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[ "Talend Website Legal Terms of Use\n\nPlease Read Carefully Before Using This Website: The following terms and conditions (“Terms of Use”) govern your use of the Talend (“Talend”) Website (the “Site”). ", "By using the Site and/or any information, content or materials made available on the Site, you irrevocably agree that such use is subject to these Terms of Use. ", "If you do not agree to these Terms of Use, you may not use the Site.", "\n\nTalend expressly reserves the right to modify the Terms of Use at any time in its sole discretion, and without notice to you, by including such alteration and/or modification in these Terms of Use. ", "Any continued use by you of the Site after the posting of such modified Terms of Use shall be deemed to indicate your irrevocable agreement to such modified Terms of Use. ", "Accordingly, if at any time you do not agree to be subject to any modified Terms of Use, you may no longer use the Site.", "\n\n1. 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[ "Main level is vacant & can be divided by new owner, with city approval. ", "Lower level tenant in lease at $3,230 per month. ", "Lower level fixtures do not convey. ", "All main level lighting and safety issues updated 2 years ago. ", "Great opportunity for start up & collect rent to offset mortgage payments." ]

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[ "The way we think about programming has undergone many changes in the\nyears since the first electronic computers required patch cables and\nswitches to convey instructions from human to machine. ", "As is the case\nwith many aspects of society, changes in computing technology provide\ncomputer scientists with a growing number of tools and platforms on\nwhich to practice their craft. ", "Advances such as faster processors,\nhigh-speed networks, and large memory capacities have created a spiral\nof complexity through which computer scientists must navigate.", "\nThroughout all of this rapid evolution, a number of basic principles\nhave remained constant. ", "The science of computing is concerned with using\ncomputers to solve problems.", "\n\nYou have no doubt spent considerable time learning the basics of\nproblem-solving and hopefully feel confident in your ability to take a\nproblem statement and develop a solution. ", "You have also learned that\nwriting computer programs is often hard. ", "The complexity of large\nproblems and the corresponding complexity of the solutions can tend to\novershadow the fundamental ideas related to the problem-solving process.", "\n\nThis chapter emphasizes two important areas for the rest of the text.", "\nFirst, it reviews the framework within which computer science and the\nstudy of algorithms and data structures must fit, in particular, the\nreasons why we need to study these topics and how understanding these\ntopics helps us to become better problem solvers. ", "Second, we review the\nPython programming language. ", "Although we cannot provide a detailed,\nexhaustive reference, we will give examples and explanations for the\nbasic constructs and ideas that will occur throughout the remaining\nchapters.", "\n\nComputer science is often difficult to define. ", "This is probably due to\nthe unfortunate use of the word “computer” in the name. ", "As you are\nperhaps aware, computer science is not simply the study of computers.", "\nAlthough computers play an important supporting role as a tool in the\ndiscipline, they are just that–tools.", "\n\nComputer science is the study of problems, problem-solving, and the\nsolutions that come out of the problem-solving process. ", "Given a problem,\na computer scientist’s goal is to develop an algorithm, a\nstep-by-step list of instructions for solving any instance of the\nproblem that might arise. ", "Algorithms are finite processes that if\nfollowed will solve the problem. ", "Algorithms are solutions.", "\n\nComputer science can be thought of as the study of algorithms. ", "However,\nwe must be careful to include the fact that some problems may not have a\nsolution. ", "Although proving this statement is beyond the scope of this\ntext, the fact that some problems cannot be solved is important for\nthose who study computer science. ", "We can fully define computer science,\nthen, by including both types of problems and stating that computer\nscience is the study of solutions to problems as well as the study of\nproblems with no solutions.", "\n\nIt is also very common to include the word computable when\ndescribing problems and solutions. ", "We say that a problem is computable\nif an algorithm exists for solving it. ", "An alternative definition for\ncomputer science, then, is to say that computer science is the study of\nproblems that are and that are not computable, the study of the\nexistence and the nonexistence of algorithms. ", "In any case, you will note\nthat the word “computer” did not come up at all. ", "Solutions are\nconsidered independent from the machine.", "\n\nComputer science, as it pertains to the problem-solving process itself,\nis also the study of abstraction. ", "Abstraction allows us to view the\nproblem and solution in such a way as to separate the so-called logical\nand physical perspectives. ", "The basic idea is familiar to us in a common\nexample.", "\n\nConsider the automobile that you may have driven to school or work\ntoday. ", "As a driver, a user of the car, you have certain interactions\nthat take place in order to utilize the car for its intended purpose.", "\nYou get in, insert the key, start the car, shift, brake, accelerate, and\nsteer in order to drive. ", "From an abstraction point of view, we can say\nthat you are seeing the logical perspective of the automobile. ", "You are\nusing the functions provided by the car designers for the purpose of\ntransporting you from one location to another. ", "These functions are\nsometimes also referred to as the interface.", "\n\nOn the other hand, the mechanic who must repair your automobile takes a\nvery different point of view. ", "She not only knows how to drive but must\nknow all of the details necessary to carry out all the functions that we\ntake for granted. ", "She needs to understand how the engine works, how the\ntransmission shifts gears, how temperature is controlled, and so on.", "\nThis is known as the physical perspective, the details that take place\n“under the hood.”", "\n\nThe same thing happens when we use computers. ", "Most people use computers\nto write documents, send and receive email, surf the web, play music,\nstore images, and play games without any knowledge of the details that\ntake place to allow those types of applications to work. ", "They view\ncomputers from a logical or user perspective. ", "Computer scientists,\nprogrammers, technology support staff, and system administrators take a\nvery different view of the computer. ", "They must know the details of how\noperating systems work, how network protocols are configured, and how to\ncode various scripts that control function. ", "They must be able to control\nthe low-level details that a user simply assumes.", "\n\nThe common point for both of these examples is that the user of the\nabstraction, sometimes also called the client, does not need to know the\ndetails as long as the user is aware of the way the interface works.", "\nThis interface is the way we as users communicate with the underlying\ncomplexities of the implementation. ", "As another example of abstraction,\nconsider the Python math module. ", "Once we import the module, we can\nperform computations such as\n\n>>> importmath>>> math.sqrt(16)4.0>>>\n\nThis is an example of procedural abstraction. ", "We do not necessarily\nknow how the square root is being calculated, but we know what the\nfunction is called and how to use it. ", "If we perform the import\ncorrectly, we can assume that the function will provide us with the\ncorrect results. ", "We know that someone implemented a solution to the\nsquare root problem but we only need to know how to use it. ", "This is\nsometimes referred to as a “black box” view of a process. ", "We simply\ndescribe the interface: the name of the function, what is needed (the\nparameters), and what will be returned. ", "The details are hidden inside\n(see Figure 1).", "\n\nProgramming is the process of taking an algorithm and encoding it\ninto a notation, a programming language, so that it can be executed by a\ncomputer. ", "Although many programming languages and many different types\nof computers exist, the important first step is the need to have the\nsolution. ", "Without an algorithm there can be no program.", "\n\nComputer science is not the study of programming. ", "Programming, however,\nis an important part of what a computer scientist does. ", "Programming is\noften the way that we create a representation for our solutions.", "\nTherefore, this language representation and the process of creating it\nbecomes a fundamental part of the discipline.", "\n\nAlgorithms describe the solution to a problem in terms of the data\nneeded to represent the problem instance and the set of steps necessary\nto produce the intended result. ", "Programming languages must provide a\nnotational way to represent both the process and the data. ", "To this end,\nlanguages provide control constructs and data types.", "\n\nControl constructs allow algorithmic steps to be represented in a\nconvenient yet unambiguous way. ", "At a minimum, algorithms require\nconstructs that perform sequential processing, selection for\ndecision-making, and iteration for repetitive control. ", "As long as the\nlanguage provides these basic statements, it can be used for algorithm\nrepresentation.", "\n\nAll data items in the computer are represented as strings of binary\ndigits. ", "In order to give these strings meaning, we need to have data\ntypes. ", "Data types provide an interpretation for this binary data so\nthat we can think about the data in terms that make sense with respect\nto the problem being solved. ", "These low-level, built-in data types\n(sometimes called the primitive data types) provide the building blocks\nfor algorithm development.", "\n\nFor example, most programming languages provide a data type for\nintegers. ", "Strings of binary digits in the computer’s memory can be\ninterpreted as integers and given the typical meanings that we commonly\nassociate with integers (e.g. 23, 654, and -19). ", "In addition, a data\ntype also provides a description of the operations that the data items\ncan participate in. ", "With integers, operations such as addition,\nsubtraction, and multiplication are common. ", "We have come to expect that\nnumeric types of data can participate in these arithmetic operations.", "\n\nThe difficulty that often arises for us is the fact that problems and\ntheir solutions are very complex. ", "These simple, language-provided\nconstructs and data types, although certainly sufficient to represent\ncomplex solutions, are typically at a disadvantage as we work through\nthe problem-solving process. ", "We need ways to control this complexity and\nassist with the creation of solutions.", "\n\nTo manage the complexity of problems and the problem-solving process,\ncomputer scientists use abstractions to allow them to focus on the “big\npicture” without getting lost in the details. ", "By creating models of the\nproblem domain, we are able to utilize a better and more efficient\nproblem-solving process. ", "These models allow us to describe the data that\nour algorithms will manipulate in a much more consistent way with\nrespect to the problem itself.", "\n\nEarlier, we referred to procedural abstraction as a process that hides\nthe details of a particular function to allow the user or client to view\nit at a very high level. ", "We now turn our attention to a similar idea,\nthat of data abstraction. ", "An abstract data type, sometimes\nabbreviated ADT, is a logical description of how we view the data\nand the operations that are allowed without regard to how they will be\nimplemented. ", "This means that we are concerned only with what the data is\nrepresenting and not with how it will eventually be constructed. ", "By\nproviding this level of abstraction, we are creating an\nencapsulation around the data. ", "The idea is that by encapsulating the\ndetails of the implementation, we are hiding them from the user’s view.", "\nThis is called information hiding.", "\n\nFigure 2 shows a picture of what an abstract data type is and how it\noperates. ", "The user interacts with the interface, using the operations\nthat have been specified by the abstract data type. ", "The abstract data\ntype is the shell that the user interacts with. ", "The implementation is\nhidden one level deeper. ", "The user is not concerned with the details of\nthe implementation.", "\n\nFigure 2: Abstract Data Type\n\nThe implementation of an abstract data type, often referred to as a\ndata structure, will require that we provide a physical view of the\ndata using some collection of programming constructs and primitive data\ntypes. ", "As we discussed earlier, the separation of these two perspectives\nwill allow us to define the complex data models for our problems without\ngiving any indication as to the details of how the model will actually\nbe built. ", "This provides an implementation-independent view of the\ndata. ", "Since there will usually be many different ways to implement an\nabstract data type, this implementation independence allows the\nprogrammer to switch the details of the implementation without changing\nthe way the user of the data interacts with it. ", "The user can remain\nfocused on the problem-solving process.", "\n\nComputer scientists learn by experience. ", "We learn by seeing others solve\nproblems and by solving problems by ourselves. ", "Being exposed to\ndifferent problem-solving techniques and seeing how different algorithms\nare designed helps us to take on the next challenging problem that we\nare given. ", "By considering a number of different algorithms, we can begin\nto develop pattern recognition so that the next time a similar problem\narises, we are better able to solve it.", "\n\nAlgorithms are often quite different from one another. ", "Consider the\nexample of sqrt seen earlier. ", "It is entirely possible that there are\nmany different ways to implement the details to compute the square root\nfunction. ", "One algorithm may use many fewer resources than another. ", "One\nalgorithm might take 10 times as long to return the result as the other.", "\nWe would like to have some way to compare these two solutions. ", "Even\nthough they both work, one is perhaps “better” than the other. ", "We might\nsuggest that one is more efficient or that one simply works faster or\nuses less memory. ", "As we study algorithms, we can learn analysis\ntechniques that allow us to compare and contrast solutions based solely\non their own characteristics, not the characteristics of the program or\ncomputer used to implement them.", "\n\nIn the worst case scenario, we may have a problem that is intractable,\nmeaning that there is no algorithm that can solve the problem in a\nrealistic amount of time. ", "It is important to be able to distinguish\nbetween those problems that have solutions, those that do not, and those\nwhere solutions exist but require too much time or other resources to\nwork reasonably.", "\n\nThere will often be trade-offs that we will need to identify and decide\nupon. ", "As computer scientists, in addition to our ability to solve\nproblems, we will also need to know and understand solution evaluation\ntechniques. ", "In the end, there are often many ways to solve a problem.", "\nFinding a solution and then deciding whether it is a good one are tasks\nthat we will do over and over again.", "\n\nIn this section, we will review the programming language Python and also\nprovide some more detailed examples of the ideas from the previous\nsection. ", "If you are new to Python or find that you need more information\nabout any of the topics presented, we recommend that you consult a resource such as\nthe Python Language Reference\nor a Python Tutorial.", "\nOur goal\nhere is to reacquaint you with the language and also reinforce some of\nthe concepts that will be central to later chapters.", "\n\nPython is a modern, easy-to-learn, object-oriented programming language.", "\nIt has a powerful set of built-in data types and easy-to-use control\nconstructs. ", "Since Python is an interpreted language, it is most easily\nreviewed by simply looking at and describing interactive sessions. ", "You\nshould recall that the interpreter displays the familiar >>> prompt\nand then evaluates the Python construct that you provide. ", "For example,\n\nWe stated above that Python supports the object-oriented programming\nparadigm. ", "This means that Python considers data to be the focal point of\nthe problem-solving process. ", "In Python, as well as in any other\nobject-oriented programming language, we define a class to be a\ndescription of what the data look like (the state) and what the data can\ndo (the behavior). ", "Classes are analogous to abstract data types because\na user of a class only sees the state and behavior of a data item. ", "Data\nitems are called objects in the object-oriented paradigm. ", "An object\nis an instance of a class.", "\n\nWe will begin our review by considering the atomic data types. ", "Python\nhas two main built-in numeric classes that implement the integer and\nfloating point data types. ", "These Python classes are called int and\nfloat. ", "The standard arithmetic operations, +, -, *, /, and **\n(exponentiation), can be used with parentheses forcing the order of\noperations away from normal operator precedence. ", "Other very useful\noperations are the remainder (modulo) operator, %, and integer division,\n//. Note that when two integers are divided, the result is a floating\npoint. ", "The integer division operator returns the integer portion of the\nquotient by truncating any fractional part.", "\n\nBasic Arithmetic Operators (intro_1)\n\nThe boolean data type, implemented as the Python bool class, will be\nquite useful for representing truth values. ", "The possible state values\nfor a boolean object are True and False with the standard\nboolean operators, and, or, and not.", "\n\nBoolean data objects are also used as results for comparison operators\nsuch as equality (==) and greater than (\\(>\\)). ", "In addition,\nrelational operators and logical operators can be combined together to\nform complex logical questions. ", "Table 1 shows the relational\nand logical operators with examples shown in the session that follows.", "\n\nTable 1: Relational and Logical Operators\n\nOperation Name\n\nOperator\n\nExplanation\n\nless than\n\n\\(<\\)\n\nLess than operator\n\ngreater than\n\n\\(>\\)\n\nGreater than operator\n\nless than or equal\n\n\\(<=\\)\n\nLess than or equal to operator\n\ngreater than or equal\n\n\\(>=\\)\n\nGreater than or equal to operator\n\nequal\n\n\\(==\\)\n\nEquality operator\n\nnot equal\n\n\\(!=\\)\n\nNot equal operator\n\nlogical and\n\n\\(and\\)\n\nBoth operands True for result to be True\n\nlogical or\n\n\\(or\\)\n\nOne or the other operand is True for the result to be True\n\nlogical not\n\n\\(not\\)\n\nNegates the truth value, False becomes True, True becomes False\n\nBasic Relational and Logical Operators (intro_2)\n\nIdentifiers are used in programming languages as names. ", "In Python,\nidentifiers start with a letter or an underscore (_), are case\nsensitive, and can be of any length. ", "Remember that it is always a good\nidea to use names that convey meaning so that your program code is\neasier to read and understand.", "\n\nA Python variable is created when a name is used for the first time on\nthe left-hand side of an assignment statement. ", "Assignment statements\nprovide a way to associate a name with a value. ", "The variable will hold a\nreference to a piece of data and not the data itself. ", "Consider the\nfollowing session:\n\nThe assignment statement theSum=0 creates a variable called\ntheSum and lets it hold the reference to the data object 0 (see\nFigure 3). ", "In general, the right-hand side of the assignment\nstatement is evaluated and a reference to the resulting data object is\n“assigned” to the name on the left-hand side. ", "At this point in our\nexample, the type of the variable is integer as that is the type of the\ndata currently being referred to by thesum. ", "If the type of the data\nchanges (see Figure 4), as shown above with the boolean\nvalue True, so does the type of the variable (thesum is now of\nthe type boolean). ", "The assignment statement changes the reference being\nheld by the variable. ", "This is a dynamic characteristic of Python. ", "The\nsame variable can refer to many different types of data.", "\n\nIn addition to the numeric and boolean classes, Python has a number of\nvery powerful built-in collection classes. ", "Lists, strings, and tuples\nare ordered collections that are very similar in general structure but\nhave specific differences that must be understood for them to be used\nproperly. ", "Sets and dictionaries are unordered collections.", "\n\nA list is an ordered collection of zero or more references to Python\ndata objects. ", "Lists are written as comma-delimited values enclosed in\nsquare brackets. ", "The empty list is simply []. ", "Lists are\nheterogeneous, meaning that the data objects need not all be from the\nsame class and the collection can be assigned to a variable as below.", "\nThe following fragment shows a variety of Python data objects in a list.", "\n\nNote that when Python evaluates a list, the list itself is returned.", "\nHowever, in order to remember the list for later processing, its\nreference needs to be assigned to a variable.", "\n\nSince lists are considered to be sequentially ordered, they support a\nnumber of operations that can be applied to any Python sequence.", "\nTable 2 reviews these operations and the following session\ngives examples of their use.", "\n\nTable 2: Operations on Any Sequence in Python\n\nOperation Name\n\nOperator\n\nExplanation\n\nindexing\n\n[ ]\n\nAccess an element of a sequence\n\nconcatenation\n\n+\n\nCombine sequences together\n\nrepetition\n\n*\n\nConcatenate a repeated number of times\n\nmembership\n\nin\n\nAsk whether an item is in a sequence\n\nlength\n\nlen\n\nAsk the number of items in the sequence\n\nslicing\n\n[ : ]\n\nExtract a part of a sequence\n\nNote that the indices for lists (sequences) start counting with 0. ", "The\nslice operation, myList[1:3], returns a list of items starting with the\nitem indexed by 1 up to but not including the item indexed by 3.", "\n\nSometimes, you will want to initialize a list. ", "This can quickly be\naccomplished by using repetition. ", "For example,\n\n>>> myList=[0]*6>>> myList[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n\nOne very important aside relating to the repetition operator is that the\nresult is a repetition of references to the data objects in the\nsequence. ", "This can best be seen by considering the following session:\n\nRepetition of References (intro_3)\n\nThe variable A holds a collection of three references to the\noriginal list called myList. ", "Note that a change to one element of\nmyList shows up in all three occurrences in A.\n\nLists support a number of methods that will be used to build data\nstructures. ", "Table 3 provides a summary. ", "Examples of their\nuse follow.", "\n\nTable 3: Methods Provided by Lists in Python\n\nMethod Name\n\nUse\n\nExplanation\n\nappend\n\nalist.append(item)\n\nAdds a new item to the end of a list\n\ninsert\n\nalist.insert(i,item)\n\nInserts an item at the ith position in a list\n\npop\n\nalist.pop()\n\nRemoves and returns the last item in a list\n\npop\n\nalist.pop(i)\n\nRemoves and returns the ith item in a list\n\nsort\n\nalist.sort()\n\nModifies a list to be sorted\n\nreverse\n\nalist.reverse()\n\nModifies a list to be in reverse order\n\ndel\n\ndelalist[i]\n\nDeletes the item in the ith position\n\nindex\n\nalist.index(item)\n\nReturns the index of the first occurrence of item\n\ncount\n\nalist.count(item)\n\nReturns the number of occurrences of item\n\nremove\n\nalist.remove(item)\n\nRemoves the first occurrence of item\n\nExamples of List Methods (intro_5)\n\nYou can see that some of the methods, such as pop, return a value\nand also modify the list. ", "Others, such as reverse, simply modify the\nlist with no return value. ", "pop will default to the end of the list\nbut can also remove and return a specific item. ", "The index range starting\nfrom 0 is again used for these methods. ", "You should also notice the\nfamiliar “dot” notation for asking an object to invoke a method.", "\nmyList.append(False) can be read as “ask the object myList to\nperform its append method and send it the value False.” ", "Even\nsimple data objects such as integers can invoke methods in this way.", "\n\n>>> (54).__add__(21)75>>>\n\nIn this fragment we are asking the integer object 54 to execute its\nadd method (called __add__ in Python) and passing it 21 as\nthe value to add. ", "The result is the sum, 75. ", "Of course, we usually\nwrite this as 54+21. ", "We will say much more about these methods later\nin this section.", "\n\nOne common Python function that is often discussed in conjunction with\nlists is the range function. ", "range produces a range object that\nrepresents a sequence of values. ", "By using the list function, it is\npossible to see the value of the range object as a list. ", "This is\nillustrated below.", "\n\nThe range object represents a sequence of integers. ", "By default, it will\nstart with 0. ", "If you provide more parameters, it will start and end at\nparticular points and can even skip items. ", "In our first example,\nrange(10), the sequence starts with 0 and goes up to but does not\ninclude 10. ", "In our second example, range(5,10) starts at 5 and goes\nup to but not including 10. ", "range(5,10,2) performs similarly but\nskips by twos (again, 10 is not included).", "\n\nStrings are sequential collections of zero or more letters, numbers\nand other symbols. ", "We call these letters, numbers and other symbols\ncharacters. ", "Literal string values are differentiated from identifiers\nby using quotation marks (either single or double).", "\n\nOf these, split will be very useful for processing data. ", "split\nwill take a string and return a list of strings using the split\ncharacter as a division point. ", "In the example, v is the division\npoint. ", "If no division is specified, the split method looks for\nwhitespace characters such as tab, newline and space.", "\n\nTable 4: Methods Provided by Strings in Python\n\nMethod Name\n\nUse\n\nExplanation\n\ncenter\n\nastring.center(w)\n\nReturns a string centered in a field of size w\n\ncount\n\nastring.count(item)\n\nReturns the number of occurrences of item in the string\n\nljust\n\nastring.ljust(w)\n\nReturns a string left-justified in a field of size w\n\nlower\n\nastring.lower()\n\nReturns a string in all lowercase\n\nrjust\n\nastring.rjust(w)\n\nReturns a string right-justified in a field of size w\n\nfind\n\nastring.find(item)\n\nReturns the index of the first occurrence of item\n\nsplit\n\nastring.split(schar)\n\nSplits a string into substrings at schar\n\nA major difference between lists and strings is that lists can be\nmodified while strings cannot. ", "This is referred to as mutability.", "\nLists are mutable; strings are immutable. ", "For example, you can change an\nitem in a list by using indexing and assignment. ", "With a string that\nchange is not allowed.", "\n\nTuples are very similar to lists in that they are heterogeneous\nsequences of data. ", "The difference is that a tuple is immutable, like a\nstring. ", "A tuple cannot be changed. ", "Tuples are written as comma-delimited\nvalues enclosed in parentheses. ", "As sequences, they can use any operation\ndescribed above. ", "For example,\n\nA set is an unordered collection of zero or more immutable Python data\nobjects. ", "Sets do not allow duplicates and are written as comma-delimited\nvalues enclosed in curly braces. ", "The empty set is represented by\nset(). ", "Sets are heterogeneous, and the collection can be assigned to\na variable as below.", "\n\nEven though sets are not considered to be sequential, they do support a\nfew of the familiar operations presented earlier. ", "Table 5 reviews\nthese operations and the following session gives examples of their use.", "\n\nSets support a number of methods that should be familiar to those who\nhave worked with them in a mathematics setting. ", "Table 6\nprovides a summary. ", "Examples of their use follow. ", "Note that union,\nintersection, issubset, and difference all have operators\nthat can be used as well.", "\n\nOur final Python collection is an unordered structure called a\ndictionary. ", "Dictionaries are collections of associated pairs of\nitems where each pair consists of a key and a value. ", "This key-value pair\nis typically written as key:value. ", "Dictionaries are written as\ncomma-delimited key:value pairs enclosed in curly braces. ", "For example,\n\nWe can manipulate a dictionary by accessing a value via its key or by\nadding another key-value pair. ", "The syntax for access looks much like a\nsequence access except that instead of using the index of the item we\nuse the key value. ", "To add a new value is similar.", "\n\nUsing a Dictionary (intro_7)\n\nIt is important to note that the dictionary is maintained in no\nparticular order with respect to the keys. ", "The first pair added\n('Utah':'SaltLakeCity') was placed first in the dictionary and\nthe second pair added ('California':'Sacramento') was placed\nlast. ", "The placement of a key is dependent on the idea of “hashing,”\nwhich will be explained in more detail in Chapter 4. ", "We also show the\nlength function performing the same role as with previous collections.", "\n\nDictionaries have both methods and operators. ", "Table 7 and\nTable 8 describe them, and the session shows them in action. ", "The\nkeys, values, and items methods all return objects that\ncontain the values of interest. ", "You can use the list function to\nconvert them to lists. ", "You will also see that there are two variations\non the get method. ", "If the key is not present in the dictionary,\nget will return None. ", "However, a second, optional parameter can\nspecify a return value instead.", "\n\nWe often have a need to interact with users,\neither to get data or to provide some sort of result. ", "Most programs\ntoday use a dialog box as a way of asking the user to provide some type\nof input. ", "While Python does have a way to create dialog boxes, there is\na much simpler function that we can use. ", "Python provides us with a\nfunction that allows us to ask a user to enter some data and returns a\nreference to the data in the form of a string. ", "The function is called\ninput.", "\n\nPython’s input function takes a single parameter that is a string. ", "This\nstring is often called the prompt because it contains some helpful\ntext prompting the user to enter something. ", "For example, you might call\ninput as follows:\n\naName=input('Please enter your name: ')\n\nNow whatever the user types after the prompt will be stored in the\naName variable. ", "Using the input function, we can easily write\ninstructions that will prompt the user to enter data and then\nincorporate that data into further processing. ", "For example, in the\nfollowing two statements, the first asks the user for their name and the\nsecond prints the result of some simple processing based on the string\nthat is provided.", "\n\nThe input Function Returns a String (strstuff)\n\nIt is important to note that the value returned from the input\nfunction will be a string representing the exact characters that were\nentered after the prompt. ", "If you want this string interpreted as another\ntype, you must provide the type conversion explicitly. ", "In the statements\nbelow, the string that is entered by the user is converted to a float so\nthat it can be used in further arithmetic processing.", "\n\nsradius=input(\"Please enter the radius of the circle \")radius=float(sradius)diameter=2*radius\n\nWe have already seen that the print\nfunction provides a very simple way to output values from a Python\nprogram. ", "print takes zero or more parameters and displays them using\na single blank as the default separator. ", "It is possible to change the\nseparator character by setting the sep argument. ", "In addition, each\nprint ends with a newline character by default. ", "This behavior can be\nchanged by setting the end argument. ", "These variations are shown in\nthe following session:\n\nIt is often useful to have more control over the look of your output.", "\nFortunately, Python provides us with an alternative called formatted\nstrings. ", "A formatted string is a template in which words or spaces\nthat will remain constant are combined with placeholders for variables\nthat will be inserted into the string. ", "For example, the statement\n\nprint(aName,\"is\",age,\"years old.\")", "\n\ncontains the words is and yearsold, but the name and the age\nwill change depending on the variable values at the time of execution.", "\nUsing a formatted string, we write the previous statement as\n\nprint(\"%s is %d years old.", "\"%(aName,age))\n\nThis simple example illustrates a new string expression. ", "The %\noperator is a string operator called the format operator. ", "The left\nside of the expression holds the template or format string, and the\nright side holds a collection of values that will be substituted into\nthe format string. ", "Note that the number of values in the collection on\nthe right side corresponds with the number of % characters in the\nformat string. ", "Values are taken—in order, left to right—from the\ncollection and inserted into the format string.", "\n\nLet’s look at both sides of this formatting expression in more detail.", "\nThe format string may contain one or more conversion specifications. ", "A\nconversion character tells the format operator what type of value is\ngoing to be inserted into that position in the string. ", "In the example\nabove, the %s specifies a string, while the %d specifies an\ninteger. ", "Other possible type specifications include i, u, f,\ne, g, c, or %. ", "Table 9 summarizes all of the\nvarious type specifications.", "\n\nTable 9: String Formatting Conversion Characters\n\nCharacter\n\nOutput Format\n\nd, i\n\nInteger\n\nu\n\nUnsigned integer\n\nf\n\nFloating point as m.ddddd\n\ne\n\nFloating point as m.ddddde+/-xx\n\nE\n\nFloating point as m.dddddE+/-xx\n\ng\n\nUse %e for exponents less than \\(-4\\) or greater than \\(+5\\), otherwise use %f\n\nc\n\nSingle character\n\ns\n\nString, or any Python data object that can be converted to a string by using the str function.", "\n\n%\n\nInsert a literal % character\n\nIn addition to the format character, you can also include a format\nmodifier between the % and the format character. ", "Format modifiers may\nbe used to left-justify or right-justifiy the value with a specified\nfield width. ", "Modifiers can also be used to specify the field width along\nwith a number of digits after the decimal point. ", "Table 10\nexplains these format modifiers\n\nTable 10: Additional formatting options\n\nModifier\n\nExample\n\nDescription\n\nnumber\n\n%20d\n\nPut the value in a field width of 20\n\n-\n\n%-20d\n\nPut the value in a field 20 characters wide, left-justified\n\n+\n\n%+20d\n\nPut the value in a field 20 characters wide, right-justified\n\n0\n\n%020d\n\nPut the value in a field 20 characters wide, fill in with leading zeros.", "\n\n.", "\n\n%20.2f\n\nPut the value in a field 20 characters wide with 2 characters to the right of the decimal point.", "\n\n(name)\n\n%(name)d\n\nGet the value from the supplied dictionary using name as the key.", "\n\nThe right side of the format operator is a collection of values that\nwill be inserted into the format string. ", "The collection will be either a\ntuple or a dictionary. ", "If the collection is a tuple, the values are\ninserted in order of position. ", "That is, the first element in the tuple\ncorresponds to the first format character in the format string. ", "If the\ncollection is a dictionary, the values are inserted according to their\nkeys. ", "In this case all format characters must use the (name)\nmodifier to specify the name of the key.", "\n\nIn addition to format strings that use format characters and format\nmodifiers, Python strings also include a format method that can be\nused in conjunction with a new Formatter class to implement complex\nstring formatting. ", "More about these features can be found in the Python\nlibrary reference manual.", "\n\nAs we noted earlier, algorithms require two important control\nstructures: iteration and selection. ", "Both of these are supported by\nPython in various forms. ", "The programmer can choose the statement that is\nmost useful for the given circumstance.", "\n\nFor iteration, Python provides a standard while statement and a very\npowerful for statement. ", "The while statement repeats a body of code\nas long as a condition is true. ", "For example,\n\nprints out the phrase “Hello, world” five times. ", "The condition on the\nwhile statement is evaluated at the start of each repetition. ", "If the\ncondition is True, the body of the statement will execute. ", "It is\neasy to see the structure of a Python while statement due to the\nmandatory indentation pattern that the language enforces.", "\n\nThe while statement is a very general purpose iterative structure\nthat we will use in a number of different algorithms. ", "In many cases, a\ncompound condition will control the iteration. ", "A fragment such as\n\nwhile counter <= 10 and not done:\n...\n\nwould cause the body of the statement to be executed only in the case\nwhere both parts of the condition are satisfied. ", "The value of the\nvariable counter would need to be less than or equal to 10 and the\nvalue of the variable done would need to be False (notFalse\nis True) so that TrueandTrue results in True.", "\n\nEven though this type of construct is very useful in a wide variety of\nsituations, another iterative structure, the for statement, can be\nused in conjunction with many of the Python collections. ", "The for\nstatement can be used to iterate over the members of a collection, so\nlong as the collection is a sequence. ", "So, for example,\n\n>>> foritemin[1,3,6,2,5]:... print(item)...13625\n\nassigns the variable item to be each successive value in the list\n[1,3,6,2,5]. ", "The body of the iteration is then executed. ", "This works for\nany collection that is a sequence (lists, tuples, and strings).", "\n\nA common use of the for statement is to implement definite iteration\nover a range of values. ", "The statement\n\n>>> foriteminrange(5):... print(item**2)...014916>>>\n\nwill perform the print function five times. ", "The range function\nwill return a range object representing the sequence 0,1,2,3,4 and each\nvalue will be assigned to the variable item. ", "This value is then\nsquared and printed.", "\n\nThe other very useful version of this iteration structure is used to\nprocess each character of a string. ", "The following code fragment iterates\nover a list of strings and for each string processes each character by\nappending it to a list. ", "The result is a list of all the letters in all\nof the words.", "\n\nProcessing Each Character in a List of Strings (intro_8)\n\nSelection statements allow programmers to ask questions and then, based\non the result, perform different actions. ", "Most programming languages\nprovide two versions of this useful construct: the ifelse and the\nif. ", "A simple example of a binary selection uses the ifelse\nstatement.", "\n\nifn<0:print(\"Sorry, value is negative\")else:print(math.sqrt(n))\n\nIn this example, the object referred to by n is checked to see if it\nis less than zero. ", "If it is, a message is printed stating that it is\nnegative. ", "If it is not, the statement performs the else clause and\ncomputes the square root.", "\n\nSelection constructs, as with any control construct, can be nested so\nthat the result of one question helps decide whether to ask the next.", "\nFor example, assume that score is a variable holding a reference to\na score for a computer science test.", "\n\nThis fragment will classify a value called score by printing the\nletter grade earned. ", "If the score is greater than or equal to 90, the\nstatement will print A. If it is not (else), the next question\nis asked. ", "If the score is greater than or equal to 80 then it must be\nbetween 80 and 89 since the answer to the first question was false. ", "In\nthis case print B is printed. ", "You can see that the Python\nindentation pattern helps to make sense of the association between\nif and else without requiring any additional syntactic elements.", "\n\nAn alternative syntax for this type of nested selection uses the\nelif keyword. ", "The else and the next if are combined so as to\neliminate the need for additional nesting levels. ", "Note that the final\nelse is still necessary to provide the default case if all other\nconditions fail.", "\n\nPython also has a single way selection construct, the if statement.", "\nWith this statement, if the condition is true, an action is performed.", "\nIn the case where the condition is false, processing simply continues on\nto the next statement after the if. ", "For example, the following\nfragment will first check to see if the value of a variable n is\nnegative. ", "If it is, then it is modified by the absolute value function.", "\nRegardless, the next action is to compute the square root.", "\n\nifn<0:n=abs(n)print(math.sqrt(n))\n\nSelf Check\n\nTest your understanding of what we have covered so far by trying the following\nexercise. ", "Modify the code from Activecode 8 so that the final list only contains\na single copy of each letter.", "\n\n(self_check_1)\n\nNo supported video types\n\nReturning to lists, there is an alternative method for creating a list\nthat uses iteration and selection constructs. ", "The is known as a list\ncomprehension. ", "A list comprehension allows you to easily create a list\nbased on some processing or selection criteria. ", "For example, if we would\nlike to create a list of the first 10 perfect squares, we could use a\nfor statement:\n\nThe variable x takes on the values 1 through 10 as specified by the\nfor construct. ", "The value of x*x is then computed and added to\nthe list that is being constructed. ", "The general syntax for a list\ncomprehension also allows a selection criteria to be added so that only\ncertain items get added. ", "For example,\n\nThis list comprehension constructed a list that only contained the\nsquares of the odd numbers in the range from 1 to 10. ", "Any sequence that\nsupports iteration can be used within a list comprehension to construct\na new list.", "\n\nThere are two types of errors that typically occur when writing\nprograms. ", "The first, known as a syntax error, simply means that the\nprogrammer has made a mistake in the structure of a statement or\nexpression. ", "For example, it is incorrect to write a for statement and\nforget the colon.", "\n\n>>> foriinrange(10)SyntaxError: invalid syntax (<pyshell#61>, line 1)\n\nIn this case, the Python interpreter has found that it cannot complete\nthe processing of this instruction since it does not conform to the\nrules of the language. ", "Syntax errors are usually more frequent when you\nare first learning a language.", "\n\nThe other type of error, known as a logic error, denotes a situation\nwhere the program executes but gives the wrong result. ", "This can be due\nto an error in the underlying algorithm or an error in your translation\nof that algorithm. ", "In some cases, logic errors lead to very bad\nsituations such as trying to divide by zero or trying to access an item\nin a list where the index of the item is outside the bounds of the list.", "\nIn this case, the logic error leads to a runtime error that causes the\nprogram to terminate. ", "These types of runtime errors are typically called\nexceptions.", "\n\nMost of the time, beginning programmers simply think of exceptions as\nfatal runtime errors that cause the end of execution. ", "However, most\nprogramming languages provide a way to deal with these errors that will\nallow the programmer to have some type of intervention if they so\nchoose. ", "In addition, programmers can create their own exceptions if they\ndetect a situation in the program execution that warrants it.", "\n\nWhen an exception occurs, we say that it has been “raised.” ", "You can\n“handle” the exception that has been raised by using a try\nstatement. ", "For example, consider the following session that asks the\nuser for an integer and then calls the square root function from the\nmath library. ", "If the user enters a value that is greater than or equal\nto 0, the print will show the square root. ", "However, if the user enters a\nnegative value, the square root function will report a ValueError\nexception.", "\n\nWe can handle this exception by calling the print function from within a\ntry block. ", "A corresponding except block “catches” the exception\nand prints a message back to the user in the event that an exception\noccurs. ", "For example:\n\nwill catch the fact that an exception is raised by sqrt and will\ninstead print the messages back to the user and use the absolute value\nto be sure that we are taking the square root of a non-negative number.", "\nThis means that the program will not terminate but instead will continue\non to the next statements.", "\n\nIt is also possible for a programmer to cause a runtime exception by\nusing the raise statement. ", "For example, instead of calling the\nsquare root function with a negative number, we could have checked the\nvalue first and then raised our own exception. ", "The code fragment below\nshows the result of creating a new RuntimeError exception. ", "Note that\nthe program would still terminate but now the exception that caused the\ntermination is something explicitly created by the programmer.", "\n\nThere are many kinds of exceptions that can be raised in addition to the\nRuntimeError shown above. ", "See the Python reference manual for a list\nof all the available exception types and for how to create your own.", "\n\nThe earlier example of procedural abstraction called upon a Python\nfunction called sqrt from the math module to compute the square\nroot. ", "In general, we can hide the details of any computation by defining\na function. ", "A function definition requires a name, a group of\nparameters, and a body. ", "It may also explicitly return a value. ", "For\nexample, the simple function defined below returns the square of the\nvalue you pass into it.", "\n\nThe syntax for this function definition includes the name, square,\nand a parenthesized list of formal parameters. ", "For this function, n\nis the only formal parameter, which suggests that square needs only\none piece of data to do its work. ", "The details, hidden “inside the box,”\nsimply compute the result of n**2 and return it. ", "We can invoke or\ncall the square function by asking the Python environment to\nevaluate it, passing an actual parameter value, in this case, 3.", "\nNote that the call to square returns an integer that can in turn be\npassed to another invocation.", "\n\nWe could implement our own square root function by using a well-known\ntechnique called “Newton’s Method.” ", "Newton’s Method for approximating\nsquare roots performs an iterative computation that converges on the\ncorrect value. ", "The equation\n\\(newguess = \\frac {1}{2} * (oldguess + \\frac {n}{oldguess})\\)\ntakes a value \\(n\\) and repeatedly guesses the square root by\nmaking each \\(newguess\\) the \\(oldguess\\) in the subsequent\niteration. ", "The initial guess used here is \\(\\frac {n}{2}\\).", "\nListing 1 shows a function definition that accepts a value\n\\(n\\) and returns the square root of \\(n\\) after making 20\nguesses. ", "Again, the details of Newton’s Method are hidden inside the\nfunction definition and the user does not have to know anything about\nthe implementation to use the function for its intended purpose.", "\nListing 1 also shows the use of the # character as a comment\nmarker. ", "Any characters that follow the # on a line are ignored.", "\n\nListing 1\n\ndefsquareroot(n):root=n/2#initial guess will be 1/2 of nforkinrange(20):root=(1/2)*(root+(n/root))returnroot\n\n>>>squareroot(9)3.0>>>squareroot(4563)67.549981495186216>>>\n\nSelf Check\n\nHere’s a self check that really covers everything so far. ", "You may have\nheard of the infinite monkey theorem? ", "The theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type a given text, such as the complete works of William Shakespeare. ", "Well, suppose we replace a monkey with a Python function. ", "How long do you think it would take for a Python function to generate just one sentence of Shakespeare? ", "The sentence we’ll shoot for is: “methinks it is like a weasel”\n\nYou’re not going to want to run this one in the browser, so fire up your favorite Python IDE. ", "The way we’ll simulate this is to write a function that generates a string that is 27 characters long by choosing random letters from the 26 letters in the alphabet plus the space. ", "We’ll write another function that will score each generated string by comparing the randomly generated string to the goal.", "\n\nA third function will repeatedly call generate and score, then if 100% of the letters are correct we are done. ", "If the letters are not correct then we will generate a whole new string.", "To make it easier to follow your program’s progress this third function should print out the best string generated so far and its score every 1000 tries.", "\n\nSelf Check Challenge\n\nSee if you can improve upon the program in the self check by keeping letters that are correct and only modifying one character in the best string so far. ", "This is a type of algorithm in the class of ‘hill climbing’ algorithms, that is we only keep the result if it is better than the previous one.", "\n\nWe stated earlier that Python is an object-oriented programming\nlanguage. ", "So far, we have used a number of built-in classes to show\nexamples of data and control structures. ", "One of the most powerful\nfeatures in an object-oriented programming language is the ability to\nallow a programmer (problem solver) to create new classes that model\ndata that is needed to solve the problem.", "\n\nRemember that we use abstract data types to provide the logical\ndescription of what a data object looks like (its state) and what it can\ndo (its methods). ", "By building a class that implements an abstract data\ntype, a programmer can take advantage of the abstraction process and at\nthe same time provide the details necessary to actually use the\nabstraction in a program. ", "Whenever we want to implement an abstract data\ntype, we will do so with a new class.", "\n\nA very common example to show the details of implementing a user-defined\nclass is to construct a class to implement the abstract data type\nFraction. ", "We have already seen that Python provides a number of\nnumeric classes for our use. ", "There are times, however, that it would be\nmost appropriate to be able to create data objects that “look like”\nfractions.", "\n\nA fraction such as \\(\\frac {3}{5}\\) consists of two parts. ", "The top\nvalue, known as the numerator, can be any integer. ", "The bottom value,\ncalled the denominator, can be any integer greater than 0 (negative\nfractions have a negative numerator). ", "Although it is possible to create\na floating point approximation for any fraction, in this case we would\nlike to represent the fraction as an exact value.", "\n\nThe operations for the Fraction type will allow a Fraction data\nobject to behave like any other numeric value. ", "We need to be able to\nadd, subtract, multiply, and divide fractions. ", "We also want to be able\nto show fractions using the standard “slash” form, for example 3/5. ", "In\naddition, all fraction methods should return results in their lowest\nterms so that no matter what computation is performed, we always end up\nwith the most common form.", "\n\nIn Python, we define a new class by providing a name and a set of method\ndefinitions that are syntactically similar to function definitions. ", "For\nthis example,\n\nclass Fraction:\n#the methods go here\n\nprovides the framework for us to define the methods. ", "The first method\nthat all classes should provide is the constructor. ", "The constructor\ndefines the way in which data objects are created. ", "To create a\nFraction object, we will need to provide two pieces of data, the\nnumerator and the denominator. ", "In Python, the constructor method is\nalways called __init__ (two underscores before and after init)\nand is shown in Listing 2.", "\n\nNotice that the formal parameter list contains three items (self,\ntop, bottom). ", "self is a special parameter that will always\nbe used as a reference back to the object itself. ", "It must always be the\nfirst formal parameter; however, it will never be given an actual\nparameter value upon invocation. ", "As described earlier, fractions require\ntwo pieces of state data, the numerator and the denominator. ", "The\nnotation self.num in the constructor defines the fraction object\nto have an internal data object called num as part of its state.", "\nLikewise, self.den creates the denominator. ", "The values of the two\nformal parameters are initially assigned to the state, allowing the new\nfraction object to know its starting value.", "\n\nTo create an instance of the Fraction class, we must invoke the\nconstructor. ", "This happens by using the name of the class and passing\nactual values for the necessary state (note that we never directly\ninvoke__init__). ", "For example,\n\nmyfraction=Fraction(3,5)\n\ncreates an object called myfraction representing the fraction\n\\(\\frac {3}{5}\\) (three-fifths). ", "Figure 5 shows this\nobject as it is now implemented.", "\n\nFigure 5: An Instance of the Fraction Class\n\nThe next thing we need to do is implement the behavior that the abstract\ndata type requires. ", "To begin, consider what happens when we try to print\na Fraction object.", "\n\nThe fraction object, myf, does not know how to respond to this\nrequest to print. ", "The print function requires that the object\nconvert itself into a string so that the string can be written to the\noutput. ", "The only choice myf has is to show the actual reference that\nis stored in the variable (the address itself). ", "This is not what we\nwant.", "\n\nThere are two ways we can solve this problem. ", "One is to define a method\ncalled show that will allow the Fraction object to print itself\nas a string. ", "We can implement this method as shown in\nListing 3. ", "If we create a Fraction object as before, we\ncan ask it to show itself, in other words, print itself in the proper\nformat. ", "Unfortunately, this does not work in general. ", "In order to make\nprinting work properly, we need to tell the Fraction class how to\nconvert itself into a string. ", "This is what the print function needs\nin order to do its job.", "\n\nIn Python, all classes have a set of standard methods that are provided\nbut may not work properly. ", "One of these, __str__, is the method to\nconvert an object into a string. ", "The default implementation for this\nmethod is to return the instance address string as we have already seen.", "\nWhat we need to do is provide a “better” implementation for this method.", "\nWe will say that this implementation overrides the previous one, or\nthat it redefines the method’s behavior.", "\n\nTo do this, we simply define a method with the name __str__ and\ngive it a new implementation as shown in Listing 4. ", "This definition\ndoes not need any other information except the special parameter\nself. ", "In turn, the method will build a string representation by\nconverting each piece of internal state data to a string and then\nplacing a / character in between the strings using string\nconcatenation. ", "The resulting string will be returned any time a\nFraction object is asked to convert itself to a string. ", "Notice the\nvarious ways that this function is used.", "\n\nWe can override many other methods for our new Fraction class. ", "Some\nof the most important of these are the basic arithmetic operations. ", "We\nwould like to be able to create two Fraction objects and then add\nthem together using the standard “+” notation. ", "At this point, if we try\nto add two fractions, we get the following:\n\nIf you look closely at the error, you see that the problem is that the\n“+” operator does not understand the Fraction operands.", "\n\nWe can fix this by providing the Fraction class with a method that\noverrides the addition method. ", "In Python, this method is called\n__add__ and it requires two parameters. ", "The first, self, is\nalways needed, and the second represents the other operand in the\nexpression. ", "For example,\n\nf1.__add__(f2)\n\nwould ask the Fraction object f1 to add the Fraction object\nf2 to itself. ", "This can be written in the standard notation,\nf1+f2.", "\n\nTwo fractions must have the same denominator to be added. ", "The easiest\nway to make sure they have the same denominator is to simply use the\nproduct of the two denominators as a common denominator so that\n\\(\\frac {a}{b} + \\frac {c}{d} = \\frac {ad}{bd} + \\frac {cb}{bd} = \\frac{ad+cb}{bd}\\)\nThe implementation is shown in Listing 5. ", "The addition\nfunction returns a new Fraction object with the numerator and\ndenominator of the sum. ", "We can use this method by writing a standard\narithmetic expression involving fractions, assigning the result of the\naddition, and then printing our result.", "\n\nThe addition method works as we desire, but one thing could be better.", "\nNote that \\(6/8\\) is the correct result\n(\\(\\frac {1}{4} + \\frac {1}{2}\\)) but that it is not in the\n“lowest terms” representation. ", "The best representation would be\n\\(3/4\\). ", "In order to be sure that our results are always in the\nlowest terms, we need a helper function that knows how to reduce\nfractions. ", "This function will need to look for the greatest common\ndivisor, or GCD. ", "We can then divide the numerator and the denominator by\nthe GCD and the result will be reduced to lowest terms.", "\n\nThe best-known algorithm for finding a greatest common divisor is\nEuclid’s Algorithm, which will be discussed in detail in Chapter 8.", "\nEuclid’s Algorithm states that the greatest common divisor of two\nintegers \\(m\\) and \\(n\\) is \\(n\\) if \\(n\\)\ndivides \\(m\\) evenly. ", "However, if \\(n\\) does not divide\n\\(m\\) evenly, then the answer is the greatest common divisor of\n\\(n\\) and the remainder of \\(m\\) divided by \\(n\\). ", "We\nwill simply provide an iterative implementation here (see\nActiveCode 11). ", "Note that this implementation of the GCD algorithm only\nworks when the denominator is positive. ", "This is acceptable for our\nfraction class because we have said that a negative fraction will be\nrepresented by a negative numerator.", "\n\nThe Greatest Common Divisor Function (gcd_cl)\n\nNow we can use this function to help reduce any fraction. ", "To put a\nfraction in lowest terms, we will divide the numerator and the\ndenominator by their greatest common divisor. ", "So, for the fraction\n\\(6/8\\), the greatest common divisor is 2. ", "Dividing the top and\nthe bottom by 2 creates a new fraction, \\(3/4\\) (see\nListing 6).", "\n\nOur Fraction object now has two very useful methods and looks\nlike Figure 6. ", "An additional group of methods that we need to\ninclude in our example Fraction class will allow two fractions to\ncompare themselves to one another. ", "Assume we have two Fraction\nobjects, f1 and f2. ", "f1==f2 will only be True if they are\nreferences to the same object. ", "Two different objects with the same\nnumerators and denominators would not be equal under this\nimplementation. ", "This is called shallow equality (see\nFigure 7).", "\n\nFigure 7: Shallow Equality Versus Deep Equality\n\nWe can create deep equality (see Figure 7)–equality by the\nsame value, not the same reference–by overriding the __eq__\nmethod. ", "The __eq__ method is another standard method available in\nany class. ", "The __eq__ method compares two objects and returns\nTrue if their values are the same, False otherwise.", "\n\nIn the Fraction class, we can implement the __eq__ method by\nagain putting the two fractions in common terms and then comparing the\nnumerators (see Listing 7). ", "It is important to note that there\nare other relational operators that can be overridden. ", "For example, the\n__le__ method provides the less than or equal functionality.", "\n\nOur final section will introduce another important aspect of\nobject-oriented programming. ", "Inheritance is the ability for one\nclass to be related to another class in much the same way that people\ncan be related to one another. ", "Children inherit characteristics from\ntheir parents. ", "Similarly, Python child classes can inherit\ncharacteristic data and behavior from a parent class. ", "These classes are\noften referred to as subclasses and superclasses.", "\n\nFigure 8 shows the built-in Python collections and their\nrelationships to one another. ", "We call a relationship structure such as\nthis an inheritance hierarchy. ", "For example, the list is a child of\nthe sequential collection. ", "In this case, we call the list the child and\nthe sequence the parent (or subclass list and superclass sequence). ", "This\nis often referred to as an IS-ARelationship (the list IS-A\nsequential collection). ", "This implies that lists inherit important\ncharacteristics from sequences, namely the ordering of the underlying\ndata and operations such as concatenation, repetition, and indexing.", "\n\nFigure 8: An Inheritance Hierarchy for Python Collections\n\nLists, tuples, and strings are all types of sequential collections. ", "They\nall inherit common data organization and operations. ", "However, each of\nthem is distinct based on whether the data is homogeneous and whether\nthe collection is immutable. ", "The children all gain from their parents\nbut distinguish themselves by adding additional characteristics.", "\n\nBy organizing classes in this hierarchical fashion, object-oriented\nprogramming languages allow previously written code to be extended to\nmeet the needs of a new situation. ", "In addition, by organizing data in\nthis hierarchical manner, we can better understand the relationships\nthat exist. ", "We can be more efficient in building our abstract\nrepresentations.", "\n\nTo explore this idea further, we will construct a simulation, an\napplication to simulate digital circuits. ", "The basic building block for\nthis simulation will be the logic gate. ", "These electronic switches\nrepresent boolean algebra relationships between their input and their\noutput. ", "In general, gates have a single output line. ", "The value of the\noutput is dependent on the values given on the input lines.", "\n\nAND gates have two input lines, each of which can be either 0 or 1\n(representing False or True, repectively). ", "If both of the input\nlines have the value 1, the resulting output is 1. ", "However, if either or\nboth of the input lines is 0, the result is 0. ", "OR gates also have two\ninput lines and produce a 1 if one or both of the input values is a 1.", "\nIn the case where both input lines are 0, the result is 0.", "\n\nNOT gates differ from the other two gates in that they only have a\nsingle input line. ", "The output value is simply the opposite of the input\nvalue. ", "If 0 appears on the input, 1 is produced on the output.", "\nSimilarly, 1 produces 0. ", "Figure 9 shows how each of these\ngates is typically represented. ", "Each gate also has a truth table of\nvalues showing the input-to-output mapping that is performed by the\ngate.", "\n\nFigure 9: Three Types of Logic Gates\n\nBy combining these gates in various patterns and then applying a set of\ninput values, we can build circuits that have logical functions.", "\nFigure 10 shows a circuit consisting of two AND gates, one OR\ngate, and a single NOT gate. ", "The output lines from the two AND gates\nfeed directly into the OR gate, and the resulting output from the OR\ngate is given to the NOT gate. ", "If we apply a set of input values to the\nfour input lines (two for each AND gate), the values are processed and a\nresult appears at the output of the NOT gate. ", "Figure 10 also\nshows an example with values.", "\n\nFigure 10: Circuit\n\nIn order to implement a circuit, we will first build a representation\nfor logic gates. ", "Logic gates are easily organized into a class\ninheritance hierarchy as shown in Figure 11. ", "At the top of the\nhierarchy, the LogicGate class represents the most general\ncharacteristics of logic gates: namely, a label for the gate and an\noutput line. ", "The next level of subclasses breaks the logic gates into\ntwo families, those that have one input line and those that have two.", "\nBelow that, the specific logic functions of each appear.", "\n\nFigure 11: An Inheritance Hierarchy for Logic Gates\n\nWe can now start to implement the classes by starting with the most\ngeneral, LogicGate. ", "As noted earlier, each gate has a label for\nidentification and a single output line. ", "In addition, we need methods to\nallow a user of a gate to ask the gate for its label.", "\n\nThe other behavior that every logic gate needs is the ability to know\nits output value. ", "This will require that the gate perform the\nappropriate logic based on the current input. ", "In order to produce\noutput, the gate needs to know specifically what that logic is. ", "This\nmeans calling a method to perform the logic computation. ", "The complete\nclass is shown in Listing 8.", "\n\nAt this point, we will not implement the performGateLogic function.", "\nThe reason for this is that we do not know how each gate will perform\nits own logic operation. ", "Those details will be included by each\nindividual gate that is added to the hierarchy. ", "This is a very powerful\nidea in object-oriented programming. ", "We are writing a method that will\nuse code that does not exist yet. ", "The parameter self is a reference\nto the actual gate object invoking the method. ", "Any new logic gate that\ngets added to the hierarchy will simply need to implement the\nperformGateLogic function and it will be used at the appropriate\ntime. ", "Once done, the gate can provide its output value. ", "This ability to\nextend a hierarchy that currently exists and provide the specific\nfunctions that the hierarchy needs to use the new class is extremely\nimportant for reusing existing code.", "\n\nWe categorized the logic gates based on the number of input lines. ", "The\nAND gate has two input lines. ", "The OR gate also has two input lines. ", "NOT\ngates have one input line. ", "The BinaryGate class will be a subclass\nof LogicGate and will add two input lines. ", "The UnaryGate class\nwill also subclass LogicGate but will have only a single input line.", "\nIn computer circuit design, these lines are sometimes called “pins” so\nwe will use that terminology in our implementation.", "\n\nListing 9 and Listing 10 implement these two\nclasses. ", "The constructors in both of these classes start with an\nexplicit call to the constructor of the parent class using the super\nfunction. ", "When creating an instance of the BinaryGate class, we\nfirst want to initialize any data items that are inherited from\nLogicGate. ", "In this case, that means the label for the gate. ", "The\nconstructor then goes on to add the two input lines (pinA and\npinB). ", "This is a very common pattern that you should always use when\nbuilding class hierarchies. ", "Child class constructors need to call parent\nclass constructors and then move on to their own distinguishing data.", "\n\nThe only behavior that the BinaryGate class adds is the ability to\nget the values from the two input lines. ", "Since these values come from\nsome external place, we will simply ask the user via an input statement\nto provide them. ", "The same implementation occurs for the UnaryGate\nclass except that there is only one input line.", "\n\nNow that we have a general class for gates depending on the number of\ninput lines, we can build specific gates that have unique behavior. ", "For\nexample, the AndGate class will be a subclass of BinaryGate\nsince AND gates have two input lines. ", "As before, the first line of the\nconstructor calls upon the parent class constructor (BinaryGate),\nwhich in turn calls its parent class constructor (LogicGate). ", "Note\nthat the AndGate class does not provide any new data since it\ninherits two input lines, one output line, and a label.", "\n\nThe only thing AndGate needs to add is the specific behavior that\nperforms the boolean operation that was described earlier. ", "This is the\nplace where we can provide the performGateLogic method. ", "For an AND\ngate, this method first must get the two input values and then only\nreturn 1 if both input values are 1. ", "The complete class is shown in\nListing 11.", "\n\nWe can show the AndGate class in action by creating an instance and\nasking it to compute its output. ", "The following session shows an\nAndGate object, g1, that has an internal label \"G1\". ", "When we\ninvoke the getOutput method, the object must first call its\nperformGateLogic method which in turn queries the two input lines.", "\nOnce the values are provided, the correct output is shown.", "\n\nThe same development can be done for OR gates and NOT gates. ", "The\nOrGate class will also be a subclass of BinaryGate and the\nNotGate class will extend the UnaryGate class. ", "Both of these\nclasses will need to provide their own performGateLogic functions,\nas this is their specific behavior.", "\n\nWe can use a single gate by first constructing an instance of one of the\ngate classes and then asking the gate for its output (which will in turn\nneed inputs to be provided). ", "For example:\n\nNow that we have the basic gates working, we can turn our attention to\nbuilding circuits. ", "In order to create a circuit, we need to connect\ngates together, the output of one flowing into the input of another. ", "To\ndo this, we will implement a new class called Connector.", "\n\nThe Connector class will not reside in the gate hierarchy. ", "It will,\nhowever, use the gate hierarchy in that each connector will have two\ngates, one on either end (see Figure 12). ", "This relationship is\nvery important in object-oriented programming. ", "It is called the HAS-A\nRelationship. ", "Recall earlier that we used the phrase “IS-A\nRelationship” to say that a child class is related to a parent class,\nfor example UnaryGate IS-A LogicGate.", "\n\nFigure 12: A Connector Connects the Output of One Gate to the Input of Another\n\nNow, with the Connector class, we say that a Connector HAS-A\nLogicGate meaning that connectors will have instances of the\nLogicGate class within them but are not part of the hierarchy. ", "When\ndesigning classes, it is very important to distinguish between those\nthat have the IS-A relationship (which requires inheritance) and those\nthat have HAS-A relationships (with no inheritance).", "\n\nListing 12 shows the Connector class. ", "The two gate\ninstances within each connector object will be referred to as the\nfromgate and the togate, recognizing that data values will\n“flow” from the output of one gate into an input line of the next. ", "The\ncall to setNextPin is very important for making connections (see\nListing 13). ", "We need to add this method to our gate classes so\nthat each togate can choose the proper input line for the\nconnection.", "\n\nIn the BinaryGate class, for gates with two possible input lines,\nthe connector must be connected to only one line. ", "If both of them are\navailable, we will choose pinA by default. ", "If pinA is already\nconnected, then we will choose pinB. It is not possible to connect\nto a gate with no available input lines.", "\n\nNow it is possible to get input from two places: externally, as before,\nand from the output of a gate that is connected to that input line. ", "This\nrequires a change to the getPinA and getPinB methods (see\nListing 14). ", "If the input line is not connected to anything\n(None), then ask the user externally as before. ", "However, if there is\na connection, the connection is accessed and fromgate’s output value\nis retrieved. ", "This in turn causes that gate to process its logic. ", "This\ncontinues until all input is available and the final output value\nbecomes the required input for the gate in question. ", "In a sense, the\ncircuit works backwards to find the input necessary to finally produce\noutput.", "\n\nThe outputs from the two AND gates (g1 and g2) are connected to\nthe OR gate (g3) and that output is connected to the NOT gate\n(g4). ", "The output from the NOT gate is the output of the entire\ncircuit. ", "For example:\n\nCreate a two new gate classes, one called NorGate the other called NandGate. ", "NandGates work like AndGates that have a Not attached to the output. ", "NorGates work lake OrGates that have a Not attached to the output.", "\n\nCreate a series of gates that prove the following equality NOT (( A and B) or (C and D)) is that same as NOT( A and B ) and NOT (C and D). ", "Make sure to use some of your new gates in the simulation.", "\n\nImplement the simple methods getNum and getDen that will\nreturn the numerator and denominator of a fraction.", "\n\nIn many ways it would be better if all fractions were maintained in\nlowest terms right from the start. ", "Modify the constructor for the\nFraction class so that GCD is used to reduce fractions\nimmediately. ", "Notice that this means the __add__ function no\nlonger needs to reduce. ", "Make the necessary modifications.", "\n\nModify the constructor for the fraction class so that it checks to\nmake sure that the numerator and denominator are both integers. ", "If\neither is not an integer the constructor should raise an exception.", "\n\nIn the definition of fractions we assumed that negative fractions\nhave a negative numerator and a positive denominator. ", "Using a\nnegative denominator would cause some of the relational operators to\ngive incorrect results. ", "In general, this is an unnecessary\nconstraint. ", "Modify the constructor to allow the user to pass a\nnegative denominator so that all of the operators continue to work\nproperly.", "\n\nResearch the __radd__ method. ", "How does it differ from\n__add__? ", "When is it used? ", "Implement __radd__.", "\n\nRepeat the last question but this time consider the __iadd__\nmethod.", "\n\nResearch the __repr__ method. ", "How does it differ from\n__str__? ", "When is it used? ", "Implement __repr__.", "\n\nResearch other types of gates that exist (such as NAND, NOR, and\nXOR). ", "Add them to the circuit hierarchy. ", "How much additional coding\ndid you need to do?", "\n\nThe most simple arithmetic circuit is known as the half-adder.", "\nResearch the simple half-adder circuit. ", "Implement this circuit.", "\n\nNow extend that circuit and implement an 8 bit full-adder.", "\n\nThe circuit simulation shown in this chapter works in a backward\ndirection. ", "In other words, given a circuit, the output is produced by\nworking back through the input values, which in turn cause other\noutputs to be queried. ", "This continues until external input lines are\nfound, at which point the user is asked for values. ", "Modify the\nimplementation so that the action is in the forward direction; upon\nreceiving inputs the circuit produces an output.", "\n\nDesign a class to represent a playing card. ", "Now design a class to\nrepresent a deck of cards. ", "Using these two classes, implement a\nfavorite card game.", "\n\nFind a Sudoku puzzle in the local newspaper. ", "Write a program to solve\nthe puzzle." ]

