek to extend the player’s loan until the end of the SSE AIritricity League.", "\n\nBut Burton are keen on a permanent switch and will look to recoup as much as they can of the €20,000 they paid Wexford Youths for the defender last summer." ]

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[ "One of the legacies of childhood is how well or badly we connect to others, both in friendship as well as intimate settings. ", "How your childhood experiences may shape your ability to love and be loved today, and how to understand and recognize patterns of insecure attachment.", "\n\nEvolutionary psychology got its start with a large focus on evolved behavioral sex differences. ", "Since its inception, the field has broadened to the entirety of topics studied within the behavioral sciences. ", "It may be time to start talking EP 2.0.", "\n\nThe Buddha and the Borderline is a cross between \"Girl, Interrupted\" and \"Bridget Jones’s Diary.\" ", "She is much more than a ‘lonely and increasingly horny receptionist,’ as she says in the book. ", "Her insights into the world of the borderline mind are as funny as they are revealing.", "\n\nFairly rigid gender divisions of the past are giving way to a much more equal relationship for Millennials. ", "Men's actions and sensibilities are converging with women in remarkable ways even as women begin to act, and feel more like men. ", "What are the key signs that this is happening?", "\n\nOne sexual behaviour that appears to be very popular among a minority of men is ‘BBW squashing’ (i.e., men being squashed by one or more ‘big beautiful women’ for sexual pleasure) and also known as ‘crushing’ or ‘smashing’ by squashing enthusiasts. ", "But what do we know psychologically about this strange sexual behaviour?", "\n\nToday the Supreme Court decided that marriage is a right for all, same-sex and opposite-sex couples alike. ", "Some would rather this has been decided by popular vote, but it's more appropriate and just that the courts should decide. ", "But why?", "\n\nRising crime rates during the twentieth century were a small blip on a very steep decline extending back to the fourteenth century and earlier. ", "That stunning conclusion emerged only in the last decade. ", "Causes of most of the long-term decline are currently unknown. ", "That of the past few decades seems simpler.", "\n\nHaving worked in the child sexual abuse field for 30 some years, I am continually struck with a sense of sadness when yet another family comes forward with admissions of sibling sexual abuse. ", "Rather than judgment it is important to be aware of treatment and healing options. ", "Jumping to quick labeling without understanding the help needed is dangerous.", "\n\nMuch of my audience is appalled by the fact that infidelity is so prevalent and that it has been so thoroughly monetized, while others simply shrug their shoulders and say things like, “People have been cheating since the beginning of time, so what’s the big deal?”", "\n\nMis-matched feelings of sexual desire are an incredibly common problem in relationships today. ", "Sometimes you're in the mood and your partner isn't, sometimes it's the other way around. ", "Brand new research has investigated how people with different relationship motivations handle these dilemmas to find sexual and relationship satisfaction.", "\n\nAlthough research finds that exposure to sexualized media is linked to more sexual partners and unprotected sex among teens, it is premature to suggest that sex should be edited out from the movies entirely.", "\n\nThe current evidence about sex differences in gossip indicates that beliefs about females being more likely to use gossip in an aggressive fashion are based upon more than just a stereotype. ", "However, this does not mean that women are more aggressive or “nastier” than men; they simply differ in their preferred style of aggression.", "\n\n227 years ago this month, the last installment of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire came out. ", "Gibbon was wrong about Roman emperors, and he was wrong about the Church. ", "But he was right that democracy depends on the ability to sail away from a tyrant.", "\n\nYou meet someone new and attractive. ", "Temptation strikes. ", "Perhaps you’re a little infatuated. ", "The eye looks and the mind wanders. ", "You find your thoughts keep returning to the encounter and the possibility for romance, sex, or a relationship. ", "But if you’re already in a committed and happy relationship, you may not want those thoughts. ", "How can you stop those thoughts?" ]

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[ "Ulrich Viefers\n\nUlrich Viefers (born 26 May 1972, in Oberhausen) is a German rower.", "\n\nUlrich Viefer is 194 cm tall and weighs 93 kg. ", "Viefer's place of residence is in Essen, Germany. ", "He ranked 6th when he rowed for Germany in the 1999 World Rowing Championship that took place in St. Catharines, Canada. ", "He also rowed in 1999 World Rowing Cup III in Lucerne, SUI where he ranked 1st representing Germany. ", "He has competed in 14 competitions from 1990–1999. ", "He achieved first place four times in those fourteen competitions.", "\n\nReferences \n\n \n \n\nCategory:1972 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Oberhausen\nCategory:Olympic rowers of Germany\nCategory:Rowers at the 1996 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic silver medalists for Germany\nCategory:Olympic medalists in rowing\nCategory:German male rowers\nCategory:World Rowing Championships medalists for Germany\nCategory:Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics" ]

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[ "Gottfried Blocklinger\n\nGottfried Blocklinger was a Rear-admiral in the United States Navy; \nBorn in Dubuque, Iowa, October 23, 1847.", "\nNotable achievements include: in 1879 as a Lieutenant, he commanded the survey of the Madeira River, in the Amazon. ", "Was a lieutenant on board the during the Baltimore crisis of 1891. ", "And was the Executive Officer, on board the during the Capture of Guam to the United States during the Spanish–American War in 1898.", "\n\nNaval career\nActing Midshipman, 22 July 1863 \nAppointed. ", "from Iowa., ", "and graduated. ", "United States Naval Academy., ", "2 June 1868 \nPromoted to Ensign, April 19, 1869 \nPromoted to Master, July 12, 1870\nPromoted to Lieutenant, April 2, 1874\nPromoted to Lieutenant-Commander., ", "May 21, 1895\nPromoted to Commander, March 3, 1899\nPromoted to Captain., ", "June 1, 1904\nPromoted to Rear-admiral, October 30, 1908\n\nService Record\n\n1864-69; During the American Civil War he was a midshipman. ", "His duties included services on board the in summer of 1864. ", " And served successively in the Pacific squadron on board the in 1869, Enterprise, and Adams.", "\n1868-82; Coast survey \n1880 Served aboard the \n1885; hydrographic office \n1883-86; \n1888-89; insp. ", "7th light-house dist., (", "the western coast of Florida)\n1890; which was assigned to the South Atlantic Station\n1891; Was transferred to the Yorktown during the Baltimore crisis.", "\n1891-93; , \n1893; Washington Navy Yard \n1893-95; Executive Officer \n1895-96; Mare Island Naval Shipyard California. ", "\n1897-99; Executive Officer, \n1899-01; Commanding Officer ,\n1901; Commanding Officer \n11 May 1901 Assigned to Alert'—11 May 1901, Comdr. ", "Gottfried Blocklinger commanded the vessel and was assigned to the Pacific Station as a training vessel for apprentice sailors. ", "In that capacity the vessel made short cruises along the California coast \n1901, , \n1902, , cruising the waters off the coasts of China, Japan, and Korea \n1902, flagship of the Cruiser Squadron, U.S. Asiatic Fleet, she cruised the Philippines and the China coast., ", "\n1903; Navy Yard, Norfolk, Virginia, \n1904; Navy Yard, New York, \n1904-06; Commanding Officer , At that time, the Illinois was assigned to the North Atlantic. ", "She engaged in fleet maneuvers, gunnery and seamanship training, and ceremonial operations. ", " In 1906, the Illinois was the first US ship to win the famous Prince Louis Battenberg Cup\n1906-09; Member Naval Examining and Retiring Boards. ", "No officer below the grade of Captain can be promoted to a higher grade until recommended by the Boards.", "\n1909; Retired to 1192 Locust St., Dubuque, Iowa \n\nAdmiral Blocklinger was a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.", "\n\nSources and external links\nDEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY—NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER \nChambers's Encyclopedia. ", "The Records Of Living Officers Of The U. S. Navy And Marine Corps Fourth Edition. ", "1890 L. R. Hamersly & Co. 1890. ", " Pg 190-191\nWho's Who in America Volume XI, 1920-1921\nThe Call, a San Francisco newspaper, includes Blocklinger and covers the Capture of Guam \nReport of the Secretary of the Navy, November 30, 1879 \n\nCategory:1847 births\nCategory:1930 deaths\nCategory:United States Navy rear admirals (lower half)\nCategory:People from Dubuque, Iowa" ]

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[ "Shoutmeloud Monthly Income Report June 2010\n\nI have started monthly income report trend to give an idea to all budding bloggers about the money you can make via blogging. ", "And it’s good to say many bloggers are following this and started sharing monthly Income and Traffic report card.", "\n\nServices Income were not my direct income till last month as I was working with a Company based in Pune. ", "But from this month I will be working as an Individual along with 2 of my team-mates.", "\n\nI’m also working on starting a company and now thinking of some nice name for the company which shows our blogging and WordPress business and should be elegant and professional. ", "Will be starting the registration process from September and will keep updating you about latest things happening around Shoutmeloud.", "\n\nWe have also finalized that Shoutmeloud is going to be niche blog on SEO, Blogging, Social Media and Make money online. ", "This is all from my end for now, do let us know how was your month of June in terms of Revenue and Traffic?", "\n\nSubscribe on Youtube\n\nA blog scientist by the mind and a passionate blogger by heart ❤️. Fountainhead of ShoutMeLoud (Award winning blog), speaker at various international forums.", "\nLife motto: Live while you can! ", "Teach & inspire while you could & Smile while you have the teeth.", "\n\nMy revenue is 0$ 🙂 Seems your income is increasing month by month, I think it’s because of your dedication to blogging filed. ", "And one thing I need to ask is can advertiser select general topic blog to advertise? ", "because my blog topic is general so I’m asking you. ", "Also give some suggestion or tips to attract advertisers to our blog. ", "Hope you will replay.", "\n\nMine was around 200$ lol and I invested most (infact all of it) in some new sites and blogs :D. BTW, I can see that every month your earning is increasing. ", "Hope so it goes on increasing the same way…P.S: Mine too, Hope So 🙂\n\nYour income has been down as compared from the last month. ", "Congrats on opening your own company. ", "Will i’m eligible one to join you??.", "\nMy income for the month of june is $100 and i had just started making it\n\nImpressive income, I’m learning a great deal from your blog. ", "I was just wondering. ", "how are you earning income as an affiliate? ", "Are you just publishing links and using banners, or are you actually writing and recommending products?", "\n\nAnd if you’re recommending the products, are you using it only in blog posts or are you using other types of marketing techniques in order for people to buy the products you are recommending?", "\n\nHey Jens\nFirst of all thanks for your comment and getting back to your questions:\nMy affiliate Income are a combination of lots of things:\n1. ", "Ad banners\n2. ", "Blog post.", "\n3. ", "Direct ref to my WordPress Clients. ", "🙂\n\nThat’s really awesome Harsh! ", "Your Adsense earnings have almost doubled in 6 months! ", "Btw I have a PR3 blog cum niche-based dofollow article directory on Make Money Online. ", "The comments too are dofollow. ", "So if any one of you wishes he/she may grab some some PR juice!", "\n\nMy revenue is almost cross $1500. ", "The revenue is small compare to your revenue but it’s pure blogging revenue.. you have gr8 knowledge about wordpress customization and Social Media marketing… So why don’t you start your own company for wordpress consulting and social media marketing specifically." ]

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[ "We noticed that you're using an unsupported browser. ", "The TripAdvisor website may not display properly.", "We support the following browsers:Windows: Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome. ", "Mac: Safari.", "\n\nIf you want to hide from everything and everyone - it's your choice.", "Without noisy children, with wonderful nature around, very warm sea and soft sand. ", "The location is perfect-it's easy to get to the town.", "Best hotel , we'll return there once more!", "\n\nReview collected in partnership with this hotel\n\nThis business uses tools provided by TripAdvisor (or one of its official Review Collection Partners) to encourage and collect guest reviews, including this one.", "\n\nAmazing service and very friendly staff. ", "Well equipped resort and the food was lovely. ", "They put us in the wrong room by accident, however phoned us the following day and upgraded us to a room with a private pool, with a free evening meal and...More\n\nReview collected in partnership with this hotel\n\nThis business uses tools provided by TripAdvisor (or one of its official Review Collection Partners) to encourage and collect guest reviews, including this one.", "\n\nI booked at Esperos Village the night before arriving, having first considered a different hotel. ", "But I'm so glad I booked here.", "\nOn arrival at the gate, the really nice security guard phoned a mini bus for me and within a few minutes I was...More\n\n>\n\n>\n\n>\n\n>\n\nDate of stay: October 2018\n\nThank Beccy83\n\nResponse from Kostas S, Marketing at Esperos Village BlueResponded October 24, 2018\n\nDear guest,\nWe would like to thank you for staying in Esperos Village Blue & Spa, member of Esperia Group, and also for your long and detailed review. ", "It is really helpful both for us and for readers. ", "It is great to hear that you...More\n\nI am very suprised about this accomodation. ", "It is really a very nice hotel with friendly hotel staff, especially Elisa from the Poolbar. ", "She is an example for receiving a good service.", "\nThanks for the stay at your hotel.", "\nRgds\n\nFirst of all, it’s really hard to find negative aspects about this hotel.", "\nThe staff was extremely friendly and helpful, the bar staff as well as the maids and everyone else.", "\nWe booked a double room with private pool and were extremely happy with the...More" ]

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[ "Probability density function model equation for particle charging in a homogeneous dusty plasma.", "\nIn this paper, we use the direct interaction approximation (DIA) to obtain an approximate integrodifferential equation for the probability density function (PDF) of charge (q) on dust particles in homogeneous dusty plasma. ", "The DIA is used to solve the closure problem which appears in the PDF equation due to the interactions between the phase space density of plasma particles and the phase space density of dust particles. ", "The equation simplifies to a differential form under the condition when the fluctuations in phase space density for plasma particles change very rapidly in time and is correlated for very short times. ", "The result is a Fokker-Planck type equation with extra terms having third and fourth order differentials in q, which account for the discrete nature of distribution of plasma particles and the interaction between fluctuations. ", "Approximate macroscopic equations for the time evolution of the average charge and the higher order moments of the fluctuations in charge on the dust particles are obtained from the differential PDF equation. ", "These equations are computed, in the case of a Maxwellian plasma, to show the effect of density fluctuations of plasma particles on the statistics of dust charge." ]

