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[ "Q:\n\nCould not load package flyspell with use-package\n\nI have configured flyspell mode with use-package like this:\n(use-package flyspell-mode\n :init\n (progn\n (flyspell-mode 1))\n :config\n (progn \n (setq ispell-program-name \"aspell\")\n (setq ispell-list-command \"--list\") ;; run flyspell with aspell, not ispell\n ))\n\nBut this gives me the following message while starting up Emacs in *Messages* buffer:\nCould not load package flyspell-mode\nAlthough if I manually give this command flyspell-mode, it works.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe package name is flyspell instead of flyspell-mode, so the 1st argument of use-package is flyspell.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to get the Current Date in ReactNative?", "\n\nI am building my first ReactNative iOS and Android app. ", "I am an iOS coder with Swift and Obj-C. How do I fetch the current date using ReactNative.", "\nShall I use Native Modules or is there an ReactNative API from which I can get this data ?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe JavaScript runtime in React Native has access to date information just like any other environment. ", " As such, simply:\nnew Date()\n\n... will give you the current date. ", " Here's the MDN on working with dates in JS.", "\nIf you want a good JS library to make working with dates even easier, check out MomentJS.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be\n// found in the LICENSE file.", "\n\n#ifndef CHROME_BROWSER_CUSTOM_HOME_PAGES_TABLE_MODEL_H_\n#define CHROME_BROWSER_CUSTOM_HOME_PAGES_TABLE_MODEL_H_\n#pragma once\n\n#include <string>\n#include <vector>\n\n#include \"base/compiler_specific.h\"\n#include \"chrome/browser/history/history.h\"\n#include \"ui/base/models/table_model.h\"\n\nclass GURL;\nclass Profile;\nclass SkBitmap;\n\nnamespace ui {\nclass TableModelObserver;\n}\n\n// CustomHomePagesTableModel is the model for the TableView showing the list\n// of pages the user wants opened on startup.", "\n\nclass CustomHomePagesTableModel : public ui::TableModel {\n public:\n explicit CustomHomePagesTableModel(Profile* profile);\n virtual ~CustomHomePagesTableModel();\n\n // Sets the set of urls that this model contains.", "\n void SetURLs(const std::vector<GURL>& urls);\n\n // Collect all entries indexed by |index_list|, and moves them to be right\n // before the element addressed by |insert_before|. ", "Used by Drag&Drop.", "\n // Expects |index_list| to be ordered ascending.", "\n void MoveURLs(int insert_before, const std::vector<int>& index_list);\n\n // Adds an entry at the specified index.", "\n void Add(int index, const GURL& url);\n\n // Removes the entry at the specified index.", "\n void Remove(int index);\n\n // Clears any entries and fills the list with pages currently opened in the\n // browser.", "\n void SetToCurrentlyOpenPages();\n\n // Returns the set of urls this model contains.", "\n std::vector<GURL> GetURLs();\n\n // TableModel overrides:\n virtual int RowCount() OVERRIDE;\n virtual string16 GetText(int row, int column_id) OVERRIDE;\n virtual string16 GetTooltip(int row) OVERRIDE;\n virtual void SetObserver(ui::TableModelObserver* observer) OVERRIDE;\n\n private:\n // Each item in the model is represented as an Entry. ", "Entry stores the URL\n // and title of the page.", "\n struct Entry;\n\n // Loads the title for the specified entry.", "\n void LoadTitle(Entry* entry);\n\n // Callback from history service. ", "Updates the title of the Entry whose\n // |title_handle| matches |handle| and notifies the observer of the change.", "\n void OnGotTitle(HistoryService::Handle handle,\n bool found_url,\n const history::URLRow* row,\n history::VisitVector* visits);\n\n // Returns the entry whose |member| matches |handle| and sets |entry_index| to\n // the index of the entry.", "\n Entry* GetEntryByLoadHandle(CancelableRequestProvider::Handle Entry::* member,\n CancelableRequestProvider::Handle handle,\n int* entry_index);\n\n // Returns the URL for a particular row, formatted for display to the user.", "\n string16 FormattedURL(int row) const;\n\n // Set of entries we're showing.", "\n std::vector<Entry> entries_;\n\n // Profile used to load titles.", "\n Profile* profile_;\n\n ui::TableModelObserver* observer_;\n\n // Used in loading titles.", "\n CancelableRequestConsumer history_query_consumer_;\n\n DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(CustomHomePagesTableModel);\n};\n\n#endif // CHROME_BROWSER_CUSTOM_HOME_PAGES_TABLE_MODEL_H_\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nChange DataGrid width on resizing its columns\n\nI have a DataGrid with a custom theme. ", "Right now, if I resize a column and make it wider, it tries to squeeze other columns to make space for this column.", "\nInstead, is it possible to increase the width of the entire DataGrid with the increase in width of a column. ", "It's OK if it shows a horizontal scrollbar at the bottom.", "\nEDIT: Just to clarify, each column has a MinWidth set to it. ", "So if the overall width > window width, I see a scrollbar. ", "But in cases where I have a datagrid <= window width, and I expand one of its column, the width of the datagrid should theoritically increase at the point when the other columns have shrunk to their MinWidths. ", "At that point, instead of letting the DataGrid grow in width, it doesn't let me expand the column any further. ", "Instead, I want the DataGrid to expand and accommodate the increased space.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt sounds like one of your columns has a Width=\"*\", which means that column is assigned to all remaining space and grows/shrinks as needed instead of letting the DataGrid grow/shrink as requested and showing it's HorizontalScrollBar.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Monday, May 19, 2008\n\nAs many of you know, one of the services that my company offers is Discoverer workshops. ", "What this means is that we send one of our experienced trainers on site and work, sometimes one on one, with the end users on their real system to help them generate the reports that they need. ", "Sometimes I get to go and while I would like to do this more often I just don't have enough time so when the chance does come around I jump at it.", "\n\nAnyway, one of the most frequent problems that I come across with end user reports is how to effectively create and work with reports when two or more of the folders have outer joins. ", "Such a situation happened in one of the recent workshops that I conducted.", "\n\nPicture if you will an EUL with 2 folders, folder A and folder B, where folder A is the master being outer joined to B. Thus, if you include something from both folders you will get one row for every item in folder A even if there is nothing in folder B. This is the benefit of the outer join.", "\n\nLet me get more specific. ", "Let's say that we are working in Human Resources where folder A is Employee Master and folder B is for Employee Leave. ", "Because not all employees have taken leave there is an outer join between the two. ", "Now let's say that in the Leave folder there is an item called Leave Desc that contains descriptions to indicate what kind of leave the employee had taken. ", "With me so far? ", "Here's a screenshot:\n\nHere's some example output:\n\nOk, so now we want to build a report that allows the end user to exclude one or more Leave Desciptions from the report. ", "To be specific, We want to see all Employees who either have not been sick or have not taken any leave yet. ", "Looking at the report we should be including Carol, Michael and Susie, but not George.", "\n\nSimply creating the following condition will not work:\n\nLeave Desc <> 'Sick'\n\nHere is that output:\n\nAs you can see, George is still included but now appears to have not taken any leave, which isn't true. ", "How about if we also say that Leave Desc IS NOT NULL?", "\n\nThis doesn't give us the right answer either because now both George and Carol have been omitted.", "\n\nLet's create this calculation which we will call Exclusion:\n\nCASE WHEN \"Leave Desc\" = 'Sick' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END\n\nWe now get this answer, which as you can see has annotated the rows we do not want with 1.", "\n\nYou might think that adding this condition: Exclusion <> 1 would work but it will not. ", "Try it for yourself and you will see what I mean.", "\n\nYou actually need to do add a Boolean OR condition, like this:\n\nExclusion <> 1ORExclusion <> 1\n\nProblem solved - isn't it? ", "Try removing the Exclusion from the report and see what happens. ", "In Plus you will get the right answer. ", "However in Desktop you will find that your sorting goes wrong. ", "The solution in Desktop is to add a hidden group sort on the Exclusion!", "\n\nThe problem is solved because of the way the CASE statement works which dictates that the function will end as soon as a true condition is encountered. ", "So even there are NULL records these will all get Exclusion of 0 which is the default.", "\n\nWednesday, May 07, 2008\n\nAugust 2008 Important Update: Oracle released CP1 for Discoverer 10.1.2.3 on August 7th (link to patches)\n\nIn a recent posting of mine (link) I advised you not to upgrade to Discoverer 10.1.2.3 just yet.", "\n\nI have heard that Oracle is working on a critical patch update for 10.1.2.3 that will incorporate all of the 10.1.2.2 critical patches (CP4, CP5 and CP6) plus fix any specific 10.1.2.3 issues that are unique to that release. ", "The latest information I have is that you should expect to see the 10.1.2.3 patch before the end of the summer. ", "I don't have any better timeline than this I'm afraid. ", "As soon as I hear something more definite I promise I will let you know.", "\n\nTherefore, for the time being I still recommend not upgrading to 10.1.2.3. ", "You should, however, upgrade to 10.1.2.2 and apply the most recent critical patch (link).", "\n\nMichael Armstrong-Smith\n\nMichael is co-owner, CIO and principal consultant of Armstrong-Smith Consulting. ", "He is the author of the Oracle Discoverer 10g Handbook. ", "Armstrong-Smith specialize in everything Business Intelligence, including data warehouse and curriculum design. ", "Michael is also the founder and owner of this blog and has over 25 years experience in applications development. ", "He has presented at many conferences and is one of the founder members of Oracle's advisory board for business intelliegence. ", "Appointed to be an Oracle ACE in 2006, Michael has been working in the Business Intelligence arena for over 12 years. ", "Please contact me if you would like help with your BI installtion or are planning or implementing any BI initiative.", "\n\nJoin my LinedIn Group\n\nRod West\n\nRod has been using Oracle databases since 1985 and is principal consultant at Cabot Consulting in the United Kingdom. ", "He specializes in Oracle Applications 11i / 12i as well as Oracle Discoverer" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPutting a Time Limit On User Input\n\nI am trying to put a time limit on the user input, so if they take longer than 2 seconds to put type in an input then the program will terminate. ", "I was wondering if there is a simple way to do this in C language?", "\nThank you\n\nA:\n\nYou can achieve this through signal handling,you have to handle SIGALARM signal in your code.", "\nvoid AlrmSigHnd(int signo)\n{\nexit(0);\n}\nint main()\n{\nvoid(*SigHnd)(int);\nSigHnd = AlrSigHnd;\n\nsignal(SIGALRM,SigHnd);\nalarm(2); // AlrmSigHnd will called after 2 seconds.", "\nscanf(\"%d\",&i); \nalarm(0); // Cancel signal registration\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "September 23rd, 2016\n\nMr. Andy Roth\n\nProgram Director\n\n92.3 The Fan\n\nDear Mr. Roth:\n\nMy name is Jacob VanSickle and I serve as Executive Director of Bike Cleveland, the bicycle advocacy organization in Cleveland, Ohio. ", "In partnership with public and private partners, Bike Cleveland works to build livable communities by promoting all forms of cycling and advocating for the rights and equality of cyclists.", "\n\nI am writing today to express my grave concern about a broadcast that aired on 92.3 THE FAN, a CBS Radio Station, on Friday, September 23rd during the The Ken Carman Show with Anthony Lima. ", "During this show (between 8:30am-9am), Mr. Carman and Mr. Lima expressed inappropriate and intolerable sentiments towards bicyclists.", "\n\nThis took place after news broke of an OSU assistant coach hitting a person on his bike on his way to work this morning. ", "While this is not a sports story, it still somehow seemed an appropriate time for the hosts to opine on the “murderous” feeling they get when seeing a cyclist [legally] operating in a shared roadway space. ", "They even acknowledged that cyclists don’t have anywhere else to go, since they’re not allowed on the sidewalk, and that they have to “be careful” not to offend any of the very vocal cyclist community.", "\n\nIncendiary comments like this only serve to further inflame motorist anger towards a growing number of cyclists on Greater Cleveland’s streets. ", "Such discourse puts the lives and safety of cyclists, already a vulnerable road user group, at even greater risk.", "\n\nThe broadcast in question left me, a number of local bike shop owners, and many cyclists who reached out to me deeply concerned for the personal safety of bicyclists who may have been on the road biking during and immediately after this broadcast.", "\n\nDespite widespread public misunderstanding of the fact, bicycles are legal vehicles on the road. ", "Given the level of misinformation which already exists about cyclists’ rights, riders already often find themselves riding in a very stressful atmosphere. ", "By further pitting cyclists against 2500 pound-wrapped motorists, CBS Radio and 92.3 The Fan is increasing their danger.", "\n\nUnfortunately, today’s anti-bicycle tirade strongly mirrors another unfortunate Clear Channel incident which happened back in 2003 and again in 2012. ", "In response to the uproar which ensued at the time, Mr. John Hogan, Clear Channel’s CEO of Media and Entertainment, assured the bicycle community that he would make every effort to ensure “that anti-bicycle messages…are not repeated.”", "\n\nWhile we understand that Anthony Lima did apologize after his comments we do not believe that is enough. ", "On behalf of Bike Cleveland, I am writing to request that CBS Radio and 92.3 The Fan provide the following.", "\n\nProvide free radio time to Bike Cleveland during morning and evening rush hour through the end of 2016 to air our “We’re All Drivers” radio PSAs that aim to educate the public on cyclists’ rights as well as humanize people who ride bikes. ", "It is important to note that these PSA’s are read by Cleveland Indians All-star and current first base coach Sandy Alomar Jr., a regular road cyclist. ", "We would request that Mr. Carman, Mr. Lima, and members of his production staff arrange with Bike Cleveland to participate in a traffic skills class, to truly understand the issues cyclists face when they, either by choice or necessity, ride a bike to get to school or work or for recreation.", "\n\nCleveland is a city striving to become more bicycle-friendly and, over the past 10 years, we have seen an almost 280% increase in people commuting to work by bike. ", "Just this week Bicycling Magazine rated Cleveland the #41 spot in best cities for biking. ", "I hope that CBS Radio, and its affiliate stations, will join us in embracing this growing bicycle culture and take the appropriate steps to assume responsibility for the statements made today on 92.3 The Fan.", "\n\nFeel free to contact me with any questions you may have. ", "I, along with Bike Cleveland’s board of directors, members, and the Greater Cleveland cycling community, look forward to hearing back from you soon.", "\n\nSincerely,\n\nJacob VanSickle,\n\nExecutive Director\n\ncc: Landry Locker, Morning Show Executive Producer\n\nAnthony Lima, Morning Show Co-Host\n\nKen Carman, Morning Show Host\n\nAndre Fernandez, President CBS Radio" ]

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[ "Detection and incidence of anomalies associated with hypospadias.", "\nHypospadias has been associated with synchronous congenital anomalies, especially in the urogenital system, and routine screening of patients with hypospadias has been advocated. ", "In recent years, ultrasound (US) has replaced intravenous pyelography (IVP) as the primary screening test for urological deformities, yet there has never been a study of the relative diagnostic efficacy of the two tests in these patients. ", "In this study, we assessed the incidence of urogenital and extraurogenital congenital anomalies in our hypospadias patients that were noted during physical examination and/or laboratory and imaging screening, and evaluated the efficacy of our changing routine screening protocols. ", "We conducted a retrospective analysis of the charts of all hypospadias patients seen at Assaf Harofeh Medical Center. ", "One hundred and sixty-three hypospadias patients fulfilled the documentation criteria we set for this study. ", "We found a high incidence of urogenital and extraurogenital anomalies associated with hypospadias and noted a previously unreported increased incidence of various forms of facial dysmorphism. ", "Additionally, we noted that the accepted concept that US or IVP alone were satisfactory screening tools for asymptomatic low-grade hypospadias patients is probably incorrect. ", "Based on our findings, we recommend that initial screening of all asymptomatic hypospadias patients include US, cystogram, urinalysis, and urine culture." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMemory leaks after generating QR Code and making PDF file in Swift 4.2\n\nI am creating an app that, in the end of one cycle, generates a QR Code and then creates a PDF file. ", "After running the app several times (tested for almost 5 days) the app stopped doing its other required functionalities. ", "I found out that every time the app generates QR and makes PDF, the memory graph grows higher and higher in successive cycles of app. ", "Debug memory graph indicates 3 memory leaks: one at viewDidAppear event, another at createPDF method, and third at generateQrCode method. ", "I am deleting the PDF file every time user starts a new cycle. ", "I don't know how to handle these memory leaks. ", "Can someone help? ", "Here is the code:\n let html = \"\"\n\n override func viewDidAppear(_ animated: Bool) {\n createPDF()\n return\n }\n\n func createPDF() {\n html = \"<div style='display: flex; justify-content: center;'></div>\"\n\n generateQrCode(arg: true, completion: { (success) -> Void in\n print(\"QR Code Generated\")\n let image1 = captureView()\n let imageData1 = image1.pngData() ?? ", "nil\n let base64String1 = imageData1?.base64EncodedString() ?? \"\"", "\n\n if success {\n self.html += \"<html><body><div style='text-align: center'><p><br></p><p><b><img width='50%' height='20%' src='data:image/png;base64,\\(String(describing: base64String1))'/><p><br></p><p><b></b></p></div></body></html>\"\n weak var webView = WKWebView(frame: self.view.frame)\n self.view.addSubview(webView!)", "\n webView!.navigationDelegate = self\n webView!.loadHTMLString(html, baseURL: nil)\n webView!.isUserInteractionEnabled = false\n } else {\n print(\"false\")\n }\n })\n }\n\n func generateQrCode(arg: Bool, completion: (Bool) -> ()){\n let data = self.dataToQr.data(using: .ascii, allowLossyConversion: false)\n let filter = CIFilter(name: \"CIQRCodeGenerator\")\n filter?.setValue(data, forKey: \"inputMessage\")\n let img = UIImage(ciImage: (filter?.outputImage)!)", "\n self.qrImageView.image = img\n completion(true)\n }\n\n func webView(_ webView: WKWebView, didFinish navigation: WKNavigation!) {", "\n let render = UIPrintPageRenderer()\n render.addPrintFormatter(webView.viewPrintFormatter(), startingAtPageAt: 0)\n\n let page = CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: 595.2, height: 841.8) // A4, 72 dpi\n let printable = page.insetBy(dx: 0, dy: 0)\n\n render.setValue(NSValue(cgRect: page), forKey: \"paperRect\")\n render.setValue(NSValue(cgRect: printable), forKey: \"printableRect\")\n\n let pdfData = NSMutableData()\n UIGraphicsBeginPDFContextToData(pdfData, .zero, nil)\n\n for i in 1...render.numberOfPages {\n UIGraphicsBeginPDFPage();\n let bounds = UIGraphicsGetPDFContextBounds()\n render.drawPage(at: i - 1, in: bounds)\n }\n\n UIGraphicsEndPDFContext();\n\n let documentsPath = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(.documentDirectory, .userDomainMask, true)[0]\n pdfData.write(toFile: \"\\(documentsPath)/\\(UserDefaults.standard.string(forKey: \"yourName\")!)_\\(UserDefaults.standard.string(forKey: \"gameName\")!)_Kapper.pdf\", atomically: true)\n print(\"\\(documentsPath)/apper.pdf\")\n webView.removeFromSuperview()\n }\n\nA:\n\nFrom what I've seen of the code, your memory leak seems to be caused by the strong reference you have to the self in this closure \ncompletion: { (success) -> Void in\n print(\"QR Code Generated\")\n let image1 = captureView()\n let imageData1 = image1.pngData() ?? ", "nil\n let base64String1 = imageData1?.base64EncodedString() ?? \"\"", "\n\n if success {\n self.html += \"<html><body><div style='text-align: center'><p><br></p><p><b><img width='50%' height='20%' src='data:image/png;base64,\\(String(describing: base64String1))'/><p><br></p><p><b></b></p></div></body></html>\"\n weak var webView = WKWebView(frame: self.view.frame)\n self.view.addSubview(webView!)", "\n webView!.navigationDelegate = self\n webView!.loadHTMLString(html, baseURL: nil)\n webView!.isUserInteractionEnabled = false\n } else {\n print(\"false\")\n }\n }\n\nHere's what to do:\n\nCreate your webView in your viewDidLoad method for the controller, not inside the closure or make it an IBOutlet on your storyboard. ", "Then make the self reference in the closure a weak one like below. ", "\n\ngenerateQrCode(arg: true, completion: { [weak self] (success) -> Void in\n print(\"QR Code Generated\")\n let image1 = captureView()\n let imageData1 = image1.pngData() ?? ", "nil\n let base64String1 = imageData1?.base64EncodedString() ?? \"\"", "\n\n if success {\n self?.html += \"<html><body><div style='text-align: center'><p><br></p><p><b><img width='50%' height='20%' src='data:image/png;base64,\\(String(describing: base64String1))'/><p><br></p><p><b></b></p></div></body></html>\"\n self?.webView.navigationDelegate = self\n self?.webView.loadHTMLString(html, baseURL: nil)\n self?.webView.isUserInteractionEnabled = false\n } else {\n print(\"false\")\n }\n })\n\nThis should work. ", "Let me know how it turns out.", "\nFor more context, check out these links:\nHow to Correctly handle Weak Self in Swift Blocks with Arguments\nBlock retain cycles in Swift?", "\nhttps://medium.com/@sergueivinnitskii/most-common-memory-leak-trap-in-swift-4565dbae5445\nP.S: I haven't answered a StackOverflow question in years. :)", "\n\n" ]

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[ "DNR confirms cougar video in Mackinac County\n\nThe Michigan Department of Natural Resources confirmed today video footage of a cougar in Mackinac County.", "\n\nThe DNR, which posted the video to its Facebook page Thursday, said it's the 28th time that cougar evidence has been verified in the Upper Peninsula since 2008.", "\n\nCan't see the video? ", "Watch it here:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRQRukfdH5A\n\nKelsey Pence is a reporter at the Lansing State Journal." ]

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[ "\n11 So.3d 501 (2009)\nSTATE of Louisiana\nv.\nMilton HUNT.", "\nNo. ", "2009-KK-1589.", "\nSupreme Court of Louisiana.", "\nJuly 14, 2009.", "\nIn re State of Louisiana; — Plaintiff; Applying For Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Orleans, Criminal District Court Div. ", "A, No. ", "484-800; to the Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, No. ", "2009-K-0882.", "\nAll proceedings stayed pending further orders of this Court. ", "Writ granted.", "\n" ]

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[ "Alpine shrew\n\nThe alpine shrew (Sorex alpinus) is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. ", "It is found in the alpine meadows and coniferous forests of Southern European mountain ranges: the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathian Mountains and the Balkans.", "\n\nDescription\nThe Alpine shrew is in length, not including a tail as long as its body, and weighs between . ", "It is a uniform greyish-black on its dorsal (upper) surface and greyish-brown on its underparts. ", "The tips of its teeth are reddish-brown and it has a long pointed snout, small black eyes and rounded pink ears. ", "Its legs and feet are white and the underside of its hairy tail is yellowish. ", "Juveniles are somewhat paler than adults. ", "It shares its range with the common shrew Sorex araneus and the Eurasian pygmy shrew Sorex minutus but is distinguishable from these by its darker fur and longer tail.", "\n\nDistribution and habitat\nThe Alpine shrew is found in the mountains and uplands of Central and Eastern Europe and parts of France. ", "Its range includes the Alps, the Black Forest, the Jura Mountains, the mountains of southern Germany, the Krkonoše, the Beskids, the Tatra Mountains, the Carpathian Mountains, the Transylvanian Alps, the uplands of Vosges and the mountains of the former Yugoslavia. ", "The Alpine shrew is found in Alpine meadows and in coniferous woodland at elevations between about . ", "It sometimes occurs above the tree line but more normally favours damp pastures and swampy ground near small streams in areas with dwarf sparse conifers near the upper limit of tree cover. ", "It tends to lurk in dense vegetation, occupies rock crevices and lives under boulders or fallen branches and often occurs near mountain huts.", "\n\nBehaviour\nThe Alpine shrew is nocturnal and is a skilled climber, using its tail for balance. ", "It uses scent glands on its flanks to mark its territory. ", "Like other shrew species, it has a high metabolic rate and needs to feed frequently. ", "It eats insects, spiders, snails and earthworms and is in turn the prey of foxes, weasels, domestic cats and tawny owls.", "\n\nStatus\nThe Alpine shrew is listed as \"Near Threatened\" in the IUCN's Red List of Threatened Species. ", "This is because it occupies a number of separate, disjunct mountain regions and seems to be slowly declining in numbers. ", "It may be threatened by habitat destruction as hydro-electric schemes and increased tourism impact its environment. ", "It used to be present in the Pyrenees but has not been seen there for many years and may be extinct there, nor has it been seen recently in the Harz Mountain region of Germany.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Sorex\nCategory:Mammals described in 1837\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot" ]

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[ "How to make your Ethereum Miner start on bootup\n\nAfter building my ethereum mining rig, and tweaking windows to make it fast and lean, I just left it as is. ", "I was busy with work, and doing some minor renovations around the house during the summer. ", "Now that fall is here, things have slowed down a little bit and I got a chance to re-visit my ethereum GPU mining rig.", "\n\nSomething I had wanted to do when I first built it was to figure out how to have everything boot up automatically. ", "This way, if there was ever a power outage (especially while I was away), the GPU mining rig would start up automatically.", "\n\nIn order to do this, it was quite simple. ", "Here are the steps I took with my Ether mining rig build:\n\nMake sure that your motherboard is set to boot automatically. ", "I covered this here, but basically it’s a setting in your bios that allows this to happen. ", "I first made the setting so that I didn’t need to buy a power switch – instead, I could simply use the switch on the back of the power supply if I ever need to power off my GPU rig.", "\n\nMake sure that windows is set to boot up and log in automatically. ", "When installing Windows, or creating your windows user, make sure you don’t set a password. ", "This will allow Windows 10 to boot up your mining rig and go past the login screen.", "\n\nNext, locate your mining software’s ‘.bat’ file. ", "For Claymore’s miner, I used the ‘start_only_eth.bat’ file that I had customised to use my mining pool and miner username.", "\n\nRight click on the file and choose ‘Create a Shortcut’\n\nNext, right click on the shortcut file you just created and click ‘cut’\n\nPress the Start button in Windows and type Run and press enter (or press the Windows + R key to open the Run prompt)\n\nType shell:startup to open the Windows startup folder\n\nOnce the folder has been opened, right click and select ‘Paste’ to paste the shortcut to your mining software .bat file into the startup folder.", "\n\nThat’s it!", "\n\nNow, when Windows boots up, it will run the .bat file which will start up your Ethereum mining rig automatically after powerloss or other shutdowns.", "\n\nPretty sweet!", "\n\nUpdate: Some people have troubles with the .bat file running before their overclock software boots, and that can be solved by adding a SLEEP or TIMEOUT command to your .bat file. ", "On Windows 10, SLEEP didn’t work for me so I added TIMEOUT 30 as the first line in my bat file. ", "That causes it to wait 30 seconds before loading the rest of the .bat file and firing up the mining software." ]