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[ "627 F.2d 1093\nU. S.v.", "Lombardi\n79-1253\nUNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Sixth Circuit\n8/15/80\n\n1\nE.D.Mich.", "\n\nAFFIRMED\n" ]

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[ "The determinants of exclusive breast feeding in urban slums: a community based study.", "\nThe actual rate of Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) (up to the age of 6 months) is dismally low in urban slums of India. ", "The reasons and determinants of this are debatable. ", "The study was planned to understand the determinants of EBF in the infants in urban slums. ", "A community-based cross sectional study was done in urban slums of Gwalior, India. ", "The data were collected by interviewing the caregivers of 279 infants aged between 6 and 11 months from November 2005 to July 2006. ", "Only 11 (3.8%) mothers knew that EBF should be done till six months and 22 (7.8%) actually practiced EBF. ", "A total of 178 (63.8%) and 212 (76.0%) newborns were given pre- and post-lacteal feeds with 26.2% discarding colostrum. ", "Only 22 (7.8%) practiced EBF. ", "The early breastfeeding (BF) initiation, Ante Natal Clinic (ANC) visits, mothers' education and immunization visits were significantly associated with higher probability of EBF. ", "There were a number of myths and misconceptions about BF in this urban slum population. ", "The correct information about BF was more common amongst the women who had frequent contacts with health facilities due to any reason or during ANC or immunization visit. ", "Similarly, it is the continuum of good health and feeding practices and the mothers who start early BF or get their child immunized regularly are more likely to EBF their children. ", "Considering the widely prevalent myths and low rate of utilization of health services along with high potential benefits of EBF, every opportunity of mothers' interaction with the health facility should be utilized for promoting correct and EBF practices." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nEF6: How to generate a unique number automatically based on entity Id\n\nConsider an entity like this:\n public class Document\n {\n\n public int Id { get; set; }\n\n public long code { get; set; }\n\n // Rest of Props\n\n }\n\nWhat I need is to generate a unique long code, and I prefer to generate it based on Id.\nOne simple classic but unsafe solution is to get the last Id and increase it by one and use, but I'm looking for a better solution, such as computed column, or any other way to assign code generation to database.", "\n\nI cannot access to Id if I try define it as a compute column.", "\nMarking it as Identity is not possible, because Id is already an\nIdentity column.", "\nCreating a method to Get the last Id is not safe and clean.", "\n\nBy now I'm trying to do former classic solution with the help of transactions to make it safe.", "\nAny better suggestion?", "\n\nA:\n\nA workaround to the limitation of a single identity field per table would simply be to normalise the Documents table into a further table containing the code field and any related fields.", "\nIn order to get the base value (based on date) for the code identity field could simply be seeded with the lowest desired value. ", "Don't know the underlying RDMS, but for MySQL it would be along the lines of http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/example-auto-increment.html \nSo, something like\nDocuments 1-1 DocumentCodes\n\nwhere:\nDocumentCodes\n-------------\ncode : identity (seeded to desired base value)\ndocumentId : int FK UNIQUE \n\nA further alternative to allow the code field to be generated separately (including before) the actual Document entity would be as follows:\nDocumentCodes\n-------------\ncode : identity PK\n\nDocuments\n---------\nid : identity\ncode : id FK \n\nThe actual code field could be seeded to the required base number, or used as part of a computed property as per my other answer.", "\n\nCreate an entity in the DocumentCodes table and get the generated code\nCreate a computed code for the end user based on the generated code and a number generated from the date\nCreate the Document entity, passing in the generated code\n\nTo search for a Document based on code:\n\nStrip the date part off the computed code\nSearch in the Document table on code\n\n" ]

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[ "It's here that scientists believe it all began: Guangdong province,\nstraddling the Pearl River delta of southern China, a major manufacturing and\nexport region. ", "Hordes of people and goods pass through the teeming hubs of the\ncapital Guangzhou, and nearby Hong Kong.", "\n\nIn the textile town of Foshan, like many in the 80 million-strong\nprovince, agricultural and industrial China live side by side. ", "Villagers practise\ntraditional and efficient farming techniques; but these same techniques also make\nthe area a disease factory for the world.", "\n\nPigs, ducks, chickens and fish are farmed together, providing\nideal opportunities for new and deadly strains of viruses and bacteria to emerge\nand jump between species. ", "Here, when a pig sneezes … the world catches a cold.", "\n\nIn November 2002, a mysterious new respiratory illness began to\nsweep through Guangdong. ", "The first recorded infection, thought to be a Chinese public servant\nin Foshan, eventually recovered - but not before passing the illness to at least\nfour others.", "\n\nSix months later, nearly 2,800 people are infected in 19 countries\nacross Europe, Asia and North America. ", "More than 100 have died, mostly in China.", "\n\nInitially, Chinese officials suppressed news of the outbreak to\nprevent panic. ", "By February 2003, with more than 300 cases in Guangdong of the\natypical pneumonia - now known as SARS, or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome -\nit was not long before the ailment would reach Hong Kong.", "\n\nWhen a doctor from Guangzhou - who had treated patients with SARS\n- visited Hong Kong for a wedding, he checked in to the Metropole Hotel. ", "Shortly\nafter, nine people staying on the same floor ended up in Hong Kong hospitals.", "\n\n\"He actually knew what he got,\" said Dr Kenneth Tsang, associate\nprofessor of medicine at the University\nof Hong Kong and the clinician who treated the sick man.", "\n\n\"He was working in a hospital in southern China which had a lot\nof cases similar to what he finally presented with. ", "We had some Guangdong news\nthat there was an outbreak of very severe, highly contagious and rapidly progressive\npneumonia over there, so we realised the first case had arrived.\"", "\n\n\"He was given very aggressive antibiotic therapy, which he did not respond to. ", "We found no pathogens,\nand he went on a downward spiral course. ", "Unfortunately he did not survive,\" Tsang\ntold ABC Radio National.", "\n\nMost of the first people to become ill in Hong Kong had contact\nwith hospital employees or patients. \"", "Hundreds of people [were] affected by one\nsingle index case, which was given a nebuliser treatment during his fever,\" Tsang\nsaid. \"", "Every patient on the same ward, including the visitors and the doctors,\nwho looked after him, or walked past, developed the disease.\"", "\n\nThe other Metropole guests - now unknowingly infected\n- fanned out to Singapore, Vietnam and Canada, becoming 'index patients'\nfor new outbreaks. ", "Dr Carlo Urbani, an Italian epidemiologist who\nheaded the World\nHealth Organisation's Vietnam office, was called to the French\nHospital in Hanoi on 26 February 2003, to see a visiting Chinese-American\nbusinessman hospitalised with a strange pneumonia-like illness.", "\nWithin a week, more than 20 hospital staff were infected.", "\n\n\"[Urbani] recognised the risk of what he was doing, he knew it\nwas something new, and he knew it was an infectious disease,\" said Professor Aileen\nPlant, a specialist in communicable diseases from Curtin\nUniversity of Technology in Perth, Australia. \"", "He was asking and pleading\nwith people to use very good infection control procedures at that time.\"", "\n\nUrbani, who identified and named the disease Severe\nAcute Respiratory Syndrome, alerted the world. ", "But soon after,\non 29 March 2003, he died, himself a victim. ", "Since his death, Plant\nhas taken his place, coordinating the World Health Organisation\n(WHO) Expert Team for SARS in Vietnam, working from Hanoi.", "\n\n\"When I look back and think about what he knew and how he just\ncontinued doing it, it's the sort of courage that we'd all hoped to have, but\nnone of us were sure that we would have in those circumstances … Carlo's contribution\nwas enormous,\" she told ABC Radio National.", "\n\nOn 12 March 2003, WHO issued a global alert about the outbreak\nof a new and severe form of atypical pneumonia. ", "By then a mother and her son,\nrecently arrived from Hong Kong, had already died in Canada's biggest city, Toronto.", "\nWithin three weeks, seven other Canadians were dead, and more than 40 infected.", "\n\nWith more than 150 cases by mid-March, WHO issued emergency guidelines\nfor travellers and airlines. \"", "This syndrome is now a worldwide health threat,\"\nsaid Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland, WHO's director general. \"", "The world needs to work\ntogether to find its cause, cure the sick, and stop its spread.\"", "\n\nFour months after suppressing information about the first cases\nin Guangdong, the Chinese government admitted there were actually double the number\nof cases previously stated - more than 1,200 - and five times the reported deaths\n(more than 50). ", "Beijing authorities apologised for 'poor coordination', agreeing\nto cooperate with the WHO and create a disease warning system for better public\ninformation.", "\n\nMore than 880 cases have arisen in Hong Kong, largely as the infection\nwas transmitted from patients to nurses and doctors, and then from these health\nworkers to their families, and most recently as the infection has reached schools.", "\n\nAn outbreak among residents in the 33-floor Amoy Gardens apartments\n- thought to have been brought there by relatives visiting infected patients -\ncaused 268 cases, including people who had never met, seeming to follow a vertical\npattern. ", "Scientists are still investigating this branch of the outbreak, trying\nto establish if the virus - perhaps present in human faeces - was spread by vermin\nor by leaking sewage along a vertical shaft in the building.", "\n\nThe rise of SARS has been also been spurred by a handful of 'super-spreaders':\npeople with a very high viral load who infected many others. ", "The woman who carried\nSARS from Hong to Canada, for example, is believed to have infected as many as\n155 people.", "\n\nSuch a disease should be controllable by aggressive quarantine\nmeasures, as the outbreak is ignited by a few individuals. ", "As the outbreak radiates\nfurther from its source, the pathogen's ability to infect - its virulence - usually\nweakens, something that also seems to be happening with SARS. ", "This is an evolutionary\ntrade-off between transmissibility and virulence: a virus that is too deadly will\nburn itself out as it kills its hosts before it can be transmitted.", "\n\nMild cases also act like a natural vaccine, infecting people who\ngo on to recover and then have a resistance to future infection. ", "This suggests that the strongest immunities may be found in the people living\nclosest to the source of the outbreak: in this case, the Guangdong province.", "\n\nAlthough emerging diseases such as SARS erupt suddenly and without\nwarning, new infections rarely appear without reason. ", "A number of unanswered questions\nremain about SARS - its origin (likely to be animal, either domesticated or wild,\nfrom Guangdong); the identity and nature of the pathogen (a new paramyxovirus,\na new coronavirus, or a mixture); its mode of transmission (droplets, contact,\nairborne, or faecal); as well as effective treatments and mechanisms for immunity.", "\n\nDr Stephen Morse, director of the Centre for Public Health Preparedness\nat Columbia University in\nNew York, believes that infectious diseases emerge in two basic steps: first,\nthe infectious agent is introduced into a new host population. ", "The second is the\n'adoption step', where the agent becomes established and is spread within the\nnew host population.", "\n\nWith its high traffic in people - and microbes - from all parts\nof China, Guangdong province is an important pool from which animal viruses that\ninfects humans can emerge. ", "Many viruses show a high mutation rate, and can rapidly\nevolve new strains. ", "This 'antigenic drift' creates annual or seasonal epidemics\naround the world.", "\n\nMost severe pandemics are caused by 'antigenic shift', when gene\nsegments from two virus strains are recombined to produce a new virus that can\ninfect humans. ", "Pandemic influenza, for example, appears to have an agricultural\norigin - traditional farming practises that bring ducks, pigs and chickens into\nclose contact. ", "Ducks are reservoirs for the flu virus, and pigs serve as excellent\n'mixers' that lead to a new strain.", "\n\n\"Most of [the waterfowl viruses] don't seem able, for one reason\nor another, to infect human beings, but they may be capable of infecting pigs,\"\nMorse told ABC Radio National. \"", "Pigs might be mixing vessels for new influenza\nstrains … perhaps a new combination could occur.\"", "\n\n\"Then of course the human farmer is right there and could conceivably,\nwhen the pig sneezes or coughs, become infected with a new influenza strain -\nand a new pandemic may be under way. ", "Luckily a combination that hits the jackpot\ndoesn't happen that often,\" Morse said.", "\n\nA special one-hour report on the SARS outbreak was\naired by ABC Radio National on 7 April 2003. ", "It was a jointly produced\nby The\nHealth Report and the Breakfast\nprogram. ", "You can listen to the special online by clicking on to the program sites." ]

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[ "Increasing the minimum wage does not lead to the short- or long-term loss of low-paying jobs, according to a new study co-authored by University of California, Berkeley, economics professor Michael Reich and published in the November issue of the journal The Review of Economics and Statistics.", "\n\nThe study resolves the often conflicting research on the minimum wage in the United States and may provide guidance in future policy debates on the topic, said Reich, who is also the director of UC Berkeley’s Institute for Research on Labor and Employment.", "\n\nWhile the study focused on restaurant workers, he and his research colleagues reported evidence that their findings apply to workers in other low-wage industries as well.", "\n\n“This is one of the best and most convincing minimum wage papers in recent years,” said Lawrence Katz, an economics professor at Harvard University and a specialist in labor economics.", "\n\nMuch economic policy discussion today is more focused on a general lack of jobs rather than on inadequate pay, said Reich, but that doesn’t negate the need for adequate or “living'” wages.", "\n\nAlthough increasing the minimum wage can stimulate the economy by putting more money in the pockets of those most likely to spend it on necessities, he said, suggestions to raise minimum wages typically trigger fears. ", "These fears center around the idea that raising the minimum wage would force many employers to reduce job offerings to meet a more expensive payroll, or that a “tipping point” where the minimum wage becomes too high has already been reached.", "\n\nReich noted that the federal minimum wage was first adopted as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, in the midst of the devastating Great Depression. ", "More than 87 years later, the federal minimum wage of $7.25 an hour provides a full-time worker an annual salary of approximately $14,500 a year. ", "Over 32 states plus the District of Columbia have had minimum wages higher than the federal level. ", "Washington state’s is the highest at $8.55 per hour, and San Francisco has a citywide minimum wage that is about to increase to $9.92 per hour.", "\n\n“It seems likely that we will have a number of state minimum wage campaigns next year, with more in 2012,” Reich said. “", "Bill Clinton was able to get a Republican House of Representatives to pass a federal increase in 1996 – that could happen again.”", "\n\nReich’s co-authors included Arindrajit Dube, an assistant economics professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and a research associate at Amherst’s Political Economy Research Institute, and T. William Lester of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, an assistant professor at UC Berkeley’s City and Regional Planning specializing in economic development. ", "They said their findings indicate that an entire generation of previous minimum wage studies that found negative effects on jobs is fundamentally flawed.", "\n\nThe two sets of minimum wage studies cited most often in debates about raising the minimum wage reach different conclusions. ", "One group of researchers relied on local case studies and the other on national level data and state variation over time.", "\n\nThe main problems, said the authors of the new study, are that the case study research could not be generalized to other areas and covered very short time periods, while the other research approach failed to account for critical differences in employment growth between minimum wage and non-minimum wage states that are unrelated to the minimum wage.", "\n\n“Our reading of the literature suggests that this difference in methods may account for much of the difference in results,” the researchers wrote.", "\n\nFor example, they said in the article, both minimum wages and overall employment growth vary substantially over time and location, as seen in the South, where the economy has been growing faster than it has in the rest of the country for reasons unrelated to the South’s lack of state-based minimum wages.", "\n\nThe article noted that 17 states and the District of Columbia had a minimum wage higher than the federal level in 2005 and consistently lower job growth than the rest of the country from 1991 to 1996. ", "However, those 17 states and states on the other end of the minimum wage spectrum experienced almost identical job growth between 1996 and 2006.", "\n\nFor their paper, “Minimum Wage Effects Across State Borders: Estimates Using Contiguous Counties,” Reich, Dube and Lester built upon the earlier studies, pulling together local and national level data covering 16 years.", "\n\nThey crunched data from across the country on county pairs that straddle state borders and have a minimum wage differential, examining differences between the pairs in terms of the number of jobs and pay for workers in restaurants, retail, accommodation and food services.", "\n\nThe researchers used data supplied by the Quarterly Census of Employment for 66 quarters from 1990 to 2006. ", "They merged this data with information on the local, state and federal minimum wage in effect during each quarter.", "\n\nAbout 33 percent of restaurant workers across the country are paid no more than 10 percent above the minimum wage. ", "Restaurant and retail workers together account for almost half of all employees in the United States who are paid within 10 percent of the federal or state minimum wage.", "\n\nThe new study is available online." ]

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[ "We offer a wide variety of entertainers and shows suitable for any type of party. ", "We are experienced event planners, and will work with you to find the perfect entertainment for all of your guests.", "\n\nSocial Media\n\nProfile\n\nWe have over 30 years of experience providing memorable entertainment for a variety of events. ", "We understand how important your function is, and we work closely with you to coordinate an entertainment package that is suited to your needs and budget.", "\n\nIf you are planning a children's party, we have options that are sure to please, including live animal shows, magicians, clowns, jugglers, and puppet shows. ", "We can also provide face painters, caricature artists, and temporary tattoos. ", "We offer an educational and exciting dinosaur and fossil hunt, or will set up a petting zoo and pony rides. ", "We have bubble parties, Lego games, trackless trains, and costumed characters to make your child's party a very memorable celebration. ", "Our entertainers are also a big hit at corporate picnics, church events, school carnivals, and community festivals.", "\n\nWe've got a great selection of musical acts. ", "Whether you're looking for a lively DJ to get your guests dancing or a live band for a romantic wedding reception, we have just what you're looking for.", "\n\nHosting a specialty themed or holiday party? ", "We even have Victorian carolers and Barbershop quartets in great costumes, and amazing fortune tellers and hypnotists that are perfect for Halloween.", "\n\nWe also have a vast selection of entertainers for adult events such as anniversary parties, birthdays, fundraisers, and reunions. ", "We offer a comprehensive murder mystery party, extreme stunt performers, acrobats, and Polynesian dancers.", "\n\nIn addition to our extensive entertainment options, we offer full party planning services. ", "We can provide carnival games, inflatable amusements, and catering choices such as food carts and concession stands. ", "If you're hosting a themed event such as a luau, we'll put together a package complete with specialized menu and authentic fire dancers. ", "If you're planning a Western themed event, we can bring some experienced line dance instructors to get everyone on the dance floor. ", "Please visit our website for a complete listing of our entertainment packages. ", "If you don't see what you're looking for, we'll work with you to create it just for your occasion.", "\n\nWe look forward to making your next gathering a memorable and exciting experience for you and your guests." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to convert Unix time to RFC-822 date-time using PHP\n\nI have a unix timestamp like this one: 1323668326.", "\nI want to convert it to RFC-822 date-time, so I can use it in rss feed\nI am new to PHP, so I would really appreciate the help.", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is a predefined constant you can make use :-\ndate(DATE_RFC822, 1323668326);\n\n" ]

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[ "\"\"\"\nWrapper functions to more user-friendly calling of certain math functions\nwhose output data-type is different than the input data-type in certain\ndomains of the input.", "\n\nFor example, for functions like `log` with branch cuts, the versions in this\nmodule provide the mathematically valid answers in the complex plane::\n\n >>> import math\n >>> from numpy.lib import scimath\n >>> scimath.log(-math.exp(1)) == (1+1j*math.pi)\n True\n\nSimilarly, `sqrt`, other base logarithms, `power` and trig functions are\ncorrectly handled. ", " See their respective docstrings for specific examples.", "\n\n\"\"\"\nfrom __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function\n\nimport numpy.core.numeric as nx\nimport numpy.core.numerictypes as nt\nfrom numpy.core.numeric import asarray, any\nfrom numpy.lib.type_check import isreal\n\n\n__all__ = [\n 'sqrt', 'log', 'log2', 'logn', 'log10', 'power', 'arccos', 'arcsin',\n 'arctanh'\n ]\n\n\n_ln2 = nx.log(2.0)\n\n\ndef _tocomplex(arr):\n \"\"\"Convert its input `arr` to a complex array.", "\n\n The input is returned as a complex array of the smallest type that will fit\n the original data: types like single, byte, short, etc. ", "become csingle,\n while others become cdouble.", "\n\n A copy of the input is always made.", "\n\n Parameters\n ----------\n arr : array\n\n Returns\n -------\n array\n An array with the same input data as the input but in complex form.", "\n\n Examples\n --------\n\n First, consider an input of type short:\n\n >>> a = np.array([1,2,3],np.short)\n\n >>> ac = np.lib.scimath._tocomplex(a); ac\n array([ 1.+0.j, 2.+0.j, 3.+0.j], dtype=complex64)\n\n >>> ac.dtype\n dtype('complex64')\n\n If the input is of type double, the output is correspondingly of the\n complex double type as well:\n\n >>> b = np.array([1,2,3],np.double)\n\n >>> bc = np.lib.scimath._tocomplex(b); bc\n array([ 1.+0.j, 2.+0.j, 3.+0.j])\n\n >>> bc.dtype\n dtype('complex128')\n\n Note that even if the input was complex to begin with, a copy is still\n made, since the astype() method always copies:\n\n >>> c = np.array([1,2,3],np.csingle)\n\n >>> cc = np.lib.scimath._tocomplex(c); cc\n array([ 1.+0.j, 2.+0.j, 3.+0.j], dtype=complex64)\n\n >>> c *= 2; c\n array([ 2.+0.j, 4.+0.j, 6.+0.j], dtype=complex64)\n\n >>> cc\n array([ 1.+0.j, 2.+0.j, 3.+0.j], dtype=complex64)\n \"\"\"\n if issubclass(arr.dtype.type, (nt.single, nt.byte, nt.short, nt.ubyte,\n nt.ushort, nt.csingle)):\n return arr.astype(nt.csingle)\n else:\n return arr.astype(nt.cdouble)\n\ndef _fix_real_lt_zero(x):\n \"\"\"Convert `x` to complex if it has real, negative components.", "\n\n Otherwise, output is just the array version of the input (via asarray).", "\n\n Parameters\n ----------\n x : array_like\n\n Returns\n -------\n array\n\n Examples\n --------\n >>> np.lib.scimath._fix_real_lt_zero([1,2])\n array([1, 2])\n\n >>> np.lib.scimath._fix_real_lt_zero([-1,2])\n array([-1.+0.j, 2.+0.j])\n\n \"\"\"\n x = asarray(x)\n if any(isreal(x) & (x < 0)):\n x = _tocomplex(x)\n return x\n\ndef _fix_int_lt_zero(x):\n \"\"\"Convert `x` to double if it has real, negative components.", "\n\n Otherwise, output is just the array version of the input (via asarray).", "\n\n Parameters\n ----------\n x : array_like\n\n Returns\n -------\n array\n\n Examples\n --------\n >>> np.lib.scimath._fix_int_lt_zero([1,2])\n array([1, 2])\n\n >>> np.lib.scimath._fix_int_lt_zero([-1,2])\n array([-1., ", " 2.])", "\n \"\"\"\n x = asarray(x)\n if any(isreal(x) & (x < 0)):\n x = x * 1.0\n return x\n\ndef _fix_real_abs_gt_1(x):\n \"\"\"Convert `x` to complex if it has real components x_i with abs(x_i)>1.", "\n\n Otherwise, output is just the array version of the input (via asarray).", "\n\n Parameters\n ----------\n x : array_like\n\n Returns\n -------\n array\n\n Examples\n --------\n >>> np.lib.scimath._fix_real_abs_gt_1([0,1])\n array([0, 1])\n\n >>> np.lib.scimath._fix_real_abs_gt_1([0,2])\n array([ 0.+0.j, 2.+0.j])\n \"\"\"\n x = asarray(x)\n if any(isreal(x) & (abs(x) > 1)):\n x = _tocomplex(x)\n return x\n\ndef sqrt(x):\n \"\"\"\n Compute the square root of x.\n\n For negative input elements, a complex value is returned\n (unlike `numpy.sqrt` which returns NaN).", "\n\n Parameters\n ----------\n x : array_like\n The input value(s).", "\n\n Returns\n -------\n out : ndarray or scalar\n The square root of `x`. ", "If `x` was a scalar, so is `out`,\n otherwise an array is returned.", "\n\n See Also\n --------\n numpy.sqrt\n\n Examples\n --------\n For real, non-negative inputs this works just like `numpy.sqrt`:\n\n >>> np.lib.scimath.sqrt(1)\n 1.0\n >>> np.lib.scimath.sqrt([1, 4])\n array([ 1., ", " 2.])", "\n\n But it automatically handles negative inputs:\n\n >>> np.lib.scimath.sqrt(-1)\n (0.0+1.0j)\n >>> np.lib.scimath.sqrt([-1,4])\n array([ 0.+1.j, 2.+0.j])\n\n \"\"\"\n x = _fix_real_lt_zero(x)\n return nx.sqrt(x)\n\ndef log(x):\n \"\"\"\n Compute the natural logarithm of `x`.", "\n\n Return the \"principal value\" (for a description of this, see `numpy.log`)\n of :math:`log_e(x)`. ", "For real `x > 0`, this is a real number (``log(0)``\n returns ``-inf`` and ``log(np.inf)`` returns ``inf``). ", "Otherwise, the\n complex principle value is returned.", "\n\n Parameters\n ----------\n x : array_like\n The value(s) whose log is (are) required.", "\n\n Returns\n -------\n out : ndarray or scalar\n The log of the `x` value(s). ", "If `x` was a scalar, so is `out`,\n otherwise an array is returned.", "\n\n See Also\n --------\n numpy.log\n\n Notes\n -----\n For a log() that returns ``NAN`` when real `x < 0`, use `numpy.log`\n (note, however, that otherwise `numpy.log` and this `log` are identical,\n i.e., both return ``-inf`` for `x = 0`, ``inf`` for `x = inf`, and,\n notably, the complex principle value if ``x.imag !", "= 0``).", "\n\n Examples\n --------\n >>> np.emath.log(np.exp(1))\n 1.0\n\n Negative arguments are handled \"correctly\" (recall that\n ``exp(log(x)) == x`` does *not* hold for real ``x < 0``):\n\n >>> np.emath.log(-np.exp(1)) == (1 + np.pi * 1j)\n True\n\n \"\"\"\n x = _fix_real_lt_zero(x)\n return nx.log(x)\n\ndef log10(x):\n \"\"\"\n Compute the logarithm base 10 of `x`.", "\n\n Return the \"principal value\" (for a description of this, see\n `numpy.log10`) of :math:`log_{10}(x)`. ", "For real `x > 0`, this\n is a real number (``log10(0)`` returns ``-inf`` and ``log10(np.inf)``\n returns ``inf``). ", "Otherwise, the complex principle value is returned.", "\n\n Parameters\n ----------\n x : array_like or scalar\n The value(s) whose log base 10 is (are) required.", "\n\n Returns\n -------\n out : ndarray or scalar\n The log base 10 of the `x` value(s). ", "If `x` was a scalar, so is `out`,\n otherwise an array object is returned.", "\n\n See Also\n --------\n numpy.log10\n\n Notes\n -----\n For a log10() that returns ``NAN`` when real `x < 0`, use `numpy.log10`\n (note, however, that otherwise `numpy.log10` and this `log10` are\n identical, i.e., both return ``-inf`` for `x = 0`, ``inf`` for `x = inf`,\n and, notably, the complex principle value if ``x.imag !", "= 0``).", "\n\n Examples\n --------\n\n (We set the printing precision so the example can be auto-tested)\n\n >>> np.set_printoptions(precision=4)\n\n >>> np.emath.log10(10**1)\n 1.0\n\n >>> np.emath.log10([-10**1, -10**2, 10**2])\n array([ 1.+1.3644j, 2.+1.3644j, 2.+0.j ])\n\n \"\"\"\n x = _fix_real_lt_zero(x)\n return nx.log10(x)\n\ndef logn(n, x):\n \"\"\"\n Take log base n of x.\n\n If `x` contains negative inputs, the answer is computed and returned in the\n complex domain.", "\n\n Parameters\n ----------\n n : int\n The base in which the log is taken.", "\n x : array_like\n The value(s) whose log base `n` is (are) required.", "\n\n Returns\n -------\n out : ndarray or scalar\n The log base `n` of the `x` value(s). ", "If `x` was a scalar, so is\n `out`, otherwise an array is returned.", "\n\n Examples\n --------\n >>> np.set_printoptions(precision=4)\n\n >>> np.lib.scimath.logn(2, [4, 8])\n array([ 2., ", " 3.])", "\n >>> np.lib.scimath.logn(2, [-4, -8, 8])\n array([ 2.+4.5324j, 3.+4.5324j, 3.+0.j ])\n\n \"\"\"\n x = _fix_real_lt_zero(x)\n n = _fix_real_lt_zero(n)\n return nx.log(x)/nx.log(n)\n\ndef log2(x):\n \"\"\"\n Compute the logarithm base 2 of `x`.", "\n\n Return the \"principal value\" (for a description of this, see\n `numpy.log2`) of :math:`log_2(x)`. ", "For real `x > 0`, this is\n a real number (``log2(0)`` returns ``-inf`` and ``log2(np.inf)`` returns\n ``inf``). ", "Otherwise, the complex principle value is returned.", "\n\n Parameters\n ----------\n x : array_like\n The value(s) whose log base 2 is (are) required.", "\n\n Returns\n -------\n out : ndarray or scalar\n The log base 2 of the `x` value(s). ", "If `x` was a scalar, so is `out`,\n otherwise an array is returned.", "\n\n See Also\n --------\n numpy.log2\n\n Notes\n -----\n For a log2() that returns ``NAN`` when real `x < 0`, use `numpy.log2`\n (note, however, that otherwise `numpy.log2` and this `log2` are\n identical, i.e., both return ``-inf`` for `x = 0`, ``inf`` for `x = inf`,\n and, notably, the complex principle value if ``x.imag !", "= 0``).", "\n\n Examples\n --------\n We set the printing precision so the example can be auto-tested:\n\n >>> np.set_printoptions(precision=4)\n\n >>> np.emath.log2(8)\n 3.0\n >>> np.emath.log2([-4, -8, 8])\n array([ 2.+4.5324j, 3.+4.5324j, 3.+0.j ])\n\n \"\"\"\n x = _fix_real_lt_zero(x)\n return nx.log2(x)\n\ndef power(x, p):\n \"\"\"\n Return x to the power p, (x**p).", "\n\n If `x` contains negative values, the output is converted to the\n complex domain.", "\n\n Parameters\n ----------\n x : array_like\n The input value(s).", "\n p : array_like of ints\n The power(s) to which `x` is raised. ", "If `x` contains multiple values,\n `p` has to either be a scalar, or contain the same number of values\n as `x`. ", "In the latter case, the result is\n ``x[0]**p[0], x[1]**p[1], ...``.", "\n\n Returns\n -------\n out : ndarray or scalar\n The result of ``x**p``. ", "If `x` and `p` are scalars, so is `out`,\n otherwise an array is returned.", "\n\n See Also\n --------\n numpy.power\n\n Examples\n --------\n >>> np.set_printoptions(precision=4)\n\n >>> np.lib.scimath.power([2, 4], 2)\n array([ 4, 16])\n >>> np.lib.scimath.power([2, 4], -2)\n array([ 0.25 , 0.0625])\n >>> np.lib.scimath.power([-2, 4], 2)\n array([ 4.+0.j, 16.+0.j])\n\n \"\"\"\n x = _fix_real_lt_zero(x)\n p = _fix_int_lt_zero(p)\n return nx.power(x, p)\n\ndef arccos(x):\n \"\"\"\n Compute the inverse cosine of x.\n\n Return the \"principal value\" (for a description of this, see\n `numpy.arccos`) of the inverse cosine of `x`. ", "For real `x` such that\n `abs(x) <= 1`, this is a real number in the closed interval\n :math:`[0, \\\\pi]`. ", " Otherwise, the complex principle value is returned.", "\n\n Parameters\n ----------\n x : array_like or scalar\n The value(s) whose arccos is (are) required.", "\n\n Returns\n -------\n out : ndarray or scalar\n The inverse cosine(s) of the `x` value(s). ", "If `x` was a scalar, so\n is `out`, otherwise an array object is returned.", "\n\n See Also\n --------\n numpy.arccos\n\n Notes\n -----\n For an arccos() that returns ``NAN`` when real `x` is not in the\n interval ``[-1,1]``, use `numpy.arccos`.", "\n\n Examples\n --------\n >>> np.set_printoptions(precision=4)\n\n >>> np.emath.arccos(1) # a scalar is returned\n 0.0\n\n >>> np.emath.arccos([1,2])\n array([ 0.-0.j , 0.+1.317j])\n\n \"\"\"\n x = _fix_real_abs_gt_1(x)\n return nx.arccos(x)\n\ndef arcsin(x):\n \"\"\"\n Compute the inverse sine of x.\n\n Return the \"principal value\" (for a description of this, see\n `numpy.arcsin`) of the inverse sine of `x`. ", "For real `x` such that\n `abs(x) <= 1`, this is a real number in the closed interval\n :math:`[-\\\\pi/2, \\\\pi/2]`. ", " Otherwise, the complex principle value is\n returned.", "\n\n Parameters\n ----------\n x : array_like or scalar\n The value(s) whose arcsin is (are) required.", "\n\n Returns\n -------\n out : ndarray or scalar\n The inverse sine(s) of the `x` value(s). ", "If `x` was a scalar, so\n is `out`, otherwise an array object is returned.", "\n\n See Also\n --------\n numpy.arcsin\n\n Notes\n -----\n For an arcsin() that returns ``NAN`` when real `x` is not in the\n interval ``[-1,1]``, use `numpy.arcsin`.", "\n\n Examples\n --------\n >>> np.set_printoptions(precision=4)\n\n >>> np.emath.arcsin(0)\n 0.0\n\n >>> np.emath.arcsin([0,1])\n array([ 0. ", " , 1.5708])\n\n \"\"\"\n x = _fix_real_abs_gt_1(x)\n return nx.arcsin(x)\n\ndef arctanh(x):\n \"\"\"\n Compute the inverse hyperbolic tangent of `x`.", "\n\n Return the \"principal value\" (for a description of this, see\n `numpy.arctanh`) of `arctanh(x)`. ", "For real `x` such that\n `abs(x) < 1`, this is a real number. ", " If `abs(x) > 1`, or if `x` is\n complex, the result is complex. ", "Finally, `x = 1` returns``inf`` and\n `x=-1` returns ``-inf``.", "\n\n Parameters\n ----------\n x : array_like\n The value(s) whose arctanh is (are) required.", "\n\n Returns\n -------\n out : ndarray or scalar\n The inverse hyperbolic tangent(s) of the `x` value(s). ", "If `x` was\n a scalar so is `out`, otherwise an array is returned.", "\n\n\n See Also\n --------\n numpy.arctanh\n\n Notes\n -----\n For an arctanh() that returns ``NAN`` when real `x` is not in the\n interval ``(-1,1)``, use `numpy.arctanh` (this latter, however, does\n return +/-inf for `x = +/-1`).", "\n\n Examples\n --------\n >>> np.set_printoptions(precision=4)\n\n >>> np.emath.arctanh(np.matrix(np.eye(2)))\n array([[ Inf, 0.],", "\n [ 0., ", " Inf]])\n >>> np.emath.arctanh([1j])\n array([ 0.+0.7854j])\n\n \"\"\"\n x = _fix_real_abs_gt_1(x)\n return nx.arctanh(x)\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Factors connected with positive life orientation at age 70, 80, 85 and 90 - The Turku Elderly Study.", "\nA positive life orientation (PLO) is important for staying healthy physically, mentally and functionally. ", "However, little is known about the factors connected with PLO in home-dwelling older people, even though it is an important topic. ", "The aim of this study was to identify factors connected with positive life orientation among home-dwelling older people. ", "An explorative, population-based cross-sectional study of the age cohort of 70-year-olds living at home at the age of 70, 80, 85 and 90. ", "The data were collected in 1991 among all residents of Turku, Finland, born in 1920 (N = 1530). ", "Follow-ups were conducted in 2001 (n = 656), 2006 (n = 304) and 2011 (n = 156). ", "A multiple regression analysis was conducted to estimate a model of factors that connected with PLO. ", "Several factors were significantly connected with PLO at ages 70, 80, 85 and 90. ", "For example, if 70-year-old respondents perceived themselves as being in better health than others of the same age, it improved their PLO. ", "We also observed that PLO was improved by good self-rated health during the past 12 months at 80, good self-rated health at 85 and good self-rated health compared to others of the same age at 90. ", "The various explanatory models explained between 24 and 36% of the variance in outcomes. ", "Overall, our results showed that the respondents' own subjective views were significant independent factors of PLO in all four analyses (70, 80, 85 and 90 years). ", "These subjective experiences remained significant even when objective indicators such as medication use, the presence of diseases and functional capacity were taken into account." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0005672172992490232, 0.0006631387514062226, 0.0005829725414514542, 0.0005718215252272785, 0.0006685564294457436, 0.0005702287890017033, 0.0005917098023928702, 0.0005623083561658859, 0.0005863304249942303, 0.0008668772061355412, 0.000625603599473834, 0.0005792994052171707, 0.000558761355932802, 0.0006123462226241827 ]

[ "Synthesis and Preliminary Cytotoxicity Studies of 1-[1-(4,5-Dihydrooxazol- 2-yl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-3-phenylurea and 3-phenylthiourea Derivatives.", "\nN-substituted 3-amino-1H-indazoles represent an interesting class of biologically active compounds. ", "Among them, derivatives containing phenylurea moiety are of particular interest. ", "Such compounds have been found to possess inhibitory activity against cancer cell growth. ", "Additionally, various oxazoline-containing compounds have also been designed as potential anticancer agents. ", "The aim of this work was to obtain a new class of N-substituted 3-amino-1H-indazole derivatives with cytotoxic activity towards cancer cells. ", "Two series of 1-[1-(4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-3-phenylurea and 3- phenylthiourea derivatives 7-17 and 18-22, respectively, were prepared and screened for their potential in vitro cytotoxic activities against lung carcinoma LCLC-103H cell line using a crystal violet microtiter plate assay. ", "All the urea derivatives, except the compound 8, were inactive at a concentration of 20 μM attainable in cancer cells, while the thiourea derivatives showed a pronounced cancer cell growth inhibitory effects. ", "The most potent 1-[1-(4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-3-ptolylthiourea (19) exhibited cytotoxicity on the lung cancer LCLC-103H and cervical cancer SISO cell lines at a concentration of 10 µM. Moreover, compound 19 displayed cytostatic activity against pancreas cancer DAN-G cell line. ", "The 1-[1-(4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-3-phenylthiourea derivatives described herein may serve as a useful scaffold for the search for novel anticancer agents." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0007811587420292199, 0.0005915540968999267, 0.0007959305075928569, 0.0007976863998919725, 0.0007744402973912656, 0.0008457311778329313, 0.0008232036489062011, 0.0007020010962150991, 0.0009653298766352236, 0.0011994935339316726 ]