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[ "855 F.2d 1047\n57 USLW 2248, 6 UCC Rep.Serv.2d 1424,Prod.", "Liab.", "Rep.(CCH)P 11,897\nKING, Naaman E. and King, Marianv.", "HILTON-DAVIS, a/k/a Hilton-Davis Chemical Company, aDivision of Sterling Drug, Inc.; Terwin Chemicals, Inc.;Hilton-Davis Group and Washburn Potato Company and Kearney,Frank S. Sr. ", "Frank S. Kearney, Sr. & ", "Sons.", "Appeal of HILTON-DAVIS.", "\nNo. ", "87-1716.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Third Circuit.", "\nArgued May 2, 1988.Decided Aug. 23, 1988.Rehearing and Rehearing In Banc Denied Sept. 19, 1988.", "\n\nLouis Bell (Argued), Liebert, Short, Fitzpatrick & Hirshland, Philadelphia, Pa., for appellant.", "\nJames H. Thomas (Argued), Blakinger, Byler, Thomas & Chillas, P.C., Lancaster, Pa., for appellee.", "\nBefore HIGGINBOTHAM, STAPLETON, and GREENBERG, Circuit Judges.", "\nOPINION OF THE COURT\nSTAPLETON, Circuit Judge.", "\n\n\n1\nThis diversity action brings before us once again the problem of ascertaining the boundary between tort and contract. ", " We find that the plaintiffs' product liability claims were for economic loss resulting from injury only to the product itself, and accordingly conclude that the principles of East River Steamship Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval, Inc., 476 U.S. 858, 106 S.Ct. ", "2295, 90 L.Ed.2d 865 (1986), which we predicted in Aloe Coal Co. v. Clark Equipment Co., 816 F.2d 110 (3d Cir.), ", "cert. ", "denied --- U.S. ----, 108 S.Ct. ", "156, 98 L.Ed.2d 111 (1987), would be adopted by the Pennsylvania courts, require reversal of the district court's denial of defendant-appellant Hilton-Davis' motion for judgment N.O.V.\n\nI.\n\n2\nNaaman and Marion King are Pennsylvania farmers who run a roughly 600-acre farming operation producing, among other things, potatoes. ", " They have been in the farming business for about 36 years. ", " A large part of the Kings' 1983 potato crop failed; they attributed this to the fact that the bulk of the seed potatoes they had purchased that spring had been treated with a chemical by the name of Fusarex. ", " The Kings sued Hilton-Davis, the manufacturer of Fusarex, in tort, alleging that Hilton-Davis failed to warn the Kings properly about Fusarex and that this failure to warn was not only negligent but rendered the company strictly liable as well. ", " The jury found in favor of the Kings on both the negligence and strict liability counts. ", " On appeal, Hilton-Davis raises a variety of challenges to the jury's verdict. ", " We address only Hilton-Davis' argument that the character of the Kings' loss is such that no recovery for it in tort is possible under Pennsylvania law.", "\n\n\n3\nSeed potatoes are harvested in fall and stored over the winter, then cut up and planted in the spring. ", " Stored seed potatoes should not be allowed to sprout; they will generally remain dormant naturally, putting out no sprouts, if kept at certain constant, relatively low temperatures. ", " To ensure dormancy, seed potatoes may be treated with a sprout suppressant.", "\n\n\n4\nFusarex is a sprout suppressant which has been in use in the United States since the 1950s. ", " It is a tan, clay-based powder, 94% inert and 6% active, which is applied to seed (or other) potatoes as they are put into storage. ", " After the Fusarex powder is put on the potatoes, its active element slowly forms a gas which surrounds the potatoes. ", " It is this gas which inhibits sprouting, though just how it does so is not known. ", " Come spring, the seed potatoes are removed from storage, cut up, and planted. ", " If the remaining Fusarex is not to some extent--precisely how much is also not known--removed from the seed potatoes before planting, sprouting may continue to be inhibited, so that the planted seed potatoes may not sprout at all or may not grow well if they do sprout. ", " The remaining Fusarex is removed by ventilation.", "\n\n\n5\nIn fall of 1982, the Kings contracted with Washburn Potato Company, a potato dealer located in Maine, to buy Katahdin seed potatoes for the 1983 season. ", " As was its usual practice, Washburn had at that time not yet made any arrangement concerning who would actually supply the seed potatoes to be sold to the Kings, instead waiting to see which supplier would have a good-quality crop of the desired potato variety available in early 1983. ", " Some of Washburn's suppliers treated their seed potatoes with Fusarex, and others did not. ", " In general, between 70% and 75% of seed potato growers use Fusarex on some part of their crops. ", " The Maine grower who eventually supplied the Kings' seed potatoes, Mr. Kearney, had treated his potatoes with Fusarex before putting them into storage in the fall of 1982. ", " Kearney bought the Fusarex he used from Hilton-Davis.", "\n\n\n6\nThe rate of application recommended for Fusarex by Hilton-Davis is one pound of the chemical per 600 pounds of potatoes. ", " This application rate results in a whole-potato concentration of 100 parts per million. ", " The FDA allows a whole-potato Fusarex concentration of 25 ppm in food. ", " Because Kearney had in prior years obtained proper sprout suppression using considerably less Fusarex than recommended by the manufacturer, in fall of 1982 he applied to his seed potatoes only three pounds of Fusarex per 14,000 pounds of potatoes. ", " This resulted in a whole-potato concentration of 15 ppm at the time the Kings bought the seed potatoes. ", " The parties stipulated that at the time of planting, the seed potatoes had a whole-potato concentration of .71 ppm of Fusarex, and a peel concentration of between 4.8 and 6.8 ppm.", "\n\n\n7\nAt the time he collected his seed potatoes from Kearney, Mr. King was provided by Kearney with a state certificate of inspection upon which was noted the fact that the potatoes had been treated with Fusarex. ", " King testified that he was not familiar with Fusarex at that time and assumed that its sole purpose was to prevent rot. ", " Conflicting evidence was presented at trial as to whether Kearney and King discussed Fusarex and whether Kearney gave King a Fusarex bag complete with label.", "\n\n\n8\nThe Kings annually devote about 150 acres of their land to potatoes; between April 27th and May 4th of 1983, they planted about 96 of these acres with the Fusarex-treated seed potatoes bought from Washburn and supplied to Washburn by Kearney. ", " Two-thirds of this planting completely failed to sprout, and the third that did sprout ultimately gave a very poor yield.", "\n\n\n9\nThe Kings brought suit against Hilton-Davis, Washburn, and Kearney over this crop failure. ", " The Kings sued Hilton-Davis and Washburn both in tort, based on theories of strict liability and negligence, and in contract, based on breach of warranty. ", " The suit against Kearney was dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction. ", " The action against Hilton-Davis and Washburn went to trial, and the jury returned a verdict in favor of the Kings against both defendants. ", " The jury found Hilton-Davis 85% negligent and strictly liable; it found Washburn 15% negligent, but not liable for breach of warranty. ", " The breach of warranty claim against Hilton-Davis was not submitted to the jury and the Kings did not object to this omission.", "\n\n\n10\nBoth defendants moved for judgment N.O.V. or, in the alternative, a new trial. ", " The district court granted Washburn's motion for judgment N.O.V. based on an exculpatory clause in Washburn's contract with the Kings,1 but sustained the jury verdict against Hilton-Davis. ", " Because the only issue we address in this appeal is whether the Kings' recovery in tort is barred as a matter of Pennsylvania law, our review is plenary. ", " Aloe Coal, 816 F.2d at 116.II.", "\n\n\n11\nOur starting point is East River Steamship Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval, Inc., 476 U.S. 858, 106 S.Ct. ", "2295, 90 L.Ed.2d 865 (1986). ", " In that case the Court, sitting in admiralty, unanimously held that \"a manufacturer in a commercial relationship has no duty under either a negligence or strict products-liability theory to prevent a product from injuring itself.\" ", " 476 U.S. at 871, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2302. ", " In Aloe Coal, 816 F.2d at 118, this court predicted that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would adopt the rationale and conclusions of East River to bar a purchaser's recovery in tort from his or her seller for economic loss.2 Because the reasoning of the Supreme Court in East River is crucial to determination of the correct result here, we quote at some length from that opinion. ", " We begin with the Court's statements that:\n\n\n12\nProducts liability grew out of a public policy judgment that people need more protection from dangerous products than is afforded by the law of warranty.... It is clear, however, that if this development were to progress too far, contract law would drown in a sea of tort....\n\n\n13\nThe paradigmatic products-liability action is one where a product \"reasonably certain to place life and limb in peril, ...\" causes bodily injury....\n\n\n14\nFor similar reasons of safety, the manufacturer's duty of care was broadened to include protection against property damage.... Such damage is considered so akin to personal injury that the two are treated alike....\n\n\n15\nIn the traditional \"property damage\" cases, the defective product damages other property. ", " In this case, there was no damage to \"other\" property. ", " Rather, the first, second, and third counts allege that each supertanker's defectively designed turbine components damaged only the turbine itself. ", " Since each turbine was supplied by Delaval as an integrated package, ... each is properly regarded as a single unit.... Obviously, damage to a product itself has certain attributes of a products-liability claim. ", " But the injury suffered--the failure of the product to function properly--is the essence of a warranty action, through which a contracting party can seek to recoup the benefit of its bargain.", "\n\n\n16\n476 U.S. at 866-68, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2299-2300.", "\n\n\n17\nThe Supreme Court went on to conclude that \"[w]hen a product injures only itself the reasons for imposing a tort duty are weak and those for leaving the party to its contractual remedies are strong.\" ", " 476 U.S. at 871, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2302. ", " The Court gave four primary reasons for this conclusion. ", " First, the \"tort concern with safety is reduced\" where no personal injury or property damage has occurred; the commercial user stands to lose only the benefit of its bargain. ", " Id. Second, the maintenance of product value and quality is the traditional function of express and implied warranties and the law of such warranties \"sufficiently protects the purchaser by allowing it to obtain the benefit of its bargain,\" thereby placing it in the same position it would have been in if the product had functioned properly. ", " Id. at 873, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2303. ", " Third, in this context, there is no justification for interference with private allocation of the risk of injury to the product itself. ", " And, finally, it is more desirable and ultimately less expensive to have liability for injuries to a product itself limited by the principles applicable to warranty claims than to subject a manufacturer to tort damages of an indefinite amount; while warranty liability can be contractually disclaimed and is limited by the \"requirements of foreseeability and of privity,\" tort liability is considerably more difficult to contractually circumscribe and is not limited by foreseeability and privity. ", " Id. at 874, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2304.", "\n\n\n18\nWith respect to the last of these points, the Supreme Court observed:\n\n\n19\nA warranty action ... has a built-in limitation on liability, whereas a tort action could subject the manufacturer to damages of an indefinite amount. ", " The limitation in a contract action comes from the agreement of the parties and the requirement that consequential damages, such as lost profits, be a foreseeable result of the breach.... In a warranty action where the loss is purely economic, the limitation derives from the requirements of foreseeability and privity, which is still generally enforced for such claims in a commercial setting.", "\n\n\n20\n* * *\n\n\n21\nIn products-liability law, where there is a duty to the public generally, foreseeability is an inadequate brake.... Permitting recovery for all foreseeable claims for purely economic loss could make a manufacturer liable for vast sums. ", " It would be difficult for a manufacturer to take into account the expectations of persons downstream who may encounter its product.", "\n\n\n22\nId.\n\n\n23\nThe plaintiffs in East River were bareboat charterers of ships powered by the defective turbines manufactured by the defendant. ", " They had chartered for 20-year terms from the vessel owners, which had purchased the vessels from the shipbuilding firm to which the defendant had supplied the turbines. ", " Accordingly, in East River, as in this case, the plaintiffs and the defendants were remote in the production and distribution chain and the defendant sold something less than the plaintiffs leased or purchased. ", " In East River, however, the only property damage caused by the defect was damage to the property supplied by the defendant to the shipbuilder, the turbines. ", " Here the defect in the Fusarex sold by the defendant, after being applied by Kearney, rendered the seed potatoes less valuable as seed potatoes. ", " As a result, this case presents a threshold issue that East River did not: In determining whether a product \"injures only itself\" for purposes of applying the East River rule in a context like this, does one look to the product sold by the defendant or to the product purchased by the plaintiff? ", " We conclude that one must look to the product purchased by the plaintiff. ", " We also conclude that the district court, while it correctly looked to what the plaintiff purchased rather than to what Hilton-Davis sold, erred in finding that the seed potatoes constituted \"other property\" and, accordingly, that this was not a case involving only economic loss.", "\n\n\n24\nAs we read East River, it is the character of the plaintiff's loss that determines the nature of the available remedies. ", " When loss of the benefit of a bargain is the plaintiff's sole loss, the judgment of the Supreme Court was that the undesirable consequences of affording a tort remedy in addition to a contract-based recovery were sufficient to outweigh the limited interest of the plaintiff in having relief beyond that provided by warranty claims. ", " The relevant bargain in this context is that struck by the plaintiff. ", " It is that bargain that determines his or her economic loss and whether he or she has been injured beyond that loss. ", " Moreover, the East River analysis dictates that where the purchaser of a defective product sues the manufacturer from whom he or she has purchased the product, rather than a supplier of components for the product, the relevant product is what the plaintiff bargained for and the remedy is limited to a contract-based recovery. ", " We perceive no principled basis for affording the purchaser of a defective product greater relief against the manufacturer of a component part that has rendered a product defective than against the manufacturer of the assembled defective product. ", " This counsels against looking to the component part to define the product and \"economic loss.\" ", " As the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit recently observed:\n\n\n25\nWe see no rational reason to give the buyer greater rights to recover economic losses for a defect in the product because the component is designed, constructed, or furnished by someone other than the final manufacturer. ", " The buyer ordinarily has no interest in how or where the manufacturer obtains individual components. ", " The buyer is usually interested in the quality of the finished product, and is content to let the manufacturer decide whether to do all the work or delegate part of it to others.", "\n\n\n26\n825 F.2d 925, at 929.", "\n\n\n27\nOur conclusion is supported by the federal appellate court decisions that have passed upon the tort liability of a component part manufacturer for economic loss. ", " In Shipco 2295, Inc. v. Avondale Shipyards, Inc., 825 F.2d 925 (5th Cir.1987) (admiralty), for example, the court held that in the context of a tort claim for economic loss, the \"product\" means \"the finished product bargained for by the buyer\" rather than the individual components of that product. ", " 825 F.2d at 930. ", " The Shipco court therefore held that the plaintiff could maintain its tort claim for economic loss neither against the company which had supplied the contracted-for product nor against the company which had supplied the defective component of that product. ", " The plaintiff's remedies were limited to a contract action against the company which had sold the plaintiff the finished, bargained-for product. ", " Similarly, in American Home Assurance Co. v. Major Tool & Machine, Inc., 767 F.2d 446 (8th Cir.1985) (applying Minnesota law), the court held that a turbine assembler could not recover in tort from manufacturers of defective component parts of the turbine on the theory that the defective components damaged \"other property,\" i.e., the remainder of the turbine. ", " In the court's view, \"other property\" would not include other parts of a single product fabricated under a series of subcontracts. ", " And in Airlift Int'l, Inc. v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 685 F.2d 267, 270 (9th Cir.1982) (applying California law), the court dismissed product liability claims against the manufacturer of a component part of an airliner as well as against the manufacturer of the airliner, on the ground that the allocation of risk contracted for by the purchaser and the airliner manufacturer would be nullified if the purchaser could recover from the component-part manufacturer. ", " See also County of Westchester v. General Motors Corp., 555 F.Supp. ", "290, 292 (S.D.N.Y.1983) (applying New York law) (rejecting argument that damage to air conditioning condensers caused by defective design and redesign of air conditioning system constituted damage to other property that would support a tort claim against the designing corporation); Cedars of Lebanon Hospital Corp. v. European X-Ray Distributors, Inc., 444 So.2d 1068, 1071-72 (Fla.App.3d Dist.1984) (applying Florida law) (affirming dismissal of tort claims for economic loss against component part manufacturer).", "\n\n\n28\nFocusing on the Kings' bargained-for expectations, we hold that the relevant product in this case \"injured only itself.\" ", " The Kings contracted to buy a single integrated product, seed potatoes. ", " Like many agricultural products, seed potatoes may be treated with a multitude of chemicals for a multitude of purposes; the end result of this treatment is intended to be a single product--in this case a disease-free, pest-free seed potato that is capable of producing healthy plants. ", " The Kings lost the expected performance of the seed potatoes, no more and no less.3\n\n\n29\nAlthough it is true, as the district court stressed, that application of Fusarex to ensure the dormancy of seed potatoes is not necessary, we do not think it appropriate to look to the necessity of including a particular part in a product in determining whether or not the part should be considered a separate product. ", " The fact that Kearney might have opted not to use Fusarex on his potatoes does not lead to the conclusion that the Fusarex cannot form part of an integrated package of treated seed potatoes.4\n\n\n30\nHaving concluded that the teachings of East River foreclose tort liability in the context of this case, the remaining issue is whether we believe the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania would accept those teachings in this context. ", " In Aloe Coal, we predicted that the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania would decline to follow a course that would severely restrict the ability of parties in commercial transactions to allocate the risk of purely economic losses and would leave a manufacturer with an open-ended and indefinite liability for such losses. ", " The only factual difference between Aloe Coal and this case is that the plaintiff in Aloe Coal was attempting to recover economic loss from a manufacturer from whom it purchased directly, while the plaintiff here seeks to recover such loss from a component supplier who is remote from the plaintiff in the production and distribution chain. ", " While we find a portion of the relevant Pennsylvania law uncertain, given the policy judgments we have predicted the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would adopt, we conclude that this factual distinction would not produce a different result.", "\n\n\n31\nWe find Pennsylvania law unclear on the issue of whether a plaintiff who has suffered economic loss can recover for breach of a warranty of merchantability from a party with whom it is not in privity. ", " The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has suggested by way of dicta that a showing of privity may not be required. ", " Kassab v. Central Soya, 432 Pa. 217, 246 A.2d 848, 854-55 n. 7 (1968). ", " More recently, the Superior Court has held that lack of privity defeats a claim for economic loss under a theory of implied warranty. ", " Johnson v. General Motors Corp., 349 Pa.Super. ", "147, 502 A.2d 1317, 1320 (1986) (warranty protection has not been extended to persons other than the buyer who do not sustain personal injury, and argument that such protection ought to be extended should be addressed to the legislature rather than the courts), app. ", "denied 514 Pa. 639, 523 A.2d 346 (1987). ", " See also Manor Junior College v. Kaller's, Inc., 352 Pa.Super. ", "310, 507 A.2d 1245, 1249 (1986) (privity still required for common law breach of warranty claim). ", " In these circumstances, we will make alternative assumptions about this issue in our analysis.", "\n\n\n32\nIf the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ultimately holds that privity is not required for a breach of warranty recovery where only economic loss is involved, we would expect it to also hold that warranty liability to someone remote in the chain can be disclaimed or limited under the provisions of the U.C.C., without an express contract with the remote party, so long as the disclaimer or limitation is clearly communicated to the remote party prior to his or her purchase.5 Under this set of assumptions, if a tort remedy is denied in accordance with East River, a remote purchaser in Pennsylvania will have a satisfactory alternative remedy against the manufacturer of the product or a component thereof. ", " That warranty remedy, while not subject to the limitation of the privity doctrine, will remain limited by a foreseeability requirement and will be subject to limitation and disclaimer under the U.C.C.6 Thus, if the East River rule is applied in this context, private risk allocation will be preserved and manufacturers of products or components thereof will not be exposed to open-ended and indefinite liability. ", " If tort recovery is permitted, however, it will be impossible for such manufacturers to control their exposure to liability for economic loss, and the economic consequences of indefinite exposure found undesirable in East River will follow.", "\n\n\n33\nAssuming that the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania ultimately holds privity to be an essential element of a warranty claim for economic loss, if tort liability is denied in accordance with East River, a purchaser in the position of the Kings will not have a satisfactory alternative remedy against a party in Hilton-Davis' position. ", " There will, however, be a warranty claim against the immediate seller that, assuming the continuing financial responsibility of the seller, will give the purchaser the benefit of its bargain. ", " This is precisely the situation that confronted the Supreme Court in East River. ", " The Court there expressly noted that the charterers had no warranty claim against the turbine manufacturer and, as we have noted, affirmatively relied upon the \"limitation of privity\" when opting in favor of warranty as the exclusive remedy. ", " Implicit in the East River decision is the policy judgment that in a commercial context the possibility of an inadequate recovery occasioned by bankruptcy, a commercial risk that a purchaser assumes in choosing a seller, does not justify permitting a tort recovery that will allow a purchaser to reach back up the production and distribution chain, thereby disrupting the risk allocations that have been worked out in the transactions comprising that chain.", "\n\n\n34\nBased upon the foregoing, we predict that the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania would apply the East River rule in this context as well as the situation before the Court in Aloe Coal.", "\n\nIII.", "\n\n35\nBecause we conclude that the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania would not permit recovery from a component part supplier under a negligence or strict liability theory for economic loss resulting from a defective product damaging only itself, we cannot uphold the judgment entered in the district court against Hilton-Davis. ", " We therefore reverse the denial of Hilton-Davis' motion for judgment N.O.V., and remand these proceedings to the district court so that it may enter judgment N.O.V. for Hilton-Davis.", "\n\n\n\n1\n The district court, in addition to concluding that the contract expressly waived negligence claims against Washburn and that such a provision was valid under Pennsylvania law, considered whether this contract was one of adhesion which should not be given effect. ", " The reasons for the court's conclusion that this was not a contract of adhesion were that the Kings had a large operation and were sophisticated farmers; that there were numerous other dealers from whom the Kings could have bought seed potatoes, not all of whom had exculpatory clauses in their contracts; and that the Kings had in the past used other dealers besides Washburn when Washburn could not supply what they required. ", " The Kings initially appealed from the judgment in favor of Washburn but subsequently withdrew that appeal\n\n\n2\n In Aloe Coal, the purchaser of a tractor shovel sued the manufacturer alleging negligence, strict liability, and breach of warranty after the tractor shovel was destroyed in a fire the cause of which was not known. ", " We held that the purchaser could not recover for the fire damage under product liability theory but was limited to remedies available for breach of warranty\n\n\n3\n In defining \"the product,\" the Shipco court reasoned:\nThe completed vessels were obviously the objects of the contract. ", " Shipco did not bargain separately for individual components of each vessel. ", " We are persuaded that those same vessels that were the object of the contract must be considered \"the product\" rather than the individual components that make up the vessels.", "\n825 F.2d at 928. ", " We find this reasoning apposite here.", "\nOur conclusion on this point, and in this case generally, is contrary to that of the Supreme Court of Montana in Streich v. Hilton-Davis, 692 P.2d 440 (Montana 1984) (farmers able to recover in both tort and contract for crop failure found to have been caused by Fusarex). ", " The Streich court did not have the benefit of the analysis of the Supreme Court in East River.", "\n\n\n4\n We also do not agree with the district court that the fact that the Fusarex and the seed potatoes were produced by separate entities in different locations is of significance. ", " To have been produced under such circumstances does not make component parts any less capable of being integrated into the final product than if they had been made at the same location by the same entity that turns out that final product\nNor are we impressed with the metaphysical argument advanced by the Kings at oral argument that the seed potatoes and the Fusarex were two separate products because the latter did not penetrate the former. ", " In addition to being legally irrelevant, this contention is without factual foundation. ", " It is factually indisputable that some Fusarex is absorbed by a potato to which the chemical is applied; the parties' stipulation here as to whole-potato and peel concentrations of Fusarex in the very seed potatoes bought and planted by the Kings makes that evident.", "\n\n\n5\n States that have dispensed with the requirement of privity in this context have typically held that a manufacturer can limit its warranty liability by a conspicuous provision in the literature included with the product, e.g. Sanco, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 771 F.2d 1081, 1087 (7th Cir.1985) (applying Indiana law), or by contracting with the dealer to include express reference for a limitation on the manufacturer's warranty liability in the dealer's contracts with its customers, e.g. Hunter v. Texas Instruments, Inc., 798 F.2d 299, 302 (8th Cir.1986) (applying Arkansas law). ", " See also Clark v. DeLaval Separator Corp., 639 F.2d 1320, 1324 (5th Cir.1981) (under Texas law, manufacturer's disclaimer may be effective against remote purchaser where such disclaimer is included either with the product or in the contract to which the ultimate purchaser is a party)\n\n\n6\n U.C.C. Secs. ", "2-316, 2-719\n\n\n" ]

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[ "About Us\n\nUtah State University Swimming is a member of Club Sports within Campus Recreation. ", "The team provides a challenging workout to all team members. ", "It targets competitive swimmers, triathletes, fitness swimmers, lap swimmers and any other type of swimmer looking for a challenge.", "\n\nBulletin Board\n\nWorkouts are held Monday through Friday from 3:30 to 5 p.m in the HPER pools. ", "The workout schedule matches the University's academic calendarholidays and breaks.", "\n\nUtah State Swimming Club charges an $85 per semester fee. ", "The fee goes toward pool time, lifeguards and some swim meets. ", "You must be a student taking at least 6 credits for the semester to be a member. ", "The season is year round!" ]