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[ "\n411 F.Supp. ", "461 (1976)\nPatricia Ann ROBINSON et al., ", "Plaintiffs,\nv.\nFrank VOLLERT et al., ", "Defendants,\nv.\nCaspar WEINBERGER et al., ", "Third-party Defendants.", "\nCiv. ", "A. No. ", "2643.", "\nUnited States District Court, S. D. Texas, Galveston Division.", "\nMarch 27, 1976.", "\n*462 *463 Bryan F. Williams, Jr., Royston, Rayzor, Vickery & Williams, Galveston, Tex., ", "and Edward H. Schwab, III, Galveston, Tex., ", "for defendants, third-party plaintiffs.", "\nJoseph D. Rich and Jeremiah Glassman, Dept. ", "of Justice, Washington, D. C., for third-party defendants.", "\n\nMEMORANDUM OPINION\nNOEL, District Judge.", "\n\nI. INTRODUCTION\nPlaintiffs, black students and their parents, filed this action on August 18, 1959, to obtain declaratory and injunctive relief requiring the Galveston Independent *464 School District (hereafter called \"GISD\" or \"the District\") to administer its schools without regard to the race of its students. ", "On January 23, 1961, the Court entered an agreed order permanently enjoining the District, its Superintendent and Board of Trustees, from discriminating on the basis of race. ", "That order required the implementation of a \"stairstep\" freedom of choice desegregation plan that was fully consistent with the constitutional requirements then prevailing.[1]\nThe action lay quiescent for some fourteen years until the District sought leave in May, 1975, to implead the secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (hereafter called \"HEW\" or \"the Department\") and other Department officials.[2] After the District's Motion was granted, GISD filed a third-party complaint seeking to enjoin administrative enforcement proceedings initiated by HEW pursuant to Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to terminate federal financial assistance that GISD received.[3] Although the Court entered its Order to Show Cause why an injunction should not be granted, GISD and HEW jointly requested that the Court enter a consent order that seemingly resolved the dispute in the District's favor. ", "Plaintiffs did not appear, and no other parties sought to intervene. ", "The Consent Order was signed on June 16 and entered on June 18, 1975.", "\nOn November 10, 1975, GISD again sought an order to show cause, alleging that HEW had failed to comply with the Consent Order in that it had denied GISD's application for funds under the Emergency School Aid Act of 1972 (hereafter called \"ESAA\"). ", "Though signed by the presiding judge, the order to show cause was never formally filed and entered through error of the Clerk. ", "HEW did, however, receive notice that a hearing was set. ", "On the appointed day, HEW appeared through its representatives and consented to proceed in an effort to show cause. ", "HEW agreed that its discretion in refusing to fund GISD's ESAA application would be subject to review.", "\nA hearing was held on December 8-11, 1975, the testimony of officials from the Department and the District was received, and the Court took the matter under advisement. ", "This Memorandum Opinion constitutes the Court's findings of fact and conclusions of law.", "\nPrefatory to the Court's findings of fact, a brief summary of the pertinent statutory provisions is in order. ", "Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000d-2000d-4, prohibits recipients of federal funds from discriminating on the basis of race, color, or national origin. ", "42 U.S.C. § 2000d. ", "To implement that command, section 602 of the Act requires federal agencies that administer federal assistance to adopt enforcement procedures culminating in the termination of aid to recipients that fail to comply. ", "42 U.S.C. § 2000d-1. ", "Four years after the Act's passage, Congress added a proviso stating that compliance by a local education agency with a final order of a federal court for the desegregation of schools is to be deemed compliance with Title VI. ", "Elementary and Secondary Education Amendments of 1967 § 112, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-5. ", "The proviso's language was taken almost word for word *465 from a regulation adopted by HEW shortly after the Act's passage. ", "See 45 C.F.R. § 80.4(c) (1964).", "\nThe Emergency School Aid Act, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1601-1619, was enacted to aid local school agencies in the process of eliminating and preventing minority isolation. ", "20 U.S.C. § 1601. ", "To qualify for ESAA funds, school districts are required to establish what HEW denominates as their \"threshold eligibility\" by showing that they are implementing one of three types of desegregation plans: a plan undertaken pursuant to the order of a court or other appropriate body, a plan approved by HEW as adequate under Title VI, or one of several types of voluntary plans. ", "20 U.S.C. § 1605(a). ", "A school district is ineligible under the Act if it has transferred property to a private segregated academy, discriminated against minority employees, assigned students to classes on a discriminatory basis, or limited school activities to avoid participation by minority students. ", "The Act also provides that an ESAA application may be approved only if HEW's Assistant Secretary determines that the applicant's threshold eligibility plan does not involve freedom of choice, unless he determines that freedom of choice \"has achieved, or will achieve, the complete elimination of a dual school system in the school district . . ..\" ", "20 U.S.C. § 1609(a)(7).", "\n\nII. ", "THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS\nThere is no contention that the District has violated the 1961 desegregation Order. ", "Instead, the evidence indicates that the District voluntarily implemented supplemental programs designed to desegregate its schools at a more rapid rate than that literally required by the Court. ", "The District's progress in these efforts went unchallenged until April, 1973. ", "Prior to that date, no request for funds administered by HEW was denied on the basis of noncompliance with the Department's Title VI criteria. ", "In fact, HEW determined in 1968 that the District's plan \"should eliminate all vestiges of the dual school system that existed prior to the 1961 Order,\" and commended the District for its leadership.[4]\nDuring the two previous school years, 1972-73 and 1973-74, HEW approved the District's application under ESAA for funds to assist in the operation of a Guidance and Counseling Center. ", "The Center, which seeks to prevent school dropouts, served 531 students during the 1973-74 school year, consisting of 290 Blacks, 119 Spanish-surnamed students, and 122 non-minority students.[5] The HEW official most familiar with the program characterized it as excellent.", "\nAlthough prior to 1975 HEW had given no indication that the District was ineligible to receive funds under ESAA, the decision early in 1973 of Adams v. Richardson, 351 F.Supp. ", "636 (D.D.C.), made apparent that the Department's previous position would undergo a marked change. ", "In that case, the District Court for the District of Columbia held that HEW had not sufficiently enforced Title VI's requirements. ", "Among other directives not pertinent here, the Adams Court enjoined HEW to notify some 85 school districts that they were presumptively in violation of Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1, 91 S.Ct. ", "1267, 28 L.Ed.2d 554 (1971), and to require them to rebut or explain the substantial disproportion thought to exist in their schools. ", "Adams v. Richardson, 356 F.Supp. ", "92 (D.D.C.), aff'd as modified, 156 U.S.App.", "D.C. 267, 480 F.2d 1159 (1973). ", "HEW's Office for Civil Rights (hereafter called \"OCR\") advised the District accordingly in April, 1973.", "\n*466 Unknown to HEW,[6] the District was mistakenly included in the group of 85 districts listed in Adams. ", "In its Memorandum and Order filed on December 19, 1975, this Court noted:\nSection 2000d-5, title 45 [42] U.S.C., provides that a school district's compliance with a final court order for desegregation of that district's schools shall be deemed compliance with the requirements of Title VI. ", "The Adams Court recognized that\nUntil there has been a finding by the Court entering the order that its order has not been complied with, [HEW] is under no obligation to effectuate the provisions of Title VI through administrative or judicial enforcement proceedings. . . . ", "The responsibility for compliance by a school district and other educational agencies under court order rests upon the court issuing said order.", "\n356 F.Supp. ", "at 99. ", "Since the Order entered by this Court on January 23, 1961 is a final desegregation order within the meaning of section 2000d-5, it is apparent that the Adams opinions were entered without knowledge of it. ", "Thus, GISD was misclassified as a school district with respect to which HEW retained Title VI administrative compliance responsibilities.", "\nAccordingly, this Court directed appropriate government officials to advise the Adams Court \"of the pendency of this action and of this Court's finding that its 1961 Order is a final desegregation order within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-5. . . .\"", "\nBetween April, 1973 and May 2, 1974, officials from HEW's Regional Office met and exchanged correspondence with GISD representatives. ", "As a result, it became clear that the sole basis for the contention that the District was in violation of Title VI lay in the fact that four of the District's schools reflected the statistical disproportion condemned in Swann.[7]\nDuring its discussions with HEW, GISD submitted various documents to show that this statistical imbalance could be explained on grounds other than the existence of vestiges of a dual system, such as an increase in the proportion of minority students to over 60%, a significant decline in the total number of school age children, and changes in the District's demographic patterns.[8] Although HEW did not present any witness who personally evaluated GISD's position, it appears that the Department took the position that as long as the four schools maintained the statistical disproportion, the District would be held ipso facto to be in noncompliance.[9] Though the District emphasized the importance of an on-site inspection, HEW apparently ignored these invitations. ", "There is no evidence that HEW conferred with any student, teacher, parent or other person aside from GISD officials, concerning the school system. ", "Meaningful inquiry as to the factual basis for HEW's evaluation of GISD was largely foreclosed by repeated references to the obscure lines of bureaucratic authority. ", "HEW's responses to the District's submissions, in short, reflect a minimal knowledge of *467 the conditions actually prevalent.[10] Accordingly, the Court finds that no credible evidence demonstrates that the Department gave meaningful consideration to the relevant facts.", "\nOn May 2, 1974, HEW's Regional Office advised the District that it was referring all questions concerning the status of the District's desegregation efforts to the Office for Civil Rights in Washington with the recommendation that \"administrative enforcement proceedings be initiated immediately.", "\"[11] The District was directed to send any further communication to the Director of the Education Division of the OCR in Washington. ", "HEW took no further action until approximately one year later, when, by letter dated April 29, 1975, the District was advised that the OCR would request HEW's Office of General Counsel to initiate enforcement proceedings unless the District demonstrated its compliance with Title VI within 60 days.[12] This letter made express that it was evoked by a Supplemental Order entered in the Adams litigation on March 14, 1975, directing HEW to commence Title VI enforcement proceedings against a group of school districts that again included GISD. ", "Adams v. Weinberger, 391 F.Supp. ", "269 (D.D.C.1975). ", "Accordingly, the Court finds that the April 29th letter was not based on any new or additional consideration given GISD's case by HEW's Washington Office for Civil Rights, but was premised upon information submitted to HEW's Regional Office a year before.[13]\nContemporaneously with these events, GISD's application[14] for $173,059 under the Emergency School Assistance Act (ESAA), the denial of which is in issue here, was winding its way through the administrative labyrinth. ", "HEW's Regional Office received the application on May 5, 1975, about the same time that the Adams inspired letter of April 29 was transmitted by HEW. ", "GISD's ESAA application was approved by the Regional Office from a fiscal and programmatic standpoint and was ranked second in merit among some 45 other ESAA proposals submitted by other school districts within the same area. ", "In due course, the application was transmitted to Washington where purportedly it was reevaluated by Dr. Herman E. Goldberg pursuant to his authority to make final decisions concerning ESAA grants. ", "The evidence is clear that the application met all programmatic and fiscal requirements and that but for HEW's last minute legal conclusion that GISD did not meet ESAA's civil rights requirements, the application would have been funded in the amount of $162,558.00.", "\nOn May 9, 1975, the District's counsel arranged a conference with HEW's officials in Washington and requested that the administrative proceedings be suspended inasmuch as the District's desegregation efforts were subject to the supervision of this Court pursuant to its 1961 Order. ", "A copy of the 1961 Order was delivered during the conference, which was presided over by A. J. Howell, the OCR official having direct and initial *468 responsibility for supervision of areas that included the District. ", "On the mistaken and somewhat haughty theory that the 1961 Order was a \"moribund old thing,\"[15] HEW summarily rejected the District's position. ", "On May 13, 1975, five days later, the threatened administrative action was commenced by notice[16] to the District that HEW was ordering deferred[17] \"any application filed with this Department for Federal funds for new programs and activities.\" ", "On the same day, HEW also sent the District a Notice of Opportunity for Hearing in connection with \"Consolidated Compliance Proceeding Docket No. ", "S-85,\"[18] the style of the administrative enforcement proceeding. ", "By this action, HEW sought findings that the District was not in compliance with Title VI's requirements and that the District's compliance could not be achieved voluntarily, together with an order terminating financial assistance administered by the Department. ", "These proceedings were designed to terminate all Federal financial assistance administered by HEW to the District.", "\nOn May 23, 1975, the District sought and on June 2 obtained leave to implead HEW in this action. ", "Although GISD's third party complaint did not strictly meet the requirements of Rule 14, Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P., the Court was of the view that leave to implead HEW should be granted inasmuch as GISD's claim directly implicated both the merits and the procedural status of this action. ", "See Kelley v. Metropolitan County Bd. ", "of Educ., ", "372 F.Supp. ", "540 (M.D.Tenn.1973) (third party action to compel HEW to supply ESAA funds for purchase of buses). ", "See also, Lee v. Macon County Bd. ", "of Educ., ", "270 F.Supp. ", "859 (M.D.Ala.1967), aff'd sub nom., ", "389 U.S. 215, 88 S.Ct. ", "415, 19 L.Ed.2d 422 (1967). ", "While HEW has challenged this Court's subject matter jurisdiction, it has neither suggested that it was improperly implead, nor moved to strike, sever or dismiss. ", "See Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 14(a); 6 Wright & Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1460 (1971). ", "The Department's contention that this Court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter is without merit. ", "28 U.S.C. § 1361; see Kelley v. Metropolitan County Bd. ", "of Educ., ", "supra.", "\nHaving filed its third-party complaint, the District shortly thereafter obtained an Order from this Court requiring HEW to show cause on June 16, 1975, why it should not be restrained from any further administrative proceedings affecting the District's right to receive Federal funds. ", "Before that date, however, HEW's representatives initiated discussions with the District's counsel to explore the possibility of resolving between themselves the propriety of the Title VI compliance proceedings. ", "Inasmuch as the Supplemental Order in Adams compelled HEW to prosecute Title VI proceedings against all school districts that had been designated as not being under a court desegregation order, it is manifest that HEW had begun to take a view of this Court's 1961 Order different from that expressed at the May 9th conference. ", "Apparently in light of 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-5's provision that compliance with a final court desegregation order is compliance with Title VI, HEW expressed its willingness to terminate the administrative proceedings. ", "During the discussions, counsel for HEW *469 stated that the draft order that the parties intended to submit to the Court might cover only Title VI procedures, and not grants under ESAA. ", "That problem was removed as an impediment to the agreement, however, for on June 6, 1975, HEW Regional Program Officer Joe Smith advised Tom Porter, the District's Assistant Superintendent, that GISD's ESAA application had been approved and would be funded in the amount of $162,558.00.[19] It appears that Smith did not, in fact, possess authority to notify a school district that the Department had approved an application. ", "For at least two previous years, however, the Regional Program Officer had performed this function. ", "Formal written notification from Washington followed.", "\nIn reliance on Smith's representation to the District of June 6, 1975, that the ESAA application had been granted, the District's counsel agreed to the Consent Order of June 16, 1975. ", "So far as pertinent, the Order provided:\n(1) The third party defendants, their officers, agents, employees, and attorneys will not proceed with or attempt to conclude any administrative proceedings pursuant to Section 602 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 45 C.F.R. Parts 80 and 81, styled, `In the Matter of Galveston Independent School District, Texas, and Texas Education Agency, Respondents', and bearing Docket Number S-83 on the docket of the Hearing Clerk (Civil Rights), Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and shall not proceed with or attempt to conclude such proceeding or any other administrative enforcement pursuant to 45 C.F.R., Parts 80 and 81, for the purpose of withholding from or depriving said School District of any Federal financial assistance or funds under their control or administration for the reason that such School District is or has failed to desegregate its school system, or any school or schools comprising a part of such system in violation of regulations promulgated under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 pending further order of the Court.", "\n(2) The third party defendants will allow filing of, and consider, evaluate, process, and act upon, any request or application by defendant Galveston Independent School District for Federal financial assistance or funds under their control, supervision, or administration, with which it has sought or may seek to fund or defray the cost of any educational program to which it would be entitled. ", "HEW funding shall not be deferred pursuant to 45 C.F.R. § 80.81(b) inasmuch as HEW has agreed not to proceed with administrative proceedings as outlined in paragraph 1, pending further order of the Court.", "\nThe third and fourth paragraphs made clear that the Order was not to be taken as precluding litigation in court. ", "The order was stated to \"have the same force and effect of a preliminary injunction . . . .\"", "\nOn the same day that the Consent Order was signed — June 16, 1975 — GISD received a mailgram prepared by the OCR and signed by Dr. Goldberg stating that the District was not eligible for the ESAA grant\nbecause it maintains four schools with substantially disproportionate minority group enrollments and has failed to rebut or explain such disproportions. *", "470 Your District was informed of this determination by letters from the Office for Civil Rights of April 29 and May 13, 1975.[20]\nAlthough this finding was putatively premised on section 706(d)(1)(D) of ESAA, the references to OCR's letters of April 29 and May 13, together with the testimony and exhibits[21] make apparent that the denial of the grant was based solely on HEW's previous determination that GISD was in violation of Title VI.", "\nFour days later, the District received a letter from Peter Holmes, Director of HEW's Office for Civil Rights in Washington that seemingly contradicted Dr. Goldberg's June 16 Mailgram. ", "Holmes stated that \"I am lifting the deferral imposed in my letter of May 13, 1975. ", "The Galveston Independent School District is now eligible to apply for and receive all classes of Federal financial assistance for which it would otherwise be entitled effective as of June 16, 1975.\"[22]\nAfter GISD received the June 16th mailgram, its attorney sought to bring to Dr. Goldberg's attention the existence of the June 16 Consent Order. ", "Dr. Goldberg referred those inquiries to the Office of General Counsel and the Office for Civil Rights, on whom he wholly relied in civil rights compliance matters. ", "On June 25, 1975, Dr. Goldberg sent a second mailgram[23] to GISD prepared by those officers stating that the Department had \"overlooked\" a more serious defect in GISD's application than that mentioned in his June 16 mailgram. ", "This document begins with the observation that threshold eligibility for an ESAA grant must be met by a desegregation plan implemented pursuant to a final court order, approved by the Secretary as adequate under Title VI, or voluntarily adopted with the Secretary's approval. ", "Dr. Goldberg then noted that GISD's application was originally made on the basis of a plan approved by HEW as adequate under Title VI, and concluded that the District was ineligible because the OCR had determined that GISD was not implementing that plan. ", "The mailgram disposed of GISD's contention that this Court's 1961 desegregation Order constituted a plan meeting ESAA's threshold eligibility requirements with the comment that \"[t]he 1961 court order involved freedom of choice as a means of desegregation and, as indicated . . . ", "in our June 1[6] telegram, freedom of choice has not achieved and does not appear likely to achieve the complete elimination of a dual system in your school district.\" ", "This finding was stated as violating ESAA's requirement that the plan \"does not involve freedom of choice as a means of desegregation, unless the Assistant Secretary determines that freedom of choice has achieved, or will achieve, the complete elimination of a dual school system . . ..\" ", "Section 710(a)(7), Emergency School Assistance Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1609(a)(7). ", "The mailgram deemed the June 16 Consent Order \"quite irrelevant\" to the District's eligibility because it was seen as concerning only Title VI proceedings, while the prerequisites for an ESAA grant were stated as being separate and apart from Title VI.", "\nAlthough the oral testimony bearing upon the OCR's determinations was *471 vague, the Court finds that that Office's conclusions were not based on any new and independent fact finding on the part of HEW, but were based solely on the conclusions HEW had reached during its inquiry into GISD's Title VI compliance. ", "In the Court's view, the various documents emanating from HEW's Washington headquarters were largely ex post facto rationalizations for a course of action that, so far as the record reveals, was chosen precipitously and without any careful analysis of the facts. ", "The District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee, confronted with a similar case in which Dr. Goldberg's name appears, concluded that \" . . . ", "the candor and clarity of the testimony of [HEW's] witnesses were in inverse proportion to their rank in the chain of command.\" ", "Kelley v. Metropolitan County Board of Education, 372 F.Supp. ", "540 (M.D.Tenn.1973). ", "This Court concurs with that view.", "\nOn June 30, Dr. Goldberg, various other HEW officials and GISD representatives met in Washington, but were unable to resolve their disagreement. ", "In a third letter dated August 11, 1975,[24] Dr. Goldberg informed GISD that, based on the information presented at the June 30 meeting, he had concluded that the District was still ineligible for the reasons stated in his June 16 and 25 mailgrams.", "\n\nIII. ", "VIOLATION OF THE CONSENT ORDER\nOn the foregoing facts, GISD alleges that the Department violated the June 16th Consent Order. ", "GISD maintains that the Consent Order prevented HEW from declining to grant any funds, including those provided under ESAA, on the basis of an administrative determination that the District had not sufficiently desegregated its schools. ", "HEW argues that the Order precluded only proceedings pursuant to Title VI and left the Department with discretion to determine that GISD failed to meet ESAA's civil rights eligibility requirements. ", "In the Department's view, the Galveston School District's interpretation would give the Order an impermissibly broad effect inasmuch as an agreed order's scope must be discerned from within its \"four corners.", "\"[25]See United States v. Armour & Co., 402 U.S. 673, 91 S.Ct. ", "1752, 29 L.Ed.2d 256 (1971); Star Bedding Co. v. Englander Co., 239 F.2d 537 (8th Cir. ", "1957). ", "Thus, a court may not construe a consent decree to prohibit acts not expressly condemned to implement some hypothetical \"purpose.\" ", "See id. The June 16th Order, however, is distinguishable from those in the cited cases because its purpose was stated expressly in the first numbered paragraph as being to preclude HEW from \"withholding or depriving said School District of any Federal financial assistance or funds under their control or administration for the reason that such School District is or has failed to desegregate its school system . . . .\" ", "Given that the Order's purpose is made express, it seems not amiss to take it into consideration. ", "Of equal importance, the Order's second numbered paragraph broadly provided that\nThe third-party defendants [HEW] will allow filing of, and consider, evaluate, process, and act upon, any request or application by defendant Galveston Independent School District for Federal financial assistance or funds under their control, supervision, or administration, which it has sought or may seek to fund or defray in the cost of any education program to which it would be otherwise entitled.", "\n(emphasis added).", "\nThe emphasized language makes entirely clear that the Order required HEW to consider, process and act upon all GISD applications. ", "Thus, although *472 the Order refers in terms only to Title VI and its implementing regulations, it cannot be said that the Order excludes ESAA from its provisions. ", "Even HEW seems to concede this much. ", "Similarly, there can be no doubt that neither this nor any other language contained in the Order required the Department to grant any request for funds made by GISD.", "\nStated concisely, the issue is whether the Order prevented HEW from refusing \"any\" application, including those submitted under ESAA, solely on the ground that the District was ineligible to receive assistance because of the status of its desegregation efforts. ", "The Court concludes that this question must be answered in the affirmative for the following reasons. ", "First, the language quoted above from the first numbered paragraph states that HEW was not to deny funds on the basis of GISD's desegregation progress while the language from the second numbered paragraph makes clear that that prohibition included all education funds under HEW's control. ", "Second, as will appear below, the ESAA statute's eligibility provisions are inseparable from and equivalent to Title VI's requirements. ", "Thus, in the absence of a clause expressly excluding ESAA funds,[26] HEW could not consistent with the Order make the same determination pursuant to ESAA that it had promised not to make pursuant to Title VI. ", "Third, HEW was bound by its own interpretation of the Consent Order's requirements as stated by the OCR's Director, Peter Holmes, in his letter of June 20th. ", "That document states that GISD was \"eligible to apply for and receive all classes of Federal financial assistance.\" (", "emphasis added).", "\nHEW also argues that ESAA is entirely distinct from Title VI and that unlike Title VI, ESAA requires it to make an administrative determination that an applicant for funds meets the Act's civil rights eligibility criteria even though the applicant is subject to a final court desegregation order. ", "Under this reading of the statute, HEW must administratively determine the sufficiency of a court desegregation order if a school district submits the order to meet the Act's threshold eligibility requirement. ", "Dr. Goldberg went so far as to take the view that ESAA authorized HEW to make such a determination even if a federal court entered a declaratory judgment holding that a school district had completely fulfilled its constitutional obligations to dismantle a formerly dual system. ", "HEW concludes that the Consent Order's scope is limited by ESAA's requirements, for the Consent Order could not remove HEW's statutory obligation to determine the sufficiency of GISD's desegregation plan.", "\nThe Court is of the view that the premise of HEW's argument is invalid. ", "The Act does not grant HEW the authority to review the sufficiency of a Federal Court's order. ", "Initially, it is clear from a careful reading of the Emergency School Aid Act that the pertinent provision is ambiguous. ", "Section 706 of the Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1605, sets forth the threshold requirement that an applicant, termed \"a local education agency,\" be implementing one of three types of desegregation plans. ", "Subsection (a)(1)(A) governs both plans adopted pursuant to an order and plans approved as adequate by the Secretary under Title VI, while subsection (a)(1)(B) governs voluntary plans. ", "In its entirety, section 706(a)(1)(A) provides:\n(a)(1) The Assistant Secretary is authorized to make a grant to, or a contract with, a local educational agency —\n(A) which is implementing a plan —\n(i) which has been undertaken pursuant to a final order issued by a court of the United States, or a court of any State, or any other State agency or official of competent jurisdiction, and which requires *473 the desegregation of minority group segregated children or faculty in the elementary and secondary schools of such agency, or otherwise requires the elimination or reduction of minority group isolation in such schools; or\n(ii) which has been approved by the Secretary as adequate under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for the desegregation of minority group segregated children or faculty in such schools . . ..", "\nHEW does not contend that GISD is not subject to a court desegregation order within the meaning of subsection 706(a)(1)(A)(i), and to avoid any doubt on that point, this Court holds that its 1961 Order is a \"final order issued by a court of the United States\" within that subsection's meaning. ", "Rather, the Department contends that section 710(a)(7), 20 U.S.C. § 1609(a)(7), gives it authority to review the sufficiency of any plan under section 706. ", "In its entirety, section 710(a)(7) provides:\n(a) . . . ", "The Assistant Secretary may approve such an application only if he determines that such application —\n(7) provides that the plan with respect to which such agency is seeking assistance (as specified in section [706(a)(1)(A) of this Title]) does not involve freedom of choice as a means of desegregation, unless the Assistant Secretary determines that freedom of choice has achieved, or will achieve, the complete elimination of a dual school system in the school district of such agency . . ..", "\nSection 710(a)(7)'s reference back to section 706(a)(1)(A) seemingly requires HEW to reevaluate all plans under that subsection to determine either that they do not involve freedom of choice, or that if they do, the plan \"has achieved or will achieve\" the complete elimination of the former dual system. ", "However, with respect to section 706(a)(1)(A)(ii) plans — those \"approved by the Secretary as adequate under title VI\" — it is apparent that the Secretary would have already made the very same determination in approving the plan under Title VI. ", "That Title VI sweeps at least as broadly as section 710(a)(7)'s requirement was made clear by the Adams decisions which effectively read into Title VI the desegregation requirements announced in Alexander and Swann. ", "See Adams v. Richardson, 351 F.Supp. ", "636, 639-40 (opinion), 356 F.Supp. ", "92, 96 (D.D.C.1973) (order), aff'd as modified, 156 U.S.App.", "D.C. 267, 480 F.2d 1159 (1973), order supplemented sub nom., ", "Adams v. Weinberger, 391 F.Supp. ", "269, 271 (D.D.C.1975). ", "That HEW itself takes the view that section 710(a)(7) does not require it to again review the sufficiency of a plan that it has approved under Title VI is suggested by the fact that it has not adopted any specific regulatory provision implementing section 710(a)(7). ", "See C.F.R. Part 185 (1975). ", "Thus, in this case, HEW used its findings made pursuant to Title VI to deny assistance under ESAA. ", "Unless one takes the position that Congress demanded that HEW perform a needless and redundant act, it is clear that section 710(a)(7)'s reference back was not intended to include the whole of section 706(a)(1)(A).", "\nHaving established that principle, the validity of HEW's position turns on whether section 710(a)(7) includes within its reference \"a final order issued by a court of the United States\" in 706(a)(1)(A)(i). ", "It is difficult to discern any Congressional purpose in subjecting court ordered desegregation plans to section 710(a)(7)'s standard, for by the time that ESAA was enacted in 1972 and during the whole of its legislative history[27] the Supreme Court had already made *474 clear that freedom of choice plans that failed to achieve the complete elimination of a dual school system were constitutionally insufficient.[28]See Green v. County School Board, 391 U.S. 430, 88 S.Ct. ", "1689, 20 L.Ed.2d 716 (1968). ", "If anything, section 710(a)(7)'s language \"will achieve\" suggests a standard more lax than that required by the Constitution, for in 1969 the Supreme Court required the \"immediate\" abandonment of dual systems. ", "See Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 396 U.S. 19, 90 S.Ct. ", "29, 24 L.Ed.2d 19 (1969).", "\nThe Department has sought to bolster its interpretation of the Act with legislative history indicating that Congress did not wish to fund school districts operating under inadequate freedom of choice plans. ", "See Hearings on S. 3883 Before Subcommittee on Education of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, 91st Cong., ", "2nd Sess., ", "at 97 (1970); Hearings on H.R. 17846 Before the Subcommittee on Education of the House Committee on Education and Labor, 91st Cong., ", "2d Sess., ", "at 65, 570 (1970). ", "This Court has no difficulty in agreeing with that proposition, for the federal government may not extend funds to an agency that practices racial discrimination. ", "See, e. g., Gilmore v. City of Montgomery, 417 U.S. 556, 94 S.Ct. ", "2416, 41 L.Ed.2d 304 (1974); United States v. City of Chicago, 395 F.Supp. ", "329, 343 (N.D.Ill.1975). ", "The issue presented by this case, however, is not whether such a district may be funded, but whether Congress contemplated that the Department would determine the adequacy of a district's desegregation efforts when it is under a Federal court order.", "\nGiven ESAA's ambiguous and contradictory legislative history and the close relationship between it and Title VI, it seems appropriate to inquire into the Congressional intent by looking to Title VI. ", "As originally enacted, Title VI did not contain the proviso that compliance with a final court order would be deemed compliance with Title VI. ", "It does appear, however, that Title VI was enacted with knowledge that HEW would accept court orders as being in compliance with the Title.[29] After the bill was passed, HEW drafted regulations stating that Title VI's requirements \"shall be deemed to be satisfied if [a] school system is subject to a final order of a court of the United States for the desegregation of such school . ., ", "and provides an assurance that it will comply with such order. . . .\" ", "45 C.F.R. § 80.4(C)(1) (1967). ", "That regulation was subsequently enacted into law in substantially the same terms as a part of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act Amendments of 1967. ", "Pub.", "L. No.90-247, § 112, 81 Stat. ", "787, Jan. 2, 1968. ", "The legislative history of the proviso, known as the \"Whitener Amendment,\" is quite vague, and the committee reports merely summarize its provisions. ", "See H.R.Rep.", "No.188, 90th Cong., ", "1st Sess. (", "1967); S.Rep.", "No.726, 90th Cong., ", "1st Sess. (", "1967); Conf.", "Rep.No. ", "1049, 90th Cong., ", "1st Sess. (", "1967). ", "It does appear, however, that there was agitation for the regulation's repeal, see Comment, \"The Courts, HEW, and Southern School Desegregation\", 77 Yale L.J. 321, 324 n.15 (1967), and it follows that Congress wished to make absolutely plain that HEW was not to proceed administratively in cases where there was a court order.[30] To summarize, the situation *475 is one in which ESAA and Title VI are intimately related, there is no clear indication in ESAA's legislative history that Congress intended that HEW review the sufficiency of Federal court desegregation orders, the pertinent provision of ESAA is ambiguous, and a proviso to Title VI provides that HEW may not review the sufficiency of court orders. ", "Under these circumstances, the Court concludes that ESAA should not be read to authorize HEW to do precisely that which Congress previously forbade it from doing.[31] While HEW suggests that its interpretation of ESAA is entitled to \"great weight,\" that canon of construction does not apply to an administrator's construction of a statute delegating his own powers. ", "Stark v. Brannan, 82 F.Supp. ", "614 (D.D.C.1949), aff'd, 388 F.2d 871 (App.", "D.C.), aff'd, 342 U.S. 451, 72 S.Ct. ", "433, 96 L.Ed. ", "497. ", "Finally, it is important to note that this Court's construction of section 710(a)(7) does not leave it without meaning, for section 706(a)(1)(A)(i) refers to plans undertaken pursuant to the order of any state court, agency, or official. ", "That HEW should be given the authority to review the sufficiency of state ordered desegregation plans is both consistent with Title VI and appropriate.", "\nHEW's contention that it may deny federal assistance solely on the ground that it found a court order wanting in some respect not only ignores Title VI's proviso, but also amounts to an administrative repudiation of the separation of powers doctrine. ", "No administrative agency may usurp the adjudicatory function of the courts. ", "See United States v. Morton Salt Co., 338 U.S. 632, 643, 70 S.Ct. ", "357, 94 L.Ed. ", "401 (1950); Downen v. Warner, 481 F.2d 642 (9th Cir. ", "1973); Hargrave v. McKinney, 413 F.2d 320, 326 (5th Cir. ", "1969); Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Inc. v. Connolly, 331 F.Supp. ", "940 (E.D.Mich. ", "1971); SEC v. Wall Street Transcript Co., 294 F.Supp. ", "298 (S.D.N.Y.1968), reversed on other grounds, 422 F.2d 1371 (2d Cir.), ", "cert. ", "denied, 398 U.S. 958, 90 S.Ct. ", "2170, 26 L.Ed.2d 542 (1970). ", "The courts have, for example, made clear that the Attorney General's authority to review state voting practices pursuant to Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 1973c (Supp.1976), does not extend to court ordered plans. ", "East Carroll Parish School Board v. Marshall, ___ U.S. ___, 96 S.Ct. ", "1083, 47 L.Ed.2d 296, 44 U.S.L.W. 4320 (1976); Conner v. Johnson, 402 U.S. 690, 91 S.Ct. ", "1760, 29 L.Ed.2d 268 (1971); Kirksey v. Board of Supervisors, 528 F.2d 536 (5th Cir. ", "1976). ", "In Zimmer v. McKeithan, 467 F.2d 1381 (5th Cir. ", "1972), rev'd on other grounds on rehearing en banc, 485 F.2d 1297 (1973), the Fifth Circuit explained that\n. . . ", "court ordered plans resulting from equitable jurisdiction over adversary proceedings are not controlled by Section 5. ", "If this were not so, the exercise of jurisdiction by the courts would be meaningless. ", "The Attorney General has no authority to review or set aside the judgments of courts duly entered in the exercise of their jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter.", "\n(emphasis on original). ", "Thus, the courts bear the ultimate responsibility to determine when the operation of a school system violates rights guaranteed by the Constitution. ", "Kemp v. Beasley, 352 F.2d 14, 19 (8th Cir. ", "1965); Clark v. Board of Education, 374 F.2d 569 (8th Cir. ", "1967); see Bowman v. County School Bd., ", "382 F.2d 326, 328 (4th Cir. ", "1967); Singleton v. Jackson Municipal Separate School Dist., ", "355 F.2d 865 (5th Cir. ", "1966); Whittenberg v. Greenville County School Dist., ", "298 F.Supp. ", "784, 789 (D.S.C.1969); *476 United States v. Elloree School District No. ", "7, 283 F.Supp. ", "557, 562 (D.S.C.1968).", "\nPrecedent in this Circuit leaves no doubt that the Department's action in this case violated the separation of powers principle. ", "In Lee v. Macon County Board of Education, 270 F.Supp. ", "859 (M.D.Ala.1967), HEW terminated assistance to a school district after finding that the district was not in compliance with a court decree. ", "HEW alleged that the termination was permitted by Title VI, but a three-judge court held that that action violated\n\". . . ", "The generally recognized rule that the courts are the branch of government ultimately responsible for the vindication of constitutional rights in the school area. ", "This means nothing more or less than that judicial approval of a plan of desegregation — and particularly where there is good faith implementation of the plan by the school authorities — establishes eligibility for federal aid. ", "In such instances, the Executive officials, acting through the Department of Health, Education and Welfare or any other branch of the government, may not, by terminating funds, in effect disapprove a court adopted plan.\"", "\nThe Court then observed that HEW's action in terminating federal financial assistance to a school district that was operating under a court order amounted to an attack on the order and served to thwart its implementation. ", "The court concluded as a \"general proposition\" that\n\". . . ", "there can be no termination of federal financial assistance by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare as to any of the school systems under the order of this Court, where said systems have given assurance of compliance to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare and are in full compliance with the requirements of the said court order, without prior Court approval. ", "To permit the Department of Health, Education and Welfare to terminate funds to school systems under the order of this Court would be an abdication on the part of the Court of its authority to require compliance with a court order. ", "There can be no administrative supervision or review of a judicial decree. ", "There must be judicial approval of the termination of federal financial assistance when a school system is operating under a court order.", "\n270 F.Supp. ", "at 866.", "\nIn a per curiam opinion, the Supreme Court affirmed. ", "Wallace v. United States, 389 U.S. 215, 88 S.Ct. ", "415, 19 L.Ed.2d 422 (1968) (sub nom.).", "\nIn United States v. Jefferson County Board of Education, 5 Cir., ", "372 F.2d 836 (1966), aff'd en banc, 5 Cir., ", "380 F.2d 385, cert. ", "denied, 389 U.S. 840, 88 S.Ct. ", "67, 19 L.Ed.2d 103 (1967), the Fifth Circuit wrote at length upon the interrelated responsibilities of the federal courts and the administrative branch in assuring complete desegregation. ", "Jefferson held that HEW's desegregation guidelines embodied the minimum constitutional standards, and taught that the courts should cooperate in making administrative agencies effective instruments for enforcing desegregation in public schools. ", "Yet the Court also observed that \"to the courts belongs the last word in any case or controversy,\" and held that as implemented by HEW, Title VI \"does not conflict with the proper exercise of the judicial function or with the doctrine of separation of powers.\" ", "372 F.2d at 852-53, 856. ", "Thus, \"[s]chools automatically qualify for federal aid whenever a final court order desegregating the school has been entered in the litigation and the school authorities agree to comply with the order.\" ", "372 F.2d at 848.", "\nHEW has also maintained, both in its June 16th mailgram and in its brief, that GISD was ineligible under ESAA by virtue of section 706(d)(1)(D), 20 U.S.C. § 1605(d)(1)(D). ", "That section provides that a school district is not eligible for ESAA funds if it has\n. . . ", "had in effect any other practice, policy, or procedure, such as limiting curricular or extra-curricular activities (or participation therein by children) in order to avoid the participation *477 of minority group children in such activities, which discriminates among children on the basis of race, color, or national origin . . ..", "\nDr. Goldberg stated that it is not HEW's position that GISD excluded minority children from any school activity, but that the mere existence of a significant statistical disproportion of itself rendered GISD ineligible. ", "The Court is of the view that that interpretation reads section 706(d)(1)(D) too broadly. ", "Section 706(d)'s language makes clear that it was aimed at specific forms of discrimination that may occur even in perfectly proportioned systems. ", "More importantly, for the reasons stated with reference to section 710(a)(7), section 706(d) should not be construed to effectively authorize HEW to review the sufficiency of a court order.", "\nFinally, HEW suggests that ESAA and Title VI are to be distinguished because the former is a grant-in-aid program, while the latter is an enforcement device intended to assure that recipients of federal largess do not discriminate. ", "From this distinction, the Department deduces that it may legitimately apply eligibility criteria established by Congress for ESAA grants, even though it may not under Title VI usurp the courts' power to enforce the Constitution's requirements. ", "In the Court's view, this argument is premised on mere semantics, for Title VI may be viewed as an \"eligibility criterion\" for all federal financial assistance. ", "Whatever the descriptive term, a refusal to fund an ESAA application solely on the ground that a court order does not go far enough would embody an administrative determination that the order was constitutionally insufficient. ", "Such administrative conduct cannot be viewed as other than an invasion of the authority of the district court promulgating the order and of the appellate courts' authority to review it. ", "The Lee decision made clear that a district under court order might well be subject to inconsistent standards if HEW were permitted to make an independent determination that it had failed to sufficiently desegregate its schools. ", "270 F.Supp. ", "at 865-66. ", "Moreover, in many cases the availability of federal funds will be a prerequisite to the implementation of a court-ordered desegregation plan. ", "E. g., Kelley v. Metropolitan County Board of Education, 372 F.Supp. ", "540 (M.D.Tenn. ", "1973). ", "In the Adams litigation, the Department itself took the position that for it merely to monitor school districts under court order would impermissibly usurp the court's authority. ", "351 F.Supp. ", "at 639.", "\nThat HEW may not review judicial decrees does not leave the Department without a function in those instances. ", "Pursuant to 45 C.F.R. § 80.8, HEW may refer its findings to the Department of Justice, which may in turn bring suit upon a complaint under Title IV of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000c-6. ", "Alternatively, the Attorney General could and may intervene independently in this action pursuant to Title IX, 42 U.S.C. § 2000h-2, if he certifies that the case is of public importance. ", "The June 16 Consent Order expressly permitted HEW to assert its claims in this action pursuant to the Rules of Procedure. ", "Finally, the four Adams opinions required HEW to monitor, to the extent of its resources, school districts under court order and to bring its findings to the attention of the court concerned.[32]Adams v. Richardson, 351 F.Supp. ", "636, 642 (D.D. C.1972) (opinion); 356 F.Supp. ", "93, 99 (1973) (order); Adams v. Richardson, 156 U.S.App.", "D.C. 267, 480 F.2d 1159 (1973) (affirming order as modified, en banc); Adams v. Weinberger, 291 F.Supp. ", "269, 272-73 (1975) (supplemental order).", "\n\nIV. ", "CONCLUSION\nTo characterize the facts as revealing administrative misfeasance, malfeasance, *478 and nonfeasance would fall short of exaggeration. ", "The Court concludes that the Department denied GISD's ESAA application solely on grounds that were not within its discretion under any statute, and that were expressly prohibited by the terms of the Consent Order entered on June 16, 1975. ", "Thus, this case is not one in which HEW has denied funds on an illegal ground and which must be remanded because legitimate administrative determinations remain to be made. ", "See, e. g., Kelley v. Metropolitan County Board of Education, 372 F.Supp. ", "528 (M.D.Tenn. ", "1973). ", "Here, the Department has exercised its discretion in every respect required by statute, and would have funded the District's application had it not unlawfully determined that the District was ineligible by virtue of its desegregation status. ", "Accordingly, this Court declares that HEW is in violation of the June 16th Consent Order and that GISD is entitled to have its 1975-76 ESAA application funded in the amount of $162,558.00.[33] Inasmuch as the Court may not command the disbursement of funds from the Treasury in the absence of a Congressional appropriation, HEW will be required either to fund the District's application forthwith out of any available funds, or to demonstrate that funds are not available to do so.", "\nNOTES\n[1] The 1961 desegregation Order adopted the plan approved in Boson v. Rippy, 285 F.2d 43 (5th Cir. ", "1960). ", "Boson, in turn, was premised on Kelley v. Board of Education, 270 F.2d 209 (6th Cir. ", "1959), in which the Supreme Court denied certiorari, 361 U.S. 924, 80 S.Ct. ", "293, 4 L.Ed.2d 240 (1959). ", "Compare Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1, 78 S.Ct. ", "1401, 3 L.Ed.2d 5 (1958), with Green v. County School Bd., ", "391 U.S. 430, 88 S.Ct. ", "1689, 20 L.Ed.2d 716 (1968).", "\n[2] The District also sought to designate its present officials as parties defendant, and to appoint new persons to represent the plaintiff class.", "\n[3] By counter-claim, the District also sought a declaratory judgment that it had eliminated the last vestiges of its former dual system and that it is now operating a \"unitary\" system within the meaning of Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1, 91 S.Ct. ", "1267, 28 L.Ed.2d 554 (1971).", "\n[4] Defendant's Exhibit 26. ", "The Department's approval of the District's progress is not without significance inasmuch as HEW's Title VI criteria closely track the Constitution's requirements. ", "See United States v. Jefferson County Bd. ", "of Educ., ", "372 F.2d 836, 859 (5th Cir. ", "1966).", "\n[5] Defendant's Exhibit 32.", "\n[6] While the OCR's April 1973 letter requested that each school district notify it if the district was subject to a final court order, GISD failed to do so. ", "Although it appears that HEW may have known of the 1961 Order by January 7, 1974, see Defendant's Exhibit 24, it is clear that the Department was made aware of the Order by May 9, 1975, at the latest.", "\n[7] Defendant's Exhibit 11. ", "The number of schools allegedly affected with the disproportion was reduced to three after one of them was closed in 1973. ", "The three remaining schools included two elementary and one middle school. ", "The District currently administers 11 elementary, 4 middle, and one senior high school, the latter being fully integrated since it serves the entire District.", "\n[8] Defendant's Exhibits 5, 7, 9, and 10.", "\n[9] Defendant's Exhibit 11. ", "The Court observes that the Fifth Circuit has recently made clear that the existence of a statistical disproportion does not necessarily indicate that a formerly dual system has not become unitary. ", "Calhoun v. Cook, 522 F.2d 717 (5th Cir. ", "1975), petition for rehearing denied, 1975 (per curiam).", "\n[10] For example, HEW initially took issue with the pupil population of specialized educational programs including the Shriner's Burn Institute, the Education Unit of Graves Psychiatric Hospital — University of Texas Medical Branch, and the District's \"Homebound\" Education Program. ", "The first of these programs was offered to children undergoing treatment for burns; the second included only children suffering from mental disorders; and the third was limited to children whose physicians declared them to be physically unable to attend school. ", "Defendant's Exhibits 6, 7, 8, and 9. ", "Obviously, no statistical balance rationally could be maintained under these circumstances.", "\n[11] Defendant's Exhibit 11.", "\n[12] Defendant's Exhibit 12.", "\n[13] This conclusion is also supported by the fact that the April 29th letter gave notice that in the absence of compliance administrative proceedings would be commenced within 60 days from the date of the Adams Court's Supplemental Order.", "\n[14] Defendant's Exhibit 3; Government's Exhibit 1.", "\n[15] HEW was perhaps led to this conclusion by the fact that this case was \"closed\" by the Clerk in 1963. ", "That action, however, was a nullity inasmuch as it was contrary both to the explicit provision of the 1961 Order that \"this action shall be retained on the docket\" and to this Court's duty to retain jurisdiction. ", "See, e.g., Raney v. Board of Educ., ", "391 U.S. 443, 88 S.Ct. ", "1697, 20 L.Ed.2d 727 (1968); Green v. County School Bd., ", "391 U.S. 430, 88 S.Ct. ", "1689, 20 L.Ed.2d 716 (1968).", "\n[16] Defendant's Exhibit 13.", "\n[17] \"Deferral\" permits HEW to halt consideration of new applications for federal funds during the pendency of a Title VI administrative hearing. ", "42 U.S.C. § 2000d-1; see Board of Public Instruction v. Cohen, 413 F.2d 1201 (5th Cir. ", "1969).", "\n[18] Defendant's Exhibit 14.", "\n[19] The finding that Smith advised Porter on June 6, 1975, that GISD's ESAA application had been approved and would be funded is undisputed. ", "Smith also advised Porter that one budgetary item for a \"multiculture specialist\" had been disapproved and that he would amend the budget accordingly. ", "GISD then discovered that it had inadvertently omitted certain fringe benefits from the budget. ", "The District submitted a supplemental budget embracing these revisions on June 18, 1975. ", "Government's Exhibit 3. ", "Porter reported to the District's Board of Trustees on June 11, 1975, that the ESAA application had been funded. ", "Defendant's Exhibit 30. ", "Smith's advice to Porter was without reservation or limitation which would have suggested that any further approval, either as to civil rights compliance or otherwise, was necessary.", "\n[20] Defendant's Exhibit 15; Government's Exhibit 8.", "\n[21] James McClure of HEW's Regional Office for Civil Rights testified that his office viewed HEW's determination that the District was not in compliance with Title VI as foreclosing further consideration of the District's civil rights eligibility under ESAA. ", "The documents prepared by the Regional OCR reveal that on June 19, 1975, only three days after the Consent Order was signed, John Bell, Chief of the Regional OCR, determined that GISD's application should not be funded because \"The Galveston Independent School District has failed to develop a desegregation plan to further desegregate its schools pursuant to the requirements of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.\" ", "Government's Exhibit 6.", "\n[22] Defendant's Exhibit 16.", "\n[23] Defendant's Exhibit 17.", "\n[24] Defendant's Exhibit 18.", "\n[25] Many court's have read consent decrees narrowly because the consequences of disobedience are typically contempt proceedings. ", "See, e. g., Star Bedding Co. v. Englander Co., 239 F.2d 537 (8th Cir. ", "1957). ", "Since GISD seeks only an award of the funds that it was denied, that factor is not a consideration here.", "\n[26] Though not a proper consideration under the rule that a consent decree's scope is determined from its \"four corners,\" it seems not wholly irrelevant that HEW's attorney's initiated the negotiations that eventually produced the Order and were its primary drafters.", "\n[27] The bills from which the Emergency School Aid Act eventually evolved were introduced in Congress in May, 1970. ", "See H.R. 17846, introduced May 27, 1970; S. 3883, introduced May 26, 1970.", "\n[28] Even HEW's administrative guidelines under Title VI have been described as \"a restatement of the judicial standards applicable to disestablishing de jure segregation . . ..\" ", "United States v. Jefferson County Bd. ", "of Educ., ", "372 F.2d 836 (5th Cir. ", "1966).", "\n[29] In response to questions concerning that issue, Senator Humphrey, the bill's floor manager, stated:\n\nI have . . . ", "consulted many officials of our government. ", "It is my view that Title VI would not be used for action terminating, reducing, or refusing assistance . . . ", "because of dissatisfaction with the terms of the applicable court order or the speed with which it directs desegregation procedure.", "\n110 Cong.", "Rec. ", "14,436 (1964).", "\n[30] It is clear from both the Senate and House debates concerning the 1967 Education Amendments that there was concern that HEW was whimsically enforcing Title VI. ", "See, e. g., 113 Cong.", "Rec. ", "37171-72 (Dec. 5, 1967) (remarks of Congressman Fountain); 113 Cong.", "Rec. ", "35703-04 (Dec. 11, 1967) (remarks of Senator Russell).", "\n[31] \". . . ", "where the interpretation of a particular statute at issue is in doubt, the express language and legislative construction of another statute not strictly in pari materia but employing similar language and applying to similar persons, things, or cognate relationships may control by force of analogy.\" ", "Stribling v. United States, 419 F.2d 1350, 1352-53 (8th Cir. ", "1969).", "\n[32] In this regard, the Court finds it inexplicable that although HEW first determined that GISD was not in compliance with Title VI in 1973, HEW has made no effort to date to bring its findings to this Court's attention.", "\n[33] The District has also argued that HEW abused its discretion in that it failed to meaningfully consider GISD's desegregation status, or to exercise any discretion at all. ", "Either conclusion would require an order remanding the matter to the Department and would not establish that GISD is entitled to ESAA funds. ", "See generally Donnelly Garment Co. v. N. L. R. B., 123 F.2d 215, 224 (8th Cir. ", "1942); Scott Paper Co. v. United States, 372 F.Supp. ", "721, 729 (E.D.Pa.1974). ", "Although the findings of fact above are sufficient to establish GISD's contention in this regard, the Court need not reach that issue in view of the conclusion that HEW had no discretion to deny GISD's ESAA application.", "\n" ]

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[ "Officials set up a task force to build a case against Cawthorn, whom Herzog said is part of a drug operation centered in East and Northeast Baltimore. ", "As the officers gained more information, the ATF was brought in to provide additional resources. ", "The federal investigation also means that the defendants face stiffer sentences without the possibility of parole." ]

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5485673?", "\n3\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 125395?", "\n1\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 2746656?", "\n4\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 181388?", "\n8\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 2459695?", "\n5\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 544526?", "\n5\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 188847?", "\n8\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 2485784?", "\n7\nWhat is the millions digit of 16871302?", "\n6\nWhat is the units digit of 213163?", "\n3\nWhat is the thousands digit of 305394?", "\n5\nWhat is the units digit of 165711?", "\n1\nWhat is the tens digit of 1058077?", "\n7\nWhat is the tens digit of 11670824?", "\n2\nWhat is the millions digit of 2464307?", "\n2\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 12166542?", "\n1\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 500381?", "\n0\nWhat is the thousands digit of 919729?", "\n9\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 875950?", "\n8\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 196941?", "\n9\nWhat is the units digit of 314762?", "\n2\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 547491?", "\n4\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 442726?", "\n7\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 363379?", "\n6\nWhat is the units digit of 11458188?", "\n8\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 1384?", "\n3\nWhat is the ten millions digit of 33351131?", "\n3\nWhat is the ten millions digit of 10269128?", "\n1\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 2092497?", "\n4\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 374269?", "\n2\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 403603?", "\n0\nWhat is the units digit of 1019563?", "\n3\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 362832?", "\n8\nWhat is the millions digit of 5347960?", "\n5\nWhat is the units digit of 687168?", "\n8\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 10245669?", "\n6\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 4383224?", "\n2\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 6499191?", "\n9\nWhat is the tens digit of 354156?", "\n5\nWhat is the thousands digit of 150176?", "\n0\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 155858?", "\n5\nWhat is the tens digit of 243478?", "\n7\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 497925?", "\n9\nWhat is the millions digit of 6727802?", "\n6\nWhat is the ten millions digit of 13676265?", "\n1\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 10430014?", "\n4\nWhat is the units digit of 904843?", "\n3\nWhat is the thousands digit of 2269227?", "\n9\nWhat is the thousands digit of 56472?", "\n6\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 117103?", "\n1\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 788104?", "\n7\nWhat is the millions digit of 1122830?", "\n1\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 255000?", "\n5\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 308889?", "\n8\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 10822669?", "\n8\nWhat is the thousands digit of 95253?", "\n5\nWhat is the units digit of 15120?", "\n0\nWhat is the thousands digit of 265973?", "\n5\nWhat is the units digit of 164769?", "\n9\nWhat is the tens digit of 546439?", "\n3\nWhat is the thousands digit of 16281930?", "\n1\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 20744626?", "\n4\nWhat is the thousands digit of 6293?", "\n6\nWhat is the thousands digit of 2078871?", "\n8\nWhat is the thousands digit of 750605?", "\n0\nWhat is the thousands digit of 152258?", "\n2\nWhat is the tens digit of 503331?", "\n3\nWhat is the thousands digit of 986169?", "\n6\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 113770?", "\n1\nWhat is the units digit of 100196?", "\n6\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 841507?", "\n4\nWhat is the thousands digit of 16667041?", "\n7\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 389982?", "\n3\nWhat is the units digit of 229862?", "\n2\nWhat is the thousands digit of 1829942?", "\n9\nWhat is the units digit of 1097175?", "\n5\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 34833455?", "\n8\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 85074?", "\n0\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 6745951?", "\n7\nWhat is the millions digit of 5399686?", "\n5\nWhat is the thousands digit of 36053434?", "\n3\nWhat is the millions digit of 12730636?", "\n2\nWhat is the units digit of 732804?", "\n4\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 232564?", "\n3\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 1127278?", "\n2\nWhat is the units digit of 145405?", "\n5\nWhat is the tens digit of 876433?", "\n3\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 389666?", "\n6\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 137010?", "\n1\nWhat is the thousands digit of 454761?", "\n4\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 966195?", "\n6\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 29106?", "\n2\nWhat is the thousands digit of 661777?", "\n1\nWhat is the units digit of 942888?", "\n8\nWhat is the thousands digit of 1186345?", "\n6\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 17377833?", "\n3\nWhat is the units digit of 1272606?", "\n6\nWhat is the tens digit of 18948452?", "\n5\nWhat is the thousands digit of 1546279?", "\n6\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 1404999?", "\n9\nWhat is the thousands digit of 105370?", "\n5\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 215879?", "\n1\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 3911099?", "\n1\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 163888?", "\n8\nWhat is the thousands digit of 133591?", "\n3\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 3534007?", "\n5\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 545981?", "\n9\nWhat is the units digit of 1040479?", "\n9\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 986704?", "\n9\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 596466?", "\n5\nWhat is the units digit of 310930?", "\n0\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 126791?", "\n1\nWhat is t" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