[ "<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?", ">\n<!--", "\n// +++LICENSE_BEGIN+++\n/*\n * Copyright © 2014, Silent Circle\n * All rights reserved.", "\n */\n// +++LICENSE_END+++\n -->\n<!", "--<view class=\"com.android.dialer.dialpad.", "DialpadFragment$DialpadSlidingLinearLayout\"\n<view class=\"com.android.dialer.dialpad.", "DialpadFragment$HoverIgnoringLinearLayout\"\n-->\n<view\n class=\"com.silentcircle.silentphone2.fragments.", "DialpadFragment$DialpadSlidingRelativeLayout\"\n xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n xmlns:tools=\"http://schemas.android.com/tools\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:orientation=\"vertical\">\n\n <LinearLayout\n android:id=\"@+id/top\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:orientation=\"vertical\"\n android:paddingStart=\"@dimen/dialpad_horizontal_margin\"\n android:paddingEnd=\"@dimen/dialpad_horizontal_margin\"\n android:layoutDirection=\"ltr\"\n tools:context=\".activities.", "DialerActivityInternal\"\n tools:ignore=\"RtlHardcoded\">\n <!-- ", "Check for RTL layout, may need specific adaptations -->\n\n\n <!--", "\n <View\n style=\"@style/DialpadHorizontalSeparator\"\n android:layout_height=\"1dp\"\n android:background=\"?sp_divider_color\"/>\n -->\n <!-- ", "Text field area, with keyboard switch and delete button -->\n <LinearLayout\n android:id=\"@+id/digits_container\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:background=\"?sp_actionbar_color\"\n android:orientation=\"horizontal\"\n android:clickable=\"true\"\n android:gravity=\"center\">\n\n <ImageButton\n android:id=\"@+id/input_type_switch\"\n android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:filterTouchesWhenObscured=\"false\"\n android:layout_gravity=\"center_vertical\"\n android:paddingLeft=\"@dimen/dialpad_text_button_padding\"\n android:paddingRight=\"@dimen/dialpad_text_button_padding\"\n android:focusableInTouchMode=\"false\"\n android:state_enabled=\"false\"\n android:background=\"?sp_actionbar_color\"\n android:contentDescription=\"@string/description_delete_button\"\n android:tint=\"?attr/sp_actionbar_title_text_color\"\n tools:src=\"?sp_ic_keyboard\"/>\n <!-- ", " <com.android.dialer.dialpad.", "DigitsEditText -->\n <com.silentcircle.silentphone2.views.", "FontFitEditText\n android:id=\"@+id/digits\"\n android:layout_width=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:layout_height=\"@dimen/dialpad_digits_line_height\"\n android:paddingTop=\"@dimen/activity_vertical_margin_small\"\n android:paddingBottom=\"@dimen/activity_vertical_margin_small\"\n android:textAppearance=\"@style/DialpadDestinationTextAppearance\"\n android:gravity=\"center\"\n android:singleLine=\"true\"\n android:imeActionId=\"2\"\n android:imeActionLabel=\"@string/description_dial_button\"\n android:inputType=\"textEmailAddress\"\n android:paddingRight=\"5dp\"\n android:paddingLeft=\"5dp\"\n android:textColor=\"?sp_actionbar_title_text_color\"\n android:textCursorDrawable=\"@null\"\n android:background=\"?sp_actionbar_color\"\n tools:text=\"+1 (203) 499-6427\"/>\n\n <ImageButton\n android:id=\"@+id/deleteButton\"\n android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:filterTouchesWhenObscured=\"false\"\n android:paddingLeft=\"@dimen/dialpad_text_button_padding\"\n android:paddingRight=\"@dimen/dialpad_text_button_padding\"\n android:state_enabled=\"false\"\n android:background=\"?sp_actionbar_color\"\n android:contentDescription=\"@string/description_delete_button\"\n android:tint=\"?attr/sp_actionbar_title_text_color\"\n android:src=\"?sp_ic_backspace\"/>\n\n <ImageButton\n android:id=\"@+id/pickContact\"\n android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:filterTouchesWhenObscured=\"false\"\n android:paddingLeft=\"@dimen/dialpad_text_button_padding\"\n android:paddingRight=\"@dimen/dialpad_text_button_padding\"\n android:state_enabled=\"false\"\n android:background=\"?sp_actionbar_color\"\n android:contentDescription=\"@string/description_pick_contact_button\"\n android:tint=\"?attr/sp_actionbar_title_text_color\"\n android:src=\"?sp_ic_contacts\"/>\n </LinearLayout>\n\n <!-- ", "rubber space -->\n <View\n android:id=\"@+id/spacer\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:background=\"#00000000\"/>\n\n <View\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"@dimen/shadow_length\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/shadow_fade_up\"/>\n\n <!-- ", "Keypad section -->\n <include\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_gravity=\"center\"\n android:visibility=\"gone\"\n tools:visibility=\"visible\"\n layout=\"@layout/dialpad\"/>\n\n <!-- ", "Helper view to switch focus and control soft key board-->\n <View\n style=\"@style/DialpadHorizontalSeparator\"\n android:layout_height=\"0dp\"\n android:id=\"@+id/request_helper\"\n android:focusableInTouchMode=\"true\"/>\n\n <View\n android:id=\"@+id/dialpad_bottom_height\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"@dimen/dialpad_bottom_key_height\"\n android:background=\"?attr/sp_diaplad_background_color\"/>\n\n </LinearLayout>\n\n <!-- ", "Margin bottom and alignParentBottom don't work well together, so use a Space instead. --", ">\n <Space\n android:id=\"@+id/dialpad_floating_action_button_margin_bottom\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"@dimen/floating_action_button_margin_bottom\"\n android:layout_alignParentBottom=\"true\"/>\n\n <FrameLayout\n android:id=\"@+id/dialpad_floating_action_button_container\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/fab_green\"\n android:layout_width=\"@dimen/floating_action_button_width\"\n android:layout_height=\"@dimen/floating_action_button_height\"\n android:layout_above=\"@id/dialpad_floating_action_button_margin_bottom\"\n android:layout_centerHorizontal=\"true\">\n\n <ImageButton\n android:id=\"@+id/dialButton\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:filterTouchesWhenObscured=\"false\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/floating_action_button\"\n android:contentDescription=\"@string/description_dial_button\"\n android:src=\"?sp_ic_call\"/>\n\n </FrameLayout>\n</view>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to make ext3 converted to ext4 support e4defrag?", "\n\nI have two ext3 filesystems that are very old and have been 99% full for a long time, leading to fragmentation. ", "Also, they've been used for running VMs with dynamic disk images and other fragmentation-causing workloads.", "\nI recently converted the filesystems to ext4 using the instructions here, specifically by running:\n# tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/DEV\n# e2fsck -fDC0 /dev/DEV\n\nHowever, the filesystems still don't support e4defrag:\nFailed to defrag with EXT4_IOC_MOVE_EXT ioctl:Operation not supported [ NG ]\n\nI'm guessing the tune2fs command lacks some option, but googling didn't help me figure out what that might be.", "\n\nA:\n\nI had the same problem. ", "I found this which had the answer:\nhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Ext4#Migrating_files_to_extents\nMigrating files to extents\nWarning: Do NOT use the following method with Mercurial repository that have been cloned locally, as doing so will corrupt the repository. ", "It might also corrupt other hard link in the filesystem.", "\nEven though the filesystem is now converted to ext4, all files that have been written before the conversion do not yet take advantage of the new extents of ext4, which will improve large file performance and reduce fragmentation and filesystem check time. ", "In order to fully take advantage of ext4, all files would have to be rewritten on disk. ", "A utility called e4defrag is being developed and will take care of this task; however, it is not yet ready for production.", "\nFortunately, it is possible to use the chattr program, which will cause the kernel to rewrite the file using extents. ", "It is possible to run this command on all files and directories of one partition (e.g. if /home is on a dedicated partition): (Must be run as root)\nfind /home -xdev -type f -print0 | xargs -0 chattr +e\nfind /home -xdev -type d -print0 | xargs -0 chattr +e\n\nIt is recommended to test this command on a small number of files first, and check if everything is going all right. ", "It may also be useful to check the filesystem after conversion.", "\nUsing the lsattr command, it is possible to check that files are now using extents. ", "The letter 'e' should appear in the attribute list of the listed files. ", "\n--\nNote: I had assumed e4defrag could convert the files to use extents. ", "The failed ioctl is the one that does that afaik, so I am a little confused as to why it doesn't work, but chattr +e did work for me. ", "After you have chattr +e the files, you can then use e4defrag on them. ", "Obviously make sure you have a backup etc just in case (I would have thought this is safe, but you never know - there is a warning here about hardlinks but I find no other reference to known issues with hardlinks).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Gum (crater)\n\nGum is a lunar impact crater that is located near the southeastern limb of the Moon, and is viewed nearly from the side from Earth. ", "It lies along the western edge of the irregular Mare Australe, to the northeast of the crater Hamilton. ", "To the north-northwest is the larger Abel, and to the east-southeast on the far side of the Moon is Jenner.", "\n\nThe interior floor of this crater has been completely resurfaced by lava that has entered through a break in the eastern rim. ", "The surviving rim forms a shallow, arcing ridge about the interior. ", "A small flooded crater lies across the southeast rim, and the remains of a small crater form an incision along the northeastern rim. ", "The interior floor has the same low albedo as the lunar mare to the east, and is marked only by a few small craterlets.", "\n\nSatellite craters\nBy convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Gum.", "\n\nReferences\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:Impact craters on the Moon" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to benches adapted to support the weight of a user. ", "In particular, this invention directs itself to bench systems wherein the user may sit or lie at varying angles with respect to a base surface and use differing muscle groups for exercise purposes. ", "Still further, in particular, this invention relates to an adjustable and collapsible bench system including a body support mechanism which is displaceable in a plurality of directions to particularly orient and position the user in a predetermined and varying orientation with respect to an external structure and/or a base surface. ", "More in particular, this invention relates to a bench system having rotational mechanisms which allows the body support mechanism to be moved longitudinally and inclined at a plurality of angles. ", "Still further, this invention directs itself to a bench system where rotational displacement mechanisms allow the bench system to be collapsed into a substantially planar contour to reduce the dimensional extent of the bench system for either transportation or storage purposes. ", "Still further, this invention relates to a bench system which is stabilized on a base surface through a stabilizing frame which is secured to a leg member which in itself interfaces with the base surface. ", "More in particular, this invention relates to a bench system whereby a central base frame mechanism incorporates an L-shaped beam construction whereby the body support mechanism 16 may be mounted to the base frame mechanism at a plurality of locations to increase the orientation variability of the body support mechanism.", "\n2. ", "Prior Art\nBench systems for use with exercising devices or otherwise are well known in the art. ", "Adjustable bench systems are also known however, in some prior art systems, the body support mechanism is movable only between a limited number of inclined angles. ", "In such prior art systems, a singular dimensional displacement of the body support mechanism limits the different types of exercise activities for which the prior art bench systems may be used. ", "Furthermore, in other prior art systems employing full size benches, mechanisms are not provided to allow for collapse of the bench to reduce the overall dimensional extent of the bench for either transportation and/or storage." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Hosseinabad, Gerash\n\nHosseinabad (, also Romanized as Ḩosseinābād) is a village in Khalili Rural District, in the Central District of Gerash County, Fars Province, Iran. ", "At the 2016 census, its population was 501, in 131 families.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Gerash County" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "γ-Secretase is a complex protein (aspartate protease) comprising presenilin, nicastrin, Aph-1 and Pen-2 as basic components. ", "Presenilin is the catalytic domain; presenilin gene has been identified as a causative gene for familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). ", "γ-Secretase acts on single-pass transmembrane proteins as its substrates. ", "As most representative substrates thereof, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch are known. ", "When cleaved by β-secretase at β-site and by γ-secretase at γ-site, APP produces amyloid β protein (Aβ). ", "The thus-produced Aβ is classified into peptides with different lengths depending on the cleavage site in the amino acid sequence (C-terminal side). ", "Of these peptides, Aβ42 which is strongly hydrophobic and ready to aggregate (ready to take the β-sheet structure) exhibits neurotoxicity. ", "It has been considered that this phenomenon may be the major cause of Alzheimer's disease. ", "Recently, however, a report has been made that presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2) double-knockout mice capable of producing no Aβ show AD-like phenotypes such as decrease of synapses and neuronal death; this suggests existence of a pathogenic mechanism of AD independent from APP (Non-Patent Document No. ", "1).", "\nOn the other hand, Eph receptor A7 (EphA7) is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, and EphA family is a group of molecules which regulate the formation and maintenance of synapses (Non-Patent Document No. ", "2). ", "Therefore, it is believed highly possible that EphA7 is also involved in the formation and maintenance of synapses.", "\nHowever, it has never been reported to date that EphA7 is a substrate for γ-secretase. ", " [Non-Patent Document No. ", "1] Saura C A, Choi S Y, Beglopoulos V, Malkani S, Zhang D, Shankaranarayana Rao B S, Chattarji S, Kelleher R J 3rd, Kandel E R, Duff K, Kirkwood A, and Shen J., Loss of presenilin function causes impairments of memory and synaptic plasticity followed by age-dependent neurodegeneration, Neuron. ", "2004 Apr. 8; 42(1):23-36. ", " [Non-Patent Document No. ", "2] Yamaguchi Y, Pasquale E B. Eph receptors in the adult brain. ", "Curr Opin Neurobiol. ", "2004 June; 14(3):288-96." ]

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[ "[Femina geekoides]\n\nTWSBI Diamond Mini and Ink Bottle\n\nMy fountain pen obsession continues, unabated. ", "The problem is, once you start, you find out what kinds of features you enjoy in a fountain pen, and which don’t work so well for you, and you have to keep on acquiring pens explore that even further. ", "The other problem is that if you develop an ‘ink habit’ too, you want to get more pens so that you can have pens filled with each of your favourite inks. ", "A very kind birthday gift of some money allowed me to indulge my fountain pen problem, I mean hobby, as I could buy a pen and ink bottle duo I’d had my eye on for a while.", "\n\nTWSBI Diamond Mini\n\nThe TWSBI Diamond Mini is — as the name suggests — a smaller version of the TWSBI Diamond 530/40/80. ", "I already have a TWSBI Diamond 540, which is currently filled with J. Herbin’s wonderful Lierre Sauvage (ivy green), so I knew that the build quality was very good and that I liked the general style and the piston filling mechanism1. ", "However, as soon as I saw that TWSBI had brought out a mini version of the Diamond, I wanted to get one. ", "I’m a sucker for mini pens, and because of my tiny Hobbit hands, I do find the 540 a little on the long/heavy side. ", "I can’t write with the cap posted, for example, because it unbalances the pen, but even unposted, it is very slightly too large in my hands. ", "I use it for marking (hence the green ink), so that isn’t a huge problem. ", "After too many essays or exam scripts, my hand forms a tight, angry claw anyway, so a large and robust pen is beneficial in those circumstances. ", "I saw the Diamond Mini as a possible alternative note-taking pen that would be small, reliable and that I could keep inked up in another colour to keep my Lamy 2000 company.", "\n\nI really like the Mini. ", "It seems to have shot to second place in my fountain pen league table, second only to the hallowed Lamy. ", "It’s incredibly cute when capped, but the perfect size when you post the cap. ", "Brilliantly, there are threads on the end of the pen so that you can screw the cap on to post it securely. ", "It’s about one full turn for a firm fit, so if you’re marginally obsessive-compulsive like me, you want to start with the clip uppermost (i.e. on the same side as the top of the nib) before you screw it on, and then you end up with the clip on top where it looks neat and doesn’t interfere with your grip. ", "My hands are so Hobbit-sized that I can actually also use it fairly comfortably unposted, but it is better balanced when posted.", "\n\nI chose the model which has a black cap, section and piston knob, but with a clear barrel, so that you can see how much ink you have left. ", "You can also get a fully transparent model or a fully opaque (black only) model, all of which look smart. ", "I also got a medium nib, naturally. ", "The filling mechanism is quick (and incredibly easy with the Ink Bottle — see below), and the nib writes beautifully smoothly. ", "It’s not quite as wet and buttery smooth as the Lamy, but it is a very close second and addictive to write with. ", "In some ways, it would make a better note-taking pen, as it is slightly drier, so there would be no problems with smearing. ", "It starts perfectly each time and feels very natural and comfortable in my hand. ", "I can’t vouch for how well it would work for you if you have larger hands, but I think unless you prefer huge, heavy pens, you would find it comfortable. ", "It would certainly be a very convenient pen to keep clipped in a pocket as it’s so short when capped.", "\n\nI bought the TWSBI pen and ink bottle from The Writing Desk, and as a nice bonus, they had an offer for a free 30 ml sample of one of three Diamine inks with the purchase of a TWSBI pen. ", "I chose ‘Ancient Copper’ as I don’t have a nice brown at the moment. ", "It’s a gorgeous colour: a lovely rich, warm, autumnal browny-red, that has great shading, even with a M nib. ", "It’s a treat to write with, and looks beautiful on the page, so my Diamond Mini is filled with that ink at the moment.", "\n\nTWSBI Diamond 50P Ink Bottle\n\nTWSBI have made a special ink bottle for some time, and I had thought about getting one before but it seemed a little pricey. ", "Then I saw that they were making a slightly cheaper version called the 50P that replaced the aluminium cap of the original with a plastic cap. ", "I’m sure the aluminium cap version is lovely, but the 50P is great and the reduction in price makes it more affordable.", "\n\nYou may wonder what is the point of buying an ink bottle. ", "Surely inks come in bottles from which you can fill your pen? ", "Well, yes, they do, but the bottle designs can make it difficult to fill your pen when the level runs low. ", "The Diamond Ink Bottle has a couple of clever tricks that make it very easy and clean to fill your pen. ", "If you are using a non-Diamond pen, there is a tapered plastic insert in the bottle that sits inside the neck and touches the bottom of the bottle. ", "There are a couple of slits in the top, so if you cap the bottle and invert it, the ink flows into this insert. ", "This means that even if the level in the bottle is low, you can still easily submerge the nib in the ink inside the insert. ", "It’s a simple thing, but very clever.", "\n\nEven more cleverly, there is a special filling mechanism if you have a Diamond pen (the 530, 540, 580 or Mini). ", "When you unscrew the top part of the lid, there’s a second plastic cap underneath with a short tube poking up in the centre, which is connected to a metal tube that goes to the bottom of the bottle. ", "You unscrew the section of the pen (i.e. the part with the nib) and then push the opening of the barrel of the pen onto the tube, so that it is upright. ", "You can then use the piston mechanism to fill the barrel, remove the barrel from the ink bottle, and screw the section back on, all without getting any ink on the nib or the section. ", "It makes filling the pen incredibly easy and very clean. ", "It also works with most standard size converters, but I haven’t tried that yet. ", "It’s an attractive-looking bottle that would look good kept out on a desk. ", "The only problem I can see is that it makes the process so much easier that it makes me want to buy a couple more so that I can fill pens with all of my inks easily. ", "And so it continues…\n\nI’ve decided to get only piston, vacuum or eyedropper filling pens from now on. ", "Life is too short for converters.", "\n↩" ]

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[ "An in silico study of the citrus dioxygenases CCD4 family substrates.", "\nThe coloration of Citrus fruits is related with the concentration of carotenoids, isoprenoid pigments of 40 carbon atoms (C40). ", "Rodrigo et al. ", "and Ma et al. ", "reported a CCD4-type citrus dioxygenase responsible for the generation of C30 apocarotenoids providing a reddish-orange pigmentation to the peel of many mandarins and oranges. ", "Among them, CCD4b was the first case described of a dioxygenase that cleaves carotenoids C40 in the double bond 7', 8' or 7, 8, generating β-citraurin or 8-β-apocarotenal. ", "Here we report the three-dimensional structures of CCD4a and CCD4b, modeled by sequence homology (2BIW) and validated by molecular dynamics (MD). ", "Docking calculations were performed in CCD4a and CCD4b structures with thousands of rotated initial carotenoid conformations and all the possible poses in the active site were found. ", "The interaction energy was measured by means of ASE scoring, Amber99 refinement and London ΔG rescoring. ", "For the case of CCD4a model, the results showed London ΔG score of -19, -17 and -15 kcal/mol for zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene, respectively. ", "The same sequence in the estimated interaction strength for the three ligands was obtained using MD. ", "The interaction energy of CCD4b indicated that, in agreement with experimental data, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin could be cleaved by the enzyme, β- and α-carotene have chances to be oxidized and lycopene has not good interaction energy to be predicted as substrate. ", "These findings will be discussed considering the potential in vivo substrates and products, and the physiological role in Citrus fruits. ", "Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma." ]

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[ "Corrida do Ouro\n\nCorrida do Ouro is a Brazilian telenovela produced and broadcast by Rede Globo. ", "It premiered on 8 July 1974 and ended on 24 January 1975, with a total of 179 episodes. ", "It's the 14th \"novela das sete\" to be aired at the timeslot. ", "It is created by Lauro César Muniz and Gilberto Braga, directed by Daniel Filho and Reynaldo Boury.", "\n\nCast\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:1974 telenovelas\nCategory:Rede Globo telenovelas\nCategory:Brazilian telenovelas\nCategory:1974 Brazilian television series debuts\nCategory:1975 Brazilian television series endings\nCategory:Portuguese-language telenovelas\nCategory:Television shows set in Rio de Janeiro (city)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.002349184826016426, 0.0007066997932270169, 0.0008029546006582677, 0.0009197981562465429, 0.0005668565281666815 ]

[ "Q:\n\nNServiceBus message disappearing when sending remotely\n\nWhen we use System.", "Messaging to send a message remotely, it work correctly i.e. I can see the message on the queue in the remore machine.", "\nHowever when we attempt to perform the same task i.e. send a message remotely using NServiceBus, the message does not appear in the remote queue, it seems the message disappears\nNote, we have the following configuration in the clients app.config file:\n<UnicastBusConfig>\n <MessageEndpointMappings>\n <add Messages=\"CCSMessage.", "ITaskCompleted, CCSMessage\" Endpoint=\"transactionalQueue@dev014.ccs.local\" />\n </MessageEndpointMappings>\n</UnicastBusConfig>\n\nWe bootstrap the client using the following fluent configuration:\nConfigure.", "With()\n .CastleWindsorBuilder(_container)\n .XmlSerializer()\n .MsmqTransport()\n .IsTransactional(true)\n .PurgeOnStartup(false)\n .UnicastBus()\n .ImpersonateSender(false)\n .CreateBus()\n .Start();\n\nIs there anything that we are obviously doing incorrectly?", "\n\nA:\n\nGiven that the client and server are on different machines, you should see the message in the internal outbound queue of the client(if they are on the same machine you will not). ", " The message will be held there until it can be delivered to the server. ", " Make sure the Distributed Transaction Coordinator is running on both machines. ", " Also make sure that the InputQueue in the app.config of the server matches. ", " Also make sure the the server NSB queue is local and transactional. ", " \n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "[Cite as Disciplinary Counsel v. Nicks, 124 Ohio St.3d 460, 2010-Ohio-600.]", "\n\n\n\n\n DISCIPLINARY COUNSEL v. NICKS.", "\n [Cite as Disciplinary Counsel v. Nicks, 124 Ohio St.3d 460, 2010-Ohio-600.]", "\nAttorneys at law — Misconduct — Multiple disciplinary violations — Chemical\n dependence — Two-year suspension, partially stayed on conditions.", "\n(No. ", "2009-1544 — Submitted November 4, 2009 — Decided February 25, 2010.)", "\n ON CERTIFIED REPORT by the Board of Commissioners on Grievances and\n Discipline of the Supreme Court, No. ", "09-016.", "\n __________________\n Per Curiam.", "\n {¶ 1} Respondent, J. Michael Nicks of Galena, Ohio, Attorney\nRegistration No. ", "0073608, was admitted to the practice of law in Ohio in 2001.", "\nRelator, Disciplinary Counsel, and respondent stipulated to the facts and\nmisconduct alleged in relator’s complaint. ", "A three-member panel of the Board of\nCommissioners on Grievances and Discipline also heard testimony on the cause,\nissued findings of fact and conclusions of law, and made a recommendation. ", "The\nboard adopted the panel’s findings and also adopted the panel’s recommendation\nthat we suspend respondent’s license to practice law for two years, staying the last\n18 months on conditions.", "\n {¶ 2} The parties have not objected to the board report; we ordered\nrespondent to show cause why we should not adopt the board’s recommendation.", "\nOn review, we find that respondent committed the cited violations of the Rules of\nProfessional Conduct and that the recommended sanction is appropriate.", "\n Misconduct\n Count I – The Seibel Matter\n {¶ 3} In November 2006, Larry Seibel hired respondent to represent him\nin the administration of his mother’s, Dorothy Seibel’s, estate. ", "Respondent and\nSeibel entered into a fee agreement by which respondent would receive three\n\f SUPREME COURT OF OHIO\n\n\n\n\npercent of the value of the Seibel estate. ", "The agreement also required probate\ncourt approval prior to the payment of any attorney fees.", "\n {¶ 4} In February 2007, respondent asked Seibel for a check for one half\nof respondent’s attorney fees, and Seibel provided respondent with a check for\n$7,428.32. ", " Respondent immediately cashed the check without obtaining the\nrequired approval from the probate court and later filed an application for\npayment of attorney fees, asking the court to approve the full amount that he had\nalready been paid, $7,428.32. ", "The court issued an order, but declined to approve\nthe full amount and ordered that respondent be paid only $5,000. ", "After learning\nthat the court had approved only $5,000 of the $7,400 fee request, respondent did\nnot inform Seibel, nor did he make a refund to the estate.", "\n {¶ 5} Respondent met with Seibel again on June 17, 2007, to resolve the\nestate tax return. ", "Seibel signed the estate tax return and gave respondent a check\nfor the payment of the estate taxes, but respondent did not file the estate tax\nreturn, nor did he forward the check for payment of the estate taxes. ", "As a result,\nthe estate was assessed a $2,834.75 late-payment penalty and $657.04 in interest\ncharges.", "\n {¶ 6} At the same June 2007 meeting, respondent asked Seibel for a\nsecond advance on his attorney fees, and Seibel gave him a check for $3,714.16.", "\nAgain, respondent did not file with the probate court the required application for\napproval of the payment of those attorney fees prior to accepting them. ", "Instead,\nhe immediately endorsed and cashed the check.", "\n {¶ 7} During respondent’s representation of Seibel, there were several\ntimes when he failed to return Seibel’s phone calls. ", "In addition, the probate court\nissued two reminders for respondent to file an accounting on the estate. ", "After the\nprobate court issued a notice of past-due account to both respondent and Seibel on\nDecember 13, 2007, respondent met with Seibel to discuss the matter. ", "At the time\nof this meeting, respondent’s law license had been suspended for failure to\n\n\n\n\n 2\n\f January Term, 2010\n\n\n\n\ncomply with attorney-registration requirements for the 2007-2009 biennium, but\nrespondent did not inform Seibel of the suspension.1 Rather, respondent advised\nSeibel on how to obtain an extension of time to file his overdue account.", "\nRespondent admitted that as of the date of the hearing before the panel, he had not\nrepaid to the estate the fees taken without probate court approval or the interest\nand late-payment penalty that had been charged to the estate.", "\n {¶ 8} Respondent stipulated and the board concluded that respondent’s\nconduct in Count I violated the following Rules of Professional Conduct: 1.3 (a\nlawyer shall act with reasonable diligence and promptness in representing a\nclient), 3.4(c) (a lawyer shall not knowingly disobey an obligation under the rules\nof a tribunal), 8.4(c) (a lawyer shall not engage in conduct involving fraud, deceit,\ndishonesty, or misrepresentation), 8.4(d) (a lawyer shall not engage in conduct\nthat is prejudicial to the administration of justice), and 8.4(h) (a lawyer shall not\nengage in conduct that adversely reflects upon fitness to practice law).", "\n {¶ 9} Although respondent stipulated that his conduct also violated\nProf.Cond.", "R. 1.1 (a lawyer shall provide competent representation to a client), the\nboard concluded that respondent’s conduct did not violate that rule. ", "The board\nnoted, “ ‘Prof.Cond.", "R. 1.1 requires a lawyer to “provide competent representation\nto a client.” ", " “Competent representation” under the rule requires “the legal\nknowledge, skill, thoroughness, and preparation reasonably necessary for the\nrepresentation,” ’ ” quoting Cincinnati Bar Assn. ", "v. Lawson, 119 Ohio St.3d 58,\n2008-Ohio-3340, 891 N.E.2d 749, ¶ 46. ", "The board also noted that this court has\nalso stated that “competent representation” means that “the lawyer must apply the\nknowledge, skill, thoroughness, and preparation reasonably necessary for the\nrepresentation.” (", "Emphasis added.) ", " Disciplinary Counsel v. Lentes, 120 Ohio\nSt.3d 431, 2008-Ohio-6355, 900 N.E.2d 167, ¶ 13.", "\n\n1. ", "Respondent was suspended on December 3, 2007, and his law license was reinstated on April\n29, 2008.", "\n\n\n\n\n 3\n\f SUPREME COURT OF OHIO\n\n\n\n\n {¶ 10} The board concluded that Prof.Cond.", "R. 1.1 focuses on whether a\nlawyer is competently prepared to handle a legal matter and found that respondent\npossessed the requisite experience to be regarded as competent to handle probate\nmatters. ", "Moreover, the board concluded that there was no evidence that any of\nthe work completed by respondent in the Seibel estate was not prepared in\naccordance with applicable legal standards. ", "We agree and accept these findings\nregarding misconduct.", "\n Count II – The Graham Matter\n {¶ 11} In July 2006, Donald Graham hired respondent to represent him in\nthe administration of his wife’s estate and paid him a $500 fee. ", "On January 13,\n2008, the probate court issued a citation requesting that respondent file a report of\ndistribution and evidence of the recording of a certificate of transfer. ", "The court\nscheduled a status conference on February 20, 2008, to address the issue, but\nrespondent failed to respond to the court’s citation and failed to appear at the\nstatus conference. ", "As a result, the court scheduled a show-cause hearing in March\n2008, at which he failed to appear. ", "The probate court issued an order in March\n2008 finding respondent in contempt. ", "In January 2009, respondent filed a motion\nto reopen the estate, and the probate court approved the filing of the report of\ndistribution and found that respondent’s actions cured the contempt.", "\n {¶ 12} Respondent stipulated and the board concluded that respondent’s\nconduct in Count II violated Prof.Cond.", "R. 1.3, 8.4(d), and 8.4(h).", "\n {¶ 13} Again, although respondent stipulated that the conduct also\nviolated Prof.Cond.", "R. 1.1, the board concluded that respondent’s conduct did not\nviolate the rule. ", "The board stated that it was unable to conclude by clear and\nconvincing evidence that respondent violated Prof.Cond.", "R. 1.1 simply by his\nfailure to timely file the required report of distribution. ", "We agree and accept\nthese findings regarding misconduct.", "\n Sanction\n\n\n\n\n 4\n\f January Term, 2010\n\n\n\n\n {¶ 14} When imposing sanctions for attorney misconduct, we consider\nrelevant factors, including the duties violated by the lawyer in question and\nsanctions imposed in similar cases. ", "Stark Cty. ", "Bar Assn. ", "v. Buttacavoli, 96 Ohio\nSt.3d 424, 2002-Ohio-4743, 775 N.E.2d 818, ¶ 16. ", " Before making a final\ndetermination, we also weigh evidence of the aggravating and mitigating factors\nlisted in Section 10 of the Rules and Regulations Governing Procedure on\nComplaints and Hearings Before the Board of Commissioners on Grievances and\nDiscipline (“BCGD Proc.", "Reg.”). ", "Lake Cty. ", "Bar Assn. ", "v. Troy, 121 Ohio St.3d 51,\n2009-Ohio-502, 901 N.E.2d 809, ¶ 11.", "\n {¶ 15} We have identified respondent's breaches of duties owed to his\nclients, the legal profession, and the judicial system. ", "In respondent’s case, the\nboard found two aggravating factors. ", " The board found that respondent’s\nmisconduct involved multiple offenses, BCGD Proc.", "Reg. ", "10(B)(1)(d), and that\nrespondent failed to make restitution, 10(B)(1)(i).", "\n {¶ 16} The board found three mitigating factors. ", "First, the board found\nthat respondent has no prior disciplinary record, BCGD Proc.", "Reg. ", "10(B)(2)(a).", "\nSecond, the board found that respondent cooperated fully in the disciplinary\nprocess, BCGD Proc.", "Reg. ", "10(B)(2)(d). ", "Finally, the board found that respondent’s\nchemical dependence was a mitigating factor, BCGD Proc.", "Reg. ", "10(B)(2)(g),\nbecause the evidence supported the following requisites of that rule: (1) a\ndiagnosis of a chemical dependence by a qualified health-care professional or\nalcohol/substance-abuse counselor, (2) a determination that the chemical\ndependence contributed to cause the misconduct, (3) a certification of successful\nongoing compliance with an approved treatment program, and (4) a prognosis\nfrom a qualified alcohol/substance-abuse counselor that respondent will be able to\nreturn to competent, ethical professional practice under specified conditions. ", "The\nboard further found that respondent fully acknowledged the wrongful nature of\n\n\n\n\n 5\n\f SUPREME COURT OF OHIO\n\n\n\n\nhis conduct and fully accepted responsibility for the consequences of his\nmisconduct.", "\n {¶ 17} As for respondent’s chemical dependence, the parties stipulated\nthat respondent was diagnosed as suffering from chemical dependence based on\nhis addiction to marijuana, alcohol, and cocaine. ", "Respondent had completed a\npartial hospitalization program and an intensive outpatient chemical-dependence\nprogram. ", "Respondent had also entered into a five-year contract with the Ohio\nLawyers Assistance Program (“OLAP”). ", "Respondent is in compliance with his\ncontract and currently in treatment with psychologist John A. Tarpey, Ph.D.\nMoreover, respondent entered a one-year aftercare program.", "\n {¶ 18} Respondent had a relapse in December 2008, but had maintained a\nsustained, uninterrupted period of sobriety from December 12, 2008, to at least\nthe time of the stipulations. ", "Dr. Tarpey and Carolyn Sellers, a licensed social\nworker and chemical-dependence counselor, stated that respondent’s chemical\ndependence contributed to the cause of his misconduct, that respondent’s\nprognosis was positive, and that he could return to the competent, ethical practice\nof law so long as he continued his treatment, complied with his OLAP contract,\nand maintained his sobriety. ", "In addition, Stephanie Krznarich, a licensed social\nworker with OLAP, testified in mitigation that respondent’s compliance was\n“going very, very well.” ", "She also testified that in her opinion, respondent’s\nchemical dependence contributed to cause his misconduct. ", "She also testified that\nwith continued treatment, medications, and monitoring, he should be able to\nsuccessfully return to the practice of law.", "\n {¶ 19} The board adopted the stipulated sanction that respondent’s license\nto practice law be suspended for 24 months with the last 18 months stayed on the\nfollowing conditions: (1) that respondent remain in compliance with his five-year\nOLAP contract, (2) that respondent pay $9,634.27 in restitution to the Seibel\nestate or the beneficiaries thereof, as ordered by the Probate Court of Licking\n\n\n\n\n 6\n\f January Term, 2010\n\n\n\n\nCounty, (3) that respondent’s practice be monitored in accordance with Gov.Bar\nR. V(9) by an attorney designated by relator for the period of respondent’s stayed\nsuspension, (4) that respondent not engage in any further misconduct during the\nentire 24-month suspension, and (5) that respondent pay the costs of the\nprosecution of this action.", "\n Review\n {¶ 20} Regarding sanctions in similar cases, we find Disciplinary Counsel\nv. Greco, 107 Ohio St.3d 155, 2005-Ohio-6045, 837 N.E.2d 369, to be instructive.", "\nIn that case, the attorney neglected clients, deceived clients, and was slow to\nrefund unearned retainers. ", "Greco experienced similar chemical dependence and\nalso successfully completed treatment programs and cooperated with the\ndisciplinary process. ", "We suspended the lawyer's license for two years but stayed\n18 months of the suspension on the condition that the lawyer receive assistance in\nhis recovery from chemical dependence.", "\n {¶ 21} Accordingly, we accept the board’s recommendation. ", "Respondent\nis therefore suspended from the practice of law in Ohio for two years, with 18\nmonths of the suspension stayed on the conditions listed above. ", "If respondent\nfails to comply with the terms of the stay, the stay will be lifted, and respondent\nwill serve the entire two years. ", "Costs are taxed to respondent.", "\n Judgment accordingly.", "\n MOYER, C.J., and PFEIFER, LUNDBERG STRATTON, O’CONNOR,\nO’DONNELL, LANZINGER, and CUPP, JJ., ", "concur.", "\n __________________\n Jonathan E. Coughlan, Disciplinary Counsel, and Robert R. Berger,\nAssistant Disciplinary Counsel, for relator.", "\n J. Michael Nicks, pro se.", "\n ______________________\n\n\n\n\n 7\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Q:\n\nUIButton to perform UISegment Control action\n\nI have a UISegmented control in my app. ", "I also have a custom button. ", "I would like this custom button to return the Segment back to index 0 but also perform index 0s method.", "\nHere is my segmented control;\n- (IBAction)segmentSwitch:(id)sender {\n UISegmentedControl *segmentedControl = (UISegmentedControl *) sender;\n NSInteger selectedSegment = segmentedControl.selectedSegmentIndex;\n\n if (selectedSegment == 0) {\n //perform custom action\n\n }\n else if(selectedSegment ==1){\n\n }\n else if (selectedSegment ==2){\n\n //show custom button\n\n }\n\n}\n\nMy button is;\n-(IBAction)buttonAction: (id)sender{\n\n //deselect index 2 of segmented control\n\n //go to index 0\n //perform index 0s method\n}\n\nIs there any way for my button to perform the segmentSwitch action for index 0?", "\n\nA:\n\nSimply call the segmenteSwitch method from the button's target method:\n -(IBAction)buttonAction: (id)sender{\n\n self.segmentedControl.selectedIndex = 0;\n [self segmentSwitch:self.segmentedControl];\n }\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "//\n// Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n//\n\n#include \"VirtualAudioMicArray.h\"\n#include \"minwavertstream.h\"\n#if defined(_M_ARM)\n#include <arm_neon.h>\n#endif\n\nVirtualPin::VirtualPin() :\n m_cInputPins(0),\n m_Rate(0),\n m_NumChannels(0),\n m_ValidBitsPerSample(0),\n m_BytesPerSample(0),\n m_rgInputPins(NULL)\n{\n KeInitializeSpinLock(&m_Lock);\n KeInitializeDpc(&m_Dpc, &TimerDpcRoutine, this);\n KeInitializeTimer(&m_Timer);\n}\n\n\nNTSTATUS VirtualPin::Initialize\n(\n __nullnullterminated WCHAR* inputPinNamesString, \n ULONG rate, \n ULONG numChannels, \n ULONG validBitsPerSample\n)\n{\n WCHAR* currentChar = inputPinNamesString;\n WCHAR* startChar = inputPinNamesString;\n NTSTATUS status = STATUS_SUCCESS;\n UNICODE_STRING unicodeString;\n BOOLEAN done = FALSE;\n \n m_Rate = rate;\n m_NumChannels = numChannels;\n m_ValidBitsPerSample = validBitsPerSample;\n m_BytesPerSample = validBitsPerSample == 24 ? ", "4 : validBitsPerSample / 8;\n\n m_rgInputPins = (InputPin**) ExAllocatePoolWithTag(NonPagedPoolNx, numChannels * sizeof(InputPin*), 'nPnI');\n\n if (m_rgInputPins == NULL)\n {\n return STATUS_NO_MEMORY;\n }\n\n //\n // Parse the multi SZ input string and create InputPins for each device listed. ", "\n //\n while (done !", "= TRUE)\n {\n if (*currentChar == L'\\0')\n {\n RtlInitUnicodeString(&unicodeString, startChar);\n status = CreateInputPin(&unicodeString);\n ASSERT(NT_SUCCESS(status));\n if (!", "NT_SUCCESS(status))\n {\n break;\n }\n\n startChar = currentChar + 1;\n\n if (*startChar == L'\\0')\n {\n done = TRUE;\n break;\n }\n }\n \n currentChar++;\n }\n\n ASSERT(m_cInputPins == numChannels);\n\n return status;\n}\n\n\n\nVirtualPin::~VirtualPin()\n{\n ULONG i;\n KIRQL oldIrql;\n ULONG cPins = m_cInputPins;\n InputPin** pins = NULL;\n\n if (KeCancelTimer(&m_Timer) == TRUE)\n {\n KeFlushQueuedDpcs();\n }\n\n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n\n pins = m_rgInputPins;\n m_cInputPins = 0;\n m_rgInputPins = NULL;\n\n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n\n for (i=0; i<cPins; i++)\n {\n delete pins[i];\n pins[i] = NULL;\n }\n ExFreePool(pins);\n}\n\nNTSTATUS VirtualPin::HandleInputPinArrival(_In_ PUNICODE_STRING deviceInterface)\n{\n KIRQL oldIrql;\n BOOLEAN found = FALSE;\n ULONG i;\n UNICODE_STRING pinString, devInterfaceString;\n\n RtlInitUnicodeString(&devInterfaceString, deviceInterface->Buffer);\n\n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n\n for (i = 0; i<m_cInputPins; i++)\n {\n pinString = m_rgInputPins[i]->m_DeviceName;\n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n\n if (RtlCompareUnicodeString(&pinString, &devInterfaceString, TRUE) == 0)\n {\n found = TRUE;\n m_rgInputPins[i]->m_bPresent = TRUE;\n }\n \n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n }\n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n\n return STATUS_SUCCESS;\n}\n\nNTSTATUS VirtualPin::HandleInputPinRemoval(_In_ PUNICODE_STRING deviceInterface)\n{\n KIRQL oldIrql;\n BOOLEAN found = FALSE;\n ULONG i;\n InputPin* pin = NULL;\n UNICODE_STRING pinString, devInterfaceString;\n\n RtlInitUnicodeString(&devInterfaceString, deviceInterface->Buffer);\n\n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n\n for (i = 0; i<m_cInputPins; i++)\n {\n pin = m_rgInputPins[i];\n pinString = pin->m_DeviceName;\n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n\n if (RtlCompareUnicodeString(&pinString, &devInterfaceString, TRUE) == 0)\n {\n found = TRUE;\n pin->m_bPresent = FALSE;\n }\n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n }\n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n\n if (found == TRUE)\n {\n pin->m_pKsPin->ClosePin();\n }\n\n return STATUS_SUCCESS;\n}\n\nNTSTATUS VirtualPin::CreateInputPin(_In_ PUNICODE_STRING deviceInterface)\n{\n KIRQL oldIrql;\n\n InputPin* pin = new InputPin(this, deviceInterface);\n\n\tif (pin == NULL)\n\t{\n\t\treturn STATUS_NO_MEMORY;\n\t}\n\n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n \n m_rgInputPins[m_cInputPins++] = pin;\n \n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n\n return STATUS_SUCCESS;\n}\n\n#if 0\n\n// The following is an example of an interleave function optimized for the neon instruction set and a two channel array.", "\n// It has roughly 2x better performance than the default version.", "\nvoid VirtualPin::InterleaveSamplesForTwoChannel16BitMicArray(ULONG frameCount)\n{\n\tULONG i,j, originalFrameCount = frameCount;\n\tKSAUDIO_POSITION position;\n\tBYTE* pDestination;\n\tint16x4_t input0, input1;\n\tint16x4x2_t result;\n\tULONG macroFramesToProcess = frameCount >> 2;\n\n\tASSERT(m_ValidBitsPerSample == 16);\n\tASSERT(m_NumChannels == 2);\n\n\tm_pWaveRtStream->GetPosition(&position);\n\tpDestination = m_pWaveRtStream->GetDmaBuffer() + position.", "WriteOffset;\n\tfor (i = 0; i < macroFramesToProcess; i++)\n\t{\n\t\tinput0 = vld1_s16((SHORT*)m_rgInputPins[0]->GetReadPosition());\n\t\tinput1 = vld1_s16((SHORT*)m_rgInputPins[1]->GetReadPosition());\n\t\tresult = vzip_s16(input0, input1);\n\t\tvst1_s16((SHORT*) pDestination, result.val[0]);\n\t\tpDestination += sizeof(result.val[0]);\n\t\tvst1_s16((SHORT*)pDestination, result.val[1]);\n\t\tpDestination += sizeof(result.val[1]);\n\n\t\tm_rgInputPins[0]->UpdateReadPosition(4*m_BytesPerSample);\n\t\tm_rgInputPins[1]->UpdateReadPosition(4*m_BytesPerSample);\n\t\t\n\t}\n\n\tframeCount -= (macroFramesToProcess << 2);\n\t\n\tfor (i = 0; i < frameCount; i++)\n\t{\n\t\tfor (j = 0; j < m_cInputPins; j++)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tRtlCopyMemory(pDestination, m_rgInputPins[j]->GetReadPosition(), m_BytesPerSample);\n\t\t\tm_rgInputPins[j]->UpdateReadPosition(m_BytesPerSample);\n\t\t\tpDestination += m_BytesPerSample;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\t\n\tm_pWaveRtStream->UpdateVirtualPositionRegisters(originalFrameCount);\n}\n\n#else\n\nvoid VirtualPin::InterleaveSamples(ULONG frameCount)\n{\n ULONG i,j;\n KSAUDIO_POSITION position;\n BYTE* pDestination;\n\n m_pWaveRtStream->GetPosition(&position);\n pDestination = m_pWaveRtStream->GetDmaBuffer() + position.", "WriteOffset;\n\n for (i = 0; i < frameCount; i++)\n {\n for (j = 0; j < m_cInputPins; j++)\n {\n RtlCopyMemory(pDestination, m_rgInputPins[j]->GetReadPosition(), m_BytesPerSample);\n m_rgInputPins[j]->UpdateReadPosition(m_BytesPerSample);\n pDestination += m_BytesPerSample;\n }\n }\n m_pWaveRtStream->UpdateVirtualPositionRegisters(frameCount);\n}\n\n#endif\n\nvoid VirtualPin::ProcessSamples()\n{\n ULONG framesToProcess = 0;\n KIRQL oldIrql;\n ULONG i;\n\n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n\n do \n {\n if (m_pWaveRtStream !", "= NULL)\n {\n framesToProcess = m_pWaveRtStream->GetPaddingToEndOfBuffer();\n for (i = 0; i < m_cInputPins; i++)\n {\n framesToProcess = min(framesToProcess, m_rgInputPins[i]->GetCurrentPadding());\n }\n\n if (framesToProcess !", "= 0)\n {\n InterleaveSamples(framesToProcess);\n }\n }\n } while (framesToProcess !", "= 0);\n\n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n}\n\nNTSTATUS\nVirtualPin::RegisterStream\n(\n _In_ CMiniportWaveRTStream* stream\n)\n{\n KIRQL oldIrql;\n ULONG i;\n ULONG inputPinSize = stream->GetDmaBufferSize() >> 1; \n NTSTATUS status = STATUS_SUCCESS;\n InputPin* pin;\n\n ASSERT(m_pWaveRtStream == NULL);\n\n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n \n m_pWaveRtStream = stream;\n\n for (i = 0; NT_SUCCESS(status) && i < m_cInputPins; i++)\n {\n pin = m_rgInputPins[i];\n\n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n\n status = pin->m_pKsPin->OpenPin(&pin->m_DeviceName, m_Rate, 1, m_ValidBitsPerSample);\n\n ASSERT(NT_SUCCESS(status));\n\n if (NT_SUCCESS(status))\n {\n status = pin->m_pKsPin->InitRtBuffer(inputPinSize);\n ASSERT(NT_SUCCESS(status));\n }\n\n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n }\n\n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n\n return STATUS_SUCCESS;\n}\n\nNTSTATUS\nVirtualPin::UnregisterStream\n(\n _In_ CMiniportWaveRTStream* stream\n)\n{\n ULONG i;\n InputPin* pin = NULL;\n KIRQL oldIrql;\n NTSTATUS status = STATUS_SUCCESS;\n UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(stream);\n\n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n\n ASSERT(m_pWaveRtStream == stream);\n\n m_pWaveRtStream = NULL;\n\n for (i = 0; NT_SUCCESS(status) && i < m_cInputPins; i++)\n {\n pin = m_rgInputPins[i];\n\n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n\n status = pin->m_pKsPin->ClosePin();\n\n ASSERT(NT_SUCCESS(status));\n\n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n }\n\n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n\n return STATUS_SUCCESS;\n}\n\nNTSTATUS VirtualPin::StartDma()\n{\n InputPin* pin = NULL;\n ULONG i;\n KIRQL oldIrql;\n NTSTATUS status = STATUS_SUCCESS;\n LARGE_INTEGER dueTime;\n\n dueTime.", "QuadPart = -1 * MS_TO_100NS(5);\n\n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n\n for (i=0; NT_SUCCESS(status) && i<m_cInputPins; i++)\n {\n pin = m_rgInputPins[i];\n\n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n\n status = pin->m_pKsPin->SetState(TRUE);\n\n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n }\n\n KeSetTimerEx(&m_Timer, dueTime, 5 /* ms */, &m_Dpc);\n\n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n\n return status;\n}\n\nNTSTATUS VirtualPin::PauseDma()\n{\n InputPin* pin = NULL;\n ULONG i;\n KIRQL oldIrql;\n NTSTATUS status = STATUS_SUCCESS;\n\n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n\n for (i = 0; NT_SUCCESS(status) && i<m_cInputPins; i++)\n {\n pin = m_rgInputPins[i];\n\n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n\n status = pin->m_pKsPin->SetState(FALSE);\n\n KeAcquireSpinLock(&m_Lock, &oldIrql);\n }\n\n KeCancelTimer(&m_Timer);\n\n KeReleaseSpinLock(&m_Lock, oldIrql);\n\n return status;\n}\n\nNTSTATUS VirtualPin::StopDma()\n{\n return PauseDma();\n}\n\nVOID VirtualPin::TimerDpcRoutine\n(\n _In_ struct _KDPC *Dpc,\n _In_opt_ PVOID DeferredContext,\n _In_opt_ PVOID SystemArgument1,\n _In_opt_ PVOID SystemArgument2\n)\n{\n UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(Dpc);\n UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(SystemArgument1);\n UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(SystemArgument2);\n\n VirtualPin* me = (VirtualPin*) DeferredContext;\n me->DoDpcWork();\n}\n\nvoid VirtualPin::DoDpcWork()\n{\n ProcessSamples();\n}\n" ]

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[ "6th Grade Math\n\nHei! ", "in the morning. ", "Friday, February 02nd 2018.14:51:05 PM Tо be precise. ", "These document published by Annefa Simpson & having 33 highest resolution digital imagery\n\ni believe These document is an great for yous design and style foreseeable future, to view at the main document Independent Practice Math Worksheet Photo . ", "We trust These motivate yous to be used in yous" ]