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[ "Related\n\nRelated Areas of Research\n\nNationally, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), which provides basic assistance to families with little or no income, responded only modestly to the severe recession that began in December 2007, and the national TANF caseload began to decline in January 2011. ", "State TANF caseloads varied widely in their responsiveness during the recession, growing substantially in some states but changing little in many others.", "\n\nThe variation among states widened during the recovery that began in June 2009, as some states made significant policy or programmatic changes that led to substantial caseload declines. ", "By December 2011, nearly one-third of all states had lower caseloads than at the start of the recession in December 2007, even though the unemployment rate in December 2011, at 8.5 percent, was far above the December 2007 level of 5.0 percent.", "\n\nThis paper is the second in a series on changes in TANF caseloads since the start of the economic downturn. ", "The first paper covered the two years after the start of the recession, from December 2007 to December 2009.[1] This paper extends the analysis two years, through December 2011. ", "To ensure comparability over time, both papers rely on TANF caseload data that we collected directly from the states.", "\n\nIts key findings are:\n\nNationally, the TANF caseload responded only modestly to the downturn and began to decline while need remained high. ", "The caseload did not begin to grow until seven months after the recession started, and it rose only 16 percent before peaking in December 2010 (see Figure 1). ", "In contrast, the number of unemployed individuals rose 88 percent over this period. ", "Over the course of 2011, the caseload fell 5 percentage points from that peak, while the unemployment rate remained at or above 8.5 percent throughout the year.", "\n\nChanges in states’ caseloads varied widely. ", "Forty-five states’ caseloads grew between December 2007 and December 2009 but by widely differing amounts, ranging from 2 percent to 48 percent; in more than half of these states, the increase was 14 percent or less. ", "After the recovery began, caseloads continued to grow in some states but fell sharply in others. ", "Between December 2009 and December 2011, 21 states’ caseloads rose by amounts ranging from 2 percent to 56 percent; in 30 states, caseloads fell by amounts ranging from 1 percent to 56 percent. ", "Over the four-year period from December 2007 to December 2011, caseload changes ranged from Oregon’s 81 percent increase to Arizona’s 54 percent decline.", "\n\nVariations in unemployment do not fully explain the variation in state caseload changes. ", "There is little overlap between the ten states with the largest percentage increases in the number of unemployed workers and the ten states with the largest percentage increases in TANF caseloads. ", "The three states with the largest TANF caseload increases — Oregon, Colorado and Illinois — ranked 28, 14 and 30, respectively, in the percentage increase in the number of unemployed. ", "Meanwhile, the three states with the largest TANF caseload decreases — Arizona, Indiana, and Rhode Island — ranked 5, 16 and 23, respectively, in the increase in unemployed workers.", "\n\nIn most states, TANF provides a weaker safety net now than it did prior to the recession. ", "The number of families with children served by TANF for every 100 such families living in poverty fell in 35 states between 2006/2007 and 2010/2011, while rising in just five states.", "\n\nState actions had a significant impact on TANF caseloads. ", "In response to budget pressures, several states cut TANF benefit levels, shortened or tightened time limits, or made other cutbacks during the recession, contributing to substantial caseload declines. ", "Conversely, Illinois, which made an explicit choice to improve access to the program, saw its TANF caseload increase by 73 percent between December 2007 and December 2011, although it still serves relatively few families in need. (", "In 1996, in Illinois, there were 86 families with children receiving TANF for every 100 families in poverty. ", "By 2008, this ratio had plummeted to just 9 families with children receiving TANF for every 100 in poverty. ", "After increasing for three years from 2009 through 2011, the ratio reached a very modest 15 families out of 100 in 2011.)", "\n\nAlthough the 1996 welfare law shifted the focus of TANF to work, Congress still intended the program to provide a safety net for poor families with children when they could not find work. ", "The lackluster performance of TANF during the downturn has exposed its inadequacy as a safety net. ", "The program that once provided at least minimal basic assistance to the majority of eligible poor families with nowhere else to turn failed to address the significant increase in need, leaving many families with children who couldn’t find work or qualify for unemployment insurance with no regular source of income.", "\n\nThe Context: Sustained High Unemployment Created Widespread Hardship\n\nThe Great Recession of 2007-2009 was characterized not only by high unemployment, but also by the speed at which the ranks of the unemployed swelled and the long periods of time for which many people have remained unemployed. ", "From the start of the recession in December 2007 through December 2009, the unemployment rate more than doubled, from 4.9 percent to 10 percent. (", "It peaked at 10.1 percent in October 2009.) ", "Over these two years, the number of unemployed persons also more than doubled, from 7.4 million to 15.0 million.", "\n\nThe unemployment rate subsequently declined somewhat but remained very high, at 8.5 percent as of December 2011; there were still 71 percent more unemployed individuals that month than at the start of the recession four years earlier. ", "Long-term unemployment was especially pronounced during the downturn: the number of people who had been unemployed for at least 27 weeks and are still looking for work quadrupled from the start of the recession to December 2011.", "\n\nThe high levels of joblessness during the recession resulted in increased poverty that persisted even after the number of people without jobs started to decline. ", "Between 2007 and 2009, the number of people in poverty increased by 6.3 million to 43.6 million and the official poverty rate rose from 12.5 percent to 14.3 percent. ", "The poverty rate continued rising in 2010, to 15.1 percent, its highest level since 1993, then stayed about the same, at 15.0 percent in 2011.", "\n\nThe percentage of people in deep poverty — that is, with incomes below half the poverty line — rose from 5.2 percent in 2007 to 6.3 percent in 2009 and 6.6 percent in 2011. (", "Half of the poverty line corresponds to an annual income of about $9,000 for a family of three.) ", "Some 20.4 million Americans lived in deep poverty in 2011.", "\n\nDownturn Exposed TANF’s Weakness as Safety Net\n\nThe national TANF caseload responded only modestly to the very large increase in need due to the recession — and with a substantial time lag. ", "The caseload did not begin to grow until July 2008, seven months after the recession started. ", "It peaked in December 2010 at 16 percent above its December 2007 level. ", "The caseload grew fastest in 2008 and 2009, then somewhat more slowly in 2010. ", "In 2011, unemployment remained at or above 8.5 percent for the entire year, but the TANF caseload fell 5 percentage points from its December 2010 peak (see Figure 2).[2]\n\nThe rise and fall of the national TANF caseload roughly paralleled the availability of additional funds for states through the temporary TANF Emergency Fund.[3] Since TANF is a block grant with fixed federal funding, states received no increase in their basic TANF funding to address the increase in need resulting from the recession.", "\n\nAs a part of the 1996 welfare reform law, Congress created the TANF Contingency Fund for this very purpose, but because of its complex design and requirement that states significantly increase their own state TANF spending to qualify for these funds, fewer than half of the states received any money from the Contingency Fund during the downturn, even though nearly all states met its economic distress triggers.", "\n\nAs part of the 2009 Recovery Act, Congress created the TANF Emergency Fund to provide states with an additional $5 billion that they could use to cover the increased costs of assisting more people. ", "States also could use the extra funds to boost spending on subsidized jobs or provide one-time, non-recurring payments such as emergency food assistance, utility payments, or rent payments to prevent a family from becoming homeless. ", "The funds were available for federal fiscal years 2009 and 2010; the federal government began distributing them in the spring of 2009.", "\n\nOnce the additional ARRA funding was no longer available, states were left on their own to figure out how to cover the costs of their expanded caseloads. ", "A number responded by taking actions to reduce benefits or caseloads, thus providing less assistance to families when more was needed.", "\n\nCaseload Trends Varied Widely Across States\n\nTrends in state TANF caseload trends varied widely, as the examples in Figure 3 show. ", "Caseloads in some states (like Oregon) responded quickly to the increase in need and continued to respond throughout the downturn and as the economy began to recover. ", "Caseloads in other states (like Utah) grew initially but began to return to pre-recession levels soon after — or, in some cases, even before — the official end of the recession. ", "Caseloads in other states responded modestly, steadily declined, or did not respond at all.", "\n\nMost states’ caseloads grew during the first two years after the start of the recession (from December 2007 to December 2009) but by widely differing amounts. ", "Among the 45 states with increases, TANF caseloads grew by as little as 2 percent and by as much as 48 percent; in more than half of the states with an increase, caseloads grew by 13 percent or less.", "\n\nAfter the recovery began, caseloads continued to grow in some states but fell sharply in others. ", "Between December 2009 and December 2011, 21 states’ caseloads rose by amounts ranging from 2 percent to 56 percent. ", "In 30 states, caseloads fell by amounts ranging from 1 percent to 56 percent. (", "See Figure 4.) ", "Although the recession officially ended in June 2009, the number of unemployed individuals continued to grow after that date in all except 7 states. ", "Nearly one-third of the states reached their recession TANF caseload peak before the number of unemployed peaked.", "\n\nMany states experienced only modest growth in caseloads from the start of the recession until their caseload peaked. ", "In half of the states, caseloads grew by less than 20 percent, and in 14 of those states they grew by less than 10 percent. ", "In three states, TANF caseloads never increased during the downturn.", "\n\nState TANF caseloads started to decline shortly after the official end of the recession. ", "Still, with the unemployment remaining at 8.5 percent nationally at the end of 2011, 35 states had larger caseloads in December 2011 than in December 2007. ", "In Colorado, Illinois, and Oregon, the December 2011 caseloads were more than 50 percent above the December 2007 levels.", "\n\nAbout one third of the states, however, had lower caseloads in December 2011 than at the start of the recession — and in some cases, the caseloads were much lower (see Appendix B5). ", "Even though the unemployment situation was improving, the unemployment rate in all of the states with lower caseloads was higher in December 2011 than at the start of the recession. ", "For example, in Arizona and Indiana, caseloads at the end of 2011 were less than half their December 2007 levels. ", "However, the unemployment rates in both states were substantially higher in December 2011 than in December 2007. ", "Arizona’s unemployment rate was 4.2 percent in December 2007 and 9.0 percent in December 2011; Indiana’s unemployment was 4.7 percent in December 2007 and 8.9 percent in December 2011.", "\n\nThe recession did not affect all states equally; the increase in the number of unemployed individuals from the start of the recession to its peak in the state ranged from 35 percent to 194 percent. ", "But this variation doesn’t fully explain differences in the responsiveness of states’ TANF caseloads.", "\n\nThe states with the greatest increases in the number of unemployed were not always the states with the greatest increases in their TANF caseload — and the responsiveness of states’ TANF caseloads differed greatly across states that experienced similar increases in the number or percentage of unemployed workers (see Appendix B6). ", "In fact, there is little overlap between the ten states with the largest increases in the number of unemployed workers and the ten states with the largest increases in their TANF caseloads. ", "The three states with the largest TANF caseload increases between December 2007 and December 2011 — Oregon, Colorado and Illinois — ranked 28, 14, and 30, respectively, among the states in the percentage increase in the number of unemployed.[4]\n\nSimilarly, states with comparable increases in unemployment experienced very different changes in their TANF caseloads. ", "For example, from the start of the recession to their respective peaks, the number of unemployed in Arizona and Utah rose by similar amounts (174 and 188 percent, respectively), but their TANF caseloads rose by very dissimilar amounts (6 percent versus 45 percent respectively).", "\n\nTANF Caseloads Didn’t Keep Pace with Increase in Poverty\n\nOne measure of the extent to which TANF provides a safety net for poor families in need is the TANF-to-poverty ratio, or the ratio of the number of families receiving TANF for every 100 families with children in poverty; the lower the ratio, the more limited is TANF’s reach in helping families in poverty. ", "The number of families that receive TANF reflects two factors: (1) whether families are eligible based on state policies; and (2) whether eligible families participate. ", "The TANF-to-poverty ratio captures both so it is a good measure of TANF’s reach.[5]\n\nChanges in the ratio over time indicate whether TANF is growing stronger or weaker as a safety net. ", "If TANF caseloads increase at roughly the same rate as poverty, the ratio will remain stable. ", "As Figure 5 shows, however, TANF emerged from the recession significantly weaker than it was before. ", "Between 2006/2007 and 2010/2011 (we use two-year averages to improve their reliability), the TANF-to-poverty ratio fell in almost three-quarters of the states. ", "In many cases the decline was moderate to substantial: the ratio fell by more than 10 points in six states and by 6 to 10 points in seven states (see Figure 5). ", "This is part of a longer 16-year trend of the diminishing role of TANF as a safety net. ", "Since enactment of the 1996 welfare law, the national TANF-to-poverty ratio declined from 68 families receiving TANF for every 100 in poverty in 1996 to 32 out of 100 in 2006 and 27 out of 100 in 2011.", "\n\nUnderstanding State Variation: State Choices Matter\n\nWhile it is not possible to fully account for all factors that may have affected the responsiveness of state TANF caseloads to increased need, state policy choices clearly have been an important factor, especially among some of the larger states.", "\n\nNationally, TANF caseloads declined by 3 percent between December 2009 and December 2011. ", "But, this net national decline results from increases in some states and declines in others: the 21 states with caseload increases added 69,000 families during this period, while the 30 states with caseload declines lost 124,000 families. ", "This produces a net national decline of 55,000 families, or 3 percent. ", "Between December 2009 and December 2011, for example, caseloads in five states — Arizona, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Washington — fell by a total of about 84,000 families (more than the net national caseload decline over that period), while caseloads in Illinois and California rose by a total of 38,000 families (see Figure 6).", "\n\nMarked caseload declines (or even blunted caseload increases) in many states generally did not represent improved economic prospects for families and reduced need for help. ", "Rather, they resulted primarily from policy or implementation changes that reduced or ended benefits for families regardless of ongoing need. ", "Many states faced both higher demand for basic assistance and significant budget shortfalls; they had been using TANF dollars to fill other budget holes before the start of the recession and were unable to pull this funding back to meet basic assistance needs when such needs increased as the economy contracted. ", "Thus, a number of states responded to increased need by reducing cash assistance or ending it altogether for tens of thousands of families.", "\n\nOne of the most common ways that states contained caseload increases and reduced the amount of TANF funds needed to provide basic assistance was by shortening or otherwise narrowing time limits on receipt of TANF assistance. ", "In most cases, these time-limit changes were retroactive, so they removed a substantial number of people from the TANF rolls almost immediately. ", "Some states accompanied time-limit changes with other policies that helped shrink caseloads, such as counting income not previously counted toward TANF eligibility.", "\n\nArizona made a number of policy changes in 2010 and 2011 that led to substantial caseload decline. ", "In July 2010, the state shortened its time limit from 60 months to 36 months and imposed the time limit on most child-only cases for the first time; in July 2011, the state shortened the time limit further to 24 months, among the shortest in the country. ", "The time-limit changes were retroactive, and some families that had not been subject to time limits faced an immediate cutoff of assistance. ", "Also in 2010, Arizona cut off many child-only cases because it began to count the income of the relatives taking care of children (even though these relatives were not seeking assistance for themselves). ", "Arizona also cut its benefit level by 20 percent in 2010. ", "Between May 2010 and December 2011, Arizona’s TANF caseload fell by 50 percent — or by more than 17,000 families.", "\n\nWashington State made its time-limit policies more restrictive, starting in February 2011 (by narrowing the policies under which extensions from the time limits can be granted), which cut off over 5,000 families immediately and more families each month thereafter. ", "The state also made other TANF cuts in 2011, including imposing time limits on child-only cases where the child resides with parents who aren’t eligible for TANF themselves (for example, because they are ineligible immigrants), cutting benefit levels by 15 percent, and counting the income of relatives who are taking care of the children in child-only cases but are not seeking assistance for themselves. ", "Between January and December 2011, Washington’s TANF caseload fell by nearly 16,000 families, or 23 percent.", "\n\nMichigan made several retroactive time-limit changes in 2011. ", "It tightened its 48-month time limit by eliminating certain bases for exemptions or extensions. ", "It also applied a 60-month time limit retroactively to many families who had been exempt from the state’s 48-month time limit. ", "This latter action caused 11,000 families to lose benefits immediately and another 3,600 families to be denied benefits between November 2011 and April 2012, when a court halted the new policy.[6] From January 2011 to December 2011, Michigan’s caseload declined by 25 percent, or 20,000 families. ", "Even with the benefit reinstatements resulting from the court decision, in 2012 the TANF caseload remained below what it was in December 2011.", "\n\nIn some cases, large declines in TANF caseloads may reflect administrative acts rather than (or in addition to) legislative policy changes, especially around stricter work requirements. ", "For example, Ohio’s caseload decline appears largely to flow from efforts to increase the state’s “work participation rate.", "”[7] The caseload fell by more than 16,000 families (or 16 percent) from December 2009 to December 2011 and continued to fall into 2012. ", "The extent of the caseload decline does not correspond to explicit changes in eligibility; instead, it appears to result from increased emphasis on work requirements and associated penalties. ", "Indiana, like Ohio, experienced substantial caseload declines during a time in which the state made a number of changes in policies and procedures around work requirements, including changes in sanction penalties and a new requirement that applicants complete 20 days of job search before benefits can be approved. ", "Indiana’s caseload declined by more than 11,000 families (or 33 percent) between December 2010 and December 2011, even though its unemployment rate remained above 9 percent for most of 2011.", "\n\nIn sharp contrast, the example of Illinois shows that a state can reverse years of caseload decline through policy and programmatic changes aimed at improving access for families. ", "In June 2010, Illinois made modest but significant changes in eligibility standards for applicants and in application procedures; perhaps even more important, it made a culture shift in program administration to deliver a new message — to allow eligible families to get benefits. ", "Between June 2010 (the month before the new policies took effect) and December 2011, TANF caseloads rose 52 percent.", "\n\nWhile these changes enabled more needy families to receive assistance, Illinois’ TANF program still provides a safety net for very few families. ", "In 2011, the state’s TANF-to-poverty ratio was just 15 families with children receiving TANF assistance for every 100 such families living in poverty — up from a low of 9 in 2008, but well below the national average of 27.", "\n\nPolicy Changes to Improve TANF’s Responsiveness\n\nThe economic downturn has exposed serious weaknesses in TANF’s ability to respond to significant swings in the economy. ", "TANF is often the safety net of last resort for parents who cannot find work and do not qualify for unemployment insurance. ", "Thus, TANF has an important role to play in helping families with children weather the crises that result when jobs are not available. ", "The program is due for reauthorization, which provides an opportunity to make it more responsive in such situations. ", "Potential changes that policymakers should consider include:\n\nRedesigning the Contingency Fund. ", "When Congress created the TANF block grant in 1996, it created the TANF Contingency Fund for states to draw upon during periods of economic distress. ", "This permanent fund (not to be confused with the temporary TANF Emergency Fund, discussed above) was intended to address some of the risks and hardships states would face as a result of the conversion of Aid to Families with Dependent Children — an entitlement whose funding rose automatically in recessions — to a block grant with a fixed federal funding level. ", "However, because of its complex design, the Contingency Fund was not effective in helping many states respond to the recent economic downturn. ", "Moreover, the fund’s design does not require states to use the resources to fund programs or services that explicitly respond to families’ needs during a downturn such as covering the costs of increased caseloads, providing more assistance to help recipients find work or helping families to avert a crisis caused by the loss of a job. ", "Instead, they can use the funds for any TANF purpose.", "\n\nA redesigned Contingency Fund should target funding to meet families’ needs during difficult economic times. ", "States’ eligibility for the funds should be based on the extent to which they are devoting more resources to help families meet their basic needs through an increase in expenditures for basic assistance, subsidized employment programs, or other supports for families facing hard times (such as one-time emergency assistance to avert homelessness).", "\n\nRequiring states to spend a minimum share of their block grant on direct assistance or work activities for poor families. ", "As TANF’s current block-grant structure allows, states use a significant and growing share of TANF block grant and state maintenance of effort (MOE) funds to support state services other than the core welfare-reform functions of providing a safety net and promoting work opportunities for low-income families. ", "After initially using the flexibility under TANF to invest more in work activities and supports in the early years of TANF, many states have reduced their spending for work activities and supports such as child care over the last decade.", "\n\nOne way to strike a balance between maintaining broad state flexibility and encouraging states to provide adequate assistance to families would be to require states to spend a specific share of their TANF block grant and MOE funds to provide assistance directly to families in need (through cash grants or subsidized employment) or to help them find employment (through job search assistance or participation in education and training programs to increase their skill levels).", "\n\nExpanding TANF’s performance measures to include a measure of access. ", "TANF’s role in providing a safety net for very poor families with children has declined sharply since its creation. ", "To begin to reverse this trend, the Department of Health and Human Services should report annually on access to the program. ", "The TANF-to-poverty ratio is one option for measuring access; the data to calculate it are readily available for all states, and it provides valid comparisons across states and over time.", "\n\nIn addition, Congress should consider ways to address the access disincentives built into TANF’s performance measurement system. ", "For example, one of the easiest ways for states to meet their federal work participation rate is to serve fewer families over time and to avoid serving families with significant employment barriers, even though these are the very families that have the most to gain from employment assistance. ", "States that serve a greater share of eligible families in need should be rewarded, not penalized, for providing a safety net and employment assistance to families who have nowhere else to turn for basic support for themselves and their children.", "\n\nAppendix A: Methodology\n\nThis paper looks to national and state trends — over time and across states — in caseloads for cash assistance to families with children, often referred to as state welfare caseloads or state TANF caseloads. ", "The analysis uses caseload data collected directly from the states rather than the official data reported by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in order to more consistently reflect the number of families with children receiving cash welfare in each state over time and across states, for reasons explained below.", "\n\nThe Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 and its implementing rules made it more difficult for states to meet the TANF work participation rates. ", "Since states that fail to meet these rates face a potential fiscal penalty, many states responded by changing the configuration of funding in their TANF programs. ", "Two of these changes significantly affect the caseload data that states report to HHS.[8]\n\nSolely state-funded programs: over half the states serve some groups of families outside of the TANF or MOE funding structure.[9] Often these are families whose needs cannot be met through the narrowly defined set of “countable” TANF work activities — for example, families needing extended time in activities designed to help them address personal and family challenges that limit their employability, or families participating in post-secondary education for more than a year. ", "Many states also serve two-parent families in solely state-funded programs, since these families are subject to a higher (and difficult to achieve) work participation rate. ", "Failure to account for these programs could lead one to underestimate the TANF program’s responsiveness to the recession if these families were removed from the state’s TANF caseload near the start of the recession and to overestimate the program’s responsiveness if they were added back during the recession (as some states did as a result of state budget shortfalls).", "\n\nWorker supplement programs: over one-third of states provide some type of supplemental “assistance” payment to low-income working families outside of their regular TANF or welfare caseload in order to provide additional work support and better achieve state policy goals.[10] Most states provide these as transitional benefits to families that work their way off of TANF. ", "A few states also serve a broader group of low-income working families that receive other benefits such as SNAP. ", "Because these supplemental payments are supported by TANF or MOE funds, the recipients are included in caseload data reported to HHS, but they are not eligible for cash assistance under the state’s regular eligibility rules. ", "Depending in part on when a state began providing these payments to working families, including these cases as a part of the TANF caseload could overestimate a state’s TANF responsiveness to the economic downturn because these programs include families that are not really considered part of the state’s basic cash assistance caseload.", "\n\nThe methodology we employed treats TANF caseload numbers differently from HHS with respect to these two populations. ", "Families served in solely state-funded programs are not included in the HHS data but are included in our data; working families that receive monthly cash assistance supplements are included in the HHS data but not in our data. ", "These two methodological decisions ensure that we are comparing a consistent cash assistance caseload over time and across states. ", "While the HHS data accurately reflect the number of families that states have chosen to serve with their TANF block grant and MOE funds over time, they do not always reflect the state’s caseload of families with children receiving cash assistance. ", "Moreover, because state choices have changed over time, the HHS data are not well suited to monitoring changes in the number of individuals or families serviced over time even within a state.", "\n\nWe collected data from state websites and contacted state officials for data when the website data were not available, incomplete, or unclear. ", "Because states post their caseload data in different ways — some states separately identify separate state programs, solely state-funded programs, or worker supplement programs, while others do not — we used data that correspond to the definition of caseload that we are using in this analysis. ", "Some states also report their TANF-funded child-only or kinship care assistance caseload separately; we included these data as part of state caseloads to ensure that the caseload data are comparable across states.[11]\n\nEven if a state does not have a solely state-funded program or a worker supplement program, the caseload data obtained from the states may differ somewhat from the data submitted to HHS. (", "For some states, the data exactly match the HHS data.) ", "This is because state caseload data are often more immediate and represent all benefits issued in a particular month, while the data provided to HHS are submitted some months later and thus include any adjustments that may have been made for cash payments issued late or in error. ", "While there may be some small differences between the state caseload data and the data reported to HHS that go beyond the modifications for solely state-funded or worker supplement programs, our consistent use of the state caseload means that the data used for each state are comparable over the analysis period and that the trends within a state should represent real changes — not changes in the way the data is collected or reported.", "\n\n[2] Note: The numbers in the text and the figure are different due to rounding. ", "TANF’s response to the economic crisis was concentrated among adult-aided cases, as more needy families that included parents or other adults turned to states for assistance. ", "Between 2007 and 2011, while the caseload rose by 10 percent overall, the number of cases with an aided adult rose by 17 percent; the child-only caseload rose by just 1.5 percent. ", "For more analysis of the separate caseload trends of adult-aided and child-only cases, see Jane Mauldon, Richard Speiglman, Christina Sogar and Matt Stagner, “TANF Child-Only Cases: Who Are They? ", "What Policies Affect Them? ", "What Is Being Done?,”prepared for OPRE and ASPE, December 11, 2012, http://www.cfpic.org/pdfs/TANF-Child-Only-Cases--The-Report-12-19-2012.pdf.", "\n\n[3] The TANF Emergency Fund is technically known at the TANF Emergency Contingency Fund. ", "We use the shorter name, TANF Emergency Fund, here to avoid confusion with the TANF Contingency Fund, which was created as part of the 1996 welfare reform law.", "\n\n[4] In the year prior to the recession, caseloads were declining in both Illinois and Colorado, so these states’ caseloads increased from a very low base.", "`\n\n[5] For more information on the calculation of the TANF-to-poverty ratio, see Danilo Trisi and LaDonna Pavetti, Ph.D., “TANF Weakening as a Safety Net For Poor Families,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, March 13, 2012, http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3700.", "\n\n[6] As a result of the court order, more than 5,600 of these terminated families reapplied and were reinstated for benefits. ", "Litigation invalidating the administratively imposed 60-month time limit is still pending. ", "Meanwhile, in December 2012, Michigan changed state law to statutorily set the 60-month time limit, which will lead to further terminations.", "\n\n[7] In federal fiscal year 2011, Ohio was in a corrective compliance period for failure to meet the work participation rate requirement in 2007 (and would have had to pay a federal penalty if it failed to come into compliance for that year). ", "Its efforts to come into compliance relied in part on aggressive use of full-family sanctions aimed both at engaging more families in work activities and eliminating not-participating families entirely from the caseload.", "\n\n[8] For a fuller discussion of these state changes and the impact on caseloads, see LaDonna Pavetti, Linda Rosenberg, and Michelle K. Derr, “Understanding Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Caseloads After Passage of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, Final Report,” Mathematica Policy Research, September 21, 2009, http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/publications/PDFs/family_support/TANF_caseloads.pdf. ", "See also, “Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: Implications of Recent Legislative and Economic Changes for State Programs and Work Participation Rates,” GAO-10-525, May 2010.", "\n\n[10] For more information about worker supplement programs, see Liz Schott, “Using TANF or MOE Funds to Provide Supplemental Assistance to Low-Income Working Families,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, revised September 2008, http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=312.", "\n\n[11] The methodology differed slightly for Georgia because the state does not post caseload data online and state officials have not responded to our requests for information. ", "Instead of relying on state data, we used the data the state reports to HHS. ", "We know that Georgia does have a very small solely state-funded program, so we may have slightly underestimated their total caseload in the months after the solely state-funded program was implemented." ]

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[ "Patients with end stage renal disease undergo frequent hemodialysis to remove toxins from the blood and maintain appropriate homeostasis. ", "In dialysis, blood is withdrawn from a vascular access, purified, and returned to a vein or a synthetic graft. ", "The two most common forms designed to enable long-term vascular access in chronic hemodialysis patients are the native arteriovenous (AV) fistula and an AV shunt.", "\nIn the AV fistula method, openings are created in an artery and vein, usually in the arm above or below the elbow. ", "The borders of the openings are attached to form an anastomosis at which the vein is joined to the artery and provide a common passageway, conventionally referred to as a fistula, through which blood flows directly from the artery to the vein. ", "The arterial blood pressure, being higher than the venous pressure, together with the supra-physiological flow rates, eventually enlarges the vein and a “mature” and a functioning vascular access is created 2-4 months post procedure. ", "The mature vascular access enables sufficient blood flow rate, effective dialysis procedure and the accommodation of a cannula or large needles.", "\nHemodialysis vascular access dysfunction is a contributing factor to morbidity in hemodialysis patients. ", "According to Roy-Chaudhury et al., “", "Vascular access in hemodialysis: issues, management, and emerging concepts” (in Cardiology Clinics 23, 2005: 249-223) there are several causes of failures of vascular access procedures. ", "Roy-Chaudhury et al. ", "identifies two main causes of such failure in AV fistulae as maturation failure and early venous stenosis, both are caused by development of neointimal hyperplasia which includes thickening of the tunica media and the tunica intima (a smooth muscle wall and endothelial layer in the vessel) due to inward proliferation of cells.", "\nMaturation failure and early venous stenosis may be caused by the development of a juxta-anastomotic stenosis due to the neointimal hyperplasia in propinquity to the artery-vein anastomosis. ", "According to Roy-Chaudhury et al., ", "an initiating event in the pathogenesis of venous stenosis in AV dialysis is hemodynamic stress, especially in regions of low shear stress and turbulence in the vicinity of the fistula. ", "Another initiating event is the high wall tension to which the vein graft is exposed. ", "Under normal physiological conditions, the pressure in the venous circulation is 3-5 mmHg. ", "After fistula creation, the mean pressure in the vein is 100 mmHg. ", "Unlike arteries, veins have relatively thin wall with thin muscularis layer. ", "As a compensation reaction, while trying to adapt to the “new” physiological conditions and high pressures, the vein wall thickens in an attempt to reduce the sudden high wall tension. ", "The pathological process of wall thickening is considered the seed of intimal hyperplasia and vein stenosis." ]

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[ "AS US President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un trade barbs over the threat of war, one state is already preparing for the worst possible outcome.", "\n\nForeign Policy reports Californian officials are urging local agencies to shore up their nuclear attack response plans. ", "Last month, the Los Angeles Joint Regional Intelligence Center issued a report titled Nuclear Attack Response Considerations warning a nuclear strike on Southern California would be “catastrophic”.", "\n\nIt comes as Pyongyang accused Trump of declaring war on the hermit kingdom after the President tweeted: “Just heard Foreign Minister of North Korea speak at U.N. If he echoes thoughts of Little Rocket Man, they won’t be around much longer!”", "\n\nThe new report, reportedly obtained by Foreign Policy, cited North Korea’s intercontinental ballistic missile test in late July which could, in theory, reach the West Coast of the US.", "\n\nIt also referenced the rogue nation’s propaganda videos that showed the ruins of San Francisco and Washington.", "\n\n“The consequences of a nuclear attack in Southern California would be catastrophic,” the report stated.", "\n\n“Nonetheless, government entities and first responders are expected to remain operational to preserve human life, maintain order, and aid in the recovery process.”", "\n\nOTTO WARMBIER: ‘We heard this howling, inhuman sound’\n\nThe 16-page report was circulated to all LA-based first responders including all local, state and federal agencies such as the Department of Homeland Security.", "\n\nThe document also explored the aftermath of a nuclear blast including the effects of radiation, the possibility of electromagnetic pulse disabling communications and the devastation from the initial blast on human life and infrastructure, Foreign Policy reported.", "\n\nCiting figures from Rand Corp, a US global policy think tank, the report claimed a nuclear blast at the Long Beach Port could cause more than $1 trillion (AU$1.2 trillion) in damage and significant loss of life.", "\n\nIn another section called “radiation protection basics”, the report offers steps on what to do during a nuclear attack.", "\n\n“Lie face down and place hands under the body to protect exposed skin,” it recommends. “", "Remain flat until the heat and shock waves have passed.”", "\n\nIt also warned government authorities would likely be of little help in the immediate aftermath of the blast, saying there will be “no significant federal assistance at the scene for 24-72 hours after the attack”.", "\n\nThe public would need to evacuate but with “limited understanding of radiation risks, they will experience high anxiety and may be non-compliant.”", "\n\nIt also flagged challenges with contamination spread by pets and through clothing among the myriad of public health and logistical coordination issues emergency responders will face.", "\n\nThe idea behind the unclassified report was to share planning and guidance with as wide a distribution network as possible, Foreign Policy reported citing two officials involved in responding to a nuclear strike." ]

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[ "As for the Auburn helmet, WarBloggle.com says the helmet was given to an Auburn recruit. ", "The recruit is Jahmere Irvin-Sills out of Elkton, Maryland, a cornerback who has already committed to the Tigers." ]