[ 0.000902316824067384, 0.00067426374880597, 0.0006979938480071723, 0.0007281089783646166, 0.0006832294748164713, 0.0007242329884320498, 0.0007655417430214584, 0.0007222745334729552, 0.0007043888326734304, 0.0008144892635755241, 0.0007156479405239224, 0.0007345819612964988, 0.0006883984315209091, 0.0007120048394426703, 0.00078349479008466, 0.0006905407644808292, 0.0008751795394346118, 0.0006780460244044662, 0.0007068331469781697, 0.0007163071422837675, 0.0006664546090178192, 0.0007447865791618824, 0.0007212568307295442, 0.0007482465007342398, 0.0007080507348291576, 0.0007306861225515604, 0.0007092697778716683, 0.0006981704500503838, 0.0006754243513569236, 0.0007683680159971118, 0.0006978053133934736, 0.0006642763619311154, 0.0008096463279798627, 0.000829316908493638, 0.000717564660590142, 0.0006990070105530322, 0.0007200460531748831, 0.0007870334666222334, 0.0007744848844595253, 0.0007217666716314852, 0.0006933212280273438, 0.0007122728857211769, 0.0007976844790391624, 0.0006670375587418675, 0.0006891480879858136, 0.0007137833745218813, 0.0007056893082335591, 0.0007226259331218898, 0.0006874006357975304, 0.0007530836737714708, 0.0006926399655640125, 0.0007028251420706511, 0.0007012158166617155, 0.0006849300698377192, 0.0006849415367469192, 0.0006539196474477649, 0.0007631577318534255, 0.000776139844674617, 0.000666201813146472, 0.0007597986841574311, 0.000728985876776278, 0.0007362615433521569, 0.0007495942409150302, 0.0007712076185271144, 0.0006693156901746988, 0.0006823035655543208, 0.0007881712517701089, 0.0007809250382706523, 0.000713825284037739, 0.0008036940707825124, 0.0006858108681626618, 0.0007696423563174903, 0.0006654333556070924, 0.0006268486031331122, 0.0008548162877559662, 0.0007664282456971705, 0.0006533627165481448, 0.0006803477881476283, 0.0007572048925794661, 0.0007503321976400912, 0.0006539563764818013, 0.0007060609641484916, 0.0007583585102111101, 0.0007173554040491581, 0.0007230078335851431, 0.0006994210998527706, 0.0007407029042951763, 0.0008472262416034937, 0.0007387730875052512, 0.0006967138615436852, 0.0007306920597329736, 0.0007642476120963693, 0.0006643279339186847, 0.0006848684279248118, 0.0007036525057628751, 0.0006948558730073273, 0.0007034221780486405, 0.000787977478466928, 0.0007207796443253756, 0.0007269252091646194, 0.0007313224487006664, 0.00077915407018736, 0.0006798224640078843, 0.0006781762349419296, 0.0006853973027318716, 0.0006680494407191873, 0.0007960188668221235, 0.0006542668561451137, 0.0006946002831682563, 0.0007639453397132456, 0.0007951898733153939, 0.0007079971255734563, 0.0007120129303075373, 0.0006768648745492101, 0.0007178043015301228, 0.0007093732128851116, 0.0007483712979592383, 0.0007045751553960145, 0.0007225422887131572, 0.0006982879131101072, 0.0008023228729143739, 0.0006834144005551934, 0.0007036250317469239, 0.0007782361353747547, 0.0006855063838884234, 0.0007151087047532201, 0.000748510705307126, 0.0007617101073265076, 0.0007516028126701713, 0.0006689582369290292, 0.0007053343579173088, 0.000710485503077507, 0.0007471655262634158, 0.0007593994960188866, 0.0007294525275938213, 0.0008362376829609275, 0.0007118677604012191, 0.000774201238527894, 0.0007043663063086569, 0.0006657718331553042, 0.0007291561341844499, 0.0007197510567493737, 0.0006769947940483689, 0.0006721699028275907, 0.0007195844082161784, 0.0007072212756611407, 0.0007022520294412971, 0.0006918965373188257, 0.0007123410468921065, 0.0006636517937295139, 0.0007195562939159572, 0.0007372079417109489, 0.0006644900422543287, 0.0007534508476965129, 0.000669684843160212, 0.0008410976151935756, 0.0006928202346898615, 0.0006804862059652805, 0.0006898606661707163, 0.0008118783007375896, 0.0006928634829819202, 0.0007996998028829694, 0.0008426535059697926, 0.0007353464607149363, 0.0007517453632317483, 0.0007025466184131801, 0.0007449662080034614, 0.0006802680436521769, 0.0006850148783996701, 0.0007019389304332435, 0.0007237930549308658, 0.0007243361324071884, 0.0006794092478230596, 0.0007517654448747635, 0.0007471577846445143, 0.0007137467036955059, 0.0006917972932569683, 0.0007089805440045893, 0.0007515624165534973, 0.0006700630765408278, 0.000685803359374404, 0.0007331559318117797, 0.0007258097175508738, 0.0007168189040385187, 0.0007985248230397701, 0.0007759845466352999, 0.0006738186348229647, 0.0007001541089266539, 0.0008121274295262992, 0.0007204984431155026, 0.000701812794432044, 0.0008181124576367438, 0.0007919378695078194, 0.0006765855941921473, 0.0008183604222722352, 0.001204655272886157 ]

[ "Q:\n\nIOS Bug, keyboard not showing up\n\nWe encontered a problem in IOS, we have tested many webview packages from https://pub.dev/ (like https://pub.dev/packages/webview_flutter and https://pub.dev/packages/flutter_webview_plugin and https://pub.dev/packages/flutter_inappbrowser) and all the solutions ends with the same result.", "\nWhen the innapp website opens, it loads perfectly, but when you interact with an input, the keyboard doesn't seems show up, it occurs in all the inputs from all the pages.", "\nThanks in advance!.", "\nThe error log output is:\n Probably at least one of the constraints in the following list is one you don't want. ", "\nTry this:\n(1) look at each constraint and try to figure out which you don't expect; \n(2) find the code that added the unwanted constraint or constraints and fix it.", "\n\n(Note: If you're seeing NSAutoresizingMaskLayoutConstraints that you don't understand, refer to the documentation for the UIView property translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints) \n(\n \"<NSAutoresizingMaskLayoutConstraint:0x6040004826c0 h=-&- v=-&- UIToolbar:0x7fcec747c950.width == _UIInputViewContent:0x7fcec74aede0.width (active)>\", \n \"<NSAutoresizingMaskLayoutConstraint:0x600000487440 h=--& v=--& _UIInputViewContent:0x7fcec74aede0.width == 0 (active)>\", \n \"<NSLayoutConstraint:0x6000004839d0 H:|-(0)-[_UIButtonBarStackView:0x7fcec74bfd40] (active, names: '|':_UIToolbarContentView:0x7fcec743d460 )>\", \n \"<NSLayoutConstraint:0x600000483a70 _UIButtonBarStackView:0x7fcec74bfd40.trailing == _UIToolbarContentView:0x7fcec743d460.trailing + 8 (active)>\",\n \"<NSLayoutConstraint:0x6000004845b0 _UIToolbarContentView:0x7fcec743d460.trailing == UIToolbar:0x7fcec747c950.trailing (active)>\", \n \"<NSLayoutConstraint:0x60000009f1d0 H:|-(0)-[_UIToolbarContentView:0x7fcec743d460] (active, names: '|':UIToolbar:0x7fcec747c950 )>\",\n \"<NSLayoutConstraint:0x604000480730 H:|-(>=5)-[_UIModernBarButton:0x7fcec75b34b0] (active, names: '|':_UIButtonBarButton:0x7fcec75b2e40 )>\", \n \"<NSLayoutConstraint:0x604000480780 H:[_UIModernBarButton:0x7fcec75b34b0]-(>=5)-| (active, names: '|':_UIButtonBarButton:0x7fcec75b2e40 )>\", \n \"<NSLayoutConstraint:0x604000481310 H:|-(8)-[_UIModernBarButton:0x7fcec75b4060'Done'] (active, names: '|':_UIButtonBarButton:0x7fcec75b39d0 )>\", \n \"<NSLayoutConstraint:0x604000481360 H:[_UIModernBarButton:0x7fcec75b4060'Done']-(0)-| (active, names: '|':_UIButtonBarButton:0x7fcec75b39d0 )>\",\n\nA:\n\nYou could toggle between the \"software keyboard\" and \"hardware keyboard\" with using the shortcut is ⇧+⌘+K or ⌘+K\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006703728577122092, 0.0005768734263256192, 0.0005971256177872419, 0.000670280889607966, 0.000761384901124984, 0.0023570095654577017 ]

[ "The effect of Liple on physical and emotional quality of life in the treatment of arteriosclerosis obliterans.", "\nThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of treatment with prostaglandin E1, Liple, on both the physical and emotional health-related quality of life (QOL) of patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO). ", "Treatment with Liple was evaluated using the before and after treatment results obtained using the SF-36, a QOL questionnaire, and an assessment of symptoms by a physician. ", "The study was designed as a non-randomized before and after treatment study without comparison groups, and the study was conducted from May 1999 to July 2001 at 473 facilities located within Japan targeting patients with ASO. ", "No intervention other than the administration of Liple was performed, and no restrictions were placed on the dose amount or administration interval for Liple. ", "The results suggest that there was a significant improvement in patients' symptoms after treatment with Liple. ", "Both physical and emotional QOL also improved after administration of Liple compared to baseline, based on the results of the SF-36 and assessment of symptoms by a physician." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0009416756802238524, 0.0007536418852396309, 0.0005740845808759332, 0.0005742870271205902, 0.0006870306096971035, 0.0006904471083544195, 0.0006425802130252123 ]

[ "Bank of Baroda quarterly profit shoots up by 11%\n\nBank of Baroda announced financial results for H1, 2012-13 and Q2, 2012-13 with net profit increases of 11 per cent to Rs 2,440.25 crore, and 11.6 per centto Rs 1,301.39 crore respectively. ", "Total business rose by 23. ", "per cent to Rs 7,00,330 crore, Total Income up 23.7 per cent to Rs 18,879.27 crore in H1,FY13 and up by 19.6 per cent to Rs 9,550.86 crore in Q2,FY13.", "\n\nM D Mallya, CMD, Bank of Baroda, said that in a non-supportive macro backdrop, the Bank’s operating profit grew decently to 16.7 per cent y-o-y to Rs 4,635.76 crore in H1, FY13. ", "Its operating profit for Q2, FY13 also grew by 11.3 per cent y-o-y to Rs 2,383.58 crore, he said, adding that growth in the Bank’s profits was supported by balanced growth in net interest income, non interest income and continued control over Operating Expenses.", "\n\nHe said that inspite of a weak credit demand in the system during H1,FY13, the bank’s interest income grew healthily by 24.5 per cent to Rs 17,280.16 crore Interest Earned on Advances rose by 22.0 per cent to Rs 12,865.37 crore. ", "In Q2, FY13, Interest Income grew at 20.3 per cent to Rs 8,722.55 crore and, within this, the Interest Earned on Advances was up 17.7 per cent to Rs 6,438.72 crores.", "\n\nOn a y-o-y basis, Total [Global] Business increased by 23.2% to Rs 7,00,330 crore in H1 FY13 from Rs 5,68,306 crore in H1, FY12. ", "While Total Deposits increased by 24.0% to Rs 4,08,150 crore at end-sept 2012 from Rs 3,29,185 crore at end-sept 2011. ", "Total Advances increased by 22.2 per cent to Rs 2,92,181 crore at end-Sept 2012 from Rs 2,39,120 crore at end-Sept 2011.", "\n\nOverseas business during H1, FY13 contributed 29.8% to its Total Business, 24.7 per cent to its operating profits and 38.9 per cent to its Core-Fee-based income, he said adding that during the financial year, the Bank has opened branches in wellington and Manukau [New Zealand], Entebbe and Kabale [Uganda], Rose Belle in Mauritis, Tema in Ghana and Sohar in Oman." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.00059252924984321, 0.0008205765043385327, 0.0006949148373678327, 0.0006290478049777448, 0.0007436599698849022, 0.0007206639274954796, 0.0006264517433010042, 0.0008041686378419399, 0.0006039660656824708, 0.00061738834483549, 0.0006226645200513303 ]

[ ").", "\n11\nLet p(y) = -y**3 + 14*y**2 + 16*y - 15. ", "Let w be p(15). ", "Let b(v) be the second derivative of -1/2*v**2 + v + w - 5/6*v**3. ", "Give b(-1).", "\n4\nLet o(a) = -3*a + 3. ", "Suppose -s - s = 4*w + 4, 3*w - 4 = -5*s. ", "What is o(s)?", "\n-3\nLet k(q) be the second derivative of -q**3/2 - 4*q. ", "Let v = 12 + 8. ", "Suppose -5*l = v, -7*l - 14 = 3*p - 2*l. ", "Determine k(p).", "\n-6\nSuppose -5*d - 103 = -118. ", "Let z(i) be the third derivative of 1/24*i**4 + 0*i**d - 1/120*i**6 - 5*i**2 + 0*i + 0 + 1/60*i**5. ", "What is z(1)?", "\n1\nLet f(n) = 4*n**2 + n. Suppose -b + 5 = 0, k - 5*k + 2*b = 6. ", "Determine f(k).", "\n5\nLet p(w) be the second derivative of -2*w**3/3 - 9*w**2/2 - 3*w. ", "Let i(l) = -2 - 3 + 0 - 2*l. ", "Let h(t) = -11*i(t) + 6*p(t). ", "Calculate h(-1).", "\n3\nLet u(k) = -11*k - 2. ", "Let y(q) = -q - 1. ", "Let l(m) = u(m) - 3*y(m). ", "What is l(-1)?", "\n9\nSuppose -6*d = -0*d - 24. ", "Let k(a) = a**3 - 4*a**2 - a - 1. ", "What is k(d)?", "\n-5\nLet a(q) = q**2 + 5*q + 4. ", "Let u be a(-5). ", "Let d = 3 + -1. ", "Let x(n) = -4 + n - d*n - n**2 + 2*n**2. ", "Determine x(u).", "\n8\nLet m(f) = f - 1. ", "Let h(g) = g**3 - g + 5. ", "Let d be h(0). ", "Suppose -t = 3*q, -d*t = -0*q + q - 14. ", "Let o be (-5)/t + (-4)/(-6). ", "Give m(o).", "\n-2\nLet t(h) be the third derivative of h**5/60 - h**4/12 - h**3/6 + 4*h**2. ", "Determine t(-1).", "\n2\nSuppose 3*l = 26 - 11, -4*g + 28 = 4*l. ", "Let v(h) be the third derivative of 0*h + h**g + 1/60*h**5 + 0 - 5/24*h**4 + 1/2*h**3. ", "Calculate v(3).", "\n-3\nSuppose 0 = 2*m + 5*d - 1 - 0, 0 = 4*d + 4. ", "Suppose -18 = m*f - 3*k, 0 = -f + 5*k - 7 - 15. ", "Let q(s) = -s**2 - 4*s - 3. ", "What is q(f)?", "\n1\nLet f(u) = 5*u**2 - u - 2. ", "Let n(s) = -s**2 + s + 1. ", "Let w(v) = f(v) + 2*n(v). ", "Suppose -3*h + 4 = h. Determine w(h).", "\n4\nLet x(m) = -2*m - 21. ", "Let t be x(-11). ", "Suppose 5*c = 3*c + 8. ", "Let r(o) = -3*o - 3 + 2*o - 4*o**2 + c. What is r(t)?", "\n-4\nLet b(w) = -w**3 - 8*w**2 - 7*w + 2. ", "Let n be b(-7). ", "Let y(d) = -2 - 6*d**2 - d**3 - 6*d + 0*d**n + 0*d**3. ", "Determine y(-5).", "\n3\nLet m(b) = 3*b - 3. ", "Suppose l + 13 = 5*p, -4*p = -0*p + 3*l - 18. ", "What is m(p)?", "\n6\nLet t(m) be the second derivative of 1/2*m**2 + m + 1/2*m**3 + 0 + 1/12*m**4. ", "Calculate t(-3).", "\n1\nLet h(u) be the second derivative of u**3/6 + 5*u**2/2 - u. Let n = -6 + 0. ", "Let x be 5/15 + 20/n. Give h(x).", "\n2\nLet t(j) = -j + 11. ", "Let n be (4/3)/((-12)/(-72)). ", "Give t(n).", "\n3\nSuppose 75*m - 79*m = -4. ", "Let n(w) = w. Calculate n(m).", "\n1\nSuppose 2*l - 11 = 2*w - 3, -3*l - 37 = 4*w. ", "Let g(a) be the first derivative of -a**3/3 - 5*a**2/2 + 8*a + 129. ", "What is g(w)?", "\n-6\nLet t(h) = -h**3 + h**2 - h + 1. ", "Let d be 2/8 + 1/(-4). ", "Give t(d).", "\n1\nLet r(b) be the second derivative of b**5/20 - b**4/4 - b**3/6 + b**2/2 - 7*b. ", "Give r(3).", "\n-2\nLet f(q) = q**2 + 9*q + 21. ", "Let a be f(-6). ", "Let j(x) = -x + 5. ", "Determine j(a).", "\n2\nLet l(s) = 2*s - 15. ", "Let f(y) = -y + 8. ", "Let h(b) = -11*f(b) - 6*l(b). ", "Let g(k) = k - 1. ", "Let m(n) = -3*g(n) - h(n). ", "Calculate m(1).", "\n-1\nLet q(u) = -u**3 - u**2 - 2*u - 2. ", "Suppose -a = -2*l - 6, -3*l + 0 - 10 = -a. ", "Give q(a).", "\n6\nLet k(i) be the third derivative of 1/3*i**3 - 1/60*i**5 + 0 + 1/12*i**4 + 0*i + 3*i**2. ", "Calculate k(-2).", "\n-6\nSuppose -d + 3 = -0*d. ", "Suppose 7*f - 2*f = 2*m - 25, 0 = 5*f + d*m + 25. ", "Let z(b) = b + 9. ", "Calculate z(f).", "\n4\nLet b(y) be the second derivative of 0 - 1/6*y**3 - 2*y + 3/20*y**5 - 1/12*y**4 - 1/2*y**2. ", "What is b(-1)?", "\n-4\nLet s(y) = y - 1. ", "Let m be s(6). ", "Let v(z) be the second derivative of z**5/20 - z**4/2 + z**3/2 + 5*z**2/2 - z. Calculate v(m).", "\n-5\nSuppose -3*p + 0*p - 15 = 0, 5*d - 5 = 2*p. ", "Let u(j) = 3*j**3 - j - 1. ", "Calculate u(d).", "\n-3\nLet t(k) = 7*k**2 - k - 1. ", "Let h be t(-1). ", "Let j(v) = -v + 2. ", "Let x(f) = 4*f - 5. ", "Suppose 6 = 4*s - 2. ", "Let o(z) = h*j(z) + s*x(z). ", "Give o(0).", "\n4\nLet b(p) = -11*p - 30. ", "Let t be b(-3). ", "Let d(c) = -c**3 + 4*c**2 - 3*c - 4. ", "What is d(t)?", "\n-4\nSuppose -4*u - 3*g = 2*g - 21, -g = -1. ", "Let p(v) be the third derivative of v**6/120 - v**5/15 - v**4/12 - v**3/6 - 3*v**2. ", "Calculate p(u).", "\n-9\nLet t(r) = 5*r + 1. ", "Suppose -5 = -5*n - 0*n. ", "What is t(n)?", "\n6\nLet h(t) = 0 - 2*t**2 + t**3 + 7*t + 2 - 1 - 6*t**2. ", "Calculate h(7).", "\n1\nLet y be (2/5)/((-2)/(-10)). ", "Let d(v) = -22 + 16 + 8 - 4*v. ", "What is d(y)?", "\n-6\nLet d(g) be the third derivative of g**5/30 - g**4/12 + 19*g**3/6 - 8*g**2. ", "Let u = 1 - 3. ", "Let s(i) = i**2 - i + 9. ", "Let c(k) = u*d(k) + 5*s(k). ", "What is c(0)?", "\n7\nLet h(i) = 3*i**2 - 2 + 2*i + 2 + 1. ", "Suppose r = 3*d - 1 - 6, 5*d - 11 = r. Suppose -2*o - d = -o. ", "What is h(o)?", "\n9\nLet c(y) = y + 5. ", "Suppose 4*w - w = 24. ", "Let o = 5 - w. Let i(p) = -p**2 + 4. ", "Let s be i(o). ", "Calculate c(s).", "\n0\nLet l = -3 - 1. ", "Let s be 2/(l/18*-3). ", "Let u(q) = q**3 + s*q**3 + 1 + 5 - 3*q**3 - 3*q - 4*q**2. ", "What is u(4)?", "\n-6\nLet s be (-2)/(-6) - (-28)/6. ", "Let o = 16 + -13. ", "Let p(l) = o*l + 0 - 4*l + 2. ", "What is p(s)?", "\n-3\nLet q = 27 - 35. ", "Let o(r) = -r**2 - 7*r + 6. ", "What is o(q)?", "\n-2\nLet y(p) = p**2 - 3*p + 1. ", "Let i(b) = b**3 - b**2 - 4*b - 4. ", "Let m be i(3). ", "Give y(m).", "\n-1\nSuppose 7*n - 9*n = 14. ", "Let u(x) = -x**2 - 6*x + 8. ", "Determine u(n).", "\n1\nSuppose 2*g + 0*g - p - 5 = 0, -4*g + 3 = 5*p. ", "Let b = g + 2. ", "Let t(n) be the third derivative of -n**6/120 + n**5/15 + n**4/12 - n**3/2 - n**2. ", "What is t(b)?", "\n5\nLet i(h) = -h + 5. ", "Let p = 21 + -14. ", "Suppose 20 = p*f - 3*f. ", "Determine i(f).", "\n0\nLet s be (-1)/((-2)/2 + 0). ", "Let c(j) = j**2 - 2*j**3 + 12*j**3 - j + 1 - 5*j**3. ", "What is c(s)?", "\n6\nLet a(o) be the second derivative of o**3/6 + o**2/2 - 17*o. ", "Let p be 5/3 - 1/(-3). ", "Suppose p*h + 2*i - 4 = 0, -2*i = -h + 5*h - 14. ", "What is a(h)?", "\n6\nLet c(h) be the second derivative of h**5/20 - 2*h**4/3 + h**3/3 - 9*h**2/2 + 3*h. ", "Give c(8).", "\n7\nSuppose -5*u - 13 = 4*q, 5*u + 28 = -13*q + 14*q. ", "Let p(a) = -a**2 - 8*a + 1. ", "Determine p(u).", "\n16\nLet j(m) be the second derivative of m**5/20 - m**4/3 - 5*m**3/6 - m**2/2 - 12*m. ", "Give j(5).", "\n-1\nLet y(i) = -i + 3*i**2 - 4*i**2 + 0 + 1. ", "Let s(l) = -5*l**2 - 6*l + 1. ", "Let h be -12*2/8*-1. ", "Let c(q) = h*y(q) - s(q). ", "Give c(-2).", "\n4\nLet y(k) = -8*k**2 - 10*k - 29. ", "Let m(j) = -3*j**2 - 3*j - 10. ", "Let d(n) = -11*m(n) + 4*y(n). ", "What is d(7)?", "\n-6\nLet t be 6 - (-1 - (0 + -3)). ", "Let c = t - 8. ", "Let h(d) = d**3 - 1 + 3*d**2 + 4*d - 3 + 2*d**2. ", "What is h(c)?", "\n-4\nLet u be (3 - 26/10)*5. ", "Let k be -2 + (0 - (u + -7)). ", "Let g(o) = -o**2 + o. Calculate g(k).", "\n-6\nLet y be (6/3)/4*-24. ", "Let d be (y/(-9))/(4/6). ", "Suppose -h - h = d. Let v(s) = -s**2. ", "Give v(h).", "\n-1\nLet z(j) = -6 + 6 + 5 + j**2 + 3. ", "Calculate z(0).", "\n8\nLet u(c) = 6 + 0*c + 4*c**3 - 5*c**3 - 9 - 3*c + 3*c**2. ", "Calculate u(3).", "\n-12\nLet i(f) = 4*f - 1. ", "Suppose 29 = -d + 5*d - 5*u, -5*d + 2*u = -15. ", "Suppose d = -4*b + 5*b. ", "Determine i(b).", "\n3\nLet p(i) be the second derivative of i**8/6720 + i**7/630 + i**6/240 + i**5/120 - i**4/4 + 2*i. ", "Let x(h) be the third derivative of p(h). ", "Give x(-3).", "\n1\nLet v(s) = -s**3 + 7*s**2 - 2*s - 8. ", "Let d be v(6). ", "Let y(c) = -6*c**2 - 6 - 8*c + c**3 + d + 0*c. ", "Give y(7).", "\n3\nLet t be ((-11)/13 - -1) + (-140)/65. ", "Let y(x) = -x - 1. ", "Let l(j) = j**3 + 3*j**2 + j + 4. ", "Let g(p) = -l(p) - 2*y(p). ", "Determine g(t).", "\n-8\nLet d be 37/7 + (-2)/7. ", "Let k(t) = 3*t**3 - 2*t**3 + 6 - 6*t**2 + 4*t - 2 - 5. ", "Give k(d).", "\n-6\nLet d = 3 - 1. ", "Let x be d + -3 - (-2 + 1). ", "Let w(z) = -z**3 - 7. ", "Give w(x).", "\n-7\nLet l(v) = -2*v**2 - 7*v. ", "Let w(n) = 4*n**2 + 13*n. ", "Let b(y) = 11*l(y) + 6*w(y). ", "Give b(-2).", "\n6\nSuppose f + 3*g + 14 = 0, 0 = -3*f + 2*g - 0 + 2. ", "Let l(o) = -o**3 - o**2 - o - 1. ", "Give l(f).", "\n5\nLet v(a) be the first derivative of -a - 2/3*a**3 - 7 - 5/2*a**2. ", "What is v(-4)?", "\n-13\nLet b be 4/(-3 + -2 + 7). ", "Let k(x) be the second derivative of 1/2*x**3 - x + x**b + 0 + 1/12*x**4. ", "Determine k(-4).", "\n6\nSuppose o - 10 = -5*q, 2*q - 3*q + o - 4 = 0. ", "Suppose -q + 6 = -u. ", "Let l(v) = -1 + 2 - v - 8. ", "Give l(u).", "\n-2\nLet t(s) be the third derivative of -1/60*s**5 + 1/24*s**4 + 0 + 1/6*s**3 + 2*s**2 + 0*s. ", "Let v be 5 - (1 - 0) - 1. ", "Determine t(v).", "\n-5\nSuppose -3 = -4*g - 15. ", "Let b(w) be the first derivative of -1 + 5/2*w**2 + 3*w + 1/3*w**3. ", "What is b(g)?", "\n-3\nLet l(h) = -h - 1. ", "Let t be l(-10). ", "Let v = -9 + t. Let g(r) = -2 - r - r**3 + 2*r**3 - 2*r**3. ", "Calculate g(v).", "\n-2\nLet k(o) = -3*o - 9. ", "Let r = 8 + -15. ", "Let d be k(r). ", "Suppose 2*w + d = -0*w. ", "Let q(y) = y**2 + 7*y + 2. ", "Determine q(w).", "\n-4\nLet h(b) = 9*b - 11*b + 0 - 5. ", "What is h(-5)?", "\n5\nLet h(y) = -5*y + 23. ", "Let s(d) = -20*d + 92. ", "Let l(z) = 9*h(z) - 2*s(z). ", "Let u(o) = -2*o + 11. ", "Let x(i) = 4*l(i) - 9*u(i). ", "Determine x(-7).", "\n7\nLet j(c) = 2*c**2 - 7*c - c**2 - 7 + 1 + 9. ", "What" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Laurie Kilmartin\n\nLaurie Kilmartin (born July 16, 1965) is an American comedian and writer best known for being a finalist on Last Comic Standing season 7. ", "She is currently a staff writer for the Conan O'Brien show Conan.", "\n\nEarly life\nKilmartin was born in 1965 in Santa Clara County, California, and grew up in Walnut Creek, California. ", "Her father was a civil engineer, and worked abroad for much of her childhood, building dams and bridges in Iran, Nicaragua, Saudi Arabia, and the Philippines.", "\n\nShe attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where she was a competitive swimmer.", "\n\nCareer\n\nStand-up\nKilmartin began performing standup in 1987, doing contract comedy gigs in the Pacific Northwest. ", "She has since performed stand-up on Conan, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, ", "Comedy Central's Premium Blend, Showtime, the USO Tour Cuba, for troops in Iraq, Shorties Watchin' Shorties, Verdict with Dan Abrams, Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld, and The World Stands Up. ", "She has been featured at comedy festivals in Aspen, Edinburgh, and Montreal.", "\n\nShe also appeared on VH1's Best Week Ever, the Today Show, White Boyz in Da Hood, Countdown with Keith Olbermann, The Rachel Maddow Show, Fox & Friends and The Oprah Winfrey Show.", "\n\nIn 2009 Kilmartin released a CD, Five Minutes to Myself, consisting of material she was not allowed to use on air. ", "The CD covers topics such as immigrant boyfriends and unwanted Mexican babies, then answers an age-old question: Why is God such a prick in the Old Testament? ", "Punchline Magazine called Five Minutes to Myself one of the “Top Ten Comedy CDs of 2009.”", "\n\nHer comedy special, 45 Jokes About My Dead Dad, stand up comedy about cancer, hospice, death, grieving and funerals, debuted on Seeso, December 29, 2016.", "\n\nKilmartin was also a ‘Top Ten’ finalist in season 7 of NBC’s Last Comic Standing. ", "She was also listed in The Huffington Post'''s 53 Favorite Female Comedians list in 2011.", "\n\nIn early 2016, Kilmartin and fellow comic Jackie Kashian began a new podcast produced by Nerdist Industries called The Jackie and Laurie Show. ", "The two primarily discuss stand-up comedy in LA and on the road, occasionally covering harassment and the unequal treatment of female comics, Kilmartin's job as a staff writer on the late-night circuit, and Kilmartin's multi-generational family living situation.", "\n\nWriting\nAs a writer, Kilmartin was on the staff of The Late Late Show, Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn (on which she was also a frequent panelist), and Comedy Central's Too Late with Adam Carolla and The Bonnie Hunt Show. ", "She also wrote articles published on Huffington Post, Babble.com, and co-authored Sherri Shepherd's memoir, Permission Slips.", "\n\nIn 2012, she wrote the New York Times bestseller Sh*tty Mom: The Parenting Guide for the Rest of Us.", "\n\nIn 2018, she published Dead People S*ck'', \"an honest, irreverent, laugh-out-loud guide to coping with death and dying.\"", "\n\nPersonal life\nKilmartin has a son, born in 2006. ", "She is a single mother who often jokes about her son and motherhood.", "\n\nShe is not related to comedian and podcaster, Paul Gilmartin.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n The Jackie and Laurie Show website\n\nCategory:1965 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American stand-up comedians\nCategory:Last Comic Standing contestants\nCategory:People from Walnut Creek, California\nCategory:Comedians from California\nCategory:20th-century American comedians\nCategory:21st-century American comedians\nCategory:American women comedians\nCategory:People from Santa Clara County, California\nCategory:UCLA Bruins women's swimmers\nCategory:Writers from California\nCategory:21st-century American women writers\nCategory:21st-century American writers" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "No Names for Those Passport Applications\n\nThese searches should be done more than once for variations on the state's known abbreviations. ", "Some of the handwriting on these applications was difficult to read and not all include locations, particularly earlier ones. ", "But I have found a few just experimenting with locations and leaving the name fields blank." ]

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[ "Conasprella lenhilli\n\nConasprella lenhilli, common name the brown-flamed cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.", "\n\nLike all species within the genus Conasprella, these cone snails are predatory and venomous. ", "They are capable of \"stinging\" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.", "\n\nDistribution\nThis species occurs in the Caribbean Sea off Turks & Caicos.", "\n\nDescription \nThe maximum recorded shell length is 41.3 mm.", "\n\nHabitat \nMinimum recorded depth is 440 m. Maximum recorded depth is 440 m.\n\nReferences\n\n Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). ", "One, four or 100 genera? ", "A new classification of the cone snails. ", "Journal of Molluscan Studies. ", "81: 1-23\n\nExternal links\n The Conus Biodiversity website\n \n\nlenhilli\nCategory:Gastropods described in 1998\nCategory:Fauna of the Caribbean" ]