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[ "Introduction {#S0001}\n============\n\nOvarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies. ", "Due to the inconspicuous early symptoms and the lack of effective detection methods, ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among all gynecological malignancies.[@CIT0001],[@CIT0002] Thus, to explore novel targets and underlying molecular mechanism is essential for early diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer.", "\n\nLncRNAs are non-coding RNAs that comprise more than 200 nucleotides.[@CIT0003],[@CIT0004] lncRNAs play important roles in many biological processes such as dose compensation effect, epigenetic regulation, cell cycle regulation and cell differentiation. ", "Recent Studies have shown that lncRNAs were implicated in the progression of cancers. ", "LncRNA UCA1 enhanced cell proliferation via modulating miR-206/PTP1B axis in breast cancer.[@CIT0005] LncRNA DSCAM-AS1 was increased and promoted cell migration and invasion of colorectal adenocarcinoma cells via inhibiting miR-216b.[@CIT0006] LncRNA TMPO-AS1 restrained cell apoptosis of osteosarcoma by increasing WNT7B expression via inhibition of miR-199a-5p.[@CIT0007] In addition, lncRNA TP73-AS1 promoted the proliferation and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells by regulating MMP2 and MMP9.[@CIT0008] Therefore, a deeper understanding of the function of novel lncRNAs will help to elucidate the mechanism of OC development.", "\n\nLEMD1-AS1 is a recently identified lncRNA. ", "So far, its role and mechanism in tumor have not been reported. ", "In this study, we found that LEMD1-AS1 was significantly decreased in human OC. ", "Downregulated LEMD1-AS1 was closely associated with low survival rate. ", "Overexpressed LEMD1-AS1 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion ability whereas downregulated LEMD1-AS1 had the opposite effects. ", "Moreover, we showed that overexpressed LEMD1-AS1 decreased miR-183-5p level in OC cells. ", "Both bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter gene bioassay confirmed that LEMD1-AS1 could directly interact with miR-183-5p. ", "We also demonstrated that LEMD1-AS1 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of OC cells by regulating miR-183-5p. ", "Furthermore, we confirmed that TP53 was a gene regulated by miR-183-5p and its expression was positively with LEMD1-AS1. ", "Taken together, these results suggest that LEMD1-AS1 inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of ovarian cells through miR-183-5p/TP53 axis.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#S0002}\n=====================\n\nPatients and Tissue Samples {#S0002-S2001}\n---------------------------\n\nFresh ovarian tumor tissues and normal ovarian tissues were collected from 30 patients undergoing surgical procedures in the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from June 2017 to March 2019. ", "All samples were stored at −80°C for subsequent experiments. ", "The study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Anhui Medical University, and the informed written consent were obtained from all patients.", "\n\nCell Culture {#S0002-S2002}\n------------\n\nAll human ovarian cancer cell lines mentioned in the paper were obtained from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). ", "All cells were grown in DMEM medium (Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 10 mg/mL streptomycin and 100 U/mL penicillin. ", "Cells were maintained in a humidified atmosphere at 37°C with 5% CO~2~.\n\nCell Transfection {#S0002-S2003}\n-----------------\n\nThe LEMD1-AS1-overexpressing plasmid (pcDNA-LEMD1-AS1) and the empty vector were purchased from Shanghai Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). ", "siRNA targeting human TP53 (siTP53), siRNA control (si-Con), miR-183-5p mimic and negative control (miR-NC) were obtained from GenePharma Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). ", "SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells were transfected with siRNAs, miRNA or the plasmid vectors according to the manufacturer's instructions.", "\n\nCell Viability Assay {#S0002-S2004}\n--------------------\n\nCell viability was determined by CCK-8 method. ", "SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells were seeded with 4x10^3^ cells/well into 96-well plates. ", "For 24hrs, 48hrs and 72hrs after designed treatment, cells were added 10 μL CCK-8 solution and incubated for 2hrs. ", "Absorbance at 450 nm was measured using a microplate reader (BIO-RAD, Hercules, CA, USA) for assessing cell viability. ", "All experiments were repeated three times.", "\n\nColony Formation Assay {#S0002-S2005}\n----------------------\n\nColony formation assay was performed according to the previous experimental scheme.[@CIT0009] 48 hrs after transfection, 1x10^3^ cells were seeded into 6-well plate, and cultured for 2 weeks. ", "Colonies were counted with a microscope. ", "All experiments were repeated three times.", "\n\nWestern Blot Assay {#S0002-S2006}\n------------------\n\nIn brief, cells were lysed in RIPA buffer to obtain cell lysates. ", "Then, protein lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (PVDF). ", "Then, PVDF membrane was incubated with diluted primary antibodies at 4°Covernight, followed by incubation with appropriate secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. ", "Finally, enhanced chemiluminescence kit (Millipore, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to expose protein bands in a dark room using and densitometry analysis was performed.", "\n\nWound-Healing Assay {#S0002-S2007}\n-------------------\n\nSKOV3 and OVCAR3 Cells were digested and seeded into six-well plates. ", "When the cells were grown to almost complete confluence, scratches were created by a 200 µL sterile micropipette tip. ", "Then, The cell debris was washed away, and the cells were cultured in DMEM medium for 24hrs. ", "Meantime, the scratch area was recorded by inverted phase-contrast microscope and the width of the scratch was analyzed.", "\n\nCell Invasion Assay {#S0002-S2008}\n-------------------\n\nCell invasion assay was determined by transwell chamber (Corning, NY) incubated with a mixture of 10% Matrigel and 90% serum-free medium. ", "A total of 5 × 10^4^ cells in 200µL serum-free DMEM medium were added into the inner chamber, and 600µL dulbecco modified Eagle medium with 10% FBS was added to the bottom of outer chamber, and cultured for 24hrs at 37°C. ", "Then, the chamber was washed, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30mins, and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 30mins. ", "Next, the chamber was gently washed and swabbed to remove cells that had non crossed the membrane. ", "Finally, the number of invasive cells was counted by inverted microscope. ", "All experiments were carried out in three replicates.", "\n\nQuantitative Real-Time PCR {#S0002-S2009}\n--------------------------\n\nTotal RNA of tissue and cell specimens were extracted using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA), and then reverse transcribed to cDNA using the PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit (Takara, Japan). ", "Gene expression was examined using SYBR Green PCR Kit (Takara, Japan). ", "GAPDH was used as an internal reference. ", "All primers were conducted by GenePharma (Shanghai, China). ", "The sequences of the primers used in qRT-PCR were listed as follows:\n\nGAPDH forward (5ʹ-3ʹ): ACAACTTTGGTATCGTGGAAGG,\n\nGAPDH reverse (5ʹ-3ʹ): GCCATCACGCCACAGTTTC;\n\nU6 forward (5ʹ-3ʹ): CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA,\n\nU6 reverse (5ʹ-3ʹ): AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT;\n\nLEMD1-AS1 forward (5ʹ-3ʹ): AATGACCGCAATCCCAAGGT,\n\nLEMD1-AS1 forward (5ʹ-3ʹ): GGTGACTAGCAGTGCGTGAT;\n\nmiR-183-5p forward (5ʹ-3ʹ): TATGGCACTGGTAGAATTCACT,\n\nmiR-183-5p reverse (5ʹ-3ʹ): ACGCTTCACGAATT TGCGT;\n\nTP53 forward (5ʹ-3ʹ): GGCCCACTTCACCGTACTAA,\n\nTP53 reverse (5ʹ-3ʹ): GTGGTTTCAAGGCCAGATGT.", "\n\nRNA Isolation and Quantitation {#S0002-S2010}\n------------------------------\n\nThermo Fisher BioReagents (Thermo Fisher Scientific) following the manufacturer's instructions. ", "qRT-PCR analysis was conducted to detect the location of LEMD1-AS1.", "\n\nLuciferase Reporter Assays {#S0002-S2011}\n--------------------------\n\nFor the LEMD1-AS1 luciferase reporter assay, we synthesized the LEMD1-AS1 fragment containing either predicted miR-183-5p binding site (LEMD1-AS1-WT) or the mutant fragment (LEMD1-AS1-MUT). ", "The synthesized fragments were then inserted downstream of the luciferase reporter gene in the pmirGLO vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). ", "For microRNA target gene luciferase reporter assays, The 3ʹ-untranslated region (UTR) of TP53 with predicted miR-183-5p binding sites or mutant sites was synthesized and inserted into the pmirGLO vector. ", "The constructed vectors were cotransfected into cells with miR-183-5p mimic or miR-183-5p mimic control using Lipofectamine 3000 according to the manufactures's instruction. ", "Renilla and firefly luciferase activities were measured with the dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega). ", "Renilla luciferase activity was used as the normalized control and represented relative luciferase activity.", "\n\nRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP) Assay {#S0002-S2012}\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nRIP assay was carried out by a RIP Kit (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). ", "The SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells were lysed with RIP lysis buffer. ", "The supernatant of the lysate samples was incubated with magnetic beads-antibody complex for 3hrs to achieve RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation. ", "After incubation with proteinase K, RNAs in immunoprecipitation were purified and isolated. ", "The obtained RNAs were examined with qRT-PCR method.", "\n\nRNA Pull-Down Assay {#S0002-S2013}\n-------------------\n\nBio-labeled LEMD1-AS1 (Bio-LEMD1-AS1) and Bio-labeled negative control (Bio-NC) were purchased from Sangon (Shanghai, China). ", "The SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells were lysed and the lysates were incubated with Bio-LEMD1-AS1 or Bio-NC. ", "Then, the RNA-RNA complex was conjugated with streptavidin magnetic beads. ", "After elution, the level of miR-183-5p was examined using qRT-PCR.", "\n\nIn vivo Experiments {#S0002-S2014}\n-------------------\n\nAll the procedures of animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Anhui Medical University before operation. ", "The animals used in this study were 4\\~6 weeks old, female BALB/c nude mice (Shanghai R&S Biotechnology Co, Ltd, China). ", "SKOV3 cells transfected with LEMD1-AS1 or empty vector were resuspended in 100 μL PBS and subcutaneously injected into the flanks of mice (five mice per group). ", "Tumor volume was measured once a week. ", "Six weeks after injection, the mice were sacrificed and the tumor tissues were excised for further experiments.", "\n\nStatistical Analysis {#S0002-S2015}\n--------------------\n\nGraphPad Prism 8.0 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) was used for statistical analysis. ", "All data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation. ", "Results were analyzed using Student's *t*-test, or one- or two-way analysis of variance test. ", "p \\< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ", "All experiments were repeated at least three times.", "\n\nResults {#S0003}\n=======\n\nLEMD1-AS1 is Significantly Downregulated in Ovarian Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines {#S0003-S2001}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFirst, we used the GEPIA ([<http://gepia.-cancer-pku.cn/index.html>]{.ul}) to analyze the expression of LEMD1-AS1 in ovarian cancer and control tissues from TCGA database. ", "The result showed that LEMD1-AS1 level was downregulated in OC tissues relative to that in control tissues (*P* \\< 0.05, [Figure 1A](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In addition, LEMD1-AS1 expression was inversely correlated with FIGO stage ([Figure 1B](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Prognostic analysis revealed that patients with low level of LEMD1-AS1 exhibited worse overall survival compared to those with high level of LEMD1-AS1 (*P* \\< 0.05, [Figure 1C](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Consistently, microarray data (GSE119056) from GEO database also confirmed that LEMD1-AS1 level in ovarian cancer tissues was decreased compared with normal ovarian tissues (*P* \\< 0.0001, [Figure 1D](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Further, qRT-PCR was performed to measure the expression of LEMD1-AS1 in 30 cases of ovarian cancer tissues and normal tissues. ", "As shown in [Figure 1E](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, LEMD1-AS1 was significantly down-regulated in ovarian cancer tissues compared to that in normal tissues (*P*\\<0.0001). ", "Consistent with these findings, the expression of LEMD1-AS1 in ovarian cell lines was lower than that of normal human ovarian surface epithelial cell line (HOSE). ", "SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cell lines showed the lowest LEMD1-AS1 levels, and thus were selected for subsequent study ([Figure 1F](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "All these data indicate that LEMD1-AS1 is downregulated in OC.Figure 1The expression of LEMD1-AS1 is low in ovarian cancer samples and cell lines. (**", "A**) The expressions of LEMD1-AS1 in ovarian cancer tissues (red box) and normal tissues (black box) from GEPIA. (**", "B**) Differential expression of LEMD1-AS1 in stage II, stage III and stage IV ovarian cancer. (**", "C**) The relationship between LEMD1-AS1 expression and overall survival (OS) of ovarian cancer patients based on the KM Plotter from GEPIA. (**", "D**) LEMD1-AS1 levels in ovarian cancer tissues and normal tissues from the GEO database (GSE119056). (**", "E**) Relative LEMD1-AS1 expression in 30 pairs of ovarian cancer tissues and non-tumor tissues were demonstrated using qRT-PCR. (**", "F**) Relative LEMD1-AS1 expression in HOSE cell line and ovarian cancer cell lines (PEO1, SKOV3, CAOV3, ES-2 and OVCAR3). ", "\\**P* \\< 0.05, \\*\\**P* \\< 0.01, \\*\\*\\**P* \\< 0.001.", "\n\nOverexpression of LEMD1-AS1 Inhibits OC Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion {#S0003-S2002}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo investigate the biological functions of LEMD1-AS1 in OC cell lines, SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cell lines were transfected with pcDNA-LEMD1-AS1, and the empty vector was used as a negative control. ", "qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that LEMD1-AS1 expression was upregulated in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells transfected with pcDNA-LEMD1-AS1 ([Figure 2A](#F0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "CCK-8 assay results showed that the cell viability was significantly decreased in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells transfected with pcDNA-LEMD1-AS1 compared with the vector group ([Figure 2B](#F0002){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [C](#F0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "As demonstrated in colony formation assays, forced expression of LEMD1-AS1 led to a significant reduction in cell proliferative ability in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells compared to the control groups ([Figure 2D](#F0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Moreover, wound-healing and transwell experiments revealed that overexpression of LEMD1-AS1 significantly inhibited the migration and invasive capacity of SKOV3 cells and OVCAR3 cell lines ([Figure 2E](#F0002){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [F](#F0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In conclusion, overexpression of LEMD1-AS1 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells.", "Figure 2Overexpressed LEMD1-AS1 inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion in ovarian cancer cells. (**", "A**) SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells were transfected with pcDNA-LEMD1-AS1 or control vector, and LEMD1-AS1 level was detected by qRT-PCR. ", "The following indicators were then assessed in the SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells transfected with control vector or pcDNA-LEMD-AS1: (**B** and **C**) cell viability, (**D**) colony formation assays, (**E**) cell migration, and (**F**) cell invasion. ", "\\**P* \\< 0.05, \\*\\**P* \\< 0.01, \\*\\*\\**P* \\< 0.001.", "\n\nLEMD1-AS1 Directly Interacts with miR-183-5p {#S0003-S2003}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nTo explore the intracellular location of LEMD1-AS1, qRT-PCR was performed to detect localization of LEMD1-AS1 in OC cells. ", "Our data showed that LEMD1-AS1 mostly distributed in the cytoplasm ([Figure 3A](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [B](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}), suggesting that LEMD1-AS1 might act as a miRNA sponge to decoy miRNAs. ", "Next, we investigated the potential lncRNA/miRNA interaction by DIANA tools ([<http://diana.imis.athena-innova>]{.ul} tion.gr/DianaTools/index.php) and found complementary sites of miR-183-5p within LEMD1-AS1 sequence ([Figure 3C](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Further, luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to explore whether miR-183-5p could bind to LEMD1-AS1. ", "As illustrated in [Figure 3D](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [E](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}, when co-transfected with LEMD1-AS1 (WT) luciferase reporter, the luciferase activity of miR-183-5p mimics group was markedly lower than that of the miR-NC group (*P*\\<0.01), whereas no significant differences were observed in the Luc activity in each group when co-transfected with LEMD1-AS1 (MUT) luciferase reporter. ", "RNA pull-down results showed a significant increase of miR-183-5p enrichment in Bio-LEMD1-AS1 relative to Bio-probe NC (*P* \\< 0.05, [Figure 3F](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Moreover, RIP was conducted using antibody against Ago2, the key factor of RISC. ", "As expected, LEMD1-AS1 and miR-183-5p were observed in the Ago2-containing precipitates ([Figure 3G](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Moreover, as showed in [Figure 3H](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the levels of miR-183-5p were decreased in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells after LEMD1-AS1 transfection. ", "In addition, qRT-PCR was used to detect the LEMD1-AS1 and miR-183-5p expression in OC tissues, and analyze their correlation. ", "The results showed that miR-183-5p expression was elevated in OC tissues compared with that in the control group (*P* \\< 0.001, [Figure 3I](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and miR-183-5p expression was negatively correlated with LEMD1-AS1 expression (r = −0.5552, *P* \\< 0.001, [Figure 3J](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Taken together, LEMD1-AS1 was directly bound to miR-183-5p in OC.Figure 3LEMD1-AS1 directly interacts with miR-183-5p. (**", "A** and **B**) The expression of LEMD1-AS1 in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions were measured using qRT-PCR, U6 and GAPDH were used as nuclear and cytosolic loading controls, respectively. (**", "C**) The predicted binding sites of miR-183-5p within LEMD1-AS1 through DIANA tools. (**", "D** and **E**) Luciferase reporter assay of cells co-transfected with miR-183-5p mimics and luciferase reporter containing LEMD1-AS1 wild type (wt) or mutant construct (mut). (**", "F**) The binding relationship between LEMD1-AS1 and miR-183-5p confirmed by RNA pull-down assay. (**", "G**) The relative enrichment of LEMD1-AS1 and miR-183-5p with AGO2 determined by RIP assay. (**", "H**) Overexpressed LEMD1-AS1 inhibited miR-183-5p expression in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells. (**", "I**) The expression of miR-183-5p was examined by qRT-PCR in 30 cases of ovarian cancer and adjacent non-cancerous tissues. (**", "J**) Pearson correlation analysis of the association between miR-183-5p with LEMD1-AS1. ", "\\*\\**P* \\< 0.01, \\*\\*\\**P* \\< 0.001.", "\n\nLEMD1-AS1 Regulates TP53 Expression via Sponging miR-183-5p {#S0003-S2004}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo investigate whether LEMD1-AS1 sponged miR-183-5p to regulate the expression of target genes, StarBase V 2.0 ([<http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn/>]{.ul}) was used to identify the target genes of miR-183-5p and TP53 was predicted ([Figure 4A](#F0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Luciferase reporter assay was performed and the luciferase activity of miR-183-5p group was significantly decreased when co-transfected with TP53-WT luciferase reporter, whereas there was no significant difference in luciferase activity in each group when co-transfected with TP53-MUT luciferase reporter ([Figure 4B](#F0004){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [C](#F0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To further verify LEMD1-AS1 regulates TP53 expression via sponging miR-183-5p, qRT-PCR and Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of TP53 mRNA and protein, respectively. ", "The results showed that the levels of TP53 mRNA and TP53 protein in the LEMD1-AS1 group were significantly higher than that in the vector group, but the expression of TP53 mRNA and TP53 protein showed no significant differences between vector group and LEMD1-AS1+miR-183-5p group ([Figure 4D](#F0004){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [E](#F0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Subsequently, qRT-PCR analysis of specimens showed that the expression level of TP53 in OC tissues was significantly lower than that in adjacent normal tissues (*P* \\< 0.001, [Figure 4F](#F0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "TP53 expression was positively correlated with LEMD1-AS1 expression level ([Figure 4G](#F0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}) but inversely correlated with miR-183-5p level in OC tissues ([Figure 4H](#F0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Above all data indicate that LEMD1-AS1 regulates TP53 expression by sponging miR-183-5p.", "Figure 4LEMD1-AS1 regulates TP53 expression via sponging miR-183-5p. (**", "A**) The putative binding sequence between TP53 and miR-183-5p predicted from StarBase. (**", "B** and **C**) The combination between miR-183-5p and TP53 was further validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. (**", "D** and **E**) qRT-PCR and Western blot assays detected TP53 mRNA and protein expression after transfection with LEMD1-AS1 or cotransfection with LEMD1-AS1 and miR-183-5p mimics in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells. (**", "F**) The expression levels of TP53 in paired ovarian cancer and adjacent normal tissues from 30 patients (same samples as in [Figure 1E](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}) detected by qRT-PCR. (**", "G** and **H**) Pearson correlation analysis of the association between LEMD1-AS1/miR-183-5p with TP53. ", "\\**P* \\< 0.05, \\*\\**P* \\< 0.01, \\*\\*\\**P* \\< 0.001.", "\n\nmiR-183-5p and TP53 are Responsible for LEMD1-AS1-Mediated Effects on OC Cells {#S0003-S2005}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo further verify the role of miR-183-5p and TP53 in LEMD1-AS1-mediated progression of OC, SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells were co-transfected with pcDNA-LEMD1-AS1 and miR-183-5p mimics or siTP53. ", "CCK8 and colony formation assays demonstrated that cell proliferation in both LEMD1-AS1+ miR-183-5p group and LEMD1-AS1+ siTP53 group was elevated compared with the LEMD1-AS1group ([Figure 5A](#F0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[C](#F0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Moreover, miR-183-5p restoration and TP53 knockdown partially reversed LEMD1-AS1 overexpressing-induced inhibitory effects on the migration and invasion potential of OC cells ([Figure 5D](#F0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[E](#F0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Taken together, miR-183-5p and TP53 participated in LEMD1-AS1-induced OC progression.", "Figure 5Over-expression of LEMD1-AS1 regulates TP53 expression and inhibits ovarian cancer cells activities by targeting miR-183-5p. (**", "A** and **B**) Cell viability in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells with the transfection of vector, LEMD1-AS1, LEMD1-AS1+ miR-183-5p mimics, LEMD1-AS1+ siTP53 was detected by CCK-8 assay. (**", "C**) Colony formation assay in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells with the transfection of vector, LEMD1-AS1, LEMD1-AS1+ miR-183-5p mimics, LEMD1-AS1+ siTP53. (**", "D**) Cell migration ability in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells with the transfection of vector, LEMD1-AS1, LEMD1-AS1+ miR-183-5p mimics, LEMD1-AS1+ siTP53 detected by wound-healing assay. (**", "E**) Cell invasion ability in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells with the transfection of vector, LEMD1-AS1, LEMD1-AS1+ miR-183-5p mimics, LEMD1-AS1+ siTP53 detected by transwell with matrigel. ", "\\**P* \\< 0.05, \\*\\**P* \\< 0.01.", "\n\nLEMD1-AS1 Suppresses the Growth of Ovarian Cancer in vivo {#S0003-S2006}\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo investigate whether overexpression of LEMD1-AS1 regulates tumor growth in vivo, SKOV3 cells stably transfected with LEMD1-AS1 or control vector were injected subcutaneously into BALB/c nude mice. ", "Tumor volumes were measured weekly after injection. ", "After 6 weeks, the mice were killed and the tumors were excised for qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. ", "Compared with the control group, the LEMD1-AS1 overexpression group exhibited significantly reduced the growth rate and tumor weight ([Figure 6A](#F0006){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[C](#F0006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Additionally, compared with the control group, upregulated LEMD1-AS1 and downregulated miR-183-5p and TP53 were observed in the LEMD1-AS1 overexpression group performed by qRT-PCR results ([Figure 6D](#F0006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Western blot analysis also showed that the protein level of TP53 was decreased in the over-expressing LEMD1-AS1 group relative to the control group ([Figure 6E](#F0006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results demonstrate that upregulated LEMD1-AS1 efficiently suppresses the growth of ovarian cancer in vivo.", "Figure 6LEMD1-AS1 suppresses the growth of ovarian cancer tumor in vivo. (**", "A**) The subcutaneous tumors were taken photos in mock or LEMD1-AS1 groups. (**", "B**) Tumor volume was measured weekly. (**", "C**) The subcutaneous tumors were weighted in vector and LEMD1-AS1 groups. (**", "D**) The levels of LEMD1-AS1, miR-183-5p and TP53 in tumor tissues were measured by qRT-PCR. (**", "E**) The protein expression of TP53 was measured using Western blot in the xenografts. ", "\\**P* \\< 0.05, \\*\\**P* \\< 0.01.", "\n\nDiscussion {#S0004}\n==========\n\nLncRNAs, generated from genes, have been identified as biomarkers or regulators in multiple cancers.[@CIT0010]--[@CIT0012] Large number of lncRNAs have been shown to play vital roles in occurrence and progression of OC. ", "For instance, downregulated lncRNA PCAT-1 inhibits the progression of ovarian cancer cells through miRNA-124-3p.[@CIT0013] LncRNA PCAT6 promotes occurrence and development of ovarian cancer by inhibiting PTEN.[@CIT0014] LncRNA AB209371 increases survivin expression by targeting miR-203 in ovarian carcinoma.[@CIT0015] LncRNA HAND2-AS1 exerts anti-oncogenic effect on ovarian cancer via enhancing BCL2L11 expression as a sponge of microRNA-340-5p.[@CIT0016] However, the functional role as well as the mechanism about LEMD1-AS1 in OC remain largely unknown. ", "In this study, we investigated the expression level of LEMD1-AS1 in OC, and then elucidated the anti-oncogenic role of LEMD1-AS1 and explored the underlying mechanism.", "\n\nFirstly, one of the major findings of the present study is that a novel down-regulated lncRNA in OC, LEMD1-AS1, was identified in microarray dataset GSE119056 from Gene Expression Omnibus database as well as OC tissues and cell lines. ", "Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated shorter OS in patients with low expression of LEMD1-AS1, which was consistent with the previous report.[@CIT0017] Other than function as potential prognosis biomarkers for OC, lncRNAs have also been shown to be associated with the carcinogenesis and aggressive behavior of OC.[@CIT0018] Here, in vitro functional assays revealed that overexpression of LEMD1-AS1 suppressed cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion of OC cells. ", "Moreover, in vivo subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor model also indicated that overexpressed LEMD1-AS1 could suppress OC tumor growth, suggesting that LEMD1-AS1 might be a potential novel target for OC therapy.", "\n\nPrevious studies have revealed that lncRNAs serve as miRNAs spongers in implication in OC.[@CIT0019]--[@CIT0021] miRNAs could be putative oncogenic or tumor-suppressive factors by acting as key modulators of gene expression, and are important targets of lncRNAs.[@CIT0022],[@CIT0023] The putative miRNA targets of LEMD1-AS1 were then investigated in the present study. ", "By the means of dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA pull down and RIP, miR-183-5p was validated as the direct binding target of LEMD1-AS1. ", "In previous studies, mir-183-5p exerts an oncogenic function in several cancers and functions as a tumor suppressor in some cancers, which may be related to its different targets and mechanisms depending on the physiological circumstances and cell type.[@CIT0024],[@CIT0025] Recently, miR-183-5p was shown to be a potential prognostic biomarker and related to platinum resistance in ovarian cancer.[@CIT0026],[@CIT0027] In the present study, we found that miR-183-5p was upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues and negatively correlated with LEMD1-AS1 expression. ", "Further functional assays revealed that miR-183-5p was responsible for TP53 expression and LEMD1-AS1mediated effects on OC cells. ", "These findings not only shed light on the mechanism of LEMD1-AS1 but also provided a better understanding of the action mode of miR-183-5p in ovarian cancer.", "\n\nFinally, another important finding of this study is that TP53 was identified as the direct target of miR-183-5p and involved in the LEMD1-AS1-mediated effect on OC. ", "TP53 is a well-known tumor suppressor that induces growth arrest or apoptosis and involved in cell cycle regulation.[@CIT0028] TP53 is downregulated in many types of tumors including non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer and ovarian cancer,[@CIT0029]--[@CIT0034] which can lead to a poor survival rate. ", "Our results showed that TP53 was downregulated in OC tissues, and could be decreased by miR-183-5p mimics and restored by overexpressed LEMD1-AS1, respectively. ", "Collectively, the present findings revealed the essential roles of the LEMD1-AS1/miR-183-5p/TP53 axis on the regulation of OC progression.", "\n\nIn conclusion, our results illustrated that LEMD1-AS1 could inhibit ovarian cancer progression through regulating miR-183-5p/TP53 axis, providing novel and promising targets for the diagnosis and treatment of OC.", "\n\nAbbreviations {#S0005}\n=============\n\nLncRNAs, long noncoding RNAs; OC, ovarian cancer; LEMD1-AS1, LEMD1 antisense RNA 1; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; HOSE, human ovarian surface epithelial; siTP53, siRNA targeting TP53; si-Con, siRNA control; pcDNA- LEMD1-AS1, pcDNA3.1 containing LEMD1-AS1 plasmid; GEPIA, Gene expression profiling interactive analysis.", "\n\nData Sharing Statement {#S0006}\n======================\n\nThe datasets used and/or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "\n\nEthics Approval and Consent to Participate {#S0007}\n==========================================\n\nThe study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Anhui Medical University (approval number: 2017-29, date: 20170512), and the informed consent and written approvals were obtained from all of the patients.", "\n\nAll the animals in this study were treated according to the guidelines for the welfare and use of animals in cancer research[@CIT0035] and with the approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Anhui Medical University (approval number 2017-135, date: 20171123).", "\n\nDisclosure {#S0008}\n==========\n\nThe authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to water treatment systems and, in particular, to such systems having an encapsulated manifold head and a reverse osmosis cartridge and one or more filter cartridges.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nReverse osmosis systems are known. ", "The main part of the system is a semi-permeable membrane through which the untreated water passes. ", "Such systems typically include an additional carbon or ceramic filter which removes contaminates either prior to passing through the membrane or after. ", "Such systems are often installed in residential applications.", "\nThe prior art includes electronic systems which detect when the reverse osmosis membrane requires replacement. ", "Typical prior art systems include measuring the conductivity of the water entering the reverse osmosis cartridge, and then measuring the conductivity of the water at the outlet of the reverse osmosis cartridge. ", "The conductivity of the water is proportional to the total dissolved solids. ", "A ratio of the conductivity levels will provide an indication of the rejection efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane.", "\nPrior art systems also include an application wherein a permeate pump is included in a factory installation. ", "The permeate pump provides greater efficiency in the system. ", "The permeate pump increases the net pressure across the reverse osmosis membrane by isolating the membrane pressure from the pressure in the products water and thus reducing the permeate back pressure.", "\nThe prior art also includes systems which address reducing the spillage of fluid occurring during replacement of the cartridges." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 1, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- DoorDash, the fastest-growing last-mile logistics platform in the U.S., announced today that it has entered into a definitive agreement with Square (NYSE: SQ) to acquire Caviar for $410 million in cash and DoorDash preferred stock. ", "DoorDash's acquisition of Caviar creates a highly differentiated company with a unique brand and wide-ranging selection.", "\n\nThe acquisition underscores both DoorDash and Caviar's strategic commitment to merchant selection. ", "The addition of Caviar's premium restaurants, with whom DoorDash will work closely to drive their growth, will enable the combined organization to cater to every food preference and occasion. ", "Caviar's complementary geographic footprint provides DoorDash with a significant number of new and unique customers, who will benefit from an even broader set of merchants.", "\n\nFurthermore, DoorDash will benefit from Caviar's leading technology and exceptional team, who are deeply passionate about the restaurant delivery experience for merchants, couriers and customers. ", "The Caviar team, including Caviar Lead Gokul Rajaram, will join DoorDash once the acquisition closes.", "\n\nThe transaction continues to build on the partnership between DoorDash and Square. ", "DoorDash is currently integrated with Square for Restaurants point of sale, which streamlines the acceptance of online and in-person orders for merchants, and in the second quarter Cash Boost partnered with DoorDash to provide instant rewards when customers use their Cash Card at DoorDash.", "\n\nTony Xu, CEO of DoorDash, said: \"Today's announcement is another important step forward on our mission to empower local economies. ", "We have long-admired Caviar, which has a coveted brand, an exceptional portfolio of premium restaurants and leading technology. ", "The acquisition further enhances the breadth of our merchant selection, enabling us to offer customers even more choice when they order through DoorDash. ", "We look forward to welcoming the Caviar team to DoorDash and expanding our partnership with Square in the future.\"", "\n\nGokul Rajaram, Caviar Lead, said: \"Caviar has built a trusted brand with customers and many of the best restaurants. ", "DoorDash has national scale, complementary restaurant selection, a tremendous logistics platform, and a team that shares our passion and commitment to better serve restaurants, couriers, and customers. ", "I'm incredibly excited to be joining, with the rest of the Caviar team, to help build the future of local commerce.\"", "\n\nJack Dorsey, CEO of Square, said: \"We are increasing our focus on and investment in our two large, growing ecosystems—one for businesses and one for individuals. ", "This transaction furthers that effort, and we believe partnering with DoorDash provides valuable and strategic opportunities for Square.\"", "\n\nThe transaction is subject to certain closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, and is expected to close in 2019.", "\n\nAbout DoorDash\n\nDoorDash is a technology platform that connects customers with their favorite local and national businesses in over 4,000 cities and all 50 states across the United States and Canada. ", "Founded in 2013 by Stanford students Tony Xu, Andy Fang, and Stanley Tang, the company currently reaches 80 percent of U.S. households and has the widest selection of restaurants in the U.S. DoorDash empowers merchants to grow their businesses by offering on-demand delivery, data-driven insights, and better in-store efficiency, providing delightful experiences from door to door. ", "By building the last-mile delivery infrastructure for local cities, DoorDash is bringing communities closer, one doorstep at a time. ", "Read more on the DoorDash blog or at www.doordash.com.", "\n\nAbout Caviar\n\nCaviar is an all-in-one food ordering platform that connects diners with the most crave-worthy restaurants, via convenient delivery, pickup, or catering. ", "Caviar, part of Square's suite of services for businesses, partners with thousands of restaurants in hundreds of cities across the U.S., to grow their sales and bring them new customers. ", "Caviar also provides economic empowerment and flexible earning opportunities for couriers, including being the first company in the industry to offer an occupational accident insurance policy that protects all couriers when they're delivering on the Caviar platform at no cost to them. ", "Caviar was founded in 2012 and acquired by Square in 2014 – to learn more, visit trycaviar.com.", "\n\nAbout Square\n\nSquare, Inc. (NYSE: SQ) revolutionized payments in 2009 with Square Reader, making it possible for anyone to accept card payments using a smartphone or tablet. ", "Today, we build tools to empower businesses and individuals to participate in the economy. ", "Sellers use Square to reach buyers online and in-person, manage their business, and access financing. ", "Restaurants use Caviar to offer diners delivery, group ordering, catering, and pickup. ", "And individuals use Cash App to spend, send, and store money. ", "Square has offices in the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, Ireland, and the UK.", "\n\nSQUARE SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT\n\nThis press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Safe Harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. ", "All statements other than statements of historical fact could be deemed forward-looking, including, but not limited to, statements regarding the proposed acquisition of Caviar from Square (the Company), the Company's intentions of reinvesting in its ecosystem, and general business outlook. ", "Such statements are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors that may cause the Company's actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from results expressed or implied in this press release. ", "Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these statements. ", "Actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied, and reported results should not be considered as an indication of future performance.", "\n\nRisks that contribute to the uncertain nature of the forward-looking statements include, among others, the possibility that the transaction will not close or that the closing may be delayed; the ability to secure required regulatory approvals or otherwise satisfy other closing conditions in a timely manner, or at all; the proposed transaction may not advance the parties' business strategies; the ability of DoorDash to retain the customers, merchants and couriers of Caviar; the ability to realize the expected benefits from the transaction in the expected time period, or at all; disruptions from the transaction on ongoing operations; potentially incurring significant transaction costs; and unknown, underestimated, or undisclosed commitments or liabilities, as well as other risks and uncertainties relating to the Company listed or described from time to time in the Company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC), including the Company's most recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which is on file with the SEC and available on the investor relations page of the Company's website. ", "All forward-looking statements are based on information and estimates available to the Company at the time of this press release and are not guarantees of future performance. ", "Except as required by law, the Company assumes no obligation to update any of the statements in this press release.", "\n\nSOURCE DoorDash\n\nRelated Links\n\nhttps://www.doordash.com\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction\n===============\n\nInvestigations in the area of supramolecular chemistry during the last two decades have resulted in the discovery of a large number of new compounds displaying self-assembly characteristics, often assisted by solvents. ", "Many of those novel compounds have been proved to form reversible gels, and since that time, as Professor Dastidar has stated \\[[@B1-molecules-16-09357]\\]: \"Gels are everywhere!\", ", "and the number of papers dealing with different aspects of this field of supramolecular chemistry has been steadily increasing. ", "The most frequent components of self-assembly systems are heterocycles and other aromatic systems and amino acids (both aromatic and non-aromatic in nature), combined with steroid molecules, mono- and oligosaccharides, fatty acyls and even hydrocarbons and organometallic compounds \\[[@B1-molecules-16-09357],[@B2-molecules-16-09357],[@B3-molecules-16-09357]\\]. ", "Steroid compounds, particularly the bile acids \\[[@B4-molecules-16-09357],[@B5-molecules-16-09357],[@B6-molecules-16-09357],[@B7-molecules-16-09357],[@B8-molecules-16-09357]\\], but also other types of steroids, like phytosterols and phytoecdysteroids \\[[@B2-molecules-16-09357]\\] can be a basis for designing supramolecules in combination with other small molecules, e.g., amino acids, nucleotides, heterocycles, *etc.* ", "\\[[@B1-molecules-16-09357],[@B2-molecules-16-09357],[@B3-molecules-16-09357]\\]. ", "A specific group among such structures is represented by steroid-based anion and cation receptors and transporters. ", "Ion transportation across biological membranes represents a fundamental process essential for homeostasis in multicellular life forms. ", "Biological systems use a number of mechanisms by which hydrophilic ions pass through phospholipid bilayers possessing hydrophobic nature. ", "Steroid compounds represent convenient natural molecules capable of assisting in transportation of ions through the hydrophobic bilayers or modifying the gelator properties \\[[@B9-molecules-16-09357]\\]. ", "In turn, several types of steroid derivatives with other small molecules of natural or synthetic origin have already been proved to become a specific part of supramolecular gelators, *i.e.*, low molecular weight/mass organic gelators (LMWGs/LMMGs). ", "Recently, we have published a paper dealing with the synthesis of phytosterol-amino acid conjugates and investigation of their physico-chemical characteristics as supramolecular gelators \\[[@B2-molecules-16-09357]\\]. ", "Among steroid molecules, phytosterols have not yet received adequate attention, despite the fact that these natural products can be relatively easily extracted from numerous plants. ", "Phytosterols are biogenetic precursors of phytoecdysteroids, which are important plant products acting mainly in plant defense systems. ", "Phytosterols are structurally close to cholesterol, and many of them display important pharmacological activities, including cholesterol lowering activity in the human body.", "\n\nAmino acids represent key products for humans and other living organisms. ", "Enantiomerically pure non-natural amino acids are often used as valuable intermediates in the preparation of pharmaceuticals \\[[@B10-molecules-16-09357],[@B11-molecules-16-09357]\\]. ", "In the other hand, both enantiomerically pure natural and non-natural amino acids may become parts of molecules of low molecular weight organic gelators (LMWGs) \\[[@B2-molecules-16-09357]\\]. ", "Amino acids bear a charge on their molecules. ", "In combination with steroid compounds like phytosterols, the resulting conjugates may provide H-bond donor functionality combined with the lipophilic nature of phytosterol molecules \\[[@B2-molecules-16-09357]\\]. ", "Hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking of aromatic rings and multiple bond systems represent the key forces responsible for supramolecular self-assembly of the studied systems.", "\n\nThe objectives of this investigation were: (a) a synthesis of conjugates of stigmasterol and L-phenylalanine, connected by ester and amide bonds through short-chained dicarboxylic acyl compounds; and (b) a study of the physico-chemical properties of these novel potential LMWGs.", "\n\n2. ", "Results and Discussion\n=========================\n\nHemiesters of stigmasterol **2a**--**2c** were prepared by reacting the sterol **1** with the corresponding acid anhydride in either dry pyridine (in the case **2a** and **2b**) or in dry dichloromethane (for **2c**) in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). ", "Using pyridine in the synthesis of **2c** resulted in only a 13% yield. ", "The subsequent amide bond formation between the amino group of methyl L-phenylalanine and the corresponding hemiesters **2a**--**2c** was carried out in dichloromethane in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as an auxiliary condensation reagent and small quantity of DMAP as reaction promoter, and resulted in the target conjugates **3a**--**3c** ([Scheme 1](#molecules-16-09357-f003){ref-type=\"scheme\"}).", "\n\n{#molecules-16-09357-f003}\n\nThe obtained conjugates **3a**--**3c** were subjected to a screening of their supramolecular properties. ", "Their UV-VIS spectra were recorded in solvent systems consisting of water and an organic solvent miscible with water (acetonitrile in our experiments). ", "The concentration of the studied compound was constant in all solutions, and the ratio of both solvents was changed stepwise in 5--25% steps. ", "Under the described conditions, the UV-VIS spectra of the compounds able to show self-assembly properties, display irregularities indicating formation of supramolecular structures in the studied systems consisting of two solvents. [", "Figure 1](#molecules-16-09357-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows several examples of those results and irregularities. ", "When the compound forms no supramolecular structures in the solutions in two-solvent-based systems, then the absorbance intensity follows the sequence of solvent ratio change. ", "However, when the compound is able to form supramolecular structures, then the absorbance intensity is responsive to structural changes due to hydrogen bond formation (supramolecular polymer) or due to the π-π stacking of aromatic rings. ", "Formation of both types of van der Waals forces may be accompanied by absorbance maximum shift in different solvent ratio solutions. ", "Supramolecular structures are formed with different rates, and the structure of supramolecular systems can change during the longer time, as shown in [Figure 1](#molecules-16-09357-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "It follows from this figure that the conjugates **3a** and **3b** display supramolecular characteristics in their UV-VIS spectra. ", "The [supplementary material](#app1-molecules-16-09357){ref-type=\"app\"} contains the whole sequence of long-term UV-VIS measurement traces, supporting this finding.", "\n\n{#molecules-16-09357-f001}\n\nBased on the UV-VIS measurement results, several solvents were tested to determine if the studied compounds would display the ability to form gels. ", "Thus, benzene, toluene, dichloromethane, methanol and 1-octanol were tested as solvents in gelation ability screening experiments for the new compounds. [", "Table 1](#molecules-16-09357-t001){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the results of this screening. ", "Only compound **3a** formed a reversible gel in 1-octanol ([Figure 2](#molecules-16-09357-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}), while the compounds **3b** and **3c** formed solutions in this solvent. ", "All tested compounds formed precipitates in methanol, and solutions in all other tested solvents. ", "Compound **3a** formed the gel in 1-octanol upon cooling in a refrigerator. ", "The gel was transformed into a solution by slowly increasing the temperature to the laboratory temperature, and the gel reversibly formed by repeated cooling in the refrigerator.", "\n\nmolecules-16-09357-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nAbility of the conjugates **3a**--**3c** to form gels.", "\n\n Compound Solvent \n ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------------- ----------\n **3a** solution solution solution precipitation **gel**\n **3b** solution solution solution precipitation solution\n **3c** solution solution solution precipitation solution\n\n{#molecules-16-09357-f002}\n\n3. ", "Experimental\n===============\n\n3.1. ", "General\n------------\n\nThe ^1^H-NMR and the ^13^C-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE 600 MHz spectrometer at 600.13 MHz and 150.90 MHz in deuteriochloroform using tetramethylsilane (δ = 0.0) as internal reference. ", "^1^H-NMR data are presented in the following order: chemical shift (δ) expressed in ppm, multiplicity (s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet), coupling constants in Hertz, number of protons. ", "Infrared spectra were measured with a Nicolet 205 FT-IR spectrometer. ", "Mass spectra were measured with a Waters ZMD mass spectrometer in a positive ESI mode. ", "TLC was carried out on silica gel plates (Merck 60F254) and the visualization was performed both, by UV detection and by spraying with the methanolic solution of phosphomolybdic acid (5%) followed by heating. ", "Elemental analyses were performed on a Perkin Elmer 2400, series II CHNS/O analyzer (USA). ", "Melting points were determined on a Kofler MHK melting point apparatus (Franz Küstner Nacht, KG, Dresden, Germany) and are uncorrected. ", "All chemicals and solvents were purchased from regular commercial sources in analytical grade and the solvents were purified by general methods before use. ", "For column chromatography, silica gel 60 (0.063--0.200 mm) from Merck was used. ", "ACD/Labs software, ACD/logD DB, version 12.01, was used for calculation of solubility, partition coefficient (log P) and distribution coefficient (log D) of the prepared compounds.", "\n\n3.2. ", "4-Oxo-4-\\[(3β,22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-yloxy\\]butanoic Acid (**2a**), 5-Oxo-5-\\[(3β,22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-yloxy\\]pentanoic Acid (**2b**) and 5-Oxo-5-\\[(3β,22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-yloxy\\]-3,3-dimethylpentanoic Acid (**2c**)\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nA catalytic amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP; 0.2 g, 1.637 mmol) was added to a solution of stigmasterol (**1**, 4.0 g, 9.693 mmol) and the anhydride of the corresponding dicarboxylic acid (15.188 mmol) in either dry pyridine (17.5 mL; in the preparation of **2a** and **2b**) or dry dichloromethane (10 mL; in the preparation of **2c**); path **a** in [Scheme 1](#molecules-16-09357-f003){ref-type=\"scheme\"}. ", "The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 7 days and then poured onto a mixture of ice (30 mL)/hydrochloric acid (15 mL). ", "The organic layer was extracted with chloroform (5 × 40 mL), the combined extracts were dried over sodium sulfate, and the solvent was finally evaporated to dryness. ", "The residue was purified by column chromatography using a chloroform/methanol gradient (100:0 to 60:1) mixture as mobile phase. ", "Yields: **2a**: 4.62 g (93%), **2b**: 3.41 g (67%), **2c**: 3.07 g (57%).", "\n\n*4-Oxo-4-\\[(3β,22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-yloxy\\]butanoic acid* **(2a**): ^1^H-NMR: 5.37 (ddt, 1H, *J*= 1.3; 1.3; 1.8; 5.0 Hz, H-6´), 5.15 (dd, 1H, *J*= 8.7; 15.2 Hz, H-22´), 5.01 (dd, 1H, *J*= 8.9; 15.2Hz, H-23´), 4.63 (dddd, 1H, *J*= 4.2; 7.1; 9.5; 11.6 Hz, H-3´), 2.61 (m, 2H, H-31´), 2.68 (m, 2H, H-32´), 2.30--2.33 (m, 2H, H-4´), 2.00--2.06 (m, 1H, H-20´), 1.55--1.60 (m) + 1.80--1.86 (m, 2H, H-2´), 1.52--1.56 (m, 1H, H-24´), 1.51--1.55 (m, 1H, H-25´), 1.46--1.51 (m, 2H, H-11´), 1.46--1.51 (m, 1H, H-8´), 1.37--1.41 (m) + 1.93--2.01 (m, 2H, H-7´), 1.14--1.19 (m) + 1.41--1.46 (m, 2H, H-28´), 1.21--1.28 (m) + 1.70 (ddd, 2H, *J* = 6.1; 9.8; 13.0 Hz, H-16´), 1.12--1.17 (m, 1H, H-17´), 1.09--1.12 (m) + 1.83--1.88 (m, 2H, H-1´), 1.07 (ddd, 1H, *J*= 6.2; 11.3; 12.6 Hz, H-14´), 1.06--1.11 (m) + 1.96-2.00 (m, 2H, H-12´), 1.021 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.6 Hz, H-21´), 1.020 (s, 3H, H-19´), 1.01--1.06 (m) + 1.50--1.56 (m, 2H, H-15´), 0.95 (ddd, *J* = 5.1; 10.9; 12.1 Hz, H-9´), 0.846 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.5 Hz, H-26´), 0.805 (t, 3H, *J*= 7.4 Hz, H-29´), 0.795 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.6 Hz, H-27´), 0.695 (s, 3H, H-18´). ", "^13^C-NMR: 177.54 (s, C-33´), 171.53 (s, C-30´), 139.49 (s, C 5´), 138.31 (d, C-22´), 129.24 (d, C-23´), 122.72 (d, C-6´), 74.53 (d, C-3´), 56.75 (d, C 14´), 55.88 (d, C-17´), 51.21 (d, C-24´), 49.98 (d, C-9´), 42.17 (s, C-13´), 40.51 (d, C-20´), 39.59 (t, C 12´), 37.98 (t, C-4´), 36.56 (s, C-10´), 36.92 (t, C-1´), 31.87 (d, C-25´), 31.87 (t, C-8´), 31.81 (t, C-7´), 29.20 (t, C-31´), 28.91 (t, C-32´), 28.89 (t, C-16´), 27.66 (t, C-2´), 25.40 (t, C-28´), 24.34 (t, C-15´), 21.22 (q, C-21´), 21.09 (q, C-26´), 20.99 (t, C-11´), 19.30 (q, C-19´), 18.97 (q, C-27´), 12.25 (q, C-29´), 12.03 (q, C-18´). ", "IR (KBr): \\[cm^−1^\\] 1732 vs and 1715 s (C=O), 1381 w (CH~3~), 1178 s (C-O). ", "For C~33~H~52~O~4~ (512.75) calcd.: ", "77.29% C, 10.22% H; found: 77.15% C, 10.41% H. MS (ESI, 20 eV): \\[M+Na\\]^+^ 535.", "\n\n*5-Oxo-5-\\[(3β,22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-yloxy\\]pentanoic acid*(**2b**): ^1^H-NMR: 5.37 (ddt, 1H, *J* = 1.2; 1.2; 2.0, 5.8 Hz, H-6´), 5.15 (dd, 1H, *J* = 8.7; 15.2 Hz, H-22´), 5.02 (ddd, 1H, *J* = 0.6; 9.0; 15.2 Hz, H-23´), 4.62 (dddd, 1H, *J* = 4.3; 7.5; 9.4; 11.3 Hz, H-3´), 2.44 (t, 2H, *J* = 7.3 Hz, H-31´), 2.38 (t, 2H, *J* = 7.3 Hz, H-33´), 2.39--2.33 (m, 2H, H-4´), 2.00--2.07 (m, 1H, H-20´), 1.96 (m, 2H, H-32´), 1.55--1.62 (m) + 1.83--1.86 (m, 2H, H-2´), 1.53--1.57 (m, 1H, H-24´), 1.51--1.54 (m, 1H, H-25´), 1.48--1.53 (m, 2H, H-11´), 1.48--1.53 (m, 1H, H-8´), 1.39--1.44 (m) + 1.94--2.00 (m, 2H, H-7´), 1.14--1.19 (m) + 1.41--1.45 (m, 2H, H-28´), 1.22--1.28 (m) + 1.70 (ddd, 2H, *J* = 6.1; 9.8; 13.0 Hz, H-16´), 1.12--1.16 (m, 1H, H-17´), 1.09--1.12 (m) + 1.83--1.88 (m, 2H, H-1´), 1.07 (ddd, 1H, *J* = 6.1; 11.3; 12.6 Hz, H-14´), 1.08--1.13 (m) + 1.97--2.01 (m, 2H, H-12´), 1.022 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.6 Hz, H-21´), 1.020 (s, 3H, H-19´), 1.01--1.05 (m) + 1.51--1.57 (m, 2H, H-15´), 0.96 (ddd, *J* = 5.0; 10.9; 12.2 Hz, H-9´), 0.846 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.5 Hz, H-26´), 0.799 (t, 3H, *J* = 7,4 Hz, H-29´), 0.796 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.7 Hz, H-27´), 0.696 (s, 3H, H-18´). ", "^13^C-NMR: 178.06 (s, C-34´), 172.29 (s, C-29´), 139.55 (s, C 5´), 138.31 (d, C-22´), 129.23 (d, C-23´), 122.68 (d, C-6´), 74.09 (d, C-3´), 56.75 (d, C 14´), 55.88 (d, C-17´), 51.21 (d, C-24´), 49.99 (d, C-9´), 42.17 (s, C-13´), 40.51 (d, C-20´), 39.59 (t, C 12´), 38.09 (t, C-4´), 36.94 (t, C-1´), 36.57 (s, C-10´), 33.50 (t, C-31´), 32.83 (t, C 33´), 31.87 (d, C-25´), 31.87 (t, C-8´), 31.82 (t, C-7´), 28.91 (t, C-16´), 27.76 (t, C-2´), 25.41 (t, C-28´), 24.34 (t, C-15´), 21.21 (q, C-21´), 21.09 (q, C-26´), 20.99 (t, C-11´), 19.88 (t, C-32´), 19.30 (q, C-19´), 18.96 (q, C-27´), 12.25 (q, C-29´), 12.03 (q, C-18´). ", "IR (KBr): \\[cm^−1^\\] 1739 vs and 1712 s (C=O), 1380 w (CH~3~), 1180 s (C-O). ", "For C~34~H~54~O~4~ (526.77) calcd.: ", "77.52% C, 10.33% H, found: 77.34% C, 10.31% H. MS (ESI, 20 eV): \\[M+Na\\]^+^ 549.", "\n\n*5-Oxo-5-\\[(3β,22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-yloxy\\]-3,3-dimethylpentanoic* *acid* (**2c**): ^1^H-NMR: 5.38 (ddt, 1H, *J* = 1.3; 1.3; 2.0; 5.0 Hz, H-6´), 5.15 (dd, 1H, *J* = 8.6; 15.1 Hz, H-22´), 5.02 (dd, 1H, *J* = 8.9; 15.1 Hz, H-23´), 4.65 (dddd, 1H, *J* = 4.1; 7.7; 9.0; 11.3 Hz, H-3´), 2.46 (s, 2H, H-33´), 2.41 (s, 2H, H-31´), 2.31--2.33 (m, 2H, H-4´), 2.02--2.08 (m, 1H, H-20´), 1.57--1.62 (m) + 1.84--1.89 (m, 2H, H-2´), 1.52--1.56 (m, 1H, H-25´), 1.52--1.56 (m, 1H, H-24´), 1.49--1.55 (m, 1H, H-8´), 1.47--1.53 (m, 2H, H-11´), 1.43--1.49 (m) + 1.95--2.00 (m, 2H, H-7´), 1.23--1.28 (m) + 1.68--1.73 (m, 2H, H-16´), 1.17--1.21 (m) + 1.97--2.02 (m, 2H, H-12´), 1.14--1.18 (m) + 1.41--1.44 (m, 2H, H-28´), 1.14 (s, 3H, H-35´), 1.13--1.18 (m, 1H, H-17´), 1.12--1.16 (m) + 1.84--1.89 (m, 2H, H-1´), 1.03--1.07 (m) + 1.53--1.57 (m, 2H, H-15´), 1.02 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.6 Hz, H-21´), 1.02 (s, 1H, H-19´), 0.99--1.05 (m, 1H, H-14´), 0.94--0.99 (m, 1H, H-9´), 0.85 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.5 Hz, H-26´), 0.81 (t, 3H, *J* = 7.3 Hz, H-29´), 0.80 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.5 Hz, H-27´), 0.70 (s, 3H, H-18´). ", "^13^C-NMR: 175.57 (s, C-34´), 172.17 (s, C-30´), 139.44 (s, C 5´), 138.30 (d, C-22´), 129.28 (d, C-23´), 122.80 (d, C-6´), 74.38 (d, C-3´), 56.76 (d, C 14´), 55.92 (d, C-17´), 51.22 (d, C-24´), 50.00 (d, C-9´), 45.42 (t, C-31´), 45.21 (t, C-33´), 42.19 (s, C-13´), 40.50 (d, C-20´), 39.30 (t, C 12´), 38.11 (t, C-4´), 36.95 (t, C-1´), 36.60 (s, C-10´), 33.50 (t, C-31´), 32.83 (t, C-33´), 31.87 (d, C-25´), 31.87 (t, C-8´), 31.83 (t, C-7´), 28.90 (t, C-16´), 27.98 (q, C-35´), 27.81 (t, C-2´), 25.40 (t, C-28´), 21.22 (q, C-21´), 21.08 (q, C-26´), 21.00 (t, C-11´), 19.31 (q, C-19´), 18.97 (q, C-27´), 12.24 (q, C-29´), 12.04 (q, C-18´). ", "IR (KBr): \\[cm^−1^\\] 1733 vs and 1714 s (C=O), 1390 w (CH~3~), 1178 s (C-O). ", "For C~36~H~58~O~4~ (554.82) calcd.: ", "77.93% C, 10.54% H; found: 77.77% C, 10.51% H. MS (ESI, 20 eV): \\[M+Na\\]^+^ 577.", "\n\n3.3. ", "Methyl N-{4-oxo-4-\\[(3β,22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-yloxy\\]butanoyl}-L-phenylalanine (**3a**), Methyl N-{5-oxo-5-\\[(3β,22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-yloxy\\]pentanoyl}-L-phenylalanine (**3b**) and Methyl N-{5-oxo-5-\\[(3β,22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-yloxy\\]-3,3-dimethylpentanoyl}-L-phenylalanine (**3c**)\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nA solution of stigmasteryl hemiester (**2a**--**2c**, 0.195 mmol), L-phenylalanine hydrochloride (0.195 mmol), DCC (0.234 mmol) and DMAP (0.058 mmol) in dry dichlomethane (10 mL), containing several drops of dry pyridine (to neutralize the hydrogen chloride formed), was stirred at room temperature for 2 days; path **b** in [Scheme 1](#molecules-16-09357-f003){ref-type=\"scheme\"}. ", "The solvent was then evaporated, and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, using a chloroform/methanol gradient (100:0 to 80:1) mixture as mobile phase. ", "Yields: **3a**: 97%, **3b**: 96%, **3c**: 89%.", "\n\n*Methyl N-{4-oxo-4-\\[(3β,22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-yloxy\\]butanoyl}-L-phenylalanine*(**3a**): ^1^H-NMR: 7.27--7.31 (m, 1H, H-38´), 7.23--7.26 (m, 1H, H-39´), 7.09--7.12 (m, 1H, H-37´), 5.35 (m, 1H, H-6´), 5.15 (dd, 1H, *J* = 8.8; 15.2 Hz, H-22´), 5.02 (dd, 1H, *J* = 8.8; 15.2 Hz, H-23´), 4.88 (dt, 1H, *J* = 5.8; 5.8; 7.7 Hz, H-34´), 4.58--4.64 (m, 1H, H-3´), 3.72 (s, 3H, H-41´), 3.09 (dd, 2H, *J* = 5.6; 13.9 Hz, H-35´)+3.14 (dd, 2H, *J* = 5.8; 13.9 Hz, H 35´), 2.59 (ddd, 2H, *J* = 6.0; 7.0; 17.1 Hz, H-31´)+2.63 (dt, 1H, *J* = 7.2; 7.2; 17.1 Hz, H-31´), 2.45--2.51 (m, 2H, H-4´), 2.28--2.32 (m, 2H, H-32´), 1.02 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.7 Hz, H-21´), 1.01 (s, 3H, H-19´), 0.85 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.5 Hz, H-26´), 0.80 (t, 3H, *J* = 7.4 Hz, H-29´), 0.79 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.5 Hz, H-27´), 0.69 (s, 3H, H-18´). ", "^13^C-NMR: 172.14 (s, C-33´), 171.92 (s, C-40´), 170.99 (s, C-30´), 139.58 (s, C-5´), 138.31 (d, C-22´), 135.78 (s, C-36´), 129.27 (d, C-37´), 129.23 (d, C-23´), 128.56 (t, C-38´), 127.11 (d, C-39´), 122.66 (d, C-6´), 74.37 (d, C-3´), 56.75 (d, C-14´), 55.88 (d, C-17´), 53.13 (d, C-34´), 52.32 (q, C-41´), 51.21 (d, C-24´), 50.00 (d, C-9´), 42.17 (s, C-13´), 40.50 (d, C-20´), 39.59 (t, C 12´), 38.02 (t, C-4´), 37.86 (t, C-35´), 36.94 (t, C-1´), 36.57 (s, C-10´), 31.87 (d, C-25´), 31.87 (t, C-8´), 31.81 (t, C-7´), 30.89 (t, C-32´), 29.66 (t, C-31´), 28.91 (t, C-16´), 27.68 (t, C-2´), 25.40 (t, C-28´), 24.33 (t, C-15´), 21.20 (q, C-21´), 21.09 (q, C-26´), 20.98 (t, C-11´), 19.30 (q, C-19´), 18.96 (q, C-27´), 12.25 (q, C-29´), 12.02 (q, C-18´). ", "IR (KBr): \\[cm^−1^\\] 3282m (-CO-NH-), 2956 m and 2947 m (-CH~2~), 2890 m and 2869 m (-CH~3~), 1743 vs and 1644 s (C=O), 1216 s (Ar), 1177 s (C-O). ", "For C~43~H~63~NO~5~ (673.97) calcd.: ", "76.74% C, 9.36% H, found: 76.64% C, 9.34% H. MS (ESI, 20 eV): \\[M+Na\\]^+^ 696. ", "Calculated partition coefficient: neutral form logP = 11.22 ± 0.51, form charged on nitrogen logP = 9.22 ± 1.00. ", "Calculated diffusion coefficient for neutral pH: logD = 11.22. ", "Solubility in pure water at pH = 7: 2.9606 × 10^−7^ mg·mL^−1^.\n\n*Methyl N-{5-oxo-5-\\[(3β,22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-yloxy\\]pentanoyl}-L-phenylalanine* (**3b**): ^1^H-NMR: 7.27--7.31 (m, 1H, H-39´), 7.23--7.26 (m, 1H, H-40´), 7.08--7.11 (m, 1H, H-38´), 5.36--5.38(m, 1H, H-6´), 5.15 (dd, 1H, *J* = 8.7; 15.1 Hz, H-22´), 5.02 (dd, 1H, *J* = 8.7; 15.1 Hz, H-23´), 4.90 (dt, 1H, *J* = 5.9; 5.9; 7.9 Hz, H-35´), 4.58--4.64 (m, 1H, H-3´), 3.73 (m, 3H, H-42´), 3.16 (dd, 2H, *J* = 5.8; 13.9 Hz, H-36´) + 3.08 (dd, 2H, *J* = 6.1; 13.9 Hz, H-36´), 2.29--2.31 (m, 2H, H-4´), 2.26--2.34 (m, 2H, H-31´), 2.20--2.27 (m, 2H, H-33´), 1.91 (m, 2H, H-32´), 1.02 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.6 Hz, H-21´), 1.02 (s, 3H, H-19´), 0.85 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.6 Hz, H-26´), 0.81 (t, 3H, *J* = 7.3 Hz, H-29´), 0.79 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.7 Hz, H-27´), 0.70 (s, 3H, H-18´). ", "^13^C-NMR: 172.51 (s, C-34´), 172.06 (s, C-41´), 171.72 (s, C-30´), 139.50 (s, C-5´), 138.31 (d, C-22´), 135.80 (s, C-37´), 129.23 (d, C-23´), 129.21 (d, C-38´), 128.59 (d, C-39´), 127.14 (d, C-40´), 122.67 (d, C-6´), 74.00 (d, C-3´), 56.75 (d, C-14´), 55.88 (d, C-17´), 52.97 (d, C-35´), 52.35 (q, C-42´), 51.21 (d, C-24´), 50.00 (d, C-9´), 42.17 (s, C-13´), 40.51 (d, C-20´), 40.00 (d, C-9´), 39.59 (t, C-12´), 38.10 (t, C-4´), 37.89 (t, C-36´), 36.95 (t, C-1´), 36.58 (s, C-10´), 35.25 (t, C-33´), 33.51 (t, C-31´), 31.87 (d, C-25´), 31.87 (t, C-8´), 31.82 (t, C-7´), 28.91 (t, C-16´), 27.78 (t, C-2´), 25.40 (t, C-28´), 24.33 (t, C-15´), 21.21 (q, C 21´), 21.10 (q, C-26´), 20.99 (t, C-11´), 20.78 (t, C-32´), 19.31 (q, C-19´), 18.96 (q, C-27´), 12.25 (q, C-29´), 12.03 (q, C-18´). ", "IR (KBr): \\[cm^−1^\\] 3072 m (-CO-NH-), 2960 m and 2934 m (-CH~2~), 2892 m and 2880 m (-CH~3~), 1738 vs and 1653 s (C=O), 1218 s (Ar), 1181 s (C-O). ", "For C~44~H~65~NO~5~(687.99) calcd.: ", "76.93% C, 9.46% H; found: 76.89% C, 9.46% H. MS (ESI, 20 eV): \\[M+Na\\]^+^ 710. ", "Calculated partition coefficient: neutral form logP = 11.49 ± 0.50; form charged on nitrogen logP = 9.49 ± 1.00. ", "Calculated diffusion coefficient for neutral pH: logD = 11.49. ", "Solubility in pure water at pH = 7: 2.0952 × 10^−7^ mg·mL^−1^.\n\n*Methyl N-{5-oxo-5-\\[(3β,22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-yloxy\\]-3,3-dimethylpentanoyl}-L-phenylalanine*(**3c**): ^1^H-NMR: 7.27--7.30 (m, 1H, H-42´), 7.22--7.25 (m, 1H, H-43´), 7.15--7.18 (m, 1H, H-41´), 5.40--5.42 (m, 3H, H-6´), 5.16 (dd, 1H, *J* = 8.7; 15.2 Hz, H-22´), 5.02 (dd, 1H, *J* = 8.6; 15.2 Hz, H-23´), 4.87 (dt, 1H, *J* = 5.4; 8.1; 8.1 Hz, H-38´), 4.60--4.66 (m, 1H, H-3´), 3.72 (s, 3H, H-44´), 3.19 (dd, 1H, *J* = 5.4; 14.1 Hz, H-39´), 3.00 (dd, 1H, *J* = 8.1; 14.1 Hz, H-39´), 2.39 (d, 1H, *J* = 12.5, H-31´), 2.30 (d, 1H, *J* = 12.7, H-33´), 2.18 (d, 1H, *J* = 12.7 Hz, H-33´), 2.05 (d, 2H, *J* = 12.5 Hz, H-31´), 1.03 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.6 Hz, H-21´), 1.03 (s, 3H, H-36´), 1.03 (s, 3H, H-19´), 0.99 (s, 3H, H-35´), 0.85 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.7 Hz, H-26´), 0.81 (t, 3H, *J* = 7.4 Hz, H-29´), 0.81 (d, 3H, *J* = 6.6 Hz, H-27´), 0.71 (s, 3H, H-18´). ", "^13^C-NMR: 172.67 (s, C-37´), 172.49 (s, C-34´), 171.102(s, C-30´), 139.46 (s, C-5´), 138.29 (d, C-22´), 136.28 (s, C-40´), 129.26 (d, C-23´), 129.12 (d, C-42´), 128.52 (d, C-41´), 126.97 (d, C-43´), 122.80 (d, C-6´), 74.25 (d, C-3´), 56.76 (d, C-14´), 55.89 (d, C-17´), 53.18 (d, C-38´), 52.21 (q, C-44´), 51.21 (d, C-24´), 50.02 (d, C-9´), 46.83 (t, C-33´), 44.62 (t, C-31´), 42.18 (s, C-13´), 40.51 (d, C-20´), 39.59 (t, C 12´), 38.16 (t, C-4´), 37.80 (t, C-39´), 36.96 (t, C-1´), 36.60 (s, C-10´), 33.65 (s, C-32´), 31.88 (d, C-25´), 31.88 (t, C-7´), 31.81 (d, C-8´), 28.91 (t, C-16´), 28.72 (q, C-36´), 28.68 (q, C-35´), 27.78 (t, C-2´), 25.40 (t, C-28´), 24.34 (t, C-15´), 21.21 (q, C-21´), 21.10 (q, C-26´), 20.99 (t, C-11´), 19.30 (q, C-19´), 18.96 (q, C-27´), 12.25 (q, C-29´), 12.03 (q, C-18´). ", "IR (KBr): \\[cm^−1^\\] 3318 m (-CO-NH-), 2956 m and 2937 m (-CH~2~), 2890 m and 2869 s (-CH~3~), 1731 vs and 1653 s (C=O), 1220 s (Ar), 1177 s (C-O). ", "For C~46~H~69~NO~5~ (716.05) calcd.: ", "77.27% C, 9.65% H; found: 77.23% C, 9.64% H. MS (ESI, 20 eV): \\[M+Na\\]^+^ 738. ", "Calculated partition coefficient: neutral form logP = 12.26 ± 0.51, form charged on nitrogen logP = 10.26 ± 1.00. ", "Calculated diffusion coefficient for neutral pH: logD = 12.26. ", "Solubility in pure water at pH = 7: 9.4142 × 10^−8^ mg·mL^−1^.\n\n4. ", "Conclusions\n==============\n\nSeveral novel stigmasterol conjugates were synthesized, and their solvent-assisted supramolecular abilities to self-assemble, and their ability to form gels were studied. ", "The conjugates **3a** and **3b** showed irregularities in their UV-VIS spectra in the sequences of change of the solvent ratios, and supramolecular characteristics were proven with all conjugates **3a**, **3b** and **3c**. ", "However, only the conjugate **3a** was able to form a gel reversibly. ", "In turn, it is evident that the conjugates **3b** and **3c** are capable of forming organized, solvent-mediated supramolecular systems in solution. ", "Formation of visible gels cannot usually be predicted, and is strongly dependent on the selection of the solvent.", "\n\nThe authors thank the Czech Science Foundation (grant P503/11/0616) and the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic \\[grants OC09039 (COST Action CM0701) and OC10001 (COST Action CM0804)\\] and the general research program of the Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague (MSM6046137305 funded by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic) for financial support. ", "The authors also thank H. Svobodová for making and evaluating gelation experiments and M. Wimmerová for recording the UV-VIS spectra.", "\n\n*Sample Availability:*Samples of the compounds are available from the corresponding author.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat series to watch if I want to get the whole Bat family experience?", "\n\nI've been trying to find out what series to watch if I want to get the whole Bat family experience like the whole story from Robin/Nightwing's side, the whole thing about Jason Todd, Tim Drake, Batgirl and later Damian Wayne.", "\n\nA:\n\nFirst, realize there have been many different Batman animated series over the years, some going back to the 1960s and 1970s. ", "I'll focus on the ones from the 1990s on, as they're the ones with the greatest sense of continuity/history (internally, at least).", "\nEven then, there have been 4 distinct series (one of which has had at least 3 names); and, each of the four has its own continuity, distinct from the others. ", "Most use some of the same characters, whose origins are usually at least based on some version of the origins in the comic books - but the underlying source material is sometimes the only common denominator.", "\n\nBatman: The Animated Series (including The Adventures of Batman and Robin; both from the mid 1990s) covers the first appearances of Batgirl (not particularly similar to the comics' original version of her origin). ", "The New Batman Adventures, (a continuation of the original series produced in the late 1990s, around the time Superman: The Animated Series was in production) gives the series' version of Disk Grayson's transition to Nightwing, introduces Tim Drake as Robin, and has much more frequent appearances by Batgirl.", "\nNote: It's safe to assume that this series shares a continuity (for the most part) with the televised series Superman: the Animated Series, Justice League, Justice League Unlimited, and (to a lesser extent) Batman Beyond and its spinoff, The Zeta Project.", "\nRobin (Dick Grayson) and Batgirl both appear in The Batman (2004-2008); due in part to Robin's role in the Teen Titans show, their stories and relationship to Batman is notably different than in the comics. ", "Batgirl shows up starting in season 3, Robin in season 4.", "\nDick Grayson appears in a couple of episodes of Batman: The Brave and the Bold, but is not even one of the more common guest-stars.", "\nNone of these characters appear in Beware the Batman (the most recent TV series, from 2013). ", "Barbara Gordon appears, but does not take on the Batgirl identity.", "\n\nNone of the actual televised animated series cover Jason Todd or Damian Wayne in a significant way.", "\nHowever, in addition to the various televised series, DC has been producing direct-to-DVD animated movies as well, for quite a while now. ", "some of these have continuity that lines up with some of the other movies; however, those are the exception rather than the rule, I believe.", "\nJason Todd's story is covered in the (direct-to-DVD) animated movie Batman: Under the Red Hood; this is an adaptation of this storyline from the comics.", "\nDamian Wayne appears in the (direct-to-DVD) animated movies Son of Batman, Batman vs. Robin, and Batman: Bad Blood (which share the same continuity).", "\n\nA:\n\nWithin the DC Animated Universe, you need to watch five series and a movie to get the full story on the Bat family.", "\nAside from covering Batman, Batman The Animated Series covers Dick Grayson's time as Robin, as well as a smattering of Batgirl. ", " \nThe next link in the chain is The New Batman Adventures. ", "This covers more Batgirl, Dick Grayson post-Robin, and Tim Drake. ", "You will note here that Jason Todd isn't included -- because he doesn't exist in this universe.", "\nAfter this, The Justice League is the go-to series for hints at what's happening with the Bat family. ", " It covers the general happenings leading up to the creation of a larger Justice League organization, in which the Bat family occasionally shows up.", "\nFor the purpose of setting up the bomb, Batman Beyond is next. ", " It covers the early career of Terry McGinnis (He's not on your list by name. ", "Spoilers.), ", "the late career of Bruce Wayne, and covers Barbara Gordon's post-Batgirl career. ", "It touches on Dick Grayson and Tim Drake's futures, as well.", "\nBefore starting up Justice League: Unlimited, watch the Batman Beyond movie: Return of the Joker. ", " This wraps up Tim Drake's story.", "\nFinally, tune in to Justice League: Unlimited, which continues the story of the larger Justice League organization and caps off with the completion of the stories of Bruce Wayne and Terry McGinnis.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "5 Things I’d Like to Share About the Arabic Language\n\n5 Things I’d Like to Share About the Arabic Language\n\nSpeaking Cultures Buddy, Maya, shares 5 cool tips about her native language to help us learn.", "\n\n1. ", "Arabic is the official language in 26 countries\n\nWith more than 300 million speakers worldwide, Arabic is an official language in 26 countries.", "\n\nIt’s also one of the 6 official languages of the United Nations, and the UN declared December 18th as Arabic National Day when the language was officially approved in 2010.", "\n\n2. ", "Arabic is at least 1,500 years old\n\nClassical Arabic originated in the sixth century, but earlier versions of the language existed, including the Safaitic dialect, an old Arabic dialect used by the pre-Islamic nomadic inhabitants of the Syro-Arabian desert. ", "Some of its inscriptions date back to the first century.", "\n\n3. ", "There are three “types” of Arabic\n\nClassical Arabic\n\nClassical Arabic, otherwise known as Qu’ranic Arabic (used as a global, universal standard), dates back to the literary texts from Umayyad and Abbasid times; its the language of the Quran.", "\n\nModern Standard Arabic (MSA) (used as a global, universal standard)\n\nMSA is the Arabic of newspapers, novels, and text-book. ", "This literary variety of Arabic is used in writing and in most formal speech, and is pretty similar to Classical Arabic.", "\n\nColloquial Arabic (varies according to the region and country)\n\nmagine having people in 26 countries with different geographical borders, cultures, cities, and groups, all speaking the same language…\n\nThe national or regional varieties of spoken Arabic differ significantly from MSA and Classical Arabic, as well as from each other!", "\n\nFor example, Syrians, Palestinians, Saudi Arabians or Egyptians can communicate with each other easily, however, would have more difficulty communicating with Moroccans or Algerians, with its greater influence from French.", "\n\n4. ", "Arabic words are written from right to left; numbers are written from left to right\n\nThis can be confusing if you are not a native speaker, meaning you might well end up in the right place at the wrong time on the wrong day. ", "Make sure you learn the numbers well from day 1 and take comfort in knowing you are using left /right brain skills at the same time!", "\n\n5. ", "There are more than 100 words for camel!", "\n\nNumber 1: Al-Jafool’ means a camel that is frightened by anything. ( ", "A nervous camel!!)", "\n\n‘Trust in God, but tie up your camel’ is a great (and practical) Arabic proverb used to express the nature of destiny and personal responsibility.", "\n\nThe rest I set as a challenge for you to find out for yourself…or you ask me in the Arabic Group!" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates generally to anamorphic lenses and more particularly to an anamorphic composite lens having a curved surface and a gradient index of refraction, a light beam scanning mechanism incorporating an anamorphic gradient-index lens and to a coupling lens for a multiply divergent and or axially astigmatic light source.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nAn article entitled \"Laser diode to fiber coupling using anamorphic gradient-index lenses\" authored by Joan M. Stagaman and Duncan T. Moore appeared in APPLIED OPTICS, Vol. ", "23, page 1730 on June 1, 1984. ", "The article discusses a lens design approach using anamorphic gradient-index components to examine the problem of coupling light from a laser diode to a multimode fiber.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,025,157 which issued on May 24, 1977, to William E. Martin discloses a gradient-index miniature coupling lens. ", "This patent is of interest in disclosing a semiconductor material for the miniature optical lens that is a composite material that is shaped in a configuration of pairs of parallel rectangular side surfaces, each such pair of surfaces being disposed orthogonally relative to each other pair. ", "The composition of the semiconductor material varies between at least one pair of the parallel rectangular flat surfaces for causing a predetermined gradient of refraction which produces a desired focal length for light energy transmitted orthogonally to the gradient-index of refraction.", "\nLaser scanning mechanisms in which a laser beam is focused onto a receptor page in a predefined position are well known in the art. ", "With such a scanning mechanism, information can be written onto the page by scanning the laser beam across the page and alternately turning the beam on and off. ", "The scanning of the laser beam across the page can be accomplished, for example, by a polygon scanner, a galvanometer mirror, a holographic element, or an acousto-optic modulator. ", "Each scanning technique has its own advantages and disadvantages. ", "However, because it is easily visualized, a rotating polygon scanner is illustrated in FIGS. ", "8 and 11. ", "The disclosed prior art scanning mechanisms in FIGS. ", "8 and 11 are termed pre-objective scanning systems because the polygon scanners are placed before the objective scan lens. ", "If the polygon scanners are placed after the objective scan lens (FIG. ", "23), the systems are referred to as post-objective scanning systems.", "\nIndependent of scanning technique, an error can result during the scanning operation which is called cross-scan error. ", "This is best described as an undesirable displacement of the light beam perpendicular to the scan direction as the light beam is scanned across the page. ", "This can cause a bowing of the line or undesirable shapes in the printed line. ", "In the polygon scanner of FIG. ", "8, cross-scan error arising from angular error in a mirror facet of the scanner is depicted. ", "The angular error or pyramid error in the facet misdirects the laser beam and causes the entire scan to be written on a vertically displaced scan line. ", "Similarly, if the rotating scanner wobbles slightly about its rotational axis, a wobbling cross-scan error would result.", "\nAnother error resulting from the use of a cylindrical lens of the type shown in FIG. ", "9, when interposed between the polygon and objective scan lens, is referred to as a field curvature error. ", "The cylindrical lens causes the laser beam to scan on an inward curving focal line rather than on a straight focal line. ", "This field curvature error is rectified by the use of a known toroidal lens, as shown in FIG. ", "10. ", "When such a lens is interposed between the polygon and objective scan lens, as seen in FIG. ", "11, a common but relatively expensive solution is provided for reducing cross-scan and field curvature errors.", "\nThe cylindrical lens in front of the polygon mirror of FIG. ", "11 brings the laser beam to a line focus on the mirror facet. ", "The second toroidal lens recollimates the laser beam prior to the flat field objective scan lens. ", "An angular error .alpha. ", "in the polygon causes only a translational shift (no angular deviation) in the collimated laser beam between the toroidal lens and the objective scan lens. ", "The objective scan lens maintains focus of the laser beam on the proper scan line.", "\nAlthough the known toroidal lens shown in FIG. ", "11 offers a solution to the reduction of the cross-scan and field-curvature errors, the manufacturing of toroidal lenses is difficult and costly, primarily because for each surface two curvatures need to be fabricated.", "\nThis invention provides a solution to the problem of cross-scan and field-curvature errors that is of simple design and construction, and economical to manufacture. ", "The solution involves replacing the more costly and difficult to manufacture toroidal lens by a less costly and easy to manufacture toroidal equivalent gradient-index lens, hereinafter referred to as TEGIL." ]