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[ "This invention relates to a surface having a tunable electromagnetic impedance which acts as a reconfigurable beam steering reflector.", "\nSteerable antennas today are found in two common configurations: those with a single feed or reflector that is mechanically steered using a gimbal, and those with a stationary array of electronically phased radiating elements. ", "Both have shortcomings, and the choice of system used is often a tradeoff between cost, speed, reliability, and RF (radio frequency) performance. ", "Mechanically steered antennas are inexpensive, but moving parts can be slow and unreliable, and they can require an unnecessarily large volume of unobstructed free space for movement. ", "Active phased arrays are faster and more reliable, but they are much more expensive, and can suffer from significant losses due to the complex feed structure required to supply the RF signal to and/or receive the RF signal from each active element of the phased array. ", "Losses can be mitigated if an amplifier is included in each element or subarray, but this solution contributes to noise and power consumption and further increases the cost of the antenna.", "\nOne alternative is to use a reflectarray geometry, and replace the lossy corporate feed network with a free space feed. ", "The actively phased elements operate in reflection mode, and are illuminated by a single feed antenna. ", "The array steers the RF beam by forming an effective reflection surface defined by the gradient of the reflection phase across the array. ", "Using current techniques, such a system still requires a large number of expensive phase shifters.", "\nThere is a need for a reflective surface, in which the reflection phase could be arbitrarily defined, and easily varied as a function of position. ", "The surface should be less expensive than a comparably sized array of conventional phase shifters, yet hopefully offer similar RF performance. ", "Such a surface could behave as a generic reconfigurable reflector, with the ability to perform a variety of important functions including steering or focusing of one or more RF beams. ", "It is the object of this invention to fulfill this need.", "\nThe reconfigurable reflector disclosed herein is based a resonant textured ground plane, often known as the high-impedance surface or simply the Hi-Z surface. ", "This electromagnetic structure has two important RF properties that are applicable to low profile antennas. ", "It suppresses propagating surface currents, which improves the radiation pattern of antennas on finite ground planes and it provides a high-impedance boundary condition, acting as an artificial magnetic conductor, which allows radiating elements to lie in close proximity to the ground plane without being shorted out. ", "It has origins in other well-known electromagnetic structures such as the corrugated surface and the photonic band gap surface. ", "A prior art high-impedance surface is disclosed in a pending US patent application of D. Sievenpiper, E. Yablonovitch, xe2x80x9cCircuit and Method for Eliminating Surface Currents on Metalsxe2x80x9d, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. ", "No. ", "60/079,953, filed on Mar. 30, 1998.", "\nA prior art high-impedance surface is shown in FIG. ", "1. ", "It consists of an array of metal top plates or elements 10 on a flat metal sheet 12. ", "It can be fabricated using printed circuit board technology with the metal plates or elements 10 formed on a top or first surface of a printed circuit board and a solid conducting ground or back plane 12 formed on a bottom or second surface of the printed circuit board. ", "Vertical connections are formed as metal plated vias 14 in the printed circuit board, which connect the elements 10 with the underlying ground plane 12. ", "The metal members, comprising the top plates 10 and the vias 14, are arranged in a two-dimensional lattice of cells or cavities, and can be visualized as mushroom-shaped or thumbtack-shaped members protruding from the flat metal surface 12. ", "The thickness of the structure, which is controlled by the thickness of the printed circuit board, is much less than one wavelength for the frequencies of interest. ", "The sizes of the elements 10 are also kept less than one wavelength for the frequencies of interest. ", "The printed circuit board is not shown for ease of illustration.", "\nTurning to FIG. ", "2, the properties of this surface can be explained using an effective circuit model or cavity which is assigned a surface impedance equal to that of a parallel resonant LC circuit. ", "The use of lumped cavities to describe electromagnetic structures is valid when the wavelength is much longer than the size of the individual features, as is the case here. ", "When an electromagnetic wave interacts with the surface of FIG. ", "1, it causes charges to build up on the ends of the top metal plates 10. ", "This process can be described as governed by an effective capacitance C. As the charges slosh back and forth, in response to a radio-frequency field, they flow around a long path P through the vias 14 and the bottom metal surface 12. ", "Associated with these currents is a magnetic field, and thus an inductance L. The capacitance C is controlled by the proximity of the adjacent metal plates 10 while the inductance L is controlled by the thickness of the structure.", "\nThe structure is inductive below the resonance and capacitive above resonance. ", "Near its resonance frequency, ω = 1 LC ,\nthe structure exhibits high electromagnetic surface impedance. ", "The tangential electric field at the surface is finite, while the tangential magnetic field is zero. ", "Thus, electromagnetic waves are reflected without the phase reversal that occurs on a flat metal sheet. ", "In general, the reflection phase can be 0, xcfx80, or anything in between, depending on the relationship between the test frequency and the resonance frequency of the structure. ", "The reflection phase as a function of frequency, calculated using the effective medium model, is shown in FIG. ", "3. ", "Far below resonance, it behaves like an ordinary metal surface, and reflects with a xcfx80 phase shift. ", "Near resonance, where the surface impedance is high, the reflection phase crosses through zero. ", "At higher frequencies, the phase approaches xe2x88x92xcfx80. ", "The calculated model of FIG. ", "3 is supported by the measured reflection phase, shown for an example structure in FIG. ", "4.", "\nA large number of structures of the type shown in FIG. ", "1 have been fabricated with a wide range of resonance frequencies, including various geometries and substrate materials. ", "Some of the structures were designed with overlapping capacitor plates, to increase the capacitance and lower the frequency. ", "The measured and calculated resonance frequencies for twenty three structures with various capacitance values are compared in FIG. ", "5. ", "Clearly, the resonance frequency is a predictable function of the capacitance. ", "The dotted line in FIG. ", "5 has a slope of unity, and indicates perfect agreement. ", "The bars indicate the instantaneous bandwidth of the surface, defined by the frequencies where the phase is between xcfx80/2 and xe2x88x92xcfx802.", "\nFor a more detailed description and analysis of the high-impedance surface, see D. Sievenpiper, L. Zhang, R. Broas, N. Alexopolous, E. Yablonovitch, xe2x80x9cHigh-Impedance Electromagnetic Surfaces with a Forbidden Frequency Bandxe2x80x9d, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. ", "47, pp. ", "2059-2074, 1999 and D. Sievenpiper, xe2x80x9cHigh-Impedance Electromagnetic Surfacesxe2x80x9d, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif., 1999.", "\nWhen the resonant cavities are much smaller than the wavelength of interest, the electromagnetic analysis can be simplified by considering them as lumped LC circuits. ", "The proximity of the neighboring metal plates provides capacitance, while the conductive path that connects them provides inductance. ", "The textured ground plane supports an electromagnetic boundary condition that can be characterized by the impedance of an effective parallel LC circuit, given by Z s = j ⁢ xe2x80x83 ⁢ ω ⁢ xe2x80x83 ⁢ L 1 - ω 2 ⁢ LC ,\nThe sheet inductance is L=xcexct, where xcexc is the magnetic permeability of the circuit board material, and t is its thickness. ", "For a structure with parallel plate capacitors arranged on a square lattice, the sheet capacitance is C=∈A/d, where e is the electric permitivity of the dielectric insulator, and A and d are the overlap area and separation, respectively, of the metal plates.", "\nThe surface has a frequency-dependent reflection phase given by Φ = Im ⁢ { Ln ⁡ ( Z s - η Z s + η ) } \nwhere xcex7 is the impedance of free space. ", "Far from the resonance frequency, the surface behaves as an ordinary electric conductor, and reflects with a xcfx80 phase shift.", "\nNear the resonance frequency, the cavities interact strongly with the incoming waves. ", "The surface supports a finite tangential electric field across the lattice of capacitors, and the structure has high, yet reactive surface impedance. ", "At resonance, it reflects with zero phase shift, providing the effective boundary condition of an artificial magnetic conductor. ", "Scanning through the resonance condition from low to high frequencies, the reflection phase varies from xcfx80, to zero, to xe2x88x92xcfx80. ", "Thus, by tuning the resonance frequency of the cavities, one can tune the reflection phase of the surface for a fixed frequency.", "\nThis tunable reflection phase is the basis of the reconfigurable beam steering reflector disclosed herein. ", "By varying the reflection phase as a function of position across the surface, one can perform a variety of functions. ", "For example, a linear phase gradient is equivalent to a virtual tilt of the reflector. ", "A saw-tooth phase function transforms the surface into a virtual grating. ", "A parabolic phase function can focus a plane wave onto a small feed horn, allowing the flat surface to replace a parabolic dish.", "\nFeatures of the present invention include:\n1. ", "A device with tunable surface impedance;\n2. ", "A method for focusing an electromagnetic wave using the tunable surface; and\n3 . ", "A method for steering an electromagnetic wave using the tunable surface.", "\nThis invention provides a reconfigurable electromagnetic surface which is capable of performing a variety of functions, such as focusing or steering a beam. ", "It improves upon the high-impedance surface, which is the subject of U.S. Provisional Patent Serial No. ", "60/079,953, to include the important aspect of tunability.", "\nThe present invention provides, in one aspect, a tuneable impedance surface for steering and/or focusing a radio frequency beam, the tunable surface comprising: a ground plane; a first plurality of top plates disposed a distance from the ground plane, the distance being less than a wavelength of the radio frequency beam; and a second plurality of top plates disposed a different distance from the ground plane, the second plurality being moveable relative to the first plurality." ]

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[ "Himalayan Light Natural Air Purifying\n\nUnique salt lamp is made from natural Himalayan salt crystals hand mined in the Himalayan MountainsThe Wide Round style Basket lamp is made of intertwined metal and features a black polished coated finish.", "Heating the salt with the included 25 watt bulb releases negative ions into the air, creating an effect similar to an ionizer, purifying the surrounding airLamp and cord assembly are UL approved.", "Includes: 6 ft. ", "power cord, 25 watt Light Bulb, Rotary dimmer switch for full light control" ]

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[ "Notes\n\n\"He siezed the throne from Matilda who invaded England in 1139.", "\nThe civil war that followed proved him a brave soldier but\nrevealed his lack of political sense. ", "In 1152, after much of the\ncountry had been ravaged in factional fighting and the royal\nadministration had broken down, Stephen recognized Matilda's son\nHenry as heir to the throne. ", "Duke of Normandy 1135-1144,\ndeposed. ", "Duke of Blois, Count of Mortain, Count of Boulogne.", "\nThe two sides finally reached a compromise with the Treaty of\nWallingford - Stephen would rule unopposed until his death but\nthe throne would pass to Henry of Anjou.\"", "\nChildren with Matilda:\nChild 1: Baldwin, b. ABT 1126\nChild 2: Eustace of Boulogne, Count/Earl of Boulogne, b.\n1130/31 d 1153\nChild 3: Matilda, b. ABT 1133\nChild 4: de Blois, William, of Boulogne _____, Earl of Surrey 4,\nb. ABT 1134\nChild 5: Mary of Boulogne, Countess of Mortaigne, b. ABT 1136" ]

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[ "Schedule of Performances\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nI mpromptu Players is a non-profit organization that produces live plays each year at the Wooten Theater. ", "The Wooten Theater is located at 102 East First Street in downtown DeRidder, Louisiana 70634. ", "Impromptu Players also sponsors The Annual Arts Concert Series jointly with The City Of DeRidder. ", "Phone number is 337-462-2751\n\nAlso see “Other” webpage for other area concerts.", "\n\nWooten Theatre, DeRidder, LA\n\nImpromptu Players Presents:\n\nThe Charitable Sisterhood of the Second Trinity Victory Church , By Bo Wilson, By arrangement with\n\nThis is a hilarious story in which the roads are flooded, the bridges are washed out, and less generous souls are staying safely indoors. ", "However, it takes more than a little rain to keep the ladies of the Charitable sisterhood from fulfilling their sworn mission. ", "When the ladies meet to organize a relief effort for homeless Guatemalans, they are greeted with a small mountain of community donations. ", "After all, one woman's junk is another woman's treasure and that pile in this little church is hiding s secret treasure or two.", "\n\nOur five angels of mercy will leave you breathless with laughter as they do their best to help the victims of global deprivation, and one another. ", "This is a hilarious and heartwarming play.", "\n\nReservations are only required for dinner shows. ", "Dinners are 7 PM and show begins at 8 PM\n\nDinner Performances: Friday September 20 and Saturday September 28, 2019\n\nnon-Dinner Shows begin at 7PM on September 21, and Friday September 28,\n\nSunday Show is September 22, starting at 2:00PM\n\nReservations are needed for Dinner nights. ", "Go to Curious Cargo for tickets. ", "Or call phone number 337-462-2751.", "\n\n>>Click this to go to the FACEBOOK TIMELINE....<<\n\nPrevious Performances\n\nPlay On!, ", "By Rick Abbott, (aka. ", "Jack Sharkey), By arrangement with Samuel French\n\nLET HIM SLEEP 'TIL IT'S TIME FOR THE FUNERAL, By PEG KEHRET, Feb. 2018\n\nHOGWASH! ", "By Pease Weber, Sept. 2018\n\nThe Cemetery Club by Ivan Menchell, May 2018\n\nVillians, Vixens, and Vamps, March 2018\n\nA Tuna Christmas, Dec. 2017\n\nDowntown at Sundown...October 2017\n\nDUEL AT CRATER CITY, by Mario Carillo, Sept 2017\n\nStealing Home, May 2017\n\nLittle Women, March 2017\n\nThe Best Christmas Pageant Ever, Dec 2016\n\nThe Crazy Quilt Club, By Pat Cook, August 2016\n\n7 Daddys Diyn' Who's Got The Will, by By Del Shores, May 2016\n\nFidddler On The Roof, Jerome Robbins, Harold Prince, songwriters Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick, and bookwriter Joseph Stein\n\nDelval Divas by Barbara Pease Weber, October 2015\n\nGood Help Is So Hard To Murder, by Pat Cook, May 2015\n\nSeussical The Musical, Music by Steven Flaherty. ", "Lyrics by Lynn Ahrens, March 2014\n\nThat's The Spirit, by Tim Kelly, October 2014\n\nBeauregards Courtesy Summer Concert 4, August 2014\n\nMurders In The Heir, by Billy St. John May 2014\n\n6th Annual DeRidder Arts Concert Series, 7PM Performances.", "\n\nCall Misty Clanton for tickets at 337-462-8900 or drop by Curious Cargo or DeRidder City Hall.", "\n\nArts Parade, March 20, 2014 is Charlie Miller & the Jazz Masters\n\nArts Parade, April 24, 2014 is St. Cecilia's Asylum\n\nArts Parade, May 16, 2014 is The Victory Belles\n\nJoseph And The Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, March 2014\n\nWhen Bullfrogs Sing Opera by Carl L. Williams, October 2013\n\nBorn To Be Wild – Childrens Summer Camp July, 2013\n\nAll Hands On Deck! - ", "Musical, March, 2013\n\nDHS Jazz Band, December 4, 2012\n\nBeauregard Courtesy “Salute to the USO”, December 14 2012\n\nInsane With Power, by Scott Haan, August 19, 2012\n\nSummer Concert #1, by Beauregard Courtesy Friday, May 25, 2012\n\nMurder- You Must Be Kidding!, ", "by Pat Cook May 2012\n\nPerfect Pairs & Odd Couples, March 2012\n\nUSO Christmas Musical by Beauregard Courtesy, December 16 and 17th, 2011\n\nChristmas Concert by the DHS JAZZ BAND, December 6th, 2011\n\nMolly Markwick as visionary Carolyne Dormon\n\nTuesday, Nov. 8 and Wednesday Nov. 9, 2011\n\n” Death and Taxes” A Comedy By Pat Cook.", "\n\nOctober 14 and 22 2011 is dinner night\n\nOctober 15, 16 and 21, 2011 is show only\n\n“ Night at the Wax Museum” Two Summer Camps 2011\n\n“ Murder on the Rerun”, by Fred Carmichae, May 2011\n\n“ You're A Good Man Charlie Brown”, by Clark Gesner, March 2011\n\nA ll performances are open to the general public. ", "Annual memberships are available.", "\n\nGo back to Impromptu Main Menu © 2012 Impromptu Players Community Theatre" ]

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[ "Tipe Properti\n\nMengakomodasi\n\nKamar tidur\n\nThe magical sunset house is located in a quiet and private location next to the sea on the west coast of rhodes island. ", "The house was built as an country home for my family on a 4000sq meters plot.", "\nBetween the traditional village of Kalavarda and the ancient city of KAMEIROS it is the perfect base for families and couples.", "\nIs ideal for those seeking absolute privacy next to the sea, away from the busy tourist areas.", "\n\nThe magical sunset house is located in a quiet and private location next to the sea on the west coast of rhodes (URL HIDDEN) ideal for those seeking tranquility and love nature,away from the busy tourist areas.", "\nIt is the perfect place to spend a relaxing holidays with your family\nThe property is at a distance of 30 Km from the town of rhodes,15 Km from the airport and it is also a short drive from valley of Butterflies, Profitis Ilias and Kamiros scala port where you can catch the ferry to Halki island.", "\nThe west coast of rhodes island offers strong summer winds making it the perfect place for Kiters\n\nkalavarda village is 2 klm from house, there you can find nice restaurants markets and friendly people .Also in 50 meters from the house there is a nice taverna on the beach that you can have a lunch ,diner.", "\nKalavarda kite Center is 10 minutes away,where can reach you basics of kiteboarding\n\nWe (two adults, one three year old and one one year old toddler) stayed at Tsampika's house for a week and had a great time. ", "The house is as shown in the pictures and well equipped. ", "There is a lot of room to stow away your things. ", "The outside veranda is lovely, part of it is covered in beautiful pink flowers. ", "We spent most of our time outside and enjoyed the nice weather and the breeze. ", "The location is very quiet: you can just hear the sea. ", "There is only one neighboring house. ", "The (sandy) beach is 30m away and we had it to ourselves. ", "Tsampika always replied immediately to any question and was very helpful (she organized a baby bed and high chair). ", "Thank you for letting us stay at your house! ", "We would come here again.", "\n\nNatalie2016-10-22T00:00:00Z\n\nHad a great week at the house on the seaside.", "\n\nArvydas2016-10-01T00:00:00Z\n\nsuper hospitality. ", "very generous\n\namir2016-08-20T00:00:00Z\n\nTipe kamar\n\nSeluruh rumah/apartemen\n\nTipe Properti\n\nRumah\n\nMengakomodasi\n\n5\n\nKamar tidur\n\n‘The Citrus House’ is a wonderful three bedroom holiday Villa on the beautiful Island of Rhodes. ", "Located in the sleepy village of Kalavarda, on the North West coast, its the perfect base for Kiters, families, groups and couples.", "\nOur (The Wilson Family) second home hold lots of fantastic holiday memories for us and we love to welcome other people to come and make their own special memories. ", "A home from home that has character and everything you need for a great holiday.", "\n\nThe Citrus House is bright modern and spacious. ", "Built right next door to a gorgeous citrus grove (hence the name!) ", "this little hidden gem has everything you need for a great holiday. ", "The West Coast enjoys months of African summer winds making it the 'Greek Hot Spot' for kiters. ", "The house has a private beautifully kept garden with a delightful plunge pool, which is heaven after a day on the beach or out exploring the island. ", "The location of our house is perfect for those seeking Greek tradition, peaceful surroundings yet not too far away from all things lively as and when you choose it.", "\n\nThe village of Kalavarda is traditional, quiet and picture postcard pretty. ", "The locals will welcome you and the village square taverna's will serve you some of the most amazing food you're ever likely to taste in Greece. ", "Be sure to attempt some basic Greek with the locals, they'll appreciate it and you never know you may wake up to a bag of oranges or tomatoes on your doorstep.", "\nA home from home that has character and everything you need for a great holiday.", "\n\nMengakomodasi\n\nKamar tidur\n\nIoannas Villa is situated in a calm and serene area at Kalavarda village less than 450 meters from the beach.", "\n\nIoannas Villa is situated in a calm and serene area at Kalavarda village less than 450 meters from the beach. ", "Ideal for those seeking a relaxed holiday.", "\nIoannas Villa can accommodate up to 6 people, in 3 bedrooms fully air conditioned with comfortable double beds. ", "The house has a large living room with sofa, sitting area, TV and Wi-Fi. ", "There is a fully equipped kitchen (including refrigerator, electric cooker, and small appliances) as well as a family bathroom with shower. ", "Ioannas Villa features a large private garden with BBQ facilities, outdoor seating areas and private parking.", "\nThe property is located 15 minute drive from Diagoras airport and 5 minutes from Kalavarda village. ", "Kalavarda beach is approximately 450 meters and the nearest tavern 400 meters. ", "In Kalavarda village there are supermarkets, restaurants, bars & cafes. ", "Famous Ancient Kamiros is only 4 km.", "This area is famous for kite surfing and wind surfing\n\nTipe kamar\n\nSeluruh rumah/apartemen\n\nTipe Properti\n\nVila\n\nMengakomodasi\n\n6\n\nKamar tidur\n\nSituated close to the sandy beach amid lush greenery and a private vineyard, the charming traditional “Villa Marqua” not only offers its guests fantastic views of the Aegean sea and the surrounding countryside, but also a unique taste of Rhodian rural life ensuring an enjoyable and memorable holiday experience.", "\n\nVilla Marqua is located at the village of Fanes, at a distance of 26 km from the town of Rhodes and 13 km from the airport. ", "It is positioned half way down the northwest coast of Rhodes thus offering fast and easy access to the numerous places of interest on this beautiful Dodecanese island.", "\nThe large sandy beach of Fanes is just 3 km away from the property, and while the sea here is not very deep, it is ideal for children. ", "It is also perfect for sea sport lovers as there is a kite surfing school on the same beach.", "\nThe interior of Villa Marqua includes two enchanting bedrooms fashioned in the customary island style with traditional handmade king size beds offering their occupants the tranquility and rest they need on their vacation. ", "An open-plan room includes a spacious lounge area with fireplace, stereo sound system and flat screen television for countless moments of relaxation, as well as a fully equipped country style kitchen where our guests are invited to try out their culinary skills. ", "A cozy rustic dining area is located in the same space.", "\nOutside the villa, a large shady veranda with a view to the sea makes al fresco dining or evening drinks a delight. ", "In the front yard, a perfectly decked out BBQ area with a traditional village oven is at the disposal of our guests. ", "At the entrance of the property there is ample space for car parking, and next to the driveway there are lawns where one can play volleyball or other fun sports, enjoy a nap in the hammock, or soak in the sun on the loungers.", "\nVilla Marqua has been built and maintained exclusively by its owner. ", "All interventions and modifications on the building and property in general have been carried out with love and in good taste. ", "Great efforts have been made so the property blends in without spoiling the natural surroundings and consequently, our guests can enjoy an unforgettable sojourn in an unspoiled natural environment. ", "The property is fenced off ensuring necessary privacy from the outside world.", "\n\nThe advantage position of Villa Marqua on the northwest coast of Rhodes is at equal distances from the renowned and must-see tourist sights such as the New and Old Town of Rhodes, Kallithea, Faliraki, Lindos and the Valley of the Butterflies. ", "The ancient city of Kamiros, one of the three ancient cities of the island of Rhodes, is just 5 km away. ", "Kamiros is one of the most ancient settlements built by the Dorians on three levels. ", "A systematic excavation of the area together with restoration work began in 1928 by the Italian Archaeological School and continued until the end of the Second World War.", "\nA public bus stop is set on the main road about 800 meters away from the property and a ride to the town of Rhodes just takes 30 minutes. ", "For more active visitors, especially families and those wanting to explore the island, it is recommended that they hire a car for easier and faster travelling.", "\nThe quaint little village of Fanes is located only 2 km away. ", "Following the private initiative of its inhabitants in 2011, the village underwent renovation where by 72 of its houses were painted in multiple bright colors. ", "The result was that the village has been transformed into a living work of art.", "\n\nTipe kamar\n\nSeluruh rumah/apartemen\n\nTipe Properti\n\nVila\n\nMengakomodasi\n\n4\n\nKamar tidur\n\nNefeli is placed on a little hill in Kalavarda village with an amazing sea view to the kitesurfspot.", "\n\nNefeli is a 2 bedroom apartment,the first bedroom has a beautiful sea view yard with sunbeds to enjoy the sunset and the second bedroom has a botanic garden-mountain view yard where you can taste and cook the herbs and the vegetables like oregano,basil and tomato which are planted just outside your bedroom.", "\n\nKitesurfing, cycling, swimming and hiking are some of the activities you could try.", "At the area there are very nice paths that you could hike or cycle.", "After a busy day you can enjoy the best sea view at the village from your front yard just lying on your sunbed.", "\n\nTipe kamar\n\nSeluruh rumah/apartemen\n\nTipe Properti\n\nApartemen\n\nMengakomodasi\n\n4\n\nKamar tidur\n\nNewly built two-storey villa with parking, garden and estate,in the countryside of RHODES\n250m from the famous beach of kiters and windserfers, on the Cycling Route.", "\nOn the main road Rhodes-Airport-Kremasti-Theologos-Kameiros -Prasonissi,\n20min from Airport,\n4 min from the ancient Kameiros,\n30 min from City of Rhodes or Lindos\nin the village KALAVARDA.", "\n\nTipe Properti\n\nMengakomodasi\n\nKamar tidur\n\nLocated next to the sea surrounded by sand beaches. ", "Ideal for those who seek tranquility and love nature, the village of Kalavarda, is the perfect base to explore the island of Rhodes. ", "Escape, Explore, Enjoy !!!", "\n\nThe Beach House was built as an ''escape from city'' country home for my family. ", "Fully renovated to adjust airbnb's professional hosting requirements. ", "500 meters away from central road and on the beach, the\nonly thing you hear is the sea.", "\nThe space is divided on 2 levels that both have ground access and parking lot. ", "On upper level is located the first shower/bathroom , kitchen, dining table, salon with fire place and 32'' TV plus 3 balconies, each with a unique view. ", "The kitchen is fully equipped to cook and feed up to 12 people.", "\nOn the second level are located the bedrooms, toilet/shower, and storage room. ", "The master bedroom facing the sea includes a big office and plenty of space to arrange, upon request, an extra bed or infant amenities. ", "Plenty of wardrobe space is also available.", "\nThe property is built on a 5000 sq meters plot which includes BBQ terrace, Stove Oven, Flower Garden, Fruit Trees, Herbs and Grape Yard and last but not least a beautiful beach.", "\nIf you want to host an event or a party on the premises, we will provide you, upon request, with all additional amenities and also arrange for you services such as private chef, live music, magician show etc.", "\n\nLocated to the quite, traditional village of Kalavarda next to ancient ruins of Kamiros, the house is only 15 km away from the airport and 29 km away from the City of Rhodes.", "\n\nTipe Properti\n\nMengakomodasi\n\nKamar tidur\n\nVilla Marianna B’ can accommodate 4 - 6 persons. ", "This two – storey villa features an interior of 130m2 and a garden of 600m2. ", "On the ground floor there is a spacious seating room decorated with baroque-style furniture, a fireplace, a flat screen satellite TV and a library with books in foreign languages. ", "Here, guests can prepare their meals at the fully equipped kitchen which has a dining table, a stove, a fridge, a toaster, a coffee-machine and a kettler. ", "There is also a bathroom with a shower.", "\n\nOur villa can accomodate up to 6 persons. ", "It is located in a quiet place of the village Kalavarda very close to the sea (500 meters or 10' walk). ", "Our villa is briliantly decorated as is shown in the photos. ", "We have great open areas, a private garden of 600 m2.", "\n\n•Beach\nWithin 15 minutes walk is a quiet long sandy beach, which operates a training center of kite surf. ", "Next to this there is a small, sheltered sandy bay with shallow waters, suitable for children. ", "There are trees on the beach (armyrikia), so you do not need an umbrella. ", "In the beach also operates one tavern with tasty seafood.", "\n•Restaurants\nBesides the tavern of the beach , there are also restaurants in the village Kalavarda , which is 2 km .from the villas , where you can taste traditional Greek delicacies meat.", "\n• Hiking or cycling\nThe area is ideal for hiking and cycling since the road directed to ancient Kamiros , after 3 km , is for at least 10 kms coastal. ", "Anyone who choose hiking or cycling at this direction will pass by beautiful sandy beaches, two of which are organized with sunbeds and umbrellas: In the fish-tavern Akrogiali and in the beach below the archaeological site of Kamiros, in Epitropakis tavern .", "\nFrom this point you can follow the route that leads to the hill where is the ancient site of Kamiros . ", "The route is uphill and takes 10 minutes to walk but will reward you.", "\nIf you continue on the coastal road, you will enjoy an enchanting walk by the sea, untouched by the civilization . ", "If you visit this place at afternoon, sunset in the sea is unforgettable . ", "ATTENTION! ", "There are no lights in the road at night so you must be careful.", "\n•Archaeological Site of Kamiros\n5 km on a hill, is the archaeological site of Kamiros visited by 170,000 visitors annually .", "\n\nTipe kamar\n\nTipe Properti\n\nMengakomodasi\n\nKamar tidur\n\nA great apartment in the village Kalavarda. ", "Excellent location for kite-surfers and a great place to spend a relaxing holiday with your family. ", "Wake up and enjoy the beautiful sea from your balcony.", "\n\nA great apartment house in the village of Kalavarda. ", "Excellent location for kite-surfers and a great place to spend a relaxing holiday with your family. ", "With 3 bedrooms, a bathroom, kitchen, livingroom, big balcony and a garden downstairs, this apartment has everything you need. ", "Wake up and enjoy the beautiful view over the village and the sea from your balcony. ", "Here we have one of the most beautiful sunsets on the island. ", "Located in the picturesque village Kalavarda, on the west coast of the island, you have everything nearby. ", "Out of the tourist areas, but only 800m from the beach, little restaurants further down the street, 30km from Rhodes Town and 15km from the airport. ", "From the village you can visit the ruins of ancient Kamiros, the valley of the butterflies and Profitis Ilias. ", "Kalavarda beach is famous for its kite-surfers, but is also a great, big sandy beach for swimmers. ", "Kalavarda attracts the person whose aim is to get to know the locals, their traditions, ways and cultures. ", "A relaxing holiday away from more touristic areas but close enough to nature to enable long hikes in the mountains, delightful swimming in crystal clear waters and excellent gourmet meals at one of the local tavernas. ", "From this location it is very easy to explore also the south and east coast with a car.", "\n\nLocated in the picturesque village Kalavarda, on the west coast of the island, you have everything nearby. ", "Out of the tourist areas, but only 800m from the beach, little restaurants further down the street, 30km from Rhodes Town and 15km from the airport. ", "From the village you can visit the ruins of ancient Kamiros, the valley of the butterflies and Profitis Ilias. ", "Kalavarda beach is famous for its kite-surfers, but is also a great, big sandy beach for swimmers. ", "Kalavarda attracts the person whose aim is to get to know the locals, their traditions, ways and cultures.", "\n\nKamar tidur\n\nLocated in Rhodes, at the village Kalavarda, at a distance of 32km from the city center, situated 1000 m from the sea, 4km from the ancient Kamiros and 15km from the airport. ", "It is in a quiet and romantic environment for those who want to relax.", "\n\nThe Villa Maia is located in a quiet and romantic environment, with wonderful views of sea and mountains, suitable for romantics and for those who love nature.", "\n\nThe Appartment is really nice with a beautiful view to the ocean. ", "It was absolutly clean and comfortable. ", "The hosts Tasso and Maia was very friendly and helpful. :-) ", "We would come again!!!", "\n\nVasilis Pool Villa is located in the amazing sea village of Fanes. ", "Can accommodate 7 people just 500 meters from the beach and less than 2 minutes drive from supermarkets and taverns. ", "Ideal for families, surfers and big companies who seek peaceful holidays.", "\nOur two-story Luxury Villa of 210 m2, provides luxurious and comfortable accommodation for families, couples or groups of friends. ", "Functional and offers all the necessary facilities and modern amenities for a pleasant, relaxing and memorable stay. ", "It consists of 3 large bedrooms which sleep up to 6 people, 2 bathrooms, a separate big kitchen area and a large living and dining room with a lcd tv. ", "Wifi coverage is excellent in every part of the Villa. ", "Every room leads to balconies and/or terrace with a panoramic and uninterrupted view to the garden which has the private pool with parasols and sunbeds.", "\nThe location of the villa is ideal for those who seek for tranquility and want to explore the island of Rhodes from side to side. ", "It is placed at the East-North East side of the island, near Fanes village, equally distanced from all the, both famous and must-see, sights as Faliraki, Archaggelos, Kolympia, Rhodes and the old town of Rhodes, less than 15 km from the airport, 27 km from Rhodes Town, 31 km from Faliraki and 53 km away from Lindos. ", "The hire of a car is required for the adventurous and advised for families or couples. ", "The bus station is just 2.5 km away from the property, at Fanes village, and you will be in the city of Rhodes and all the above destinations in approximately 30 minutes.", "\n\nMengakomodasi\n\nKamar tidur\n\nVilla Marianna A’ can accommodate 4-10 persons. ", "This two – storey villa features an interior of 180m2 and a garden of 600m2.", "\n\nWe can easily accomodate up to 10 persons in our villa which has 3 bedrooms. ", "The villa has great open areas , a wooden play ground, a comfortable pool of 36 m2 and a wooden gazebo with a dining area.", "\n\nThe sundy beaches. ", "The castle at kritinia and monolithos,the restaurants with local meat and fish specialities\n\nWe had a fantastic time in this villa. ", "It was a home away from Home with everything you could ever ask for. ", "The villa is close to the airport with a private swimming pool and bbq area where the owner even provided charcoal. ", "The arrangement of the house can easily accommodate two families with their children, it is private and quite with no neighbors and we look forward to staying there again soon\n\nTipe Properti\n\nMengakomodasi\n\nKamar tidur\n\nIt is a spacey 60 sqm apartment with two bed bedrooms which would be perfect for 4 guests. ", "Each bedroom has air-condition and two single beds. ", "However the convertible sofa could easily accommodate one more guest if necessary (with extra charge). ", "Both bedrooms have mountain view and access to our botanic garden where you can taste everything.", "\n\nBeautiful sea view from the big dining room, fully equipped kitchenette with refrigerator, microwave, coffee maker, sandwich toaster, kettle and all other necessary equipment. ", "It has a comfortable bathroom with a bathtub. ", "Free Wi-Fi access is available. ", "You could relax and enjoy the sun by lying on the sun beds at your sea view private balcony. ", "Relax, refresh and revive...!", "\n\nKitesurfing, cycling, swimming and hiking are some of the activities someone can do. ", "The big sandy Kalavarda beach is about 6 minutes walking distance." ]