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[ "For over thirty years, fans of the Final Fantasy franchise have uniquely identified their various heroic avatars with this proud epithet: The Warriors of Light. ", "The Square Enix flagship IP holds a Guinness World Record as the most prolific RPG series of all time and every single one of these titles is implicitly — and often explicitly — centered upon the epic and eternal struggle between the metaphysical forces of Light and Darkness.", "\n\nWe have always, if sometimes tentatively, sided with the Light… That is, until now.", "\n\nThe reveal trailer for Final Fantasy XIV’s upcoming expansion Shadowbringers recently introduced to players an alarming new narrative and aesthetic fulcrum. ", "We — this world’s long-vaunted Warrior of Light — must and will embrace an antithetical and antagonistic notion: to become the Warrior of Darkness.", "\n\nBut why? ", "Out of desperation and necessity? ", "Manipulation and coercion by evil forces? ", "Or are we simply fed up with being treated as a blunt instrument by the self-righteous political factions of the world of Hydaelyn?", "\n\nSince an aphoristic yet character-defining moment at the climax of 2.0, we have been known from Ishgard to Othard as the the Mother Crystal’s chosen paradigm of transcendent strength and moral authority; unwavering, indefatigable, and frankly, barely human — the Warrior of Light.", "\n\nIt is more than a title–it is our purpose and our destiny. ", "How can we possibly discard this mantle? ", "Many of us are left to ponder in equal measures of gleeful and nervous anticipation what this might mean for what is shaping up to be FFXIV’s most exciting and ambitious expansion since A Realm Reborn (ARR).", "\n\nWhat is the Warrior of Darkness?", "\n\nTo fully understand what this tone shift might mean for FFXIV, we need to dig a little through the history of the franchise.", "\n\nThe Warriors of Darkness played an important role with their inaugural appearance, all the way back in Final Fantasy III (1990). ", "An ancient civilisation in this world payed for their ambition and hubris with a flood of light — an eventually world-erasing phenomenon precipitated when the universal force of Light too greatly outweighed that of Darkness. ", "So four heroes set out to fight their way to the figurative dimmer-switch and subsequently became known as the Warriors of Darkness.", "\n\nIn the present age, the pendulum swings back — an encroaching flood of Darkness urges the protagonists upon a quest to restore the Light. ", "Towards the end of their journey, these Warriors of Light reawaken their ancient Dark counterparts whom in turn sacrifice themselves in order to weaken the story’s evil mastermind — the enigmatic Cloud of Darkness — allowing the heroes to ultimately prevail.", "\n\nDespite the binary relationship between Light and Darkness, the introduction of the Warriors of Darkness into the franchise brings with it the curious notion that they are not necessarily antagonists. ", "Instead, their role is a product of their conditions, specifically the need to restore balance between universal forces. ", "They are equally receptive to help our fight against the Darkness to this end as they once were to combat the flood of Light.", "\n\nOf course we have already encountered self-proclaimed Warriors of Darkness in FFXIV as early as patch 3.0 of Heavensward; but the story of FFIII serves as a clear albeit general template for their appearance in Eorzea.", "\n\nArbert and the First Shard\n\nThe cosmogony of the FFXIV multiverse is perhaps the most esoteric of the whole franchise, but to understand in context the role of the Warrior of Darkness we should indulge a small tangent.", "\n\nOur world is the Source of thirteen reflections, sundered at the beginning of time by the attrition between Light and Darkness i.e. Hydaelyn and Zodiark. ", "Hydaelyn prevailed, Zodiark’s essence was sealed away. ", "From this “sundering,” alternate “reflected” dimensions formed and from them divergent life, civilisations, and histories.", "\n\nHydaelyn inspired life and order across these worlds whilst Zodiark machinated to sow chaos and assault the Source with enough friction to gradually shatter the barriers between the dimensions, one by one. ", "This process of dimensional compression is known as the “Rejoining”. ", "Each time the Ascians — eternal servants of Zodiark — succeed in a Rejoining they visit a Calamity upon our world, utterly destroy another as it “Rejoins” and take one more step towards the resurrection of Zodiark.", "\n\nStill with us? ", "Okay!", "\n\nFrom one of these parallel worlds — “the First” — overzealous Warriors of Light thwarted every encroach of the Darkness and vanquished their Ascians utterly. ", "With this victory, balance was lost on their plane; its peoples stood on the brink a seemingly-unstoppable flood of Light whilst mother Hydaelyn met their prayers for deliverance with only silence.", "\n\nEnter the enigmatic Elidibus, white-robed Ascian overlord and self-proclaimed emissary of Zodiark. ", "Elidibus offered to our counterpart on the First, Arbert, a desperate solution. ", "The flood of Light would not only destroy everyone and unmake their world: it would leave them all in an agonising state of suspension between life and death. ", "Such a void would be useless to the Ascians, unable to Rejoin with the Source.", "\n\nSo Elidibus enlisted the disenchanted Arbert and his companions for one final quest.", "\n\nIf they were to sacrifice their mortal lives and allow their spirits to be cast across the aetherial sea, they could enter the Source — our world — and work here to quicken a Calamity, shattering another dimensional barrier. ", "The subsequent Rejoining of their world to ours would save theirs from nightmarish purgatory; instead allowing its denizens the preferable release of death.", "\n\nWith no imaginable alternative, Arbert and company acquiesced to Elidibus’ plot and with grief and fury embraced their new role as the Warriors of Darkness: champions of chaos, a seemingly-necessary evil and direct adversaries to we Warriors of Light here upon the Source.", "\n\nBut they had been deceived.", "\n\nUpon first learning of the movements of these Warriors of Darkness, Urianger Augurelt — one of our Scion allies — feinted conspiracy with Elidibus and the Warriors of Darkness to play the double agent whilst secretly searching for another solution. ", "He pitted the Warrior of Light and Darkness against one another until they unwittingly completed a ritual which brought them into the presence of Hydaelyn and her own emissary, Minfilia.", "\n\nThere, Hydaelyn explained Arbert’s error and the machinations of Elidibus — she did not intend to let their world drown in Light. ", "Hydaelyn had heard their prayers and supplications all along; she had been but powerless to respond, weakened by the strain of recent calamity and intervention.", "\n\nShe intended to send Minfilia to the First to “take unto herself” the abundance of Light before it could consume their world (the consequences of which we might be finally observing here upon the Source as we approach Shadowbringers).", "\n\nDespite Arbert’s indignation, he accepted these terms and stood down in exchange for a favour: to take him and his companions home. ", "At this, the tragic Warrior of Darkness turned to us with a final mote of wisdom:\n\nWe were blind to the truth once. ", "So I tell you this, as one fool to another. ", "Light, Dark, it doesn’t matter. ", "What matters is how you choose to use them. ", "We made our choice, and you see what came of it. ", "So please… forge a different path. ", "Seize a better fate.", "\n\nThis was the last time we saw Arbert — in patch 3.4 of Heavensward — but it may not be the last time we have heard him speak to us…\n\nThe Dark Knight\n\nIn the Shadowbringers trailer, we see Daddylander fighting against a Kuribu — a representation of the forces of Light — and switching between each class and job he has wielded in previous cinematics. ", "He is summarily swatted as an Archer, Warrior, Dragoon, Monk, and Samurai before a spectacular and spine-tingling transformation into Dark Knight.", "\n\nAlthough the action of the trailer is likely more emblematic than literal (no FFXIV trailer yet has been), this focus on the quintessential Final Fantasy job of Dark Knight is very interesting. ", "Although it had appeared previously, the archetypical Dark Knight of the franchise would have to be Cecil Harvey, the main protagonist of Final Fantasy IV.", "\n\nThe crown of Cecil’s character arc is forsaking the Darkness to become a Paladin, having found the powers of the Dark Knight insufficient to combat Darkness itself. ", "The apex, fighting and defeating a manifestation of his own inner Darkness. ", "As we move into Shadowbringers, it might seem implicit that our own hero must overcome an inversion of the same kind of trial.", "\n\nThe idea of embracing the Darkness should feel particularly compelling to those of us that have invested time into leveling Dark Knight and experiencing one of the better pieces of side-story in XIV. ", "If you haven’t played through it yet, you should.", "\n\nIn every other one of XIV’s narratives, the hero seems resigned to playing a mute sycophant. ", "In our most banal moments, the Warrior of Light seems aligned to Lawful Stupid. ", "The Dark Knight quest line offers us a little more depth — afterwards we can think of our character as a tortured stoic, adopting a posture both burdened and brave, for the sake of those under our protection. ", "We carry the hopes and dreams of an entire world, after all.", "\n\nShades of a Tortured Psyche\n\nDarkness and Light don’t just form the world, they form the soul. ", "In Heavensward we discovered the Job Crystal of a deceased Dark Knight and quickly realised that the Darkness within us could become a source of incredible strength, if we fed it… And feed it we did, unwittingly using this crystal to produce a tangible reflection of our inner Darkness.", "\n\nThis Darkness helped us nurture and hone our fear, pain, rage, and MCR discography into a weapon of justice.", "\n\nOur Darkness — which we mistook for Fray, the former bearer of the Job Crystal — expressed itself with a freedom and vocabulary not available to us elsewhere in the game. ", "It openly fumed at the ignorance and ingratitude of NPC quest-givers that presume to expect us to repeatedly risk our life at their convenience.", "\n\nIt told them that we should have let them die rather than thanklessly save them yet again. ", "It laughed at how they trembled and at how the blood covered us after battle. ", "It demanded that we renounce the burdens of others, lest we too die a slave.", "\n\nEventually, it grew wild and started attacking our allies. ", "We confronted this facsimile and no longer saw Fray, but the truth: our own Darkness, intent on destroying the rest of our character and taking control. ", "Like Cecil, we duelled our shade — but rather than destroy it, we reconciled. ", "We would continue to wield the Darkness, but we had now developed the self-discipline to keep it simmering beneath the surface.", "\n\nThis is not the only time we have had to deal with misbehaving embodiments of our Darkness. ", "Through the Dark Knight quests for Stormblood, it was not our rage and indignation — it was our regret and guilt. ", "The suffering that we have seen, the mistakes we have made, and the lives that we have been forced to end took its toll.", "\n\nOur crystal split in two and an ethereal young elezen boy named Myste admitted responsibility, claiming to have taken from it the power to free others from the burden of despair by creating temporary simulacrums of their departed loved ones that might offer a gentle — but false — sense of closure. ", "Incidentally, the victims were all those whose suffering had been caused with varying directness by the Warrior of Light.", "\n\nEventually we discerned the true nature of Myste (i.e. yet another reflection of our inner Darkness), reconciling with this shade too, but only after being forced to fight through the ghosts of so many that have died by our hands… a trial for which we had to call upon the strength of Fray one more time.", "\n\nIf we must become the Warrior of Darkness in order to battle whatever comes in Shadowbringers, it will not come without a tremendous personal cost. ", "Whether or not we have since completed the Dark Knight story, we should expect a struggle to steel ourselves before the shadows of our psyche to be a salient and refreshing progression for our too-often silent characters.", "\n\nAn Eighth Calamity\n\nThe Seventh Umbral Calamity has been at the centre of FFXIV since 2010. ", "A moon dropped out of the sky and an ancient Dreadwyrm was unleashed to rain death and fire upon the realm. ", "It dramatically remodeled the climate, geography, politics, and personal histories of the world… without intervention, its destruction would have been absolute.", "\n\nIt was the diegetic cause for the remake and relaunch of ARR, smashing Eorzea so hard that the players had to be cast into the lifestream for five canon years (and three real-life years) just to survive it. ", "Since these Calamities have been interspersed in Eorzea’s history by millenia, we wouldn’t expect another for a very long time.", "\n\nYet the recent patches leading towards Shadowbringers (and the trailer itself) have included dire warnings delivered by a mysterious yet familiar disembodied voice piercing our mind… warning that we wait upon the eve of another Calamity — this one far, far worse than the last.", "\n\nAs if that was bad enough, it claims we also have a Light upon the horizon to contend with, one rapidly building to a Flood, just like that which threatened Arbert’s world. ", "Twin dooms, apparently, that only we can forestall — and it’s not clear that we will forestall them after all.", "\n\nEach time this voice reaches us and the other Scions (our main supporting cast of allies), we all experience a brief, crippling delirium and one of them is left in a state of unshakeable catatonia. ", "The greatest scholars of our realm have concurred that their souls have been “Called” from their bodies, but to where and for what end they have not concluded. ", "Nor have they speculated on the identity of the responsible party.", "\n\nAs far as we can tell, the threads between body and soul have not been broken — which is to say they can return, in theory — but the threads cannot be traced beyond the barriers of the Source. ", "It seems, then, that the Calling may have pulled the souls of our friends into another world entirely…\n\nSo who exactly is Calling us? ", "Some posit that Alphinaud (another of the Scions) has learned some alarming secrets during his recent time behind enemy lines and has found a way to Call from a post-Calamity future, hoping to prevent this outcome in the present. ", "They cite that it sounds kind of like Alphinaud, but older; and that the voice insists to us multiple times that “history must be changed”.", "\n\nIf this is the case, current-Alphinaud has become a casualty of future-Alphinaud’s intervention — he lies catatonic with the other Scions.", "\n\nUnhelpfully, most of the game’s cast has changed voice actors at least once since ARR. ", "That said, each replacement voice seems selected to sound as close to the last as possible. ", "The voice speaks of a Flood of Light, a phenomenon we have heard of in only one other place…\n\nIn the Shadowbringers trailer, the same voice commands us to become the Warrior of Darkness. ", "Our friends’ souls are evidently being pulled into another world, and in the most recent story patch (4.5) our hero’s thoughts drifted to someone we have neither seen nor mentioned since he left our plane in 3.4. ", "So where does this lead us?", "\n\nAfter cross-referencing with multiple localisations (English, Japanese, French, German and Korean), each voice sounds less like that of Alphinaud and more like that of someone else: Arbert. ", "We also see in the trailer that Minfilia — last seen in the company of Arbert — has returned, if in a form not quite her own…\n\nSome of you may disagree, but it certainly is a curious pile of coincidences.", "\n\nThe Flood of Light\n\nObservations from other characters have concurred with the warnings of this voice; noticing a thinning of the aether (the lifeblood of our world) across the three Great Continents. ", "This phenomenon was previously recorded only shortly before the last Calamity.", "\n\nConcurrently, the power of Light upon our world has escalated to a “deluge”… but a deluge from where? ", "From the recent and pending victories of the Warrior of Light? ", "Perhaps from Hydaelyn’s promise to take unto herself the blinding Light of the First? ", "We’re guessing some combination of the two.", "\n\nWe have also learned recently that the Garlean Empire, the world’s primary antagonistic vehicle, was founded by and has forever been the design of an Ascian, Solus zos Galvus.", "\n\nIts purpose was never to bring order, but chaos — to this end, its puppeteer has recommenced the mass-production of a deadly nerve gas: the Black Rose. ", "An insidious weapon, the Black Rose kills without leaving a trace of injury (curiously, the condition of its victims appear not unlike the targets of the Calling).", "\n\nAside from the immediate effects it has on a population, Solus muses that it could have a very interesting interaction with the recent abundance of Light. ", "A Black Rose-fueled Calamity, then? ", "Followed unwittingly, it seems, by a potential Flood of Light? ", "Or perhaps Solus is making a gamble on us to choose between these two outcomes, that we will allow — even assist in — the provoking of a Calamity if a rejoining will bring enough balance to prevent this Flood.", "\n\nPerhaps this is what it means to become the Warrior of Darkness, as it did for Arbert. ", "Having worked for so long to avert the next Calamity, perhaps we will be forced to betray Eorzea in becoming its instigator and champion… Perhaps we won’t realise this until the Light has already begun to consume our world.", "\n\nWielding Darkness vs Dual Disasters\n\nThe Warrior of Light seems ill-prepared to mitigate a Flood of Light — the aspect of our powers renders them impotent. ", "We have relied for every victory so far upon the Crystals of Light, drawn to our hand by that of Hydaelyn, but now we must embrace something new, or in the case of Dark Knight story veterans: allow something monstrous and barely contained to break free.", "\n\nIf we must forsake for now our Crystals of Light, perhaps there is another power that can fuel our violence: as our functional antithesis, it should be no surprise that the Ascians carry Crystals of Darkness… There is a certain presumed-dead villain turned emerging-antihero currently hellbent on their destruction. ", "We’re sure he’d be delighted to help us hunt them down.", "\n\nHowever it happens, Shadowbringers means that for the very first time, the hero of a Final Fantasy title will become a Warrior of Darkness — forced to betray, forsake and undermine everything “good” that we have so far worked and been used for.", "\n\nWe’re on the brink of a Calamity; given that the last time this happened it came with a transition from the disastrous 1.0 to the relatively-miraculous ARR, we should pay close attention to whatever comes next.", "\n\nShadowbringers arrives July 2 2019 with early access beginning June 28 for all pre-orders, available now. ", "The story continues with “A Requiem for Heroes: Part 2” next month." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nProblem processing XML data with TBXML\n\nI have a .NET web service I have to connect to, and unfortunately, I can't change the web service. ", "I built the web service call with NSURLConnection, and I receive the response fine.", "\nI take the NSData object I'm receiving from the web service call, and when calls the connectionDidFinishLoading method, I'm writing the data to a file. ", "This also works great, no issues.", "\nI take the file path and load it into the TBXML class. ", "When I try to load it via the initWithXMLFile, it never actually returns data from the file. ", "I load the file into an NSData object and use initWithXMLData and things load up fine.", "\nThe problem happens when I actually process the file. ", "First, I get the root element, then parse out the extra SOAP headers. ", "When I get into the nested pieces of my data, I set up loops to process them.", "\nTBXMLElement *root = parser.rootXMLElement;\nif (root) {\n TBXMLElement *soapBody = [TBXMLElement childElementNamed:@\"soap:Body\" parentElement:root];\n TBXMLResponse *serviceResponse = [TBXMLElement childElementNamed:@\"GetServiceResponse\" parentElement:soapBody];\n ... more code like this ...\n TBXMLElement *mainObject = [TBXML childElementNamed:kMainObject parentElement:parentObject];\n while (mainObject !", "= nil) {\n TBXMLElement *element1 = [TBXML childElementName:kElement1 parentElement:mainObject];\n object.value1 = [TBXML textForElement:element1];\n ... more nesting and value getting like this ...\n mainObject = [TBXML nextSiblingName:kMainObject searchFromElement:mainObject];\n }\n}\n\nHere's how my data would look:\n< ... soap stuff ... >\n<mainObject>\n <element> ... </element>\n <element> ... </element>\n <element> ... </element>\n <childObjects>\n <childObject> ... </childObject>\n <childObject> ... </childObject>\n <childObject> ... </childObject>\n </childObject>\n</mainObject>\n\nSo, to handle the wrapper ( tag) around the childObject elements, I just pull out the childObjects element, and then set up a loop for everything nested within that element. ", "Like:\n// Go into the childObjects wrapper\nTBXMLElement *childObjectsWrapper = [TBXML childElementNamed:kChildObjectsWrapper parentElement:parent];\n// Get the first childObject element\nTBXMLElement *childObject = [TBXML childElementNamed:kChildObject parentElement:parent];\nwhile (childObject !", "= nil) {\n ... process the nested elements ...\n\n childObject = [TBXML nextSiblingNamed:kChildObject searchFromElement:childObject];\n}\n\n1 time out of 10, everything processes just fine. ", "But, 9 times out of 10, it throws an EXC_BAD_ACCESS in the childElementNamed function in the TBXML library. ", "The part of the XML it chokes on is variable. ", "60% of the time, it's one particular element. ", "40% of the time it's a random assortment of other elements. ", "\nThe exception hits at the TBXMLElement *childObject definition, after loading up the wrapper object. ", "I'm sure it's something with the wrapper object, because in the childElementNamed: method, the aParentXMLElement is null. ", "But, the data is there in the XML file as the parser expects it, and it works sometimes. ", "And the data I'm getting back is always the same.", "\nAny help diagnosing this? ", "I'm lost...\n\nA:\n\nThe issue turned out to be an XML issue. ", "The data that was being read by the TBXML library had some escaped special characters, in particular &. ", "To fix it, I take the NSData object, convert it to a string, use Google's character escaping class to UNescape the &, and rewrite it to an NSData object. ", "I could just parse the string at that point, but I already had the parser set up for NSData so I've kept it that way for now.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nResult of Series[expression] is different when I simplify the expression\n\nFixed in 11.2\n\nI have an expression that I want to expand around a given point, and when I do it without simplifying it gives a different result than when I simplify it beforehand. ", "\nFull expression\nTttfinal=1/8 (-1 + x^2) Sqrt[1/((1 - x^2)^2 - (Q^2 (1 - x^2)^3)/r0^2 + (\n r0^2 (3 - 3 x^2 + x^4))/L^2)] Sqrt[(\n r0^4 (1 - y^2)^2)/((1 - x^2)^4 (2 - y^2))] ((\n 16 x ((1 - x^2)^2 - (Q^2 (1 - x^2)^3)/r0^2 + (\n r0^2 (3 - 3 x^2 + x^4))/L^2))/(L (-1 + x^2)^2) + (\n 1/((-1 + x^2)^3))\n Sqrt[((-1 + x^2)^2 ((1 - x^2)^2 - (Q^2 (1 - x^2)^3)/r0^2 + (\n r0^2 (3 - 3 x^2 + x^4))/L^2))/\n r0^2] (-x (-1 + x^2) (-4 x (1 - x^2) + (6 Q^2 x (1 - x^2)^2)/\n r0^2 + (r0^2 (-6 x + 4 x^3))/L^2) + \n 2 (1 + x^2) ((1 - x^2)^2 - (Q^2 (1 - x^2)^3)/r0^2 + (\n r0^2 (3 - 3 x^2 + x^4))/L^2)) - (1/((-1 + x^2)^2))\n x ((1 - x^2)^2 - (Q^2 (1 - x^2)^3)/r0^2 + (r0^2 (3 - 3 x^2 + x^4))/\n L^2) ((4 x Sqrt[(1 - x^2)^2 - (Q^2 (1 - x^2)^3)/r0^2 + (\n r0^2 (3 - 3 x^2 + x^4))/L^2])/\n r0 + (Sqrt[((-1 + x^2)^2 ((1 - x^2)^2 - (Q^2 (1 - x^2)^3)/\n r0^2 + (r0^2 (3 - 3 x^2 + x^4))/L^2))/\n r0^2] (x (-1 + x^2) (-4 x (1 - x^2) + (6 Q^2 x (1 - x^2)^2)/\n r0^2 + (r0^2 (-6 x + 4 x^3))/L^2) - \n 2 (1 + x^2) ((1 - x^2)^2 - (Q^2 (1 - x^2)^3)/r0^2 + (\n r0^2 (3 - 3 x^2 + x^4))/L^2)))/(x (-1 + \n x^2) ((1 - x^2)^2 - (Q^2 (1 - x^2)^3)/r0^2 + (\n r0^2 (3 - 3 x^2 + x^4))/L^2)) - (\n 4 x Sqrt[(1 - x^2)^2 - (Q^2 (1 - x^2)^3)/r0^2 + (\n r0^2 (3 - 3 x^2 + x^4))/L^2] (2 - y^2))/(r0 (-2 + y^2)))) \n\nwith the assumptions:\n$Assumptions = \n And[x >= 0, x <= 1, y >= -1, y <= 1, Q > 0, L > 0, r0 > 0]\n\nResult:\nSeries[Tttfinal, {x, 1, 2}] // Simplify\nSeries[Tttfinal // Simplify, {x, 1, 2}] // Simplify\n\nSeriesData[x, 1, {\n Rational[-1, 4] L^(-2) r0^3 (2 - y^2)^Rational[-1, 2] (-1 + y^2), \n Rational[3, 8] L^(-2) r0^3 (2 - y^2)^Rational[-1, 2] (-1 + y^2), \n Rational[-3, 8] L^(-2) r0^3 (2 - y^2)^Rational[-1, 2] (-1 + y^2), \n Rational[1, 16] L^(-2) r0^(-1) (\n 13 r0^4 + 8 L^2 (Q^2 + r0^2)) (2 - y^2)^Rational[-1, 2] (-1 + y^2),\n Rational[1, 64] L^(-2) r0^(-1) (\n 32 L^4 + 128 L^2 Q^2 - 15 r0^4) (\n 2 - y^2)^Rational[-1, 2] (-1 + y^2), \n Rational[1, 128] L^(-2) r0^(-3) (\n 21 r0^6 + 128 L^2 r0^2 (Q^2 + 2 r0^2) + 32 L^4 (8 Q^2 + 9 r0^2)) (\n 2 - y^2)^Rational[-1, 2] (-1 + y^2)}, -3, 3, 1]\nSeriesData[x, 1, {\n Rational[-1, 2] L^(-2) r0^(-1) (\n r0^4 + L^2 (Q^2 + r0^2)) (2 - y^2)^Rational[-1, 2] (-1 + y^2), \n Rational[1, 2] (L^2 - 4 Q^2)\n r0^(-1) (2 - y^2)^Rational[-1, 2] (-1 + y^2), \n Rational[1, 4]\n r0^(-3) ((-4) Q^2 r0^2 + 8 r0^4 + L^2 (8 Q^2 + 9 r0^2)) (\n 2 - y^2)^Rational[-1, 2] (-1 + y^2)}, 0, 3, 1]\n\nTo be clear, the result I expect to be correct is the one where I simplify the expression.", "\n\nA:\n\nfyi, Fixed in 11.2\n\ncode using data in post:\nres1=Series[Tttfinal,{x,1,2}]//Normal//Simplify\nres2=Series[Tttfinal//Simplify,{x,1,2}]//Normal//Simplify\nres1-res2\n(* 0 *)\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Neurocognitive capabilities modulate the integration of evidence in schizophrenia.", "\nPrevious studies have demonstrated a cognitive bias in the integration of disconfirmatory evidence (BADE) in patients with schizophrenia. ", "This bias has been associated with delusions. ", "So far, it is unclear how the integration of evidence is associated with neurocognitive capabilities. ", "In the current study, 31 patients with schizophrenia and 29 healthy controls, matched on age, gender, education and premorbid verbal intelligence, underwent a BADE task. ", "Written scenarios of three consecutive sentences each were presented, which progressively reduced the ambiguity of situations. ", "Participants were asked to rate the plausibility of four possible interpretations and adjust their ratings in response to the provided sentences. ", "Psychometric rating scales and a neuropsychological test battery were applied. ", "Patients displayed a bias in the integration of confirmatory, but not disconfirmatory evidence and a liberal acceptance of belief formation. ", "Correlation analyses revealed no associations of evidence integration with the severity of positive symptoms, but with neurocognitive domains, especially with processing speed, executive functioning, vigilance and working memory. ", "In conclusion, patients with schizophrenia show a bias in evidence integration. ", "Neurocognitive functioning emerged as a modulatory factor that should be considered in further research. ", "Studies investigating BADE in earlier stages of psychosis will be necessary to reveal causal relationships." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Two huge scores for Camerlengo this season. ", "This program wears amazingly well considering the subject matter. ", "The choreo is so intricate and interesting, the music is so good (I love single-piece routines), and they do it up brown. ", "They're possibly the best-looking team in dance. ", "It was hilarious to see Caitlin at the end switch from anguish to triumph on a dime." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "/*\n * Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making Angel available.", "\n *\n * Copyright (C) 2017-2018 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\"); you may not use this file except in\n * compliance with the License. ", "You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License\n * is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express\n * or implied. ", "See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under\n * the License.", "\n *\n */\npackage com.tencent.angel.master.matrix.committer;\n\npublic class SaveResult {\n\n public SaveResult(String modelPath, String matrixPath, long saveTs) {\n this.modelPath = modelPath;\n this.matrixPath = matrixPath;\n this.saveTs = saveTs;\n }\n\n private String modelPath;\n private String matrixPath;\n private long saveTs;\n\n public String getModelPath() {\n return modelPath;\n }\n\n public void setModelPath(String modelPath) {\n this.modelPath = modelPath;\n }\n\n public String getMatrixPath() {\n return matrixPath;\n }\n\n public void setMatrixPath(String matrixPath) {\n this.matrixPath = matrixPath;\n }\n\n public long getSaveTs() {\n return saveTs;\n }\n\n public void setSaveTs(long saveTs) {\n this.saveTs = saveTs;\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Cassandra Hodges is an actress who works with multi-Oscared movie producer Norma Heyman, is resident producer at the Hope Theatre in Islington and is involved in two shows at the Edinburgh Fringe in August: the Big Bite-Size Breakfast Show at the Pleasance and the Big Bite-Size Lunch Hour at the Assembly\n\nAs if that were not enough, in a couple of weeks, she tells me:\n\n“I’m also doing a murder mystery cruise for Fred Olsen. ", "If that goes well, it will go round Europe next year. ", "Different people die every night and there are seven of us players. ", "It was the Duchess of Northumberland who set it up, because she’s obsessed with poison gardens and fascinated by poison as a concept. ", "All the food and drink on the cruise will be poison related. ", "It should be another mad experience of doing something new. ", "I’m also developing a couple of films with friends.”", "\n\n“So you have been at it a while?” ", "I asked.", "\n\n“I left drama school six years ago. ", "I sort-of started doing producing when I came out of drama school because I wanted to be in something and the phone wasn’t ringing, so I started making my own work. ", "I come from an acting family, but not my mum or dad – my cousin is the actress Julia Foster, so that’s were the thespian bit comes from; she’s now doing the new Dad’s Army film. ", "My mum is a fashion designer; my dad’s a historian.”", "\n\n“What was his speciality?” ", "I asked.", "\n\n“The Bayeux Tapestry and that period. ", "As a child, I was always being taken to castles, which was great, but maybe it made me a bit of a dreamer. ", "Interested in history. ", "Reading novels and my dad’s books rather than watching television. ", "My dad was always playing classical music when I was younger and I did ballet as a kid with the Royal Academy of Dance. ", "On the other hand, I grew up on the Carry Ons and Dad’s Army and all that.", "\n\n“I wasn’t very academic at school but I went to Sussex University and did English with Drama and wrote my dissertation on Jane Austen, whom I’m obsessed with, and Shakespeare.”", "\n\n“You write as well?” ", "I asked.", "\n\n“No, I’m not really a writer, but I did have a psychic reading the other day and he told me I should not rule out being a writer.”", "\n\n“Oh,” I told her, “I had a psychic reading in Battersea Park when I was seventeen. ", "I was wearing orange-coloured cord Levi jeans and the fortune teller said I would go to the US and work in banking. ", "I was not impressed.”", "\n\n“This guy was good,” said Cassandra. “", "Anthony Lewis Churchill.", "\n\nHe said a lot of things which he could not have known about my family – like how my dad was born in Wales, which is not anywhere on the internet because my dad is really private.", "\n\n“And once I auditioned for something that I really shouldn’t have auditioned for, because I would never have got it, and Anthony Lewis Churchill said to me: Someone’s telling me to tell you not to bother auditioning for things you’re not going to get like The Lion King. ", "And I had never told anyone about that.”", "\n\n“He knew you were an actress, though?” ", "I asked.", "\n\n“Yes, but I’d never told anyone that fact and he knew it exactly, so that was a bit weird. ", "He does aura and life coaching and he has a TV show he’s about to launch in America: him and a fashion designer. ", "They go into someone’s house and take a dress out of their cupboard and he analyses the history of the dress. ", "The UK wasn’t interested in it, but America was.", "\n\n“The US has become my favourite country. ", "I went over in April to do an Industry Hollywood course. ", "They’re more direct out there. ", "They’re very Yes-or-No, but at least you get an answer. ", "Here I often get: Oh, we’ve already got a blonde in her twenties and I think You obviously haven’t bothered to watch my showreel because there’s comedy stuff on there; it’s not just boring leading lady. ", "That’s not my casting.”", "\n\n“So you went went out to the US on this course…?” ", "I prompted.", "\n\n“Yes. ", "A couple of friends of mine went out for the week too. ", "One of them wasn’t doing the course. ", "He got himself an agent and got married within a week. ", "Someone I introduced him to. ", "They went off to Las Vegas. ", "He had only known her for four days. ", "They’re going out to live there now. ", "Somebody from Comedy Central told me: Oh my god! ", "You’re the new Emma Thompson! ", "You need to come out here!”", "\n\n“So you’ll have to get a visa,” I said.", "\n\n“I’d like to get an O-1 visa,” Cassandra told me.", "\n\n“That lasts three years?”", "\n\n“Yup. ", "then, after five years, you can apply for a Green Card.”", "\n\n“What can you do on an O-1?”", "\n\n“There’s one that’s just for acting. ", "But there’s a performance one, where you can do singing-dancing-acting. ", "I’ve done a bit of opera and I do musicals. ", "I’ve done Sweeney Todd – I was the beggar woman – and I’d really like to do more Sondheim. ", "I do flute, ukulele, piano. ", "So that’s the one for me. ", "I had heard horror stories about America for women but I actually found it to be not horrific.”", "\n\n“You mean casting couches?”", "\n\n“Yes. ", "And also I’d heard you couldn’t succeed as a woman unless you were stick-thin or fat. ", "You couldn’t be middle-sized like me.”", "\n\n“Sherry Lansing and Amy Pascal made it,” I said. “", "But maybe you can only run a studio, not be an actress. ", "Presumably it helps that you have what they will call the ‘cute little English accent’.”", "\n\n“I do the posh thing, yes. ", "That’s what I always get cast as: posh or comedy roles.”", "\n\n“I suppose the accent is quite posh,” I said. “", "Stephen Merchant said, in this country, people hear his accent and think he’s a West Country yokel but, in the US, they think he’s speaking like a member of the Royal Family.”", "\n\n“It was interesting going out there,” said Cassandra. “", "They put us in front of a lot of casting people and I also got a 3-hour accent coaching session. ", "I met a couple of people who used to direct Star Trek and they were lovely.”", "\n\n“What sort of parts do you want?”", "\n\n“I’m looking at what Miranda Hart is doing. ", "I think Big Bang Theory was a big turning point. ", "I think you’re starting to see more real people on sitcoms. ", "I feel comedy is changing and it’s a good time for Brits to be out in the US. ", "They seem to like us, even if a lot of people thought I was Australian when I was in the US. ", "British actors have usually changed to go to the US, but I think people are starting to go out there and be themselves – like you were saying about Stephen Merchant. ", "I’m going out in September with the Borat hope of getting some work by meeting up with some of those fabulous contacts I made.”", "\n\n“And, in the meantime,” I said, “the poison cruise and Edinburgh?”", "\n\n“In Edinburgh,” said Cassandra, “I’m playing Cate Blanchett and Elizabeth Bennett in Pride & Prejudice.”", "\n\n“And,” I asked, “you’re also involved off-stage in Bite-Size plays in Edinburgh?”", "\n\n“One is called Quack, about a man who falls in love with a duck and takes her to work with him, then realises she is a duck and has to explain to her that she can’t wear trainers. ", "It’s quite sad. ", "It’s a real mixture. ", "There are some touching plays in among the comedy.", "\n\n“And I have a play which is transferring to the West End in November. ", "It’s a play by Snoo Wilson called Love Song of the Electric Bear about Alan Turing. ", "I produced it at the Hope Theatre for three weeks in February. ", "We got the play published by Methuen and, on the last show, Simon Callow and Alan Rickman came to see it, which was great. ", "The play is basically Alan Turing’s life told through his teddy bear. ", "I think my grandma might have worked at Bletchley Park.”", "\n\n“But,” I suggested, “if she had told you she would have had to kill you.”", "\n\n“Maybe,” said Cassandra." ]

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[ "About 60% of bacteria and 90% of archaea possess CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) system systems to confer resistance to foreign DNA elements. ", "Type II CRISPR system from Streptococcus pyogenes involves only a single gene encoding the Cas9 protein and two RNAs—a mature CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and a partially complementary trans-acting RNA (tracrRNA)—which are necessary and sufficient for RNA-guided silencing of foreign DNAs.", "\nIn recent years, engineered nuclease enzymes designed to target specific DNA sequences have attracted considerable attention as powerful tools for the genetic manipulation of cells and whole organisms, allowing targeted gene deletion, replacement and repair, as well as the insertion of exogenous sequences (transgenes) into the genome. ", "Two major technologies for engineering site-specific DNA nucleases have emerged, both of which are based on the construction of chimeric endonuclease enzymes in which a sequence non-specific DNA endonuclease domain is fused to an engineered DNA binding domain. ", "However, targeting each new genomic locus requires the design of a novel nuclease enzyme, making these approaches both time consuming and costly. ", "In addition, both technologies suffer from limited precision, which can lead to unpredictable off-target effects.", "\nThe systematic interrogation of genomes and genetic reprogramming of cells involves targeting sets of genes for expression or repression. ", "Currently the most common approach for targeting arbitrary genes for regulation is to use RNA interference (RNAi). ", "This approach has limitations. ", "For example, RNAi can exhibit significant off-target effects and toxicity.", "\nThere is need in the field for a technology that allows precise targeting of nuclease activity (or other protein activities) to distinct locations within a target DNA in a manner that does not require the design of a new protein for each new target sequence. ", "In addition, there is a need in the art for methods of controlling gene expression with minimal off-target effects." ]

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[ "Friday, November 4, 2011\n\nGuru Nanak Dev Ji's Birthday\n\nIt was Guru Nanak Dev Ji's birthday on Nov 2. ", "There will be an akhand paath at the Guru Nanak Darbar on Nov 7-8-9.", "\n\nFrom \"Sikhiwiki.com\"\nGuru Nanak founded and formalised the three pillars of Sikhism:\n\n1. ", "Naam Japna Guru ji led the Sikhs directly to practise Simran and Naam Japna – meditation on God through reciting, chanting, singing and constant remembrance followed by deep study & comprehension of God’s Name and virtues. ", "In real life to practice and tread on the path of Dharam (righteousness) - The inner thought of the Sikh thus stays constantly immersed in praises and appreciation of the Creator and the ONE ETERNAL GOD Waheguru.", "\n\n2. ", "Kirat Karni He expected the Sikhs to live as honourable householders and practise Kirat Karni – To honestly earn by ones physical and mental effort while accepting both pains and pleasures as GOD's gifts and blessings. ", "One is to stay truthful at all times and, fear none but the Eternal Super Soul. ", "Live a life founded on decency immersed in Dharam - life controlled by high spiritual, moral and social values.", "\n\n3. ", "Vand Chakna. ", "The Sikhs were asked to share their wealth within the community by practising Vand Chakna – “Share and Consume together”. ", "The community or Sadh Sangat is an important part of Sikhism. ", "One must be part of a community that is living the flawless objective values set out by the Sikh Gurus and every Sikh has to contribute in whatever way possible to the common community pool. ", "This spirit of Sharing and Giving is an important message from Guru Nanak.", "\n\n2 comments:\n\nIf i had to travel on foot, i would be eating like ten energy bars per day... i wonder how guru Nanak accomplished it. ", "Well, it wasnt exactly a marathon. ", "he probably just took his time. ", "like, a lot of time." ]

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[ "Max Weinberg(I)\n\nMax Weinberg is the drummer of E Street Band, Bruce Springsteen's major band. ", "His snare drum from the \"Born In The USA\" tour, \"The Big Beat\", is on display at the Hard Rock Cafe in NYC. ", "Max started up his own record label and production company in 1990 called Hard Ticket Entertainment. ", "He produced the albums by Killer Joe on this label. ", "He recently... See full bio »" ]

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[ "“Beer and music go together. ", "They amplify the experience of the other.” ", "So said Sam Calagione, founder of Dogfish Head Brewing, on Friday to a theatreful of Austinites who probably pair beer and music often enough to agree.", "\n\nCalagione was introducing the Last Dragon Beer Feast, an 8-beer and 5-course dinner that is the main event of the Off-Centered Film Fest, itself a pleasing annual pairing between the craft brewery and Alamo Drafthouse.", "\n\nThe movie The Last Dragon juxtaposes cheesy 80s movies tropes with kung fu plot conventions, which makes America the greatest country on earth. ", "The actress playing heroine Laura Charles was sexpot rock musician Vanity who sometimes opened for Prince. (", "Rihanna is rumored to take the role in the remake.) ", "The actor playing hero Bruce Leroy had never acted before, but only rookie enthusiasm could finesse the scene when our African American protagonist eats his movie theater popcorn with chopsticks, still wearing his straw rice farmer hat.", "\n\nChef Trish Eichelberger watched the film many times, to inspire her dinner menu, of course! ", "She fused Asian ingredients with soul food dishes to pack more punches than the Last Shogun of Harlem and Bruce Leroy combined.", "\n\nThe third course, for example, a fried rib, dripped with hoisin barbeque sauce and rested on miso-braised collard greens. ", "The more sour beers of the bunch were poured to wash over that saucy rib: Chateau Jiahu, made according to the oldest surviving beer recipe found in a tomb in China, and Positive Contact, an ale brewed with apple cider and other ingredients scratching Dan the Automator’s tastebuds.", "\n\n“I learn so much about America right now,” said my husband, a German national. ", "He must have learned a lot about about how we pair neon and Aquanet, martial arts and rock music, and from Bruce Leroy’s father, New York’s only black pizza purveyor, passion and whatever the Hell we want to pair it with.", "\n\nToday is my second wedding anniversary, which we’ve actually been celebrating since the dinner on Friday. ", "When I got so drunk at the Jiggy Crunk Sing-Along after the movie that I \"Hammer Danced\" across two entire rows, my Beloved sobered up to drive us home. ", "The next day, I drove, so he drank and decided to give half the contents of our fridge to a particular homeless man – except he was not homeless; he was just a hipster, and I said nothing.", "\n\nI know why we go to the lengths we do in search of the perfect pairing, because I have one." ]

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[ "The owners of the 510-foot-long Noah’s Ark replica in Northern Kentucky have been suffering problems due to heavy rain and are now suing their insurers for refusing to cover the damage. ", "The wooden ship modeled after the ark in the Bible is perfectly fine, according to Ark Encounter, the theme park that houses the giant replica of Noah’s Ark. The problem is the “significant landslide” that took place on the property where the massive wooden vessel is standing due to heavy rains in 2017 and 2018 that ended up affecting access to the replica.", "\n\nThe repairs cost around $1 million, according to court documents that claim insurers told the owners of the ark that opened in 2016 to go ahead with the repairs. ", "But since then, the insurers have only paid “a very small portion” of the total cost.", "\n\nArk Encounter came out to dismiss initial reports that seemed a bit too good to be true and claimed that the damage was caused by flooding. “", "Contrary to some reporting, the damage to certain areas of the Ark Encounter themed attraction was not caused by a ‘flood’,” a representative of Ark Encounter told CNN. ", "The ark itself was also not at risk. “", "The ark was built on bedrock and was never in jeopardy,” she said." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs the set of measurable maps with countable range Borel?", "\n\nLet $(X,\\mu)$ be a standard probability space, and $(Y,\\tau)$ an uncountable Polish space. ", "Then the set $L^0(X,\\mu,Y)$ of measurable maps from $X$ to $Y$ identified up to measure 0 is Polish w.r.t. ", "the topology of convergence in measure. ", "\nIt is then not hard to see that the subset of maps $X\\to Y$ with countable range is analytic, \nbut is it Borel? ", "\nTo see that this set is analytic, note that if $A$ belongs to the measure algebra of $(X,\\mu)$, then $f:X\\to Y$ is (a.e.) ", "constant on $A$ iff for all $B\\subseteq A$, $\\frac{\\int_A f}{\\mu(A)}=\\frac{\\int_B f}{\\mu(B)}$, which is a closed condition on $(f,A)$. Then $f$ has countable range iff there exists a sequence $(A_n)$ of elements of the measure algebra such that $\\bigcup_n A_n=X$ and such that the restrictions of $f$ to the $A_n$'s are constant functions.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe set of maps in $L^0(X,\\mu,Y)$ with countable range is always Borel, and the way to see it is to correctly reformulate the question: we are looking at the set of elements $f\\in L^0(X,\\mu,Y)$ such that the pushforward measure $f_*\\mu$ is completely atomic. ", "\nNow, if we let $(A_s)_{s\\in \\mathbb N^{<\\mathbb N}}$ be a Lusin scheme on $Y$ (for the definition of a Lusin scheme see Classical descriptive set theory by Kechris, def. ", "7.5) , we see that the measure $f_*\\mu$ is completely atomic iff as $\\epsilon$ tends to $0$, the quantity $$\\lim_{n\\in\\mathbb N}\\sum_{|s|=n, \\mu(f^{-1}(A_s))\\geq \\epsilon}\\mu(f^{-1}(A_s))$$\nconverges to one (at each stage $n$ we compute the measure the reunion of the elements of our countable partition $(A_s)_{|s|=n}$ which have measure greater than $\\geq\\epsilon$, so that at $\\epsilon$ fixed the limit we get as $n\\to \\infty$ is the measure of the set of atoms which have measure $\\geq \\epsilon$), which is a Borel condition. ", " Not that the same argument shows that the set of continuous probability measures is Borel (exercise 17.37 of loc.cit.): ", "it is the set of measures for which the above quantity equals zero for all $\\epsilon>0$.\n\n" ]

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[ "The effect of L-dopa and chlorpromazine on prolactin and growth hormone secretion in normal women.", "\nThe time course of simultaneous changes in prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone secretion in response to a single dose of L-dopa and chlorpromazine was determined in normal women. ", "L-Dopa induced greater, but shorter (30 minutes), growth hormone release than concomitant suppression of PRL secretion. ", "The PRL peak following chlorpromazine occurred at the same time as the nadir of PRL after L-dopa (3.5 hours). ", "The quantity of PRL release inhibited by L-dopa equaled the amount of PRL secretion during the period of rebound, suggesting L-dopa inhibits PRL release, but not synthesis, by the pituitary." ]

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[ "Hindus ask Europe to end Roma apartheid & apologize for centuries of maltreatment\n\nHindus have asked European Union and countries of Europe to urgently take steps to end apartheid of their Roma people, terming it as immoral and a dark stain on the face of Europe.", "\n\nAcclaimed Hindu statesman, Rajan Zed, in a statement in Nevada (USA) today, said that it was moral obligation of Europe to take care of its largest minority Roma population and stop human rights violations reportedly regularly suffered by them, who numbered around ten million and were the most disadvantaged.", "\n\nThomas Hammarberg, Commissioner for Human Rights of Council of Europe, in his Viewpoint published on April 27 on Council website, said, “Anti-Gypsyism continues to be a major human rights problem in Europe – governments must start taking serious action against both official and inter-personal discrimination of Roma”.", "\n\nHe cited incidents where Roma children were forced to strip and violently slap one another in a Slovakia police station, sudden eviction of Roma families in Belgrade without alternative accommodation, etc. ", "He asks in the Viewpoint, “Would this have happened to non-Roma?”", "\n\nHammarberg further says, “Hate speech must be stopped. ", "It is crucial that leading politicians and other opinion makers avoid anti-Roma rhetoric and, instead, stand up for principles of non-discrimination, tolerance and respect for people from another background.”", "\n\nA joint statement recently released by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, and the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities, said, “Our organisations are deeply concerned by the continuing discriminatory treatment and exclusion of the Roma, and particularly by the recent escalation in hate motivated incidents and racist rhetoric reported in a number of States.”", "\n\nZed, who is the president of Universal Society of Hinduism, says that Roma live in deep poverty even in most prosperous parts of the world. ", "Many of their children reportedly study in segregated schools offering inferior quality education and many do not attend school at all.", "\n\nZed further says that there is reportedly brazen structural discrimination of Roma in education, housing access, property rights, etc. ", "Anti-Roma attitude even shows sometimes in official speeches. ", "According to an estimate, less than one percent of Roma children attend postsecondary education. ", "The maltreatment of Roma is outside even the European Union norms.", "\n\nRajan Zed also urged His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI, Patriarch of Orthodox Christian Church His All Holiness Archbishop Bartholomew, and The Archbishop of Canterbury Dr. Rowan D. Williams, all of whom were very influential in Europe, to immediately come up with a White Paper on the plight of Roma people of Europe.", "\n\nZed pointed out that references to Roma people reportedly went as far back as ninth century AD. ", "How many more centuries they had to reside in Europe to prove that they were “real and equal” Europeans like any other, Zed asked and added that in some European countries, many businesses reportedly still refused them entry. ", "-Sampurn Media" ]

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[ "JUST WATCHED\n\nTaiwan quake: Tilted buildings, people trapped\n\nMUST WATCH\n\nStory highlights\n\nThe quake was centered in the East China Sea about 21 kilometers to the north of Hualien\n\n(CNN)At least four people are dead and 225 injured -- including tourists -- after a 6.4-magnitude earthquake struck just off the east coast of Taiwan late Tuesday, local police said.", "\n\nAs of Wednesday morning 145 people were unaccounted for, according to CNA, Taiwan's official news agency,with four buildings in the area either tilting or already collapsed.", "\n\nThe quake was centered in the East China Sea about 21 kilometers (13 miles) north of the city of Hualien. ", "Light shaking was felt in the capital of Taipei, about 120 kilometers north of Hualien, according to reports sent to the US Geological Survey.", "\n\nScores are unaccounted for in Hualien, Taiwan, following a magnitude 6.4 earthquake.", "\n\nThe Marshal Hotel in downtown Hualien was one of the buildings that collapsed, Jeff Lin with the Hualien Police Department said.", "\n\nAbout 400 rescue workers scrambled to locate people, and a crane was brought in to help, footage from CNN affiliate SET TV showed. ", "One building apparently had collapsed onto what once was the ground floor.", "\n\nRead More\n\nThe injured are mainly from the Marshal Hotel, and a few of the injured were in the city buildings. ", "One hotel employee was rescued from the basement and three others remain missing, officials said.", "\n\nAt least 50 Japanese tourists were among the injured, a Hualien City police dispatcher said.", "\n\nAt least one bridge, badly damaged by the earthquake, has been partially reopened by police to traffic, Taiwan's official news agency CNA said.", "\n\nA 5.4 aftershock hit near Hualien City shortly after the larger earthquake, according to the USGS. ", "There have been several other strong quakes in the area in the last few days.", "\n\nCellphone video from Hualien City shows a large building leaning at a dangerous angle as sirens are heard in the background. ", "The video shows people gathering near the building and shining flashlights on windows.", "\n\nRescue workers search through rubble outside the Marshal Hotel in Hualien early Wednesday.", "\n\nTaiwan's President Tsai Ing-wen thanked first responders in a tweet.", "\n\n\"Thank you to our first responders for their tireless efforts in #Hualien,\" she said.", "\n\nThank you to our first responders for their tireless efforts in #Hualien. ", "Rescue operations have been continuing night & day. ", "Right now 145 people remain unaccounted for -- we will not rest until all are found pic.twitter.com/UO2mqBuKt7\n\n\"Rescue operations have been continuing night & day. ", "Right now 145 people remain unaccounted for -- we will not rest until all are found.\"", "\n\nFlights to the Hualien area have been canceled, Hsu Kuo-Yung, the spokesperson for the Taiwanese government, said in a news conference shown on SET TV.", "\n\nHsu Kuo-Yung said the railway department hasn't given a full status report of the damage yet but he said it seems the railways have not been damaged much. ", "Some roads have been damaged.", "\n\nRescuers are seen entering a building that collapsed onto its side from an early morning 6.4 magnitude earthquake in Hualien County, eastern Taiwan, Wednesday, February. ", "7. ", "Rescue workers are searching for any survivors trapped inside the building.", "\n\n'Nerves are jangled'\n\nLaura Lo, a worker at the 7-Eleven convenience store across the street from the Marshal Hotel, said the first and second floors of the hotel appeared to be severely damaged and police officers were conducting rescue operations there.", "\n\nHer store also suffered broken glass from the quake, she said, and many roads in the area were closed.", "\n\nAn employee at the Park City Hotel down the street told CNN that he felt the quake but there was no damage at his location.", "\n\nMargaret K. Lewis, a Seton Hall University Law School professor living in Taipei, said she felt prolonged swaying at her modern high-rise apartment building in Beitou District, in the northern part of the city.", "\n\n\"Nothing broken, and two children slept peacefully through the event. ", "We have since felt a few mild aftershocks,\" Lewis said in an email. \"", "Nerves are jangled, but otherwise all appears well. ", "I have not been outside to look for damage, but my expectation is that my area is generally fine.\"" ]

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[ "About Sawhorses & Workmates\n\nSawhorses provide the necessary support to hoist objects in the air so they can be easily cut or altered with hand tools or power tools. ", "Two of them are often used at a time to provide a sturdy balance while you work. ", "In addition, two sawhorses and a slab of wood can also be used to create a portable work bench.", "\n\nDifferent types of sawhorses are available depending on your usage and storage needs. ", "Folding sawhorses are helpful when storage space is limited since they can collapse when not in use. ", "Adjustable sawhorses are ideal when you need the ability to adjust the height while you’re working. ", "A higher height may put less strain on your back, but there are also times when a lower height will help you complete other jobs. ", "You can even find folding adjustable sawhorses that give you the best of both worlds.", "\n\nIn addition, portable work benches or workmates lend similar support to help get the job done. ", "Portable work benches usually come as a tabletop or a folding bench, can be stored easily, and have some other built-in features that help you while you work.", "\n\nStop in your local Ace for a sawhorse or workmate for your next building project. ", "Be sure to check out our workshop aids guide for more information.", "\n\nContact: Have questions or comments? ", "Send us an\nemail\nor call 1.866.290.5334" ]

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[ "Arizona State Route 88\n\nState Route 88 (SR 88) is a long state highway in the U.S. state of Arizona. ", "It runs from U.S. Route 60 (US 60) in Apache Junction through desert terrain to SR 188 near Roosevelt Dam. ", "Following the Salt River for much of its length, the section east of Tortilla Flat is known as the Apache Trail and is part of the National Forest Scenic Byway system. ", "The Apache Trail was built in the mid-1920s and the number 88 was assigned in 1927. ", "An eastern extension of SR 88 to Globe was redesignated as SR 188 on August 20, 1999.", "\n\nRoute description\n\nSR 88 begins at a diamond interchange with US 60, the Superstition Freeway, in southern Apache Junction. ", "The route follows Idaho Road northward through a residential area with four lanes. ", "Following a junction with Old West Highway, SR 88 turns northeast onto Apache Trail and narrows to two lanes. ", "The route exits the city limits of Apache Junction, entering desert terrain. ", "Passing a ghost town known as Goldfield, Apache Trail enters Tonto National Forest just northwest of Lost Dutchman State Park. ", "SR 88 nears Canyon Lake south of the Mormon Flat Dam and follows a part of the southern coast of Canyon Lake. ", "Apache Trail heads away from the Salt River. ", "It passes through the town of Tortilla Flat, becoming an unpaved dirt trail winding eastward through the Superstition Mountains. ", "SR 88 again turns northeast and nears Apache Lake. ", "The route follows the Salt River northeast to the Theodore Roosevelt Dam, near which the route is again paved. ", "SR 88 intersects with SR 188 along the coast of Theodore Roosevelt Lake.", "\n\nThe highway is maintained by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), which is responsible for maintaining highways in the state, including SR 88. ", "As part of this role, ADOT periodically surveys traffic along its routes. ", "These surveys are presented in the form of average annual daily traffic, which is the number of vehicles who use the route on any average day during the year. ", "In 2009, ADOT calculated that around as few as 400 vehicles used the route daily near the Roosevelt Dam and as many as 16,000 daily at the US 60 interchange in Apache Junction. ", "The section east of Canyon Lake is part of the Apache Trail National Forest Scenic Byway system. ", "No part of the highway has been listed in the National Highway System, a system of roads in the United States important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility. ", "Part of SR 88, known as the Apache Trail Historic Road, is one of only four state designated Historic Roads under the Arizona Parkways, Historic and Scenic Roads program.", "\n\nHistory\n\nThe Apache Trail connected the Old Spanish Trail where Apache Junction is today and Roosevelt Lake with an unpaved road as early as 1925, following much of the modern route. ", "By the next year, SR 66 followed the Apache Trail and the Old Spanish Trail was numbered as US 80. ", "The number 88 was given to the route by 1927, but continued past its current terminus east to US 180 west of Globe. ", "US 60 and US 89 became concurrent with US 80 at the western terminus by 1935, and the US 70 designation was added to the road by 1939. ", "The section of the route from Apache Junction to Canyon Lake was paved in the late 1940s. ", "By 1958, the section east of Roosevelt Dam was paved. ", "The extra designations at SR 88's western terminus were removed by 1971, leaving only the US 60 designation. ", "August 20, 1999, the section east of Roosevelt Dam was renumbered as SR 188, cutting SR 88 back to its current terminus.", "\n\nJunction list\n\nSee also \nApache Trail\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nSR 88 at Arizona Roads\n\n088\nCategory:Superstition Mountains\nCategory:Transportation in Pinal County, Arizona\nCategory:Transportation in Maricopa County, Arizona\nCategory:Scenic highways in Arizona" ]