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[ "UPDATE: Tickets now available.", "\n\nFrom an email:\n\n“Mess Hall is pleased to present “Ramen World”, a collaborative culinary event to take place on Sunday, February 8th, 2015 featuring some of DC’s best culinary professionals, music, specialty cocktails and most importantly – food.", "\n\nRamen World will showcase DC’s ramen-heavyweights Eric Bruner-Yang from Toki Underground and Katsuya Fukushima from Daikaya. ", "It doesn’t end at ramen; guests can expect to enjoy custom creations from Adam Morgan’s hugely popular Donburi, and foodtruck rockstar PhoWheels. ", "The US Bartenders’ Gild will be creating craft cocktails to complement the many dishes. ", "Desserts will be provided by SnoCream Company. ", "Additional participants will be announced at a later date. ", "This event will highlight some of the most popular and renowned brands in the DC metropolitan area, in addition to fostering relationships between chefs, restaurants, and customers. ", "This embodies Mess Hall’s core values.", "\n\nAbout Mess Hall\n\nMess Hall is a unique culinary incubator, born out of a 10,000 square foot warehouse and a need for commercial kitchen space in the city. ", "Shared by food professionals who come together to cook share and collaborate, Mess Hall also houses premium event space with an open demonstration kitchen. ", "The space is often used for pop-up restaurant concepts or other events that revolve around local food concepts. ", "Mess Hall also provides exclusive resources, support, and innovative programs to help pave a path to success for it’s Members. ", "The facility is located in the historic Edgewood section of Washington, DC – and a 10 minute walk from either Brookland or Rhode Island Avenue Metro Stations.”", "\n\n\n\n703 Edgewood Street, NE" ]

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[ "DTN Early Word Opening Livestock 03/21 05:54\nHog Market Limit Gains Sparks Additional Interest\nActive buyer support quickly flooded livestock trade late Wednesday. ", "This is\nexpected to bring additional activity during early trade, despite initial\nvolume remaining limited.", "\nBy Rick Kment\nDTN Analyst\nCattle: Steady Futures: Mixed Live Equiv: $150.61 -0.46*\nHogs: $2 Higher Futures: Higher Lean Equiv: $ 78.51 -0.09**\n* based on formula estimating live cattle equivalent of gross packer revenue\n** based on formula estimating lean hog equivalent of gross packer revenue\nGENERAL COMMENTS:\nActive buying has continued to move into nearby and deferred feeder cattle\ntrade. ", "Potential pullbacks in the March Cattle on Feed report, or long-term\nmarket direction that could come with any announcement of cattle impacted\nduring the recent winter storms and flooding, is creating underlying support\nthrough the entire complex. ", "May feeder cattle contracts have now rallied $6 per\ncwt in the last week, and have broken through November 2018 highs. ", "This is\nhelping to solidify additional volume through the entire complex. ", "Cash cattle\ntrade remains inactive at this point, although the focus will continue to be\nbased on end of the week activity as most trade will not get going until\nsometime Friday.", "\n\nFor more free DTN information sent right to your email each morning - click here to sign up for DTN Snapshot." ]

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[ "Pasir Ris Secondary School\n\nNot to be confused with Pasir Ris Crest Secondary School.", "\n\nPasir Ris Secondary School is a co-educational secondary school in Singapore. ", "It was one of the first secondary schools to be established in the area, then called Pasir Ris. ", "Today, the area is known as Tampines, Pasir Ris being another area close by, but the school's name has been left unchanged. ", "The school has been ranked among the top 50 schools in Singapore, over the past 3 years, based on academic results.", "\n\nHistory \nPasir Ris Secondary School was established in January 1985 at the premises of Chongzheng Primary School, while its own premises were under construction. ", "With 11 Secondary 1 classes and 16 teaching staff, it was the first secondary school to be established in Tampines New Town to serve the growing population there. ", "The school moved to its own new campus at Tampines St 21 on 8 April 1985. ", "It was officially opened in August 1987. ", "The founding principal was Paramita Bandara.", "\n\nThe school underwent PRIME in 2005 to provide students with a more conducive environment through the improvement of school facilities. ", "During this period, the school was relocated to temporary premises on Bedok South Road, the former premises of the Temasek Primary and Secondary Schools.", "\n\nNotable alumni\n Joshua Ang: Actor\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\nCategory:Secondary schools in Singapore\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 1985\nCategory:1985 establishments in Singapore\nCategory:Tampines" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nget input from user and store it in String Array in Java\n\ni write one program that get input from user as \"Enter number of students:\" then add the student names into it and print it in console. ", "I write one code that run fine but problem is the loop is already ramble one time the code is not properly working i also want to know that how to get inputs using command line argument without Scanner and store it in String Array\nCurrent Output is like that\n\nHere is my code please help and i am in learning phrase of Java\nimport java.util.", "Scanner;\n\npublic class StringScanner\n{\n public static void main(String args[])\n {\n Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);\n\n //get the input for number of students:\n System.out.println(\"Enter The number of students:\");\n int totalstudents = in.nextInt();\n\n //store into String array\n\n String studentname[] = new String[totalstudents];\n\n for(int i = 0; i < studentname.length;i++)\n {\n System.out.println(i);\n System.out.println(\"Enter Student Names: \");\n studentname[i] = in.nextLine();\n }\n for(String names:studentname)\n {\n System.out.println(names);\n }\n}\n\n}\n\nA:\n\nnext(): Finds and returns the next complete token from this scanner.", "\nnextLine(): Advances this scanner past the current line and returns\n the input that was skipped.", "\nTry placing a scanner.nextLine(); after each nextInt() if you intend\n to ignore the rest of the line.", "\n\npublic class StringScanner\n{\n public static void main(String args[])\n {\n Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);\n\n //get the input for number of students:\n System.out.println(\"Enter The number of students:\");\n int totalstudents = in.nextInt();\n in.nextLine();// just to ignore the line\n //store into String array\n\n String studentname[] = new String[totalstudents];\n\n for(int i = 0; i < studentname.length;i++)\n {\n\n System.out.println(\"Enter Student Names: \"+i);\n studentname[i] = in.nextLine();\n }\n for(String names:studentname)\n {\n System.out.println(names);\n }\n }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "[Mutagenicity testing of commercially used strains of P. camemberti and P. roqueforti].", "\nWe tested the mutagenic potential of crude extracts of 18 strains of Penicillium camemberti and 6 strains of P. roqueforti, which are used commercially in the production of mould ripened cheese in Switzerland. ", "No mutagenic activity could be detected in any of the extracts. ", "Roquefortine, a mycotoxin of P. roqueforti, often found in Blue cheese, was negative in the Amestest. ", "The results obtained do not lead reasons for experting undesired long term effects from the consumption of mould ripened cheese." ]

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[ "The global dissemination in different settings of antibiotic resistant high-risk *Escherichia coli* clones or clonal complexes (HiRCC) with high virulence potential constitutes one of the major current challenges in clinical microbiology[@b1][@b2]. ", "Particular *E. coli* clones from phylogenetic groups B2 (ST131) and D (ST69, ST393, ST405) with enhanced ability to colonize, persist and adapt to different hosts are recognized as extraintestinal pathogenic *E. coli* (ExPEC) lineages, which have largely contributed to the dissemination of β-lactam resistance determinants (mainly extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or carbapenemases) in different countries[@b3][@b4]. ", "Assessing the prevalence and dynamics of ST131 and other HiRCC by quick methods in the clinical setting would have a significant value for clinical, infection control and epidemiological purposes[@b2].", "\n\nPulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) have been useful for identification and discrimination of these *E. coli* clones at both local and global levels[@b3][@b4][@b5], and although other alternative genotyping methods such as multilocus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA), allele-specific[@b6][@b7][@b8][@b9] or real-time PCR[@b10] or two-locus clonal typing have recently been proposed[@b11], these methods are still time-consuming, laborious and/or expensive. ", "Spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometric tools have demonstrated an interesting potential for the identification and typing of pathogenic and/or antibiotic resistant Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria at different taxonomic levels (species, subspecies, serotype and more recently at the strain level)[@b12][@b13][@b14][@b15][@b16][@b17][@b18].", "\n\nThe basis of FTIR spectroscopy is the interaction of infrared radiation with a sample, in our specific case with the bacterial isolate, providing a specific fingerprint that reflects the structure and composition of the whole cell[@b19]. ", "In the ATR mode, the infrared beam contact with the bacterial isolate and became attenuated. ", "The magnitude of the attenuation depends on the bacteria in contact with the beam. ", "The main advantages of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy are rapidity and reduced cost. ", "This methodology requires no reagents or only low amounts of consumables, is non-destructive and environmentally friendly[@b20].", "\n\nIn this study, we demonstrate the suitability of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy as a reliable alternative to discriminate diverse *E. coli* clones belonging to phylogenetic groups B2 (n = 9) and D (n = 13), including the particularly widespread ST131, ST69, ST393 and ST405 HiRCC.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nIsolates discrimination work-flow\n---------------------------------\n\nThe rationale of this study was firstly to discriminate the HiRCC B2-ST131 from the phylogenetic group D isolates. ", "After, isolates from phylogroup B2 belonging to diverse STs were included to test FTIR-ATR ability in the discrimination of the ST131 from other B2 phylogroup isolates. ", "Lastly, the discrimination within phylogenetic group D was evaluated. ", "For this, in a first approach, the HiRCC ST69, ST393 and ST405 were discriminated from each other. ", "Subsequently, it was evaluated the ability of FTIR-ATR to discriminate these HiRCC clones from other diverse STs of the phylogroup D.\n\nSpectra overview\n----------------\n\nFTIR-ATR spectra of all *E. coli* isolates tested revealed high similarity and bands associated with bacterial components such as lipids (3000--2800 cm^−1^), proteins/amides I and II (1700--1500 cm^−1^), phospholipids/DNA/RNA (1500--1185 cm^−1^), polysaccharides (1185--900 cm^−1^) and the fingerprint region (900--600 cm^−1^) were observed[@b19]. ", "The main spectral differences were detected in the phospholipids/DNA/RNA and the polysaccharides regions (1500--900 cm^−1^), which were subsequently chosen for further comparisons. ", "These regions have previously been used in other studies for discrimination at different taxonomic levels (including clones) in other bacterial species[@b16][@b18][@b21].", "\n\nDiscrimination of B2-ST131 isolates\n-----------------------------------\n\nB2-ST131 isolates were clearly discriminated from those belonging to phylogroup D by both HCA and PLSDA chemometric methods. ", "The main spectral differences were observed in the regions of 1165--1155 cm^−1^, 1115 cm^−1^ and 1050--1030 cm^−1^ (attributed to aromatic vibrations, RNA ribose C-O stretching and diverse carbohydrates vibrations, respectively) ([Figure 1](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"})[@b22]. ", "The dendrogram generated by HCA grouped all B2-ST131 isolates in one branch (including the single locus variant (SLV) ST1035) and all D *E. coli* clones in another branch containing ST69, ST393 and ST405 isolates ([Figure 2](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Consistently, the score plot obtained by PLSDA revealed the discrimination of B2-ST131 isolates by the first latent variable (LV1), which encompasses 24.8% of the total spectral variability ([Figure 3](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Both methods HCA and PLSDA, presented 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in the discrimination of B2-ST131 meaning that all isolates of this ST were predicted as ST131 and all D phylogroup isolates were predicted as non B2-ST131 isolates. ", "For sensitivity and specificity calculations the SLV isolates were excluded.", "\n\nDiscrimination within phylogroup B2 isolates\n--------------------------------------------\n\nThe comparison of FTIR-ATR spectra corresponding to ST131 isolates with those obtained from other B2 *E. coli* clones revealed that ST131 isolates were clearly discriminated from B2 non-ST131 isolates. ", "The dendrogram obtained by HCA evidenced two clusters, one including all ST131 isolates and the SLV ST1035 and the other containing all non-ST131 isolates ([Figure 4](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A dendrogram generated only with ST131 isolates in the same conditions grouped isolates in two main clusters (data not shown) non-homologous to those observed by genotypic methods[@b23]. ", "In addition, we performed a SIMCA model with ST131 isolates in order to test if the non-ST131 isolates were correctly predicted as not belonging to the modelled ST131 class. ", "The correct discrimination of all the available samples (test samples and the non-ST131 isolates) was achieved with a three component model ([Figure 5](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "All ST131 test samples appeared below the confidence limit confirming their assignment to the B2-ST131 class and B2 non-ST131 isolates appeared above the confidence limit meaning that they do not belong to that class. ", "Both methods, HCA and SIMCA, presented 100% of sensitivity and specificity in the discrimination of B2-ST131 from B2 non-ST131.", "\n\nDiscrimination within phylogroup D isolates\n-------------------------------------------\n\nThe comparison of FTIR-ATR spectra of ST69, ST393 and ST405 isolates showed remarkable differences between ST69 and ST405 at 1025 cm^−1^ (associated with the S = O stretching of organic sulfoxides) and between ST393 and ST405 at 985 cm^−1^ (corresponding to the asymmetric stretching of (CH~3~)~3~N^+^) ([Figure 1](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"})[@b22]. ", "The dendrogram generated by HCA with these isolates revealed that they were grouped in three clusters, containing respectively most ST69 (n = 11/13), all ST393 (n = 13) and most ST405 (n = 9/11) isolates ([Figure 2](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In this analysis, we obtained good sensitivity and specificity values for ST69 (85% vs 100%), ST393 (100% vs 83%) and ST405 (80% vs 100%). ", "However, these clones could be perfectly discriminated by PLSDA (100% of sensitivity and 100% specificity). ", "In fact, three clusters are evidenced in the score map, each one containing isolates from a given ST (ST69, ST393 and ST405), including the respective SLVs ([Figure 6](#f6){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nIn addition, we tested the ability of FTIR-ATR to differentiate isolates belonging to ST69, ST393 and ST405 from isolates belonging to other diverse STs of the phylogroup D (hereby designated as other STD). ", "The dendrogram generated by HCA showed that isolates grouped in four different clusters, one of them including the other STD isolates (n = 14) ([Figure 7](#f7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "HCA\\'s sensitivity and specificity for the discrimination of ST69, ST393 and ST405 from the other STD isolates was 85% and 100%, respectively. ", "Despite the diversity of STs included in the other STD group, they probably clustered together due to a higher similarity within them than with ST69, ST393 and ST405 isolates. ", "Nothing can be inferred about the relative similarity among the STs of the other STD once just few isolates of each ST was considered in the analysis.", "\n\nIn order to test if all other STD isolates were correctly predicted as not belonging to ST69, ST393 and ST405, three independent SIMCA models were constructed for these three clonal groups. ", "In each individual ST model, isolates from the remaining STs and from other STD were then projected into the model. ", "All the test samples from ST69, ST393 and ST405 clonal groups were well assigned, whereas other STD isolates were in all cases predicted as not belonging to those groups ([Figure 8](#f8){ref-type=\"fig\"}) meaning that the SIMCA model had 100% of sensitivity and 100% specificity.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nIn this study, we demonstrate that FTIR-ATR spectroscopy coupled with chemometric tools is an alternative and reliable method to accurately discriminate particular *E. coli* clones belonging to B2 and D phylogenetic groups. ", "The method proposed here consists on a reproducible framework where we discriminate sequentially: i) B2-ST131 from D-ST69, D-ST393 and D-ST405 *E. coli* clones; ii) B2-ST131 from other B2 *E. coli* clones; iii) ST69, ST393 and ST405; and iv) ST69, ST393 and ST405 from other D *E. coli* clones.", "\n\nStrategies to shorten the time for the detection of these multidrug resistant and virulent clones and/or with potential application at a large-scale basis are being increasingly pursued[@b6][@b11] since their application at a routine basis would have relevant clinical, infection control and epidemiological implications. ", "Despite the increasing number of applications at different taxonomic levels, FTIR has very rarely been tested for clonal differentiation[@b16][@b17][@b21]. ", "The study by AlRabiah et al. ", "demonstrates the ability of FTIR to discriminate a few *E. coli* isolates involved in urinary tract infections including members of the ST131 clone. ", "In our study, we included a larger and diverse sample of previously characterized *E. coli* isolates from different clones, demonstrating that FTIR might constitute a new and promising field in high-throughput bacterial typing. ", "The results obtain herein proved FTIR precision (high consistency between biological and instrumental replicates) and accuracy (correct clonal group prediction).", "\n\nFTIR provides a whole organism fingerprint[@b19] that appears to be related with its phenotypic and genotypic features, since a good correlation was found between the assignments obtained by comparison of FTIR spectra and the STs determined by MLST, as observed previously in *Acinetobacter baumannii*[@b16]. ", "FTIR seems to have a lower discriminatory power than MLST since SLVs of a given ST were not recognized, suggesting similarity of genotypic or phenotypic characters, as previously observed. ", "However, isolates\\' clusterization did not correlate with that obtained by PFGE or with similarity of antibiotic resistance or virulence gene profiles[@b23][@b24], suggesting that FTIR is possibly depicting more stable features. ", "Its reliability for clonal discrimination will be further tested in a higher number of *E. coli* isolates and the possibility to extend the discriminatory power to other *E. coli* clones and eventually to other *E. coli* phylogenetic groups will be further explored.", "\n\nFTIR spectrometers are available in many academic departments, laboratory research units or industries for a variety of purposes in chemistry and biochemistry such as characterization and quantification of chemical compounds or drugs, real time process monitoring or identification of potential bio threats or toxics[@b20]. ", "The potential of this equipment for other goals may have been neglected over the years. ", "We believe that if spectral acquiring conditions and the same equipment are assured, this method could be suitable for routine implementation in other laboratories enabling quickly and at a low cost the detection of high-risk *E. coli* clones, which would positively influence individual patient management decisions, infection control measures and monitorization of epidemiological trends. ", "Finally, FTIR could be proposed as a reliable alternative to discriminate particular *E. coli* clones from B2 and D phylogenetic groups revolutionizing clinical bacteriology routines and high-throughput bacterial typing.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nBacterial strains\n-----------------\n\nA set of eighty-eight *E. coli* isolates belonging to 22 clones from B2 (31 ST131, 1 ST1035, 1 ST12, 1 ST95, 1 ST126-like, 1 ST355-like, 1 ST799-like, 1 *fumC12*, 1 *fumC103*) and D (13 ST69, 10 ST393, 10 ST405, 1 ST2321, 1 ST964, 4 ST117, 1 newST, 1 ST648, 2 ST1011, 1 ST1325, 1 ST3177, 1 *fumC88*, 3 *fumC31*) phylogenetic groups were studied. ", "They represent a diversity of previously characterized isolates identified in multiple countries, origins and periods (1980--2010), comprising diverse PFGE-types and variants (sharing identical virulence and/or antibiotic resistance profiles) from each clonal group[@b23][@b24]. ", "Details about the bacterial isolates included in this study are summarized in [Table 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nFTIR spectra acquisition\n------------------------\n\nSpectra were acquired using a PerkinElmer Spectrum BX FTIR System spectrophotometer in the ATR mode with a PIKE Technologies Gladi ATR accessory from 4000--400 cm^−1^ and a resolution of 4 cm^−1^ and 32 scan co-additions. ", "Isolates were grown on Mueller Hinton agar at 37°C for 18 h and colonies were directly applied in the ATR crystal and dried in a thin film. ", "For each isolate, 9 spectra were acquired corresponding to three biological replicates (obtained from the same agar plate) and three instrumental replicates (obtained in three independent days).", "\n\nSpectral modeling\n-----------------\n\nFTIR-ATR spectra were processed with standard normal variate (SNV)[@b26] followed by the application of a Savitzky-Golay filter (9 smoothing points, 2^nd^ order polynomial and second derivative)[@b27], mean-centred and analysed by unsupervised and supervised chemometric methods. ", "All spectra (nine replicates for each isolate) was considered in the analysis and represented in the figures. ", "The chemometric analysis were performed in Matlab version 6.5 release 13 (MathWorks, Natick, MA) and the PLS Toolbox version 3.5 for Matlab (Eigenvector Research, Manson, WA).", "\n\nThe unsupervised method employed was the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)[@b26] using the Ward\\'s algorithm to evaluate spectral similarity. ", "Dendrograms produced by HCA were obtained after a principal component analysis (PCA)[@b26], which ensured the robustness of the results. ", "The supervised methods used were partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA)[@b28][@b29] and soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA)[@b30]. ", "The PLSDA model is based on the PLS regression method[@b28], and requires a previous knowledge about all the samples used. ", "The model was calibrated considering all samples and the leave-one-sample-out cross-validation procedure in order to prevent overfitting[@b30][@b31]. ", "The SIMCA model is based on the development of multiple PCA models, each one considering data for a particular class, and samples to be classified are then projected onto these models. ", "In each model, 70% of randomly selected isolates of each ST were used for calibration (calibration samples) and 30% for testing (test samples). ", "In our case, samples\\' class assignment[@b31] was performed with the Euclidean distance. ", "This model shows appropriateness when the objective is to classify samples within a defined set of classes and also to identify samples not belonging to any class.", "\n\nAuthor Contributions\n====================\n\nC.S., Â.N. and L.P. participated in the conception and design of the study. ", "C.S., Â.N. and A.M. contributed to data acquisition. ", "C.S., Â.N. and J.L. performed data analysis. ", "C.S., Â.N., J.L. and L.P. contributed to the preparation of the manuscript. ", "All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nThis study was supported by FCT grants (PEst-C/EQB/LA0006/2011, POCI/AMB/61814/2004-FSE/FEDER, EXPL/DTP-EPI/0196/2012, FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027745 and PTDC/AAC-AMB/103386/2008). ", "Clara Sousa was supported by a post-doctoral grant from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BPD/70548/2010). ", "Ângela Novais was supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the 7^th^ European Community Framework Programme (PIEF-GA-2009-255512) and an ESCMID Research Grant 2012. ", "The authors declare no conflicts of interest.", "\n\n{#f1}\n\n{#f2}\n\n{#f3}\n\n{#f4}\n\n{#f5}\n\n{#f6}\n\n{#f7}\n\n{#f8}\n\n###### Epidemiological details of the *E. coli* isolates used in this work. (", "H = Hospitalized patients; C = Community patients; F = Healthy volunteers; A = animals; E = Environment; S = Ready-to-eat salads)\n\n Phylogroup ST/*fumC* Continent (N° countries) N° of Isolates Date Origin[a](#t1-fn1){ref-type=\"fn\"} (N° Isolates) Ref\n ------------ ----------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------\n B2 131 Europe (7) 26 1991--2010 H (19), C (1), F (4), E (2) \\[[@b23]\\]\n   131 North America (1) 3 2008 A (3) \\[[@b23]\\]\n   131 Asia (1) 2 2006--2007 C (2) \\[[@b23]\\]\n   1035 Europe (1) 1 2005 H (1) \\[[@b23]\\]\n   95 South America (1) 1 2011 H (1) [\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n   12 Europe (1) 1 2007 H (1) [\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n   355-like Europe (1) 1 2007 H (1) [\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n   126-like Europe (1) 1 2007 A (1) \\[[@b25]\\]\n   799-like Europe (1) 1 2006/07 A (1) \\[[@b25]\\]\n   *fumC11* Europe (1) 1 2010 H (1) [\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n   *fumC103* Europe (1) 1 2006 H (1) [\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n D 69 Europe (3) 7 2002--2010 H (3), S (2), C (1), A (1) \\[[@b24]\\]\n   69 North America (1) 5 1999--2000 H (5) \\[[@b24]\\]\n   69 South America (1) 1 \\- H (1) \\[[@b24]\\]\n   393 Europe (3) 5 2002--2006 F (3), C (1), H (1) \\[[@b24]\\]\n   393 North America (1) 3 1980--1999 H (3) \\[[@b24]\\]\n   393 Asia (1) 2 2006--7 C (2) \\[[@b24]\\]\n   2321 Europe (1) 1 2008 H (1) \\[[@b24]\\]\n   405 Europe (4) 9 2000--2008 H (7), C (2) \\[[@b24]\\]\n   405 Asia (1) 1 2004 H (1) \\[[@b24]\\]\n   964 Europe (1) 1 2003 H (1) \\[[@b24]\\]\n   117 Europe (1) 4 2006--2010 H (4) [\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n   New ST[a](#t1-fn1){ref-type=\"fn\"} Europe (1) 1 2010 H (1) [\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n   648 Europe (1) 1 2006 H (1) [\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n   1011 Europe (1) 2 2010 H (2) [\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n   1325 Europe (1) 1 2010 H (1) [\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n   3177 Europe (1) 1 2007 H (1) [\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n   *fumC88* Europe (1) 1 2010 H (1) [\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n   *fumC31* Europe (1) 3 2010 H (3) [\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n\n^a^Double locus variant (DLV) of ST117;\n\n\\*unpublished data.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy there are no jets (missile or aircraft) faster than Mach 3.3?", "\n\nFastest plane ever built: SR-71 ,Max Speed: 3.3 Mach , Development - 1950s\nFastest drone ever built: Lockheed-D21 ,Max Speed: 3.3 Mach, Development -1960s\nFastest cruise missile ever built: Brahmos , Max Speed: 3.3 Mach, Development - 2000s\nWhy Ram/turbo-Ram jets got stuck around 3.3 Mach? ", "Is there any technological challenge beyond 3.3 Mach like heating or combustion instability or low thrust? ", "\n\nA:\n\nAt those speeds, several effects become important. ", "We consider air-breathing engines in what follows.", "\nFirst of all, aerodynamic heating of the airframe becomes important. ", "In broad terms, to prevent structural failure, the maximum temperature of the hottest portions of the airframe must be held below red heat. ", "Going faster than mach 3.3 pushes this limit.", "\nSecond, for an air-breathing engine that propels the airframe from sea level and zero airspeed to mach 3.3 at high altitude, the temperature at the face of the compressor stage must be below the maximum temperature limit of the first stage compressor blades, which is roughly 800F. Going faster than this means the temperature at the face of the engine will exceed the temperature rating of the blades and the engine will self-destruct. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "records.adb:6:11: info: flow dependencies proved\nrecords.adb:10:22: medium: assertion might fail, cannot prove Apir1'(5, 6) = (A => 1, B => 1)\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "ViewMate Posting VM 474\n\nSubmitted by Sandra A. Miller\n\nThis is the first part of a letter written in Yiddish from my grandmother's brother in Denmark. ", "There are 7 more pages but only 4 more can I upload at this time. ", "Would be grateful if someone could please translate into English.", "\n\nYou must be registered and logged in to respond to images.", "Read the FAQs here to learn how to send thanks to a translator.", "\n\nYou must be registered and logged in to respond to images.", "Read the FAQs here to learn how to send thanks to a translator.", "\n\nHave a ViewMate success story? ", "Please share it using the Help page form.", "\nAll times shown on ViewMate are in US Mountain Time\nLast Updated 20 Nov 2016\nViewMate idea and author: Bernard Israelite Kouchel ז״ל\nWeb Author: Josef Herz, updated by John Berman, Gary Sandler" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Born of Water & Spirit – Jan. 28, 2018\n\nToday’s message came out of John 3:1-21. ", "Nicodemus wasn’t quite ready to trust Jesus yet, approaching him at night. ", "He asks what he must do to enter the kingdom. ", "Jesus’ initial responses are rather nebulous. ", "Then we hear what is maybe the best known verse in the Bible. ", "Melissa helps unpack it all.", "\n\nIn John’s gospel, we see bringing about the kingdom happens here and now, not in some eternal future.", "\n\nIn the Bible, belief is not a matter of checking off a box in your mind. ", "Belief in God is a matter of trust.", "\n\nBorn of Water & Spirit – Jan. 28, 2018Raleigh Mennonite Church Sermons" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "\nRevitalise your CV – Simple resume-editing tool - lecss\nhttp://cvtalize.com\n======\njnbiche\nLooking good.", "\n\nIn order for me to use this for my actual CV, at the very least I'd need to be\nable to re-order the sections (for anyone except new grads, education should\nbe after experience). ", "I'd also need to be able to get nicely formatted ascii\ntxt version of the CV in addition to the pdf.", "\n\nBeing able to pull data from LinkedIn and/or Github would also be nice.", "\n\n~~~\nlecss\nThat is a good point! ", "Reordering should be available asap. ", "The main reason\nthis link was posted so early was to actually see what are the features the\npotential users are looking for, so we can adapt the site to do just that!", "\nLinkedin integration is definitely going to be up soon and Github is also on\nthe list. ", "Many thanks!", "\n\n~~~\nX4lldux\n[http://creddle.io](http://creddle.io) is much better. ", "And can reorder\nsections!", "\n\n~~~\nyoasif_\nThe first thing I noticed from Creddle (aside from the unfortunate name -- it\nkinda looks like \"creddie\" and maybe should be) is the color scheme of the\nfirst row of sample documents -- it looks like it's custom made for Slashdot\nemployees. ", "To me, that makes it look more dated than it should.", "\n\n~~~\nX4lldux\nThere are other styles to choose from.", "\n\n------\nhackerboos\nI don't understand using a star system on a CV.", "\n\n~~~\nbshimmin\nNor I. Why would you advertise so prominently on your CV something that you\naren't either very good or excellent at? ", "I mean, it'd certainly be useful to\nthe hiring manager to know that you give your communication skills 1 star, but\nit definitely wouldn't do the candidate many favours...\n\n~~~\nremyp\nWhen I interview candidates I will frequently ask them to give a rough \"1-10\"\nrating on how good they are with a particular language/technology. ", "This sheds\na lot of light when we get to the technical portion.", "\n\nSomeone who says they're a \"5\" and gets most of the questions right is a great\nhire. ", "Someone who says they're a \"9\" and can barely answer the basics is a\nhuge red flag.", "\n\n~~~\nsimi_\nWhy then don't you ask the candidates to interview themselves, while you're at\nit?", "\n\n~~~\nmkoryak\nI think you are missing the point. ", "Figuring out how good you are at a skill is\nonly 1/2 of the story. ", "There is also value is finding out if you think you are\ngood at it, or if you know that you suck.", "\n\nA good programmer should know what they don't know, and not be arrogant.", "\n\n------\ncanterburry\nLove this idea, however have a few thoughts:\n\n1\\. This format only works for EU countries. ", "In the US this format is not\nappropriate. ", "For example, in the US, education is a minor point typically put\nat the bottom of the resume. ", "Experience and technical acronyms usually take up\nthe most room.", "\n\n2\\. While pretty, the amount of white space is wasting precious room to make\nan impression with. ", "Given that for the first few years only one page is\nrecommended of length, whitespace is very costly in terms of valuable writing\nreal estate.", "\n\nI almost think you could turn this around into a resume writing wizard which\ntries to extract valuable information in order to write a BETTER resume. ", "Maybe\nhave a formatting independent input, and then let the user choose for what\ncountry they want the output formatted. ", "I think formatting is rarely the issue\nin most CVs, content however is. ", "Maybe focus on helping people write better\nresumes.", "\n\nMost people don't even realize how much they know until you start pointing out\nthings such as experience in certain domains, processes, standards etc.", "\n\n------\ncocoflunchy\nMy problem with these resume generators is always the same: the generated pdf\ndoesn't hold in a single page. ", "I don't think a resume should be longer than\none page unless you're an academic and you want to list all of your\npublications, or you have 40 years of relevant experience for the position.", "\n\n~~~\nbriandear\nThe one page resume 'standard' is a myth. ", "Unless you're a new grad, one page\nis extremely difficult to do unless you shirk to a 9pt font. ", "If you happen to\nhave two degrees, that's already a minimum of 5 lines of space (the Education\nheading, a blank line and two lines for the school, plus one line of buffer\nafter the last entry. ", "With your name, contact info, etc, that could be five or\nmore lines (depending on Te size of your name/heading, etc. ", "If you have an\n\"about\" or objective section, that's likely 1-3 sentences, so about 5 lines,\nif you list skills, that can be another block of content. ", "After all that, you\nmight have room for 3 past jobs, but forget about actually describing your\naccomplishments at those jobs. ", "So with clever formatting, a 1 pager is\npossible, but what is the reason for an artificial constraint? ", "The one page\nstandard is outdated as well as arbitrary. ", "I have hired about 15 developers\nover the past few years and never once did I say \"a two page resume!! ", "Next!", "\nFor me it's about content and not about clever formatting. ", "I do like nice\nformatting, but not formatting with the intent of squeezing content into an\narbitrary page.", "\n\nWhitespace is your friend. ", "It makes resumes much more powerful. ", "Page count is\narbitrary. ", "A resume should be long enough, not too short, not too long.", "\n\n~~~\nwtracy\nThe sources that tell you to have a one-page resume typically expect you to\nedit out _anything_ that doesn't apply to the job you are currently applying\nfor.", "\n\nIt makes some sense. ", "You're trying to ensure that all the high points in your\nresume get read by making the reader's job easier. ", "At the same time, re-\nwriting your resume every time you apply to a new job is a tremendous burden,\nand simply impossible if you want a consulting agency to keep it on file.", "\n\n------\nkolev\nLong ago, I wanted to adopt the HR Open Standard in XML [0] and render my\nresume off that using HR-XSL [1]. ", "Well, that format didn't get adopted as much\nas I liked, unfortunately. ", "Now, there's JSON Resume, but it's very limited\n[2]. ", "There's also h-resume [3] (microformat). ", "I really want a format that will\nallow a complex resume to fit it without compromises. ", "It's 2014 and there's\nstill no such one!", "\n\n[0] [http://www.hropenstandards.org/](http://www.hropenstandards.org/)\n\n[1] [http://hr-xsl.sourceforge.net/](http://hr-xsl.sourceforge.net/)\n\n[2] [https://jsonresume.org/schema/](https://jsonresume.org/schema/)\n\n[3] [http://microformats.org/wiki/resume-\nformats](http://microformats.org/wiki/resume-formats)\n\n------\nLoneWolf\nI don't know how largely it is used but europass CV would also be a nice\noption to import from\n([https://europass.cedefop.europa.eu/pt/documents/curriculum-v...](https://europass.cedefop.europa.eu/pt/documents/curriculum-\nvitae))\n\n~~~\nlecss\nInteresting idea! ", "One of the very next steps is coming up with an import\nfeature which may include europass CV too, but Linkedin will come first\nthough! ", "Much appreciated!", "\n\n------\nRa1d3n\nSome things I found lacking:\n\n1\\. Your background image previews on my \"Hover Zoom\" chrome extension (opens\nin overlay like a link to a image [1]).", "\n\n2\\. Your star display breaks on my second monitor (19\" 1280x1024) at 100% Zoom\nin Chrome and every setting above that[2] This is in my opinion not\nacceptable.", "\n\n3\\. In \"Preview Mode\" you can not add anything, but you can still remove\nparts. ", "Is this intended?", "\n\n4\\. Speaking of preview mode... it is not obvious what it does. ", "If you are\nlooking at the button when you click it you don't automatically realize what\nit does.", "\n\nThat is all for now. ", "Good luck.", "\n\n[1] [http://i.imgur.com/sKO9Xu7.jpg](http://i.imgur.com/sKO9Xu7.jpg) [2]\n[http://i.imgur.com/CYevnvF.png](http://i.imgur.com/CYevnvF.png)\n\n------\nwtracy\nMy first reaction is: This would be really cool if I hadn't already invested\nthe effort to learn LaTeX/XeTeX. Does this really provide anything beyond the\nreally nice formatting?", "\n\n------\nmanishsharan\nMaybe pretty resumes are useful if you are applying for executive positions.", "\nMy experience as an applicant for tech jobs is that style and beauty of resume\nare lost upon HR software programs that match candidates' resume to\nopportunities. ", "Maybe its only here in Canada, but most major employers here\nuse an ugly web software where they force candidates to stuff their resumes\ninto small textareas and check off on industry buzzwords.", "\n\n~~~\nJeanMertz\nThis. ", "At my old job we had a repository of résumés which management used to\npromote the company and the people working there.", "\n\nThe repository was full of nice-looking and sometimes funny (in a good way)\nrésumés. ", "One of them even had a nice xkcd comic\n([http://xkcd.com/378/](http://xkcd.com/378/)).", "\n\nThen the company started to attract bigger customers, and these customers had\ntheir own HR departments. ", "The next month, all résumés had to be resubmitted,\nno formatting, no images, table-based two-column layout.", "\n\nIt took the fun out of an already boring document.", "\n\nThe company I currently work for never asked my résumé, they saw a talk I gave\nat a conference, they knew my public contributions, and asked me to join them\nfor one day. ", "That was enough to convince them, as it should be.", "\n\n------\nUserRights\nTechnically very nice, but please add these informations: * who are you * in\nwhich jurisdiction is this site located * especially: is this site US based or\nin an EU country * what happens to my data I put on your site * please publish\na general privacy policy (collection, retention, distribution to third parties\netc.)", "\n\nAt the moment you are just demonstrating very clearly that you give a *\nthinking on user privacy - that is not very clever.", "\n\n~~~\nbriandear\nIsn't a resume a relatively public document already? ", "When you apply for a job,\ndo you ask to see the employers resume privacy policy? ", "Besides, most of the\nsame information is found on the average LinkedIn profile, so in the grand\nscheme of things is a privacy policy in this site really a battle worth\ncreating a new HN account just to complain about it? ", "Perhaps one of us can\nmake a public key secured resume builder to ensure that the NSA doesn't find\nout you worked for McDonalds for two years. ", "I am all for privacy, but there's\nalso a level of common sense that ought to be used before criticizing\nsomeone's free tool that you are under no obligation to use. ", "If it were a\ncommercial product, then perhaps there's be a higher standard but this was\nsome dude building a tool probably in his spare time.", "\n\n------\nV-2\nThe sample (downloadable) resume isn't formatted well.", "\n\nThere's not enough space between \"John Doe\" and \"WEB DEVELOPER...\" \\- capital\n\"J\" almost overlaps it.", "\n\nThere are also orphaned lines on page two.", "\n\nI also don't like the abundance of font styles (varying sizes, capitalics,\nbold...) on one page, although that one is subjective of course. ", "Personally I\ndon't find this elegant.", "\n\n------\ntopherjaynes\nAmazing first step. ", "I made my original CV in Indesign so updating became very\neasy, but changing layout was hard. ", "Would love to see \"widgets\" you could move\naround the CV. ", "Like a new education box to drag over or move around the page.", "\nBeing able to control the layout is the hard part and you have the opportunity\nto make it really easy here!", "\n\n------\nGdiddy\nI really like the clean design. ", "But...\n\nIt needs to be much more customisable - moving, removing and adding sections.", "\n\nEg: I'm monolingual but can't remove the languages field.", "\n\nThere's no section for references.", "\n\nThere's no section for website.", "\n\nThere's no way to easily list work samples / project - much more relevant than\nemployer if you're an independent contractor.", "\n\nReally needs the ability to save and edit later.", "\n\n------\nwillejs\nThis is cool, it would be great if it had linkedin integration so that you\ncould pull dates and companies into it too.", "\n\n~~~\nkartikkumar\nYea was thinking the same. ", "Would be neat if this basically offered you\ntemplates to reformat your LinkedIn content. ", "Essentially you'd then be\nskinning LinkedIn profiles and I think that would make it a whole lot easier\nfor people to get started. ", "Maybe subsequently even release a template editor\nso that people can customize and potentially ship their own skins. ", "Don't know\nif this exists but would be great!", "\n\nI link to my Linked profile now on my personal website in lieu of providing a\nresume, since I wanted to minimize duplicating content and ending up with an\nadditional document that I've forgotten to update. ", "LinkedIn profiles aren't\ngreat as one-page summaries.", "\n\n------\nMistahKoala\nMaybe it's different for technical positions, but most of the low-level jobs\nI've ever applied for have asked for Word documents to be sent. ", "Agencies in\nparticular get moany about sending PDFs (presumably because they want to be\nable to edit out identifying details of candidates, but who knows what else).", "\n\n------\nna85\nDoes anyone know what is used to typeset this? ", "Particularly the \"star gauge\"\nwhere John Doe lists his fictional skills? ", "I'd like to be able to give similar\n\"ratings out of 5 stars\" via LaTeX.\n\n------\ntoomuchtodo\nIs there any way to save drafts for further editing in the future?", "\n\n------\njlink\nI am not convinced by the star rating. ", "But neat UI!", "\n\n~~~\nKhao\nI'm wondering why it's using 6-star rating. ", "It got me really confused for a\nmoment since my mind is used to ratings out of 5 stars, not 6.", "\n\n~~~\nbriandear\nI actually love it just because I'm a fan of arbitrary cognitive dissonance.", "\n\n------\nyoasif_\nI hate to be \"that guy\", but the first thing I noticed is that this doesn't\ndisplay properly with NoScript installed and enabled.", "\n\nConsidering that pretty much any content page (news stories, Hacker News,\netc.) ", "works just find without JavaScript enabled, this is a wee bit\ndisappointing.", "\n\nOther feedback: the \"x\" button that appears when hovering over a removable\nelement seems to get more convex when hovered over, and it loses its rounded\nedges, turning more boxy. ", "This is on Firefox nightly in Linux.", "\n\nAlso, the skills sections with stars causes the remove (x) icon to reflow the\nskills section, causing an unsightly jump in the skills. ", "A solution could be\nto absolutely position the remove button so that it doesn't cause that jump.", "\n\nFurther, the subhead below the name appears to not have enough vertical\nwhitespace separating the two -- this occurs in both the HTML representation\nand the PDF.", "\n\n\"whether\" is spelled incorrectly as \"wether\".", "\n\nWhile the page also seems pretty \"responsive\" the edit and export tools look\nawkward at points in between the standard mobile sizes and when it makes the\njump to the desktop experience -- specifically, the widths of those panels do\nnot match the width of the résumé preview. ", "There also doesn't appear to be any\nwhitespace between the résumé and further panels.", "\n\nThe contact section also looks awkward in the mobile view -- the icons appear\nto escape the left margin of the rest of the résumé, and there isn't any\nwhitespace between the name and subhead.", "\n\nIn addition, the capitalization for the editing/export tools is inconsistent\n-- \"Export controls\" vs. \"Edit Tools\", and may be too verbose as labels.", "\n\nThe \"ease in\" effect for the \"Beautiful resumes done in seconds!\" ", "seems\nsuperfluous to me.", "\n\nLastly, the sidebar could probably just stay fixed as the user scrolls through\nthe page, so that it is always available, especially for longer documents.", "\n\nWishlist item for me would be an import/export in the native data format for\nthis tool -- plaintext as Markdown (or whatever you are using internally)\nwould be handy, as copying information out of an exported PDF can be\nchallenging.", "\n\n~~~\npc86\nNot the author, but while I agree that it would be nice if NoScript didn't\nbreak the site, isn't this closer to an application than a content page?", "\n\n~~~\nyoasif_\nIt seems to serve as an \"application\", but if this were to ever become a\nrepository of résumés like Linkedin (seems obvious to me), this would become a\nproblem.", "\n\nEven given that it is an app, a static representation of the app along with a\n\"please enable JavaScript to edit\" message would be really handy -- at least I\ncould then get an idea of whether I want to edit the document being shown.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Rand Paul: I'll Answer Your Wedge-Issue Question About Abortion, The Moment You Ask Debbie Wasserman-Schultz if It's Okay to \"Kill a Seven-Pound Baby That Isn't Born Yet\"\n\nOh yes.", "\n\nWhen quizzed on his about his views on abortion, Republican Kentucky Senator Rand Paul avoided the gotcha game and told NH1 reporter Paul Steinhauser to ask DNC head Debbie Wasserman Schultz if it was okay to \"kill a 7-pound baby in the uterus.\" \"", "Why don't we ask the DNC: Is it okay to kill a 7 pound baby in the uterus?\" ", "Paul reportedly said. \"", "You go back and you ask Debbie Wasserman Schultz if she's okay with killing a seven pound baby that is not born yet. ", "Ask her when life begins, and you ask Debbie when it's okay to protect life. ", "When you get an answer from Debbie, get back to me.\"", "\n\nI was just writing about the need to do this, after the press could not stop talking about Scott Walker's non-answer on evolution.", "\n\nBoth parties, I noted, have unpopular, niche, even weird stuff in their agendas, because they both seek the support of fringe groups. ", "And when I say \"fringe,\" I do not mean it, as it is typically meant, in a derogatory way; I mean simply that these are groups whose preferred politics are not reflected in the existing politics.", "\n\nThey are Out Groups. ", "They have failed to convince the Insiders to make their preferences policies (so far).", "\n\nThey have political agendas that do not match up with the mainstream; that is, in fact, why their political agendas are political agendas and not political facts -- why they have to ask for a policy, rather than already having their preferred policy in place.", "\n\n\n\nAnyway, this piece discussed \"men\" -- women to men transsexuals -- who were complaining that abortion rights were discussed as a women's issue, when in fact, they asserted, many \"men,\" such as themselves, could also get pregnant.", "\n\nSo they want abortion crusaders to say head-scratching things like any woman, or any man, who gets pregnant has the right to an abortion.", "\n\nI noted then that the right media talks about such strange and florid agenda items on the left, but the Democrat-controlled media, of course, never does.", "\n\nThey want to discuss endlessly our odder-sounding or more \"extreme\" fringe demands; but they absolutely refuse to discuss the Democrats' oddest-sounding and most extreme fringe demands.", "\n\nI was discussing this a few weeks ago with someone (forget who), in the context of the media's great interest in Scott Walker's views on evolution. ", "I pointed out that the media, if it really cares so much about evolution, could ask Keith Ellison about it; I don't know his actual views, but I know Muslims generally do not believe in evolution. ", "I also pointed out that, if the media really cared about candidates' views on religious doctrine, they could ask supposedly-Christian Democrats like Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton if they really believed Christ died for our sins. ", "Obviously, a Christian should have no problem answering this in the affirmative. ", "But a \"Yes\" answer from Hillary Clinton would be very problematic among her caucus, wouldn't it? (", "From what I can gather, Clinton really is a Christian, or at least bothers to go to church occasionally; still, the answer would be very embarrassing and difficult for her politically). ", "So if the media just wants to \"find out what candidates\" think, why not questions like that? ", "Anyway, the person I was talking to suggested a similar such question which would be very, very #Problematic for Hillary or Obama to answer: How many Sexes are there? ", "See, the problem is, most Democrats are not batshit crazy Gender Warriors who believe the answer is three or seven or 3 pi -- some number greater than 2, in any event. ", "Most Democrats, and all independents, think the answer is \"2,\" and would think anyone thinking the answer is anything but 2 is a crazyperson. ", "But the incredibly militant sexual left is insistent that there are many genders. ", "So such a question is difficult for a Democrat to answer. ", "It's a politically relevant question, given the changes in the law and the claims (probably right) that the \"Trans\" sexuality issue is going to be \"the next civil rights issue,\" as many on the left predict, but the media will not ask the question, precisely because no answer is a good answer for a Democrat, and any answer will tend to alienate either the extreme militant sexual-left base, or the moderates needed to win elections. ", "They love asking exactly that sort of question of Republicans -- the evolution question is designed to force Republicans to choose between their Biblical literalist supporters and their less literalist supporters -- but they absolutely refuse to ask Democrats designed to produce the same sort of cleavage in their fragile coalition. ", "So, any one out there who likes putting microphones in front of politician's faces: Ask Democrats how many genders their are. ", "Let's start making these Wedge Issue/Gaffe controversies ourselves for the Democrats, given that the DNC owned-and-operated media will not oblige us.", "\n\nI think Rand Paul did a smart thing here. ", "He's not my guy, but he definitely did something smart.", "\n\nThis should be the standard answer to any media question about the fringier parts of the Republican coalition: I will answer your question the very moment you ask the Democrats about this analogous fringe demand of the Democrat Party.", "\n\nCome back to me with an answer, and I'll answer your question.", "\n\nOh, and caveat: If you ask the Democrat the question in an obligatory manner, and don't bother to ask the obvious follow-up questions to get past the first answer (which is always a hot ball of stinky gas), then that's the exact sort of answer I'll give you, refusing to answer the follow-up questions you wish to ask me but not your Beloved Democrat Politician.", "\n\nUpdate: Who's \"Extreme\" Here?", "\n\nFYI: a 20-week abortion ban is more popular *among women* than DWS's position. ", "Like, by far. ", "http://t.co/ruSgRzL4ro pic.twitter.com/rMPrtnGX6Z — Lachlan Markay (@lachlan) April 8, 2015\n\n\n\n\n\nUpdate: Rand Gets Results." ]