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[ "In P2P systems, each machine connected to the telecommunications network can behave both as a client and as a server. ", "First the digital data received by a machine as a client machine can then for example be served by this machine to other machines in the telecommunications network. ", "Because the shared digital data are kept on the client machines, P2P systems considerably reduce the infrastructure costs compared with centralized systems of the client/server type. ", "This is because P2P systems allow a distribution of the requirements in terms of storage capacity and bandwidth of the network between all the machines connected to the telecommunications network.", "\nA particular difficulty with P2P systems lies in their topology, which is very unstable. ", "This is because, in these P2P systems, the machines can be connected or disconnected at any time. ", "When a machine is disconnected, the data which it is able to supply to a client are then unavailable. ", "The client must then await a subsequent connection of the disconnected machine in order to have access to the digital data requested. ", "In addition, the IP addresses of the machines are unpredictable and liable to be different at each connection.", "\nThe accessibility and availability of the data therefore constitute in P2P systems particularly tricky problems for which it would be desirable to offer solutions.", "\nThe replication of the data in several servers is a known technique which is used for improving the accessibility and availability of the data in a network.", "\nThere is known, through the document WO-02/095605 (IBM), a system for the automatic deployment/redeployment of web services between various sites in a telecommunications network.", "\nIn this deployment system, the conditions of use of the web services are monitored and analyzed by a central authority which decides, when it deems it necessary for the efficacy of the services, to trigger a dynamic deployment of the services at various locations in the telecommunications network. ", "The requests from the clients for the services deployed are then redirected automatically to the new locations of these services.", "\nThere is also known, through the document U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,484,204 (AT&T), a system for redirecting requests and managing replicas of objects in which requests for an object sent to an original server are redirected towards replicas of this object on another machine in the network.", "\nIn accordance with this AT&T system, the number of redirections of a request to an object replica in question and a distance representing a communication cost as far as each of the servers of the object replica are calculated by a distributing device. ", "When the distributing device receives a request, it determines a server for processing the request from the information calculated. ", "The request is then transmitted to the server selected or, in a variant, it is the requester who is redirected to the server selected.", "\nAccording to the AT&T system, each machine storing an object replica is free to destroy it, to make it migrate or to replicate it autonomously. ", "In order to decide on the conduct to be followed, the machine compares the number of requests for the object replica with various threshold values. ", "However, the deployment decision, that is to say the decision to replicate on other machines objects held by original servers, belongs in the AT&T system solely to a central authority which is responsible for best managing the object replicas in the network.", "\nThese IBM and AT&T systems in the prior art appear to be more particularly designed for networks of the client/server or at least of the centralized type.", "\nBecause of the need for a central authority for the deployment decision, the IBM and AT&T systems described above are ill-adapted to an implementation in P2P network architectures of the non-centralized type such as Gnutella.", "\nDeployment decisions taken at each of the servers lend themselves better to use in the various existing P2P network architectures, whether these be centralized, decentralized or hybrid.", "\nAnother drawback in particular of the IBM system lies in the fact that the deployment decision is made a posteriori, that is to say after the data concerned have been transferred at least once by the original server. ", "This aspect is detrimental for machines with a low data transfer capacity since, in the best of cases, that is to say if the deployment decision takes place after a first data transfer, these machines will have to transmit the data at least one more time, to a replication server.", "\nThe article “Search and Replication in Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks” by Qin Lv et al., ", "in ACM International Conference on Supercomputing, June 2002, describes distributed replication strategies in the context of decentralized and non-structured P2P networks such as Gnutella.", "\nThe concept of proactive replication of objects in a P2P network is introduced in this article. ", "In accordance with this proactive replication concept, an object can be replicated on a machine without any request having been made by the latter for the object concerned. ", "In this way the search success rate is improved during a search for this object on the P2P network, whilst also improving the availability of the object.", "\nTwo replication strategies are presented for the purpose of improving the search success rates. ", "Namely: a path replication which consists of replicating the object along the path between the requester and the server, and a random replication which consists of replicating the same number of objects as for the replication above but in which the objects are placed randomly between the sites examined. ", " \nThese replication strategies are optimized in order to improve the object search success rate and do not take into account for example parameters related to the data transfer capacities of the machines.", "\nReplication solutions allowing a lesser demand in terms of data transfer of the machines having low transfer capacities and adaptable to various network architectures, including P2P architectures, would constitute a significant advance in this area of the technique." ]

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[ "Minor injury attendance times to the ED.", "\nThe Health Service Executive (HSE) highlights the need for effective patient throughput and management, whilst providing appropriate staffing and therapeutic interventions. ", "It acknowledges that patient need is integral to the development of a nurse led service and advocates planning staffing levels to reflect arrival times of patients. ", "An observational study of all patients who presented to the emergency department in July 2005 and February 2006 was undertaken (n=7768). ", "The study identified 1577 patients suitable for treatment by the Advanced Nurse Practitioner (ANP) in these two months, which represents 20% of all patient attendances to the ED in this time period. ", "A data collection tool was devised collectively by the ANPs to identify appropriate patients. ", "The findings of the study revealed that 73% of patients suitable for the ANP service presented between the hours of 0800 and 2000, of which 54% attended between 0800 and 1600 h. Sunday emerged as the busiest day in July 2005 whereas Monday was found to be the busiest day in February 2006. ", "Friday was found to be consistently busy for both months." ]

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[ "Newt Gingrich\n\nAKA Newton Leroy McPherson\n\nBorn: 17-Jun-1943\n\nBirthplace: Harrisburg, PA\n\n\n\nGender: Male\n\nReligion: Roman Catholic\n\nRace or Ethnicity: White\n\nSexual orientation: Straight\n\nOccupation: Politician\n\nParty Affiliation: Republican\n\nNationality: United States\n\nExecutive summary: Speaker of the House, 1995-99\n\nAuthored The Drug Importer Death Penalty Act of 1996, legislation that, if passed, would have imposed capital punishment for possession of two or more ounces of marijuana.", "\n\nFather: Newton McPherson\n\nMother: Kathleen Daughterty\n\nFather: Robert Gingrich (adoptive stepfather)\n\nWife: Jackie Battley (high school teacher, div. ", "1981, two daughters)\n\nWife: Marianne Ginther (m. 1981, div. ", "2000)\n\nWife: Callista Bisek (staffmember of his, m. 2000 after a long-term extramarital affair)\n\nMistress: Anne Manning\n\n\n\nHigh School: Baker High School, Columbus, GA (1961)\n\nUniversity: BA, Emory University (1965)\n\nUniversity: MA Modern European History, Tulane University (1968)\n\nUniversity: PhD Modern European History, Tulane University (1971)\n\nTeacher: West Georgia College, Carrollton, GA (1970-78)\n\n\n\nSpeaker of the US House (1995-99)\n\nUS Congressman, Georgia 6th (1979-99)\n\nDefense Policy Board\n\nHuman Events Contributor\n\nAlfalfa Club 1994\n\nAmerican Cancer Society\n\nAmerican Enterprise Institute Senior Fellow\n\nAmerican Foreign Policy Council Board of Advisors\n\nBohemian Grove\n\nClose Up Foundation Board of Advisors\n\nCommittee for the Liberation of Iraq\n\nCommittee on the Present Danger\n\nCommon Good Advisory Board\n\nCouncil on Foreign Relations Terrorism Task Force\n\nFriends of Newt Gingrich Candidate\n\nGeorge W. Bush for President\n\nHabitat for Humanity\n\nHoover Institution Distinguished Visiting Fellow\n\nFoundation for the Defense of Democracies Distinguished Advisor\n\nJohn McCain 2008\n\nNational Space Society Board of Governors\n\nNewt 2012\n\nRepublicans Abroad Advisory Committee\n\nRenewing American Leadership Honorary Chairman\n\nScience Debate 2008\n\nSierra Club (1984-90)\n\nTrump Transition Team Vice Chair\n\nWinning Our Future Beneficiary\n\nYoung Americans for Freedom National Advisory Board\n\nYoung Republicans\n\nKentucky Colonel 1996\n\nTime Person of the Year 1995\n\nAdopted\n\nDraft Deferment: Vietnam\n\nFuneral: Richard Nixon (1994)\n\nAnimal Bite baby cougar, Washington, DC (1-Nov-1995)\n\nConverted to Catholicism (Mar-2009)\n\nFuneral: Tim Russert (2008)\n\nHouse Banking Scandal 22 overdrawn checks, totaling $26,890 (including a $9,463 check to the Internal Revenue Service)\n\nEvolution Skeptics\n\nRisk Factors: Obesity, Marijuana\n\n\n\nFILMOGRAPHY AS ACTOR\n\n13th (30-Sep-2016) · Himself\n\nI Want Your Money (28-Jul-2010) · Himself\n\nLast Party 2000 (2-Nov-2001) · Himself\n\n\n\nOfficial Website:\n\nhttp://www.newt.org/\n\nAuthor of books:\n\nLessons Learned the Hard Way: A Personal Report ( 1998 )\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRequires Flash 7+ and Javascript.", "\n\nDo you know something we don't?", "\n\nSubmit a correction or make a comment about this profile\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Mehndi is becoming the very good tradition and very much in fashion. ", "Mehndi designs for hands are popular in girls very much. ", "The mehndi designs for hands are familiar among the girls and boys not only in the Asia but also in the Western Countries. ", "Everybody loves to paste the Mehndi designs on their hands and feet. ", "Specially girls they are paste the mehndi design on their hands when they are going to some function or party.", "\n\nHere some Easy Mehndi Designs For Hands\n\nMehndi is applied on both sides of hands and feet. ", "The Mehndi is applied in various ways and in different designs. ", "Some are in flowering shape and some are in different tiles designs. ", "Mehndi designs for hands are very popular in the India and Pakistan. ", "Henna designs for hands are consist on the designs of petals and flowers and geometrically and symmetrically designs are paste on the hands and arms. ", "On hands designer use Large leafy style along small and curved lines style on fingers. ", "Palm and the joint of the hand has leaf style and the on the arm designer use different technique that looks so beautiful. ", "Designer implements Mehndi on arms in such a way that he/she created a double view and created a leaf style adjacent with curvy base of half circle which looks so beautiful." ]

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[ "HspX is present within Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected macrophages and is recognized by sera from some infected cattle.", "\nA portion of the gene encoding HspX has been previously identified as a sequence specific to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (hereafter referred to as M. paratuberculosis) based on DNA hybridization experiments. ", "In this study, rabbit antisera were raised against a recombinant protein of HspX fused to the Escherichia coli maltose binding protein (MBP/HspX). ", "Immunoblots of lysates of M. paratuberculosis-infected macrophages probed with the rabbit antisera showed that HspX was present within infected macrophages of bovine and murine origin. ", "This observation was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy of infected macrophages. ", "Lysates of E. coli expressing HspX without the MBP fusion partner were loaded onto preparative SDS-PAGE gels and used to determine whether infected cattle generated a humoral immune response to the antigen. ", "Sera from four of 24 paratuberculous cows (17%) detected HspX. No reactivity was present in sera from control cows. ", "While HspX may be immunogenic during infection in some cows, the protein is not secreted and it does not stimulate cell-mediated immunity. ", "Collectively, these data give a preliminary characterization of the first described M. paratuberculosis protein identified within infected macrophages." ]

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[ "Palpita pajnii\n\nPalpita pajnii is a moth in the family Crambidae. ", "It was described by Jagbir Singh Kirti and H. S. Rose in 1992. ", "It is found in China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Guizhou, Yunnan), Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia (Sumatra, Sulawesi, Java, Borneo), the Philippines, India, Nepal, Australia (Queensland), Norfolk Island and Papua New Guinea.", "\n\nThe wingspan is about 30 mm. ", "Adults are satin white with brown eyes and a brown costa on the forewings.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOriginal description: Kirti, J. S. & Rose, H. S. (1992). \"", "Studies on Indian species of the genus Palpita Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Pyraustinae)\". ", "J. Ent. ", "Res. ", "16 (1): 62-77.", "\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1992\nCategory:Palpita\nCategory:Moths of Asia\nCategory:Moths of Oceania" ]

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[ "This page lists a collection of promotions for audio plugins (VST/AU/AAX, etc), virtual instruments & sample libraries, synth presets, and other audio software and hardware.", "\n\nThe latest added deals are listed first, and you can sort by clicking the headers. ", "You can type keywords in the input box below to find something specific.", "\n\nIf the list is a bit overwhelming and you don’t know where to start, make sure to visit our friends at Plugin Boutique, Audio Plugin Deals, and VST Buzz. ", "These places have some of the best sales and new promotions are added regularly.", "\n\nDisclosure: Some of the links on this page are affiliate links. ", "Clicking these and making a purchase will directly support Rekkerd. ", "Thanks!" ]

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[ "Posted\nby\nUnknown Lamer\non Tuesday February 12, 2013 @01:01AM\nfrom the now-with-smaller-blocks dept.", "\n\nhypnosec writes \"Mojang has officially released Minecraft: Pi Edition for the credit card sized Raspberry Pi. ", "Back in November, Minecraft was ported to the Raspberry Pi, and it was revealed that Mojang would release a free version of the game. ", "The game is completely free and is now available for download. ", "Even though the game will carry only a limited set of features, the cost and complexity of building and hosting a Minecraft LAN-party has definitely dropped.\"", "\nFrom the looks of it, you should be able to run it on any ARM system that can run Debian Wheezy. ", "More generally, the idea of a tiny box you can just turn on and have a server for a bzflag, Quake, etc. ", "tournament is appealing." ]