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[ "Frequently Aksed Questions\n\nFAQ’s on Payment of Tax\n\nQ 1. ", "What is Electronic tax liability register?", "\n\nAns: Electronic tax liability register is a register to be maintained in the common portal of GST in Form GST PMT-1 to record all liabilities of a taxable person. ", "Part-I is for recording return related liabilities and Part-II is for recording other than return related liabilities.", "\n\nQ 2. ", "What are the possible debits’ and credits’ to Electronic tax liability register?", "\n\nAns: The possible debits’ and credits’ to Electronic tax liability register are as follows:\n\nDebit\n\nCredit\n\ni) amount payable towards tax, interest, late fee or any other amount payable as per the return filed by the said person;\n\ni) Electronic credit ledger\n\nii) amount of tax, interest, penalty or any other amount payable as determined by a proper officer in pursuance of any proceeding under the Act or as ascertained by the said person.", "\n\nii) Electronic cash ledger\n\niii) amount of tax and interest payable as a result of mismatch under section 37 or section 38 or section 56; or\n\niii) Relief given by the appellate authority\n\niv) any amount of interest that may accrue from time to time.", "\n\niv) Reduction in penalty (if any)\n\nQ 3. ", "What is Electronic credit ledger?", "\n\nAns. ", "Electronic credit ledger is a register to be maintained in the common portal of GST for each registered taxable person in Form GST PMT-2 to record input tax credit claimed, utilization, reversal and refund.", "\n\nQ 4. ", "What are the possible debits’ and credits’ to Electronic credit ledger?", "\n\nAns. ", "The possible debits’ and credits’ to Electronic credit ledger are as follows:\n\nDebit\n\nCredit\n\ni) Discharge of any liability in accordance with Section 44;\n\ni) Input tax credit claimed;\n\nii) Towards claim for refund of unutilized amount.", "\n\nii) Reversal of amount debited earlier on account of final rejection of refund (Form GST PMT-2A)\n\nQ.5. ", "What is Electronic cash ledger?", "\n\nAns. ", "Electronic cash ledger is a register to be maintained in the common portal of GST for each registered taxable person in Form GST PMT-3 to record deposit of tax, interest, penalty and other amounts, utilization thereof and refund.", "\n\nQ 6. ", "What are the possible debits’ and credits’ to Electronic cash ledger?", "\n\nAns. ", "The possible debits’ and credits’ to Electronic cash ledger are as follows:\n\nDebit\n\nCredit\n\ni) Discharge of any liability in accordance with Section 44;\n\ni) Payment made through challan on receipt of CIN\n\nii) Towards claim for refund of any Amount.", "\n\nii) Amount deducted under Section 46 and claimed in Form GSTR-2\n\niii) Amount collected under Section 56 and claimed in Form GSTR-2\n\nQ 7. ", "How one can deposit tax under GST?", "\n\nAns. ", "A registered taxable person, or any other person on his behalf, shall generate a challan in FORM GST PMT-4 on the Common Portal and enter the details of the amount to be deposited by him towards tax, interest, penalty, fees or any other amount and pay the amount through the following means:\n\n(i) Internet banking through authorized banks;\n\n(ii) Credit/debit card after registering the same with the Common Portal through the authorized bank;\n\n(iii) National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) or Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) from any bank;\n\n(iv) Over the Counter payment (OTC) through authorized banks for deposits up to ten thousand rupees per challan per tax period, by cash, cheque or demand draft.", "\n\nQ 8. ", "To whom the restriction of deposits up to ten thousand rupees per challan per tax period, by cash, cheque or demand draft is not applicable?", "\n\nAns. ", "The restriction of deposits up to ten thousand rupees per challan per tax period, by cash, cheque or demand draft is not applicable to the deposits made by:\n\n(a) Government Departments or any other deposit to be made by persons as may be notified by the Board/Commissioner (SGST) in this behalf;\n\n(b) Proper officer or any other officer authorized to recover outstanding dues from any person, whether registered or not, including recovery made through attachment or sale of movable or immovable properties;\n\n(c) Proper officer or any other officer authorized for the amounts collected by way of cash or cheque, demand draft during any investigation or enforcement activity or any ad hoc deposit.", "\n\nQ 9. ", "What is the validity of Form GST PMT-4 generated at the common portal?", "\n\nAns. ", "The validity of Form GST PMT-4 generated at the common portal shall be valid for a period of fifteen days.", "\n\nQ 10. ", "What are the special procedures to be followed for deposit of tax by way of NEFT or RTGS?", "\n\nAns. ", "In order to deposit tax by way of NEFT or RTGS, the taxable person needs to generate a mandate form along with the challan and submit it to Bank for processing.", "\n\nQ 11. ", "What is the validity of mandate form generated at the common portal?", "\n\nAns. ", "The mandate form generated at the common portal shall be valid for a period of fifteen days.", "\n\nQ 12. ", "What is Challan Identification Number (CIN) and when can it be generated?", "\n\nAns. ", "CIN is the number generated for identification of payment made by the taxable person.", "\n\nIt will be generated upon successful credit of the amount to the concerned government account maintained in the authorized bank.", "\n\nQ 13. ", "What to do if an account is debited with the amount paid under GST but CIN is not generated?", "\n\nAns. ", "Where the bank account of the concerned taxable person, or the person making the deposit on his behalf, is debited but no Challan Identification Number (CIN) is generated, the said person may represent electronically in FORM GST PMT-6 through the Common Portal to the Bank or electronic gateway through which the deposit was initiated.", "\n\nQ 14. ", "Should the payment be made only from the account of the taxable person?", "\n\nAns. ", "There is no restriction on the account to be used by the taxable person for payment of tax. ", "The payment can be made by a third party from his account using the GSTIN of the taxable person to get the amount debited to the electronic cash ledger of the taxable person.", "\n\nQ 15. ", "Assume that tax is paid at 11PM on 20th October 2017 and returns are filed on the same day. ", "If for any reason the amount is credited to the account of the appropriate Government on 21st October 2017, will it amount to default?", "\n\nAns. ", "The date of credit to the account of the appropriate Government in the authorized bank shall be deemed to be the date of deposit in the electronic cash ledger. ", "Therefore, in this case the date of payment/deposit of tax shall be 21st October 2017, which means a delay of one day in payment of tax.", "\n\nQ 16. ", "Where one can see, the payment made in GST portal?", "\n\nAns. ", "All payments will get reflected in the ‘electronic cash ledger’ of the person. ", "As the portal is common for CGST, SGST and IGST, all the payments will be reflected in a single electronic cash ledger. ", "However, cross utilization may not be allowed within the ledger.", "\n\nQ 17. ", "Will the input tax credit claimed by a taxable person get added to the balance in electronic cash ledger?", "\n\nAns. ", "No, input tax credit will appear separately in the ‘electronic credit ledger’ maintained in the common portal.", "\n\nQ 18. ", "What are the differences between electronic cash ledger and electronic credit ledger?", "\n\nAns. ", "The differences between the two could be tabulated as under:\n\nElectronic cash ledger\n\nElectronic credit ledger\n\nCan be used for payment of tax, interest, penalty and other amounts\n\nCan be used only for payment of output tax\n\nCredit to the ledger will be through payment vide Challans\n\nCredit to the ledger will be through input tax credit claimed as per GSTR-2 (inward return)\n\nRefund for excess balance in the cash ledger can be applied through GSTR-3 (monthly returns)\n\nRefund for excess balance in credit ledger may be refunded only though the forms specified\n\nQ 19. ", "Can one use input tax credit for payment of interest/penalty?", "\n\nAns. ", "No, as per Section 44 (4) of the CGST Act, amount available in the electronic credit ledger may be used for making any payment towards ‘output tax ’payable only. ", "As per Section 2 (71) of the CGST Act. ‘", "Output tax’ in relation to a taxable person, means the CGST/SGST chargeable under this Act on taxable supply of goods and/or services made by him or by his agent and excludes tax payable by him on reverse charge basis. ", "Therefore, input tax credit cannot be used for payment of interest/penalty.", "\n\nQ 20. ", "Can one use input tax credit for payment of tax under reverse charge basis?", "\n\nAns. ", "No. ", "The amount available in the electronic credit ledger may be used for making any payment towards ‘output tax’. ", "Further, the definition of output tax u/s 2 (71) specifically excludes tax payable under reverse charge basis. ", "Therefore, input tax credit cannot be used for payment of tax under reverse charge basis.", "\n\nQ 21. ", "Is there any order in which liability of a person shall be discharged or it can be appropriated as per the convenience of the tax payer ?", "\n\nAns. ", "No, every taxable person shall discharge his tax and other dues in the following order:\n\n(a) self-assessed tax, and other dues related to returns of previous tax periods;\n\n(b) self-assessed tax, and other dues related to return of current tax period;\n\n(c) any other amount payable under the Act or the rules made there under\n\nincluding the demand determined under section 66 or 67.", "\n\nNote 1: “Tax dues” means the tax payable under this Act and does not include interest, fee and penalty.", "\n\nNote 2: “Other dues” means interest, penalty, fee or any other amount payable under the Act or the rules made thereunder.", "\n\nQ 22. ", "Is the principle of unjust enrichment applicable for payments made under GST?", "\n\nAns. ", "Yes, every person who has paid the tax on goods and/or services under this Act shall, unless the contrary is proved by him, be deemed to have passed on the full incidence of such tax to the recipient of such goods and/or services.", "\n\nQ 23. ", "Who will bear the commission charged by bank towards payment of taxes online?", "\n\nAns. ", "The commission charged by bank towards payment of taxes online shall be borne by the taxable person making such payment.", "\n\nQ 24. ", "What is the procedure for payment of tax for a casual taxable person or non-resident taxable person who is required to pay tax in advance for obtaining registration?", "\n\nAns. ", "As GSTIN will not be available with the casual taxable person or non-resident taxable person required to pay tax in advance for obtaining registration, they will be provided a temporary identification number using which they can deposit tax vide Form GST PMT-5.", "\n\nQ 25. ", "Can one pay CGST, IGST and SGST together or should these be paid separately through different challans?", "\n\nAns. ", "Form GST PMT-4 contains separate columns for CGST, IGST and SGST which shall deposit the amount to the respective account of the government though paid through a single challan; therefore, CGST, IGST and SGST can be paid together in a single challan.", "\n\nQ 26. ", "What is the due date for payment of tax under GST?", "\n\nAns. ", "As per Section 34 (7), every registered taxable person, who is required to furnish a return shall pay to the account of the appropriate Government the tax due as per the return not later than the last date on which he is required to furnish such return.", "\n\nTherefore, the due date for payment of tax shall be the due date for filing of returns.", "\n\nQ 27. ", "Should the challan be apportioned against a fixed tax period or can be used against any liability of a taxable person?", "\n\nAns. ", "The challan for payment of tax (Form GST PMT-4) does not contain details of the period for which the deposit of tax is made and any amount deposited through the challan is debited to the electronic cash ledger, from which the amount can be utilized against any liability.", "\n\nQ 28. ", "Is HSN code for goods or accounting code for service relevant for payment of tax?", "\n\nAns. ", "The format of challan does not contain column to disclose the HSN code or the accounting code and therefore, it is not relevant for payment of tax.", "\n\nQ 29. ", "How do we ensure that SGST is paid to the appropriate State Government?", "\n\nAns. ", "There is a specific column in Form GST PMT-4, wherein the Name of the State will be auto-populated/selected at the time of filling the challan to ensure that SGST is paid to the appropriate State Government.", "\n\nAns. ", "There are no provisions in the Revised Model GST Law or rules which prescribe maintenance of minimum balance in the electronic cash ledger.", "\n\nQ 31. ", "What are the provisions in relation to interest under GST?", "\n\nAns. ", "Interest is applicable on delayed payment of tax at the rate to be notified calculate from the first day on which such tax was due to be paid. ", "Interest is applicable on undue or excess claim of input tax credit as well (Section 45).", "\n\nQ 32. ", "If there is default in payment of tax and filing of returns, whether interest is payable on gross tax payable or net tax payable?", "\n\nAns. ", "Gross tax payable, if there is default in payment of tax and filing of returns, input tax credit will become ineligible as per Section 16(2) (d) of the CGST Act. ", "Therefore, the taxable person will not be allowed claim for set-off of input tax credit for calculation of interest.", "\n\nQ 33. ", "There is no specific provision for interest under IGST Act. ", "Does this mean interest is not applicable for delay in payment of IGST?", "\n\nAns. ", "No, the provisions of Section 45 of the CGST Act have been made applicable to IGST Act vide the machinery provision contained in section 17 of IGST Act.", "\n\nQ 34. ", "Is payment of interest mandatory?", "\n\nAns. ", "Interest being compensatory in nature, it is mandatory. ", "Further, Section 45 uses the word ‘shall’ which also indicates that interest is mandatory." ]

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[ "Effectiveness of individual and group programmes to treat obesity and reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in pre-pubertal children.", "\nChildhood obesity results in premature atherosclerosis and requires early intervention. ", "Compare the effectiveness of 6-month lifestyle interventions (with choice of either individual or group therapy) with standard care on body mass index (BMI) z-score and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks factors in children with obesity. ", "This 6-month randomized controlled trial with a 6-month follow-up included 74 pre-pubertal children with obesity (7.5-11.9 years) assigned randomly (2:1) to intervention or control. ", "Families in the intervention arm choose between an individually delivered treatment (3 hours paediatrician + 4 hours dietician) or group treatment (35 hours with a multidisciplinary team). ", "Children participated also to a weekly physical activity programme. ", "We measured BMI, BMI z-score; waist circumference (WC); total and abdominal fat; blood pressure; common carotid artery intima-media thickness and incremental elastic modulus (Einc); endothelium-dependent and independent dilation (nitroglycerin-mediated dilation [NTGMD]) of the brachial artery; fasting plasma glucose, insulin, lipids; and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). ", "Compared to controls, at 6 months, abdominal fat and hs-CRP were reduced in both interventions. ", "The group intervention was also effective in reducing BMI (-0.55 kg/m2 ; 95% confidence interval -1.16 to 0.06) and BMI z-score (-0.08; -0.15 to 0.00) at 6 months and BMI, BMI z-score, WC, NTGMD, total and abdominal fat at 12 months. ", "Abdominal fat and low-grade inflammation were significantly decreased in both interventions. ", "High-intensity group treatment improved early signs of atherosclerosis in children with obesity. ", "These findings are important for the promotion of cardiometabolic health in this population." ]