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[ "Real-time imaging of the growth-inhibitory effect of JS399-19 on Fusarium.", "\nReal-time imaging was used to study the effects of a novel Fusarium-specific cyanoacrylate fungicide (JS399-19) on growth and morphology of four Fusarium sp. ", "This fungicide targets the motor domain of type I myosin. ", "Fusarium graminearum PH-1, Fusarium solani f. sp. ", "pisi 77-13-4, Fusarium avenaceum IBT8464, and Fusarium avenaceum 05001, which has a K216Q amino-acid substitution at the resistance-implicated site in its myosin type I motor domain, were analyzed. ", "Real-time imaging shows that JS399-19 inhibits fungal growth but not to the extent previously reported. ", "The fungicide causes the hypha to become entangled and unable to extend vertically. ", "This implies that type I myosin in Fusarium is essential for hyphal and mycelia propagation. ", "The K216Q substitution correlates with reduced susceptibility in F. avenaceum." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWrapping C++ template function\n\nI try to wrap a template function with the help of GNU's linker wrap option. ", "The code looks like this:\n// f.h\ntemplate<typename T>\nvoid f(T t) {\n}\n\n// bar.h\nvoid bar();\n\n// bar.cpp\n#include \"bar.h\"\n#include \"f.h\"\n\nvoid bar() {\n f(42);\n}\n\n// test.cpp\nextern \"C\" {\n extern void __real__Z1fIiEvT_(int i);\n void __wrap__Z1fIiEvT_(int i) {\n __real__Z1fIiEvT_(i);\n }\n}\n\nint main() {\n bar();\n}\n\nThe code shown above is linked with the following command:\ng++ -Xlinker -wrap=_Z1fIiEvT_ -o test test.o bar.o \n\nUnfortunately, this does not work and always the original function f is called instead of my wrapped version __wrap__Z1fIiEvT_. ", "Do you see any mistakes I've made?", "\nEdited: As advised, I append the output of nm here to make sure that the I haven't done any mistakes with the mangled name of the template function:\n$ g++ -c bar.cpp -o bar.o\n$ nm bar.o\n0000000000000000 W _Z1fIiEvT_\n\nA:\n\nFrom http://linux.die.net/man/1/ld:\n\n--wrap=symbol\n Use a wrapper function for symbol. ", "Any undefined reference to symbol will be resolved to \"_wrap symbol \". ", "Any undefined reference to \"_real symbol \" will be resolved to symbol.", "\n\nI think the word \"undefined\" could be the key here. ", "Your symbol of interest is certainly defined in bar.o, and the nm output confirms it, as undefined symbols are marked with \"U\", not \"W\".", "\n\nUpdate:\n\nI guess it is therefore not possible to wrap template functions?", "\n\nI think it depends more on where the function is defined (or instantiated), and if this definition is available to the linker. ", "In your case, if you defined a non-template function in bar.cpp where it is used, the result would be the same. ", "Even if you defined the function in bar.cpp but used it in main.cpp, I guess it would be the same, though not completely sure (you may give it a try). ", "And I am sure that if you linked bar.cpp and main.cpp into different modules (a shared library and an executable), then you would be able to wrap a function from bar.cpp used in main.cpp, again no matter whether it's template or not.", "\n\nUpdate 2: I was not sure, but Mike confirmed with experiment (see his own answer and the comments there) that wrapping works if the symbol is undefined in an object file, even if that object file is linked together with another object file containing the symbol definition. ", "Great!", "\n\n" ]

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[ "We Love: Stunning, Storytelling Wedding Photography from Jess Soper\n\nApril 4, 2017\n\nWe literally can’t get enough of today’s stunning wedding photography from one of our new suppliers. ", "Jess Soper Photography is based in Essex but happy to travel the UK and bring you the most exquisite, romantic photographs with the best light we have ever seen! ", "Jess’s style is unobtrusive and she loves to capture the story of your day. ", "Loving fun and informal weddings, she is a girl after our own hearts! ", "We caught up with Jess to find out more and drool over her gorgeous work…\n\nTell us a a bit more about Jess Soper Photography…\n\nI’m a story-telling wedding photographer who loves to focus on the emotions of your wedding day.", "\n\nWhat inspired you to start your business?", "\n\nI never set out to be a wedding photographer. ", "After I had my second child, I really wanted to find a job that I loved. ", "I never dreamt in a million years that I could make a living doing photography, but things started to snowball, and when I photographed my first wedding, I knew that was it. ", "The buzz, the emotion, the sheer joy of the day was incredible to capture. ", "I knew that this was what I had to do.", "\n\nHow are you different from any other similar suppliers?", "\n\nI love working with creative, fun-loving couples who have a wedding day that’s unique to them. ", "I pour my heart and soul into my wedding photos, so I always make sure that I’m only taking on weddings I love. ", "I’m also always pushing myself to learn new skills so that I can deliver the very best photos to my couples and just be a generally awesome and lovely person to have around on the day of your wedding!", "\n\nWhat do you love most about working in the wedding industry?", "\n\nIt’s such a happy, creative world. ", "I don’t think it used to be like that, but there’s a lot of stylish, creative suppliers out there now and it’s so good getting to work alongside these people.", "\n\nWhat would be your number one piece of advice for a bride to be?", "\n\nDo things your own way! ", "Don’t worry about what Auntie Gladys is going to think. ", "Or feel like you have to do things that you dislike. ", "Don’t want a first dance? ", "Don’t do it! ", "Want to get ready together in the morning? ", "Do it! ", "It really is as simple as that, follow your heart and all your guests will have an awesome time when they see how happy you are. ", "Also don’t overdose on Pinterest.", "\n\nTell us about the best thing you have seen at a wedding you have been to?", "\n\nHonestly it’s impossible to limit it down to one thing. ", "I guess for me the best thing I can ever see is all the guests having an amazing party at the end of the night, great music and dancing is always a winner.", "\n\nHow beautiful – thank you so much Jess for sharing your work. ", "If you want to see more of Jess’s beautiful photography or get in contact with her, then have a look at Jess Soper Photography in our directory.", "\n\nComments\n\nEvery wedding is a nice and romantic story and a photographer can read out that story in front of everyone with their professional protography. ", "The photography looks amazing, tells a lot of stories. ", "Thanks to Jess Soper Photography for capturing and sharing those beautiful moments.", "\n\nWelcome to Bride and Tonic - a British wedding blog that believes in simplicity and sustainability. ", "We love small, intimate, homespun weddings and we love to inspire ethically minded brides." ]

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[ "Noise Exposure and Background Noise Tolerance in Listeners With Normal Audiograms.", "\nPurpose Tolerance for background noise when listening to speech has been found to vary greatly between individuals, despite clinically similar audiograms. ", "Recent work suggests that listeners at risk for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) self-report greater annoyance of background sounds compared with listeners at lower risk for NIHL. ", "To date, the relationship between noise exposure levels and background noise tolerance has not been studied using objective noise exposure level measurements and quantitative (i.e., not questionnaire-based) background noise tolerance measures. ", "Method Acceptable Noise Level (ANL; Nabelek, Tucker, & Letowski, 1991 ) scores and week-long noise dosimetry measurements were obtained for 56 normal-hearing college students, 22 of whom were routinely exposed to levels of noise that exceed recommended exposure limits (higher risk). ", "The remaining 34 participants did not exceed recommended exposure limits (lower risk). ", "Results The lower risk group's average daily noise dose was 26%, whereas the higher risk group accrued an average daily noise dose of 461%. ", "The lower risk group was found to be more tolerant of background noise than the higher risk group, with mean ANL scores of 3.1 dB and 5.4 dB signal-to-noise ratio, respectively. ", "A small but statistically significant relationship between ANL and noise dose was found, indicating that higher levels of noise exposure were associated with lower background noise tolerance. ", "Conclusions Results suggest that young adults at higher risk for NIHL based on objective noise exposure data have a slightly lower tolerance for background noise when listening to speech. ", "These findings open avenues for future work on background noise tolerance in more diverse noise-exposed populations." ]

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[ "DRAM Gets Interviewed By Puppies | Hounded\n\nDRAM had an incredible 2017 that included collaborations with Playboi Carti, Trippie Redd, A$AP Rocky, and Neil Young. ", "He's on his way to becoming a household name, and his charming charisma is contagious. ", "Aside from being an incredibly talented artist, DRAM is also an outspoken supporter of dogs—he even put his own dog Idnit on the cover of his debut album. ", "He's the perfect guest for 'Hounded,' and his episode doesn't disappoint." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUnity Additive particle effect blends with background\n\nI created a fire particle effect with the Particles/Additive (Soft) shader in Unity 5.2.2, and it looks fine against a dark background, like the editor background:\n\nHowever, when I move it in front of a lighter background, it looks like this:\n\nI think the additive property is blending with the background, is there a workaround to make the effect look like how it looks on a dark background, without using a different shader?", "\nI've looked at this question: How can I achieve a good fire effect with alpha blending and particles? ", "but I'm not sure how I would execute that in Unity.", "\n\nA:\n\nThere are 2 hacks I can think of with which you can acheive this.", "\n\nYou can create an alpha-blended 'mask particle system' for every additive particle system you create. ", "Render the mask particle system first and then on top of it, render the actual one. ", "This way all the particles in the paricle system will be 'guarded' by the consistent underlying alpha blended particle from the variable backgorund. ", "\nIf you use unity's built-in particle system to create particles then you'll have to make sure that there isn't much randomness in the particle. ", "Otherwise the mask will not be much identical to the real one and will create some 'unguarded' areas.", "\nIf you are using your own particle system then for every particle in the system you'll have to create an identical particle in the 'mask-particle-system' which will follow the exact path of its corresponding real-particle. ", "Then, render the mask-system and then the real one.", "\n\nThe mask-particle-system should preferably use the full-black version of the particle texture.", "\nFire particle\n\nFire particle mask\n\n You'll have to adjust the sorting layer order of the particle objects. ", "This can done attaching the following script to all the particle systems. ", "Set the layerOrder of mask system as 1 and that of real one as 2.", "\n `public int layerOrder;\n void Start () {\n ParticleSystem particleSys = GetComponent<ParticleSystem>();\n Renderer renderer = particleSys.", "GetComponent<Renderer>(); \n renderer.sortingOrder = layerOrder;\n }`\n\nThis is what I acheived this way.", "\nNo mask\n\nWith mask\n\nThe second method is to use a separate camera for rendering the particle systems. ", "Anything that needs to be drawn over the fire particles also need to be rendered by this new camera. ", "Things might get tricky this way. ", "You might not be able to easily and properly position stuff rendered by the new camera in respective to the ones rendered by the older one.", "\n\nBoth of these methods will have their impact on performance. ", "You'll have to choose the one which best suits your needs\n\n" ]

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[ "LOPEZ, CARLOS\n\nLTC Carlos E. Lopez\n\nLieutenant Colonel (Retired) Carlos E. Lopez is the Senior Army Instructor (SAI). ", "He retired from active duty in 2017 after serving 25 years. ", "He is a combat veteran from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan). ", "His last assignment was as a faculty member in the Joint Forces Staff College, National Defense University in Norfolk, Virginia. ", "He is married to Ivonne and they have 6 children." ]

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[ "Seemingly the last thing television needs these days is another reality show. ", "And yet \"Survivor\" host Jeff Probst has an idea for a good one. \"", "I think the show that has yet to be done is the 16th minute (of fame),\" Probst said, \"and that is what happens to relatively normal people who are put on a television show that is popular and watched by millions of people and scrutinized by millions of people. ", "And then they have to go back into the real world.\"", "\n\nAfter nine seasons of \"Survivor\" — the most successful of the TV reality shows — Probst has seen it happen to a lot of people. ", "First, they're shocked by the amount of attention they receive. ", "Then they're shocked by the amount of attention the don't receive anymore. ", "For a while, the contestants are \"invited to parties, and for five minutes they're on guest lists at premieres that they couldn't get into normally. ", "It's heady waters, and I think I see that in a majority of the people.\" ", "Probst knows that some of the contestants on his show — and, presumably, all the reality shows — go into it craving that kind of attention. \"", "It's always kind of a game going in with me — who's here for what reasons and are they going to get what they want and how is it going to affect them? ", "And sometimes I think it's a little tragic,\" he said. \"", "There are many people whose lives are not the same as they were before 'Survivor' because they can't go back to their real lives. ", "They want more. ", "And, for a lot of them, there isn't any more. ", "That was it. ", "And we're sort of done with you in that sense, and it's time for a new group.\" ", "Which can be tough on people, not all of whom went into the game looking for fame but who found it nonetheless. \"", "You take somebody like Rupert (Boneham), the guy's whole claim to fame on the show was no self-esteem. '", "I'm the fat kid who got picked on,' \" Probst said of the guy who became a fan favorite on both \"Survivor: Pearl Islands\" and \"Survivor: All-Stars\" — where he was awarded a million-dollar prize by on-line fan voting after the end of the show's regular run. \"", "And, suddenly, you're the fat kid that everybody loves. ", "How equipped could he possibly be to handle that kind of fame? ", "Unless he's got somebody solid in his life, saying, 'Rupert, you're not king of the world. ", "You're just a guy who's liked by a lot of people,' it could be really damaging. \"", "I haven't been in touch with Rupert lately, but with a guy like that, you hope he's all right.\" ", "Not that he's entirely sympathetic to the plight of the reality-TV has-beens. \"", "At the end of the day, I say to myself — there was something inside them that wanted this experience and that's why they sought it out. ", "So they're doing what they need to do and getting what they want out of it.\" ", "And Probst figures they should all get what they can out of it while they can. ", "Like Amber Brkich and Rob Mariano, the winner and runner-up of \"All-Stars\" who are planning their wedding after reality-show romance. \"", "A guy like Boston Rob is one of the ones who makes me smile because I've become friends with him, and I've watched him and Amber,\" Probst said. \"", "And their attitude is really clear, and that is, 'We're going to make as much money as we can. ", "We're going to go to as many parties as we can get invited to. ", "And if I can throw the (first pitch) out at the Boston Red Sox game, that is a dream come true. ", "And when it's over, I've got my sweetheart and I'm going to go back to my construction job.' ", "And I think he will.\" ", "Mariano and Brkich are wavering about offers to turn their forthcoming wedding into a TV special or even short-run series. \"", "It's our wedding. ", "We have to be careful,\" Brkich said. \"", "I don't know if we really want to do that,\" Mariano said. ", "But Probst figures they should take the money and run. \"", "I'm certainly in their ear saying, 'Don't be foolish. ", "Take every dime you can get from this experience, because you're a laborer who makes $50 grand a year, Rob, and if somebody's going to pay you a million dollars, who's the joke on?' \" ", "he said. \"", "And they're an adorable couple. ", "I've spent time with them. ", "They're truly in love and they get it.\"" ]

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[ "2016 in India\n\nThe following lists events that happened during 2016 in India.", "\n\nIncumbents\n\nEvents\n\nJanuary\n 1 January – The Indian and Pakistani governments provided one another with a full list of nuclear sites, military and civilian, in accordance with the 1988 Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement.", "\n 2 January – Heavily armed gunmen, reportedly members of Jaish-e-Mohammed, attacked an Indian Air Force base in Pathankot, Punjab. ", "Two of the gunmen were killed.", "\n 3 January – A magnitude 6.7 earthquake struck India west of Imphal with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). ", "At least eight people were killed, 100 others were injured and some buildings were damaged.", "\n\nApril\n 5 April\nBihar state imposed liquor ban.", "\n India's fastest train Gatimaan Express started Operating between Hazrat Nizamuddin and Agra Cantonment by Indian Railways.", "\n 2016 Ujjain Simhastha Kumbha Fair organized between 22 April and 21 May. Nearly 75 million people visited the fair during this one-month period.", "\n 10 April – Puttingal temple fire caused 107 deaths.", "\n\nMay\n 2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election- Jayalalithaa-led AIADMK won majority.", "\n 2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election – BJP won majority.", "\n 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election – Mamata Banerjee-led TMC won majority.", "\n 2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election – Congress won majority.", "\n 23 May: Hypersonic Flight Experiment: The ISRO's RLV-TD vehicle was launched from the first launchpad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre on board an HS9 rocket booster.", "\n 30 May: 30 died following fire in army weapon depot in Pulgaon, Wardha district, Maharashtra.", "\n\nJune\n 22 June – ISRO send 20 satellites in space on PSLV-XL.", "\n 25 June – 2016 Pampore attack.", "\n Government of India accepted 7th Pay Commission recommendations to increase salaries of employees.", "\n\nJuly \n2016 Kashmir unrest.", "\n 2016 Indian Air Force An-32 disappearance.", "\n 2 July: At least 30 died in heavy rains in Uttarakhand.", "\n\nAugust \n 3 August – Goods and Services Tax (India) Bill passed in Parliament.", "\n 5 August – 2016 Kokrajhar shooting.", "\n 9 August – Manipur activist Irom Sharmila ended her 16 years of hunger strike.", "\n 14 August – Na. ", "Muthukumar – died he was an Indian / Tamil poet, lyricist, and author National award winner.", "\n\nSeptember \n Indian general strike of 2016.", "\n 2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation escalated following Uri attack on 19 September.", "\n Kaveri River water dispute: violence broke out in Karnataka.", "\n 13 September – 43 out of 44 MLAs of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly left Congress and joined People’s Party of Arunachal.", "\n 30 September – Bihar liquor ban: Patna High Court struck down liquor ban law.", "\n\nOctober\n 2 October – 2016 Baramulla attack.", "\n 11 October - Jangaon district was formed in 2016 in Telangana.", "\n 13 October – BJP joined People’s Party of Arunachal- lead Government in Arunachal Pradesh.", "\n 15 October – 24 died following stampede at religious meet in Varanasi.", "\n 17 October – Fire in SUM Hospital in Bhubaneshwar. ", "22 died.", "\n 19 October -Qnet multi-level marketing: former World Billiards Champion Michael Ferreira arrested.", "\n 24 October – Cyrus Mistry was sacked as the Chairman of the Tata Sons. ", "Tata was one of India's biggest conglomerate.", "\n 27 October – Senari massacre case of Bihar: 15 convicted, 23 acquitted by court. ", "10 death sentence.", "\n October – Bihar liquor ban: Supreme Court stays High Court order, liquor ban reimposed.", "\n October – Samajwadi Party, ruling Uttar Pradesh, caught in family feud.", "\n 31 October - October 2016 Bhopal encounter.", "\n\nNovember \n 1 November – 2016 Manipur unrest started.", "\n 8 November – The Indian government withdraws 500 and 1000 banknotes with immediate effect. ", "New notes will be issued to the nation. ", "Caused political uproar.", "\n 11 November – 42 Congress MLAs submitted their resignations to Punjab Vidhan Sabha following the Supreme Court order related to the Sutlej Yamuna link canal project.", "\n 16 November- The winter session of Indian Parliament starts, with debate on note ban.", "\n 20 November – A train derails near Pukhrayan killing at least 150 people.", "\n 26 November – Nabha jailbreak in Punjab. ", "6 flee.", "\n 29 November – 2016 Nagrota army base attack.", "\n 30 November – Supreme Court of India ordered cinemas to play national anthem before films.", "\n\nDecember\n 5 December – Former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa who has been hospitalized for 72 days in Apollo Hospital was officially announced as dead after suffering Cardiac attack.", "\n 10 December – Industrialist Pawan Ruia arrested following railway complaint.", "\n 12 December – Cyclone Vardah makes landfall on Tamil Nadu coast. ", "18 died.", "\n 14 December – The National Green Tribunal banned kite-flying with manja, a thread coated in a sticky paste of ground-up glass, following outcry over deaths and injury caused by it.", "\n 15 December – Supreme Court bans sale of liquor on national and state highways due to large number of road accidents caused by drunks every year.", "\n 24 December - Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation the Pune Metro Project. ", "Metro work starts off.", "\n December – 2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal: arrests made including former Indian Air Force chief.", "\n\nPublic holidays\n\nDeaths\n\nJanuary\n January 2\n Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan, Indian politician (b. 1924)\n Fateh Singh, shooter and army officer (b. 1964)\n January 3\n Shankar Prasad Jaiswal, Indian politician (b. 1932)\n Raghu Nandan Mandal, Indian politician (b. 1952)\n January 4 – S. H. Kapadia, Indian judge (b. 1947)\n January 6 – Labhshankar Thakar, Gujarati author (b. 1935)\n January 7 – Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, Indian politician (b. 1936)\n January 8\n M. O. Joseph, Malayalam film producer (b. 1929)\n Gunaram Khanikar, herbalist (b. 1949)\n January 13\n J. F. R. Jacob, army general (b. 1923)\n G A Vadivelu, independence activist and politician (b. 1923)\n January 14 – Rajesh Vivek, actor (b. 1949)\n January 15 – Anil Ganguly, film director (b. 1933)\n January 16 – Ananda Chandra Dutta, botanist (b. 1923)\n January 17\n Geethapriya, film director (b. 1932)\n V. Rama Rao, politician (b. 1935)\n Sudhindra Thirtha, Hindu religious leader (b. 1926)\n January 18 – Asha Patil, actress (b. 1936)\n January 20 – Subrata Bose, politician (b. 1932)\n January 21 – Mrinalini Sarabhai, classical dancer, choreographer and instructor (b. 1918)\n January 22 – Shankar Ghosh, tabla player (b. 1935)\n January 23 – A. C. Jose, politician (b. 1937)\n January 25\n Kalpana, Malayalam actress (b. 1965)\n Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad, politician (b. 1955)\n Padmarani, Gujarati actress (b. 1936)\n January 28 – Maheswar Baug, politician and independence activist (b. 1930)\n January 29 – Nayani Krishnakumari, writer and folklorist (b. 1930)\n January 30\n T. N. Gopakumar, journalist (b. 1957)\n K. V. Krishna Rao, military officer (b. 1923)\n Kollam G. K. Pillai, actor (b. 1933)\n January 31 – Randhir Singh, political scientist (b. 1921)\n\nFebruary\n 1 February – Kunigal Ramanath, 83, Kannada actor.", "\n 3 February –\n Balram Jakhar, 92, politician, Speaker of the Lok Sabha (1980–1989).", "\n K. S. Paripoornan, 83, Supreme Court judge\n 5 February – Markand Bhatt, 87, theatre director and actor.", "\n 6 February – Sudhir Tailang, 55, cartoonist.", "\n 8 February – Nida Fazli, 77, poet.", "\n 13 February – O. N. V. Kurup, 84, poet, recipient of the Jnanpith Award (2007).", "\n 17 February – Akbar Kakkattil, 62, writer.", "\n 18 February –\n Abdul Rashid Khan, 107, Hindustani musician.", "\n Cherussery Zainuddeen Musliyar, 78, Indian religious scholar.", "\n 20 February – Pradeep Shakti, 60, actor and restaurateur.", "\n 21 February –\n Akbar Ali, 90, Kannada poet.", "\n Kalanidhi Narayanan, 87, classical dancer.", "\n 25 February – Bhavarlal Jain, 78, businessman (Jain Irrigation Systems).", "\n 26 February\n Mirza Mohammed Athar, 79, Muslim cleric.", "\n B. K. Garudachar, 99, cricket player.", "\n 27 February\n Banda Jyothi, 41, comedian and actress.", "\n Rajesh Pillai, 41, film director (Traffic).", "\n 28 February –\n Honey Chhaya, 85, film director and actor (The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel).", "\n Kumarimuthu, 76, comedian and film actor.", "\n 29 February – Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman, 90, politician, Maharashtra MLA (19601999), mayor of Malegaon.", "\n\nJune\n 4 June - Sulabha Deshpande, 79, Veteran actress.", "\n\nJuly\n 23 July - S. H. Raza, Famous painter.", "\n\nAugust\n 9 August – Kalikho Pul, 47, former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh\n\nOctober\n 10 October – Parmeshwar Godrej, 70, philanthropist and socialite.", "\n\nNovember\n 22 November\n M. Balamuralikrishna, 86, Carnatic vocalist\n M. G. K. Menon, 88, physicist\n\nDecember\n 5 December – Jayalalithaa, 68, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu\n 7 December – Cho Ramaswamy, 82, actor, political satirist, journalist, lawyer\n 24 December – Chetan Ramarao, 76, Kannada film actor\n\nSee also\n\n 2016 attacks on India\n Timeline of Indian history\n\nReferences\n\n \nIndia\nCategory:Years of the 21st century in India\nCategory:2010s in India\nIndia" ]

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[ "Helicobacter pylori prevalence in diabetic patients and its relationship with dyspepsia and autonomic neuropathy.", "\nWe evaluated the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) in Type 2 diabetic patients and its relationship with dyspeptic symptoms and complications of diabetes. ", "Seventy-eight Type 2 diabetic patients (54 females, 24 males, mean age: 51.9 +/- 10.6 yr) and 71 non-diabetic control subjects were involved in the study. ", "Patients were questioned for dyspeptic symptoms. ", "Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy were investigated in diabetic patients. ", "Upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy was performed for all patients and gastric biopsies were obtained and searched for HP. ", "Helicobacter pylori prevalence was significantly higher in diabetic patients than in control subjects (75.6 vs 46%, p < 0.05). ", "No differences were found between women and men with regard to HP infection status in diabetic patients. ", "There was no relation between HP and diabetic complications, nephropathy and retinopathy. ", "Helicobacter pylori prevalence was significantly higher in diabetic patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy than in diabetic patients without cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (90.6 vs 44.0%, p < 0.02). ", "Forty-seven subjects with diabetes had symptoms of dyspepsia (60.3%) and the prevalence of HP was higher in these patients (p < 0.002). ", "There is a high prevalence of HP infection in diabetic patients and it is correlated with dyspeptic symptoms. ", "Diabetic subjects complicated with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and dyspepsia are at high risk of HP infection and should be carefully investigated and considered for eradication therapy." ]

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[ "Q:\n\n\"modal form\" with bootstrap on rails works partially\n\nOn Rails 3.2.3, \nI have a form in a partial view, using bootstrap 2.0.2 modals\n#myModal.modal\n .modal-header\n .close{\"data-dismiss\" => \"modal\"}= link_to \"x\", root_path\n %h3 Add Tags\n .modal-body\n = form_tag '/tagging', :remote => true do\n = text_field_tag 'tags_string', params[:tags_string]\n = hidden_field_tag 'id', params[:id]\n .modal-footer\n = submit_tag \"Add tag\", :class => \"btn btn-primary\"\n :javascript\n $(document).ready(function() {\n $('#myModal .btn.btn-primary').click(function() {\n $('#myModal').modal('hide');\n $('form').submit();\n });\n });\n\nI the \"main\" page I've a link button to call the partial :\n%td= link_to \"Tag\", tagging_path(:id => \"#{repo.id}\", :tags_string => \"#{repo.tags}\"), \"data-toggle\" => \"modal\", :class => \"tag add-tag btn btn-primary\n\nand the controller has the relative tagging method. ", "\nNow I have two problems:\n\nfirst\nwhen I click the button it display the form correctly but it leaves\nthe \"main\" page (which I don't want), displaing the relative href\n(which is empty), as a background :\nhttp://localhost:3001/tagging?id=4f82cb8ef370ff0001000699&tags_string=\n\nthat is generated by the 'tagging_path' in the link button. ", "I cannot\njust call the modal like in bootstrap example :\n<a data-toggle=\"modal\" href=\"#myModal\" class=\"btn btn-primary btn-large\">Launch demo modal</a>\n\nbecause I need to fill the controller/model with form params so ...,\nhow can this be done ?", "\nsecond:\nwhen I click the \"Add tag\" button in the form, the database get the\nright content and everything works but the form doesn't disapear\nuntil I click \"X\" link, which is just a link to root_path and not a JS action. ", "\nso it seems js is not working properly\n$(document).ready(function() {\n $('#myModal .btn.btn-primary').click(function() {\n $('#myModal').modal('hide');\n $('form').submit();\n });\n});\n\nUPDATE:\nThis is the generated html :\n<div class='modal hide fade' id='myModal'>\n <div class='modal-header'>\n <div class='close' data-dismiss='modal'><a href=\"/\">x</a></div>\n <h3>Add Tags</h3>\n </div>\n\n <div class='modal-body'>\n <form accept-charset=\"UTF-8\" action=\"/tagging\" data-remote=\"true\" method=\"post\"><div style=\"margin:0;padding:0;display:inline\"><input name=\"utf8\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"&#x2713;\" />\n <input name=\"authenticity_token\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"vlZaCIRV58BfDZ0xjYsefSEVL1LSpiI5UL1tgzbm/8o=\" /></div>\n <input id=\"tags_string\" name=\"tags_string\" type=\"text\" />\n <input id=\"id\" name=\"id\" type=\"hidden\" />\n\n <div class='modal-footer'>\n <input class=\"btn btn-primary\" name=\"commit\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Add tag\" />\n </div>\n </form>\n </div>\n</div>\n\n<td>\n <a href=\"/tagging?id=4f82cb5cf370ff000100003a&amp;tags_string=ruby+web+framework\" class=\"tag add-tag btn btn-primary\" data-toggle=\"modal\">Tag</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n <div class='gravatar'><img alt=\"Assets.github.com%2fimages%2fgravatars%2fgravatar-orgs\" height=\"26\" src=\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b0f9595244db739302ccce55bfbfc5e5?d=https://a248.e.akamai.net/assets.github.com%2Fimages%2Fgravatars%2Fgravatar-orgs.png\" width=\"26\" /></div>\n</td>\n<td>\n <a href=\"https://github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate\">h5bp/html5-boilerplate</a>\n</td>\n<td class='watchers span1'>12105</td>\n<td class='forks span1'>1781</td>\n<td>A professional front-end template that helps you build fast, robust, adaptable, and future-proof websites.</td>\n<td>Sun, Jan 24 at 6:03pm</td>\n<td>Sat, Apr 14 at 2:10pm</td>\n\n...\n\nA:\n\n1) Use event.preventDefault() to stop the link action\n2) Your selector needed a space. ", " Or you can just leave .btn out entirely.", "\n$(document).ready(function() {\n $('#myModal .btn-primary').click(function(e) {\n e.preventDefault();\n $('#myModal').modal('hide');\n $('form').submit();\n });\n});\n\nIf you post the rendered HTML markup of your modal I can help with your selector since using the class is generally not a good idea if you want to capture a specific button click.", "\nEdit given markup:\nOkay, you can just make your button a button type instead of submit and select it by its name instead. ", " If you use a submit you don't need to call form.submit, it does that by default. ", " Using a button type gives you more control.", "\n$('input[name=\"commit\"]').click(function() {\n //$('form').submit();\n $('#myModal').modal('hide'); \n});\n\nWorking example: http://jsfiddle.net/tcjCj/3/\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIf statement for a specific value in a range doesn't work properly?", "\n\nthis is my code:\n For Each cell In Range(\"A1:A13\")\n If cell.", "Value = \"Totals\" Then\n\n Else\n Sheets(1).Range(\"A2:G4\").Select\n Selection.", "Copy\n wb2.Activate\n Sheets(1).Range(\"A2\").Select\n ActiveSheet.", "Paste\n End If\nNext cell\n\nI wanted it to do nothing after Then, but even if it finds the word 'Totals', it still runs the code after Else. ", "What I want is that if the word 'totals' is there in that range, then do nothing.", "\n\nA:\n\nInstead of doing your copy-pasting inside the loop and risking running it 13 times just set a flag once (if \"Totals\" is found) and run your code once after the loop like this:\nDim found as Boolean\n\nFor Each cell In Range(\"A1:A13\")\n If cell.", "Value = \"Totals\" Then found = True\nNext cell\n\nIf Not found then\n Sheets(1).Range(\"A2:G4\").Select\n Selection.", "Copy\n wb2.Activate\n Sheets(1).Range(\"A2\").Select\n ActiveSheet.", "Paste\nEnd If\n\nAnd please look at this answer to get rid of Select and Activate as it is error-prone.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "One Fan Theory Would Actually Clear Up An Avengers: Infinity War Plot Hole\n\nFor the most part, Avengers: Infinity War is an incredible achievement, weaving together threads from eighteen films into a cohesive narrative that began the climax of a decade-long meta-narrative. ", "However, there was a glaring plot hole in Infinity War, and it all has to do with the Infinity Gauntlet. ", "Namely, if Thanos had Eitri make him the gauntlet to harness the power of the Infinity Stones, then how and why did Odin have a fake gauntlet in his vault years prior in the first Thor movie. ", "Well a fan has come up with a theory that may explain all that.", "\n\nPrior to Avengers: Infinity War, the Infinity Gauntlet appeared thrice. ", "It first appeared as an Easter egg in Odin's vault in Thor. ", "In the mid-credits scene for Avengers: Age of Ultron the gauntlet showed up again, this time in Thanos' possession in his \"I'll do it myself\" moment. ", "That created a conflict because how does Thanos have the gauntlet if it is in Odin's vault. ", "That problem was resolved in Thor: Ragnarok by Hela explaining it away as a fake. ", "But that third appearance created the issue for Avengers: Infinity War when we learn Thanos had Eitri make him the real gauntlet. ", "The explanation for all of this, according to Reddit user cgcs20, is that the concept of the weapon existed prior to Thanos' quest. ", "Thanos' wasn't commissioning an original weapon, but asking for one based on an already existing blueprint. ", "And who first had the Infinity Gauntlet designed? ", "Why none other than Odin himself.", "\n\nThor: Ragnarok illuminated Thor and the audience to the fact that Odin wasn't always the sweet old All-Father we saw in the first two Thor films, as he was once a conqueror with a love for war and little regard for life. ", "According to the theory, Odin too once sought the stones and he had the dwarves of Nidavellir create a replica or demo unit of the Gauntlet for him. ", "When he turned over a new leaf and covered up his warlord past, he put the fake Gauntlet away in his vault, perhaps as a reminder of the power he once sought and the destruction that desire caused. ", "This would have disappointed Hela, thus explaining how she knew that it was a fake.", "\n\nAnother Reddit user actually expounded upon this theory, offering up the possibility that Odin gave up his stone quest when he was unwilling to sacrifice Hela for the Soul Stone, thereby revealing himself to be soft and unworthy to rule in her eyes.", "\n\nOverall this is a really compelling theory that fits in well with what we learned about Odin in Thor: Ragnarok and helps explain why Odin had a fake in his vault. ", "What this theory doesn't really clear up is the Avengers: Age of Ultron mid-credits scene where Thanos decides to take matters, and the real Gauntlet, into his own hands. ", "However, that too has a workaround. ", "For one, we don't know how long Nidavellir has been dark or when Eitri created the Infinity Gauntlet for Thanos. ", "Also, you could say that the mid-credits scene for Age of Ultron does not take place in the same time period as the rest of the film.", "\n\nWhat's cool about all of this is that way back in 2011, the gauntlet in Odin's vault in Thor was probably just put in as a fun Easter egg, with a 'we'll deal with it later' mentality with regard to how Thanos would eventually get it. ", "The same goes for the Age of Ultron credits scene. ", "However, story plans change over time and discrepancies arise, but none of them are so bad that some clever thinking can't come up with a good explanation for them.", "\n\nCheck out whether the Infinity Gauntlet is a single-use item when Avengers 4 hits theaters on May 3, 2019. ", "For all the latest in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, check out our guide." ]

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[ "Mother Nature released her spring fury on Tuesday, April 30 dropping a number of tornadoes from the sky and causing damage in locations across…" ]

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[ "LORDE, whose ubiquitous platinum-selling hit single “Royals” is currently #1 on iTunes, is now streaming her immensely anticipated debut album Pure Heroine, on VH1.com in advance of its September 30 release from LAVA/Republic Records.", "\n\nStream Pure Heroine on VH1.com here: http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2013-09-23/lorde-pure-heroine-stream/\n\nLORDE’s single “Royals” has spent six weeks at #1 on the Billboard Alternative Chart, making for the longest run at the top for any female artist in history. ", "The 16-year-old New Zealand phenomenon raised the bar for all acts to follow, but this is merely the start of her rise to musical royalty. ", "With the pre-order climbing the iTunes charts, the album promises to crown her as one of the new leaders of pop with its lithe melodies, wise vision, clever hooks, and immediate bounce. ", "Meanwhile, she has sold out the dates on her current upcoming U.S. tour, becoming one of the hottest tickets of the fall. ", "There’s nobody quite like LORDE.", "\n\nTour Dates\n\n9/25 Los Angeles, CA Belasco\n\n9/27 San Francisco, CA Fillmore\n\n9/28 Seattle, WA Decibel Fest – Showbox at the Market\n\n9/30 New York, NY Webster Hall\n\n10/3 Brooklyn, NY Warsaw" ]

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[ "Market Slump Puts Crypto Derivatives in the Spotlight\n\nAs volatility returns to cryptocurrency markets, with serious losses over the past week or so, digital asset exchanges and other fintech platforms have again turned their attention to crypto derivatives. ", "Instruments such as bitcoin futures contracts can help traders hedge against risks and even profit from falling prices.", "\n\nAlso read: Isle of Man Updates Registration Rules for Cryptocurrency Businesses\n\nHuobi Launches Crypto Derivatives Market\n\nSingapore-based digital asset exchange Huobi has announced the beta launch of its cryptocurrency derivatives trading platform. ", "Huobi Derivative Market (Huobi DM) allows users to profit from rising and falling cryptocurrency prices by opening long or short positions.", "\n\nAccording to a post on Huobi’s website, the new platform will initially start with BTC contracts denominated in U.S. dollars, with the corresponding cryptocurrency as margin. ", "The profit and loss settlement will be conducted in the digital currency.", "\n\nHuobi further explains that each contract represents a certain amount of cryptocurrency. “", "The face value of a BTC contract is $100 and the minimum price change in order book is aggregated to $0.01,” the announcement details. ", "The face value of other contract varieties will be $10, and the minimum price change in the order book will be aggregated to $0.001.", "\n\nHuobi DM offers weekly and biweekly contracts settled on Fridays, as well as quarterly contracts settled on the last Friday of March, June, September and December. ", "Users have to select the leverage — the available options are 1x, 5x, 10x and 20x. ", "All contracts should use the same leverage and cannot be changed when there are still open positions or pending orders.", "\n\nOkex Reminds Traders About Its Futures Contracts\n\nIn a post published this week under the title “Introduction to Futures Contract,” crypto exchange Okex discussed crypto derivatives. ", "The Hong Kong-headquartered trading platform offers users futures contracts for a number of cryptocurrencies — BCH, BTC, BTG, LTC, ETH, ETC, XRP and EOS.", "\n\nThe contracts are settled by BTC and their value is calculated in U.S. dollars equivalent. ", "Each contract represents $100 of BTC or $10 of other cryptocurrencies. ", "The minimum price intervals are 0.01 point for BTC/BTG and 0.001 point for LTC and other digital assets.", "\n\nThe contracts expire on a weekly, biweekly and quarterly basis and the delivery time is Friday on the week of expiry. ", "The settlement date is the same as the delivery date and settlements are conducted in digital coins. ", "The leverage options available are 10x or 20x.", "\n\nOkex launched BCH, ETH and ETC futures about a year ago. ", "In a move that surprised traders, the platform changed the terms on $135 million of BCH derivatives in the wake of the recent Bitcoin Cash fork, as reported by Bloomberg. ", "On Nov. 14, as prices went down a day before the network split, Okex delivered all BCH contracts according to the last traded price at 9:05 a.m. (CET). ", "The exchange attributed its decision to high volatility in the BCH spot and futures markets. ", "It also said it had not issued an earlier announcement on fears it could trigger market manipulation.", "\n\nPlans for More Crypto Derivatives\n\nA number of announcements have been made over the past year about new offerings of crypto derivatives. ", "In January, Japanese investment group Fisco Corp. launched a cryptocurrency fund and revealed plans to offer derivatives products based on digital assets. ", "In August, another Japanese company, SBI Crypto Investment, acquired a 12-percent stake in U.S.-based trading platform Clear Markets. ", "It also shared its intention to create a platform that will allow institutional investors to trade cryptocurrency derivatives.", "\n\nAnother company, on the other hand, recently delayed its plan to open a new bitcoin futures trading platform. ", "Intercontinental Exchange, the owner of the New York Stock Exchange, announced this week that it will postpone the launch of its Bakkt platform. ", "Trading was initially expected to begin in December of this year. ", "According to a recent announcement, however, Bakkt is now scheduled to go live on Jan. 24, 2019, as news.Bitcoin.com reported on Wednesday.", "\n\nRegulatory Challenges\n\nCryptocurrency-based derivatives products have also attracted the attention of financial authorities around the world. ", "In the U.S., bitcoin futures have been approved and are currently regulated by the country’s Commodity Futures Trading Commission. ", "And France’s financial markets regulator, Autorité des marchés financiers, issued a statement in February of this year indicating its intention to crack down on crypto derivatives, stating that the provision of such instruments would require authorization.", "\n\nIn September, the European Securities and Markets Authority (Esma) renewed restrictions it had imposed on matters related to crypto derivatives, such as contracts-for-difference (CFDs). ", "Esma’s ban on the marketing, distribution and sale of CFDs to retail customers, which was enforced in August, was extended for another three-month period, starting from Nov. 1.", "\n\nMeanwhile, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) announced in a report published in October that it is considering a ban on the sale of derivatives based on digital assets, including CFDs. ", "This possibility was confirmed this week by Christopher Woolard, the FCA’s executive director of strategy and competition. ", "He was quoted as saying that crypto-based CFDs pose a threat to retail investors in the country.", "\n\nWhat do you think about cryptocurrency derivatives? ", "Share your thoughts on the subject in the comments section below.", "\n\nImages courtesy of Shutterstock.", "\n\nMake sure you do not miss any important Bitcoin-related news! ", "Follow our news feed any which way you prefer; via Twitter, Facebook, Telegram, RSS or email (scroll down to the bottom of this page to subscribe). ", "We’ve got daily, weekly and quarterly summaries in newsletter form. ", "Bitcoin never sleeps. ", "Neither do we." ]