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[ "INTRODUCTION\n============\n\nDens invaginatus (DI), an enamel-lined developmental malformation, occurs as an invagination in the surface of the crown during tooth development \\[[@B1]\\]. ", "The exact aetiology of DI remains unclear. ", "However, genetic factors, trauma, infection, focal growth retardation/acceleration on the tooth bud, and restriction of the dental arch on the enamel organ are considered to be causal elements \\[[@B2][@B3][@B4]\\].", "\n\nDI is usually detected accidentally on a radiograph. ", "Clinically, a deep foramen coecum and abnormal crown morphology can be the first sign of an invaginated tooth \\[[@B4]\\]. ", "Oehler \\[[@B5]\\] suggested the following classification: type I, an enamel-lined minor invagination occurring within the crown and not extending beyond the cemento-enamel junction; type II, an enamel-lined invagination extending into the root, beyond the cemento-enamel junction, and terminating as a blind sac; type III, invagination penetrating through the root to form an additional apical or lateral foramen \\[[@B6]\\].", "\n\nRecently, guided endodontics has gained popularity in the management of calcifications \\[[@B7]\\], anomalous tooth \\[[@B8]\\], dens evaginatus \\[[@B9]\\], access cavity preparations in the normal tooth \\[[@B10]\\], and micro-endodontic surgical procedures \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "In the guided endodontics technique, a digital impression is taken and is superimposed onto cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data. ", "A path for the drill is created, and a guide is designed to access the root canal using computer-aided design software. ", "Finally, using a 3-dimensional (3D) printer, the guide is printed. ", "The guided endodontics technique can reduce iatrogenic damage to the tooth while obtaining access to the main root canal or the DI, and can decrease the duration of the treatment \\[[@B12][@B13][@B14][@B15][@B16]\\]. ", "The purpose of this case report is to describe the use of the guided endodontics technique for 2 lateral incisors with multiple DI.", "\n\nCASE REPORT\n===========\n\nA 16-year-old female patient was referred to the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, with the chief complaint of pain and 2 discoloured teeth in the upper front tooth region. ", "The patient was classified as score I according to the American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status scoring system. ", "The patient reported an intermittent purulent discharge from the gingival sulcus of teeth \\#21 and \\#22, starting approximately 1 year ago. ", "The patient had visited the dentist 3 days previously with a complaint of extraoral swelling, and was offered emergency pain management with the initiation of endodontic treatment of tooth \\#21. ", "A clinical examination revealed a prepared access cavity in relation to tooth \\#21 and discoloured maxillary left central (tooth \\#21) and lateral (tooth \\#22) incisors. ", "The clinical crown of tooth \\#22 showed an increased labio-lingual dimension, and 2 deep palatal pits were found on tooth \\#22. ", "There was also a deep palatal pit on tooth \\#12. ", "Teeth \\#21, \\#22, and \\#23 did not respond to an electric pulp test (Analytic Pulp Tester; Analytic Technology Corp., Richmond, VA, USA) and a thermal test (Pulper G; C Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). ", "However, tooth \\#12 responded. ", "Teeth \\#21 and \\#23 had wide carious lesions. ", "An initial periapical radiographic examination of teeth \\#12 and \\#22 revealed abnormal morphology, with an invagination that appeared narrow and enamel-lined, extending to the middle third of the root and a periapical radiolucency in relation to teeth \\#21, \\#22, and \\#23. ", "However, there were 2 bulb-like enamel-lined structures noted, of which one was superficial and other extended to the middle third of the root in relation to tooth \\#22 ([Figure 1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Based on the clinical and radiographic findings, a diagnosis of pulp necrosis and chronic periapical abscess associated with double DI (Oehler\\'s type II) was established for tooth \\#22. ", "Root canal treatment and sealing of the double DI with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was planned for tooth \\#22 ([Figure 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Tooth \\#12 had one DI (Oehler\\'s type II) without symptoms or signs. ", "Consequently, preventive sealing of DI on tooth \\#12 was decided upon ([Figure 3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F1}\n\n{#F2}\n\n{#F3}\n\nWith consent of the patient, a CBCT (Carestream 9300; Carestream Health, Rochester, NY, USA) scan with a constant thickness of 0.65 mm per slice, and with exposure parameters of 84 kV, 6.0 mA, and 12 seconds, was taken of the area of interest. ", "The scan revealed the presence of a periapical radiolucency larger than that revealed by the conventional radiograph ([Figure 1B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The axial scan images demonstrated no communication with the main root canal.", "\n\nDue to the difficulty and potentially high risk of iatrogenic damage to the tooth structure, 3D-printed guides were designed to aid the preparation of the access cavity and the DI cavities. ", "Impressions were taken to obtain a study model of the maxillary teeth. ", "An AutoScan-DS200 Dental 3D Scanner (Shining 3S Tech Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, China) was then used to obtain a stereolithography file of the arches to be used in computer-assisted designs of the splints. ", "The 3D implant planning software (exocad Asia Ltd., Tsim Sha Tsui Kowloon, Hong Kong) was used to design the splints ([Figure 4A and 4B](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and a 3D printer (Formlabs Inc., Somerville, MA, USA) was used to fabricate the guides ([Figure 5A--5D](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Paths for the bur were created in order to maintain straight-line access up to the root canal and the DIs ([Figures 2A--2C](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [3B](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The guides were made using dental SG resin (Formlabs Inc.). ", "The length and the diameter of the guiding cylinder were 5 mm and 1.3 mm, respectively. ", "We selected a MI-45F diamond bur (Mani Inc., Tokyo, Japan) with a length of 19.2 mm and a bur head diameter of 1 mm. ", "We chose the milling depth on the basis of the CBCT images, ensuring access to the double dens part, the main root canal of tooth \\#22, and the dens part of tooth \\#12.", "\n\n{#F4}\n\n{#F5}\n\nBefore placing the guides, multiple teeth were isolated using a rubber dam (Hygenic, Coltene Whaledent Inc., Akron, OH, USA). ", "The 3D guide was placed on the maxillary teeth. ", "Following access to the area of invagination using the guide for teeth \\#12 and \\#22, white MTA (ProRoot MTA; Dentsply Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA) was placed into the DI cavities ([Figure 2D and 2E](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "MTA was chosen because of its superior tightness properties. ", "The MTA was placed and ultrasonically activated with an Ultra-X device (Eighteeth Medical Technology Co. Ltd., Jiangsu, China), and after wet cotton placement, the teeth (\\#12 and \\#22) were temporized. ", "The next day, the cavity was sealed with glass ionomer cement (tooth \\#22) (Vitrebond; 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) and composite resin (tooth \\#12) (3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA) ([Figure 3C--3E](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nUsing the guide, access was established to the main canal of tooth \\#22 ([Figure 2F](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Straight-line access was planned to the main canal, as labial access to the main canal enables the preservation of tooth structure. ", "The root canal was negotiated with a size 15 K-file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). ", "The working length was determined using an apex locator (e-pex pro; Eighteeth Medical Technology Co. Ltd.) and was confirmed radiographically. ", "Rotary instrumentation was performed with NiTi instruments (NeoNiti; Neolix, Châtres-la-Forêt, France) and K files up to a size 60. ", "The canals were irrigated with 3% sodium hypochlorite (Novo Dental Product Pvt Ltd., Mumbai, MH, India) and saline, and dried with paper points. ", "Calcium hydroxide paste was placed as an intracanal medicament. ", "The tooth was temporized using Cavit G (3M ESPE) and the patient was recalled after a period of 1 week.", "\n\nAt the next appointment, the calcium hydroxide paste was removed using ultrasonically-activated 5% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. ", "MTA was placed in the main root canal of tooth \\#22 and temporized ([Figure 6A](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The next day, the access cavity was restored with Filtek-Z250 composite resin (3M ESPE Dental Products) and conventional endodontic management of teeth \\#21 and \\#23 was completed ([Figures 1C](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [3E](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F6}\n\nRadiographs taken at the follow-up visit showed regression of the periapical lesion in relation to teeth \\#21 and \\#22 ([Figure 6B](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Tooth \\#12 showed stable clinical parameters ([Figure 3F](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nDISCUSSION\n==========\n\nRecently, the field of endodontics has begun to undergo an era of digitalization, as in other branches of dentistry. ", "The guided endodontics technique is now applicable and increasingly used by clinicians. ", "The guided endodontics technique was first described by Krastl et al. ", "\\[[@B17]\\], who presented its use for teeth with pulp canal calcification that required root canal treatment. ", "Up to the present, the technique has been used in a wide variety of cases in endodontics, such as calcification \\[[@B7][@B18]\\], dens evaginatus \\[[@B9]\\], an anomalous tooth \\[[@B8]\\], access cavity preparations \\[[@B10]\\] and micro-endodontic surgical procedures \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "The present report is the first case report describing the use of the guided endodontics technique in two lateral incisors with multiple DIs.", "\n\nThe structural variations associated with DI make it difficult to undertake endodontic treatment. ", "Endodontic treatment of a tooth with DI should only be initiated when the tooth presents relevant signs and symptoms \\[[@B19]\\]. ", "According to the American Association of Endodontics (AAE) Endodontic Case Difficulty Assessment Guidelines \\[[@B20]\\], treating a tooth with DI is considered as being of high difficulty in endodontic practice. ", "Management of a tooth with DI is expected to be difficult for even the most experienced clinicians. ", "Furthermore, 3D navigation of DI and the main root canal while minimizing iatrogenic damage to the tooth structure is both time-consuming and challenging. ", "Thus, conventional endodontic access can lead to iatrogenic damage to the tooth structure, resulting in an increase in treatment duration. ", "In the present case report, tooth \\#22, which required endodontic treatment, had double DI, and tooth \\#12 had one DI. ", "The aid of a 3D-printed guide facilitated the procedure.", "\n\nThe time needed to plan, design, and manufacture the guide was relatively long. ", "However, the reduction in the duration of the treatment compensated for this. ", "The possibility of iatrogenic damage to the tooth structure was also eliminated. ", "After protocols are established, the planning period can be further shortened. ", "A further advantage was that the use of a guide facilitated localization of the DI and the root canal, thereby making the root canal treatment easier \\[[@B7]\\].", "\n\nIf there are no teeth adjacent to the endodontic treatment-requiring tooth, the access cavity preparation must be prepared without rubber-dam isolation \\[[@B16]\\]. ", "One of the strengths of this case report was that all the procedures were performed under rubber-dam isolation. ", "Isolation of multiple teeth is needed to support the guide. ", "A disadvantage of the guide is the limited visualization of the treatment under the guide. ", "Thus, it may be necessary to disassemble the guide intermittently to ensure that the appropriate path is still being followed \\[[@B3][@B18]\\].", "\n\nCONCLUSION\n==========\n\nMinimally invasive access to both the DI and the main root canal was achieved in the teeth being treated using the guided endodontics technique. ", "This technique can be a valuable tool for negotiation of the DI and the main root canal, reducing chair-time and, more importantly, the risk of iatrogenic damage to the tooth structure.", "\n\n**Conflict of Interest:** No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.", "\n\n**Author Contributions:** **Conceptualization:** Ali A, Arslan H.**Data curation:** Ali A, Arslan H.**Formal analysis:** Ali A, Arslan H.**Funding acquisition:** Ali A.**Investigation:** Arslan H.**Methodology:** Ali A.**Resources:** Ali A.**Software:** Ali A, Arslan H.**Supervision:** Arslan H.**Validation:** Ali A, Arslan H.**Visualization:** Ali A.**Writing - original draft:** Arslan H.**Writing - review & editing:** Arslan H.\n" ]

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[ "Flames approach a house during a forest fire in Castagniers near Nice\nReuters/Eric Gaillard\n\nFrance could face a tragedy like Portugal's huge forest fires, which cost 64 lives, Interior Minister Christophe Collomb has warned while revealing that nearly 1,500 hectares in the south of the country have been ravaged by wildfires since 14 July, mostly due to human negligence.", "\n\nThere have been more than 30 forest fires in France since last Friday, Collomb revealed on Wednesday.", "\n\nParticularly serious blazes hit Boulou in the Pyrenees mountains and Saint-Cannat and Castagniers in Provence, as well as on the Mediterranean island of Corsica.", "\n\nSeveral thousand firefighters have been mobilised to combat them but they were still not compeletely extinguished on Wednesday, although they were under control, he said.", "\n\n\"The cause of the fires unfortunately seems to be often linked to negligence, to inappropriate behaviour, especially during the summe when climate conditions are difficult,\" the minister commented.", "\n\nNine out of 10 forest fires are caused by human activity, the authorities estimate.", "\n\nThe Saint-Cannat blaze, which destroyed 800 hectares of land, is believed to have been caused by a discarded cigarette.", "\n\nCollomb appealed to French people's civic-mindedness to try to avoid further outbreaks, adding \"the consequences can be tragic, like those that recently caused so much grief to the Portuguese people\".", "\n\nMassive fires in the Pedrogao Grande district of Portugal at the end of June caused 64 deaths and more than 250 injuries." ]

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[ "[Analysis of syphilis and gonorrhoea cases, based on data from the National STD Centre, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Semmelweis University (2005-2008)].", "\nThe STD Department of Semmelweis University Budapest is the National Centre of Hungary, which is responsible for screening and care of sexually transmitted diseases (STD), including syphilis and gonorrhoea. ", "42,114 patients attended the STD Department and 25,362 anonymous screening (HIV: 12,337, syphilis: 13,025) were done between January 2005 and December 2008. ", "During this period 600 syphilitic and 339 gonorrhoea infections were diagnosed. ", "The obligatory HIV screening of patients with sexually transmitted infections (STI) resulted positive result in 47 cases, and 63 patients infected with HIV acquired new syphilitic or gonorrhoea infection. ", "Contact tracing was successful in around 400 syphilis cases, and 150-200 gonorrhoea cases per year. ", "We present our statistical data in order to call attention to the resurgence of syphilis and gonorrhoea and the importance of STD co-infections." ]