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[ "using System.", "Reflection;\nusing UnityEngine;\n\nnamespace UnityEditor.", "ShaderGraph\n{\n [Title(\"Input\", \"Scene\", \"Reflection Probe\")]\n public class ReflectionProbeNode : CodeFunctionNode\n {\n public ReflectionProbeNode()\n {\n name = \"Reflection Probe\";\n }\n\n public override string documentationURL\n {\n get { return \"https://github.com/Unity-Technologies/ShaderGraph/wiki/Reflection-Probe-Node\"; }\n }\n\n public override PreviewMode previewMode\n {\n get\n {\n return PreviewMode.", "Preview3D;\n }\n }\n\n protected override MethodInfo GetFunctionToConvert()\n {\n return GetType().GetMethod(\"Unity_ReflectionProbe\", BindingFlags.", "Static | BindingFlags.", "NonPublic);\n }\n\n static string Unity_ReflectionProbe(\n [Slot(0, Binding.", "ObjectSpaceViewDirection)] Vector3 ViewDir,\n [Slot(1, Binding.", "ObjectSpaceNormal)] Vector3 Normal,\n [Slot(2, Binding.", "None)] Vector1 LOD,\n [Slot(3, Binding.", "None)] out Vector3 Out)\n {\n Out = Vector3.one;\n return\n @\"\n{\n {precision}3 reflectVec = reflect(-ViewDir, Normal);\n Out = DecodeHDREnvironment(SAMPLE_TEXTURECUBE_LOD(unity_SpecCube0, samplerunity_SpecCube0, reflectVec, LOD), unity_SpecCube0_HDR);\n}\n\";\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Fast-slow systems are studied usually by “geometrical dissection\" [@BR]. ", "The fast dynamics exhibit attractors which may bifurcate under the influence of the slow dynamics which is seen as a parameter of the fast dynamics. ", "A generic solution comes close to a connected component of the stable invariant sets of the fast dynamics. ", "As the slow dynamics evolves, this attractor may lose its stability and the solution eventually reaches quickly another connected component of attractors of the fast dynamics and the process may repeat. ", "This scenario explains quite well relaxation oscillations and more complicated oscillations like bursting. ", "More recently, in relation both with theory of dynamical systems [@DR] and with applications to physiology [@Desroches; @TTFB], a new interest has emerged in canard cycles. ", "These orbits share the property that they remain for a while close to an unstable invariant set (either singular set or periodic orbits of the fast dynamics). ", "Although canards were first discovered when the transition points are folds, in this article, we focus on the case where one or several transition points or “jumps\" are instead transcritical. ", "We present several new surprising effects like the “amplification of canards\" or the “exceptionally fast recovery\" on both (1+1)-systems and (2+1)-systems associated with tritrophic food chain dynamics. ", "Finally, we also mention their possible relevance to the notion of resilience which has been coined out in ecology [@H; @LWH; @Martin].'", "\naddress: ' Alexandre Vidal – Laboratoire Analyse et Probabilités, Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, Evry, France. ", "<alexandre.vidal@univ-evry.fr> Jean–Pierre Françoise – Laboratoire J.-L. Lions, UMR 7598, CNRS, Université P.-M. Curie, Paris6, Paris, France. ", "<Jean-Pierre.Francoise@upmc.fr> '\nauthor:\n- 'Alexandre Vidal and Jean–Pierre Françoise'\ntitle: Canard Cycles in Global Dynamics\n---\n\n[^1]\n\nSubmitted for publication on November 15, 2009.", "\n\nIntroduction {#introduction .unnumbered}\n============\n\nSystems are often complex because their evolution involves different time scales. ", "Purpose of this article is to present several phenomena which can be observed numerically and analyzed mathematically via bifurcation theory.", "\n\nA first approximation for the time evolution of fast-slow dynamics is often seen as follows. ", "A generic orbit quickly reaches the vicinity of an attractive invariant set of the fast dynamics. ", "It evolves then slowly close to this attractive part until, under the influence of the slow dynamics, this attractive part bifurcates into a repulsive one. ", "Then, the generic orbit quickly reaches the vicinity of another attractive invariant set until it also loses its stability. ", "This approach is a quite meaningful approximation because it explains many phenomena like hysteresis cycles, relaxation oscillations, bursting oscillations [@Francoise; @Vidal06; @Vidal07] and more complicated alternation of pulsatile and surge patterns of coupled GnRH neurons [@CF; @CV].", "\n\nDiscovered by E. Benoit, J.-L. Callot, M. and F. Diener (see [@BCDD]), canards were first observed in the van der Pol system: $$\\begin{array}{rcl}\n\\varepsilon \\dot{x}&=&y-f(x)=y-(\\frac{x^3}{3}+x^2) \\\\\n\\dot{y}&=&x-c(\\varepsilon)\n\\end{array}\n\\label{e1}$$ where $c(\\varepsilon)$ ranges between some bounds: $$c_0+\\exp \\left( -\\frac{\\alpha}{\\varepsilon ^2}\\right)<c(\\varepsilon )<c_0+ \\left( -\\frac{\\beta}{\\varepsilon ^2}\\right)$$ A canard is an orbit which remains for a while in a small neighborhood of a repulsive branch of the critical manifold $y=f(x)$ i.e. a connected set of repulsive points for the fast dynamics. ", "In the following, we consider the canard phenomenon in its broader sense of delay to the bifurcation of the underlying fast dynamics under the influence of the slow dynamics. ", "More recently, F. Dumortier and R. Roussarie [@DR] contributed to the analysis of such orbits by blowing-up techniques and introduced the notion of canard cycle. ", "There are now several evidences showing the relevance of this notion to explain experimental facts observed in physiology (see [@Desroches; @TTFB]).", "\n\nThe systems presented here display anomalous long delay to ejection from the repulsive part of the fast dynamics.", "\n\nEnhanced delay and canard cycles of planar (1+1)–dynamics\n=========================================================\n\nDynamical Transcritical Bifurcation {#DynTrans}\n-----------------------------------\n\nThe classical transcritical bifurcation occurs when the parameter $\\lambda$ in the equation: $$\\dot{x}=-{\\lambda}x+x^2 \\label{e3}$$ crosses $\\lambda=0$. Equation [(\\[e3\\])]{} displays two equilibria, $x=0$ and $x=\\lambda$. For $\\lambda>0$, $x=0$ is stable and $x=\\lambda$ is unstable. ", "After the bifurcation, $\\lambda<0$, $x=0$ is stable and $x=\\lambda$ is unstable. ", "The two axis have “exchanged\" their stability.", "\n\nThe terminology “Dynamical Bifurcation” (due to R. Thom) refers to the situation where the bifurcation parameter is replaced by a slowly varying variable. ", "In the case of the transcritical bifurcation, this yields: $$\\begin{array}{rcl}\n\\dot{x}&=&-yx+x^2 \\\\\n\\dot{y}&=&-\\varepsilon\n\\end{array}\n\\label{e4}$$ where $\\varepsilon$ is assumed to be small. ", "This yields: $$\\dot{x}=-(-\\varepsilon t+y_0)x+x^2, \\qquad (y_0=y(0))$$ which is an integrable equation of Bernoulli type. ", "Its solution is: $$x(t)=\\frac{x_0\\exp [-Y(t)]}{1-x_0\\int_0^t \\exp [-Y(u)]du}, \\qquad (x_0=x(0)) \\\\$$ where: $$Y(t)=\\int_0^t y(s)ds=\\int_0^t (-\\varepsilon s+y_0)ds=-\\varepsilon \\frac{t^2}{2}+y_0 t$$\n\n![", "Orbits of system [(\\[e4\\])]{} starting from $(0.05 i, 1)$, for $i=1,..,6$, with $\\varepsilon =0.1$. The critical set – formed by the singular points of the fast dynamics – is shown in green and red. ", "On this set, the red points are repulsive for the fast dynamics and the green points are attractive. ", "Each orbit reaches a neighborhood of the attractive manifold $x=0, y>0$, goes down along $x=0$. When $y$ becomes negative, despite the repulsiveness of $x=0, y<0$, each orbit remains for a very long time close to $x=0$ before drifting away.[]{data-label=\"Delay\"}](Delay.ps){width=\"8cm\"}\n\nIf we fix an initial data $(x_0,y_0)$, $y_0>0$, $0<x_0<y_0/2$, and we consider the solution starting from this initial data, we find easily that it takes time $t=y_0/\\varepsilon $ to reach the axis $y=0$. If $x_0$ is quite small, that means the orbit stays closer and closer of the attractive part of the critical manifold until it reaches the axis $x=y$ and then coordinate $x$ starts increasing. ", "But now consider time $cy_0/\\varepsilon $, $1\\leq c\\leq 2$. Then, a straightforward computation shows that: $$Y(t)=c\\left(1-\\frac{c}{2}\\right)\\frac{y_0^2}{\\varepsilon} =\\frac{k}{\\varepsilon }$$ and: $$x(t)=O\\left(\\frac{x_0{\\rm e}^{-\\frac{k}{\\varepsilon}}}{1-\\frac{2x_0}{y_0}}\\right)$$\n\nThis shows that, despite the repulsiveness of the half-line $x=0, y<0$ for the fast dynamics, the orbit of [(\\[e4\\])]{} remains for a very long time close to $x=0$, indeed $x(cy_0/\\varepsilon )<2x_0$ for $\\varepsilon $ small enough (see Figure \\[Delay\\]). ", "Note that, afterwards for larger time, the orbit blows away from this repulsive axis. ", "This phenomenon, although quite simply explained, is of the same nature as the delay to bifurcation discovered for the dynamical Hopf bifurcation, see for instance [@ErnBaRinz; @CDD; @Ern; @Z]. ", "This well-known effect is instrumental in the systems we study in this article. ", "Some related work has been done in computing entry-exit relation for the passage near single turning points (see [@Ben; @DeDu]).", "\n\nEnhanced delay to bifurcation {#SectDTC}\n-----------------------------\n\nConsider the system: $$\\begin{array}{rcl}\n\\dot{x}&=&(1-x^2)(x-y) \\\\\n\\dot{y}&=&\\varepsilon x\n\\end{array}\n\\label{DTC}$$ The critical set – defined as the set of singular points of the fast dynamics – is the union of the straight lines $x=-1$, $x=1$, and $y=x$. In the following, we call “slow manifolds” the two straight lines $x=-1$ and $x=1$, as they are invariant for the critical system $\\{(1-x^2)(x-y)=0, \\dot{y} =x\\}$. A quick analysis shows that, as the slow variable $y$ (considered as a parameter) evolves, the fast system undergoes two transcritical bifurcations: at $x=-1$ for $y=-1$, at $x=1$ for $y=1$.\n\nAs we recalled in Subsection \\[DynTrans\\], a typical orbit starting from an initial data $(x_0,y_0)$, $\\left\\vert x_0 \\right\\vert <1$, close to $(x=-1, y>-1)$, first goes down along $x=-1$ and displays a “delay” along the repulsive part of the slow manifold $(x=-1,y<-1)$. Then, under the influence of the fast dynamics, it quickly reaches the attractive part $(x=1,y<1)$ and moves upward to the other transcritical bifurcation point. ", "There, it again displays a delay along the repulsive part $(x=1,y>1)$. Then, it quickly reaches $(x=1, y>-1)$ and starts again. ", "Hence, there is a mechanism of successive enhancements of the delay to bifurcation after each oscillation generated by the hysteresis. ", "We proved in [@FPV] the:\n\n\\[ThNoLCDTC\\] For all initial data inside the strip $-1<x<1$, for all $\\delta$ and for all $T$, the corresponding orbit spends a time larger than $T$ within a distance less than $\\delta$ to the repulsive part of the slow manifolds.", "\n\nWe also proved in [@FPV] the:\n\n\\[ThAsymptDTC\\] Given any initial data $(x_0,y_0)$ outside the strip $\\left\\vert x\\right\\vert \\leq\n1$, the corresponding orbit is asymptotic to $y=x$.\n\n![", "Typical orbits of [(\\[DTC\\])]{} with $\\varepsilon =0.1$ starting from a point near the origin in panel 1) and from various initial datas outside the strip $\\left\\vert x \\right\\vert <1$ in panel 2). ", "Double arrows are added on the fast parts of the orbits and single arrows on the slow parts. ", "Panel 1): The delay to the transcritical bifurcation undergone by the orbit is enhanced at each passage. ", "Consequently, the time taken to escape a given neighborhood of $x=-1, y<-1$ on one hand and a given neighborhood of $x=1, y>1$ on the other hand is longer for each oscillation than for the preceding one, although these half-lines are repulsive for the fast dynamics. ", "Panel 2): Each orbit is asymptotic to $y=x$. These numerical simulations were performed with order 4 Runge-Kutta integration scheme (absolute error value: $10^{-9}$ ; relative error value: $10^{-12}$ ; mean integration step: $10^{-5}$).[]{data-label=\"DTCSimul\"}](DTCSimul2.ps){width=\"14cm\"}\n\nStructural stability of the enhanced delay\n------------------------------------------\n\nThe theory of the structural stability of fast-slow systems remains to be found. ", "In this subsection, we actually adopt a very pragmatic approach and restrict ourselves to numerical simulations. ", "We perturb the system by adding an arbitrary small perturbation generated by a chaotic system, more precisely the Rössler system [@Rossler]. ", "$$\\label{DTCP}\n\\begin{array}{rcl}\n\\varepsilon \\dot{x}&=&(1-x^2)(x-y)+{\\alpha}n(t) \\\\\n\\dot{y}&=&x\n\\end{array}$$ where $n(t)$ is the first variable of a Rössler system: $$\\begin{array}{rcl}\n\\dot{n} &=& -u-v \\\\\n\\dot{u} &=& n+au \\\\\n\\dot{v} &=& b+(n-c)v\n\\end{array}$$ with $a=0.1$, $b=0.1$, and $c=14$ with some fixed initial data.", "\n\nWe choose $\\alpha$ quite small. ", "The perturbation does not change the behavior of the typical orbit for a while. ", "It starts to oscillate between $x=1$ and $x=-1$: it remains for a long time alternatively near each of these lines and undergoes fast motions after ejection. ", "But, as the orbit approaches closely these axes (within the distance of $\\alpha$), the small chaotic perturbation becomes operating and moves slightly the orbit outside of the strip. ", "After crossing one of the straight lines $x=-1$ or $x=1$, the orbit moves quickly to the axis $y=x$ as previously shown.", "\n\n![", "Example of an orbit of [(\\[DTCP\\])]{}, with $\\varepsilon =0.5$ starting from $(x,y)=(10^{-3},0)$ for $\\alpha =10^{-4}$. Double arrows are added on the fast parts of the orbit and single arrows on the slow parts.[]{data-label=\"DTCperturb\"}](DTCperturb.ps){width=\"8.5cm\"}\n\nFigure \\[DTCperturb\\] displays an example of such an orbit starting from $(0.001,0)$ for $\\alpha =10^{-4}$. Despite the very small magnitude of the perturbation – less than $3.10^{-3}$ – the orbit exits the strip $\\left\\vert x \\right\\vert \\leq 1$ before the third oscillation around the origin. ", "This simulation shows the loss of the oscillatory behavior as, under the influence of a perturbation of very small magnitude, the orbit crosses one of the slow manifolds as soon as $x$ is sufficiently close to $-1$ or $1$. We have thus obtained numerical evidence that the system is not structurally stable.", "\n\nIt is interesting to point out the fact that the numerical simulation of [(\\[DTC\\])]{} highlights also this structural unstability. ", "In fact, the integration scheme itself – whatever the integration step and the tolerances – provides errors. ", "They give rise in the long run to intrinsic approximation: after many oscillations, the orbit starting from $\\left\\vert x \\right\\vert <1$ passes so close to the slow manifolds that the numerical integration leads, sooner or later, to the approximation $x=1$ or $x=-1$ or can eventually cross one of these lines.", "\n\nCanard cycle for a double transcritical system {#SectDTCBB}\n----------------------------------------------\n\nIn this subsection, we introduce a new system inspired by the preceding [(\\[DTC\\])]{}: $$\\begin{array}{rcl}\n\\dot{x}&=&(1-x^2)(x-y) \\\\\n\\dot{y}&=&\\varepsilon x(y+b)(a-y)\n\\end{array}\n\\label{DTCBB}$$ where $a,b>1$ are parameters. ", "The critical set is the same as the critical set of [(\\[DTC\\])]{}, formed by the three straight lines of equation $x=-1$, $x=1$ and $y=x$. The dynamics displays again two transcritical bifurcations: at $x=-1$ for $y=-1$, at $x=1$ for $y=1$. But, the novelty is in the factors $(a-y)$ and $(y+b)$ in $\\dot{y}$ which yield bounded orbits. ", "We restrict the phase space to the compact set: $$K=\\{(x,y)|-1 \\leq x \\leq 1, -b \\leq y \\leq a \\}$$\n\nAs for [(\\[DTC\\])]{}, the origin is a repulsive focus of [(\\[DTCBB\\])]{}. ", "Except the origin, the singular points of [(\\[DTCBB\\])]{} in $K$ are the summits of the rectangular boundary of $K$, $(-1,-b)$, $(1,-b)$, $(1,a)$, $(-1,a)$, and are all of saddle type. ", "As the straight lines $x=-1$, $x=1$, $y=a$, $y=-b$ are invariant under the flow of [(\\[DTCBB\\])]{}, we deduce the stable and unstable manifolds of each saddle:\n\n saddle stable manifold unstable manifold\n ----------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------\n $(-1,-b)$ $x=-1$, $y<a$ $y=-b$, $x<1$\n $(1,-b)$ $y=-b$, $x>-1$ $x=1$, $y<a$\n $(1,a)$ $x=1$, $y>-b$ $y=a$, $x>-1$\n $(-1,a)$ $y=a$, $x<1$ $x=1$, $y>-b$\n\n\\[SaddlesDTCBB\\]\n\nConsequently, the interior of $K$ is invariant under the flow and contains only a repulsive focus. ", "The boundary of $K$ is a graphic ($\\omega $-limit set formed by the union of the saddles with their separatrices).", "\n\nFollowing the study on the dynamical transcritical bifurcation, one expects that the value of $y$ along an orbit oscillates between $-b$ and $\\min (a,b+2)$ if $a \\geq b$ or between $-\\min(b, a+2)$ and $a$ if $a < b$. However, the exponential attraction of $x=-1$, $-1<y<a$ (resp. ", "$x=1$, $-b<y<1$), formed by attractive points of the fast dynamics, produces a delay to bifurcation and keeps the orbit near $x=-1$, $-b<y<-1$ (resp. ", "$x=1$, $1<y<a$), formed by repulsive points of the fast dynamics. ", "The delay could be great enough so that the orbit reaches a small neighborhood of $\\dot{y}=0$. Hence, after the fast motion, the orbit tracks the other manifold $x=1$, $-b<y<1$ (resp. ", "$x=-1$, $-1<y<a$) even closer than during the preceding passage. ", "The delay obtained afterwards is then again enhanced, as the orbit approaches even closer the slow manifolds. ", "Hence, an orbit starting near the origin, after several oscillations, reaches alternatively a small neighborhood of both $y=a$ and $y=-b$, whatever the values of $a$ and $b$.\n\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n ![", "Orbits (red) of [(\\[DTCBB\\])]{} for $\\varepsilon =0.5$, $b=2$ and respectively $a=5$ in panel 1) and $a=30$ in panel 2). ", "In both cases, the initial data is $(10^{-3},0)$. Comparison of panels 1) and 2) shows that, whatever the values of $a$ and $b$, the orbit enters alternatively small neighborhood of $x=-1$, $x=1$, $y=-b$ and $y=a$ (blue straight lines). ", "These numerical simulations were performed with order 4 Runge-Kutta integration scheme (absolute error value: $10^{-9}$ ; relative error value: $10^{-12}$ ; mean integration step: $10^{-6}$).[]{data-label=\"DTCBBSimul\"}](DTCBB1.ps \"fig:\"){width=\"47.00000%\"} ![", "Orbits (red) of [(\\[DTCBB\\])]{} for $\\varepsilon =0.5$, $b=2$ and respectively $a=5$ in panel 1) and $a=30$ in panel 2). ", "In both cases, the initial data is $(10^{-3},0)$. Comparison of panels 1) and 2) shows that, whatever the values of $a$ and $b$, the orbit enters alternatively small neighborhood of $x=-1$, $x=1$, $y=-b$ and $y=a$ (blue straight lines). ", "These numerical simulations were performed with order 4 Runge-Kutta integration scheme (absolute error value: $10^{-9}$ ; relative error value: $10^{-12}$ ; mean integration step: $10^{-6}$).[]{data-label=\"DTCBBSimul\"}](DTCBB2.ps \"fig:\"){width=\"47.00000%\"}\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFigure \\[DTCBBSimul\\] illustrates this global behavior with fine step numerical simulations for various sets of parameter values. ", "As expected, the smaller $\\varepsilon $, the faster the orbit reaches a given neighborhood of $x=-1$ (resp. ", "$x=1$). ", "Starting near the origin, if $\\varepsilon $ is small (for instance, equal to $0.5$ for the simulations presented in Figure \\[DTCBBSimul\\]), a few oscillations suffice to obtain a part close to the graphic.", "\n\nThus, the orbits of system [(\\[DTCBB\\])]{} generate a new type of canards. ", "On the contrary of the canards discovered in the solutions of the van der Pol system, all the orbits of system [(\\[DTCBB\\])]{} starting from $\\mathring{K}\\backslash \\{(0,0)\\}$ display delays to bifurcation. ", "Moreover, we have a very simple way to modulate these delays by choosing the parameter values $a$ and $b$. It is worth noticing that, as in system [(\\[DTC\\])]{}, small perturbations may provoke dramatic changes in the orbits.", "\n\nNow, we explore the ejection mechanism – leading to this type of oscillations – using the conjugacy of [(\\[DTCBB\\])]{} with an appropriate semi-local form and the analysis of the transition near the saddle $(x,y)=(-1,-b)$ (the case of $(x,y)=(1,a)$ is similar). ", "First, we translate the origin to the saddle via the change of variables $\\{X=x+1, Y=y+b\\}$ to obtain the new form of the system: $$\\begin{array}{rcl}\n\\dot{X}&=&X(X-Y+b-1)(2-X) \\\\\n\\dot{Y}&=&\\varepsilon Y(X-1)(a+b-Y)\n\\end{array}\n\\label{DTCBBTr}$$ Note that the left point of transcritical bifurcation of the fast dynamics $(x,y)=(-1,-1)$ reads now $(X,Y)=(0,b-1)$.\n\nConsider an initial data $(\\bar{X}, \\bar{Y})$ with $\\bar{X} \\in]0,1], b-1<\\bar{Y}<a+b$. As explained above, for $\\varepsilon $ small, the corresponding orbit of [(\\[DTCBBTr\\])]{} reaches quickly the vicinity of $X=0, y>b-1$, $X$ decreases very quickly while $Y$ remains almost constant. ", "Hence, along this fast branch of the dynamics, variable $Y$ is given by $\\bar{Y}+O(\\varepsilon )$ until $X=O(\\varepsilon)$. Afterwards, approximation of the dynamics near $X=0$ by the slow motion and direct integration yield an approximation for the time needed to reach $Y=b-1$: $$T_{\\bar{Y} \\rightarrow b-1} \\underset{\\varepsilon \\rightarrow 0}{=} \\frac{1}{\\varepsilon (a+b)} \\ln \\left[ \\frac{(a+1)\\bar{Y}}{(b-1)(a+b-\\bar{Y})} \\right]+O(1)$$ The leading term of the $x$-component $C \\exp (-k/\\varepsilon)$ displays: $$\\begin{aligned}\nC &=& (b-1)^{2\\frac{b-1}{a+b}} (a+1)^{2\\frac{a+1}{a+b}} \\label{paramC}\\\\\nk &=& \\frac{2}{a+b} \\left[ (b-1) \\ln (\\bar{Y}) + (a+1) \\ln (a+b-\\bar{Y}) \\right] >0 \\label{paramk}\\end{aligned}$$ We now study the delay to bifurcation and consider the entry of the orbits coming from above $Y=b-1$. Hence, we consider initial values of $X$ which are exponentially small with respect to $\\varepsilon $: $C \\exp (-k/\\varepsilon)$.\n\nTo specify the transition induced by the flow near the saddle, we consider the two sections: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Sigma_{in} &=& \\left\\{(X,\\delta )|0<X \\leq \\eta \\right\\} \\\\\n\\Sigma_{out} &=& \\left\\{(\\eta,Y)|0<Y \\leq \\delta \\right\\}\\end{aligned}$$ with $\\eta >0$ a small fixed parameter and $0<\\delta \\leq b-1$. We note: $$U=\\left\\{(X,Y)|0<X \\leq \\eta, 0<Y \\leq \\delta \\right\\}$$ the rectangle delimited by $\\Sigma_{in}$, $\\Sigma_{out}$ and the stable and unstable manifolds of the saddle (see Figure \\[LocAn\\]).", "\n\n![", "The transition function induced by the flow of [(\\[DTCBBTr\\])]{} is well-defined from $\\Sigma _{in}$ into $\\Sigma _{out}$.[]{data-label=\"LocAn\"}](LocAn.ps){height=\"7cm\"}\n\nHence, as $\\dot{Y}<0$ in $\\{(X,Y)|0<X<1,0<Y<X+b-1 \\}$ and $\\delta \\leq b-1$, any orbit starting from $\\Sigma _{in}$ enters $U$ and escapes from $U$ through $\\Sigma _{out}$. Thus, the transition function induced by the flow is well-defined from $\\Sigma _{in}$ into $\\Sigma_{out}$.\n\nAs $X$ is small in $U$ (smaller than $\\eta $), system [(\\[DTCBBTr\\])]{} is conjugated to: $$\\begin{array}{rcl}\n\\dot{X}&=&2 (b-1) X-2XY \\\\\n\\dot{Y}&=&\\varepsilon Y\n\\end{array}\n\\label{DTCBNL}$$ Note that $(X,Y)=(0,b-1)$ is also a point of transcritical bifurcation for this system. ", "Direct integration provides the orbit from $(X_0, \\delta )$: $$\\begin{aligned}\nX(t) &=& X_{0}\\exp \\left[ 2(b-1)t+\\frac{2\\delta }{\\varepsilon }\\left({\\rm e}^{-\\varepsilon t}-1\\right) \\right] \\nonumber\\\\\nY(t) &=& \\delta {\\rm e}^{-\\varepsilon t} \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$\n\nAs explained previously, we consider initial data of type $X_0 = C \\exp (-k/\\varepsilon)$, where $k, C>0$. If $\\eta <C$, for $\\varepsilon $ small enough, i.e.: $$\\varepsilon < - \\frac{k}{\\ln \\frac{\\eta}{C}}$$ $(X_0,\\delta )$ lies in $\\Sigma _{in}$. If $\\eta \\geq C$, as $\\varepsilon ,k>0$, all values of $\\varepsilon $ fulfill this property.", "\n\nThe time $T$ needed to go from $(X_0,\\delta)$ to $(\\eta , Y(T)) \\in \\Sigma_{out}$ along the flow is the solution of: $$2(b-1)T+\\frac{2\\delta }{\\varepsilon }{\\rm e}^{-\\varepsilon T}=\\frac{k}{\\varepsilon } + \\ln \\frac{\\eta}{C}+\\frac{2\\delta}{\\varepsilon}$$ The solution $T$ can be expressed via the “Lambert function” $\\mathcal{W_L}$ – inverse function of $w\\rightarrow w {\\rm e}^{w}$ (see [@CGHJK]). ", "This yields: $$\\begin{gathered}\nT=\\frac{1}{\\varepsilon } \\mathcal{W_L} \\left( -\\frac{\\delta}{b-1} \\exp \\left( -\\frac{\\epsilon \\ln(\\eta /C)+k+2\\delta }{2(b-1)} \\right) \\right) \\\\\n + \\frac{1}{2(b-1)} \\left( \\ln \\frac{\\eta }{C} + \\frac{k+2\\delta }{\\varepsilon} \\right)\n\\label{TempsTrans}\\end{gathered}$$ As expected, the transition time is $O(1/\\varepsilon)$ and the leading term of $T$ is: $$T \\underset{\\varepsilon \\rightarrow 0}{=} \\frac{1}{\\varepsilon} \\left[ \\mathcal{W_L} \\left( -\\frac{\\delta}{b-1} {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{2\\delta +k}{2(b-1)}} \\right) + \\frac{2 \\delta+k}{2(b-1)} \\right] + O(1)\n\\label{TTrans}$$\n\nThis displays the transition function $(X_0, \\delta) \\rightarrow (\\eta, Y_{out}(X_0))$ with: $$\\begin{gathered}\nY_{out}(C {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{k}{\\varepsilon }}) = \\\\\n \\delta \\exp \\left[ -\\mathcal{W_L} \\left( -\\frac{\\delta}{b-1} \\exp \\left( -\\frac{\\epsilon \\ln(\\eta /C)+k+2\\delta }{2(b-1)} \\right) \\right) \\right.\\\\\n \\left. ", "+ \\frac{1}{b-1} \\left( \\ln \\frac{\\eta }{C} + \\frac{k+2\\delta }{\\varepsilon} \\right) \\right]\\end{gathered}$$ This shows that, even if the transition time tends to $+\\infty $, the exit function displays as $O(1)$-leading term: $$\\begin{gathered}\nY_{out}(C {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{k}{\\varepsilon }}) \\underset{\\varepsilon \\rightarrow 0}{=} Y_{out}^{0}(C {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{k}{\\varepsilon }}) + O(\\varepsilon) \\\\\n \\underset{\\varepsilon \\rightarrow 0}{=} \\delta \\exp \\left[ -\\mathcal{W_L} \\left( -\\frac{\\delta}{b-1} {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{2\\delta +k}{2(b-1)}} \\right) -\\frac{2\\delta +k}{2(b-1)} \\right] +O(\\varepsilon)\n\\label{DLYout}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nHence, the longer the orbit has remained near the slow manifold, the stronger the ejection (to reach the neighborhood of $(\\eta, Y_{out}^{0})$ given by [(\\[DLYout\\])]{}) is. ", "This property of the orbits – staying a very long time near the repulsive part of the slow manifold without squashing on the $\\dot{y}$-nullcline – together with the increasing strength of ejection is what we call the “exceptionally fast recovery”. ", "Similar study can be done for the other transition of [(\\[DTCBB\\])]{} and this leads to similar results (where $a$ and $b$ are exchanged).", "\n\nFinally, note that, for given values of parameter $a$, $b$, $\\varepsilon $, the values of parameters $k$ and $C$ in [(\\[TTrans\\])]{} and [(\\[DLYout\\])]{} are approximated for the global dynamics using [(\\[paramC\\])]{} and [(\\[paramk\\])]{}.", "\n\nSaddle-node transcritical ejection in a prey-predator-superpredator model\n=========================================================================\n\nTritrophic food chain dynamics\n------------------------------\n\nIn the late seventies, interest in the mathematics of tritrophic food chain models (composed of prey, predator and superpredator) appear (see, for instance, [@FW; @Ga]). ", "Related predator-prey models with parasitic infections were studied later [@HF]. ", "In the nineties, in [@HP; @MR2] and [@KH], the existence of chaotic attractors was discussed. ", "There are many more recent contributions, that we can not refer in more details (see, for instance, [@KBK; @Vidal07]).", "\n\nWe investigate here the following: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{dU}{dT}& = &U\\left( R\\left( 1-\\frac{U}{K}\\right) -\\frac{A_{1}V}{B_{1}+U}\\right) \\nonumber \\\\\n\\frac{dV}{dT}& = &V\\left( E_{1}\\frac{A_{1}U}{B_{1}+U}-D_{1}-\\frac{A_{2}W}{B_{2}+V}\\right) \\label{sys1} \\\\\n\\frac{dW}{dT}& = &\\varepsilon W\\left( E_{2}\\frac{A_{2}V}{B_{2}+V}-D_{2}\\right) \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ which represents the interactions between three populations $U$, $V$ and $W$. The variable $U$ stands for the prey, $V$ for its predator and $W$ for a superpredator of $V$. The threshold constant $K>0$ and the intrinsic growth rate of the prey $R>0$ characterize the logistic evolution of $U$.\n\nThe predator–prey interactions are described by two Holling type II factors defined by the positive parameters: $$\\begin{aligned}\nA_{j}& :\\text{the maximum predation rates} \\\\\nB_{j}& :\\text{the half-saturation constants} \\\\\nD_{j}& :\\text{the death rates} \\\\\nE_{j}& :\\text{the efficiencies of predation}\\end{aligned}$$ $j=1$ relates to the predator $V$, $j=2$ relates to the superpredator $W$. It is assumed that the evolution of the superpredator is slower than those of the predator and the prey. ", "Then we introduce different time scales by means of the constant $0< \\varepsilon \\ll 1$.\n\nBifurcations of the fast dynamics\n---------------------------------\n\nThe global behavior of this system (existence of global periodic orbit, bifurcations of limit cycles, early crisis in the predator membership) has been studied in [@Vidal06] and [@Vidal07]. ", "We recall briefly the classical situation of interest for us for which the system is bistable.", "\n\nIn order to obtain a simpler and more useful analytic form, Klebanoff and Hastings proposed in [@KH] the following rescalings: $$x=\\frac{U}{K},\\qquad y=\\frac{V}{KE_{1}},\\qquad z=\\frac{W}{KE_{1}E_{2}}\n,\\qquad t=RT \\label{Rescal}$$ which yields: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\dot{x} &=&x\\left( 1-x-\\frac{a_{1}y}{1+b_{1}x}\\right) = f(x,y,z) \\notag \\\\\n\\dot{y} &=&y\\left( \\frac{a_{1}x}{1+b_{1}x}-d_{1}-\\frac{a_{2}z}{1+b_{2}y} \\right) = g(x,y,z) \\label{sys2} \\\\\n\\dot{z} &=&\\varepsilon z\\left( \\frac{a_{2}y}{1+b_{2}y}-d_{2}\\right) = h(x,y,z) \\notag\\end{aligned}$$ where $a_j, b_j, d_j, j=1,2$ are positive parameters (see [@KH] or [@Vidal06] for their expressions in function of $A_j, B_j, D_j, E_j, R$ and $K$. All axes and faces of the positive octant $\\mathbb{R} _{+}^{3}$ are invariant sets of [(\\[sys2\\])]{}. ", "Thus, we limit the phase space to this positive octant.", "\n\nConsidering the slow variable $z$ as a parameter, we describe the sequence of bifurcations undergone by the two-dimensional fast dynamics. ", "To this purpose, it is convenient to introduce the critical set: $$C=\\{(x,y,z)\\in \\mathbb{R}_{+}^{3}|f(x,y,z)=0,g(x,y,z)=0\\}$$ formed by the singular points of the so-called Boundary-Layer System (BLS), obtained from [(\\[sys2\\])]{} with $\\varepsilon =0$. For any point $(\\tilde{x}, \\tilde{y}, \\tilde{z}) \\in C$, $(\\tilde{x}, \\tilde{y})$ is a singular point of the fast dynamics for $z=\\tilde{z}$. In the following, we note $\\pi $ the projection from $\\mathbb{R}_{+}^{3}$ into $\\mathbb{R}_{+}^{2}$: $\\pi (x,y,z) =(x,y)$.\n\nFirst, we assume: $$G=a_{1}-d_{1}(1+b_{1})>0\n\\label{StAss}$$ to ensure that the singular point: $$\\left( \\frac{d_{1}}{G+d_{1}},\\frac{G}{\\left( G+d_{1} \\right) ^{2}},0\\right)$$ lays in the phase space $\\mathbb{R} _{+}^{3}$.\n\nThe critical set writes $C=\\Delta \\cup \\mathcal{L}$ where: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Delta &=&\\{(1,0,z)|z\\in \\mathbb{R}_{+}\\} \\\\\n\\mathcal{L} &=&\\left\\{ \\left( x,y_{\\mathcal{L}}(x),z_{\\mathcal{L}}(x)\\right) \\in \\mathbb{R} _{+}^{3}|x\\in [0,1]\\right\\} \\end{aligned}$$ and: $$\\begin{aligned}\ny_{\\mathcal{L}}(x)& =\\frac{1}{a_{1}}\\left( 1-x\\right) \\left( 1+b_{1}x\\right) \\\\\nz_{\\mathcal{L}}(x)& =\\frac{\\left( a_{1}x-d_{1}\\left( 1+b_{1}x\\right) \\right) \\left( a_{1}+b_{2}(1-x)(1+b_{1}x)\\right) }{a_{1}a_{2}(1+b_{1}x)}\\end{aligned}$$ Note that $\\Delta $ always intersects $\\mathcal{L}$ at the point $T=(1,0,z_{T})$ where: $$z_{T}=\\frac{G}{a_{2}(1+b_{1})} >0 \\label{zT}$$\n\nIn the following, we assume that $d_{1}$ is small enough so that: $$\\text{there is a point }x_{P}>0\\text{ so that }z_{\\mathcal{L}}^{\\prime }(x_{P})=0.", "\n\\label{PaboveT}$$ We note $P=(x_P,y_P,z_P)=(x_P,y_{\\mathcal{L}}(x_{P}),z_\\mathcal{L}(x_P))$. Let us remark that, under assumption [(\\[PaboveT\\])]{}, $z_{T}<z_{P}$. Consequently, $\\mathcal{L}$ is $\\cap $-shaped in $\\mathbb{R} _{+}^{3}$ (cf. ", "Figure \\[EnsCrit\\]) and we note:\n\n- for each $z\\in \\left] z_{T},z_{P}\\right[ $, $S_z$ the unique point $(x,y_{\\mathcal{L}}(x),z)\\in \\mathcal{L}$ such that $x> x_P$ ; $\\mathcal{L}_S=\\underset{z_{T}<z<z_{P}}{\\cup }\\{S_{z}\\}$ ;\n\n- for each $z\\in \\left[ 0,z_{P}\\right[ $, $R_z$ the unique point $(x,y_{\\mathcal{L}}(x),z)\\in \\mathcal{L}$ such that $x< x_P$ ; $\\mathcal{L}_{\\pm}=\\underset{0<z<z_{P}}{\\cup }\\{R_{z}\\}$.\n\nThus, $\\mathcal{L}={T} \\cup \\mathcal{L}_S \\cup {P} \\cup \\mathcal{L}_{\\pm}$ (see Figure \\[EnsCrit\\]).", "\n\nThe points $\\pi (S_z)$ are saddle type singular points of the fast dynamics, $(1,0)$ is a saddle for $z<z_T$ and an attractive node for $z>z_T$. Additionally, we assume that $d_{1}$ is small enough such that there exists a point $z_{H}\\in ]z_{T},z_{P}[$ so that: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{for }&0\\leq z<z_{H},&\\pi (R_z)\\text{ is a repulsive focus}, \\\\ \n\\text{for }&z_{H}\\leq z<z_{P},&\\pi (R_z)\\text{ is an attractive focus}.\\end{aligned}$$ Figure \\[EnsCrit\\] displays $C$ and its splitting according to the nature of the singular points for the fast dynamics. ", "It can be seen as a bifurcation diagram of the fast dynamics as the bifurcation parameter $z$ varies. ", "Hence, as $z$ decreases, the following sequence of bifurcations occurs:\n\n![", "Critical set of [(\\[sys2\\])]{} (in red) – set of singular points of the Boundary-Layer System (BLS) obtained by setting $\\varepsilon =0$. It is splitted according to the nature of the singular points for the fast dynamics with the corresponding value of $z$: $\\Delta _-$ and $\\mathcal{L}_-$ formed by attractive nodes, $\\Delta _S$ and $\\mathcal{L}_S$ by saddles, $\\mathcal{L}_+$ by repulsive foci. ", "The points $P$, $H$, $T$ are respectively the points of saddle-node, Hopf and saddle-node transcritical bifurcation of the fast dynamics. ", "For $\\tilde{z} \\in [0,z_H[$, the repulsive focus $\\pi (R_{\\tilde{z}}) \\in \\mathcal{L}_+$ is surrounded by an attractive limit cycle of the fast dynamics. ", "The union $\\mathcal{M}$ of these limit cycles (in green) is an invariant attractive manifold for the (BLS).[]{data-label=\"EnsCrit\"}](C.ps){height=\"9cm\"}\n\n- for $z>z_P$, the attractive node $(1,0)$ is the unique singular point.", "\n\n- as $z=z_P$, an inverse saddle-node bifurcation occurs at $(x_P,y_P)$.\n\n- for $z_H<z<z_P$, there are three singular points: the attractive node $(1,0)$, the saddle $\\pi (S_z)$, the attractive focus $\\pi (R_z)$.\n\n- as $z=z_H$, $\\pi (R_z)$ undergoes a supercritical Hopf bifurcation.", "\n\n- for $z_T<z<z_H$, there are three singular points: the attractive node $(1,0)$, the saddle $\\pi (S_z)$, the repulsive focus $\\pi (R_z)$ surrounded by an attractive limit cycle, born from the Hopf bifurcation.", "\n\n- as $z=z_T$, a saddle-node transcritical bifurcation occurs at $(1,0)$ ($\\pi (S_z)$ and $(0,1)$ exchange their stability).", "\n\n- for $0\\leq z< z_T$, there are two singular points in the positive octant: the saddle $(0,1)$ and the repulsive focus surrounded by an attractive limit cycle.", "\n\nWe note $\\mathcal{M}$ the union in $\\mathbb{R}_{+}^{3}$ of the planar attractive limit cycles surrounding the points $R_z$ for all $z_H<z<z_P$. $\\mathcal{M}$ is thus an attractor for the (BLS).", "\n\nA precise study of this sequence of bifurcations is available in [@Vidal06; @Vidal07], including the double homoclinic bifurcation that may occur in a certain range of the parameter space. ", "However, here, we focus on the oscillatory behavior of the system in the phase space and control the two types of ejections giving rise to the hysteresis loop: the saddle-node bifurcation and the saddle-node transcritical bifurcation.", "\n\nGlobal behavior of the system and canard cycles {#GlobBehavTT}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nThe separatrix $\\dot{z}=0$ is the plane of equation: $$y=\\frac{d_2}{a_2-b_2 d_2}$$ For $0 < d_2 < a_2/b_2$ small enough, this plane separates $\\Delta $ near which $\\dot{z}<0$ and $\\mathcal{M}$ near which $\\dot{z}>0$.\n\n![", "Outline of a typical orbit of system [(\\[sys2\\])]{} generating bursting oscillations. ", "Double arrows are added on the fast parts of the orbit and single arrows on the slow parts.[]{data-label=\"TTSchemaOrbite\"}](TTSchemaOrbite.ps){height=\"10cm\"}\n\nHence, any orbit of system [(\\[sys2\\])]{} starting near $\\Delta _-$ goes down along $\\Delta _-$. Once $z<z_T$, it undergoes a delay to bifurcation and keeps tracking $\\Delta _S$ for a while, although this branch is formed by saddles of the fast dynamics. ", "After this delay, the orbit quickly reaches the vicinity of $\\mathcal{M}$. It goes up while spiraling around $\\mathcal{M}$, then around $\\mathcal{L}_{-}$. As $z$ becomes larger than $z_P$, the orbit reaches the vicinity of $\\Delta _-$ and repeats the same sequence of motions. ", "Figure \\[TTSchemaOrbite\\] displays the geometric invariants of the fast dynamics and a schematic orbit of [(\\[sys2\\])]{}. ", "In this setting, the delay to the transcritical bifurcation, that the orbit undergoes, qualifies the terminology of canard cycle.", "\n\nFigure \\[TTorbit\\] displays a numerical simulation of a typical orbit of [(\\[sys2\\])]{} with:\n\n --------- ----- -------- -- --------- ----- ------- -- --------- ----- -------- -- ----------------- ----- --------\n $a_{1}$ $=$ $0.8$, $b_{1}$ $=$ $4$, $d_{1}$ $=$ $0.1$, $ \\varepsilon $ $=$ $0.1$,\n $a_{2}$ $=$ $42$, $b_{2}$ $=$ $40$, $d_{2}$ $=$ $1$. \n --------- ----- -------- -- --------- ----- ------- -- --------- ----- -------- -- ----------------- ----- --------\n\n![", "Orbit of system [(\\[sys2\\])]{} with the parameter values given in the table of Subsection \\[GlobBehavTT\\]. ", "Double arrows are added on the fast parts of the orbit and single arrows on the slow parts.[]{data-label=\"TTorbit\"}](TT.ps){height=\"8.3cm\"}\n\nLocal form near the saddle\n--------------------------\n\nThe most surprising behavior of these orbits is the long time needed to escape a neighbordhood of the point $(1,0,0)$ and the “exceptionally fast recovery” of the variable $y$. In this subsection, we perform successively two changes of variables to obtain an appropriate local form near the saddle.", "\n\nThe Jacobian matrix associated with the system [(\\[sys1\\])]{} at the singular point $(x,y,z)=(1,0,0)$ reads: $$\\begin{pmatrix}\n-1 & -\\frac{a_{1}}{1+b_{1}} & 0 \\\\ \n0 & \\frac{a_{1}}{1+b_{1}}-d_{1} & 0 \\\\ \n0 & 0 & -\\varepsilon d_{2}\n\\end{pmatrix}$$ It admits $-1$, $\\frac{a_{1}}{1+b_{1}}-d_{1} =\\frac{G}{1+b_1}$ and $-\\varepsilon d_{2}$ as eigenvalues. ", "Under the assumption [(\\[StAss\\])]{}, the singular point $(1,0,0)$ is then a saddle with a two-dimensional stable manifold and a one-dimensional unstable manifold.", "\n\nEigenvectors associated with the eigenvalues are:\n\n eigenvalue eigenvector\n ---------------------- -----------------------------------\n $-1$ $(1,0,0)$\n $\\frac{G}{1+b_1}$ $(-1, \\frac{1}{a_1}(G+1+b_1), 0)$\n $-\\varepsilon d_{2}$ $(0,0,1)$\n\n\\[EigVctxyz\\]\n\nSet: $$\\alpha=\\frac{1}{a_1}(G+1+b_1)=1-\\frac{(1+b_1)(d_1-1)}{a_1}$$ The parameter $\\alpha $ is positive under the assumption [(\\[StAss\\])]{} ($G>0$).", "\n\nHence, via the change of variables: $$\\begin{aligned}\nx &=& 1-X-Y \\notag \\\\\ny &=& \\alpha Y \\notag \\\\\nz &=& Z \\notag\\end{aligned}$$ the singular point $(x,y,z)=(1,0,0)$ translates to $(X,Y,Z)=(0,0,0)$. Now, the eigendirections of the saddle coincide with the $(X,Y,Z)$-axis. ", "In this new system of coordinates, [(\\[sys2\\])]{} reads: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\dot{X}& =&-(1-X-Y)(X+Y) \\notag \\\\\n& & +Y\\left[ -1+\\frac{(X-Y)(d_{1}-1)}{1+b_{1}(1+X-Y)}-\\frac{a_{2}Z}{1+b_{2}\\alpha Y}\\right] \\notag \\\\\n\\dot{Y}& =&Y\\left[ \\frac{a_{1}(1+X-Y)}{1+b_{1}(1+X-Y)}-d_{1}-\\frac{a_{2}Z}{1+b_{2}\\alpha Y}\\right] \\label{sys3} \\\\\n\\dot{Z}& =&Z\\varepsilon \\left[ \\frac{a_{2}\\alpha Y}{1+b_{2}\\alpha Y}-d_{2}\\right] \\notag \\end{aligned}$$ This allows to consider $X>0$ in the following.", "\n\nActually, an eigenvector associated with each saddle $(0,1)$ of the fast dynamics writes: $$(\\beta (Z), 1)=\\left( \\frac{a_2 Z (1+b_1)}{1+b_1+G- a_2 Z (1+b_1)} , 1 \\right)\n\\label{VectTT}$$ This vector is well-defined in the positive octant as long as: $$Z < \\frac{1+b_1+G}{a_2 (1+b_1)} = \\frac{1}{a_2} \\left(1+\\frac{G}{1+b_1}\\right)$$ Thus, under the assumption [(\\[StAss\\])]{}, it is well-defined at least for $Z\\in [0, z_{T}]$ and $\\beta(Z)>0$. Note that, for $Z=z_T$, this vector gives the central direction associated with the $0$ eigenvalues of the non hyperbolic point $(0,0)$ of the fast dynamics.", "\n\nFor each $\\tilde{Z} \\in [0, z_T]$, the vector [(\\[VectTT\\])]{} gives the tangent line to the unstable manifold of the saddle $(0,0)$ of the fast dynamics with $Z=\\tilde{Z}$. Thus, we have an approximation for $X$ and $Y$ small of the invariant manifold of [(\\[sys3\\])]{} with $\\varepsilon =0$. As this manifold is normally attractive, it persists for $\\varepsilon >0$ small enough into a normally attractive manifold of [(\\[sys3\\])]{}. ", "We proceed with another change of variables: $$\\begin{aligned}\nu &=& X-\\beta (Z) Y \\notag \\\\\ny &=& Y \\notag \\\\\nz &=& Z \\notag\\end{aligned}$$ locally near $X=Y=0, 0 \\leq Z \\leq z_T$, system [(\\[sys3\\])]{} reads: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\dot{u}& = & -u+O(\\varepsilon v, u v, u^2) \\notag \\\\\n\\dot{v}& = & G' v - a_2 v w + v O(u,v) \\label{sys4} \\\\\n\\dot{w}& = & -\\varepsilon d_2 w + w O(v^2) \\notag \\end{aligned}$$ where: $$G'=\\frac{G}{1+b_1}=\\frac{a_1}{1+b_1}-d_1$$ The perturbed attractive manifold in this new set of parameters is approximated by $u=0, 0 \\leq Z \\leq z_T$.\n\nThe flow on the invariant perturbed manifold is conjugated – locally near $u=v=0$ – to the system: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\dot{v}& =&v \\left( \\frac{a_1}{1+b_1}-d_1 \\right) - a_2 v w \\label{sys5} \\\\\n\\dot{w}& =&-\\varepsilon d_2 w \\notag \\end{aligned}$$ After setting $w=2Y/a_2$ and replacing $\\varepsilon d_2$ by $\\varepsilon $, we recognize the normal form [(\\[DTCBNL\\])]{} introduced in Subsection \\[SectDTCBB\\] with parameter values $G'=(b-1)>0$.\n\nTransition function: recovery of the predator\n---------------------------------------------\n\nConsider the two sections: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Sigma_{in} &=& \\left\\{(u,v,\\delta )|0<v \\leq \\eta \\right\\} \\\\\n\\Sigma_{out} &=& \\left\\{(u,\\eta,Y)|0<u \\leq \\xi, 0<w \\leq \\delta \\right\\}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\eta, \\xi>0$ are small but fixed parameters and $0<\\delta < z_T$ (see [(\\[zT\\])]{}) is fixed. ", "We note: $$U=\\left\\{(u,v,w )|0<u \\leq \\xi, 0<v \\leq \\eta, 0<w \\leq \\delta \\right\\}$$ The preceding analysis shows that, for $\\varepsilon$ small enough, an orbit of [(\\[sys5\\])]{} starting from $\\Sigma_{in}$ enters $U$ and exits from $U$. Hence, the transition function induced by the flow of [(\\[sys5\\])]{} is well-defined from $\\Sigma_{in}$ into $\\Sigma_{out}$.\n\nAs the typical orbits of system [(\\[sys2\\])]{} enter an exponentially small neighborhood of $\\Delta _S$ (see Figures \\[TTSchemaOrbite\\], \\[TTorbit\\] and Subsection \\[GlobBehavTT\\]), we restrict initial data of [(\\[sys5\\])]{} to be exponentially close to $X=Y=0$ in $\\Sigma _{in}$. Thus, consider: $$\\begin{aligned}\nu_0=C_1 {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{k_1}{\\varepsilon }} \\\\\nv_0=C_2 {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{k_1}{\\varepsilon }} \\end{aligned}$$\n\nBy direct application of the local analysis made in Subsection \\[SectDTCBB\\], we obtain the leading term of the transition time from $(u_0, v_0, \\delta) \\in \\Sigma_{in}$ to $\\Sigma_{out}$ along the flow of [(\\[sys5\\])]{}: $$T \\underset{\\varepsilon \\rightarrow 0}{=} \\frac{1}{\\varepsilon d_2} \\left[ \\mathcal{W_L} \\left( -\\frac{a_2 \\delta}{G'} {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{a_2 \\delta + k_2 d_2}{G}} \\right) + \\frac{a_2 \\delta + k_2 d_2}{G'} \\right] + O(1)$$ The transition function $(u_0,v_0,\\delta) \\rightarrow (u_{out}(u_0,v_0), \\eta, w_{out}(u_0,v_0))$ can be specified as well: $$\\begin{gathered}\nu_{out}(C_1 {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{k_1}{\\varepsilon }},C_2 {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{k_1}{\\varepsilon }}) \\\\\n \\underset{\\varepsilon \\rightarrow 0}{\\sim } C_1 {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{k_1}{\\varepsilon}} \\left[ -\\mathcal{W_L} \\left( -\\frac{a_2 \\delta}{G'} {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{a_2 \\delta + k_2 d_2}{G'}} \\right)-\\frac{a_2 \\delta + k_2 d_2}{d_2 G'} \\right]\\end{gathered}$$ $$\\begin{gathered}\nw_{out}(C_1 {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{k_1}{\\varepsilon }},C_2 {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{k_1}{\\varepsilon }}) \\\\\n \\underset{\\varepsilon \\rightarrow 0}{= } \\delta \\exp \\left[ -\\mathcal{W_L} \\left( -\\frac{a_2 \\delta}{G'} {\\rm e}^{-\\frac{a_2 \\delta + k_2 d_2}{G'}} \\right)-\\frac{a_2 \\delta + k_2 d_2}{d_2 G'} \\right]+ O(\\varepsilon )\\end{gathered}$$\n\nIt is worth noticing that the $u$-component of the transition function tends actually to $0$ as $\\varepsilon \\rightarrow 0$, but that the $w$-component experiments a basal threshold, even if this threshold is very low.", "\n\nInterpretation in terms of ecological parameters: loss of resilience\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn contrast with system [(\\[DTCBB\\])]{}, the two ejection mechanisms in [(\\[sys2\\])]{} are provided by different types of bifurcation of the fast dynamics: a saddle-node transcritical bifurcation at $T$ and a saddle-node bifurcation at $P$. Near $P$, canards could eventually appear for which the orbit tracks the manifold $\\mathcal{L}_S$ formed by saddle of the fast dynamics. ", "However, this type of canards can occur only if $P$ is near the plane $\\dot{z}=0$ (within a $O(\\sqrt{\\varepsilon})$ distance). ", "But the assumption that this plane separates properly $\\Delta $ and the manifold $\\mathcal{M}$ ($d_2$ small enough) generally forbids such behavior.", "\n\nHence, any orbit in the strictly positive octant displays, sooner or later, the motion described in Subsection \\[GlobBehavTT\\] as there exists a globally attractive periodic orbit of this type (see [@Vidal06; @Vidal07]). ", "Thus, the entry of this periodic orbit – as the entry of any orbit after spiraling around $\\mathcal{M}$ – in a given neighborhood of $\\Delta $ occurs for $z=z_P+O(\\varepsilon ^{2/3})$. The delay to bifurcation after the passage in the vicinity of $T$ is then mostly characterized by $z_P - z_T$. 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E. & Bertram, R. \\[2008\\] “A-type K$^+$ current can act as a trigger for bursting in the absence of a slow variable,” Neural Computation [**20**]{}, 436–451.", "\n\nVidal, A. \\[2006\\] “Stable periodic orbits associated with bursting oscillations in population dynamics,” Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences [**341**]{}, 439–446.", "\n\nVidal, A. \\[2007\\] “Periodic orbits of tritrophic slow-fast systems and double homoclinic bifurcations,” Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems – Series B suppl. ", "vol., ", "1021–1030.", "\n\nZoladek, H. \\[1990\\] “Remarks on the delay of the loss of stability of systems with changing parameters,” in [*Bifurcations of Planar Vector Fields*]{}, Proceedings of the Luminy conference (Françoise, J.-P. & Roussarie, R.), Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. ", "1455, Springer Berlin, pp. ", "393–396.", "\n\n[^1]: This research is supported by the [*Agence Nationale de la Recherche*]{} with the project ANAR\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Bonrepos\n\nBonrepos is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in southwestern France.", "\n\nPopulation\n\nSee also\nCommunes of the Hautes-Pyrénées department\n\nReferences\nINSEE\n\nCategory:Communes of Hautes-Pyrénées" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a floatation device for keeping a person afloat in the water and which is provided with an internal supporting structure and an external soft floatation structure so it can be thrown accurately over long distances.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nFloatation devices are effective tools in preventing drownings. ", "Personal floatation devices come in an array of shapes and sizes. ", "One general group of these devices includes life vests and life jackets which are secured directly to respectively a person's chest or waist in order to keep the person afloat when the person is in the water.", "\nAnother general group of these floatation devices do not secure to the person's body but are instead grasped by the person by means of straps attached to the device or by the person inserting an arm over, around or through the device. ", "Examples of devices which fall in this second group of floatation devices include air mattresses, inflated inner tubes, and a variety of ring-type life preservers. ", "Because devices included in this second group of floatation devices are not secured to the person's body, the person may not have access to one of these floatation devices when they are in the water, particularly if the person has been suddenly thrown into the water, for example in a boating accident. ", "In that case, in order to place a floatation device within the person's grasp, the device is normally thrown to the person by someone located on the shore, in a boat, etc. ", "Often the person throwing the device must toss it a considerable distance in order to reach the person who is in need of it.", "\nOne problem encountered by previous floatation devices is they are limited in the distance they can be thrown and the accuracy with which they can be thrown. ", "The present invention addresses this problem by employing the aerodynamic principles used in constructing throwable airfoils, such as Frisbee.", "RTM. ", "brand toys, in order to create a floatation device which can be accurately thrown over fairly long distances. ", "In order to accomplish this, the present invention is provided with an internal semi-rigid support structure which allows the device to maintain its shape as it is gripped to be thrown and while it is in the air after being thrown. ", "The support structure also serves to increase the concentration of mass away from the center of the device which in turn increases both the angular momentum and the stability of the design according to commonly known principles of physics governing the flight of throwable airfoils.", "\nThe present invention is also provided with an external soft floatation structure which will not injure a person who is struck by the device as it is being thrown to them. ", "The floatation structure is the proper shape to impart the desired aerodynamic characteristics to the device, thus enabling it to be thrown accurately over long distances." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAccessing volatile varibales concurrently in java\n\nWhile reading this blog post I'm failing to understand section 3.6 and 3.7.", "\nCode in 3.6:\n@JCStressTest\n@State\npublic class AcquireOrderWrong {\n int x;\n volatile int g;\n\n @Actor\n public void actor1() {\n g = 1;\n x = 1;\n }\n\n @Actor\n public void actor2(IntResult2 r) {\n r.r1 = x;\n r.r2 = g;\n }\n}\n\nCode in 3.7:\n@JCStressTest\n@Outcome(id = \"1, 0\", expect = Expect.", "FORBIDDEN, desc = \"Happens-before violation\")\n@Outcome( expect = Expect.", "ACCEPTABLE, desc = \"All other cases are acceptable.\")", "\n@State\npublic class SafePublication {\n\n int x;\n volatile int ready;\n\n @Actor\n public void actor1() {\n x = 1;\n ready = 1;\n }\n\n @Actor\n public void actor2(IntResult2 r) {\n r.r1 = ready;\n r.r2 = x;\n }\n}\n\nIn 3.6 it's say that 1,0 is an impossibile outcome due to it is a naked data race which I (maybe wrongly) interpret as due to the fact that unrelated operations can be reordered on execution this could happend.", "\nBut if this is the case shouldn't the example in 3.7 suffer of the same problem ?", "\n\nA:\n\nIn 3.7, ready is a volatile variable, according to the doc\n\nThis means that changes to a volatile variable are always visible to\n other threads. ", "What's more, it also means that when a thread reads a\n volatile variable, it sees not just the latest change to the volatile,\n but also the side effects of the code that led up the change.", "\n\nIn actor(), you set ready after setting x. So, when you read ready in method actor2, JVM can gurantee that x=1 is also visible, which avoids (1, 0) as output.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Nintendo 64 Dither Test App\n\nThis is a small application to test the different dither and blend modes of the Nintendo 64. ", "To run, download the zip file and open nu0.n64 in ParaLLEl or load it onto your Everdrive 64.", "\n\nDownload Source Code and ROM\n\nControls\n\nA speed up\n\nspeed up B slow down\n\nslow down C Up no dither\n\nno dither C Left Bayer dither\n\nBayer dither C Right Magic Square dither\n\nMagic Square dither C Down Noise dither\n\nNoise dither R toggle dither filter (trademark N64 blur)\n\ntoggle dither filter (trademark N64 blur) Start toggle gamma correction\n\nScreenshots\n\nGamma Enabled, Filter Disabled\n\nDither Off\n\nBayer\n\nMagic Square\n\nNoise\n\nGamma Enabled, Filter Enabled\n\nDither Off\n\nBayer\n\nMagic Square\n\nNoise\n\nGamma Disabled, Filter Disabled\n\nDither Off\n\nBayer\n\nMagic Square\n\nNoise\n\nGamma Disabled, Filter Enabled\n\nDither Off\n\nBayer\n\nMagic Square\n\nNoise" ]

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[ "Craniofacial repercussions in maxillary lateral incisors agenesis.", "\nAssessment of the influence of maxillary lateral incisor agenesis (MLIA) on the facial morphogenesis. ", "Evaluation of the skeletal dimensions of the upper maxilla and its incisor region. ", "Analysis was performed among three groups: individuals with MLIA, its relatives and the normal population. ", "Among these a comparison between adults and growing individuals was performed. ", "MLIA may interfere with the maxillary length and the anterosuperior facial height, negatively conditioning on its potential growth. ", "MLIA was not correlated with changes of the palatine plane inclination, maxillary height nor with adjustment of the anterior nasal spine dimensions related to the Frankfurt plan or to the posterior nasal spine-Frankfurt plan during the observed development stage; the backward angle of the incisors in children with bilateral agenesis of lateral incisors appear to have been corrected in adulthood. ", "MLIA is associated with an upper maxilla shortening, and appear to interfere significantly with the anterior facial height, reducing its potential size." ]