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[ "Queen of Denmark (disambiguation)\n\nA Queen of Denmark is a female Danish monarch.", "\n\nQueen of Denmark may also refer to:\n\n Queen consort of Denmark, the wife of a reigning King of Denmark\n Queen of Denmark (album), a 2010 album by John Grant\n \"Queen of Denmark\", song from the above album, covered by Sinéad O'Connor on her 2012 album How About I Be Me (and You Be You)?" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use Option Menu without menu button?", "\n\nin my application I have option menu it run with menu button on phone my question is, if my phone has no button how it is work ?", "\n\nA:\n\nOK. ", "Here is the deal*(Considering you know how to create options menu)*. ", "Sometimes this might become a problem to notify the user that there is some options hidden in the method. ", "So simply you can use any buttons or images or any widgets you have used in your app to open up your options menu. ", "Here is a sample of how it works,\n button.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {\n\n public void onClick(View v) {\n openOptionsMenu();\n }\n });\n\nCalling the method, openOptionsMenu() I believe will solve your problem. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Novel and extensive aspects of paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrogenesis: comparative and time-course microarray analyses in fibrogenic and non-fibrogenic rats.", "\nAlthough paraquat (PQ) is widely known to induce pulmonary fibrosis, the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. ", "Therefore, to bring a new dimension to the elucidation of the mechanisms, we conducted microarray experiments to investigate the expression profiles of 1,090 genes in the lungs during the progressive phase of PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. ", "After several s.c. ", "injections of PQ, rats were divided into a fibrogenic group and a non-fibrogenic group. ", "Time-course gene expression analysis of the fibrogenic group showed altered gene regulation throughout the experimental period. ", "The expression levels of many cell membrane channel, transporter, and receptor genes were substantially altered. ", "These genes were classified into two categories: polyamine transporter- and electrolyte/fluid balance-related genes. ", "Moreover, comparative analysis of the fibrogenic and the non-fibrogenic group revealed 36 genes with significantly different patterns of expression, including the pro-apoptotic gene Bad. ", "This indicates that Bad is a key factor in apoptosis and that apoptosis provides a major turning point in PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis. ", "Notably, subtypes of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta genes that are considered to play a pivotal role in fibrogenesis showed no differences in expression between the two groups, though TGF-beta3 was markedly induced in both groups. ", "These results provide novel and extensive insights into the molecular mechanisms that lead to pulmonary fibrosis after exposure to PQ." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nEnter The Market\n\nI have some question about the usage of the verb \"enter\": \n\nNew companies entered the market. ", " \nNew products entered the market. ", " \n\nAccording to definition 2 from this dictionary for \"enter\": \n\ndef 2: to start to take part in a particular activity or to work in a particular job \n\nwith the example usage sentence: \n\nThere are dozens of new companies entering the software market. ", " \n\nwhich suggests that sentence 1 is correct and sentence 2 is wrong. ", " \nBut then, according to definition 3c from another dictionary for \"enter\": \n\ndef 3c: to appear for the first time in (something) \n\nwith this example usage sentence: \n\nThe company has several new products now entering the marketplace. ", " \n\nwhich suggests that sentence 1 is wrong and sentence 2 is the correct usage. ", " What do native speakers think? ", " Is either 1 or 2 wrong? ", " \n\nA:\n\nThere's nothing wrong grammatically with any of the sentences presented by the OP. ", " The verb enter is used in many senses. ", "The OP has described only two meanings of this verb. ", "There are a lot of its uses. ", "The most important and common meaning of the vetb is \"to go into a room, building, or other place\", which is quite different from the meanings mentioned by the OP. ", " We cannot say that only one meaning is correct and the others are incorrect.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "using System;\nusing System.", "Collections.", "Generic;\nusing System.", "Linq;\nusing System.", "Web;\nusing System.", "Web.", "UI;\nusing System.", "Web.", "UI.WebControls;\n\nnamespace Core.", "AppEventsWeb\n{\n public partial class Default : System.", "Web.", "UI.Page\n {\n protected void Page_PreInit(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n Uri redirectUrl;\n switch (SharePointContextProvider.", "CheckRedirectionStatus(Context, out redirectUrl))\n {\n case RedirectionStatus.", "Ok:\n return;\n case RedirectionStatus.", "ShouldRedirect:\n Response.", "Redirect(redirectUrl.", "AbsoluteUri, endResponse: true);\n break;\n case RedirectionStatus.", "CanNotRedirect:\n Response.", "Write(\"An error occurred while processing your request.\");", "\n Response.", "End();\n break;\n }\n }\n\n protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n // The following code gets the client context and Title property by using TokenHelper.", "\n // To access other properties, the app may need to request permissions on the host web.", "\n var spContext = SharePointContextProvider.", "Current.", "GetSharePointContext(Context);\n\n using (var clientContext = spContext.", "CreateUserClientContextForSPHost())\n {\n clientContext.", "Load(clientContext.", "Web, web => web.", "Title);\n clientContext.", "ExecuteQuery();\n Response.", "Write(clientContext.", "Web.", "Title);\n }\n }\n }\n}" ]

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[ "The proposed research will evaluate in autochthonous murine mammary cancers a treatment program which has been shown to be successful in transplanted solid tumors. ", "The treatment consists of the injection of an oncolytic enterovirus (Jo) to infect the tumors coupled with an appropriate administration of cyclophosphamide. ", "The studies will be done in A/Strong mice. ", "The dynamics of in vivo in tumor virus growth will be studied as a function of time and cyclophosphamide dosage in both autochthonous and transplanted tumors. ", "The course of viral induced pathological events in (Jo) enterovirus infected mammary tumor cells will be described using electron microscopic techniques." ]

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[ "Johnson Controls introduces low-GWP chiller offerings with R-513A\n\nShare\n\nAs part of its long-term refrigerant roadmap, Johnson Controls today announced two platforms of high efficiency chillers available with low GWP (global warming potential) options.", "\n\nBuilding on the history of its product line, Johnson Controlshas extended its portfolio of YORK® chillers to include two key product families that use the refrigerant alternative R-513A—the YORK YVWA water-cooled screw chiller and the YORK YMC2 magnetic bearing water-cooled centrifugal chiller. ", "Johnson Controls is showcasing this offering and featuring other product updates at the Chillventa trade show in Nuremberg, Germany today through Oct. 13.", "\n\nThe offering covers a broad range from 433 to 3,516 kW (120 to 1,000 tons) for water-cooled applications. ", "This represents Johnson Controls’ continued commitment to choose solutions that will best meet the needs of its customers and the environment based on safety, efficiency, reliability, availability and cost.", "\n\n“This is the first major chiller family to be offered with low-GWP alternatives. ", "We will continue to expand our chiller portfolio with highly efficient chillers and additional low-GWP offerings,” said Laura Wand, vice president of global chillers, Johnson Controls Building Efficiency Business.", "\n\n“R-513A was selected after extensive testing and evaluation because it is a non-flammable, high efficient, low-GWP alternative refrigerant that reduces the directrefrigerant GWP by 56 percent,” said Wand.", "\n\nAdditionally, Johnson Controls is leading the industry-wide discussion on the use of other low-GWP refrigerant alternatives which have an A2L (mildly flammable) safety rating.", "\n\nThey accelerated research on this topic through their donation of $100,000 to ASHRAE Research to facilitate and accelerate the safe use of flammable refrigerants. ", "This research will help determine when and how to establish standards and building codes which address customers’ flammability concerns.", "\n\nJohnson Controls’ work to develop and launch broad offerings using R-513A and to advance research on the use of mildly flammable refrigerants is part of its overall environmental commitments to the White House Council on Environmental Quality.", "\n\nR-513A, or Chemours’ OpteonTM XP10, is a non-flammable (A1) azeotropic alternative to R-134a, providing lower GWP and comparable performance. ", "XP10 was commercialized as a part of a broad portfolio of Opteon™ refrigerants, which represent a breakthrough line of low-GWP solutions.", "\n\nThey were developed to help meet proposed HFC regulations, such as the European F-gas regulation and the U.S. EPA SNAP ruling, while maintaining or improving performance compared to incumbent products.", "\n\nBy providing efficient R-134a chillers that are future compatible with R-513A, Johnson Controls is protecting the long-term investment customers make in its chillers. “", "Although low-GWP refrigerants play an important role, the greatest contribution to reducing CO2 emissions and operating costs is by investing in highly efficient equipment,” said Wand.", "\n\n“The YORK chiller portfolio addresses the larger impact of emissions, reducing energy consumption, which can represent 95 per cent or more of a chiller’s lifetime carbon emissions. ", "And the YORK R-134a global chiller offering provides peace of mind as customers can use R-513A.”\n\nAs Johnson Controls looks to the future, choosing solutions that will best meet the needs of its customers and the environment based on safety, efficiency, reliability, availability and cost, it will continue to expand its chiller platform with highly efficient chillers and additional low-GWP offerings.", "\n\nJohnson Controls is a global diversified technology and multi industrial leader serving a wide range of customers in more than 150 countries. ", "Our 117,000 employees create intelligent buildings, efficient energy solutions, integrated infrastructure and next generation transportation systems that work seamlessly together to deliver on the promise of smart cities and communities.", "\n\nOur commitment to sustainability dates back to our roots in 1885, with the invention of the first electric room thermostat. ", "We are committed to helping our customers win and creating greater value for all of our stakeholders through strategic focus on our buildings and energy growth platforms. ", "For additional information, please visit http://www.johnsoncontrols.com or follow us @johnsoncontrols on Twitter.", "\n\nAbout Johnson Controls’ Building Efficiency\n\nJohnson Controls’ Building Efficiency has an unmatched portfolio of HVACR products and solutions to create more comfortable, safe and efficient buildings. ", "Operating in more than 150 countries through a strong network of distribution channels, Building Efficiency’s breadth of offerings help building owners, operators, engineers and consultants impact the full lifecycle of a building. ", "Its market leadership is established through trusted brands such as YORK®, Sabroe® and Metasys® as well as its smart building integration capabilities and energy financing solutions. ", "For more information, visit www.johnsoncontrols.com or follow @JCI_BEnews." ]

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[ "Cabinet Office (Japan)\n\nThe is an agency of the Cabinet of Japan. ", "It is responsible for handling the day-to-day affairs of the Cabinet. ", "The Cabinet Office is formally headed by the Prime Minister.", "\n\nMinisters\n\nEstablishment\nEstablished on January 6, 2001 with the aim of assisting in the planning and overall coordination of government policies led by the Cabinet (including the Cabinet Secretariat) following the reorganization of the central government. ", "It is different from other ministries and agencies in that it is installed in the Cabinet and has several Ministers of State called Minister of State for Special Missions.", "\n\nInitially, it was questioned as \"it is not appropriate to use the name\" Cabinet Office \"because it is an organization that divides and manages administrative affairs and not the cabinet itself.\" [", "4]\n\nThe National Administrative Organization Law does not apply, and all necessary items [Note 1] are stipulated in the Cabinet Office Establishment Law. ", "Since many important policy issues require cross-ministerial responses, many operations have been concentrated since the establishment of the Cabinet Office. ", "While it has increased its presence, such as the jurisdiction of the certified children's garden system, it has also been pointed out that its enlargement [5]. ", "The minister in charge of extraordinary missions, which was six at the beginning of the Cabinet Office, also has nine as of April 2019 [6]. ", "In the 3rd Abe Cabinet, as a review of the work, the “Act for Partial Revision of the National Administrative Organization Act, etc. ", "for Strengthening Functions Related to Comprehensive Coordination, etc. ", "of the Important Policy of the Cabinet” was enacted, and future work to each ministry Transfer, etc. ", "were established.", "\n\nJurisdiction\nThe Cabinet Office's function is to help the Cabinet work on important policy and streamline critical issues facing Japan into the future. ", "Its responsibilities extend to:\n\nThe Imperial Family, honorary and official systems\nPromotion of the formation of a gender-equal society \nCivil Activities \nPromotion and development of Okinawa and the northern territories\nProtection of the public from disasters \nPromotion of fair and free competition between businesses \nEnsuring national security \nIdentifying specific individuals in administrative procedures \nEnsuring the proper handling of numbers, etc.", "\nEnsuring appropriate functions of finance \nPromoting measures for the realization of a society where consumers can live in a safe and secure consumer life\n\nAs such, the Cabinet office is responsible for a number of agencies and internal ministries and administrations through which these responsibilities are spread.", "\n\nOrganization\n\nBureaus\n\nGeneral Affairs Division\nHuman Resources Division\nAccounting Division\nPlanning and coordination Division\nPolicy Evaluation and Public Relations Division\nPublic Document Management Division\nGovernment Public Relations Office\nPolicy Supervisor (Economic and Fiscal Management)\nPolicy Supervisor (Economic and Social Systems)\nPolicy Supervisor (Economic and Financial Analysis)\nPolicy Supervisor (Science, Technology and Innovation)\nPolicy Supervisor (Disaster Prevention)\nPolicy Supervisor (Nuclear Disaster Prevention)\nPolicy Supervisor (Okinawa Policy Officer)\nPolicy Supervisor (Symbiotic Social Policy)\nAwards Office\nGeneral Affairs Division\nGender Equality Bureau\nGeneral Affairs Division\nResearch Division\nPromotion Division\nOkinawa Promotion Bureau\nGeneral Affairs Division\n\nCouncils\nCouncil on Economic and Fiscal Policy\nCouncil for Science, Technology and Innovation Policy\nCouncil on National Strategic Special Zones\nCouncil for Central Disaster Management\nCouncil for Gender Equality\n\nCommittees\nCommittee on National Space Policy\nCommittee on Promotion of Utilization of Private Funds\nJapan Council for Medical Research and Development\nFood Safety Committee\nChild and Child Care Council\nCouncil on Dormant Deposit Utilization\nCommittee on Official Document Management\nCommittee on Persons with Disabilities\nAtomic Energy Commission\nCommittee on Local System Research\nCouncil on Election System\nCouncil on House of Representatives Election Subdivision\nCouncil on Relocation of the National Diet\nPublic Interest Certification Committee\nReemployment Monitoring Committee\nRetirement Allowance Examination Committee\nConsumer Commission\nOkinawa Promotion Council\nRegulatory Reform Promotion Council\nCommittee on Tax Investigation\n\nInstitutions\nEconomic and Social Research Institute\nState Guest House\n\nSpecial institutions\nOffice for Promotion of Regional Revitalization\nSecretariat of Intellectual Property Strategy Promotion\nNational Space Policy Secretariat\nNorthern Territories Affairs Administration\nAdministration for Children and Child Care\nNational Ocean Policy Secretariat\nFinancial Crisis Response Council\nPrivate Fund Utilization Business Promotion Council\nChild and Youth Development Support Promotion Headquarters\nDeclining Birthrate Society Countermeasures Council\nAging Society Measures Council\nCentral Traffic Safety Measures Council\nCrime Victims Promotion Council\nPoverty Countermeasures for Children Council\nConsumer Policy Council\nInternational Peace Cooperation Headquarters\nScience Council of Japan\nPublic-Private Human Resources Exchange Center\nNuclear Power Council\n\nLocal branch offices\n\nExternal offices\nNational Public Safety Commission\nNational Police Agency\nConsumer Affairs Agency\nFinancial Services Agency\nFair Trade Commission\nFood Safety Commission\nPersonal Information Protection Commission\nImperial Household Agency\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCabinet Office\nFull outline and structure\n\nCategory:Government of Japan" ]

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[ "; Source: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/terhechte/emacs.d/master/modes-init/init-evil.el\n\n(setq evil-want-C-u-scroll t)\n(setq evil-want-fine-undo t)\n(require 'evil)\n(evil-mode 1)\n\n(require 'evil-commentary)\n(evil-commentary-mode)\n\n;; New is C-g\n(define-key evil-insert-state-map \"\\C-g\" 'evil-normal-state)\n\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map (kbd \"C-u\") 'evil-scroll-up)\n\n;; http://dnquark.com/blog/2012/02/emacs-evil-ecumenicalism/\n;; I want c-n / c-p to work like in emacs\n(define-key evil-insert-state-map \"\\C-e\" 'end-of-line)\n(define-key evil-visual-state-map \"\\C-e\" 'evil-end-of-line)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"\\C-f\" 'evil-forward-char)\n(define-key evil-insert-state-map \"\\C-f\" 'evil-forward-char)\n(define-key evil-insert-state-map \"\\C-f\" 'evil-forward-char)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"\\C-b\" 'evil-backward-char)\n(define-key evil-insert-state-map \"\\C-b\" 'evil-backward-char)\n(define-key evil-visual-state-map \"\\C-b\" 'evil-backward-char)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"\\C-n\" 'evil-next-line)\n(define-key evil-insert-state-map \"\\C-n\" 'evil-next-line)\n(define-key evil-visual-state-map \"\\C-n\" 'evil-next-line)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"\\C-p\" 'evil-previous-line)\n(define-key evil-insert-state-map \"\\C-p\" 'evil-previous-line)\n(define-key evil-visual-state-map \"\\C-p\" 'evil-previous-line)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"\\C-y\" 'yank)\n(define-key evil-insert-state-map \"\\C-y\" 'yank)\n(define-key evil-visual-state-map \"\\C-y\" 'yank)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"\\C-k\" 'kill-line)\n(define-key evil-insert-state-map \"\\C-k\" 'kill-line)\n(define-key evil-visual-state-map \"\\C-k\" 'kill-line)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map (kbd \"TAB\") 'evil-undefine)\n\n; http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8483182/emacs-evil-mode-best-practice\n\n\n\n(defun evil-undefine ()\n (interactive)\n (let (evil-mode-map-alist)\n (call-interactively (key-binding (this-command-keys)))))\n\n;;; esc quits\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map [escape] 'keyboard-quit)\n(define-key evil-visual-state-map [escape] 'keyboard-quit)\n(define-key minibuffer-local-map [escape] 'minibuffer-keyboard-quit)\n(define-key minibuffer-local-ns-map [escape] 'minibuffer-keyboard-quit)\n(define-key minibuffer-local-completion-map [escape] 'minibuffer-keyboard-quit)\n(define-key minibuffer-local-must-match-map [escape] 'minibuffer-keyboard-quit)\n(define-key minibuffer-local-isearch-map [escape] 'minibuffer-keyboard-quit)\n\n; load evil leader\n(require 'evil-leader)\n(global-evil-leader-mode)\n(evil-leader/set-leader \",\")\n\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map (kbd \"C-.\") '", "execute-extended-command)\n(define-key evil-visual-state-map (kbd \"C-.\") '", "execute-extended-command)\n\n(require 'evil-numbers)\n(global-set-key (kbd \"C-c +\") 'evil-numbers/inc-at-pt)\n(global-set-key (kbd \"C-c -\") 'evil-numbers/dec-at-pt)\n\n(require 'evil-surround)(global-evil-surround-mode 1)\n(require 'evil-nerd-commenter)(evilnc-default-hotkeys)\n(require 'powerline)(powerline-center-evil-theme)\n\n;; Dvorak.", "\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"h\" 'evil-backward-char)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"t\" 'evil-next-line)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"n\" 'evil-previous-line)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"s\" 'evil-forward-char)\n;; (define-key evil-normal-state-map [left] 'undefined)\n;; (define-key evil-normal-state-map [down] 'undefined)\n;; (define-key evil-normal-state-map [up] 'undefined)\n;; (define-key evil-normal-state-map [right] 'undefined)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"k\" 'undefined)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"l\" 'undefined)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \";\" 'undefined)\n\n(define-key evil-motion-state-map \"h\" 'evil-backward-char)\n(define-key evil-motion-state-map \"t\" 'evil-next-line)\n(define-key evil-motion-state-map \"n\" 'evil-previous-line)\n(define-key evil-motion-state-map \"s\" 'evil-forward-char)\n;; (define-key evil-motion-state-map [left] 'undefined)\n;; (define-key evil-motion-state-map [down] 'undefined)\n;; (define-key evil-motion-state-map [up] 'undefined)\n;; (define-key evil-motion-state-map [right] 'undefined)\n(define-key evil-motion-state-map \"k\" 'undefined)\n(define-key evil-motion-state-map \"l\" 'undefined)\n(define-key evil-motion-state-map \";\" 'undefined)\n\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"N\" 'undefined)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"k\" 'evil-search-next)\n(define-key evil-normal-state-map \"K\" 'evil-search-previous)\n" ]

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[ "Puzzle Warriors 3 Two-Hundred eighteenth episode. (", "Podcast #218)\n\n\"Shard Attack!\"", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCovering 11/13-11/20 2019\n\n\n\n​\n\n* This weeks events:\n\n\n\n: Deadpool dailies: wed red battery, thu gre fist, fri gre rags, sat yel KK, sun bla pietro, mon pur wanda, tue blu vision, wed blu strange\n\n​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ : 5-day Crash: 11/9 was 'Merica, 11/14 prowler, 11/19 is vulture\n\n​\n\n​​​​​​​* PVE Events:\n\n\n\n​​​​​​​ : the hunt finising up. ", "3 sentry, wolfsbane. ", "1-50 starlord, 51-400 beast\n\n​ : infinite pursuit. ", "3 beast, star lord. ", "1-50 2099th spidey, 51-400 angel\n\n​ : gwen prix also going , day 5 is Mordo or Fantastic\n\n\n\n​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​* PVP Events:\n\n\n\n​​​ : between seasons\n\n\n\n: Simulator is n/m\n\n\n\n: BFF bullseye, nebula, 1-10 fury, 11-50 carol\n\n​ : fly fight win carol, fury. ", "1-10 nico, 11-50 hood\n\n\n\n: unholy outlaw hood, nico. ", "1-10 nightcrawler, beast\n\n\n\n* New feature: SHARDS!", "\n\n\n\n​​* And, this week BOOSTED CHARACTERS:\n\n4-Star: Black Cat, Captain Marvel, Winter Soldier, Hulkbuster, Spider-Woman\n\n3-Star: Beast, Dr. Strange, Luke Cage, Scarlet Witch, Thor\n\n2-Star: Black Widow, Captain America\n\n1-Star: Hawkeye, Spider-Man\n\n" ]

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[ "Characteristics of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas and role in metastasis.", "\nNon-melanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) account for substantial morbidity and mortality because of their potential for metastasis. ", "SCCs are surrounded by an immune cell infiltrate containing regulatory T cells (Tregs). ", "The aim of this study was to characterise Tregs in SCCs and investigate whether increased Treg numbers in primary skin SCCs are associated with subsequent metastasis. ", "Lymphocytes were extracted from freshly excised skin SCC tumours and corresponding peripheral blood and normal skin. ", "Flow cytometry was used for T-cell analysis and cell sorting. ", "Tritiated thymidine based lymphocyte proliferation assays and interferon γ (IFNγ) ELISPOT assays were used to assess peritumoral lymphocyte function in vitro. ", "Immunohistochemistry was performed on primary cutaneous SCC sections from tumours that subsequently metastasised and from those that did not after 5-year follow-up. ", "Increased frequencies of CD3+CD4+CD25hiCD127loFOXP3+ Tregs were found in SCCs (21·5% of CD4+ immune infiltrate, n=60 tumours) compared with corresponding peripheral blood (5·4%) and normal skin (7·6%). ", "SCC Tregs expressed significantly higher levels of the co-stimulatory molecules OX40 (37·2% of FOXP3+ cell population, n=10 tumours) and 4-1BB (12·6%, n=9) than peritumoral non-regulatory T cells and Tregs from peripheral blood and normal skin (p=0·0005). ", "The inhibitory receptor CTLA4 and the transcription factor Helios were expressed at high levels in peritumoral Tregs. ", "SCC Tregs significantly suppressed phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated peritumoral CD4+ T-cell proliferation (p=0·005, n=10), peritumoral CD8+ T-cell proliferation (p=0·015, n=9), and IFNγ secretion by CD4+ effector T cells (p=0·026, n=10). ", "Increased in-vitro proliferation of phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated peritumoral CD4+ T cells was shown after the addition of anti-OX40 antibodies (p=0·0078, n=9 tumours) and anti-4-1BB antibodies (p=0·0039, n=9). ", "Immunohistochemistry showed fewer CD8+ T cells in SCCs that metastasised (n=29) than in non-metastatic SCCs (n=26) (28·5% of immune infiltrate vs 44·6%%, p<0·0001) and more FOX3+ Tregs (28·5% of immune infiltrate vs 49·3%, p<0·0001). ", "Our study shows that immunosuppressive Tregs are present in the immune infiltrate of cutaneous SCCs, and contribute to ineffective anti-tumour immune responses, thereby permitting SCC development and promoting metastasis. ", "Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research." ]

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[ "The long term objective of this program is to develop and characterize cell lines that are resistant to chemotherapeutic agents derived from primary biopsies of patients with a variety of neoplasms. ", "Cells have been cloned using a new method for soft agar cultivation of human tumor cells (\"human tumor stem cell assay\"). ", "Attempts have been made to establish these clones as continuous cell lines. ", "Concomitantly, work has begun to develop drug resistant mutants from established tumor cell lines that have maintained their tumor specific characteristics. ", "Work is also in progress to increase the plating efficiencies of tumor cells in soft agar. ", "The effects of Epidermal Growth Factor, vitamins, feeder layers of fibroblasts and macrophages, and glucocorticoids, have been evaluated. ", "Finally, the role of stromal cells (fibroblasts and macrophages) in controlling tumor cell growth in vitro is being studied. ", "Macrophage populations have been fractionated and the effect of different fractions on growth of tumor cells evaluated. ", "Purified fractions of these cells are being used to support the growth of tumor cells in continuous culture." ]

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[ "Philippine police have said they have killed roughly 4,100 suspects who fought back during arrest, but rights groups allege the actual number is three times higher and accuse the authorities of murder\n\nPhilippine police said Thursday they had shot dead 13 drug suspects, just days after President Rodrigo Duterte moved to take the country out of the International Criminal Court over its inquiry into his deadly drug war.", "\n\nThe suspects were killed Wednesday in the northern province of Bulacan, an official statement said, an area where police have previously launched lethal crackdowns on illegal drugs.", "\n\n\"Bulacan police are continuously and relentlessly implementing their intensified campaign against illegal drugs,\" the statement said, adding there had been more than 100 arrests.", "\n\nThe war crimes tribunal, based in The Hague, last month launched a preliminary inquiry into Duterte's bloody crackdown on narcotics, amid allegations Philippine security forces may have committed crimes against humanity.", "\n\nPhilippine police have said they have killed roughly 4,100 suspects who fought back during arrest, but rights groups allege the actual number is three times higher and accuse the authorities of murder.", "\n\nThe tribunal opened in 2002 to try abuses in countries where national courts cannot or will not prosecute. ", "Manila in 2011 ratified the Rome Statute that created the court.", "\n\nManila gave official notice to the United Nations last week that it would withdraw, days after Duterte announced his country would quit the court over alleged \"baseless, unprecedented and outrageous attacks\" against his government's rights record.", "\n\nForeign Secretary Alan Peter Cayetano said last Friday the Philippines was pushing back against \"the well-orchestrated campaign to mislead the international community, to crucify President Duterte... by distorting the human rights situation in the country\".", "\n\nThe tribunal has urged Manila to reconsider its decision, adding that officially quitting the court requires a year's notice and does not preclude its preliminary inquiry into the drug war killings, which have drawn international concern.", "\n\nDuterte, who is buoyed by high popularity ratings at home, has fiercely defended the drug war as a battle to bring safety to the nation's 100 million people.", "\n\nHe has frequently urged authorities to kill drug suspects while promising to protect police from legal sanction." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nInterpolation of curve\n\nI have a code where a curve is generated using random values. ", "and a Horizontal line which runs through it. ", "The code is as follows.", "\nimport numpy as np\nimport matplotlib.pylab as pl\n\ndata = np.random.uniform(low=-1600, high=-550, size=(288,))\nline = [-1290] * 288\n\npl.figure(figsize = (10,5))\npl.plot(data)\npl.plot(line)\n\nNow I need to find the the coordinates for the all the points of intersections of the curve (data) and the line. ", "The curve is made of linear segments that join neighboring points . ", "And there are a lot of intersection points where the curve meets the line. ", "any help would be appreciated. ", "thank you!", "\n\nA:\n\nI like the Shapely answer because Shapely is awesome, but you might not want that dependency. ", "Here's a version of some code I use in signal processing adapted from this Gist by @endolith. ", "It basically implements kazemakase's suggestion.", "\nfrom matplotlib import mlab\n\ndef find_crossings(a, value):\n # Normalize the 'signal' to zero.", "\n sig = a - value\n\n # Find all indices right before any crossing.", "\n indices = mlab.find((sig[1:] >= 0) & (sig[:-1] < 0) | (sig[1:] < 0) & (sig[:-1] >= 0))\n\n # Use linear interpolation to find intersample crossings.", "\n return [i - sig[i] / (sig[i+1] - sig[i]) for i in indices]\n\nThis returns the indices (your x values) of where the curve crosses the value (-1290 in your case). ", "You would call it like this:\nfind_crossings(data, -1290)\n\nHere's what I get for 100 points:\nx = find_crossings(data, -1290)\nplt.figure(figsize=(10,5))\nplt.plot(data)\nplt.plot(line)\nplt.scatter(x, [-1290 for p in x], color='red')\nplt.show()\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Macaroons\nSymbol Analysis\n\nTorvald has banned Nora from eating macaroons. ", "Although Nora claims that she never disobeys Torvald, this is proved false in the very opening of the play when Nora eats macaroons while she was alone in the living room. ", "The macaroons come to represent Nora’s disobedience and deceit. ", "She lies to Dr. Rank about having been given some by Mrs. Linde, and after giving a particularly tempestuous performance of the tarantella asks that macaroons be served at dinner, indicating a relationship between the macaroons and Nora’s inner passions, both of which she must hide within her marriage.", "\n\nMacaroons Quotes in A Doll's House\n\nThe A Doll's House quotes below all refer to the symbol of Macaroons. ", "For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:\n\n).", "\nNote: all page and citation info for the quotes below refers to the Oxford University Press edition of A Doll's House published in 1998." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I squash merge when merge.ff = only?", "\n\nTo start with, I have my merge.ff setting to only, as in:\ngit config --global merge.ff only\n\nI have it like this because I don't want git to do non-fast-forward merges without checking with me first. ", "This acts as a nice safeguard to make sure I get the opportunity to do something other than create an extraneous merge commit. ", "When I do need to do a non-fast-forward merge, I can tell git to override my default setting:\ngit merge --no-ff\n\nNow consider a git repository with a history like this:\n\nLet's say for some reason I want to squash merge the work branch onto master. (", "In a case this simple, I could just rebase, of course, but suppose I had some other reason to squash instead.) ", "You normally do a squash merge with the --squash argument:\ngit checkout master\ngit merge --squash work\n\nBut in this instance, it results in an error message:\n\nfatal: Not possible to fast-forward, aborting.", "\n\nThis kind of makes sense. ", "A fast-forward merge isn't possible because both branches have commits that are not in common. ", "But this is also okay: I want to do a merge anyway. ", "The obvious solution is to use --no-ff like I normally would to tell git that this is okay and it should proceed anyway:\ngit merge --squash --no-ff work\n\nBut this also gives an error:\n\nfatal: You cannot combine --squash with --no-ff.", "\n\nSo how do I get git to squash merge without changing my configuration?", "\n\nA:\n\nAnswer\nUse git -c merge.ff merge --squash <args>.", "\nDiscussion\nSquash \"merges\" are not really merges at all (and in fact, neither are fast-forward merges), so it seems like a bug that git rejects them with the config setting.", "\nThat said, though, you could temporarily override your merge.ff=only setting. ", " Experimentation shows that this works (aside, merging with stash is nonsensical but I happen to have one in this repo and I'm not actually merging here):\n$ git config --global merge.ff=only\n$ git merge --squash stash\nfatal: Not possible to fast-forward, aborting.", "\n$ git -c merge.ff=false merge --squash stash\nfatal: You cannot combine --squash with --no-ff.", "\n$ git -c merge.ff=true merge --squash stash\nSquash commit -- not updating HEAD\nAutomatic merge went well; stopped before committing as requested\n\n(at which point I just use git reset --hard to undo the fake merge).", "\nSince -c defaults to =true, we get the answer at the top.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMove duplicated routes code in emberjs\n\nI have two very similar routes:\n\nApp.", "DiscountRoute = Ember.Route.extend({\r\n model: function() {\r\n return Ember.RSVP.hash({\r\n categories: this.store.findAll('discountCategory'),\r\n discounts: this.store.findAll('discount'),\r\n total_size: 6\r\n });\r\n }\r\n});\n\nand \n\nApp.", "CategoryRoute = Ember.Route.extend({\r\n renderTemplate: function() {\r\n this.render('discount');\r\n },\r\n model: function(params) {\r\n return Ember.RSVP.hash({\r\n categories: this.store.findAll('discountCategory'),\r\n discounts: this.store.filter('discount',function(discount) {\r\n return discount.get('discountCategory').get('id')==params.category_id\r\n }),\r\n total_size: 6\r\n });\r\n }\r\n});\n\nWhere should I place categories model and total_size counter, which will be available from any routes in my application?", "\n\nA:\n\nAs @Kingpin2k pointed out in the comments, Application route is probably your best bet for storing application-wide state info, since Application route will always fire before the other routes. ", "I believe this can be done in 1 of 2 ways.", "\n\nYou can invoke the application model in other routes using modelFor('application')\nYou can use the needs API as described here\n\n" ]

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[ "Tag: #Holidays #NewYears #Resolution #2016 #NewYearsResolution\n\nTomb Raider (2018)\n\nHD | 2018 | 118 minutes | Drama, Action, Adventure, Fantasy.", "\n\n6.3\n\nMovie ‘Tomb Raider’ was released in March 5, 2018 in genre Drama. ", "Roar Uthaug was directed this movie and starring by Alicia Vikander. ", "This movie tell story about Lara Croft, the fiercely independent daughter of a missing adventurer, must push herself beyond her limits when she finds herself on the island where her father disappeared." ]

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[ "Atención al Cliente\n\nShakeology\n\nThese latter were less numerous than the former, although the three eruptions were interspersed and most marked on the' trunk: fix.", "\n\nSavage must have shake misunderstood their meaning. ", "In the latter the somatic cells wear out in time and new and fresh individuals vegan spring from the sex cells.", "\n\nThere is no danger and no considerable discomfort, and it is a very vs real protection. ", "It calories alters liver function by inducing microsomal enzymes. ", "The descending colon was nutritional much narrowed. ", "Located in customer north Georgia's most beautiful mountain lake. ", "States that fear has undoubtedly been one of the greatest promoters of human progress, for to fear an enemy is to study his resources, question his motives, spy- out his movements, and strive by all efficient means to prevail against information him.", "\n\nThe following to form was observed. ", "Stone replied that while the pain had been most marked at first she had had some most of the time: strawberry. , ", "before their cause of action for wrongful vanilla Analyzing this distinction under traditional constitutional principles, the Court found that the distinction between wrongful death plaintiffs and other medical ground of difference having a fair and substantial relation to the object of the surprises through the revival of claims that have been allowed to slumber until action for wrongful death in practice could not accure until such time as the patient a limitation scheme which permits a medical malpractice wrongful death wrongful death cases. ", "Since the occurrence, he had been unable to swallow any solid food, as it always seemed to stick in the gullet opposite the causing lif: he larger sizes showing twice or thrice a single streak of r blood was ever was some difficulty in passing the stricture, and he was admitted an inpatient (nutrition). ", "Give you a recent experience in one of our inferior courts here in Scotland: with. ", "According to Wiltzack we possess in lycetol a tolerably inexpensive remedy, that appears to be at \"cost\" least as useful in the treatment of the uric acid diathesis as piperazine.", "\n\nF Review of 21 the Progress in Surgery. ", "Buy - the albuminuria of labor is most marked during the period of dilatation, and disappears rapidly during childbed, except when there is fever. ", "Room charges subject to applicable local and vega city taxes. ", "A month later the sac ruptured, and the foetus was discharged coconut into the abdominal cavity. ", "Since, however, the returns of deaths have been accurately classified and summarised at the General Register Office, and the use of photography has been invoked cording the constant variations in the thermonelrical and barometrical readings at Greenwich and elsewhere, the data for obtaining trustworthy results can be had: day. ", "She had received no injury, and could not account for the pain: protein.", "\n\nPrinted information regarding breast reconstruction is available from the Cancer Society, and plans are underway to provide specific training for Reach To Recovery volunteers who price have had breast reconstruction to visit patients desiring such, on the recommendation and approval of their surgeon. ", "Antitoxin still holds the field as the chief subject of medical conversation: value.", "\n\nShakeology\n\nIt combines with hydrogen to form hydriodic acid (recipes). ", "It is in the form chocolate of colorless or rose-colored, right rhombic prisms, soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use properties file from a nested folder inside /src/main/resources?", "\n\nI have a spring boot application where I want to externalize the messages. ", "I am categorizing these messages into errors, info, and success. ", "Thus I'm creating a nested folder structure as below:\n\nAnd, I'm trying to access this from the service in the following manner:\nLocale locale = new Locale(\"en\");\nResourceBundle errors = ResourceBundle.getBundle(\"errors\", locale); \nSystem.out.println(errors.getString(\"E000\"));\n\nThis gives me the following exception:\n\njava.util.", "MissingResourceException: Can't find bundle for base name errors, locale en\n\nHowever, if I keep the properties file outside the folders as below, it works fine:\n\nSo,\n\nHow do I make sure that the ResourceBundle is able to find the property file located inside the nested folder?", "\nCan it be done without updating the classpath?", "\nIs this an apt way to manage messages of the application? ", "Or are there still better ways to externalize and manage these error, info and success messages?", "\n\nA:\n\nUse below will work: as resources is your class path so you need to pass messages also..if you will move out errors file from messages to classpath so it works as by default classpath is resources..\nResourceBundle errors = ResourceBundle.getBundle(\"messages/errors/errors\", locale);\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCopy an array into the end of a larger array\n\nI want to copy an array into a larger array, but instead of starting at the first element or a specified element, such as System.arraycopy(), I want it to start at the last element and move backward.", "\nint [] ary1 = new int[5] {1,2,3,4,5};\nint [] ary2 = new int [10];\n\nand I want the elements in ary2 to equal\n0,0,0,0,0,1,2,3,4,5\n\nor\nnull,null,null,null,null,1,2,3,4,5\n\nA:\n\nYou can use the method System.arrayCopy() for that purpose. ", "Since you use an array of primitive int type, the resulting array will be [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\nSystem.arraycopy(ary1, 0, ary2, 5, ary1.length);\n\nThe arguments are:\n\nSource-array\nStart-position in source-array\nDestination-array\nStart-position in destination-array\nNumber of elements to copy\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "932 F.2d 442\n19 Fed.", "R.Serv.3d 1290\nARKWRIGHT-BOSTON MANUFACTURERS MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY,Plaintiff-Appellant,v.ARIES MARINE CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "90-2447.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit.", "\nJune 3, 1991.", "\n\nMark C. Clemer, Brown, Sims, Wise & White, Houston, Tex., ", "for plaintiff-appellant.", "\nRobert D. Green, Houston, Tex., ", "for defendant-appellee.", "\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.", "\nBefore REAVLEY, JONES, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.", "\nEDITH H. JONES, Circuit Judge:\n\n\n1\nIn this case, we decide whether an excess maritime policy insurer is entitled to reimbursement of funds basically equivalent to the policy's retained limit, which the company paid on behalf of its insured. ", " The district court denied the excess insurer's motion for summary judgment and entered judgment for the insured on the ground that the insurer was estopped to seek reimbursement. ", " 736 F.Supp. ", "1447. ", " There being no genuine issue of material fact and the excess insurer being entitled to judgment as a matter of law, we reverse and render as to liability and remand for a determination of damages.", "\n\nI.\n\n2\nThe relevant facts are undisputed and simple. ", " In the fall of 1982, Fred M. Lynch was injured while working aboard a vessel owned and operated by Aries Marine Corporation (Aries). ", " Lynch filed suit against Aries and other parties in Texas state court. ", " Aries' primary insurer, Glacier General Assurance Company, initially defended the Lynch suit. ", " As is all too common, however, the primary insurer became insolvent, requiring Aries to defend itself.", "\n\n\n3\nIn the first days of trial, Lynch was demanding $4,000,000 to settle the case. ", " By the close of evidence, Lynch had reduced his demand to $1,745,000. ", " Aries' excess insurer, Arkwright-Boston Manufacturers Mutual Insurance Company (Arkwright), had been participating in the case to protect its excess coverage for claims ranging from $500,000 primary insurance up to $20 million. ", " When Arkwright undertook to settle the case for the lower amount, Aries voiced no objection.", "\n\n\n4\nOther defendants in the suit agreed to contribute $763,000 toward the settlement, leaving $982,000 to be paid by Aries and Arkwright. ", " In accordance with the provisions of the Arkwright policy, Arkwright made demand on Aries to contribute $500,000, the equivalent of the primary coverage, to the settlement. ", " Aries apparently thought that the excess insurance policy \"dropped down\" in place of the policy issued by its insolvent primary insurer, thereby requiring Aries to contribute only $25,000, its primary coverage deductible, to the settlement. ", " When Aries refused to contribute more than $25,000, Arkwright decided that, rather than allow the Lynch settlement to fall through, it would fund the entire settlement and then seek recovery from Aries for the remainder of the $500,000 retained limit at a later date. ", " Consistent with this position, Arkwright sent a letter to Aries before the funds were disbursed to Lynch, advising Aries that it would be held responsible for paying the retained limit.", "\n\n\n5\nAfter consummating the settlement, Arkwright brought suit for reimbursement and filed a motion for partial summary judgment seeking a declaration of Aries' liability. ", " The district court, reasoning that Arkwright was estopped to recover the retained limit, denied this motion and, on its own motion, dismissed the suit. ", " Arkwright appeals.", "\n\nII.", "\n\n6\nThe district court purported to dismiss this case under Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. ", " The judgment, however, states that \"[s]ummary judgment was granted\" to Aries, and the analysis in the court's opinion plainly relies on evidence outside the pleadings. ", " Thus, the court rendered a summary judgment and our appellate review is based on that standard. ", " Estate of Smith v. Tarrant County Hosp. ", "Dist., ", "691 F.2d 207, 208 (5th Cir.1982). ", " To prevail on appeal from a summary judgment, a party must show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. ", " See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. ", "2548, 2552, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Phillips Oil Corp. v. OKC Corp., 812 F.2d 265, 272 (5th Cir.1987), cert. ", "denied, 484 U.S. 851, 108 S.Ct. ", "152, 98 L.Ed.2d 107 (1988). ", " Because the essential facts are not in dispute, our review is limited to whether Aries or Arkwright is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.", "\n\n\n7\nArkwright makes much of the fact that the district court entered summary judgment for Aries sua sponte. ", " Our cases have not uniformly addressed the authority of district courts to enter summary judgment in favor of a party who does not request it. ", " One line of cases holds that a district court may enter summary judgment sua sponte provided the losing party has been given adequate notice and opportunity to respond. ", " See, e.g., McCarty v. United States, 929 F.2d 1085 (5th Cir.1991); Matter of Caravan Refrigerated Cargo, Inc., 864 F.2d 388, 393 (5th Cir.1989); Page v. DeLaune, 837 F.2d 233, 238 (5th Cir.1988); British Caledonian Airways v. First State Bank, 819 F.2d 593, 595 (5th Cir.1987); 10 A.C. Wright, A. Miller & M. Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure Sec. ", "2720 (2d ed. ", "1983). ", " An earlier line of cases holds that a district court may never enter summary judgment sua sponte. ", " See, e.g., John Deere Co. v. American Nat'l Bank, 809 F.2d 1190, 1192 (5th Cir.1987); Clark v. Tarrant County, Texas, 798 F.2d 736, 741 (5th Cir.1986); Capital Films Corp. v. Charles Fries Productions, Inc., 628 F.2d 387 (5th Cir.1980). ", " The Supreme Court's recent decision in Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 106 S.Ct. ", "2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) strongly supports the former proposition. ", " As the Court stated: \"[D]istrict courts are widely acknowledged to possess the power to enter summary judgments sua sponte, so long as the losing party was on notice that she had to come forward with all of her evidence.\" ", " Id. at 326, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2554. ", " It thus appears that our earlier cases can no longer be relied upon, and district courts can definitely grant summary judgment sua sponte, upon proper notice to the adverse party. ", " The extent of notice of Aries' affirmative estoppel defense received by Arkwright here becomes irrelevant, however, because the district court erred on the merits of its determination.", "\n\nIII.", "\n\n8\nInsurers are estopped to deny coverage to their insureds in certain circumstances. ", " The paradigm estoppel situation occurs when the insurer assumes the insured's defense of a claim arguably not covered by the policy without reserving its right to deny coverage. ", " After losing the litigation, the insurer refuses to pay the claimant on the ground of non-coverage and suggests that the claimant collect from the insured. ", " Estoppel is predicated upon the insurer's conflict of interest: it is too likely to be defending the insured in the lawsuit while at the same time formulating policy defenses to deny coverage. ", " Employers Mutual Liability Ins. ", "Co. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 621 F.2d 746, 747 (5th Cir.1980); Pacific Indemnity Co. v. Acel Delivery Serv., ", "485 F.2d 1169, 1173 (5th Cir.1973), cert. ", "denied, 415 U.S. 921, 94 S.Ct. ", "1422, 39 L.Ed.2d 476 (1974).", "\n\n\n9\nTo avoid the conflict that gives rise to estoppel, it has been held that an insurer may undertake the insured's defense and later deny coverage if it \"reserves its rights\" by advising the insured that it may interpose a policy defense following adjudication of the claimant's suit against the insured. ", " See City of Carter Lake v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 604 F.2d 1052, 1061 (8th Cir.1979); Pacific Indemnity Co. v. Acel Delivery Servs., ", "Inc., 485 F.2d 1169, 1173 (5th Cir.1973). ", " The insured, confronted by notice of the potential conflict, may then choose to defend the suit personally.", "\n\n\n10\nArkwright argues that the duty to disclaim coverage or reserve rights is a part of the duty to defend. ", " Thus, it urges that the failure to reserve rights cannot give rise to estoppel if the insurance carrier has no duty to defend. ", " See Eason v. Weaver, 557 F.2d 1202, 1206 (5th Cir.1977). ", " Aries concedes that Arkwright's policy did not require Arkwright to undertake Aries' defense. ", " Independent counsel represented Aries throughout the trial of the Lynch suit, and Arkwright did not directly participate in the litigation. ", " Nevertheless, Aries argues, and the district court found, that Arkwright's orchestration of the Lynch settlement constituted an assumption of Aries' defense.", "\n\n\n11\nWe have found no authority for the proposition that an insurer's participation in settlement negotiations, where the insured has retained independent counsel, is tantamount to assuming the assured's defense. ", " The principal case relied upon by Aries, Pendleton v. Pan American Fire & Casualty Co., 317 F.2d 96 (10th Cir.), ", "cert. ", "denied, 375 U.S. 905, 84 S.Ct. ", "196, 11 L.Ed.2d 145 (1963), is readily distinguishable from the instant case. ", " In that case, the court found that the insurer had assumed the defense not because it took control of the settlement negotiations, but because it \"employed two lawyers to defend\" Pendleton and maintained \"full control of the litigation ... up to the time of settlement, when it, in effect, abandoned him.\" ", " Id. at 100. ", " Pendleton's conclusion in no way supports a finding that entering settlement negotiations during a trial being conducted by the assured's attorneys is tantamount to assuming the assured's defense.", "\n\n\n12\nAries was aware of and present during Arkwright's settlement negotiations with Lynch. ", " Aries even negotiated with Arkwright concerning possible terms for funding the settlement. ", " In addition, when Lynch finally agreed to a settlement, which relieved Aries of significant exposure to an adverse jury verdict, Aries never made any objection, nor did it claim that the settlement was unreasonable or ask the state court not to authorize it. ", " Under these circumstances, an insured's participation in settlement negotiations does not constitute an assumption of the assured's defense. ", " Accordingly, Arkwright's alleged failure to reserve its rights cannot give rise to an implied promise of coverage upon which to base estoppel. ", " See 16C J. Appleman, Insurance Law & Practice, Sec. ", "9365 p. 559 (1981) (\"an insurer's participation in conferences looking toward settlement does not estop the company from denying liability, nor constitute a waiver of a defense\").1\n\nIV.", "\n\n13\nAlthough we have concluded that estoppel is inapplicable in this case, this does not end the inquiry. ", " Arkwright moved for summary judgment to hold Aries liable under the policy. ", " Having disposed of Aries' affirmative defense, we turn, for the sake of judicial economy and in the absence of fact issues, to the merits of this claim. ", " See Panasonic Co. v. Zinn, 903 F.2d 1039, 1040, 1043 (5th Cir.1990).", "\n\n\n14\nIt is undisputed that Arkwright contributed all but $25,000 to Aries' portion of the Lynch settlement. ", " Nevertheless, Aries advances several arguments in support of its claim that Arkwright is not entitled to recover the retained limit. ", " First, Aries argues that its retained limit is $25,000 rather than $500,000 because it \"was not covered by underlying insurance.\" ", " At issue is the interpretation of language in the excess insurance policy that defines the limits of Arkwright's liability:\n\n\n15\n2. ", " Limits of Liability--Underwriter shall only be liable for the excess of either--\n\n\n16\n(a) The amount of the limit(s) set out in underlying insurances identified in the attached schedule, ... or\n\n\n17\n(b) $25,000. ", " Ultimate Net Loss in respect of each occurrence not covered by said underlying insurances (all hereinafter called the \"underlying limits\").", "\n\n\n18\nThe question before us is the grammatical reach of the phrase \"in respect of each occurrence not covered by said underlying insurance.\" ", " Aries admits that the Glacier policy \"provided for coverage up to a limit of $500,000 per claim, per vessel.\" ", " Aries further admits that the Glacier policy covered Aries for Lynch's injuries aboard the M/V RAM VII. ", " Nevertheless, Aries contends that it was not \"covered\" by underlying insurance because Glacier became insolvent before fulfilling its insurance duty. ", " This argument ignores the distinction between \"coverage\" and \"collectibility.\"", "\n\n\n19\nThe plain language of the Arkwright policy provides that Aries' retained limit drops down to $25,000 only if an occurrence is not covered by underlying insurance. ", " Lynch's claim, however, was covered by underlying insurance. ", " The fact that the insurance was not collectible because of Glacier's insolvency is irrelevant.2 As we said in Mission National Insurance Co. v. Duke Transportation Co., 792 F.2d 550 (5th Cir.1986):\n\n\n20\nWhen an excess insurer uses the term \"collectible\" or \"recoverable\" it is agreeing to drop down in the event the primary coverage becomes uncollectible or unrecoverable; on the other hand, when an excess insurer uses the term \"covered\" or \"not covered,\" it is agreeing to drop down only in the event that the terms of the underlying policy do not provide coverage for the occurrence or occurrences in question.", "\n\n\n21\nId. at 552-53. ", " See also Transco Exploration Co. v. Pacific Employers Insurance Co., 869 F.2d 862, 865 (5th Cir.1989). ", " Accordingly, we hold that Aries' retained limit is $500,000.", "\n\n\n22\nAries next argues that Arkwright is not entitled to reimbursement because Arkwright settled the Lynch suit as a \"volunteer.\" ", " This claim is equally unavailing. ", " Texas law does provide that \"money voluntarily paid with full knowledge of all of the facts ... cannot be recovered back, although it was paid upon a void or illegal demand or upon a claim which had no foundation in fact and was paid without consideration.\" ", " Tyler v. Tyler, 742 S.W.2d 740 (Tex.", "App.--Houston [14th Dist.] ", "1987, writ denied). ", " Assuming, but not deciding, that this doctrine would be incorporated in federal maritime insurance law, this rule only applies when there appears \"an intention on the part of the payor to waive his rights.\" ", " Onaway Transportation Co. v. Offshore Tugs, Inc., 695 F.2d 197, 201 (5th Cir.1983); Gulf Oil Corp. v. Lone Star Producing Co., 322 F.2d 28, 31 (5th Cir.1963); United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Bimco Iron & Metal Corp., 464 S.W.2d 353, 357 (Tex.1971). ", " Here, Aries was well aware before the Lynch settlement was bound that Arkwright intended to fund the settlement without prejudice to its right to recover the retained limit. ", " This negates any claim of waiver.", "\n\n\n23\nMoreover, as the Tenth Circuit has observed, a payment is not \"voluntary\" if there is a \"reasonable or good faith belief in an obligation or personal interest in making the payment.\" ", " Weir v. Federal Insurance Co., 811 F.2d 1387, 1395 (10th Cir.1987). ", " In this case, Arkwright reasonably believed that it was furthering its own personal interests in paying Aries' retained limit. ", " Arkwright recognized that its exposure in the Lynch suit was between $2,000,000 and $5,000,000, with no practical probability of avoiding liability. ", " Accordingly, Arkwright paid Aries' retained limit to Lynch because it did not want the settlement to fall through, possibly resulting in a jury verdict far in excess of the $982,000 settlement agreement. ", " Aries' claim that Arkwright acted as a volunteer is therefore without merit.", "\n\n\n24\nAries finally argues that Arkwright is not entitled to seek reimbursement because when a defendant settles a lawsuit, he \"buys his peace\" and cannot thereafter seek contribution from a co-defendant. ", " Aries is correct in its contention that a joint tortfeasor who settles with an injured party cannot seek contribution from a non-settling tortfeasor. ", " See Beech Aircraft Corp. v. Jinkins, 739 S.W.2d 19, 21 (Tex.1987). ", " However, Arkwright is an insurer, not Aries' joint tortfeasor. ", " As such, Arkwright's entitlement to reimbursement stems not from Aries' negligence, but rather from Aries' contractual duty to contribute its retained limit to what it admits was a reasonable settlement. ", " Arkwright's claim against Aries is not vitiated by the rules respecting joint tortfeasors.", "\n\nV.\n\n25\nFor the foregoing reasons, Arkwright is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. ", " Accordingly, we REVERSE the district court's summary judgment in favor of Aries and RENDER judgment for Arkwright as to liability. ", " Arkwright is entitled to $475,000, less Aries' reasonable costs in defending the Lynch suit, which Arkwright has agreed to pay. ", " The case is REMANDED for a determination of damages.", "\n\n\n\n1\n See also Wilkerson v. Maryland Casualty Co., 119 F.Supp. ", "383, 386 (E.D.Va.1953) (negotiations by insurer for possible settlement held not to constitute waiver of insurer's rights), aff'd, 210 F.2d 245 (4th Cir.1954); Jacksonville Adjustment Bureau v. National Ben Franklin Fire Ins. ", "Co., 1 F.2d 800, 801 (S.D.Fla.1924) (insurer's negotiations for settlement held not to give rise to estoppel)\n\n\n2\n Indeed, the selection of a primary insurer rested exclusively with Aries, not Arkwright, and Aries offers no sound reason for placing the risk of the primary insurer's insolvency on the excess insurer\n\n\n" ]

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[ "72 F.3d 887\nU.S.v.", "Perdomo**\nNO. ", "93-5249\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit.", "\nDec 06, 1995\n\n1\nAppeal From: S.D.Fla., ", "No. ", "93-00290-CR-LCN\n\n\n2\nAFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n**\n Local Rule 36 case\n\n\n" ]