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[ "We're sorry, the page you have requested could not be found. ", "It may be no longer available or have been moved. ", "Please check the web address for spelling.", "\n\nAlternatively, try the search box above or click on one of the links below to find what you are looking for.", "\n\n\n\nInterested to source in small quantities? ", "As a token of thanks for your support, here is US$10 FREE CASH for you to source on smallorders.hktdc.com. ", "Insert the code ‘WEB10’ and get US$10 discount on your order. ", "Terms and Conditions apply.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\n\nDays of Double-Digit Growth in Social Network Users Are Over - hackscribe\nhttp://www.emarketer.com/Article.aspx?R=1008288&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1\n\n======\nasanwal\nDoes one need graphs or any particular smarts to know this? ", "If 500M people are\non FB, it seems obvious that the double-digit growth trend would have to\nabate.", "\n\nSorry for the haterade comment, but I don't know why we need \"research\" to\nuncover these master of the obvious trends.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1-ijms-20-01436}\n===============\n\nCardiac fibroblasts represent a dominant population of stromal cells in the heart that maintain organ architecture and support its function. ", "During organogenesis and under homeostatic conditions cardiac fibroblasts control extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover by producing ECM components and proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors \\[[@B1-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "In the injured or failing heart, cardiac fibroblasts play a key role in cardiac tissue remodeling, which often results in fibrotic changes. ", "During fibrogenesis, activation of cardiac fibroblasts promotes excessive accumulation of stromal cells and ECM proteins in the myocardium. ", "Typically, various signaling molecules or mechanical stress activate cardiac fibroblasts for uncontrolled proliferation and ECM overproduction. ", "Most recently, proteins of the WNT family have been implicated in the activation of cardiac fibroblasts in the number of fibrotic cardiac pathologies \\[[@B2-ijms-20-01436],[@B3-ijms-20-01436],[@B4-ijms-20-01436]\\].", "\n\nWNTs represent highly conserved secreted glycoproteins encoded in humans by 19 genes, which trigger receptor-mediated signal transduction cascades \\[[@B5-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "Upon binding to the receptor, WNTs can activate various outputs in a β-catenin-dependent (canonical response) or β-catenin-independent (noncanonical response) manner \\[[@B6-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "In the canonical response, WNTs prevent degradation of β-catenin by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)-dependent degradation complex. ", "This is followed by translocation of β-catenin into nucleus, where β-catenin activates T-cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF) transcription factors and regulates expression of WNT/β-catenin target genes \\[[@B7-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "Published data from mouse models specifically pointed to the importance of GSK3β and β-catenin in cardiac fibrosis \\[[@B8-ijms-20-01436],[@B9-ijms-20-01436]\\].", "\n\nNoncanonical WNT response is less specific and includes activation of the number of the common downstream signaling cascades, without involvement of β-catenin. ", "For example, noncanonical WNTs have been shown to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways as well as to regulate activity of the downstream activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor \\[[@B10-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "Canonical and noncanonical WNT signaling is triggered by different WNT proteins. ", "WNT3a has been recognized as a potent stimulator of β-catenin-dependent response, while WNT5a was shown to activate β-catenin-independent signaling \\[[@B11-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "In humans, elevated levels of WNT5a have been associated with progressive heart failures \\[[@B4-ijms-20-01436]\\].", "\n\nWNT proteins act as intercellular signaling molecules. ", "Transfer of WNT signaling between cells occurs mostly through extracellular space. ", "Most of WNT proteins prior to secretion become modified by lipidation (mainly with palmitate) and glycosylation \\[[@B12-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "Palmitoylated WNTs are hydrophobic and water insoluble, therefore intercellular WNT signaling requires extracellular carriers for WNT proteins. ", "WNT-binding proteins, such as Wntless and Secreted wingless-interacting molecule (Swim), enable secretion of the active WNT complex by binding to lipidated WNTs. ", "Recently, exosomes have been proposed as an alternative transporter of the active WNT proteins \\[[@B13-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "Exosomes represent a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) smaller than 150 nm in diameter and are known to transport various cargo components, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids \\[[@B14-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "Virtually all cells actively secrete exosomes in the process of exocytosis. ", "So far, little is known about WNT signalling mediated through exosomes. ", "In this study, we analysed how canonical WNT3a and noncanonical WNT5a transported by exosomes activated WNT-dependent downstream molecular signalling pathways in human cardiac fibroblasts.", "\n\n2. ", "Results {#sec2-ijms-20-01436}\n==========\n\n2.1. ", "Characteristics of Exosome-Like Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by WNT3a- and WNT5a-Producing L Cells {#sec2dot1-ijms-20-01436}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn order to obtain exosomes containing WNT proteins, L-WNT3a, L-WNT5a, and control L cell lines were plated in the exosome-free medium and cultured for 48 h. The use of exosome-free medium allowed to avoid contaminations with bovine exosomes and other EVs, which are commonly present in fetal bovine serum (FBS). ", "To isolate exosomes produced by cells, cell culture supernatants underwent a series of centrifugation and ultracentrifugation steps as presented in the [Figure 1](#ijms-20-01436-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}A. This procedure resulted in isolation of EVs (P.4---crude exosomes and P.5---purified exosomes) with estimated size ranging between 20--150 nm ([Figure 1](#ijms-20-01436-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ", "Using this procedure, we obtained 1.2--1.9 × 10^8^ purified exosomes (P.5) from 100 mL cell culture supernatants of L cells. ", "There were no significant differences in the number of produced exosomes among L cell lines ([Figure 1](#ijms-20-01436-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "The size and the round shape of the obtained exosomes were confirmed by transmission electron microscope analysis ([Figure 2](#ijms-20-01436-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}A).", "\n\nExosomes can be distinguished from other types of EVs not only by size, but also by presence of the specific exosomal markers, such as ALG-2-interacting protein X (ALIX) and CD63. ", "Immunoblot analysis showed elevated levels of ALIX and CD63 in purified EVs, while cytoplasmic protein GAPDH was more abundant in cell lysates. ", "Similar results were observed for EVs produced by all three cell lines ([Figure 2](#ijms-20-01436-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ", "Collectively, our data indicated that obtained EVs showed features typical for exosomes and were further referred to as exosomes.", "\n\nWNT3a and WNT5a produced by the respective cell line were expected to be loaded into secreted exosomes. ", "Accordingly, immunoblot analysis confirmed presence of WNT3a and WNT5a proteins on exosomal fraction obtained from the respective WNT-producing cell line ([Figure 2](#ijms-20-01436-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ", "Summarizing, the standard isolation method of exosomes from cell culture supernatants and the use of WNT-producing L cells allowed for successful isolation of exosomes carrying WNT proteins.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Activation of the Canonical WNT/β-catenin Pathway by Exosomal WNTs {#sec2dot2-ijms-20-01436}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn the next step, we analyzed how exosomes secreted by the WNT-producing L cells activated WNT downstream signaling pathways in human cardiac fibroblasts. ", "In order to visualize the interaction of exosomes with target cells, we treated cardiac fibroblasts with exosomes labelled with PKH26 fluorescent dye. ", "As a result, we observed increasing accumulation of exosomes on cardiac fibroblasts over time ([Figure 2](#ijms-20-01436-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "In the canonical response, WNTs induce nuclear translocation of β-catenin and transcription of β-catenin target genes. ", "Stimulation of cardiac fibroblasts with purified exosomes obtained from L-WNT3a or L-WNT5a cells suppressed activity of GSK3β---an enzyme involved in β-catenin degradation. ", "In fact, the inhibitory effect was the same for both WNTs ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-01436-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "Next, we analyzed cellular localization of β-catenin in the target cells after treatment with exosomes. ", "Cardiac fibroblasts treated with control exosomes and WNT5a-rich exosomes showed uniform distribution of β-catenin within analyzed cells, while treatment with exosomes derived from L-WNT3a cells triggered nuclear accumulation of β-catenin ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-01436-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ", "In the nucleus, β-catenin has been recognized to regulate gene expression by activating TCF/LEF responsive elements. ", "To monitor nuclear activity of the WNT/β-catenin pathway, we introduced TCF/LEF reporter system into cardiac fibroblasts. ", "Stimulation of the TCF/LEF-hCF reporter cardiac fibroblasts with exosomes showed enhanced activity of the TCF/LEF responsive elements only upon stimulation with exosomes obtained from L-WNT3a cells ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-01436-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "Furthermore, we analyzed expression of WNT/β-catenin target genes *AXIN2* and *TCF7* in unmodified cardiac fibroblasts treated with exosomes. ", "In comparison to treatment with control exosomes, cardiac fibroblasts treated with WNT3a-rich, but not with WNT5a-rich exosomes showed elevated levels of *AXIN2* and *TFC7* transcripts ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-01436-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}D). ", "All these results clearly showed that WNT3a, but not WNT5a carried by exosomes, could effectively activate the WNT/β-catenin pathway in human cardiac fibroblasts.", "\n\nTo assess the profibrotic properties of WNT3a, cardiac fibroblasts were stimulated with conditioned medium of L-WNT3a and control L cells in the presence or absence of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). ", "WNT3a alone failed to upregulate myofibroblast-specific alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), both at the mRNA ([Figure 4](#ijms-20-01436-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}A) and protein level ([Figure 4](#ijms-20-01436-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}B), and did not significantly increase type I collagen production ([Figure 4](#ijms-20-01436-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "As expected, stimulation with TGF-β effectively triggered profibrotic changes in cardiac fibroblasts. ", "Costimulation with WNT3a, however, further enhanced TGF-β-induced responses ([Figure 4](#ijms-20-01436-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}A--C). ", "These data indicated that WNT3a could indeed exaggerate profibrotic signaling in cardiac fibroblasts.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Activation of the Noncanonical WNT Pathway by Exosomal WNTs {#sec2dot3-ijms-20-01436}\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn addition to β-catenin-dependent signaling, WNTs can activate a number of β-catenin-independent responses in target cells. ", "In this study, we analyzed activation of MEK/ERK and JNK/AP-1 transduction pathways. ", "Treatment with exosomes containing WNT3a or WNT5a proteins showed unaffected phosphorylation of MEK1 in cardiac fibroblasts in comparison to treatment with control exosomes ([Figure 5](#ijms-20-01436-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "Interestingly, WNT5a-rich but not WNT3a-rich exosomes induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in cardiac fibroblasts ([Figure 5](#ijms-20-01436-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}B), suggesting MEK-independent activation of ERK pathway by the noncanonical WNT in our model. ", "Furthermore, exosomes containing WNT5a, but not WNT3a, also triggered phosphorylation of JNK ([Figure 5](#ijms-20-01436-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "In the next step, we analyzed production of profibrotic IL-6. ", "Stimulation with WNT5a-rich exosomes stimulated IL-6 production on transcriptional and protein levels ([Figure 5](#ijms-20-01436-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}D). ", "Furthermore, we measured activation of the AP-1 reporter system in cardiac fibroblasts. ", "Neither exosomes nor conditioned medium obtained from L-WNT3a or L-WNT5a cells were able to regulate AP-1 activity in AP-1-hCF reporter cardiac fibroblasts ([Figure 5](#ijms-20-01436-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}E). ", "TGF-β is known to stimulate AP-1 activity. ", "Treatment with TGF-β successfully upregulated AP-1 activity in AP-1-hCF reporter cells ([Figure 5](#ijms-20-01436-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}E) confirming functionality of the AP-1 reporter system in transduced cardiac fibroblasts. ", "Summarizing, our data suggest that exosomal WNT5a can induce selected noncanonical WNT outputs in human cardiac fibroblasts.", "\n\n3. ", "Discussion {#sec3-ijms-20-01436}\n=============\n\nAlthough WNTs play important roles in cardiac development, in the adult heart under homeostatic conditions, WNT signaling is quiescent. ", "Following heart injury associated with cardiac tissue remodeling, WNT signaling is reactivated and promotes fibrotic changes. ", "Published data from animal models demonstrated that WNT antagonists could effectively reduce development of fibrotic changes in the affected hearts \\[[@B2-ijms-20-01436],[@B3-ijms-20-01436],[@B15-ijms-20-01436],[@B16-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "These data indicated that active WNTs were present in the extracellular space. ", "Recently, exosomes have been proposed as a possible extracellular carrier for WNT proteins \\[[@B13-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "So far, exosomal WNTs have not been reported in fibrotic myocardium, but detailed analysis of WNTs in extracellular space in the heart was not performed yet. ", "On the other hand, data from noncardiac models provided evidence that various cell types could produce exosomes containing functional WNTs \\[[@B17-ijms-20-01436],[@B18-ijms-20-01436],[@B19-ijms-20-01436]\\].", "\n\nIn this study, we used WNT-producing L cells as sources of exosomal WNTs. ", "In line with previous findings \\[[@B13-ijms-20-01436],[@B20-ijms-20-01436]\\], we confirmed that WNT-producing L cells secrete WNT3a and WNT5a, at least partially, on exosomes. ", "WNT3a represents an example of canonical WNT, which activates a β-catenin-dependent response. ", "Our data clearly showed that exosomal WNT3a could effectively trigger WNT/β-catenin signaling in human cardiac fibroblasts. ", "We observed that WNT3a-rich exosomes inhibited GSK3β activity. ", "It led to nuclear translocation of β-catenin and transcriptional activation of TCF/LEF responsive elements and expression of WNT/β-catenin target genes *AXIN2* and *TCF7*. ", "Importantly, exosomes carrying canonical WNT3a did not stimulate ERK, JNK, and AP-1 outputs. ", "Thus, our data suggest that exosomal WNT3a specifically activate WNT/β-catenin signaling without coactivation of the noncanonical WNT pathway. ", "Data from mouse models pointed to WNT/β-catenin pathway in cardiac fibroblasts as an important player in myocardial fibrogenesis in vivo. ", "Accordingly, loss of β-catenin in cardiac fibroblasts reduced interstitial fibrosis induced by pressure overload \\[[@B9-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "Furthermore, activation WNT/β-catenin pathway by inhibiting GSK3β in cardiac fibroblasts promoted fibrogenesis in postinfarcted hearts \\[[@B8-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "In line with these findings, our data confirmed that, in the presence of TGF-β, WNT3a could effectively enhance profibrotic response in human cardiac fibroblasts. ", "In the light of these results, it seems that canonical WNT ligands carried on exosomes might potentially exacerbate fibrotic processes in the heart by activating WNT/β-catenin signaling.", "\n\nIn contrast to prominent response of the canonical WNT pathway to exosomal WNT3a, WNT5a-rich exosomes only partially activated analyzed noncanonical WNT pathways in cardiac fibroblasts. ", "We found that exosomal WNT5a inhibited GSK3β activity (but did not trigger the downstream WNT/β-catenin response), activated ERK1/2 and JNK pathways and induced production of profibrotic IL-6. ", "Similar activation of ERK1/2 and IL-6 were observed in mouse cardiac fibroblasts stimulated with recombinant WNT5a \\[[@B4-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "WNT5a delivered on exosomes failed, however, to phosphorylate MEK1 suggesting that WNT5a does not trigger the classical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in cardiac fibroblasts. ", "Furthermore, WNT5a did not activate AP-1 transcription factor, suggesting irresponsiveness of a WNT/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway in the analyzed cells. ", "It has to be noted, that different noncanonical WNT outputs can be activated depending on the cell type. ", "In this study we did not address the effect of exosomal WNTs on activation WNT/Ca^2+^ pathway and regulation of a nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcription factor activity, which may play a relevant role in noncanonical WNT signaling in cardiac fibroblasts.", "\n\nThe idea that WNTs can be transported on exosomes has important mechanistic implications. ", "Firstly, as exosomes can transport cargo over longer distances, WNTs produced even in extracardiac tissues might functionally contribute to cardiac fibrosis. ", "So far, however, distribution of extracellular WNTs to exosomal and nonexosomal (associated with WNT-binding proteins) fractions in the injured heart remains unknown. ", "Secondly, systemic spreading of exosomes can activate all cell types in the affected region. ", "Thus, WNTs associated with exosomes would likely affect not only fibroblasts, but also cardiac cells, endothelial cells, and others. ", "It has been demonstrated that sustained activation of β-catenin in endothelial cells causes heart failure \\[[@B21-ijms-20-01436]\\] and WNTs can inhibit proliferation of cardiac progenitor cells in the infarcted heart \\[[@B22-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "It seems that exosomal WNTs could exert multiple pathogenic effects in the injured heart. ", "Finally, WNT carrier might modulate the effector function of WNTs through interaction with the receptor complex or affecting biding affinity of the WNT ligand to its receptor. ", "More research is needed to elucidate this aspect of WNT biology.", "\n\nSummarizing, our data provide a potential mechanism on how WNT signaling can spread in fibrotic hearts. ", "We demonstrated that intercellular WNT signaling could occur through exosomal transport. ", "This mode of action could effectively activate the profibrotic WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway and, to some extent, noncanonical WNTs in cardiac fibroblasts. ", "Future studies will reveal how much exosomes contribute to WNT-mediated fibrosis in the injured heart.", "\n\n4. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec4-ijms-20-01436}\n========================\n\n4.1. ", "Cell Cultures {#sec4dot1-ijms-20-01436}\n------------------\n\nPrimary fetal human cardiac fibroblasts were originally obtained from Cell Applications (Cell Applications, San Diego, USA). ", "L-WNT3a (overexpressing WNT3a), L-WNT5a (overexpressing WNT5a) and L (control line for L-WNT3a and L-WNT5a) cell lines were obtained from ATCC (ATCC, Manassas, USA). ", "Cells were cultured in the Dulbecco's modification of Eagle medium (DMEM, Corning, New York, USA) supplemented with 10% FBS (EURx, Gdansk, Poland), 1:100 penicillin/streptomycin, 100 mM nonessential amino acids (all Corning, New York, USA) and 50 mM β-mercaptoethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany). ", "L-WNT3a and L-WNT5a cell lines were selected with medium containing G418 (Sigma-Aldrich). ", "Human cardiac fibroblasts were cultured up to 12 passages. ", "Cells were passaged using standard protocol with 0.25% trypsin (Corning) and seeded 24 h before experiments. ", "All cells used in this study were mycoplasma-free. ", "Cell culture supernatants from L-, L-WNT3a, and L-WNT5a cultured for 48 h were collected, filtered (pore size 0.2 μm, Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) and used fresh for cardiac fibroblasts stimulation.", "\n\n4.2. ", "Exosome Isolation {#sec4dot2-ijms-20-01436}\n----------------------\n\nExosome isolation procedure followed recent guidelines of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles \\[[@B23-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "For exosome collection, L-, L-WNT3a, and L-WNT5a cells were cultured in an exosome-free DMEM medium for 48 h. Preparation of the exosome-free medium: to remove bovine exosomes from FBS, DMEM culture medium supplemented with 20% FBS was centrifuged in the Sorvall WX 80+ ultracentrifuge with T-1270 fixed angle rotor (WX Ultra Series, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) for 7 h at 100,000 g at 4 °C and the supernatant was diluted 1:1 with DMEM and supplemented with 1:100 penicillin/streptomycin, 100 mM nonessential amino acids (all Corning) and 50 mM β-mercaptoethanol (Sigma-Aldrich). ", "Cell culture supernatants were collected and frozen. ", "100 mL of the cell culture supernatants were subjected to sequential centrifugation steps at 300× g, 2000× g, and 10,000× g before pelleting exosomes at 100,000× g in the ultracentrifuge for 90 min at 4 °C. ", "Pellets containing exosomes were suspended in 500 μL phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Corning), filtered (pore size 0.2 μm, Carl Roth) and centrifuged again for 90 min at 100,000 g at 4 °C. ", "Obtained exosomes were resuspended in 100 μL of exosome-free DMEM culture medium and were used as exosome stock for experiments ([Figure 1](#ijms-20-01436-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "For immunoblotting analysis, pelleted exosomes were resuspended in 100 μL RIPA buffer (25 mM Tris HCl pH 7.6, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, USA). ", "Exosomes obtained from L cells were used as control exosomes.", "\n\n4.3. ", "Exosome Measurements {#sec4dot3-ijms-20-01436}\n-------------------------\n\nExosome size distribution and concentration was determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) using a NanoSight system: LM10HS microscope equipped with the LM14 488 nm laser module (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Malvern, UK). ", "Samples were diluted 500× in PBS to provide counts within the detection range of the instrument. ", "One-minute duration videos were recorded for each type exosomes. ", "Particle movement was analyzed with the NTA 3.1 NanoSight software according to the manufacturer's protocol. ", "The NTA software was optimized to first identify and then track each particle on a frame-by-frame basis.", "\n\n4.4. ", "Transmission Electron Microscopy {#sec4dot4-ijms-20-01436}\n-------------------------------------\n\n3 μL of exosome stock was put on a cupper EM grid (Quantifoil R2/2) that was glow-discharged in air. ", "Excess was blotted for one second using filter paper at 99% humidity and room temperature and plunged into liquid ethane at −183 °C using a plunger (EMGP, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). ", "Samples were transferred to a Tecnai F20 TEM (Thermo-Fischer Scientific) and images were recorded at 10,000× magnification on a Gatan 2kx2k CCD camera behind a 2001 energy filter operated at 20 keV slit width.", "\n\n4.5. ", "Exosome labelling {#sec4dot5-ijms-20-01436}\n----------------------\n\n100 μL of freshly isolated exosome stocks (P.5) were labeled with PKH26 Red Fluorescent Cell Linker Kit (Sigma-Aldrich) according to manufacturer's protocol, washed and resuspended in 100 μL exosome-free medium. ", "Human cardiac fibroblasts were treated with 10 μL PKH26 labeled exosomes for 3 h, 6 h or 18 h, washed with PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 5 min. ", "DAPI (ThermoFisher Scientific) was used to label nuclei. ", "Immunofluorescence was analyzed using Olympus BX53 microscope equipped with Olympus XC50 camera (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).", "\n\n4.6. ", "Generation of TCF/LEF and AP-1 Reporter Cardiac Fibroblasts {#sec4dot6-ijms-20-01436}\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe pGreenFire-1-TCF/LEF plasmid expressing luciferase under control of TCF/LEF response elements and pGF-AP1-mCMV-CMV-EF1α-Puro plasmid expressing luciferase under control of AP-1 transcriptional response elements were purchased from System Biosciences (System Biosciences, Palo Alto, USA). ", "Lentiviral particles were produced in HEK293T cells (ATCC) by cotransfection with packaging plasmids pMD2.G and psPAX2 (Addgene, Watertown, USA, plasmids \\#12259 and \\#12260 gifted by Dilder Trono) according to the Addgene protocol. ", "Lentiviruses were harvested 72 h after transfection, centrifuged and filtered through 0.45 μm membrane filters (VWR International, Radnor, USA). ", "The biological titer was determined by flow cytometry of transduced human cardiac fibroblasts as described elsewhere \\[[@B24-ijms-20-01436]\\]. ", "For lentiviral transduction, 2.5 × 10^3^ cardiac fibroblasts were plated on 96-well plates and transduced with lentiviral particles for 72h. ", "Lentiviral transfection was performed using a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1. ", "Human cardiac fibroblasts transduced with the pGreenFire-1-TCF/LEF plasmid were further called TCF/LEF-hCF and transduced with the pGF-AP1-mCMV-CMV-EF1α-Puro plasmid were further called AP-1-hCF reporter cardiac fibroblasts.", "\n\n4.7. ", "Luciferase Assay {#sec4dot7-ijms-20-01436}\n---------------------\n\nTo measure the activity of the TCF/LEF and AP-1 responsive elements in cardiac fibroblasts, TCF/LEF-hCF and AP1-hCF reporter cardiac fibroblasts were stimulated with 5 μL of the exosome stock diluted in 100 μL culture medium, 100 μL conditioned medium or 10 ng/mL human recombinant TGF-β (Peprotech, Rocky Hill, USA) for 24h. ", "Luciferase expression in the reporter cells was assessed using the Bright-Glo Luciferase Assay System (Promega, Madison, USA). ", "Bioluminescence was measured by SyneryHT plate reader (BioTek, Winooski, USA) or Wallac Victor2 1420 Multilabel counter. (", "Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, USA).", "\n\n4.8. ", "Western Blotting {#sec4dot8-ijms-20-01436}\n---------------------\n\nCardiac fibroblasts were stimulated with 25 μL of the exosome stock diluted in 1.5 mL culture medium for 1 h or 3 h or with conditioned medium of L-WNT3a or control L cells in the presence or absence of 10 ng/mL TGF-β for 72 h. Total cellular proteins were extracted using RIPA buffer supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Thermo Fisher Scientific). ", "Freshly isolated exosomes were directly resuspended in RIPA buffer supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors. ", "Equal amounts of protein content (25 μg protein of cell lysates and exosomes for L cells and 15--20 μg of cell lysates for cardiac fibroblasts) were loaded into 12% polyacrylamide gels, resolved by SDS-PAGE, and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Bio-Rad, Hercules, USA). ", "The membranes were blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0.05% Tween 20 in PBS for 1 h. The membranes were incubated with primary antibodies at 4 °C overnight followed by washing and 1 h incubation at room temperature with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies. ", "Protein abundance was detected using a Western Blotting Substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and imaged by using a ChemiDoc instrument (Bio-Rad). ", "Results were analyzed with ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, USA). ", "The following antibodies were used: rabbit anti-CD63 (1:500, Bio-Rad), rabbit anti-GAPDH (1:5000), mouse anti-ALIX (1:1000), rabbit anti-WNT3a (1:1000), rabbit anti-WNT5a/b (1:1000), rabbit anti-αSMA (1:1000, Biolegend, San Diego, USA), rabbit anti-MEK1 (1:2000), rabbit anti-phospho-MEK1 (1:1000), rabbit anti-ERK1/2 (1:1000), rabbit anti-phospho-ERK1/2 (1:1000), rabbit anti-SAPK/JNK (called further JNK, 1:1000) and rabbit anti-phospho-SAPK/JNK (called further p-JNK, 1:1000, all Cell Signaling Technology).", "\n\n4.9. ", "Immunoprecipitation and GSK3β-Activity Assay {#sec4dot9-ijms-20-01436}\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nCardiac fibroblasts were stimulated with 25 μL of the exosome stock diluted in 1.5 mL medium for 1h. ", "Total cellular proteins were extracted using the lysis buffer (1 M Tris- HCl pH 7.5, Triton X-100, Sucrose, 0.5 M EDTA, 10 mM EGTA, 1.5 mM β-mercaptoethanol) supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Thermo Fisher Scientific). ", "For immunoprecipitation equal amount of cell lysates were incubated with anti-GSK3β antibody (12 μg/mL, BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany) for 1h at 4 °C, followed by incubation with protein G-Sepharose beads (Invitrogen, Carlsbad USA) diluted 2-fold in kinase reaction buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.03% Brij-35 and 0.1% β-mercaptoethanol, 10 mM MgCl) at 4 °C for 1 h. The activity of the GSK3β immune complexes were analyzed with the ADP-Glo™ Kinase Assay (Promega) according to manufacturer's protocol.", "\n\n4.10. ", "Immunofluorescence {#sec4dot10-ijms-20-01436}\n------------------------\n\nFor immunofluorescence, cardiac fibroblasts were cultured on gelatin-coated cover slips and stimulated with 10 μL of the exosome stock diluted in 500 μL medium for 2 h. Prior incubation with antibodies, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 5 min at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.01% Triton X-100 for 5 min, and blocked with 5% BSA in PBS for 20 min. ", "Specimens were incubated with mouse anti-β-catenin (1:500, ThermoFisher Scientific) antibody for 1 h, washed, and incubated with AlexaFluor555 anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody for 45 min (1:1000, ThermoFisher Scientific). ", "DAPI (ThermoFisher Scientific) was used to label nuclei. ", "Immunofluorescence was analyzed using Leica DM5500 B fluorescence microscope with DFC365 FX camera (Leica Microsystems).", "\n\n4.11. ", "Quantitative RT-PCR {#sec4dot11-ijms-20-01436}\n-------------------------\n\nFor mRNA analysis cardiac fibroblasts were stimulated with 10 μL of the exosome stock diluted in 500 μL medium for 24 h. Alternatively, cells were stimulated with conditioned medium of L-WNT3a or control L cells in the presence or absence of 10 ng/mL TGF-β for 72h. ", "Total RNA was extracted with Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen). ", "200 ng total RNA was used to synthesize complementary DNA using NG dART RT Kit (EURx). ", "Quantitative real-time PCR was performed using SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (EURx) and oligonucleotides complementary to transcripts of the analyzed genes using the Quant Studio 7 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA). ", "The following oligonucleotides were used in this study: *AXIN2*: 5′-TAACCCCTCAGAGCGATGGA-3′ and 5′-CCTCCTCTCTTTTACAGCAGGG-3′, *TCF7*: 5′-CCAAGAATCCACCACAGGAGG-3′ and 5′-GCCTAGAGCACTGTCATCGG-3′, *ACTA2*: 5′-GACAATGGCTCTGGGCTCTGTAA-3′ and 5′-ATGCCATGTTCTATCGGGTACTT-3′, *IL6*: 5′-GGCACTGGCAGAAAACAACC-3′ and 5′-CACCAGGCAAGTCTCCTCAT-3′, *GAPDH*: 5′-GGGAAGCTTGTCATCAATGGA-3′ and 5′-TCTCGCTCCTGGAAGATGGT-3′. Transcript levels of *GAPDH* were used as endogenous reference and relative gene expression was calculated using the 2^−ΔΔ*C*t^ method.", "\n\n4.12. ", "ELISA {#sec4dot12-ijms-20-01436}\n-----------\n\nType I collagen was measured in cell culture supernatants using Human Procollagen I alpha 1 DuoSet ELISA (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA) and IL-6 was measured in cell culture supernatants using IL-6 Human Uncoated ELISA Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's protocol.", "\n\n4.13. ", "Raw Data and Statistics {#sec4dot13-ijms-20-01436}\n-----------------------------\n\nExperimental results are presented as mean ± SEM. ", "Raw data are available in the [Supplementary Materials](#app1-ijms-20-01436){ref-type=\"app\"}. ", "Normally distributed and data with homogenous variance (Brown--Forsythe test) were compared using a Student's *t*-test, one-way ANOVA followed by Dunn's post-hoc test or two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test for the indicated comparisons. ", "Other data were analyzed using a Kruskal--Wallis test followed by Dunn's test of multiple comparisons. ", "All analyses were computed using GraphPad Prism 6 software. ", "All data are presented as mean ± SEM. ", "Differences were considered as statistically significant for *p* \\< 0.05.", "\n\nWe would like to acknowledge Tomas Valenta (University of Zurich) for providing L-WNT3a and L cells.", "\n\nSupplementary materials can be found at <https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/6/1436/s1>.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nConceptualization, P.B.; Data curation, E.D.; Formal analysis, E.D.; Funding acquisition, P.B.; Methodology, E.D., M.R., M.C. and K.T.; Supervision, O.D., M.S., G.K. and P.B.; Validation, M.R. and M.B.-K.; Visualization, R.I.K.; Writing -- original draft, E.D. and P.B.; Writing -- review & editing, M.B.-K. and G.K.\n\nThis work has been supported by the National Science Centre (Poland), grant 2014/14/E/NZ5/00175.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest. ", "The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.", "\n\n{#ijms-20-01436-f001}\n\n{#ijms-20-01436-f002}\n\n{#ijms-20-01436-f003}\n\n{#ijms-20-01436-f004}\n\n{#ijms-20-01436-f005}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "<div class=\"startup-warning-wrapper\">\n<h1>\nWarning: This site is designed to share untrusted content\n</h1>\n<h2>\nPlease do not proceed unless you are certain you understand the warnings below\n</h2>\n<p>\nThis is a special site that allows users to share content for <a href=\"https://tiddlywiki.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TiddlyWiki</a> without needing conventional hosting. ", "Instead, the content is encoded in the URL used to access the site. ", "This means that there are no controls or protections on the content that is shared, and as such it may contain malicious links or any kind of content.", "\n</p>\n<p>\nViewing links to this site in the browser is generally safe because web pages are designed to run in a sandbox that prevents them from accessing or harming your data. ", "However, please exercise caution before downloading content to your own computer, or importing content into your own TiddlyWiki.", "\n</p>\n\n<details>\n<summary>\nClick here to see the tiddlers that are being shared\n</summary>\n<ul id=\"startup-warning-preview\">\n</ul>\n</details>\n\n<p>\n<strong><em>Only continue if you understand the risks</em></strong>\n</p>\n\n<p>\n<button id=\"startup-warning-proceed\">\nProceed\n</button>\n<button id=\"startup-warning-cancel\">\nCancel\n</button>\n</p>\n\n<h2>\nTechnical details\n</h2>\n\n<p>\nThis web page is a <a href=\"https://tiddlywiki.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TiddlyWiki</a> loaded with the <a href=\"https://github.com/Jermolene/TiddlyWiki5/tree/master/plugins/tiddlywiki/share\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Share plugin</a>. ", "It has the special capability that at startup it can load raw tiddlers from a block of JSON encoded into the location hash part of the URL (ie the part after the # character).", "\n</p>\n<p>\nThis is useful because it enables people to share working examples of TiddlyWikis without needing to arrange special hosting. ", "The only restriction is that browsers and other Internet infrastructure frequently limit the length of URLs to a few tens of kilobytes.", "\n</p>\n\n</div>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Streaming movie with title No Way Jose full and free movie streaming in top video format. ", "Watch full with title No Way Jose free an fun at here. ", "Nowadays, you can easily see that hundreds many people in search of free No Way Jose movie watching it on their sweat house with net connection. ", "End up being happy, you may reach thousands of satisfied members who became sick and tired of waiting intended for dvds from the mail, and you will watch at no cost No Way Jose. ", "You will get new on the web movie, and down load it at no cost in the site. ", "It really is fast, simple, free and on top of that to look at. ", "Watch now No Way Jose on the internet movie without downloading. ", "You can watch online video streaming with HD excellent in 98 Min length. ", "View trailer movie as well as full movie of No Way Jose click on the button below to look at these video." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Antimutagenicity and binding of lactic acid bacteria from a Chinese cheese to mutagenic pyrolyzates.", "\nThe microbiological characteristics of Nai Ge Da, a traditional cheese in China, was investigated. ", "The lactic acid bacteria species were identified as Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus lactis ssp. ", "diacetylactis, Streptococcus faecalis, and Leuconostoc paramesenteroides, Leuconostoc dextranicum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. ", "Streptococcus cremoris, and Leuconostoc paramesenteroides were the dominant strains. ", "The antimutagenicities and binding of strains of S. cremoris and S. lactic ssp. ", "diacetylactis to mutagenic pyrolyzates was investigated. ", "The lyophilized cells of strains showed the highest inhibitory effect on the 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-[5H]pyrido[4,3-b] indol (Trp-P-1) and 3-amino-1-methyl-[5H]pyrido[4,3-b] indol (Trp-P-2), but many strains had no significant inhibition against 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d] imidazole (Glu-P-1). ", "The Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 were effectively bound to all bacterial cells, but binding of Glu-P-1 to cells was not effective. ", "Among the strains tested, S. cremoris C-25 not only indicated highest binding to Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2, but it also it had a 25.36% binding ability with Glu-P-1. ", "When all strains were autoclaved for 15 min at 120 degrees C, binding ability to mutagens was reduced by 3 to 19%. ", "The decrease of binding ability of S. cremoris C-25 was much less, being only 2%. ", "After heating at 80 degrees C for 3 h, the binding ability of all strains to mutagenic pyrolyzates was not much different from those of parent viable cells." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "<?", "php\n/*\n * Copyright 2014 Google Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\"); you may not\n * use this file except in compliance with the License. ", "You may obtain a copy of\n * the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT\n * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. ", "See the\n * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under\n * the License.", "\n */\n\nclass Google_Service_Genomics_Program extends Google_Model\n{\n public $commandLine;\n public $id;\n public $name;\n public $prevProgramId;\n public $version;\n\n public function setCommandLine($commandLine)\n {\n $this->commandLine = $commandLine;\n }\n public function getCommandLine()\n {\n return $this->commandLine;\n }\n public function setId($id)\n {\n $this->id = $id;\n }\n public function getId()\n {\n return $this->id;\n }\n public function setName($name)\n {\n $this->name = $name;\n }\n public function getName()\n {\n return $this->name;\n }\n public function setPrevProgramId($prevProgramId)\n {\n $this->prevProgramId = $prevProgramId;\n }\n public function getPrevProgramId()\n {\n return $this->prevProgramId;\n }\n public function setVersion($version)\n {\n $this->version = $version;\n }\n public function getVersion()\n {\n return $this->version;\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "FROM ubuntu:14.04\n\nMAINTAINER Brian Kellogg <theflakes@gmail.com>\n\nENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND noninteractive\n\nRUN apt-get update\nRUN apt-get upgrade -y\nRUN apt-get clean\n\n# install SSH server and setup SSH for docker\n# https://docs.docker.com/engine/examples/running_ssh_service/\nRUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y openssh-server\nRUN mkdir /var/run/sshd\nRUN echo 'root:remnux' | chpasswd\nRUN sed -i 's/PermitRootLogin without-password/PermitRootLogin yes/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config\nRUN sed 's@session\\s*required\\s*pam_loginuid.so@session optional pam_loginuid.so@g' -i /etc/pam.d/sshd\nENV NOTVISIBLE \"in users profile\"\nRUN echo \"export VISIBLE=now\" >> /etc/profile\n\n# install remnux\nRUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y apt-transport-https\nRUN apt-get install wget -y\nRUN apt-get clean\nRUN wget --quiet -O - https://remnux.org/get-remnux.sh | sudo bash\n\nVOLUME /tmp\nVOLUME /data\n\nEXPOSE 22\n\nENTRYPOINT [\"/bin/sh\"]\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.013143483023001095 ]