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[ "fredag 28. ", "november 2014\n\nWe are soon entering Advent, a season for songs\nand carols. ", "I’m very fond of the musical traditions of Christmas and its songs,\nboth those of my native Norway, the ones more typically found in Britain or the\ngeneral songs, carols and hymns belonging to the Catholic repertoire of Western\nEurope. ", "As a prologue to this season, I’m posting a carol from the fifteenth\ncentury which from the onset has very little to do with Christmas. ", "I have taken\nit from R. L. Greene’s Early English Carols\n(Oxford 1977), where it is listed among the satirical carols, although\nthematically it could just as easily have been listed among the carols of\nmortality. ", "The text comes from Bodleian Library. ", "MS. ", "Eng. ", "Poet. ", "e. I, and is\nwritten sometime in the fifteenth century. ", "The lyrics of this carol belong –\nalbeit loosely - to a very old tradition of Christian admonitory verse where\nthe relationship between the soul and the body is scrutinized, sometimes in the\nform of a dialogue. ", "In this particular case, however, the focus is less on the\nmoral lesson, as it is a warning against fellow men, yet it contains elements\ntypical of the cultural environment in the immediate centuries after the Black\nDeath which I have elsewhere referred to as the cult of mortality. ", "In order to\nemphasise this connection, I’ve chosen a rather macabre illustration.", "\n\nIn the following I have standardised the lettering as opposed to how it is\nprinted in Greene 1977, but otherwise I have made no changes to the text.", "\n\n\n\nThree living and three dead MS Harley 2917, Book of Hours, Use of Rome, France, c.1480-c.1490Courtesy of British Library\n\ntirsdag 18. ", "november 2014\n\nSelf-castrating beaverRoyal 2 B VII, English psalter, between 1310 and 1320Courtesy of British Library\n\nIn a recent blogpost I wrote about a description of beavers found in Historia Norwegie,\nan anonymous Norwegian historiography from the twelfth century. ", "This\naccount repeated the ancient myth that beavers castrate themselves to\nescape hunters, a myth perpetuated throughout the medieval period and\nstill alive in the sixteenth century when Ludovico Ariosto wrote his\nOrlando Furioso. ", "In\nAriosto's epic poem we find another reference to this zoological\nfactoid, which I will present in this blogpost.", "\n\nSeemingly a less successful beaverFrom the same as above\n\nTo\nunderstand the employment of the beaver-myth, some background is\nnecessary. ", "The context is a series of challenges that disrupt the\npagan camp during the siege of Paris, which is the dramaturgical nave\naround which the episodes in the poem revolve. ", "Four pagan warriors\nare challenging each other to duels on account of various offences\nthat go against the chivalric code, and the pagan king Agramante has\narranged for the order of their duelling. ", "As one of the first\ncombattants, the Tartar king Mandricardo is armed and prepared, aided\nby Gradasso, king of Sercania (a region meant to be in modern-day\nChina). ", "As Gradasso is about to conclude his office as Mandricardo's\npage, he finds that the Tartar's sword is Durindana, which belonged\nto Orlando. ", "Unbeknownst to Gradasso, Orlando left his sword in the\nwilderness along with his armour and his horse when he went mad after\nlearning that the princess Angelica whom he loves has wed the Moorish\nfootsoldier Medoro. ", "The sword was found by the Scottish prince\nZerbino whom Mandricardo killed in order to get hold of it.", "\n\nIn\nOrlando Innamorato by\nMatteo Boiardo, the precursor of Ariosto's work, we are told how\nGradasso has set in many resources to acquire this sword, and Ariosto\ngives a quick summary of events, as quoted below. ", "When Gradasso sees\nthe sword he gets infuriated and demands to know how Mandricardo came\nby it.", "\n\nSomewhat more successful beaverSloane 3544, English bestiary, 13th centuryCourtesy of British Library\n\nSeeing the sword, Gradasso had no doubt\n\nThis was the weapon which Orlando won.", "\nTo claim it back Gradasso had set out\n\nWith a great fleet; and no more\nsplendid one\n\nHad ever left the East; he put to rout\n\nThe kingdom of Castile; he had then\ngone\n\nTo France and was victorious; and\nnowThe Tartar has it and he knows not how.", "\n\nAs readers, or listeners, will know,\nthis story is not true and Mandricardo fabricates events. ", "The\nfictitious account is of course very insulting to Orlando or anyone,\nsince he is likened to such an unchivalrous beast who is not only a\nprey for hunters, but who also commits such an unmanly deed as\nself-castration in order to preserve his life. ", "This latter point is\nperhaps of greatest importance, since by leaving his sword behind Orlando has abandoned his primary chivalric attribute. ", "Furthermore, since I hold Ariosto to be no less a shrewd metaphorician than Shakespeare, I feel safe to say that by comparing Orlando to the beaver, Mandricardo draws attention to the phallic symbolism of Durindana.", "\n\nmandag 10. ", "november 2014\n\nThe\nScandinavian effort in the history of the Crusades is an aspect often\noverlooked in the more general overviews of this movement, which was such a\ncentral feature in medieval Christian thought. ", "However, academics have recently\npaid much attention to the crusades launched by Danes, Swedes and Norwegians,\nand there is currently exciting research being done about the Swedish crusades\nin the Baltics, and the Norwegian king Sigurd Jorsalfare's (c.1090-1130) sojourn\nto Palestine from 1108-11. ", "That Scandinavian monarchs and noblemen took part in\nthe crusader movement is only to be expected, as this was an aspect of kingship\nvirtually every Christian ruler had to take into consideration – whether to\nparticipate, to fund or to stay away from it.", "\n\nThree knights, illustration pictureMS Royal 20 D II, Roman de Tristan, France, c.1300Courtesy of British Library\n\nIn\nthis blogpost, I wish to present two descriptions of how Danes responded to\ncalls for crusade, as recorded by authors outside Denmark. ", "The first\ndescription is taken from the short crusader narrative Profectio Danorum in Hierosolymam, “The leave-taking of the Danes for Jerusalem”.", "\nThe book recounts a joint Danish-Norwegian crusader expedition prompted by a\npapal call for crusade following the loss of Jerusalem in 1187. ", "The author of Profectio is now believed to have been a\nNorwegian Augustinian canon, and the work was likely written on the behest of a\nmember of the Danish high clergy or nobleman some time after 1192.", "\n\nAs the title suggests, the book is predominantly concerned with the journey to\nthe Holy Land, not the crusaders’ effort in the war against the Muslims. ", "This\nis because the crusaders came too late and arrived in Palestine after the peace\ntreaty had been signed and the Third Crusade was over. ", "This may have caused\nsome embarrassment to the surviving participants, and the author of Profectio goes to great lengths in\ndepicting the hazards at sea and death by drowning as the crusaders’ imitatio Christi. ", "Profectio is in many ways an\ninteresting book, and I hope to return to it in future blogposts. ", "What concerns\nme here, however, is the author’s representation of the piety of the Danish\nnobles, and their response to the papal call to arms which they received at Odense\nduring King Knud’s celebration of the Nativity. ", "The following excerpt from\nchapter IV is a translation from the Norwegian by Astrid Salvesen:\n\nShip with a cross - has nothing to do with crusade in its literary contextMS Egerton 3028, Roman de Brut, 2nd quarter of the 14th CenturyCourtesy of British Library\n\nThe king and all\nthose who sat around him then started to weep and moan so that they could not\nspeak a word, and so deep was this great sorrow that not one of them was able\nto give a reply. ", "Finally they came to themselves, breathed more slowly and\nbroke the silence – such often happens when one learns of grand and unexpected\nevents. ", "But they had to be encouraged and exhorted before they could agree on\nwho should answer these messengers, who were as splendidly dressed as their message\nwas tragic.", "\nThis kind of lachrymose piety is repeated a couple of times as some of the\nnobles renew their commitment to the crusade, and the author is careful to\ndepict his protagonists as true Christians. ", "As suggested above, this depiction\nwas perhaps all the more needful in light of the crusaders’ ultimate failure to\nprovide help.", "\n\nCrusaders reaching the their destination, but not too lateMS Royal 19 D I, Historia de proeliis, translated into French, France, c.1340 (after 1333)Courtesy of British Library\n\nA\nrather different, more tongue-in-cheek depiction of the Danish response to a\npapal call for crusade, can be found in William of Malmesbury’s Gesta Regum Anglorum, written in the\n1120s and -30s. ", "In the fourth book of his work, William is chiefly preoccupied\nwith the first crusade and he commends the efficacy with which it was preached.", "\nAs a measure of its effectiveness, he includes a short summary of the effects\nit had on the remotest corners of Latin Christendom.", "\n\nThen the Welsh relinquished his woodland\nhunting, the Scot the intimacy of his fleas, the Dane his continuous drinking,\nand the Norwegian his raw fish.- From Gesta Regum Anglorum, Book 4, chapter\n348,\nmy translation\n\nIndeed, for these inhabitants of Christendom’s peripheries to give up their\nfavourite pastimes and nourishment, the call for crusade must have been very\npowerful.", "\n\nCrusaders, possibly as lost as our Danish-Norwegian protagonists from Profectio MS Royal 16 G VI, Chroniques de France ou de St Denis, France, after 1332, before 1350Courtesy of British Library\n\nsøndag 2. ", "november 2014\n\nI'm\na medievalist, and I'm often reminded of why the\nstudy of history is important. ", "To me it's about challenging grand\nnarratives and comprehending human diversity, to unlock the vast\ncomplexity of human experience and to remind both myself and those\naround me that the past is not easily grasped and that we see history\nthrough a glass darkly. ", "Historians are not here to bring comfort to\nthose content with a simplistic view of times past and the historical\nprogress. ", "Historians are not here to sustain grand narratives, but to\nchallenge them, to complicate them and, to the needful extent, to\nfalsify them. ", "That this is important is to me quite evident and I\ndon't question this importance - nor do I need to, because I'm very\noften reminded why such constant revisionism is necessary.", "\n\nTo\nillustrate this necessity of historical studies in the manner of\nmedieval didacticism, I want to present a very recent exemplum of\nhistorical misunderstanding. ", "This took place on a Facebook page\ndedicated to my home place, a small village in the Western Norwegian\nfjords. ", "There was an on-going discussion about the history of one of\nthe place names, and during this discussion some very strange remarks\nabout Norwegian history came to light, uttered by one of my fellow\ntownspeople (henceforth called Mister G). ", "His comprehension of the\nMiddle Ages in Norway was wildly erroneous, and serves as a good\nexample of the kind of historical misunderstanding that one can find\nwhen history is marked by a certain grand narrative.", "\n\nOlav Haraldsson's death at Stiklestad by Peter Nicolai Arbo (1831-92)\n\nThis is one of the most important events in the old Norwegian grand narrative\n\nFrom Wikimedia\n\nThe\npurpose of this blogpost is to present the way in which Mister G\nmisunderstood Norwegian history, and to illustrate how much it is\npossible to be wrong about a historical period. ", "In order to do so, I\nwill first give a brief overview of twelfth-century Norway with a\nfocus on the key points of the discussion I had with Mister G. Then I\nwill present his version of Norway in the Middle Ages. ", "The discussion\ntook place on a Norwegian public forum, but I don't wish to mention\nnames or to quote at great length, especially because the man in\nquestion will probably not be aware of this blogpost and can\ntherefore not answer. ", "The few quotes I translate, will only serve to\nemphasise a point of importance.", "\n\nOlav Tryggvasson is made king of Norway by Peter Nicolai Arbo\n\nOlav Tryggvasson is another iconic figure in the old Norwegian grand narrative\n\nFrom Wikimedia\n\nOverview\nof twelfth-century Norway\n\nBy\nthe beginning of the twelfth century, Norway was a unified kingdom\nunder its own kings. ", "Ecclesiastically it was a part of the\narchbishopric of Lund together with Sweden and Denmark, which had\nbeen fairly recently separated from the archbishopric of\nHamburg-Bremen. ", "This was the case until 1152/53 when the the churches\nof Norway and Sweden were loosened from the archbishopric of Lund and\norganised under their own archbishops, respectively situated in\nNidaros (modern-day Trondheim) and Uppsala.", "\n\nUp until this\ntime we know very little of the literary production in Norway. ", "Sagas\nof Norwegian kings were being written in Iceland, although these are\nnow lost to us. ", "These works were written in Old Norse, then commonly\nreferred to as the Danish tongue, with the Latin alphabet brought to\nScandinavia by missionaries at some uncertain time. ", "Runes were also\nused for shorter messages, and these were common all over the Norse\nworld, including parts of England where Norse influence was strong.", "\n\nThe\nfirst Norwegian literature has been conjecturally dated to the early\n1150s, and the first work is believed to be a Latin hagiographical\naccount of Olaf Haraldsson, the saint-king who died at Stiklestad and\nwho was the patron saint of Norway. ", "Shortly after, probably in the\n1160s, the first Norwegian Latin chronicle was written, Historia\nNorwegie,\nand towards the end of the century we also find books in Old Norse\nwritten in Norway. ", "One of these is a history of Norwegian kings\ncalled Ágrip\nor Extracts\nby modern scholars, which is likely composed c.1190. ", "Another one -\noften referred to as our oldest book - is the Old Norwegian Homily\nBook, written c.1200, containing a number of homilies, most of which\nappear to be translations of Latin texts. ", "Although these texts were\nwritten in the vernacular, there were only small differences -\nso-called Norwegianisms - that made them distinguishable from texts\nproduced in Iceland or Denmark, for instance.", "\n\nMuch of Norway's\nhistory in the twelfth century was marked by civil strife as various\npretenders to the royal throne fought each other. ", "Towards the end of\nthe century, Sverre Sigurdsson reigned the kingdom after the defeat\nof King Magnus Erlingsson in Nidaros. ", "King Magnus had been supported\nby Archbishop Eystein Erlendsson (governed from 1161 to 1188), and\nbecause of this there were periods of conflicts between Sverre and\nthe ecclesiastical powers. ", "This resulted in Eystein's exile in\nEngland (1180-83) and the exile of his successor Eirik in Lund\n(1190-1202). ", "For this policy, Sverre was excommunicated by the pope.", "\n\nThis\nvery brief survey covers the main points about which Mister G\nharboured a severe misunderstanding. ", "His own version of events\nfollows suit.", "\n\nKing Sverre crossing the Voss mountains\n\nPeter Nicolai Arbo\n\nFrom Wikimedia\n\nNorwegian\nhistory as it never happened\n\nThe\nunderlying concern that sustained Mister G's version of Norwegian\nmedieval history, was Norway's exceptional place in the history of\nScandinavia. ", "His first historical claim in the debate was that Norway\nhad its own written language around 1120, \"200 years before\nSweden and Denmark\". ", "He went on to say that all people of\nknowledge - presumably about the written word - and all the writings\ndisappeared during the Black Death.", "\n\nThis is, as we can see\nfrom the survey above, spectacularly wrong, and I challenged him on\nthese points, pointing out that Norway shared a written language with\nthe rest of Scandinavia, and that we had a Latin literature. ", "I did\nnot, however, press him on the particularism evident in his remark\nthat Norway was two centuries ahead of our neighbouring countries.", "\n\nHis reply to my comment on the written language, was a slight\nbut very minute modification of his claim. ", "He said that \"it was\nbeyond doubt\" that Norway had its own written language c.1150,\nand he added that this \"was many years before Sweden and\nDenmark\". ", "The support for this claim was that under the reign of\nSverre Norway parted ways with the Catholic church and its Latin\nmass. ", "Instead, we \"went over to\" the English church which\nunlike the Catholic one held mass in the vernacular. ", "He went on to\nsay that this was a process that had been going on since 1066 when\nKing Olav Kyrre made an agreement with William the Conqueror not to\nattack England. ", "The impossibility of this agreement can be seen in\nthe fact that Olav Kyrre became king in 1069. ", "However, this\nimpossible agreement resulted over hundred years later - if I\nunderstand his timeline correctly - that Norway joined the English\nchurch. ", "He furthermore said that this was something Sweden and\nDenmark did not like to hear about after having ruled over Norway in\nvarious periods, and the underlying claim seems to be that Sweden and\nDenmark are envious of Norway's ecclesiastical liberation from Rome\nat a time when they themselves were still Catholic.", "\n\nSo, in\nshort: In the 1100s, Norway got its own written language, and this\ntook place two hundred years before Sweden and Denmark. ", "By the end of\nthe century, Norway split with the Catholic church and went to the\nEnglish instead, as a result of a process that had been going on\nsince 1066, following an agreement between William the Conqueror and\na king who would not be king for three years. ", "This particular\nposition was something of which both Sweden and Denmark are very\nenvious.", "\n\nThe Battle of Stamford Bridge by Peter Nicolai Arbo\n\nThree years before Olav Kyrre became king of Norway\n\nFrom Wikimedia\n\nThere\nis very much at play here. ", "The most glaring issue is perhaps the\nrepeated insistence on Norwegian particularism, that our history is\nso widely different - and even centuries ahead - to the histories of\nDenmark and Sweden. ", "This is an idea that burgeons from a deep-rooted\ncurrent of historical interpretation in Norway, and it comes from the\nfact that for centuries - ever since 1397 - Norway has been ruled by\nkings from Sweden or Denmark. ", "This lack of historical independence\nput its mark on Norwegian historiography in the 19th century. ", "This\nwas a century during most of which we were governed by the Swedish\nking after having been handed over from Denmark in 1814 following the\noutcome of the Napoleonic wars. ", "Norway's secondary role in the\npolitics of the kingdom led some historians to seek comfort in the\npast, and the perhaps most spectacular result of this was the claim\nby Ernst Sars that Sweden and Denmark had been populated from Norway\nin prehistoric times. ", "Mister G draws from this ideological current in\nhis insistence on Norway's exceptional role in the twelfth century,\nand although the political milieu that gave force to this current in\nthe 1800s now is gone, Mister G is swayed by the very same\nlittle-brother-complex that haunted some of Norway's historians in\nthe 19th century.", "\n\nThere is also another current feeding the\nideas of Mister G, namely the Protestant distaste of anything that\nsmacks of Papism. ", "After Norway's reformation in 1536/37, Norwegian\nLutherans eventually adopted the historical interpretation moulded\nand sustained by Protestant anti-papist propaganda. ", "This\ninterpretation of history was very strong and ubiquitous in\nProtestant countries, and perhaps most accessibly found in the great\nEnglish epics of Edmund Spenser and John Milton. ", "This current\nremained strong through centuries, and in the first draft of the\nNorwegian constitution in 1814, Jesuits were, along with the Jews,\ndenied access to the kingdom. ", "These restrictions were revoked later,\nand from the 1860s and onwards Catholic missionary work no longer\nneeded to be clandestine, resulting in the first modern Catholic\nchurches to be built at the turn of the 19th century. ", "Nonetheless,\ndespite the gradual acceptance of Catholics, the historical\nunderstanding on which Mister G relies has marked Catholicism as\nsomething negative. ", "This is why Mister G is so adamant in his\ninsistence on Norway not being Catholic after the twelfth century,\nand which is why he claims Sweden and Denmark appears to be ashamed\nof their prolonged Catholic past.", "\n\nHåkon the Good and the farmers at the yuletide offerings at Mære\n\nPeter Nicolai Arbo\n\nFrom Wikimedia\n\nThe\nCost of Historical Blindness\n\nIn\nthe grand scheme of things, Mister G's excessively erroneous\ninterpretation of Norwegian history is fairly innocuous. ", "His belief\nin Norwegian particularism is unlikely to cause harm to anyone, and\nit has not found a violent incarnation in him. ", "However, the belief\nitself is thoroughly disturbing and potentially damaging if it is\nadopted by younger people, or people who exert some kind of influence\nin political or social matters. ", "I don't for a second believe that it\nwill have nationwide ramifications on a grand scale, the Norwegian\npublic consciousness is too tolerant for that to happen. ", "But it might\ninstil in some people a sense of entitlement, a sense of pride that\ncan lead them on to a path towards increased nationalism and make\nthem dismiss the needs of those from other countries. ", "In a globalised\nworld where millions of people are in dire need of help, and where\nWestern countries have a moral duty to receive refugees, it is\nnecessary to counter ideas of particularism and to fight chauvinism\nthat might prevent people from obtaining a life in safety on the\ngrounds that they don't belong to a country's particular, exceptional\nhistorical journey towards the fulfillment of its destiny. ", "The kind\nof historical misunderstanding embraced by Mister G, is the same kind\nof historical interpretation that creates a gap between one country\nand the rest of the world, and in a time of perverse consumerism and\nincreased selfishness throughout the west, we can't morally afford\nthat kind of particularism. ", "No country is alone in the world, and a\nhistorical understanding that leads people to think this is the case,\nis a historical understanding that must be challenged, countered and\nfalsified.", "\n\nOm meg\n\nNorwegian medievalist, bibliophile, lover of art, music and food. ", "This blog is a mixture of things personal and scholarly and it serves as a venue for me to share things I find interesting with likeminded people." ]

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[ "Effectiveness of an Advanced Critical Care Echocardiography Course.", "\nAdvanced critical care echocardiography (CCE) involves comprehensive assessment of cardiac structure and function for frontline critical care applications. ", "This study reports the effectiveness of a 3-day course in advanced CCE. ", "We studied the outcome of 5 consecutive advanced CCE courses delivered between 2013 and 2017. ", "A total number of 239 learners were studied. ", "The course included didactic lectures, image interpretation sessions, and hands-on training with normal individuals as models. ", "Training domains included left ventricular structure and function, right ventricular structure and function, valve function using comprehensive 2-dimensional imaging, and Doppler-based measurements for cardiac pressures and flows. ", "Measurements of course outcome included pre- and postcourse assessment of knowledge, image acquisition, and image interpretation skills. ", "Learners rotated between hands-on training and interpretation sessions. ", "The teacher-to-learner ratio was 1:3 during hands-on training. ", "Interpretation sessions consisted of review of normal and abnormal echocardiographic videos with interactive small groups. ", "Learners completed a video-based knowledge assessment examination before and after completion of the course. ", "Hands-on image acquisition skills were tested at the completion of the course during all the years. ", "For years 2016 and 2017, a precourse hands-on skill test was also performed. ", "There was a statistically significant improvement in knowledge and image interpretation skills in the cohort of 239 learners over 5 years of study period. ", "There was improvement in image acquisition skills over the 2-year period when it was measured pre- and postcourse. ", "A 3-day course on advanced CCE resulted in improvement knowledge/image interpretation and hands-on image acquisition skills. ", "Advanced CCE has assumed an important place in hemodynamic monitoring of critically ill patients. ", "A course of similar design may facilitate training of frontline clinicians in advanced CCE." ]

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[ "Tuesday, May 24, 2016\n\n12 Incredible Buddhist Quotes for Overcoming Illness ~ Please share\n\nFor any of you who are facing illness - this should raise your spirits!", "\n\nThe person who originally compiled these quotes\n\nwas able to use this practice and modern medicine\n\nto overcome breast cancer completely.", "\n\nPlease feel free to forward the link to this post\n\nto anyone who is suffering from illness.", "\n\nFrom President Ikeda's Lecture series \"The Hope-filled Teachings of Nichiren Daishonin: On Prolonging One's Life Span - Faith for Leading a Long and healthy Life\" in the July-August 08 Living Buddhism. (", "Thank you to my friend Melissa Bradford for compiling these great quotes!)1. “", "Suffering from illness is a means by which you can eradicate your negative karma.” ", "President Toda, as quoted by President Ikeda. - ", "pg 70 2. “", "To see illness as an opportunity to transform our karma – this strong spirit and resolve can break through all obstacles and devilish functions and open wide the path to happiness. ", "Like a rocket blasting out of the earth’s atmosphere, the passionate conviction of faith that comes from viewing illness as an opportunity to transform our karma can become a powerful engine propelling us forward not only in this existence but throughout eternity, enabling us to freely savor everlasting happiness.” ", "Pg 743. “", "Becoming ill in itself is certainly not a sign of defeat. ", "Even the Buddha, who is said to have ‘few ills and few worries’ (LS, 214), struggles with sickness from time to time. ", "Accordingly, there will be times when we are confronted with illness. ", "The important point above all is not to be defeated mentally or emotionally by the prospect of being ill. ", "Faith is the source of the fighting spirit to stand up to illness. ", "Therefore, as we noted earlier, Nichiren Daishonin first of all talks about the ‘treasure of faith’. ", "Pg 774. “", "As Nichiren says, ‘Illness gives rise to the resolve to attain the way’ (The Good Medicine for All Ills, WND-1, 937). ", "If a practitioner who upholds faith in the Mystic Law becomes ill, it definitely has some profound meaning. ", "It could be said that confronting illness is one route to awakening to the eternity of life. ", "President Toda often said, ‘A person who has overcome a major illness knows how to deeply savor life.’” ", "Pg785. ", "From Matilda Buck’s guidance, World Tribune 4/27/01 pg 10 “When We Face Disappointment” – regarding SGI leaders who overcame cancer and chanted this way: Through this experience, I will become someone who does not doubt the Gohonzon (my life), no matter what happens.", "As a Bodhisattva of the Earth, I have the mission to experience this, and as a Bodhisattva of the Earth, I have the mission to create a victory.", "I will share the power of Buddhism with others, even as I grapple with this experience.", "I won’t let my spirits stay down. ", "I won’t make a place in my life for negativity to settle.6.From The Wisdom of the Lotus Sutra Volume 6: “Praying with doubt is like trying to keep water in a bathtub with the plug pulled. ", "Our good fortune and benefit will drain away. ", "A passage from the ‘Perceiver of the World’s Sounds’ chapter reads, ‘from thought to thought never entertaining doubt!’ ", "A confident prayer will reverberate powerfully throughout the entire universe.” ", "Pg 88From Buddhism Day by Day:7. “", "Buddhism views illness as an opportunity to attain a higher, nobler state of life. ", "It teaches that, instead of agonizing over a serious disease, or despairing of ever overcoming it, we should use illness as a means to build a strong, compassionate self, which in turn will make it possible for us to be truly victorious.” ", "pg 3008. “", "The expansive world lies not in some distant place; it exists right where you are. ", "That is why you need to win where you are right now. ", "Today’s victory is linked to your eternal victory.” ", "Page 3149, “No matter what the circumstances, you should never concede defeat. ", "Never conclude that you’ve reached a dead end, that everything is finished. ", "You possess a glorious future. ", "And precisely because of that, you must persevere and study. ", "Life is eternal. ", "We need to focus on the two existences of the present and the future and not get caught up in the past. ", "We must always have the spirit to begin anew ‘from this moment,’ to initiate a new struggle each day.” ", "Pg 31510. “", "The air around us is filled with radio waves of various frequencies. ", "While these are invisible, a television set can collect them and turn them into visible images. ", "The practice of chanting Nam-Myoho-Renge-Kyo aligns the rhythm of our own lives with the world of Buddhahood in the universe. ", "It ‘tunes’ our lives, so to speak, so that we can manifest the power of Buddhahood in our very beings.” ", "Pg 314\n\n11. ", "From For Today and Tomorrow Daily Encouragement by Daisaku Ikeda: Sept 20 pg 288: When your determination changes, everything else will begin to move in the direction you desire. ", "The moment you resolve to be victorious, every nerve and fiber in your being will immediately orient itself toward your success. ", "On the other hand, if you think “This is never going to work out,” then at that instant every cell in your being will be deflated and give up the fight, and then everything really will move in the direction of failure.12. ", "Aug 15 pg 249: The first thing is to pray. ", "From the moment we begin to pray, things start moving. ", "The darker the night, the closer the dawn. ", "From the moment we chant daimoku with a deep and powerful resolve, the sun begins to rise in our hearts. ", "Hope – prayer is the sun of hope. ", "To chant daimoku each time we face a problem, overcoming it and elevating our life-condition as a result – this is the path of “changing earthly desires into enlightenment,” taught in Nichiren Daishonin’s Buddhism.", "\n\nNo comments:\n\nPost a Comment\n\n** Translate this Blog **\n\nChant with Jamie!", "\n\nSubscribe to this blog here!", "\n\nName:\n\nEmail:\n\nWelcome!", "\n\nThis blog is about Happiness.", "\n\nAbsolute Happiness.", "\n\nUnshakable Happiness.", "\n\nWelcome!", "\n\nIn my 33 years of chanting Nam-myoho-renge-kyo (I fuse my life with the Mystic Law of cause and effect through sound vibration) I have faced and overcome many challenges. ", "Heartbreak, job challenges, divorce, and in 2015 my 22 year old son took his life after battling schizophrenia for three years. ", "And through it all, I chanted to turn poison into medicine and to be happy - so that I could show others the way to happiness.", "\n\nThese blog posts come from my heart, to show the power of this practice. ", "I speak only for myself, and don't represent anyone but me. ", "I write this for you.", "\n\nFeel free to email me if you'd like ~ but I do not give Buddhist guidance by email. ", "I suggest that you get to know your local SGI Buddhist leaders who will give you support.", "\n\nI love to hear your success stories and may publish them along with your picture.", "\n\nThis lifetime is so precious - and the practice of chanting Nam-myoho-renge-kyo is unique. ", "The first person to chant these words was Nichiren Daishonin, a Buddhist reformer. ", "You can find out more about him, and more about this practice at SGI-USA.org.", "\n\nThe important point is this:\n\nWe don't have to suffer painful austerities or be reborn for many lifetimes to bring forth our own Buddhahood and attain absolute unshakable happiness.", "We can attain it right here...right now...just as we are.", "\n\nThere's no accident that you are reading this blog at this time.", "\n\nWe are all Buddhas, and I am delighted to be sharing this journey with you.", "\n\nThank you for signing in using your email address, and for forwarding this blog to others and liking Chant for Happiness on Facebook." ]

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[ "Lion's Mane, Hericium erinaceus and Tiger Milk, Lignosus rhinocerotis (Higher Basidiomycetes) Medicinal Mushrooms Stimulate Neurite Outgrowth in Dissociated Cells of Brain, Spinal Cord, and Retina: An In Vitro Study.", "\nNeurodegenerative disease is defined as a deterioration of the nervous system in the intellectual and cognitive capabilities. ", "Statistics show that more than 80-90 million individuals age 65 and above in 2050 may be affected by neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. ", "Studies have shown that out of 2000 different types of edible and/or medicinal mushrooms, only a few countable mushrooms have been selected until now for neurohealth activity. ", "Hericium erinaceus is one of the well-established medicinal mushrooms for neuronal health. ", "It has been documented for its regenerative capability in peripheral nerve. ", "Another mushroom used as traditional medicine is Lignosus rhinocerotis, which has been used for various illnesses. ", "It has been documented for its neurite outgrowth potential in PC12 cells. ", "Based on the regenerative capabilities of both the mushrooms, priority was given to select them for our study. ", "The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of H. erinaceus and L. rhinocerotis to stimulate neurite outgrowth in dissociated cells of brain, spinal cord, and retina from chick embryo when compared to brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). ", "Neurite outgrowth activity was confirmed by the immu-nofluorescence method in all tissue samples. ", "Treatment with different concentrations of extracts resulted in neuronal differentiation and neuronal elongation. ", "H. erinaceus extract at 50 µg/mL triggered neurite outgrowth at 20.47%, 22.47%, and 21.70% in brain, spinal cord, and retinal cells. ", "L. rhinocerotis sclerotium extract at 50 µg/mL induced maximum neurite outgrowth of 20.77% and 24.73% in brain and spinal cord, whereas 20.77% of neurite outgrowth was observed in retinal cells at 25 µg/mL, respectively." ]

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[ "863 F.2d 404\n48 Fair Empl.", "Prac.", "Cas. ", " 1630,48 Empl. ", "Prac. ", "Dec. P 38,620, 57 USLW 2483\nGlenn UFFELMAN, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.LONE STAR STEEL CO., ", "Defendant-Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "88-2326.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit.", "\nJan. 20, 1989.", "\n\nMichael P. Maslanka and David M. Ellis, Clark, West, Keller, Butler & Ellis, Dallas, Tex., ", "for defendant-appellant.", "\nLarry Daves, Daves, Hahn & Levy, Tyler, Tex., ", "for plaintiff-appellee.", "\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas.", "\nBefore REAVLEY, HIGGINBOTHAM and SMITH, Circuit Judges.", "\nREAVLEY, Circuit Judge:\n\n\n1\nDefendant Lone Star Steel Co. appeals from a judgment based upon a jury verdict awarding back pay and liquidated damages to a discharged employee for a claim under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). ", " 29 U.S.C. Secs. ", "621-634. ", " We affirm.", "\n\nI. Background\n\n2\nLone Star Steel Co., a manufacturer of tubular products for use in the oil and gas industry, hired Glenn Uffelman as a staff engineer in 1975 when he was fifty-one years of age. ", " Uffelman, who came to Lone Star with a degree in engineering and over twenty years experience as a production engineer, was assigned to the construction engineering section of the engineering department. ", " He performed a variety of services there, including among other things supervising the activities of outside contractors and working as an expediter for various engineering projects.", "\n\n\n3\nIn 1982, William Ulevich was hired to manage the engineering department at Lone Star. ", " Shortly thereafter, the price of oil began declining, together with the need for drilling equipment and Lone Star's products. ", " Ulevich decided that the engineering department would have to be reorganized and jobs terminated. ", " On December 15, 1983, Ulevich submitted his proposal for the reorganization to Lone Star's human resources department. ", " This proposal called for the elimination of the construction engineering section and the reorganization of the remaining engineering sections into four subdepartments. ", " Although Ulevich did not develop objective job descriptions, he determined in general what functions engineering would continue to perform and how many employees would be needed to perform those functions. ", " Ulevich then matched employees to the remaining jobs and presented the entire plan to Robert Frane, the director of human resources.", "\n\n\n4\nOn May 3, 1984, Uffelman, along with nine other Lone Star employees, was discharged. ", " Of the ten who were terminated, nine were over the age of forty and thus within the ADEA's protected group.1 After complying with the administrative steps through the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Uffelman brought this suit against Lone Star pursuant to the ADEA, alleging that his discharge was unlawful in that his age was a determinative factor in the decision to let him go. ", " Lone Star claimed that Uffelman's discharge was motivated by the company's declining business and Uffelman's unsatisfactory work performance. ", " The jury, finding both that Lone Star discharged Uffelman because of his age and that it did so willfully, awarded back pay in the amount of $75,910.25. ", " The district court, denying Lone Star's motions for judgment n.o.v. ", "and for a new trial, doubled this amount in its entry of judgment based on the jury's finding of willfulness.2 See 29 U.S.C. Sec. ", "626(b).", "\n\n\n5\nLone Star appeals on the following grounds: (1) that the evidence was insufficient to support the jury's finding of intent to discriminate; (2) that the evidence was insufficient to support the jury's finding that Lone Star willfully violated the ADEA; and (3) that Uffelman's back pay should have been tolled from January 1985 to the present since the evidence established that Uffelman voluntarily withdrew from the labor market, thereby willfully failing to mitigate his damages.", "\n\nII. ", "Sufficiency of the Evidence\n\n6\nIn reviewing the denial of a motion for judgment n.o.v., ", "this court's task is to determine whether the record contains evidence upon which a reasonable trier of fact could conclude as the jury did, keeping in mind that \"it is the function of the jury as the traditional finder of the facts, and not the Court, to weigh conflicting evidence and inferences, and determine the credibility of witnesses.\" ", " Boeing Co. v. Shipman, 411 F.2d 365, 375 (5th Cir.1969) (en banc).", "\n\nA. Age Discrimination\n\n7\nThe plaintiff's prima facie case of age discrimination in a reduction in force situation consists of: (1) satisfying the ADEA's standing requirements that he is within the protected group and he has been adversely affected by the employer's decisions; (2) showing that he was qualified to assume another position at the time of the discharge; and (3) producing evidence from which a factfinder might reasonably conclude that the employer intended to discriminate in reaching the decision at issue. ", " Thornbrough v. Columbus and Greenville R. Co., 760 F.2d 633, 642 (5th Cir.1985). ", " The employee may meet this burden by proving that younger employees, or those outside the protected group, were more favorably treated. ", " Id. at 639. ", " If the defendant articulates legitimate reasons for its actions, the plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that those reasons were pretextual. ", " Texas Dept. ", "of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253, 101 S.Ct. ", "1089, 1093, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981).", "\n\n\n8\nLone Star claimed that Uffelman was terminated because of the company's declining business and Uffelman's substandard work performance. ", " The parties presented conflicting evidence regarding Uffelman's work record, and Uffelman's response to the workforce reduction explanation was that Lone Star resolved admitted financial problems by terminating older employees in a discriminatory fashion. ", " We conclude that the jury was presented with evidence from which it was entitled to find that Lone Star did discriminate because of age and that its proffered rationale for Uffelman's termination was pretextual.", "\n\n\n9\nContradictory stories arose regarding Uffelman's performance on the job. ", " Lone Star claimed that Uffelman's performance had been unsatisfactory for quite some time before he finally was discharged. ", " It pointed out that Uffelman's annual performance rating reached its lowest point in 1980 and that in 1983 he was placed on probation at the request of his supervisor, Frank Rice.3 Uffelman offered evidence to show, however, that some of the reprimands on which his ratings were based were ill-founded. ", " The conflict in the evidence surrounding Rice's action may have been particularly significant to the jury. ", " Ulevich testified that Rice wanted to discharge Uffelman and came to Ulevich with the request that this be done. ", " Rice testified that he made no such request, that he never intended to see Uffelman--who did excellent work--discharged, and that he recommended an upgrade of Uffelman's evaluation which Ulevich refused. ", " Other co-workers testified that he had done good work for Lone Star over the years and that the quality of his work compared well with that of other similarly situated engineers. ", " A supervisor in another engineering section requested that Uffelman be transferred to his group to work on a special project. ", " That request, too, was denied by Ulevich. ", " From this evidence, the jury could have concluded that Uffelman was well qualified to perform his job and that Lone Star's articulated reason for firing him was simply pretextual.", "\n\n\n10\nThe reduction in force, itself admittedly justified, did not explain Ulevich's decision to discharge Uffelman while retaining several younger, less experienced engineers who continued to perform tasks that Uffelman was qualified to do. ", " This was Uffelman's evidence which the jury accepted. ", " Two engineers, Ogg and Schlossel, both under the age of forty, were retained and transferred to positions which Uffelman apparently convinced the jury he was qualified to fill. ", " Other engineers, within ADEA's protection, were also retained and Uffelman's evidence compared his qualifications favorably with theirs. ", " Lone Star contends that no inference of age discrimination can be drawn from the preferred treatment of engineers who were themselves at an age protected by the ADEA. ", " We disagree. ", " \"We have never demanded rigid adherence to the requirement that the plaintiff establish that he was treated unfavorably as compared with people outside of the protected class--i.e., under age forty.\" ", " Thornbrough, 760 F.2d at 643 n. 14. ", " As we noted in McCorstin v. United States Steel Corp., 621 F.2d 749, 754 (5th Cir.1980),\n\n\n11\nbecause the discrimination involves age, rather than sex or race, a requirement that the replacement be from a nonprotected group fails to take the reality of the working place into account. ", " Because of the value of experience rarely are sixty-year-olds replaced by those under forty. ", " The replacement process is more subtle but just as injurious to the worker who has been discharged. ", " That the person is replaced by a person ten years younger rather than twenty years does not diminish the discrimination; the subtlety only tends to disguise it.", "\n\n\n12\nThe evidence at trial indicated that one of the main purposes of the reorganization was to cut costs. ", " Lone Star saved money in terminating Uffelman's salary and benefits, and by discharging Uffelman nine months short of the time at which his pension was to have vested, and thereby avoiding the expense of retirement pay, the company realized an additional savings. ", " Uffelman established that other older employees were discharged at the same time that he was. ", " Three out of five engineers aged sixty or older were let go, including Frank Rice, the oldest and highest paid engineer in construction engineering, while only one out of twenty-four employees under the age of forty was terminated. ", " The jury was entitled to infer from the evidence that, by retaining younger, lesser paid employees who were not nearly so close to retirement, Lone Star was attempting to further a plan to reduce the average age and pay of its employees.", "\n\n\n13\nUffelman also presented evidence tending to show that younger employees were given differential treatment and were subjected to less scrutiny than the older employees. ", " For example, some of the younger employees left the grounds for late lunches quite frequently. ", " On one occasion when Uffelman took a late lunch, he was reprimanded and written up. ", " Younger employees were offered the chance to take computer training courses while Uffelman was not. ", " This court has held that this sort of treatment is some evidence of discriminatory intent. ", " See Guthrie v. J.C. Penney Co., 803 F.2d 202, 209 (5th Cir.1986).", "\n\n\n14\nThe evidence was sufficient to support the jury's finding that age was a determinative factor in Lone Star's decision to terminate Uffelman.", "\n\nB. Willfulness\n\n15\nThe more difficult issue presented in this appeal concerns the issue of whether Lone Star's discrimination was willful within the meaning of the statute. ", " According to Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston, 469 U.S. 111, 105 S.Ct. ", "613, 83 L.Ed.2d 523 (1985), a violation of the ADEA is willful if the employer \"either knew or showed reckless disregard for the matter of whether its conduct was prohibited by the ADEA.\" ", " Id. at 128-29, 105 S.Ct. ", "at 625-26. ", " In McLaughlin v. Richland Shoe Co., --- U.S. ----, 108 S.Ct. ", "1677, 100 L.Ed.2d 115 (1988), the Supreme Court made clear that a finding of unreasonableness will not suffice as proof of knowing or reckless disregard:\n\n\n16\nIf an employer acts reasonably in determining its legal obligation, its action cannot be deemed willful under either petitioner's test or under the standard we set forth. ", " If an employer acts unreasonably, but not recklessly, in determining its legal obligation, then, although its action would be considered willful under the petitioner's test, it should not be so considered under Thurston or the identical standard we approve today.", "\n\n\n17\n108 S.Ct. ", "at 1682 n. 13. ", " A finding of willfulness is of particular importance since it (1) entitles a plaintiff to a doubling of any back pay award, see 29 U.S.C. Sec. ", "626(b), and (2) extends the statute of limitations from two to three years, see 29 U.S.C. Sec. ", "626(e).4\n\n\n18\nLone Star contends that it introduced overwhelming, uncontroverted evidence that it acted reasonably and far from willfully in seeking to ensure that its reorganization plan would comport with the law, including the fact that it conducted an independent evaluation of its plan and both sought and received approval of the plan from Lone Star's corporate counsel. ", " Lone Star cites Halferty v. Pulse Drug Co., 826 F.2d 2, 3-4 (5th Cir.1987), to stand for the proposition that the fact that an employer seeks out legal advice before implementing a program like the one at issue here precludes a finding of willfulness. ", " While we agree that an employer who acts reasonably and in good faith in attempting to determine whether its plan will violate the law does not act willfully, it does not follow that seeking legal advice ipso facto establishes the appropriate intent. ", " In reaching a determination on the issue of an employer's good faith, the jury is entitled to weigh the credibility of witnesses and to disbelieve self-serving testimony. ", " Guthrie, 803 F.2d at 207.", "\n\n\n19\nLone Star presented the testimony of its manager of human resources, Mr. Frane, who testified that the reorganization plan designed by Ulevich underwent a three-tiered evaluation process prior to its implementation: (1) a series of meetings with Ulevich to determine the factual basis for the reorganization and the reasons that certain employees were being retained while others were being terminated; (2) an independent evaluation of the reorganization by E.G. Thompson, the manager of equal employment opportunity; and (3) an evaluation of the reorganization by Lone Star's corporate counsel, William Osborn. ", " Neither party called Thompson or Osborn to corroborate or dispute this testimony, but Uffelman did call Ulevich, who testified that he never discussed the age factor inherent in the reorganization with anyone.", "\n\n\n20\nLone Star argues that the fact that Frane did not discuss the impact of the reorganization on older employees with Ulevich does not necessarily mean that such an analysis was never made. ", " We agree. ", " Indeed, under this record the jury may have concluded that the analysis was that of Ulevich and that his preferences and prejudices determined the decision. ", " The jury was free to make reasonable inferences from this evidence of the discussion with Frane. ", " A reasonable juror might have concluded, for example, that the failure to discuss with Ulevich the reorganization plan's age impact, in what were by Lone Star's own admission comprehensive meetings, represented a careless disregard or intentional avoidance of that aspect of the plan. ", " Furthermore, the jury was entitled to disbelieve Frane's self-serving testimony that he and other Lone Star officials carefully reviewed the reorganization plan for compliance with the law, especially in light of the fact that neither Thompson nor Osborn was called upon to testify regarding their roles in the evaluation process.", "\n\n\n21\nThere is another reason to question Lone Star's contention that it acted in good faith in evaluating the legality of the reorganization plan. ", " Ulevich testified that he made his decisions regarding which engineers would remain following the reduction in force without developing objective job descriptions to guide him. ", " Human resources then approved the plan without developing job descriptions as called for by the plan. ", " Although Lone Star claimed that this was not out of the ordinary, the jury was entitled to conclude from this evidence that Lone Star set up the evaluation process merely to create the appearance that it had acted objectively and in good faith. ", " Also, there was some evidence that Lone Star failed to comply with its own policies in evaluating the performance of its employees prior to the reduction in force. ", " Ulevich relied on those same evaluations in deciding which employees would be terminated.", "\n\n\n22\nThe jury was instructed that in order to find that Lone Star's conduct in violating the ADEA was willful, it had to find that Lone Star knew that its conduct violated the law or had reckless disregard for whether its actions conformed to the law;5 it was also instructed that good faith was a defense for Lone Star. ", " The jury was entitled to weigh the credibility of the witnesses and the evidence presented and to find that the evaluation process set up by Lone Star was designed simply to establish its innocence in the event its actions were challenged later. ", " This in itself, taken in connection with the intent to make age a factor and to discriminate against it, is sufficient to support a finding of willfulness.", "\n\nIII. ", "Back Pay\n\n23\nLone Star contends that Uffelman is entitled to back pay, if at all, only from May 1984, when he was discharged, to January 1985. ", " Lone Star claims that it introduced overwhelming evidence that in January 1985 Uffelman made a conscious decision not to remain in the labor market for employment comparable to that which he had at Lone Star and that, therefore, he willfully failed to mitigate his damages. ", " Uffelman presented evidence at trial from which the jury could have concluded that he was unable to obtain comparable employment and that he eventually accepted a job as a hotel clerk in order to have some sort of gainful employment. ", " That he worked less hours and made less money than he could have in that capacity does not mean that he should be entitled to no back pay from that time forward. ", " Without more, we decline to disturb the jury's finding regarding the amount of back pay to which Uffelman is entitled.", "\n\n\n24\nThe judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n1\n 29 U.S.C. Sec. ", "631(a) provides that \"[t]he prohibitions in this chapter ... shall be limited to individuals who are at least 40 years.\"", "\n\n\n2\n Uffelman also brought an action pursuant to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 29 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1001 et seq. ", " The district court's original judgment in this case, entered on April 6, 1988, did not dispose of the ERISA claim. ", " Therefore, Lone Star's notice of appeal, filed on April 7, was not from a final judgment. ", " On October 20, the district court, pursuant to Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 54(b), certified the April 6 judgment as a final judgment and Lone Star filed a new notice of appeal\n\n\n3\n Lone Star rates an employee's performance according to a five-point scale. ", " One represents unsatisfactory performance. ", " Two indicates that the employee met minimum performance requirements. ", " Three represents satisfactory performance. ", " Four indicates that the employee exceeded requirements. ", " Five represents outstanding performance. ", " Uffelman received his lowest rating, a 2.7, in 1980\n\n\n4\n Because Uffelman filed this suit over two years after the alleged discriminatory firing, his entire claim would have been barred had the jury not found that Lone Star's violation of the ADEA was willful\n\n\n5\n Since the Supreme Court articulated this standard for \"willfulness\" in Thurston, circuit courts continue to add to the standard. ", " See Cooper v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 836 F.2d 1544, 1551 (10th Cir.1988) (willfulness in disparate treatment case requires finding that age was the \"predominant factor\" in employer's decision); Dreyer v. Arco Chem. ", "Co., 801 F.2d 651, 656-58 (3d Cir.1986) (finding of willfulness requires evidence of outrageous conduct by employer). ", " The district court here actually instructed the jury that in addition to finding a knowing or reckless violation of the ADEA, it must find \"that the Defendant engaged in outrageous conduct beyond mere violation of the [ADEA]\" in order to find willfulness. ", " This instruction undoubtedly was based on the Third Circuit's standard set out in Dreyer, the most stringent standard adopted by any circuit. ", " We believe it exceeds the Thurston standard, but no one complains here because the jury found that Lone Star's conduct was willful pursuant to this instruction. ", " Perhaps the evidence here was sufficient to meet the \"outrageousness\" standard. ", " As was discussed previously, Lone Star discharged Uffelman only nine months prior to the vesting of his pension benefits. ", " In Dreyer, the Third Circuit wrote that \"termination of an employee at a time that would deprive him or her of an imminent pension might show the 'outrageousness' of conduct that would warrant double damages.\" ", " Dreyer, 801 F.2d at 658. ", " Lone Star argues that, with nine months to go, the vesting of Uffelman's pension was not \"imminent\" as that word was used in Dreyer. ", " While terminating an employee nine months before his pension is to vest may not be as egregious as terminating an employee with only nine days to go, the jury was entitled to consider this evidence in light of all the other facts and circumstances presented and to attribute to it whatever weight it deserved\n\n\n" ]