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[ "There are well-known MEK1, MEK2 and MEK1/2 inhibitors, which structure includes 1H,6H-pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4,7-trione [WO 2005/121142, WO 2012/088033, USA 7378423], the most advanced drug being Mekinist (Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide, GSK1120212) [H. Abe, S. Kikuchi, K. Hayakawa et al. ", "ACS Med. ", "Chem. ", "Lett. ", "2011, 2, 320-324]. ", "GSK1120212 is efficient MEK1/2 inhibitor, which shows higher efficiency against u-MEK1/2 prior to C-Raf activation (u-MEK1: IC50=0.7 nM) as compared to pre-activated one (pp-ME1: IC50=14.9 nM) [http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/17/5/989.full].", "\n\nHowever, Trametinib and Mekinist are practically insoluble in aqueous media between pH=2 and pH=8. ", "Trametinib and Mekinist are also very slightly soluble in organic solvents including highly polar ones (sparingly soluble in hot aprotic solvents).", "\nThis is why compounds, which may demonstrate favorable efficiency profiles with regard to ME1, ME2 and ME1/2, and high solubility in aqueous or organic solvents, are still in demand. ", "Due to improved bioavailability these compounds are expected to be more suitable as cancer therapeutic agents.", "\nBesides that, although Mekinist has low single-dose oral toxicity (LD50>2000 mg/kg for mice), critical weight loss or sometimes even animal deaths are observed during long-term high dose level administration. ", "Thus, a search of lower long-term dosage toxicity products of this group remains very important.", "\nThe aim of the present invention is to create novel MEK1, MEK2 and MEK1/2 inhibitors which have lower toxicity in long-term dosage.", "\nThis aim is achieved by the novel compound N-{3-[3-cyclopropyl-5-(2-fluoro-4-iodophenylamino)-6,8-dimethyl-2,4,7-trioxo-3,4,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]-phenyl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide dimethyl sulfoxide solvate of formula 1." ]

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[ "There’s no shortage of dire warnings about the dangers of artificial intelligence these days.", "\n\nModern prophets, such as physicist Stephen Hawking and investor Elon Musk, foretell the imminent decline of humanity. ", "With the advent of artificial general intelligence and self-designed intelligent programs, new and more intelligent AI will appear, rapidly creating ever smarter machines that will, eventually, surpass us.", "\n\nWhen we reach this so-called AI singularity, our minds and bodies will be obsolete. ", "Humans may merge with machines and continue to evolve as cyborgs.", "\n\nIs this really what we have to look forward to?", "\n\nAI’s checkered past\n\nNot really, no.", "\n\nAI, a scientific discipline rooted in computer science, mathematics, psychology, and neuroscience, aims to create machines that mimic human cognitive functions such as learning and problem-solving.", "\n\nSince the 1950s, it has captured the public’s imagination. ", "But, historically speaking, AI’s successes have often been followed by disappointments – caused, in large part, by the inflated predictions of technological visionaries.", "\n\nIn the 1960s, one of the founders of the AI field, Herbert Simon, predicted that “machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do.” (", "He said nothing about women.)", "\n\nMarvin Minsky, a neural network pioneer, was more direct, “within a generation,” he said, “… the problem of creating ‘artificial intelligence’ will substantially be solved”.", "\n\nBut it turns out that Niels Bohr, the early 20th century Danish physicist, was right when he (reportedly) quipped that, “Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future.”", "\n\nToday, AI’s capabilities include speech recognition, superior performance at strategic games such as chess and Go, self-driving cars, and revealing patterns embedded in complex data.", "\n\nThese talents have hardly rendered humans irrelevant.", "\n\nReuters\n\nNew neuron euphoria\n\nBut AI is advancing. ", "The most recent AI euphoria was sparked in 2009 by much faster learning of deep neural networks.", "\n\nArtificial intelligence consists of large collections of connected computational units called artificial neurons, loosely analogous to the neurons in our brains. ", "To train this network to “think”, scientists provide it with many solved examples of a given problem.", "\n\nSuppose we have a collection of medical-tissue images, each coupled with a diagnosis of cancer or no-cancer. ", "We would pass each image through the network, asking the connected “neurons” to compute the probability of cancer.", "\n\nWe then compare the network’s responses with the correct answers, adjusting connections between “neurons” with each failed match. ", "We repeat the process, fine-tuning all along, until most responses match the correct answers.", "\n\nEventually, this neural network will be ready to do what a pathologist normally does: examine images of tissue to predict cancer.", "\n\nThis is not unlike how a child learns to play a musical instrument: she practices and repeats a tune until perfection. ", "The knowledge is stored in the neural network, but it is not easy to explain the mechanics.", "\n\nNetworks with many layers of “neurons” (therefore the name “deep” neural networks) only became practical when researchers started using many parallel processors on graphical chips for their training.", "\n\nAnother condition for the success of deep learning is the large sets of solved examples. ", "Mining the internet, social networks and Wikipedia, researchers have created large collections of images and text, enabling machines to classify images, recognise speech, and translate language.", "\n\nAlready, deep neural networks are performing these tasks nearly as well as humans.", "\n\nAI doesn’t laugh\n\nBut their good performance is limited to certain tasks.", "\n\nScientists have seen no improvement in AI’s understanding of what images and text actually mean. ", "If we showed a Snoopy cartoon to a trained deep network, it could recognise the shapes and objects – a dog here, a boy there – but would not decipher its significance (or see the humour).", "\n\nWe also use neural networks to suggest better writing styles to children. ", "Our tools suggest improvement in form, spelling, and grammar reasonably well, but are helpless when it comes to logical structure, reasoning, and the flow of ideas.", "\n\nCurrent models do not even understand the simple compositions of 11-year-old schoolchildren.", "\n\nAI’s performance is also restricted by the amount of available data. ", "In my own AI research, for example, I apply deep neural networks to medical diagnostics, which has sometimes resulted in slightly better diagnoses than in the past, but nothing dramatic.", "\n\nIn part, this is because we do not have large collections of patients’ data to feed the machine. ", "But the data hospitals currently collect cannot capture the complex psychophysical interactions causing illnesses like coronary heart disease, migraines or cancer.", "\n\nRobots stealing your jobs\n\nSo, fear not, humans. ", "Febrile predictions of AI singularity aside, we’re in no immediate danger of becoming irrelevant.", "\n\nAI’s capabilities drive science fiction novels and movies and fuel interesting philosophical debates, but we have yet to build a single self-improving program capable of general artificial intelligence, and there’s no indication that intelligence could be infinite.", "\n\nDeep neural networks will, however, indubitably automate many jobs. ", "AI will take our jobs, jeopardising the existence of manual labourers, medical diagnosticians, and perhaps, someday, to my regret, computer science professors.", "\n\nRobots are already conquering Wall Street. ", "Research shows that “artificial intelligence agents” could lead some 230,000 finance jobs to disappear by 2025.", "\n\nIn the wrong hands, artificial intelligence can also cause serious danger. ", "New computer viruses can detect undecided voters and bombard them with tailored news to swing elections.", "\n\nAlready, the United States, China, and Russia are investing in autonomous weapons using AI in drones, battle vehicles, and fighting robots, leading to a dangerous arms race.", "\n\nNow that’s something we should probably be nervous about." ]

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[ "Check out our new site Makeup Addiction\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nScarlett Johansson offers to take shirt off on screen Declines" ]

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[ "On December 30, 2009, Brandon and Gerald Laird were arrested during a fight at US Airways Arena during a Phoenix Suns-Boston Celtics game; Brandon was charged with disorderly conduct.", "\n\nBrandon made his major league debut at 3B for the Yankees on July 22, 2011, taking over for SS Derek Jeter while 3B Eduardo Nunez moved to short. ", "He walked in his first plate appearance, then got a hit, drove in a run and scored one in a 17-7 Yankee win over the Oakland Athletics. ", "He spent parts of three seasons in the majors, hitting .197/.255/.370, with 6 HR in 127 AB.", "\n\nLaird signed with the Nippon Ham Fighters for 2015 and hit .231/.301/.488. ", "His 34 homers tied Yuki Yanagita for third in the Pacific League and his 97 RBI were 5th (between Dae-ho Lee and Nobuhiro Matsuda). ", "In 2016, he did better at .263/.319/.516 with 39 home runs and 97 RBI. ", "He won the PL home run title by 4 over Ernesto Mejia, was 4th in RBI (between Mejia and Alfredo Despaigne) and 2nd in slugging (.007 behind Yanagita). ", "In the 2016 Japan Series, he starred, getting Nippon Ham's first run, a solo shot off Kris Johnson in the opener, then hit a two-run blast against Jay Jackson in the bottom of the 8th of game 4 with a 1-1 score to allow the Fighters to even the Series. ", "In game 6, his grand slam off Jackson capped the scoring to give him 3 homers and 7 RBI for the Series. ", "He and Haruki Nishikawa became the first teammates to both hit grand slams in the same Japan Series. ", "He was named Japan Series MVP, the first American to win since Troy Neel 20 years prior." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Linezolid resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus: first case report from India.", "\nLinezolid is being increasingly used in the treatment of infections with gram-positive organisms especially methicillin resistant Staphylococcal isolates. ", "Though resistance to this antimicrobial is emerging but it is extremely rare. ", "Here we document first case of linezolid resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S.haemolyticus) from India. ", "This organism was isolated from pus oozing from a postsurgical site in 61 year old male hailing from an adjoining state of Haryana." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "An integrated circuit or a circuit chip usually has a number of circuit components or devices. ", "Some integrated circuits transfer data among the devices via an interconnect structure consisting of a single bus. ", "The bus often has multiple conductive lines shared by the devices.", "\nAt some transfer speed, a conventional bus may need a large number of lines to efficiently handle a large volume of data transferred among the devices. ", "The large number of lines may congest circuit wiring in the circuit chip and may increase aggregated line-to-line capacitance due to the necessity of using minimum metal pitches, thereby increasing power consumption and constricting bus performance. ", "The large number of lines may also increase the size of the circuit chip leading to higher cost.", "\nFurther, some conventional circuit chips may have devices connected among each other via many different kinds of buses or different kinds of circuit connections. ", "Thus, some conventional circuit chips lack modularity because many different structures may be needed to suit different kinds of circuit connections.", "\nIn addition, different kinds of circuit connections requirement may create design complexity and erase the option to reuse one kind of circuit connection to connect all or most of the devices in the circuit chip.", "\nMoreover, different kinds of circuit connections may hamper the testability of the circuit chip because many different testing circuit models may be needed to test different circuit connections." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy do images sometimes look \"softer\" at higher focal lengths (like 300-500mm)?", "\n\nI get that it has to do with the lens, but what exactly is causing this?", "\n\nA:\n\nSeveral focal-length-related factors can influence sharpness:\n\nIt is usually harder to manufacture long focal lens, so at constant cost, expect a 50 mm to be sharp, a 200 mm to be not-so-sharp, and >300 mm to be really low quality.", "\nOn a related note, it's hard to make a lens with both a long focal lens and a wide aperture. ", "So, long focal lens often have a narrow aperture, hence more diffraction.", "\nLong focal lens implies shallow depth of field, so any focus imperfection (front or back focus) is much more noticeable.", "\nLong focal lens implies more motion blur except if you use a tripod or have a very fast shutter speed.", "\nLong focal length are often used to shoot distant subjects, in which case the atmospheric effects can be important. ", "Depending on the distance and weather, the atmospheric effects can be the limiting factor, and then whatever the lens, you'll always get bad pictures (thanks @mattdm for the hint, I forgot this one).", "\n\nA:\n\nIt's probably because the lens you're thinking about is a low-cost telephoto or supertelephoto 70-300 or 18-300 type lens. ", "\nA longer telephoto focal length is not inherently soft. ", "My EF 400mm f/5.6L USM prime lens is very very sharp and fast to autofocus and is my go-to birding lens. ", "But it also cost more than US$1000. ", " Canon's so-called 'great white' telephoto and supertelephoto lenses all have great reputations, but they do have pricetags to match.", "\nBut with a budget entry-level telephoto or supertelephoto zoom, the reasons the lens is generally perceived as soft are manifold:\n\nThe design of a zoom lens is typically compromised on image quality somewhere in the zoom range to cover a variety of focal lengths. ", "Most typically, these weaknesses will be at the ends of the zoom range (usually distortion and sharpness). ", "The bigger the zoom range, the more compromise you tend to run into. ", "A smaller zoom range (or a prime) and more corrective elements can improve performance, but this comes at a cost both in versatility and price tag.", "\nThe variance in image quality also happens over the aperture range of the lens as well. ", "Very few lenses perform well wide open. ", "But because of the 1/focal_length rule, telephoto lenses are often used by newbs wide open at the extreme telephoto end of the range. ", "That's compounding two weaknesses together.", "\n1/focal_length rules of thumb also mean that shutter speeds and iso settings are higher than most newbs are aware of. ", " It's not uncommon to use apertures in the f/8-f/16 range, with iso settings in the 400-1600 range in sunny-16 conditions, just to get the shutter speed up fast enough to eliminate blur from handholding. ", "Using a monopod or tripod can also help with this. ", "But newbs tend to default to handholding.", "\nAutofocus accuracy is also more of an issue with a telephoto or supertelephoto lens, because the depth of field gets shallower, even at smaller apertures. ", " Lower-cost zoom lenses tend not to have features to increase AF accuracy/speed, such as ultrasonic motors or focus limit switches.", "\nThe nature of telephoto subjects. ", "The most common subjects that someone buys a telephoto zoom for are sports and wildlife. ", "Both of which move quickly and require good technique and anticipation/skillz of the shooter to get a \"clean\" shot. ", "These are demanding disciplines that take a lot of practice to master. ", "And in the case of wildlife, often your lens just isn't long enough to frame the way you want, so you end up cropping, which reduces your resolution and thereby your sharpness.", "\n\nIn essence, it's a combination of lack of technique and the performance of a low-cost telephoto zoom that's creating issues of perceived softness at higher focal lengths. ", " But with good technique or a high-end supertelephoto lens, it may not be an issue at all.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nconditional proportion / relative frequency in R\n\nIs there any available function that can simplify this code? ", "Would like to know the proportion of sales of product in a particular week to its total sales\nlibrary(dplyr)\n\n# Create data.frame\ndf <- tribble(\n ~week, ~product, ~sales,\n 1L, \"A\", 40,\n 1L, \"B\", 20,\n 2L, \"A\", 50,\n 2L, \"C\", 10\n)\n\n# Total sales\ndf_summ <- df %>%\n group_by(product) %>%\n summarise(total = sum(sales))\n\n# Expected result\ndf_prop <- df %>%\n inner_join(df_summ) %>%\n mutate(prop = sales / total) %>%\n select(-sales, -total) # optional\n\nResult: \n#> A tibble: 4 x 3\n#> week product prop\n#> <int> <chr> <dbl>\n#> 1 A 0.444444\n#> 1 B 1.000000\n#> 2 A 0.555555\n#> 2 C 1.000000\n\nA:\n\nIt's not clear if your question is about a function (in this case, you might be looking for prop.table) or about an approach (like dividing sales with the sum of sales in the same step).", "\nAt any rate, you should be able to get your desired output with:\ndf %>% \n group_by(product) %>% \n mutate(prop = prop.table(sales)) %>% ## OR > mutate(prop = sales/sum(sales))\n select(-sales)\n# # A tibble: 4 x 3\n# # Groups: product [3]\n# week product prop\n# <int> <chr> <dbl>\n# 1 1 A 0.4444444\n# 2 1 B 1.0000000\n# 3 2 A 0.5555556\n# 4 2 C 1.0000000\n\nIn base R, you can get the values (but in a different format) using prop.table. ", "Try:\nprop.table(xtabs(sales ~ product + week, df), 1)\n# week\n# product 1 2\n# A 0.4444444 0.5555556\n# B 1.0000000 0.0000000\n# C 0.0000000 1.0000000\n\nIn the above, the xtabs step just reshapes your data, and then you use prop.table with the proportions based on the row totals.", "\n> xtabs(sales ~ product + week, df)\n week\nproduct 1 2\n A 40 50\n B 20 0\n C 0 10\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "/**\n * Module dependencies.", "\n */\n\nvar transports = require('./transports/index');\nvar Emitter = require('component-emitter');\nvar debug = require('debug')('engine.io-client:socket');\nvar index = require('indexof');\nvar parser = require('engine.io-parser');\nvar parseuri = require('parseuri');\nvar parseqs = require('parseqs');\n\n/**\n * Module exports.", "\n */\n\nmodule.exports = Socket;\n\n/**\n * Socket constructor.", "\n *\n * @param {String|Object} uri or options\n * @param {Object} options\n * @api public\n */\n\nfunction Socket (uri, opts) {\n if (!(", "this instanceof Socket)) return new Socket(uri, opts);\n\n opts = opts || {};\n\n if (uri && 'object' === typeof uri) {\n opts = uri;\n uri = null;\n }\n\n if (uri) {\n uri = parseuri(uri);\n opts.hostname = uri.host;\n opts.secure = uri.protocol === 'https' || uri.protocol === 'wss';\n opts.port = uri.port;\n if (uri.query) opts.query = uri.query;\n } else if (opts.host) {\n opts.hostname = parseuri(opts.host).host;\n }\n\n this.secure = null !", "= opts.secure ? ", "opts.secure\n : (typeof location !", "== 'undefined' && 'https:' === location.protocol);\n\n if (opts.hostname && !", "opts.port) {\n // if no port is specified manually, use the protocol default\n opts.port = this.secure ? '", "443' : '80';\n }\n\n this.agent = opts.agent || false;\n this.hostname = opts.hostname ||\n (typeof location !", "== 'undefined' ? ", "location.hostname : 'localhost');\n this.port = opts.port || (typeof location !", "== 'undefined' && location.port\n ? ", "location.port\n : (this.secure ? ", "443 : 80));\n this.query = opts.query || {};\n if ('string' === typeof this.query) this.query = parseqs.decode(this.query);\n this.upgrade = false !", "== opts.upgrade;\n this.path = (opts.path || '/engine.io').replace(/\\/$/, '') + '/';\n this.forceJSONP = !!", "opts.forceJSONP;\n this.jsonp = false !", "== opts.jsonp;\n this.forceBase64 = !!", "opts.forceBase64;\n this.enablesXDR = !!", "opts.enablesXDR;\n this.withCredentials = false !", "== opts.withCredentials;\n this.timestampParam = opts.timestampParam || 't';\n this.timestampRequests = opts.timestampRequests;\n this.transports = opts.transports || ['polling', 'websocket'];\n this.transportOptions = opts.transportOptions || {};\n this.readyState = '';\n this.writeBuffer = [];\n this.prevBufferLen = 0;\n this.policyPort = opts.policyPort || 843;\n this.rememberUpgrade = opts.rememberUpgrade || false;\n this.binaryType = null;\n this.onlyBinaryUpgrades = opts.onlyBinaryUpgrades;\n this.perMessageDeflate = false !", "== opts.perMessageDeflate ? (", "opts.perMessageDeflate || {}) : false;\n\n if (true === this.perMessageDeflate) this.perMessageDeflate = {};\n if (this.perMessageDeflate && null == this.perMessageDeflate.threshold) {\n this.perMessageDeflate.threshold = 1024;\n }\n\n // SSL options for Node.js client\n this.pfx = opts.pfx || null;\n this.key = opts.key || null;\n this.passphrase = opts.passphrase || null;\n this.cert = opts.cert || null;\n this.ca = opts.ca || null;\n this.ciphers = opts.ciphers || null;\n this.rejectUnauthorized = opts.rejectUnauthorized === undefined ? ", "true : opts.rejectUnauthorized;\n this.forceNode = !!", "opts.forceNode;\n\n // detect ReactNative environment\n this.isReactNative = (typeof navigator !", "== 'undefined' && typeof navigator.product === 'string' && navigator.product.toLowerCase() === 'reactnative');\n\n // other options for Node.js or ReactNative client\n if (typeof self === 'undefined' || this.isReactNative) {\n if (opts.extraHeaders && Object.keys(opts.extraHeaders).length > 0) {\n this.extraHeaders = opts.extraHeaders;\n }\n\n if (opts.localAddress) {\n this.localAddress = opts.localAddress;\n }\n }\n\n // set on handshake\n this.id = null;\n this.upgrades = null;\n this.pingInterval = null;\n this.pingTimeout = null;\n\n // set on heartbeat\n this.pingIntervalTimer = null;\n this.pingTimeoutTimer = null;\n\n this.open();\n}\n\nSocket.priorWebsocketSuccess = false;\n\n/**\n * Mix in `Emitter`.", "\n */\n\nEmitter(Socket.prototype);\n\n/**\n * Protocol version.", "\n *\n * @api public\n */\n\nSocket.protocol = parser.protocol; // this is an int\n\n/**\n * Expose deps for legacy compatibility\n * and standalone browser access.", "\n */\n\nSocket.", "Socket = Socket;\nSocket.", "Transport = require('./transport');\nSocket.transports = require('./transports/index');\nSocket.parser = require('engine.io-parser');\n\n/**\n * Creates transport of the given type.", "\n *\n * @param {String} transport name\n * @return {Transport}\n * @api private\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.createTransport = function (name) {\n debug('creating transport \"%s\"', name);\n var query = clone(this.query);\n\n // append engine.io protocol identifier\n query.", "EIO = parser.protocol;\n\n // transport name\n query.transport = name;\n\n // per-transport options\n var options = this.transportOptions[name] || {};\n\n // session id if we already have one\n if (this.id) query.sid = this.id;\n\n var transport = new transports[name]({\n query: query,\n socket: this,\n agent: options.agent || this.agent,\n hostname: options.hostname || this.hostname,\n port: options.port || this.port,\n secure: options.secure || this.secure,\n path: options.path || this.path,\n forceJSONP: options.forceJSONP || this.forceJSONP,\n jsonp: options.jsonp || this.jsonp,\n forceBase64: options.forceBase64 || this.forceBase64,\n enablesXDR: options.enablesXDR || this.enablesXDR,\n withCredentials: options.withCredentials || this.withCredentials,\n timestampRequests: options.timestampRequests || this.timestampRequests,\n timestampParam: options.timestampParam || this.timestampParam,\n policyPort: options.policyPort || this.policyPort,\n pfx: options.pfx || this.pfx,\n key: options.key || this.key,\n passphrase: options.passphrase || this.passphrase,\n cert: options.cert || this.cert,\n ca: options.ca || this.ca,\n ciphers: options.ciphers || this.ciphers,\n rejectUnauthorized: options.rejectUnauthorized || this.rejectUnauthorized,\n perMessageDeflate: options.perMessageDeflate || this.perMessageDeflate,\n extraHeaders: options.extraHeaders || this.extraHeaders,\n forceNode: options.forceNode || this.forceNode,\n localAddress: options.localAddress || this.localAddress,\n requestTimeout: options.requestTimeout || this.requestTimeout,\n protocols: options.protocols || void (0),\n isReactNative: this.isReactNative\n });\n\n return transport;\n};\n\nfunction clone (obj) {\n var o = {};\n for (var i in obj) {\n if (obj.hasOwnProperty(i)) {\n o[i] = obj[i];\n }\n }\n return o;\n}\n\n/**\n * Initializes transport to use and starts probe.", "\n *\n * @api private\n */\nSocket.prototype.open = function () {\n var transport;\n if (this.rememberUpgrade && Socket.priorWebsocketSuccess && this.transports.indexOf('websocket') !", "== -1) {\n transport = 'websocket';\n } else if (0 === this.transports.length) {\n // Emit error on next tick so it can be listened to\n var self = this;\n setTimeout(function () {\n self.emit('error', 'No transports available');\n }, 0);\n return;\n } else {\n transport = this.transports[0];\n }\n this.readyState = 'opening';\n\n // Retry with the next transport if the transport is disabled (jsonp: false)\n try {\n transport = this.createTransport(transport);\n } catch (e) {\n this.transports.shift();\n this.open();\n return;\n }\n\n transport.open();\n this.setTransport(transport);\n};\n\n/**\n * Sets the current transport. ", "Disables the existing one (if any).", "\n *\n * @api private\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.setTransport = function (transport) {\n debug('setting transport %s', transport.name);\n var self = this;\n\n if (this.transport) {\n debug('clearing existing transport %s', this.transport.name);\n this.transport.removeAllListeners();\n }\n\n // set up transport\n this.transport = transport;\n\n // set up transport listeners\n transport\n .on('drain', function () {\n self.onDrain();\n })\n .on('packet', function (packet) {\n self.onPacket(packet);\n })\n .on('error', function (e) {\n self.onError(e);\n })\n .on('close', function () {\n self.onClose('transport close');\n });\n};\n\n/**\n * Probes a transport.", "\n *\n * @param {String} transport name\n * @api private\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.probe = function (name) {\n debug('probing transport \"%s\"', name);\n var transport = this.createTransport(name, { probe: 1 });\n var failed = false;\n var self = this;\n\n Socket.priorWebsocketSuccess = false;\n\n function onTransportOpen () {\n if (self.onlyBinaryUpgrades) {\n var upgradeLosesBinary = !", "this.supportsBinary && self.transport.supportsBinary;\n failed = failed || upgradeLosesBinary;\n }\n if (failed) return;\n\n debug('probe transport \"%s\" opened', name);\n transport.send([{ type: 'ping', data: 'probe' }]);\n transport.once('packet', function (msg) {\n if (failed) return;\n if ('pong' === msg.type && 'probe' === msg.data) {\n debug('probe transport \"%s\" pong', name);\n self.upgrading = true;\n self.emit('upgrading', transport);\n if (!", "transport) return;\n Socket.priorWebsocketSuccess = 'websocket' === transport.name;\n\n debug('pausing current transport \"%s\"', self.transport.name);\n self.transport.pause(function () {\n if (failed) return;\n if ('closed' === self.readyState) return;\n debug('changing transport and sending upgrade packet');\n\n cleanup();\n\n self.setTransport(transport);\n transport.send([{ type: 'upgrade' }]);\n self.emit('upgrade', transport);\n transport = null;\n self.upgrading = false;\n self.flush();\n });\n } else {\n debug('probe transport \"%s\" failed', name);\n var err = new Error('probe error');\n err.transport = transport.name;\n self.emit('upgradeError', err);\n }\n });\n }\n\n function freezeTransport () {\n if (failed) return;\n\n // Any callback called by transport should be ignored since now\n failed = true;\n\n cleanup();\n\n transport.close();\n transport = null;\n }\n\n // Handle any error that happens while probing\n function onerror (err) {\n var error = new Error('probe error: ' + err);\n error.transport = transport.name;\n\n freezeTransport();\n\n debug('probe transport \"%s\" failed because of error: %s', name, err);\n\n self.emit('upgradeError', error);\n }\n\n function onTransportClose () {\n onerror('transport closed');\n }\n\n // When the socket is closed while we're probing\n function onclose () {\n onerror('socket closed');\n }\n\n // When the socket is upgraded while we're probing\n function onupgrade (to) {\n if (transport && to.name !", "== transport.name) {\n debug('\"%s\" works - aborting \"%s\"', to.name, transport.name);\n freezeTransport();\n }\n }\n\n // Remove all listeners on the transport and on self\n function cleanup () {\n transport.removeListener('open', onTransportOpen);\n transport.removeListener('error', onerror);\n transport.removeListener('close', onTransportClose);\n self.removeListener('close', onclose);\n self.removeListener('upgrading', onupgrade);\n }\n\n transport.once('open', onTransportOpen);\n transport.once('error', onerror);\n transport.once('close', onTransportClose);\n\n this.once('close', onclose);\n this.once('upgrading', onupgrade);\n\n transport.open();\n};\n\n/**\n * Called when connection is deemed open.", "\n *\n * @api public\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.onOpen = function () {\n debug('socket open');\n this.readyState = 'open';\n Socket.priorWebsocketSuccess = 'websocket' === this.transport.name;\n this.emit('open');\n this.flush();\n\n // we check for `readyState` in case an `open`\n // listener already closed the socket\n if ('open' === this.readyState && this.upgrade && this.transport.pause) {\n debug('starting upgrade probes');\n for (var i = 0, l = this.upgrades.length; i < l; i++) {\n this.probe(this.upgrades[i]);\n }\n }\n};\n\n/**\n * Handles a packet.", "\n *\n * @api private\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.onPacket = function (packet) {\n if ('opening' === this.readyState || 'open' === this.readyState ||\n 'closing' === this.readyState) {\n debug('socket receive: type \"%s\", data \"%s\"', packet.type, packet.data);\n\n this.emit('packet', packet);\n\n // Socket is live - any packet counts\n this.emit('heartbeat');\n\n switch (packet.type) {\n case 'open':\n this.onHandshake(JSON.parse(packet.data));\n break;\n\n case 'pong':\n this.setPing();\n this.emit('pong');\n break;\n\n case 'error':\n var err = new Error('server error');\n err.code = packet.data;\n this.onError(err);\n break;\n\n case 'message':\n this.emit('data', packet.data);\n this.emit('message', packet.data);\n break;\n }\n } else {\n debug('packet received with socket readyState \"%s\"', this.readyState);\n }\n};\n\n/**\n * Called upon handshake completion.", "\n *\n * @param {Object} handshake obj\n * @api private\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.onHandshake = function (data) {\n this.emit('handshake', data);\n this.id = data.sid;\n this.transport.query.sid = data.sid;\n this.upgrades = this.filterUpgrades(data.upgrades);\n this.pingInterval = data.pingInterval;\n this.pingTimeout = data.pingTimeout;\n this.onOpen();\n // In case open handler closes socket\n if ('closed' === this.readyState) return;\n this.setPing();\n\n // Prolong liveness of socket on heartbeat\n this.removeListener('heartbeat', this.onHeartbeat);\n this.on('heartbeat', this.onHeartbeat);\n};\n\n/**\n * Resets ping timeout.", "\n *\n * @api private\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.onHeartbeat = function (timeout) {\n clearTimeout(this.pingTimeoutTimer);\n var self = this;\n self.pingTimeoutTimer = setTimeout(function () {\n if ('closed' === self.readyState) return;\n self.onClose('ping timeout');\n }, timeout || (self.pingInterval + self.pingTimeout));\n};\n\n/**\n * Pings server every `this.pingInterval` and expects response\n * within `this.pingTimeout` or closes connection.", "\n *\n * @api private\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.setPing = function () {\n var self = this;\n clearTimeout(self.pingIntervalTimer);\n self.pingIntervalTimer = setTimeout(function () {\n debug('writing ping packet - expecting pong within %sms', self.pingTimeout);\n self.ping();\n self.onHeartbeat(self.pingTimeout);\n }, self.pingInterval);\n};\n\n/**\n* Sends a ping packet.", "\n*\n* @api private\n*/\n\nSocket.prototype.ping = function () {\n var self = this;\n this.sendPacket('ping', function () {\n self.emit('ping');\n });\n};\n\n/**\n * Called on `drain` event\n *\n * @api private\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.onDrain = function () {\n this.writeBuffer.splice(0, this.prevBufferLen);\n\n // setting prevBufferLen = 0 is very important\n // for example, when upgrading, upgrade packet is sent over,\n // and a nonzero prevBufferLen could cause problems on `drain`\n this.prevBufferLen = 0;\n\n if (0 === this.writeBuffer.length) {\n this.emit('drain');\n } else {\n this.flush();\n }\n};\n\n/**\n * Flush write buffers.", "\n *\n * @api private\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.flush = function () {\n if ('closed' !", "== this.readyState && this.transport.writable &&\n !", "this.upgrading && this.writeBuffer.length) {\n debug('flushing %d packets in socket', this.writeBuffer.length);\n this.transport.send(this.writeBuffer);\n // keep track of current length of writeBuffer\n // splice writeBuffer and callbackBuffer on `drain`\n this.prevBufferLen = this.writeBuffer.length;\n this.emit('flush');\n }\n};\n\n/**\n * Sends a message.", "\n *\n * @param {String} message.", "\n * @param {Function} callback function.", "\n * @param {Object} options.", "\n * @return {Socket} for chaining.", "\n * @api public\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.write =\nSocket.prototype.send = function (msg, options, fn) {\n this.sendPacket('message', msg, options, fn);\n return this;\n};\n\n/**\n * Sends a packet.", "\n *\n * @param {String} packet type.", "\n * @param {String} data.", "\n * @param {Object} options.", "\n * @param {Function} callback function.", "\n * @api private\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.sendPacket = function (type, data, options, fn) {\n if ('function' === typeof data) {\n fn = data;\n data = undefined;\n }\n\n if ('function' === typeof options) {\n fn = options;\n options = null;\n }\n\n if ('closing' === this.readyState || 'closed' === this.readyState) {\n return;\n }\n\n options = options || {};\n options.compress = false !", "== options.compress;\n\n var packet = {\n type: type,\n data: data,\n options: options\n };\n this.emit('packetCreate', packet);\n this.writeBuffer.push(packet);\n if (fn) this.once('flush', fn);\n this.flush();\n};\n\n/**\n * Closes the connection.", "\n *\n * @api private\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.close = function () {\n if ('opening' === this.readyState || 'open' === this.readyState) {\n this.readyState = 'closing';\n\n var self = this;\n\n if (this.writeBuffer.length) {\n this.once('drain', function () {\n if (this.upgrading) {\n waitForUpgrade();\n } else {\n close();\n }\n });\n } else if (this.upgrading) {\n waitForUpgrade();\n } else {\n close();\n }\n }\n\n function close () {\n self.onClose('forced close');\n debug('socket closing - telling transport to close');\n self.transport.close();\n }\n\n function cleanupAndClose () {\n self.removeListener('upgrade', cleanupAndClose);\n self.removeListener('upgradeError', cleanupAndClose);\n close();\n }\n\n function waitForUpgrade () {\n // wait for upgrade to finish since we can't send packets while pausing a transport\n self.once('upgrade', cleanupAndClose);\n self.once('upgradeError', cleanupAndClose);\n }\n\n return this;\n};\n\n/**\n * Called upon transport error\n *\n * @api private\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.onError = function (err) {\n debug('socket error %j', err);\n Socket.priorWebsocketSuccess = false;\n this.emit('error', err);\n this.onClose('transport error', err);\n};\n\n/**\n * Called upon transport close.", "\n *\n * @api private\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.onClose = function (reason, desc) {\n if ('opening' === this.readyState || 'open' === this.readyState || 'closing' === this.readyState) {\n debug('socket close with reason: \"%s\"', reason);\n var self = this;\n\n // clear timers\n clearTimeout(this.pingIntervalTimer);\n clearTimeout(this.pingTimeoutTimer);\n\n // stop event from firing again for transport\n this.transport.removeAllListeners('close');\n\n // ensure transport won't stay open\n this.transport.close();\n\n // ignore further transport communication\n this.transport.removeAllListeners();\n\n // set ready state\n this.readyState = 'closed';\n\n // clear session id\n this.id = null;\n\n // emit close event\n this.emit('close', reason, desc);\n\n // clean buffers after, so users can still\n // grab the buffers on `close` event\n self.writeBuffer = [];\n self.prevBufferLen = 0;\n }\n};\n\n/**\n * Filters upgrades, returning only those matching client transports.", "\n *\n * @param {Array} server upgrades\n * @api private\n *\n */\n\nSocket.prototype.filterUpgrades = function (upgrades) {\n var filteredUpgrades = [];\n for (var i = 0, j = upgrades.length; i < j; i++) {\n if (~index(this.transports, upgrades[i])) filteredUpgrades.push(upgrades[i]);\n }\n return filteredUpgrades;\n};\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "[Electrophoretic Analysis of Serum Lipoproteins: Its Usefulness and Problems].", "\nAnalysis of serum lipoprotein fractions by electrophoresis (lipoprotein electrophoresis) reveals lipid metabolism disorders, and provides various types of bio-information which lead to an accurate diagnosis and effective treatment for dyslipidemia and related diseases (e.g., coronary artery disease or chronic kidney disease). ", "In particular, lipoprotein electrophoresis enables us to define the phenotypes of dyslipidemia, and to detect abnormal lipoproteins, which are potent biomarkers of atherosclerotic disease. ", "In addition, lipoprotein electrophoresis is an indispensable complement to other assay methods for serum lipid component measurement that have some limitations, such as a homogeneous assay for LDL-C. However, it appears to be underestimated regarding its clinical usefulness. ", "Indeed, the fee for lipoprotein electrophoresis tests is too low. ", "This review specifically discusses the clinical usefulness and problems of lipoprotein electrophoresis, with a special emphasis on cost." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0008176192059181631, 0.0007960825460031629, 0.001786908134818077, 0.0007948045968078077, 0.006928335875272751, 0.0008517640526406467 ]

[ "Kontroll av gemenskapsrättens tillämpning (kortfattad redogörelse)\nTalmannen\nNästa punkt är ett betänkande av Lidia Joanna Geringer de Oedenberg, för utskottet för rättsliga frågor, om kommissionens tjugofjärde årsrapport om kontroll av gemenskapsrättens tillämpning.", "\nLidia Joanna Geringer de Oedenberg\nföredragande. - (", "PL) Herr talman, hur effektiv Europeiska unionens politik är beror till stor del på dess tillämpning på nationell, regional och lokal nivå. ", "Därför måste man noga övervaka att medlemsstaterna följer gemenskapsrätten. ", "Som föredragande för parlamentets tjugofjärde årsrapport i ämnet kan jag säga att det har förekommit en viss nedgång i antalet överträdelseärenden som inletts av kommissionen. ", "Trots detta är antalet fall fortfarande fler än 2 500.", "\nDessutom bör nämnas en minskning med 16 procent av antalet processer i anslutning till underlåtelser att följa kravet att informera kommissionen om transponeringsförfaranden i den utökade unionen med 25 medlemsstater. ", "Detta tyder på att medlemsstaterna fått en bättre disciplin när det gäller att lämna information. ", "Liksom tidigare år handlade de allra flesta anklagelserna om otillbörlig tillämpning av den inre marknaden, särskilt uppfyllandet av principen om fri rörlighet för människor, varor och tjänster. ", "Många anklagelser rörde också brott mot de rättigheter som medföljer medborgarskap i Europeiska unionen och som garanterar principen om lika rättigheter och möjligheter för alla medborgare. ", "Den 5 september 2007 föreslog kommissionen en ändring i de arbetsmetoder som hittills använts. ", "Syftet med förslaget var att se till att förfarandena sköts på ett mer effektivt sätt, och det fick stöd av majoriteten av kammarens ledamöter. ", "Man har däremot uttryckt oro över att det nya förfarandet kan leda till att kommissionen förlorar sitt institutionella ansvar som fördragens väktare, eftersom det gör det möjligt att återförvisa anklagelser som kommissionen fått in till medlemsstaten, som i första hand är ansvarig för den otillbörliga tillämpningen av gemenskapsrätten. ", "Därför är det viktigt att kommissionen lämnar in sin första rapport till parlamentet om de resultat som uppnåtts under de första sex månaderna av det pilotprojekt som inleddes den 15 april i år och inkluderade 15 medlemsstater. ", "Kommissionen är ofta den högsta institution till vilken medborgare kan hänföra fall av otillbörlig tillämpning av lagstiftningen. ", "Därför bör kommissionen också registrera all korrespondens som kan bedömas innehålla information om fall av överträdelse av gemenskapsrätten.", "\nVad gäller det aktuella överträdelseförfarandet är det stora problemet fortfarande att det tar alltför lång tid att beakta klagomål. ", "Medeltalet är 20,5 månader, vilket är orimligt. ", "Kommissionen bör göra allt för att korta de långa förfarandena och hitta praktiska lösningar. ", "Det senare skulle kunna innebära att man tar hjälp av system som Solvit, som fortfarande saknar tillräcklig marknadsföring. ", "Antalet fall av överträdelser till följd av avvikelser från EG-domstolens domar har ökat kraftigt och slog rekord 2006. ", "En bidragande orsak är det faktum att samarbetet mellan nationella domstolar och EG-domstolen ofta är otillräckligt. ", "Den preliminära frågeteknik som bygger på artikel 234 i fördraget används dessutom inte. ", "Detta beror på att man inom vissa medlemsstater fortfarande har bristfälliga kunskaper om gemenskapsrätten.", "\nOm vi övergår till det interinstitutionella samarbetet, så bör överenskommelserna om övervakning av tillämpningen av gemenskapsrätten och nära samarbete mellan rådet, kommissionen och Europeiska ombudsmannen, tillsammans med relevanta utskott i denna kammare, vara tillräckligt för att garantera effektiva ingripanden i samtliga fall där klaganden lämnar in ett godkänt klagomål angående överträdelse av gemenskapsrätten. ", "Antalet klagomål som framförts felaktigt har förblivit stort genom åren. ", "Vissa klagomål framförs felaktigt till utskottet för framställningar, medan andra ligger utanför institutionernas behörighetsområde. ", "Sådana klagomål utgör så mycket som 75 procent av det totala antalet klagomål som ombudsmannen tog emot under 2006. ", "Därför finns det ett akut behov av att öka ansträngningarna för att förbättra den information som finns tillgänglig för medborgarna och att ge de klagande bättre vägledning så att de kan kontakta det organ som är bäst lämpat att hantera deras specifika fall, antingen på nationell nivå eller EU-nivå. ", "Medborgarnas klagomål är en ovärderlig indikator för deras mest akuta behov. ", "Kommissionen bör låta sig vägledas av denna information när den tar lagstiftningsinitiativ.", "\nApropå analysen av genomförandet av gemenskapsrätten 2006 vill jag särskilt uppmana de medlemsstater som har mest att vinna på strukturfonderna inom 2007-2013 års budgetram att anpassa sin nationella lagstiftning till den europeiska lagstiftningen snabbt och korrekt. ", "Jag tänker då särskilt på området miljöskydd, så att tillgängliga strukturresurser kan användas på ett effektivt sätt och regionernas sociala och ekonomiska utveckling påskyndas.", "\nSlutligen vill jag uttrycka mitt beklagande över att gruppen för Europeiska folkpartiet (kristdemokrater) och Europademokrater, medlemmar i utskottet för rättsliga frågor, bidrog till att ta bort viktiga villkor från mitt betänkande. ", "Dessa villkor rörde lika behandling av kvinnor och män när det gäller tillgång till arbete, utbildning, befordran och social trygghet. ", "Lika behandling är fortfarande inte regel i många medlemsstater, vilket tydligt strider mot den jämlikhetsprincip som bör prioriteras av oss alla.", "\nJoe Borg\nledamot av kommissionen. - (", "EN) Herr talman! ", "Kommissionen välkomnar innerligt parlamentets allmänna stöd för det tillvägagångssätt som kommissionen beskrev i sitt meddelande från 2007 med titeln ”En europeisk union som bygger på resultat: tillämpningen av gemenskapsrätten” och tackar Lidia Joanna Geringer de Oedenberg för hennes informativa betänkande.", "\nKommissionen fäster stor vikt vid den korrekta tillämpningen av gemenskapsrätten. ", "Detta framgår av Barroso-kommissionens prioriteringar, och kommissionen är vaksam i utövandet av sin roll som fördragens väktare. ", "Det är därför kommissionen har gjort stora ansträngningar för att förbättra sina arbetsmetoder, till fördel för medborgare och företag, vilket förklaras i meddelandet från 2007.", "\nSom exempel på dessa förbättringar har man i år infört mer frekvent beslutsfattande i överträdelseärenden för att undvika att dessa ärenden drar ut på tiden, och man har även inlett EU-pilotprojektet i april i år. ", "Inom detta pilotprojekt, som omfattar 15 medlemsstater, kommer man att testa en förbättrad metod för att lösa problem och tillhandahålla information i syfte att uppnå snabbare och bättre resultat för medborgare och företag. ", "Föredraganden ska få aktuell, saklig information om EU-pilotprojektets funktion, men en fullständig rapport kommer, som tidigare utlovats, att kunna lämnas först efter ett år, när vi fått tillräcklig erfarenhet för att kunna dra slutsatser. ", "Vi prövar också att placera tjänstemän på vissa representationskontor i medlemsstaterna, med uppgift att följa upp frågor angående tillämpningen av gemenskapsrätten, för att se om detta kan öka effektiviteten. ", "Detta är en följd av det faktum att alla frågor om tillämpningen av gemenskapsrätten innefattar åtgärder från medlemsstaternas sida. ", "Därför krävs ett nära samarbete mellan kommissionen och medlemsstaternas myndigheter för att hitta lämpliga och snabba åtgärder. ", "En allmän interinstitutionell förståelse kan också spela en viktig roll i denna viktiga del av vår strävan efter bättre lagstiftning.", "\nDet är mot bakgrund av detta som jag har erbjudit mig att samordna framtida granskningar av tillämpningen av regelverket inom olika områden med föredraganden, för att garantera aktuell information. ", "Vi arbetar med att införa de initiativ som offentliggjordes i meddelandet från 2007 om ökad insyn. ", "Vi är i färd med att avsluta årets årsrapport i form av en strategisk utvärdering av det aktuella läget, prioritering av olika frågor och ett program med åtgärder för att uppmuntra interinstitutionell diskussion.", "\nAvslutningsvis skulle jag också vilja nämna att Lidia Joanna Geringer de Oedenberg i sitt betänkande även stöder gemensamma kontaktpunkter som vägledning för medborgarna. ", "Jag kan bekräfta att kommissionen redan arbetar med detta. ", "Vi kommer att redogöra för vår utvärdering och våra förslag så snart som möjligt.", "\nFru Geringer! ", "Ni lägger särskilt stor vikt vid övervakningen av hur direktiven om lika behandling tillämpas. ", "Jag kan försäkra er om att vi har gjort en fullständig utvärdering av medlemsstaternas införlivande. ", "Över 40 överträdelseförfaranden har inletts och drivs just nu med sikte på snabba resultat.", "\nTalmannen\nPunkten är härmed avslutad.", "\nOmröstningen kommer att äga rum på tisdag.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nGet players inventory and then broadcast the item displayname\n\nOk, Im trying to check the player's inventory when they login and it it say that displayname\npublic void onPlayerJoin(PlayerJoinEvent event) {\n Player p = event.getPlayer();\n\n for (int i = 0; i < p.getInventory().getSize(); i++) {\n if (p.getInventory().getItem(i).getType() !", "= null) {\n if (!", "p.getInventory().getItem(i).getItemMeta().getDisplayName().equals(\"KITS\")){\n Bukkit.broadcastMessage(i.getItemMeta().getDisplayName());\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nIt's just causing error.", "\nError log:\nCaused by: java.lang.", "NullPointerException\n at me.", "BlueJelly.", "MPSKitPvP.Listeners.", "PlayerListener.onPlayerJoin(PlayerListener.jav\na:31) ~[?:?]", "\n at sun.reflect.", "NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) ~[?:1.7.0_09]\n at sun.reflect.", "NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source) ~[?:1.7.0_09]\n at sun.reflect.", "DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source) ~[?:1.7.0_09]\n at java.lang.reflect.", "Method.invoke(Unknown Source) ~[?:1.7.0_09]\n at org.bukkit.plugin.java.", "JavaPluginLoader$1.execute(JavaPluginLoader.java:425) ~[\n craftbukkit.jar:git-Bukkit-1.6.4-R2.0-9-g68d0e57-b2930jnks]\n\nI know it's a NullPointerException but i don't know how it can say that.", "\nI hope you understands what i wrote...\n\nA:\n\nBased on the documentation, I believe instead of p.getInventory().getItem(i).getType() !", "= null it should be p.getInventory().getItem(i)!= null as if there is no Item stack in that slot trying to get its type will throw an npe\n\nA:\n\nThere are many potential places in your code for a NullPointerException.", "\nFor example:\np.getInventory().getItem(i).getType() \n\nUse the reported line number (31) to find the exact line.", "\nIf you can't debug the code, use logs (or simple souts) to find the null reference.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "In ‘Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism‘ Schmidt and van der Walt take a historicist approach to defining anarchism. ", "They hold that anarchism first emerged as a movement, with an accompanying set of original and coherent ideas, during the 1860s within the International Workingmen’s Association. ", "As a result anarchism should be defined in terms of the core commitments of this movement. ", "To do this they focus primarily on the ideas of two of the movement’s most widely read and influential theorists – Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin. (", "Schmidt and van der Walt, 2009, 44-5)\n\nThey summarize their definition as follows:\n\nAnarchism was against social and economic hierarchy as well as inequality—and specifically, capitalism, landlordism, and the state—and in favor of an international class struggle and revolution from below by a self-organised working class and peasantry in order to create a self-managed, socialist, and stateless social order. ", "In this new order, individual freedom would be harmonised with communal obligations through cooperation, democratic decision making, and social and economic equality, and economic coordination would take place through federal forms. ", "The anarchists stressed the need for revolutionary means (organisations, actions, and ideas) to prefigure the ends (an anarchist society). (", "Ibid, 71-2)\n\nOn this view, anarchism can only be understand historically. ", "Its ideas are those of a historically specific movement (anti-state Revolutionary Socialism), which emerged in historically specific conditions (19th century European capitalism), against historically specific institutions (the nation state and capitalism), and was comprised of historically specific agents (the peasantry and working class).", "\n\nWhile Schmidt and van der Walt arguably provide the most in-depth attempt at doing a historicist account of anarchism, they are not the first to provide such an account. ", "Historicist definitions of anarchism can be found in, at the very least, two earlier authors – Marie Fleming and Errico Malatesta.", "\n\nIn her 1979 biography of Elisee Reclus, ‘The Anarchist Way to Socialism’, Fleming defines anarchism in terms of the ideas of the movement which began in the federalist wing of the First International and which went onto establish the St Imier International in 1872. ", "She writes:\n\nThe formulation of the theory of anarchism can be traced to Switzerland in the latter part of the 1870s. ", "It developed out of the debates of a small group of revolutionary socialists who had helped to establish a so-called federalist wing of the International Working Men’s Association (IWMA) in 1872. ", "After the Hague Congress of that year the IWMA had split into two groups, the federalist or ‘anti-authoritarian’ International which revolved around the Jura Federation in Switzerland and the less successful centralist International which followed Marx’s call for the use of party-political action and tighter control of the IWMA General Council over the various sections. ", "The term anarchist is used today to refer to the members of the federalist International and was sometimes used in a pejorative sense in the first half of the 1870s to specify those socialists who refused to engage in party-political action within the framework of the bourgeois order. ", "But the term did not come to be deliberately adopted until 1876 and not on any scale until after the collapse of the federalist (anti-authoritarian) International in 1877. (", "Fleming, 1979, 119)\n\nShe then proceeds to define anarchism as a type of socialism characterized by a rejection of the use of state power to bring about socialism:\n\nEuropean anarchism was a theory of socialism which aimed, like all socialism, to arrive at a state of anarchy, an order which would spring naturally from the movement of free beings, responding to the needs of their nature. ", "In the 1870s, anarchism differentiated itself from other socialist theories through its insistence that the existing bourgeois government appratus should not be used to effect the transition to the future society. (", "Ibid, 272)\n\nIt is not surprising then that Schmidt and van der Walt cite Fleming’s book multiple times and rely heavily on her critique of Paul Eltzbacher’s influential definition of anarchism in his work ‘Anarchism: Exponents of the Anarchist Philosophy‘. (", "Schmidt and van der Walt, 2009, 35-9)\n\nHistoricist accounts of anarchism are not, however, an invention of academics. ", "Malatesta outlined his historicist account of anarchism in 1925 for an article within the anarchist journal ‘Pensiero e Volonta’. ", "He writes:\n\nAnarchism in its origins, its aspirations, and its methods of struggle, is not necessarily linked to any philosophical system. ", "Anarchism was born of a moral revolt against social injustice. ", "When men were to be found who felt as if suffocated by the social climate in which they were obliged to live; who felt the pain of others as if it were their own; who were also convinced that a large part of human suffering is not the inevitable consequence of inexorable natural or supernatural laws, but instead, stems from social realities dependent on human will and can be eliminated through human effort—the way was open that had to lead to anarchism. ", "The specific causes of social ills and the right means to destroy them had to be found. ", "When some thought that the fundamental cause of the disease was the struggle between men which resulted in domination by the conquerors and the oppression and exploitation of the vanquished, and observed that the domination by the former and this subjection of the latter had given rise to capitalistic property and the State, and when they sought to overthrow both State and property—then it was that anarchism was born. (", "Malatesta, 2015, 13)\n\nNote in particular that Malatesta distinguishes between the preconditions for the development of anarchism, the specific social structures against which anarchism emerged, and the emergence of anarchism itself. ", "The preconditions for the development of anarchism are the existence of individuals who have empathy for the suffering of others, understand that a large amount of human suffering is caused by the structures of society, and so think that such suffering can be ended by altering social structures. ", "Elsewhere Malatesta refers to these kind of individuals as possessing an anarchist spirit, as opposed to being anarchists. ", "He writes, “By anarchist spirit I mean that deeply human sentiment, which aims at the good of all, freedom and justice for all, solidarity and love among the people; which is not an exclusive characteristic only of self-declared anarchists, but inspires all people who have a generous heart and an open mind.” (", "Quoted in Milstein, 2010, 11) The specific social structures against which anarchism emerged are capitalism and the state. ", "But anarchism itself only emerged when individuals, who possessed an anarchist spirit, understood that the human suffering they objected to was caused by a ruling class dominating and exploiting the masses through the institutions of capitalist property and the state, and that given this, capitalism and the state must be abolished.", "\n\nOn Malatesta’s view, then, anarchism is a historical movement which emerged in response to historically specific institutions. ", "In this sense, Malatesta is a precursor to both Fleming’s and Schmidt’s and van der Walt’s approach to defining anarchism.", "\n\nBibliography\n\nFleming, Marie. ", "1979. ", "The Anarchist Way to Socialism. ", "Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield\n\nMalatesta, Errico. ", "2015. ", "Life and Ideas: The Anarchist Writings of Errico Malatesta. ", "Oakland, CA: PM Press.", "\n\nMilstein, Cindy. ", "2010. ", "Anarchism And Its Aspirations. ", "Oakland, CA: AK Press\n\nSchmidt, Michael and van der Walt, Lucien. ", "2009. ", "Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism (Counter-Power, Volume 1). ", "Oakland, CA: AK Press." ]

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