[ "A trial of Timoptol (timolol maleate) in a clinical situation.", "\nThe results of treatment with Timoptol in 138 cases are reviewed. ", "There was an average lowering of pressure by 6mm Hg in the whole group with an average follow up of 10 weeks (range 2-26 weeks). ", "Most patients had a satisfactory fall only when Timoptol was combined with other treatment, with a fall of 3mm Hg or more in 60% of patients and with pressure controlled to less than 22mm Hg in 48 to 55%. ", "A good response was achieved in all types of chronic open angle glaucoma except in low tension glaucoma. ", "In established glaucoma it seems best to add Timoptol to the existing therapy and then modify treatment as indicated. ", "Serious side effects occurred in five patients; 2 with severe pain, 2 with an attack of angle closure glaucoma, one a general sensitivity reaction and one with temporary central visual loss, but these do not detract from the immense potential of the drug in treatment of glaucoma." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0.004878048780487805, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "I. Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates generally to vehicle-mounted concrete mixing and dispensing systems and, more particularly, to on-board auxiliary fluid supply systems employed to supply water for washout or adding water and/or chemical additive to a concrete mix. ", "Specifically, the present invention relates to a lightweight two-chamber split auxiliary tank for a fluid supply system that enables the addition of water and/or chemical additives from a compact two-chamber on-board supply.", "\nII. ", "Related Art\nTransit concrete mixing trucks, sometimes referred to as ready-mix trucks, have long been in use. ", "They are equipped with large chassis-mounted rotatable mixing drums for mixing and dispensing a quantity of concrete. ", "The drums typically are mounted on an incline and have an opening in the upper end for receiving ingredients to be mixed and discharging mixed concrete products. ", "Loading is accomplished through a charge hopper which extends a distance into the opening of the drum. ", "The drum is further provided with internal helical flights or fins extending around its internal surface which act to propel material forward and mix the concrete ingredients when the drum is caused to rotate in one direction and cause the mixed concrete to be discharged from the opening when the rotation of the drum is reversed. ", "The upper portion of the drum includes a ring and roller system for drum support and rotation that is carried by a heavy pedestal support assembly.", "\nThe trucks are often further equipped with auxiliary water supply systems including tanks carried on the truck. ", "These systems are necessary for several reasons. ", "After mixing and discharge, the mixing drums retain an amount of residual concrete on the mixing fins and inner drum surface and discharge chutes which needs to be periodically washed out to prevent it from curing and hardening in situ inside the drum and on external chutes. ", "Therefore, it has become part of the operating routine to wash the interior of the drum and the discharge chutes one or more times per day. ", "In addition, it is routinely necessary to add additional makeup water and/or amounts of chemical additives to concrete batches mixed in the drum prior to discharge.", "\nIn conjunction with the use of makeup or washout water on transit concrete mixing trucks, it has further become a common practice to provide a water supply on the vehicle. ", "The auxiliary water supply has included a water tank that has been typically pressurized to 50 psi or higher by a supply of air from a compressor carried on the truck. ", "This, in turn, supplies water under pressure for washout or other uses through hoses and a valving system in a well-known manner. ", "Alternatively, more recently, the pressurized system may be replaced by a pump assembly which eliminates the need to pressurize the tank. ", "Such a system is illustrated and described in co-pending application Ser. ", "No. ", "11/355,049, entitled Auxiliary Water Tank and Pump Assembly For a Vehicle, filed Feb. 15, 2006. ", "That application is deemed incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for any purpose.", "\nTo date, auxiliary water tanks that have been used have been rather heavy metal structures which both are heavy and may add corrosion problems to the system. ", "While aluminum tanks may reduce weight and corrosion problems, they remain relatively more expensive which is an additional drawback. ", "In addition, with prior tanks it has been necessary to provide a separate facility to store and dispense chemical additives which are often necessary to be added to a mix at a job site.", "\nThus, there remains a need for an on-board auxiliary water/chemical additive supply and storage system that includes container that are relatively lightweight and inexpensive, which do not corrode and which can provide an easy-to-use, on-board supply of both water and chemical additives." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Wednesday, December 14, 2016\n\nSome have \"Elf on a Shelf\" and we have \"Rascal in the Room\". ", "He is looking pretty festive these days and he has been hiding in the room each morning. ", "He tells about his adventures and he sometimes brings a surprise! ", "We love Rascal!", "\n\nTuesday, November 29, 2016\n\nMy new friends that have a Guatamalan connection surprised my students and I with some gifts! ", "We received a beautiful oil painting of the Resplendent Quetzal and each child received their very own small quetzal toy. ", "They were thrilled! ", "We went to the smart board to do a little research on this bird. ", "Here is a link for you to check out. ", "It is very beautiful! ", "ARKive-Resplendent Quetzal\n\nThis beautiful, long-tailed bird is the nationalbird of Guatemala. ", "It is on their flag andcurrency.", "\n\nMonday, November 21, 2016\n\nThe Kindergarten Class would like to give you a few pointers on how to\nprepare your Thanksgiving turkey, although you may want to double check with you cookbook too. ", "They also had some ideas of some other foods they would\nlike to eat at their feast. ", "Enjoy!", "\n\n”My dad\nwill get the turkey at the forest. ", "He\nwill hunt it and then he will take the skin off and put it in a big\nbucket. ", "He will bring it home and Mom\nputs the turkey in a pan and she puts pepper, salt, and salsa. ", "Then she puts it\nin the oven at 3 degrees. ", "It will cook\nfor a few minutes.", "\n\nWe will\neat it with apples, mashed potatoes, stuffing, broccoli and for dessert we will\nhave mint chocolate ice cream.”", "\n\nC. B.\n\n“My dad\nwill hunt for a Wild Turkey in the Black Hills.", "\nHe takes the feathers out for me and then he takes the meat out of\nit. ", "Then we skin it and put it in pan. ", "Mom puts salt and dressing on it. ", "Then she puts some vegetables on it. ", "She cooks it for an hour and then we eat\nit. ", "We eat it with peas, tomatoes,\nmuskmelon, and for dessert we will eat chocolate chip cookies!”", "\n\nBy B.F.\n\n“My daddy\nhunts for the turkey and when he brings it home he takes the feathers off and\nthen he cuts up. ", "Then he takes it to my\nmommy and she puts seasoning, pepper and salt on it. ", "She will put it in the oven for 20\nminutes. ", "When the timer beeps, it is\ndone!", "\n\nWe will eat it with mashed potatoes, broccoli,\nand grapes. ", "For dessert we will have pumpkin\npie and chocolate cake.”", "\n\nBy L.N.“My\ndaddy has to soften the turkey first and then he gets ready.", "He puts pepper, salt, ketchup and jerky\nseason on top.", "He covers it with a towel\nand he puts it in the oven for an hour.", "\n\nWe will\neat it with mashed potatoes and gravy.", "\nWe will also have tomatoes, broccoli, salsa, and for dessert we will\nhave pumpkin pie and apple pie. ", "When we\nare done eating we will go birding! ”", "\n\nBy M.O.F.\n\n“My dad will get the turkey from Krull’s\nMarket. ", "It will cost $5.50. ", "He takes the wrapper off, he takes the skin\noff, and he puts it in a pan. ", "He puts water\non it. ", "Then he puts on pepper, yellow\ncheese, and ketchup too. ", "He puts it in\nthe oven for 40 seconds.", "\n\nWe will also eat apples, vegetables –\nespecially broccoli! ", "We would have eggs,\ncarrots, and for dessert we will eat chocolate ice cream!”", "\n\nBy G.P.\n\n“I will get a Wild Turkey\nwith a sharp bow and arrow in the Black Hills.", "\nWe will bring it home and Garrison will carve the turkey and put it in\npan. ", "He will put butter, cheese, eggs,\ncrackers and butterscotch on top of it.", "\nThen he will put it in the oven for 16 minutes.", "\n\nFor Thanksgiving dinner, I\nwould also like to eat pepperoni pizza, broccoli, pears, and carrots. ", "For dessert we will have chocolate hot-cake\nand hot chocolate with it too.”", "\n\nBy C.P.\n\n“My\ndad will buy a turkey at the store for $50.00 and he will take it home and put\nit in a pan. ", "He will put salt on it and\nput it in the oven for 50 minutes.", "\n\nFor\nThanksgiving we will eat spaghetti, Ramen noodles, and pears. ", "We will eat chocolate chip cookies for\ndessert.”", "\n\nBy A.K.\n\n“Mom\nwill buy the turkey at the store and it will weigh six pounds. ", "She will put salt, pepper, garlic salt, and she\nwill sprinkle cheese on it.", "\n\nWe\nwill eat it with eggs, hamburgers, chicken soup and for dessert chocolate cake!”", "\n\nBy W.S.\n\n”Grandpa\nwill get the turkey from the barn.", "\nGrandma will make the turkey. ", "She\nwill put sprinkles, ketchup, hot sauce and pepper on it. ", "Then she will put it in the stove for 29\nminutes.", "\n\nWe\nwill eat our turkey with chicken nuggets, cheeseburgers, and French fries. ", "For dessert we will have apples!”", "\n\nBy T.O.\n\n“My dad will go hunting for a turkey in the\nfield. ", "When he gets one he will pull the\nfeathers off and wash it off with water.", "\nMom will put honey, ketchup, water and milk on it. ", "Then she will put it in the oven for 5\nminutes. ", "When it beeps, it is done!", "\n\nWe\nwill eat bread, hot dogs, corn, and oranges.", "\nFor dessert we will have apple pie!”", "\n\nBy B.M.M.\n\n“My dad, James and I will go hunting for a\nturkey at the woods. ", "When we get it we\nwill peel the feathers off of it. ", "Then\nwe will clean it with water. ", "Mom will\nput salt and pepper on it. ", "She puts\nranch on it and then she puts in the oven for 20 minutes.", "\n\nWe\nwill eat it with stuffing, salad, pickles, peppers, and for dessert we will\nhave chocolate cake.”", "\n\nBy J.B.\n\n“Dad\nwill get the turkey from the farm. ", "He\ntakes off all of the feathers and rinses it with water. ", "Mom will put gravy and salt on it. ", "Then she will put it in the oven.", "\n\nWe\nwill eat it with stuffing, vanilla cake and blueberry cake!”", "\n\nBy\nJ.M.\n\n“Mommy\nbuys the turkey at the store and it costs $8.00. ", "She cuts it into pieces and she puts it in a\npan. ", "Then she puts water on it and\nsprinkles too. ", "She cooks it on the stove\nfor 8 minutes.", "\n\nWe\nwill also eat chicken, deer, and chocolate ice cream!”", "\n\nBy M.F.\n\n“My\nmommy will buy a turkey at the store for $6.00.", "\nShe off-wraps it and puts it in a big pan. ", "She sprinkles on some chocolate chips and sprinkles. ", "Next, she will put white frosting on it too. ", "Then she will carve it into chunks.", "\n\nWe\nwill eat it with eggs, sausage, and strawberries. ", "For dessert we will maybe have chocolate\nbirthday cake for my brother Daylin!”", "\n\nMonday, November 14, 2016\n\nI heard that colder weather is fast approaching, so I took advantage of the warm weather today and walked to the lake with the kids to try out the new binoculars. ", "Sadly we only saw four European Starlings. ", "Migration is underway and many of our resident birds have moved on, while others that would be expected were not around or...we scared them away. ", "The word kindergartners is not synonymous with stealthy. ", "Ha-ha!" ]

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[ "Thursday's Morning Email: What Today's New Airport Security Rules Mean For You\n\nTOP STORIES\n\nWHAT THE NEW AIRPORT SECURITY RULES GOING INTO EFFECT TODAY MEAN FOR YOU “Short security interviews” could become the norm. [", "Reuters] [Tweet | Share on Facebook]\n\nFORMER PRESIDENT GEORGE H.W. BUSH ACCUSED OF SEXUAL ASSAULT For touching an actress from behind while they were posing for a photo. ", "Bush’s office issued an apology acknowledging the former president “has patted women’s rears in what he intended to be a good-natured manner,” and because he uses a wheelchair, “his arm falls on the lower waist of people with whom he takes pictures.” ", "A second actress has also come forward. [", "HuffPost]\n\nMULTIPLE WOMEN HAVE ACCUSED A VETERAN POLITICAL JOURNALIST OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT Mark Halperin, known for “Game Change” and “Double Down,” has been accused of sexual harassment from the ’90s to the mid-2000s during his tenure at ABC News. [", "HuffPost]\n\nWHEN FOUR FORMER GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS WALK INTO A BAR... And tell HuffPost Editor-In-Chief Lydia Polgreen why they left the Trump administration, things like “I became concerned that I’d be window-dressing for corruption” come up. [", "HuffPost]\n\n‘I WAS BLIND AND COMPLICIT AND JUST, LIKE, DID NOTHING’The New Republic staffers shared stories of sexual harassment and inappropriate behavior by the magazine’s longtime literary editor Leon Wieseltier. [", "HuffPost]\n\nDEMOCRATS ARE SO NERVOUS ABOUT TRUMP AND NORTH KOREA That they’re pitching a bill to slow down any potential military action. [", "HuffPost]" ]

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[ "In a nutshell 'Bitcoin' is a transaction ledger of units. ", "The actual ledger data is known as the 'blockchain' and it is kept virtually, peer-to-peer via the internet and not owned by anyone but stored by each individual who keeps it alive. ", "It goes by a strict set of rules (the core of which is zero fees) and every transaction goes into micro-escrow to validate with the entire blockchain that the transaction meets the rules before it can proceed. ", "If anyone tries to change the system they are ignored. ", "The code for the system is open source and is constantly being improved by the Bitcoin foundation who make zero money from the system with all code published publicly and code signed. ", "The units of this ledger are called Bitcoin, but can be subdivided down five or more orders of magnitude to a 'satoshi'. ", "Each subdivision of a Bitcoin is owned by whatever 'wallet' address they are assigned to. ", "The owner of that wallet is whoever keeps its 'private key'.", "\n\nBitcoin is identical to the concept of downloading files with torrent magnets. ", "The files are not hosted by anyone and the system is started and kept alive by individuals who benefit from the system. ", "The files are checksummed and if someone tries to change any file, that change is ignored by everyone else.", "\n\nNow about the integrity of Bitcoin. ", "And this is where it gets interesting as it highlights not currency but something far more important. ", "Something political, or social - nay, anthropological. ", "It shows a way forward for the human species. ", "It showcases the corruptibility of people but also shows how to avoid this corruption and reward us into all working for a common good.", "\n\nWhen humans aggregated into civilisations, we were ruled over by monarchies. ", "Businesses independent from the monarchy existed, but only where they would benefit the monarchy. ", "When individual endeavours became large or threatening enough they were dealt with by the monarchy through excessive taxes, acquisition and elimination, or if they were too powerful they were 'absorbed' into the monarchy as barons. ", "Not bloodline but part of the 'family'. ", "Only those in the monarchy had god given rights and the average person had no individual rights within the context of their society. ", "Moving forward through the dark ages, society's thinking advanced and by the 1500's people started wanting something for themselves. ", "The loudest voices for change were Jewish merchants who were brilliant at setting up independent businesses that thrived. ", "As soon as these businesses were substantial enough, they were then taxed, absorbed or destroyed by the ruling monarchies as they saw fit. ", "The cry against this injustice spoke out for the notion of individual rights. ", "Liberalism was born. ", "The figurehead for this movement was John Locke and his \"An Agreement for the People\" document became the basis and the core tenets for all democratic constitutions and governments through to today. (", "as a side note this is where the evil of Google is being overlooked - Google's electronic invasion of privacy has effectively undermined key pillars of our liberalistic constitutions - the right to individual privacy and the right of free speech - but thats another story).", "\n\nOver the next two hundred years the Age of Enlightenment blossomed. ", "The Jewish merchants rode this wave of enlightenment and set up 'Banks' to give them and all people, the monetary freedom from monarchistic control and manipulation. ", "Which it did.", "\n\nBut what happens when you give people monetary power? ", "Just as with the monarchies, monetary power creates corruption and now the most controlling and manipulating force in the world are banks and monetary organisations. ", "Monarchies have withered and governments are now the puppets of banks and money. ", "Even worse, the growing belligerence of banks is now being felt by each individual. ", "We are being stolen-from by them at every step. ", "We are losing our homes because of their greed. ", "And apart from cash, we can't pay anyone without banks taking a cut. ", "And ironically now in a technological age where one can create multimillion dollar products (even something as sophisticated and capital intensive as a movie) which can be sent electronically to anyone for free - the seller cannot accept payment for that product without it going through an opaque labyrinth of banks and organisations taking their cut. ", "Even buying a book on Amazon delivered here to Australia, means that 9.5% goes to a bank somewhere (3% merchant fee, 1.5% Int transaction fee, 5% inflated currency conversion rate). ", "So we need a technological solution to money transactions. ", "One that avoids the corruptibility of people and the fraudulent organisations that steal from our every non-cash transaction.", "\n\nIntroducing peer-to-peer networks. ", "One side effect a of peer-to-peer system is that they can even get the lowest form of criminal today, the internet's petty thieves - file downloaders, to contribute to a system by uploading to all, in order to get what they want for free. ", "The rules of the peer-to-peer system are not broken as the system benefits the individual too much. ", "Public torrents distort this with 'leechers' contributing very little, and people with unrestricted internet contributing disproportionately. ", "But add one simple rule to the system - that one must upload the exact amount or more that what they download. ", "Then the system equalises completely and distortions of greed are eliminated and the members of the system still get what they want for free and they still contribute. ", "These same low lives will never think to compromise the system because it benefits them too much, to them its a win-win, even though its for the greater good of the system.", "\n\nAnd thats how Bitcoin works. ", "Its trial by fire was its use by Silkroad by criminals selling drugs, stolen good, arms and even hit-man services. ", "But not one of these criminal elements undermined the system, because it benefitted them too much. ", "It would be like criminal individuals trying to destroy the system of the US dollar. ", "They wouldn't want to, because cash in US dollars is their prime method of payment. ", "Less than savoury examples surely, but important because they show that even criminal elements can be made to contribute to these systems.", "\n\nAnd thats how we as a species can move forward and up. ", "Remove the points where corrupt individuals can exert power, replacing them with a cryptographic system with given, transparent rules that we understand and agree to and where each individual benefits. ", "Then it is part of our very nature to support such a system. ", "Even the lowest amongst us.", "\n\nThe recent incident with the QLD power grid going surplus from home generated electricity is also an example of a peer-to-peer system at work and a compelling possibility for the future. ", "Now imagine if each house had to install solar panels that covered at least all of its own power requirements, with the excess being given back for free to everyone else (or sold to businesses). ", "Then our power problems are solved. ", "There are some issues such as storage and cabling, but in the scheme of things these are relatively minor. ", "How we benefit is that the corrupt power holders (electricity suppliers who currently charge a 400% markup on the actual cost of electricity) are removed and our power is then free and non-polluting for all.", "\n\nHow many other areas can cryptographic peer-to-peer networks be applied to remove corruptible people and improve how we do thing? ", "Voting and Government policies? ", "Traffic management, product and pharmaceutical development, gene research and scientific modelling?", "\n\nAnd that is why Bitcoin is so interesting. ", "It is not only because of its use as a currency, its because it is a beta test for an underlying technology and overlying human-psychological system which can solve massive human problems, to the benefit of us all." ]

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[ "The present invention relates to hydraulic power steering systems and more specifically relates to follow-up circuitry for such systems.", "\nIt is desirable to have steering systems which provide fine steering control for minor steering corrections, especially at high speeds, while providing steering control for making sharp turns without requiring a relatively large number of turns of the steering wheel from lock-to-lock.", "\nA known steering system, which embodies a metering pump for producing a steering input signal across a steering valve and a follow-up cylinder for producing a follow-up signal to nullify the input signal once a desired turn is made, has the characteristic of providing fine steering control, however it does not permit sharp turns to be made without excessive steering wheel motion. ", "While the number of turns lock-to-lock of this known system is determined by the relative size of the metering pump to the follow-up cylinder displacement and can therefore be decreased by increasing the metering pump size or decreasing the follow-up cylinder displacement, such changes in size would result in a loss of fine steering control." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to delete lost files in NTFS drive\n\nI faced a problem like the one described here. ", "Basically, after connecting my NTFS external hard drive to my TV, two folders were lost, appearing only as a 0KB file.", "\nI have been able to recover the information with a recovery tool. ", "My problem now is that the \"lost\" files are still in the hard drive (so I have two copies of them, one I can't access and the other one in its right location -the retrieved files). ", "The lost files are taking up a lot of space, so I´d like to remove them but I don´t know how. ", "My normal approach would be to copy the files to another hard drive, format the problematic one and then copy the information to it again. ", "However, I don´t have enough space in my other drives to do that.", "\nAny tools or procedures to do that? ", "I can use Windows and Linux tools.", "\n\nA:\n\nI finally fixed the problem using GetDataBackSimple, after having no success with other tools like Recuva, ntfs-3g or Windows' chkdsk.", "\nThis tool will recover the files to a different unit, and place the found items in the originally-broken unit under a found.xxx directory, that can be deleted after the recovery.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Kidney failure due to end-stage renal disease is escalating at an alarming rate, motivating renal investigators and clinicians to identify research priorities in search for better ways to prevent and treat kidney disease. ", "There is a crucial need for increases in resources and manpower in research in kidney disease. ", "An impediment to renal research has been dwindling resources and loss of protected time to devote to research in the face of an ever-increasing demand for further exploration of research ideas. ", "There is a significant need and market potential for readily available reagents and tissue products from established models and human cases of renal disease. ", "To address this deficit, Probetex was founded as a \"Renal Research Resource Company\" to create a repository of \"off-the-shelf\" tissue products to provide readily available samples and help investigators to quickly and efficiently explore their ideas on established and standardized models or identified cases of human disease. ", "This Phase II application focuses on large-scale production of reagents and tissue products (tissue sections, protein lysates, purified RNA, and prefabricated Western and Northern blots) derived from the six models of kidney disease collectively representing the most common forms of renal disease presented clinically. ", "These same products will be developed from normal and diseased human kidney. ", "The models include 1. ", "Mesangial Proliferative Glomeruonephritis (anti-Thy-1), 2. ", "Immune-mediated Crescentic Glomerulonephritis and Interstitial Nephritis (anti-GBM), 3. ", "Membranous Nephropathy (anti-Fx1A), 4. ", "Lupus nephritis, 5. ", "Type 1 and 6. ", "Type 2 diabetic nephropathy. ", "This grant will enable large-scale processing of existing lots of sheep antibodies developed to create reagents to induce three classical immune models of kidney disease (1-3 above). ", "Also, manufacture of tissue products from the disease models will be processed for distribution as single units or in multiple arrays of tissue and prefabricated Western and Northern blots for comparison analysis of samples of different diseases or time points in the same application. ", "Also, as part of Probetex's mission, the company, will prepare for commercialization seven kidney cell lines (embryonic stem cells and glomerular mesangial, epithelial, and endothelial cells). ", "A plan to expand the scope of products through licensing and out-sourcing strategies will be implemented as part of the company's long-range goal. ", "One of the main obstacles facing physician- and basic scientists today is dwindling resources and loss of protected time to devote to their research in the face of an ever increasing demand for further exploration of research ideas in kidney disease. ", "Readily available samples derived from experimental models and clinical cases of renal disease are not commercially available. ", "Probetex, Inc. was founded as a \"Renal Research Resource Company\" and addresses the above research priorities by fostering research in kidney function and pathology by means of providing reagents, products, and services for the investigation of experimental and clinical renal disease. ", "Probetex's products will enable investigator-customers to quickly and efficiently explore their research ideas on established and standardized models and identified cases of human renal disease increasing awareness, resources and further research in kidney disease. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable]" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nhow to replace all lines between two points and subtitute it with some text in sed\n\nSuppose I have this text:\nBEGIN\nhello\nworld\nhow\nare\nyou\nEND\n\nHow to convert it to bellow text using sed command in linux:\nBEGIN\nfine, thanks\nEND\n\nA:\n\n$ cat file\nBEGIN\nhello\nworld\nhow\nare\nyou\nEND\n\n$ sed -e '/BEGIN/,/END/c\\BEGIN\\nfine, thanks\\nEND' file\nBEGIN\nfine, thanks\nEND\n\n/BEGIN/,/END/ selects a range of text that starts with BEGIN and ends with END. ", "Then c\\ command is used to replace the selected range with BEGIN\\nfine, thanks\\nEND.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "search cityguideny\n\nWhat to Pack When Visiting NYC in Winter\n\nWinter is a fun time to experience New York City, with holiday cheer and cozy interiors. ", "However, the weather. ", "The cold, wind, rain, and snow are no joke, and packing for these conditions can prove a challenge for visitors, even those accustomed to cold climates. ", "Let these tips guide you to a better suitcase and a better, more bundled-up trip!", "\n\nPacking Tips for Winter in NYC: Know Your Coat\n\nNo matter its style, your winter coat should first be practical. ", "Make sure it’s insulated with cotton, down, or another fluffy, puffy material to keep you warm when you brave the elements. ", "Your coat should also be water-resistant or waterproof. ", "You might like a slick synthetic material or something like waxed cotton, which is also waterproof. ", "A hood also helps, particularly when it’s lined with fur or fleece. ", "We’ve found when your head is warm, your whole body tends to be warm too!", "\n\nPacking Tips for Winter in NYC: Layer, Layer, Layer!", "\n\nWhether you have long underwear, leggings, running tights, or long-sleeved t-shirts, do yourself a favor and wear them under your clothes if the temperature is predicted to be 32 degrees or below. ", "Those temperatures might also necessitate multiple layers of socks (the bulkier the better!) ", "and/or doubling up gloves. ", "To cover your ears, bring a skullcap or beanie made of warm material like wool. ", "Stop in Century 21 for a selection of extra layers that won't break the bank.", "\n\nPacking Tips for Winter in NYC: Wear Snow Boots\n\nIn addition to leather boots, bring shoes or boots that are water-resistant and comfortable for long walks. ", "To that end, you may want to walk them around your hometown to break in your shoes before they see the New York streets (which are great, but not always kind to our feet!). ", "Make sure your shoes have traction on the soles as well to reduce your risk of slipping on wet or icy concrete. ", "Fleece linings are a plus!", "\n\nPacking Tips for Winter in NYC: Make Space in Your Suitcase\n\nIf you plan to shop in New York and want space in your suitcase, you have quite a packing challenge ahead of you. ", "We recommend bringing only the bare essentials, i.e. no laptops or hair dryers (call ahead to make sure your hotel provides one). ", "Roll your layers up so they take up less room, and wear bulky items like your coat and snow boots on the plane. ", "Airplanes are always cold anyway, right?", "\n\nYou might also want to bring a suitcase that’s easy to clean. ", "Our leather roller bags have been the victim of one or two puddles of snowmelt and street salt, which leaves a yucky stain.", "\n\nPacking Tips for Winter in NYC: Don’t Forget the Extras\n\nMake sure you purchase a US adapter, sucha as this Avenview adapter, available at B & H Photo & Video.", "\n\nFirst and foremost, bring a portable phone charger. ", "Your cellphone will likely lose battery a lot more quickly in the cold temperatures, particularly if you keep it in your hand or in an outside pocket (store it in the inside pocket of your coat, and avoid taking it out unless you’re indoors). ", "Don't forget to purchase a US adapter! ", "Bring along a compact umbrella for inclement weather. ", "If you have a camera, keep rain and snow out with a waterproof bag or pouch. ", "Cold-weather accessories like ear muffs, scarves, and gloves with touchscreen-friendly fingertips can also add value to your trip. ", "B&H Photo Video stocks every kind of phone / computer/ camera accessory you need when traveling.", "\n\nPacking Tips for Winter in NYC: Make Reservations Now\n\nAfter all the Central Park snowmen and walks in sparkly Greenwich Village, you are going to want plenty of time indoors to warm back up. ", "Break up your day with cozy, warm restaurants, museums, shows, and shopping, and know that many other visitors will be doing the same. ", "Go ahead and search City Guide for the top restaurants, theater, and other activities, and make reservations. ", "You can always cancel them if you change your mind, but we think you’ll be glad you booked them. ", "And at dinner, ask if you can reserve the table by the heater.", "\n\nSAVINGS OPPORTUNITIES\n\nsearch cityguideny\n\n(2/7-2/13) Looking for what to do in New York? ", "We've got the latest on all the goings-on in NYC, from concerts to museum exhibitions to comedy to the best in city sightseeing. ", "Read on for our picks for the best of this week in New York City. ", "click here" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMATLAB: Extract point array from .tif image\n\nI am relatively new to Matlab image processing stuff. ", "I will be precise:\nI have a .tif image which I would like to load into Matlab and subsequently extract an array of points (x,y) by simple mouse clicking. ", "For Example:\nI click three times => 3 xy coordinates => 2 dim array in workspace with three rows.", "\nAny ideas?", "\nThanks. ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou should look into imread for loading tif image from disk.", "\nYou will find imshow useful for displaying the image you read from disk.", "\nFinally, you can use ginput to interactively mark locations on the displayed image.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Mauger Nunatak\n\nMauger Nunatak () is a nunatak, high, about northeast of Mount Block in the Grosvenor Mountains of Antarctica. ", "It was named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (1961–62) for C.C. Mauger, a crew member of the Aurora, the vessel which transported the Ross Sea party of Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1914–17) from Australia to the Ross Sea.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Nunataks of the Ross Dependency\nCategory:Dufek Coast" ]

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