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[ "My Alexandria, Minn., grade school began each day with students standing, facing the American flag and reciting in unison what I then called “the pledge of a legions.” ", "Didn’t make much sense; neither did the word “thiberty.”", "\n\nWriter William Safire recalls the opening as: “I led the pigeons to the flag … .” ", "He said it took a while to learn the actual words and what it all meant.", "\n\nWritten in 1892, “The Pledge of Allegiance” has been recited billions of times, mostly in schools, and its words seared into the memory of every American. ", "A granddaughter, whose school has students saying the pledge each Monday, shrugged the other day when asked if she knew its meaning.", "\n\nRepeating anything too often can dull meaning. ", "We heard George Washington’s mythical boyhood stories so many times it seemed a requisite to becoming president was chopping down a cherry tree and throwing money across a river. ", "We knew when Columbus “sailed the ocean blue” and names of his ships, but little more about the marauding lout.", "\n\nWhich is too bad, because like America itself the pledge and back stories of its revisions are fascinating history, like:\n\n• The main purpose of the pledge was to sell magazines.", "\n\nSchoolchildren in Connecticut pledging their allegiance to the flag. ", "Pledge of Allegiance author Francis Bellamy’s plan was for every U.S. classroom to partake in a program that would start with the resolution read while standing students faced the flag with a straight-armed, flat-handed salute (later abandoned because it resembled one used in Nazi Germany).", "\n\n• For its first 62 years, “under God” wasn’t in the pledge, written by a Baptist minister.", "\n\n• The ending was altered by the author to respect inequality of the day.", "\n\n• While proclaiming an “indivisible” nation, the pledge has been used in divisive ways, including political campaigns.", "\n\n• One early revision specified the American flag to ensure that immigrants were affirming loyalty to America and not their homeland. ", "This was an especial problem on Minnesota’s Iron Range, which attracted hordes of immigrants at century’s turn.", "\n\nThe pledge rose out of late-19th-century turmoil. ", "A young America was reeling from a brutal civil war that, along with Emancipation, exposed a cavernous political divide that persists to this day.", "\n\nIndustrialization brought rapid workplace change and altered how Americans lived. ", "It also created a wealth of jobs that, along with free land and promised opportunity, attracted millions of immigrants. ", "Nearly all Iron Range residents were foreign-born; Central Minnesota was dominated by German émigrés and the Red River Valley by Scandinavians.", "\n\nBut it was the Civil War’s North-South split that inspired a group of Union veterans, the Grand Army of the Republic, to mount a campaign for an American flag in every school — itself divisive since the Stars and Stripes were flown by the Union North.", "\n\nThe effort was joined by a popular and self-promoting magazine, Youth’s Companion, that offered an American flag to new subscribers. ", "The magazine built on its flag success with an unabashed patriotic pitch to sell to its best market, schoolkids.", "\n\nFrancis Bellamy, 37, was hired to head the campaign. ", "A brilliant writer, Bellamy was recently released as a Baptist minister for his outspoken promotion of a budding movement that saw Jesus Christ as a socialist whose earthly mission was to comfort the poor.", "\n\nAt the magazine, Bellamy redirected his passion to a grand plan for a national flag celebration.", "\n\nBellamy lobbied aggressively for a congressional resolution to commemorate the day — a bit of a challenge since Southerners were wary of a flag that flew over Fort Sumter when Confederates bombarded it and ignited the Civil War.", "\n\nBellamy’s plan was for every U.S. classroom to partake in a program that would start with the resolution read while standing students faced the flag with a straight-armed, flat-handed salute (later abandoned because it resembled one used in Nazi Germany).", "\n\nBut the program needed a part for students to show “loyalty to the flag” and what it stood for, wrote Richard Ellis in “To The Flag.” ", "In just two hours, Bellamy penned a 23-word pledge:\n\n“I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands; one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.”", "\n\nAn early draft had “Equality” in the close, but Bellamy nixed it to avoid controversy. ", "That’s because only white males and newly emancipated black males had voting rights, and an aggressive women’s suffrage campaign was mounting (some states, including North Dakota and South Dakota, already had voting rights for women).", "\n\n“The Youth’s Companion Flag Pledge,” as it was first known, was included in a kit sent to every school, and was first recited on Oct. 10, 1892, the 400th anniversary of Columbus’ legendary voyage.", "\n\nBetween then and now, the pledge has been revised to align with national mood. ", "But all through its existence the pledge’s hallmark phrase, “one Nation indivisible,” has been defied by American reality.", "\n\nDespite his Christian grounding, Bellamy was among those untrusting of immigrants — “strangers” from distant lands with unfamiliar languages, habits and even food preferences. ", "He saw the pledge as one way to Americanize new arrivals.", "\n\nThat would be a daunting task on Minnesota’s remote Iron Range. ", "In 1900, wrote Marvin Lamppa in “Minnesota’s Iron Country,” the Range was inhabited by immigrants from 25 countries; by 1910, the foreign-born population north of Duluth was 88 percent from Finland (mostly), Eastern Europe, the U.K., Scandinavia and the Balkans.", "\n\nWhile Minnesota’s bounty of iron helped establish America as an industrial power, those who mined the ore were almost exclusively from elsewhere. ", "They grouped by ethnicity, often raising their own flag while practicing their cultural traditions. ", "Most refused to speak English (a huge challenge for crew bosses in the mines).", "\n\nWorry that immigrants may be vowing loyalty to their homeland while mouthing the pledge led to the first major amendment in 1924 when “my Flag” was changed to “the Flag of the United States of America.”", "\n\nCongress officially added “The Pledge of Allegiance” to the National Flag Code in 1942. ", "But a decade later when Congress again took up the pledge, it sparked a controversy that still simmers.", "\n\nIt was 1954. ", "The Soviet Union and U.S. taunted each other with nukes as schools practiced ways to mitigate effects of a nuclear strike while cities built fallout shelters. ", "Demagogue Sen. Joe McCarthy was ranting that communists had infiltrated American government.", "\n\nThe Knights of Columbus wanted “God” in the pledge to distinguish America from “the godless” communists. ", "With President Dwight Eisenhower’s eventual support, Congress added “under God” by voice vote.", "\n\nNot everyone agreed. ", "Bellamy’s descendants said he’d oppose the change because the words interrupted the pledge’s rhythmic cadence and, worse, they were divisive at the very point the pledge proclaimed an “indivisible” nation.", "\n\nAn ensuing debate came to a head in 2002 when a federal court panel ruled that “God” in the pledge was unconstitutional, but the case was later tossed by the U.S. Supreme Court on grounds that plaintiffs lacked standing. ", "The constitutionality of “under God” remains unsettled.", "\n\nEvery so often the pledge shows up on the political stage.", "\n\nPresident Ronald Reagan once recited the pledge in a nationwide broadcast on the Capitol steps, and he later argued at a religious conference that unlike rights granted by government, those “granted by God cannot be taken away.”", "\n\nMinnesota Gov. Jesse Ventura caused a row when he vetoed a bill requiring schoolkids to recite the pledge, and when Massachusetts Gov. Michael Dukakis did the same, it touched off nasty acrimony in his 1988 presidential campaign against George H.W. Bush.", "\n\nNow then, it can be personally uplifting to recite the pledge and wave Old Glory, especially on national holidays. ", "If you object to “under God,” it’s OK to skip the words.", "\n\nBut has the pledge promoted a “one-nation” ideal? ", "After all, the pledge was written to help calm political turbulence — and, of course, to Americanize immigrants.", "\n\nSound familiar?", "\n\nAs then, today’s body politic is mired in a deep, unsettling divide, giving pause to a corollary: “United we stand, divided we fall.” ", "Too, the pledge’s “one nation under God” is seeing a slide in Christianity, especially among young adults, and spreading of religions that know another deity — or none at all.", "\n\nAnd, oh yes, about those “aliens,” more respectfully known as immigrants …\n\nRon Way lives in Edina." ]

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[ "I'm looking for program that will create an encrypted tunnel with port forwarding between two (linux) computers, that handles key exchange using a pre-shared password. ", "In other words, something like ...\n\nHere's something that is bugging me recently: suppose that me and my friend establish an OTR session and - as a result of that - DH key exchange is performed. ", "My friend verifies my key, but I cannot ...\n\nSo I'm reading over the Yaksha Security System and see it is based on the RSA cryptosystem and a centralized server, easy enough. ", "What I'm slightly confused on is the math behind the related keys.", "\nIt ...\n\nI need to do digital signing of my request data which will be sent to the server. ", "My server sends distinct private keys to her clients after authentication and expects all responses to be digitally ...\n\nI was hoping somebody could explain some issues I have with quantum key exchange that I don't quite understand. ", "I've read bits and pieces about BB84 but I'm sure my questions probably apply to other ...\n\nBeing new to software development and crypto in general, I thought I would write a simple p2p encrypted chat app using the otr protocol detailed here: https://otr.cypherpunks.ca/Protocol-v3-4.0.0.html\n...\n\nI am trying to create a DTLS client finished packet, where I need to generate verify data for handshake hash is need. ", "And here I want to know how to generate handshake hash. ", "As of now I am doing like ...\n\nI do not see how someone would distribute a “key/key agreement” without exposing it to a MITM! ", "I would consider it to be strange if the answer is “via a HTTPS or TLS connection” because – if this is ...\n\nI've just watched a video on the TLS protocol and learnt that it uses unidirectional keys (meaning keys for both sides, from browser to server and from server to browser).", "\nGiven that the server uses ...\n\nSay that a friend of mine and I have both generated new PGP keys, and we want to use a video call to verify each other's new keys because we live on opposite sides of the planet. ", "While we could both ...\n\nAssume that initiator $I$ and responder $R$ of a key agreement protocol have agreed on new symmetric session keys $K'_{auth}$ and $K'_{enc}$, e.g. by way of Diffie-Hellman and key derivation, possibly ...\n\nWe know there is a man in the middle vulnerability with unauthenticated DH key establishment. ", "And the way to negate that is to use authenticate the keys used. ", "But what if I only verify the signature ...\n\nAs we know that in DH key exchange, both Alice and Bob would agree on the parameter $p$ and $g$. Next, Alice would choose a secret key $A$ while Bob would choose a secret key $B$. Alice would compute ...\n\nFirst I'd like to note that I'm really a beginner at cryptography, and while this interests me and while I have researched it in the past few months, there is still a lot of things that simply aren't ...\n\nHow do you perform the Burmester-Desmedt key exchange Protocol, in Diffie-Hellman\nextension protocol?", "\nI've been searching high and low, but couldn't locate an example on how to prove if all the party ...\n\nI've recently been looking at how to do perfect forward secrecy on a unidirectional connection (server can only push messages to client, client cannot respond).", "\nWhat I've come up with is the idea of ...\n\nI have a question which is related to the BB84 cryptosystem.", "\nWe are not able to send single photons so instead we send $K$ photons at a time all with the same polarization. ", "An enemy can separate one ...\n\nRecently I started studying ECC and I just loved it. ", "I want to transfer some big data (like 3KB), What is the best method, ECDSA, ECIES, or ECDH (and why)?", "\nI am confused, how should I choose between ...\n\nWikipedia article on Man-in-the-middle attack mentions, in the list of defenses against it, some method called \"Carry-forward verification\", but it does not explain it. ", "I am curious about different ..." ]

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[ "Nasa's plans to return astronauts to the moon are quietly being revised and are in danger of slipping past 2020.", "\n\nIn meetings over the last few weeks at the Kennedy Space Centre, agency managers have told employees and contractors that they are delaying the first lunar launch of the Ares V rocket - a cargo hauler slated to be the most powerful rocket ever built - by two years.", "\n\nNasa's internal plans had called for Ares V to go to the moon in 2018, though the agency had announced a public goal of 2020. ", "Internal deadlines are used by Nasa to keep programmes on track and to provide a margin of error for developmental problems.", "\n\nBut because of growing budget woes, the agency is resetting its internal date to 2020. ", "And privately, engineers say that means the public 2020 date to send humans back to the moon is in deepening trouble.", "\n\nThe news is another major blow to KSC; the facility had hoped to get the moon-rocket programme up and running as quickly as possible to offset thousands of job losses from the space shuttle's retirement next year.", "\n\nOne contractor sent a BlackBerry message this week to the Orlando Sentinel following a meeting with KSC officials who told his group about the decision to delay Ares V.\n\n\"It was not received with enthusiasm,\" the contractor wrote. \"[", "We] understand what that means for the work force.\"", "\n\nIn a speech last week, former Nasa administrator Mike Griffin blamed the White House - especially the Bush administration. ", "He said that money available for Ares V and other moon projects had dropped from roughly $4bn (£2.7bn) through 2015 to just $500m.\n\n\"This was to be allocated to early work on the Ares V heavy-lifter, and the Altair lunar lander,\" he told the National Space Club at the annual Goddard Memorial Dinner. \"", "With only a half-billion dollars now available, this work cannot be done.\"", "\n\nNasa officials would not comment.", "\n\n\"We cannot discuss any changes to Ares V until after the budget is officially released at the beginning of May,\" spokesman Grey Hautaluoma said. \"", "Nothing definitive can be said about Ares V development cost at this point in time.\"" ]

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[ "The high specificities of Phaseolus vulgaris erythro- and leukoagglutinating lectins for bisecting GlcNAc or beta 1-6-linked branch structures, respectively, are attributable to loop B.\nDespite very similar tertiary structures based upon a common framework, legume lectins exhibit an amazing variety of sugar binding specificities. ", "While most of these lectins recognize rather discrete sugar linkages, Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinating and leukoagglutinating lectins (E(4)- and L(4)-PHA) are unique in recognizing larger structures. ", "E(4)- and L(4)-PHA are known to recognize complex type N-glycans containing bisecting GlcNAc or a beta1,6-linked branch, respectively. ", "However, the detailed mechanisms of molecular recognition are poorly understood. ", "In order to dissect the contributions of different portions of each lectin, we carried out region-swapping mutagenesis between E(4)- and L(4)-PHA. ", "We prepared six chimeric lectins by exchanging different combinations of loop B and the central portion of loop C, two of four loops thought to be important for the recognition of monosaccharides (Sharma, V., and Surolia, A. (1997) J. Mol. ", "Biol. ", "267, 433-445). ", "The chimeric lectins' sugar binding activities were evaluated quantitatively by surface plasmon resonance. ", "These comparisons indicate that the high specificities of E(4)- and L(4)-PHA toward bisecting GlcNAc and beta1,6-linked branch structures are almost solely attributable to loop B. The contribution of the central portion of loop C to the recognition of those structural motifs was found to be negligible. ", "Instead, it modulates affinity toward LacNAc residues present at the nonreducing terminus. ", "Moreover, some of the chimeric lectins prepared in this study showed even higher specificities/affinities than native E(4)- and L(4)-PHA toward complex sugar chains containing either a bisecting GlcNAc residue or a beta1,6-linked branch." ]

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[ "Russia's Caribbean Farce\n\n\"Nyet! ", "Nyet!\" ", "That's what a Russian bodyguard told a McClatchy news reporter when the latter asked for comment on an incident aboard the Admiral Chabanenko, a Russian destroyer that carried President Dmitry Medvedev to Venezuela last week. ", "Following the pomp, circumstance and 21-gun salute that are mandatory at such meetings, there was, it seems, a bit of a misunderstanding. ", "As Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez boarded the vessel, his beefy bodyguards tried to follow him up the gangplank. ", "They were stopped by their equally beefy Russian counterparts. ", "The Venezuelans, who presumably spoke no Russian, tried to push their way through. ", "The Russians, who presumably spoke no Spanish, fought back.", "\n\nIt was all over quickly. \"", "Everything is fine,\" a Russian official said afterward. ", "And indeed it was: The rest of Medvedev's visit to Latin America proceeded smoothly. ", "During his trip to Venezuela, Medvedev reportedly added a couple of passenger planes to the $4.4 billion worth of military hardware Russia has sold to Venezuela since 2005. ", "In Cuba, Medvedev met the ailing Fidel Castro and went sightseeing with his brother Raúl. ", "Yesterday, Russian ships began exercising in the Caribbean. ", "But more than weapons and armies were at stake in this visit. ", "As Chávez himself said a few months ago, the whole show was designed to send \"a message to the empire\": Russia is back, and it can play the imperial game as well as the United States can.", "\n\nAnd yet -- the lingering image of those thuggish bodyguards, shouting at one another in mutual incomprehension, remains weirdly appropriate. ", "For Medvedev was in Cuba and Venezuela last week in part because he wouldn't get that warm a welcome in Tbilisi or Kiev, let alone in Warsaw or Prague -- and also because Russian foreign policy is, at the moment, based on a strange paradox. ", "On one hand, the Russians have returned to the language, iconography and even historiography of imperialism. ", "With every passing year, the anniversary of the end of World War II -- and the moment of the Soviet Union's greatest imperial triumph -- is celebrated more elaborately. ", "Soviet songs and symbols are back; threats to deploy nuclear missiles are frequent; Russian leaders refer to themselves as \"global players.\"", "\n\nBut on the other hand, the Russian political system is uniquely unattractive in the one sphere of influence that Russians have always cared about most: Europe. ", "There are, it is true, Russian-speaking minorities across the eastern half of the continent who rely on Moscow for financing and political support. ", "There are also extremely powerful European business lobbies, notably in Italy and Germany, that can be counted on to praise Russia's leaders, whatever they do. ", "But the Russian political system -- based on crony capitalism, democratic rituals without democracy itself, heavy media controls, omnipresent criminality -- isn't of interest to anyone, and the Russians have trouble creating an empire around it. ", "During the Cold War, there were European (and American) communists who admired the Soviet Union and whose support really could be manipulated for Soviet ends. ", "By contrast, I'm not aware of a single popular movement in any European country, east or west, that is calling for a greater economic role for a Russian-style oligarchy, or more Russian thugs of the sort who were lurking on the gangplank of the Admiral Chabanenko last week.", "\n\nSome dictatorships to the east are more amenable, of course: Many Central Asian regimes do operate on something like a Russian model, some without the elaborate democratic facade. ", "But influence in those countries doesn't give the Russian ruling class the sense of importance it craves or the domestic legitimacy it needs to survive. ", "Hence Medvedev's need to travel somewhat farther afield. ", "Venezuela and Cuba may not be as significant as Germany or Georgia from the Russian perspective, but the image of Russians in Cuba evokes a certain nostalgia. ", "At the very least, it proves that Medvedev, like his Soviet predecessors, can play games in America's back yard.", "\n\nOne only hopes that President Barack Obama will have the good sense to ignore the whole affair, as President Bush has apparently done. ", "In fact, the best way for the United States to deal with this particular Russian escapade is to treat it as the public relations exercise it was designed to be. ", "Let Russian ships practice all they want in the Caribbean, let Russian and Venezuelan thugs fight it out on gangplanks, let Medvedev spend as much time with Chávez and the Castros as he desires: Their friendship won't last if oil prices stay low, anyway. ", "A Russian visit to Venezuela isn't a Cuban missile crisis, even if it is supposed to remind us of one -- just as Medvedev isn't Khrushchev and Castro isn't quite what he was 50 years ago. ", "History repeats itself, as Marx said -- but the first time as tragedy, the second time as farce." ]

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[ "What’s so interesting about Pinterest anyways?", "\n\nI was curious as well. ", "So when it first launched, I tried it out, just to see for myself.", "\nAt first I thought, this just another stupid social bookmarking site for pictures. ", "I already had a delicious account, which I barely even use, so I didn’t give it another thought, and just let it be. ", "I figured it would go away, just like Google Buzz or Instagram would eventually, one day…\n\nOf course we know now that is not always the case with social media sites. ", "And almost a year later, however…it was, still there, … In fact it was everywhere.", "\n\nEveryone was talking about it, and everyone was on it, or trying to do and get you to- Just DO IT, too!", "\n\nIn marketing and sales, this is what we call the “Jones effect” – as in keeping up with the Jones’(the family across the street)or Jonesing (Verb), describing a state in which one experiences a strong desire or craving, like coffee or a cigarette,– its addictive, its contagious, and its… dangerous. ", "but because everyone is doing it, then it must be good, and that is the reason why, you should be doing it too!", "\n\nStill, it was just a bunch of marketing hype. ", "With no mention of any actual ROI that could be directly tied to using pinterest.. and the mere fact that people spend so much more time on Pinterest , than any other social site means that people are wasting even more time on the internet and less time in reality, and no real work is getting done anymore. ", "However, when one of my non-profit clients asked me about pinterest the other day, and how she has heard that it is good for non-profits and forwarded me this article, from a very respected source in the industry, I began to think that maybe there was something here that I missing.", "\nSo I read it and then kept on reading Nine Pinterest Best Practices for Nonprofits and then saw what they had pinned on pinterest. ", "Still confused but felt compelled to find the answer. ", "I felt it was my duty, as is part of my job actually. ", "I was more I was determined to get to the bottom of this. ", "So I tried again to the answer to the question…\n\n“what’s so interesting about pinterest anyways’?", "\n\nSo and I logged back into my old pinterest account. ", "It was easy, now that it was connected with facebook, just like everything else is these days, and then I found my” friends” and connected with them and followed their boards,. ", "You know, the same things one does with every other social media site. ", "Click, click, no- skip the invitations, click again, connect my twitter, upload profile pic, and fill in about me section. ", "With that done, I started to create my boards and uploaded a few pics just like I had done in delicious. ", "It was easy to get started, and the bookmarklet makes it even easier.", "\n\nThen I started to look around and what my friends (those people that I actually knew in real life) had pinned and to see how they are using pinterest.", "\nWhat I found was very interesting! –", "\n– I saw Matt Gaskill, a real estate broker I know, with pins of luxurious homes.", "\n– Tara Peterson, a graphic designer and former colleague, had pins of inspiring images that related to her creative work.", "\nThese people I worked, and really only knew on professional level, yet their boards made sense for the kind of work that they did.", "\nWhen I saw the boards of my good friend Jaime who I have not seen in years, since he moved back to the Phillipens, but have always stayed in touch with via social media. ", "I looked as his mere 33 pins and the images that I saw gave me the feeling of being right there next to him. ", "I felt even more connected to him, even though I have known him forever, and just had a Google+ hangout chat the other day, there was definitely something there, more than meets the eyes, that much I knew.", "\n\nThe big picture didn’t come until after I saw all the pictures (over 400) that my 17 year cousin had pinned within 12 boards. ", "Just like any other teen these days, she has 600+Facebook friends, and lives on social media. ", "When I saw those boards, it made me see her in a new light. ", "With boards entitled “things I love” , “Dance”, “favorite places and spaces”, “motivation”, and “products that I love”, I was starting to get the picture of why people pin these images on pinterest.", "To visually express themselves and their interests through the use of images. ", "Read my next post on what’s makes pinterest so addicting and how to use pinterest for your business." ]

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[ "Main navigation\n\nThe Purpose of Small Groups\n\nWhy do small groups matter? ", "What is their purpose? ", "Spence Shelton, the Small Groups Pastor at The Summit Church, goes to Acts 2 to explore what makes an awesome small group and what impact they can have. ", "He shares a number of things small groups must focus on and a number of results that will occur if groups do them. ", "The net result is powerful. ", "Also, check out Spence’s new book, The People of God, which lays out a theology and practice of biblical community." ]

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[ "Bacterial sensor kinases using Fe-S cluster binding PAS or GAF domains for O2 sensing.", "\n[4Fe-4S](2+) clusters are used by very diverse types of bacterial sensors for response to oxygen, including DNA-binding proteins of the CRP/FNR family and sensor kinases like NreB. In NreB the cluster is bound by an input domain of the PAS type. ", "The [4Fe-4S](2+) cluster of NreB responds to O(2) by degradation to a [2Fe-2S](2+) cluster which is labile and decomposes. ", "NreB constitutes together with AirS the NreB/AirS family of bacterial sensor kinases that contain PAS or GAF domains for binding of [4Fe-4S](2+) or [2Fe-2S](2+) clusters and oxygen sensing. ", "The NreB/AirS family is related to the FixL sensor kinases that use hemeB binding PAS domains for oxygen sensing." ]

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[ "Kielder Forest\n\nKielder Forest is a large forestry plantation in Northumberland, England, surrounding Kielder village and the Kielder Water reservoir. ", "It is the largest man-made woodland in England with three-quarters of its covered by forest. ", "The majority of the forest lies within the Border Forest Park, with the southern tip known as Wark Forest lying within Northumberland National Park.", "\n\nHistory\nThe forest is owned and managed by the United Kingdom's Forestry Commission, which initiated the first plantings in the 1920s. ", "During the 1930s, the Ministry of Labour supplied men from among the ranks of the unemployed. ", "Many came from the mining communities and shipyards of North East England. ", "They were housed in one of a number of instructional centres created by the Ministry, most of them on Forestry Commission property; by 1938, the Ministry had 38 Instructional Centres across Britain. ", "The hutted camp in Kielder is now under Kielder Water. ", "Numerous purpose-built villages were also constructed for workers' families, including Stonehaugh.", "\n\nPrior to the 1920s, the land was predominantly open moorland, managed for grouse shooting and sheep grazing with remnants of native upland woodland existing along stream sides and in isolated craggy areas. ", "The Forestry Commission, funded from the public purse, purchased land across the country with the brief of establishing a strategic reserve of timber for the nation. ", "This single objective held sway until the 1960s. ", "Since that time, management principles have changed in order to reflect rising awareness of environmental needs and to provide recreational facilities whilst seeking to maintain a sustainable supply of timber. ", "Kielder today remains state-owned and its development from a single-objective plantation to a multi-purpose forest mirrors the development of plantation forestry across the United Kingdom.", "\n\nMany archaeological remains can be found within the forest and are an important cultural link to the often turbulent history of the area.", "\n\nGeography\nThe name \"Kielder Forest\" is often also applied to the area of hills and remote moorland that surround the forestry plantations. ", "The group of hills merges into the Cheviots to the north-east but is generally well-defined on other sides. ", "It reaches a maximum height of at Peel Fell and also contains the Marilyns of Sighty Crag and Larriston Fells. ", "These hills, despite not being very high, are particularly remote owing to the scarcity of settlement in the region. ", "Indeed, Sighty Crag is the furthest hill in England from a road, at four miles' distance.", "\n\nEnvironment\n\nTrees\nKielder is dominated by conifers. ", "Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) covers 75% of the planted area; this species thrives in the damp conditions afforded by northern Britain. ", "Other species include Norway spruce (Picea abies) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), which cover 9% of the area each. ", "The remainder is made up of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), larch (Larix spp.), ", "Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and broadleaves including birch (Betula spp.), ", "rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), cherry (Prunus spp.), ", "oak (Quercus spp.), ", "beech (Fagus sylvatica), and willow (Salix spp.).", "\n\nTimber\n475,000 cubic metres of timber is harvested annually to supply local sawmilling, chipboard, pulp and wood fuel customers. ", "Most of this volume comes from clearfelling areas; an increasing percentage however is sourced from stands harvested under continuous cover silviculture systems. ", "Clear felled areas are replanted with a mix of coniferous and broadleaf tree species, opportunities are also taken to increase the proportion of open space and to improved the riparian habitat. ", "As with all Forestry Commission woodlands timber is independently certified under the Forest Stewardship Council scheme.", "\n\nWildlife\nThe forest contains a number of sites of special scientific interest, primarily associated with the upland moorland environment. ", "A programme of restoration of Border mires is ongoing. ", "\n\nThe forest is also home to around 50% of England's red squirrel population, and is their biggest remaining stronghold in the country. ", "The best place to catch a glimpse of one is at the squirrel hide at Kielder waterside. ", "It also provides excellent habitat for many species of birds of prey. ", "In 2009 a pair of osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nested successfully in the forest. ", "This pair have continued to nest there each year since, and a second pair nested in 2011. ", "In 2014 eight young were fledged and by 2016 there were four nesting osprey pairs fledging eleven young. ", "A large population of roe deer is actively managed.", "\n\nDue to the low human population and scarcity of roads and railways, Kielder Forest was proposed in July 2016 as one of the preferred reintroduction sites for the Eurasian lynx, which has been extinct in Britain for 1,300 years. ", "Interest in reintroducing the species was further bolstered in 2016 in relation to a successful breeding program for the Iberian lynx in Spain.", "\n\nRecreation\n\nKielder Castle\n\nKielder Castle Visitor Centre is an 18th-century hunting lodge built by the Duke of Northumberland, which has been converted into a visitor and information centre. ", "It is located on the edge of Kielder Village at the head of the River North Tyne valley. ", "The Castle serves as a hub for the growing number of recreational facilities on offer, walking and cycling trails, picnic areas and a forest drive. ", "A great football match is reported to have taken place between the men of Tynedale and Redesdale at Kielder Castle in 1790.", "\n\nOther attractions\nThe forest contains a number of art and architectural installations including a Skyspace designed by James Turrell and Wave Chamber, a camera obscura in a stone cairn by Chris Drury.", "\n\nThe forest also contains Kielder Observatory which is an astronomical observatory.", "\n\nIn 2010, former British distance runner Steve Cram inaugurated the Kielder Marathon which is a circuit around the lake taking in the surrounding gentle contours. ", " \n\nIn the same decade the local authority began a reduction of late night street lights to enhance the dark skies of the park and sponsored observation facilities and advertising to attract visitors to the darkest skies in the mainland of Britain.", "\n\nIn past years, several stages on the RAC Rally were held on tracks through Kielder Forest every winter.", "\n\nReferences\n\n Burlton, B. Jardine, D. O'Hara, J and Probert, C., \"Kielder Forest Park, Guide Book\" 1996, HMSO, London, \n Field, J. \"Learning Through Labour: Training, unemployment and the state, 1890-1920, 1992, University of Leeds,\n\nExternal links\n\n Kielder Castle Forest Park Centre - official site at the Forestry Commission\n\nCategory:Forests and woodlands of Northumberland\nCategory:Parks and open spaces in Northumberland" ]

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[ "SEOUL (Reuters) - South Korea’s Hyundai Motor and Kia Motors on Tuesday flagged 4 percent sales growth in 2018, suggesting a slow recovery from a slump linked to their lack of SUVs in the United States and diplomatic tensions with China.", "\n\nSlideshow ( 3 images )\n\nHyundai and smaller affiliate Kia said demand was expected to soften in the U.S. and Chinese markets as they unveiled a combined sales target of 7.55 million vehicles this year, from 7.25 million vehicles last year.", "\n\n“The market environment is expected to be difficult due to a slowdown in major markets like the U.S. and China, prolonged low growth in the global economy and trade protectionism in major countries,” Hyundai Motor said in a statement.", "\n\nSales slumped 7 percent last year from 2016, falling well short of the firms’ target of 8.25 million vehicles and marking their third consecutive annual miss, as buyers in China and the United States increasingly shunned sedans for SUVs.", "\n\nA diplomatic row between China and South Korea over Seoul’s deployment of a U.S. missile defense system also hit the carmakers’ sales in the world’s biggest auto market, although two countries recently agreed to normalize ties.", "\n\n“This year’s target for Hyundai and Kia is lower than expected. ", "It seems to be a conservative target, reflecting a slow recovery in China and ongoing U.S difficulties,” Kim Jin-woo, an analyst at Korea Investment & Securities said.", "\n\nHyundai Motor shares ended down 4.2 percent on Tuesday, and Kia Motors stocks finished 2.1 percent lower. ", "The broader market rose 0.5 percent.", "\n\nThe grim outlook came as the Korean won strengthened to a more than three-year high against the dollar on Tuesday, threatening the competitiveness of South Korean exporters as their Japanese rivals benefit from the weakening yen.", "\n\nThe expiration of a tax cut on small-engine cars in China also would be a negative for Hyundai’s sedan-heavy line-up, they said.", "\n\nWhile Hyundai Motor has plans to offer more SUVs in the United States and China this year, analysts said new models such as the redesigned Santa Fe SUV may come too late in the year to significantly impact sales.", "\n\nHyundai Motor Group chairman Chung Mong-koo said in a statement it would “actively venture into” new markets like Southeast Asia, as protectionism was expected to grow elsewhere.", "\n\nSouth Korea and the United States will hold talks on a trade deal on Jan. 5 although U.S. President Donald Trump has threatened to withdraw from the pact.", "\n\nChung, 79, skipped his annual New Year speech to employees for a second year in a row. ", "He has not made any public appearances since December, 2016." ]

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[ "Harry Blons\n\nHarry Blons (né Harry Raymond Yblonski; 29 November 1911 Saint Paul, Minnesota — 20 July 1987 Minneapolis, Minnesota) was an American jazz clarinetist from Minnesota. ", " He performed with the touring groups of Hal McIntyre, Red Nichols, and Red Dougherty. ", " He had performed with jazz combos in Saint Paul and Minneapolis.", "\n\nCareer \nAt the end of the 1940s, Blons began fronting his own group and playing in the Dixieland style. ", "In 1954 he was featured on both clarinet and tenor sax in the Doc Evans combo, not abandoning the Harry Blons Six as the group remained active in the mid-1950s. ", "Blons continued to be associated with his native St. Paul. ", "While much of his group's recorded output is out of print, various live recordings done in Minnesota when stars such as Bunk Johnson and Don Ewell came through town remain in circulation. ", "His recordings as a leader include the excellent Singin' the Blues, originally released by Mercury Records. ", "Blons also created vinyl product for the Zephyr, Audio Fidelity, and Audiophile Records labels.", "\n\nSelected discography \n\n Traditional jazz. ", "Vol. ", "7, Doc Evans \t\n Doc Evans; Harry Blons; John W Parker; Hal Runyan; George Tupper; Bill Peer; Red Maddock\n Audiophile Records (1956)\n\n Traditional jazz, vol. ", "6 by Doc Evans \t\n Audiophile Records (196?)", "\n\n Dixie By Gaslight, Singleton Palmer \t\n Singleton Palmer & Harry Blons' Dixieland Band\n Norman Records (1964)\n\n Dixieland Jazz, Harry Blons \t\n Audiophile Records (1951)\n\n Six on a Dixie Kick\n Harry Blons; Dixie Six\n Mercury Records (1957)\n\n Dixieland From the Deep North Featuring Mendota Buzzards\n Harry Blons, Warren Thewis, Larry Brakke, Bob Gruenenfelder, Gerald Mullaney, Thomas McGovern, Bernard Sundermeyer, Leigh Kammon, Mendota Buzzards\n Zephyr (195?)", "\n\n Down in Jungle Town, Doc Evans \t\n Doc Evans, Harry Blons, Loren Helberg, Tom McGovern, pianist, Hal Runyon, Hod Russell, Mickey Steinke, Bernie Sundermeyer, Warren Thewis, George Tupper, Erv Wickner, Doc Evans' Jazz Band\n Jazzology Records (2000)\n\n Harry Blons \t\n Harry Blons' Ensemble\n Harry Blons, Willie Peterson, Eddie Tolck, Don Anderson, guitarist, Bernie Sundermeier, Warren Thewis\n Audiophile Records (195?)", "\n\n Four or five times by Doc Evans \t\n Jazzology Records (2002)\n\n Ray Bauduc-Nappy Lamare and their Dixieland\n Ray Bauduc, Nappy Lamare, Harry Blons' Dixieland Band\n Capitol Records (197?)", "\n\n Teddy Buckner at the Crescendo\n Teddy Buckner, Harry Blons' Dixieland Band.", "\n GNP Crescendo Record Co. (1976)\n\n Caution blues by Muggsy Spanier \t\n Muggsy Spanier, Harry Blons' Dixieland Band\n 78 rpm\n Mercury Records (1950?)", "\n\n Bunk Johnson & Don Ewell: The Complete Minneapolis, 1947 Bunk Johnson, Don Ewell, Harry Blons, Don Thompson, trombonist, Cliff Johnson, string bass player, Warren Thewis, Doc Evans' Jazz Band.", "\n American Music Records (2009)\n\n Broadcast programmer No. ", "1 Johnny Puleo, Ed Jackson; Jo Basile; Lionel Hampton; Val Valenti; Leon Barry; Larry Adler; Dave Wierbach; Dukes of Dixieland.; ", "Harmonica Gang.; ", "Marimba Chiapas.; ", "Harry Blons' Dixieland Band\n Audiophile Records (196?)", "\n\n Bob Mitch Presents a Dixie Bouquet Harry Blons' Dixieland Band.;", "\n 78 rpm\n EDN Records, Milwaukee (1950)\n\n Easy Listening Red Dougherty & Harry Blons;\n Audiophile Records (195?)", "\n\n Breezin Arthur Kay, Harry Blons, Claude Falenczyk, Grant Krueger, Joseph Szot, Gene Juckem\n Audiophile Records (195?)", "\n\n Pee Wee Hunt and his Dixieland Band Pee Wee Hunt and his Dixieland Band & Harry Blons' Dixieland Band.", "\n Royale Records, [1956?]", "\n\n Sweet Georgia Brown Muggsy Spanier, Harry Blons' Dixieland Band.", "\n 78 rpm\n Mercury Records, [1950]\n\n Windy City Jazz, Max Kaminsky\n Max Kaminsky, Pee Wee Russell, Miff Mole, Joe Sullivan, George Wettling, Jack Lesberg, Tavern in the Town,'' Harry Blons' Dixieland Band\n Concert Hall Records (195?)", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1911 births\nCategory:1987 deaths\nCategory:Musicians from Saint Paul, Minnesota\nCategory:Dixieland clarinetists\nCategory:American jazz clarinetists\nCategory:Jazz musicians from Minnesota\nCategory:Mercury Records artists\nCategory:20th-century American musicians" ]

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[ "Simon of Kéza\n\nSimon of Kéza () was the most famous Hungarian chronicler of the 13th century. ", "He was a priest in the royal court of king Ladislaus IV of Hungary.", "\n\nHis most important work is Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, written in Latin around 1282, in which he gives a vivid description of the history of the Huns and the Hungarians (whom he considered relatives), from the legendary beginnings until the contemporary period. ", "As a personal secretary of the king, he worked in the royal archives and collected his material from older chronicles conserved there.", "\n\nThe chronicle was first published in print in 1782 in Buda. ", "In the 19th century it was translated into Hungarian and became a popular work which helped the development of national consciousness.", "\n\nCategory:Hungarian historians\nCategory:13th-century historians\nCategory:Hungarian chroniclers\nCategory:Hungarian chronicles\nCategory:13th-century Hungarian people\nCategory:13th-century Latin writers" ]

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[ "16‐3478‐ag\nYan Yang v. Barr\n\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT\n ____________________\n\n August Term, 2017\n\n (Argued: May 17, 2018 Decided: July 2, 2019)\n\n Docket No. ", "16‐3478‐ag\n\n ____________________\n\nYAN YANG,\n\n Petitioner,\n\n v.\n\nWILLIAM P. BARR, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,\n\n Respondent.", "\n\n ____________________\n\nBefore: POOLER, WESLEY, and LOHIER, Circuit Judges.", "\n\n Petition for review of a decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals,\n\ndenying Yan Yang’s application for asylum. ", "We hold that once Yang\n\ndemonstrated the existence of changed circumstances permitting her late filing,\n\nthe Immigration Judge and Board of Immigration Appeals were obligated to\n\fconsider her entire application, because nothing in the plain language of the\n\nstatute limits review to the specific claim that formed the basis of the changed\n\ncircumstance. ", "Accordingly, we GRANT the petition for review and REMAND\n\nthe application for asylum to the BIA for the limited purpose of granting the\n\napplication.", "\n\n Judge Wesley dissents in a separate opinion.", "\n\n Judge Lohier concurs in a separate opinion.", "\n\n Granted and REMANDED.", "\n\n ____________________\n\n GARY J. YERMAN, New York, NY, for Petitioner Yan\n Yang.", "\n\n STEFANIE NOTARINO HENNES, Trial Attorney,\n Office of Immigration Litigation (Leslie McKay, Senior\n Litigation Counsel, Office of Immigration Litigation, on\n the brief), for Chad A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney\n General, Civil Division, United States Department of\n Justice, Washington, D.C., for Respondent William P. Barr,\n United States Attorney General.", "\n\nPOOLER, Circuit Judge:\n\n We are asked to determine whether the Immigration and Nationality Act’s\n\n(“INA”) exception for late filing applies only to changed circumstances\n\n\n 2\n\funderpinning a successful claim, or whether the changed circumstances permit\n\nan application for asylum on multiple bases, including bases that are unrelated to\n\nthe changed circumstances. ", "We hold that the plain language of the statute\n\nunambiguously permits an applicant to raise multiple claims in her asylum\n\napplication, even if the changed circumstance relates only to one proffered basis\n\nfor asylum. ", "Accordingly, we grant the petition for review and remand the\n\napplication to the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) for the limited purpose\n\nof granting Yang’s application for asylum.1\n\n BACKGROUND\n\n Yan Yang was born in China in 1973. ", "In September 1992, Yang met her\n\nhusband, Shen Zhonghua, while she was working in a garment factory in\n\nShenzhen. ", "On July 6, 1994, Yang and Zhonghua returned to his hometown of\n\nWutong Town to register their marriage with the government. ", "Yang and her\n\nhusband were both required to submit to a mandatory physical examination at a\n\nhospital before the local government would register their marriage. ", "This exam\n\n\n\n1For reasons explained in Section II, the government abandoned any additional\nchallenges to Yang’s eligibility for asylum on the basis of her forced abortion in\nChina. ", "Having decided the one issue on appeal, there is no other issue to be\ndecided.", "\n 3\n\frevealed that Yang was “pregnant without prior authorization” since she and\n\nZhonghua were not yet married. ", "Certified Administrative Record (“CAR”) at\n\n536. ", "Yang was immediately forced to have an abortion.", "\n\n Yang entered the United States on a tourist visa on June 3, 2002, but\n\nremained in the United States after her temporary visa expired and gave birth to\n\nher U.S.‐citizen son in October 2004. ", "In July 2012, Yang began attending a\n\nChristian church and was baptized into the church on September 23, 2012.", "\n\n On her own initiative, prior to any removal proceedings, Yang\n\naffirmatively filed an application for asylum on October 17, 2012 on two bases:\n\nher forced abortion in China and her recent conversion to Christianity. ", "Though\n\nasylum applications must be filed within one year of the applicant’s arrival in the\n\nUnited States, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B), applications may be filed beyond that\n\ndeadline if the applicant can demonstrate “changed circumstances which\n\nmaterially affect the applicant’s eligibility for asylum,” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D).", "\n\nYang submitted her application over a decade after her arrival to the United\n\nStates, but within one month of her conversion to Christianity.2\n\n\n\n2The applicant must file her application within a “reasonable period” in light of\nthe changed circumstances. ", "8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(4)(ii).", "\n 4\n\f On December 11, 2012, however, she was served with a Notice to Appear\n\ncharging her with removability for overstaying her visa. ", "On March 11, 2015, the\n\nImmigration Judge (“IJ”) denied her application for asylum. ", "The IJ determined\n\nthat the exception for “changed circumstances” applied only to Yang’s religious\n\nasylum claim, effectively severing the application into its two separate claims.", "\n\nThe IJ found that Yang was credible on all counts, but that there was insufficient\n\nevidence of persecution of Christians in China to grant the asylum application on\n\nthat basis. ", "The IJ did not consider Yang’s asylum claim based on her forced\n\nabortion because the IJ determined that the claim was not timely filed, but the IJ\n\nfound Yang’s story credible and granted her withholding of removal on the basis\n\nof that claim. ", "On September 20, 2016, the IJ’s decision was affirmed in all respects\n\nby the BIA.", "\n\n DISCUSSION\n\n “When the BIA does not expressly adopt the IJ’s decision, but its brief\n\nopinion closely tracks the IJ’s reasoning, this Court may consider both the IJ’s\n\nand the BIA’s opinions for the sake of completeness.” ", "Zaman v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d\n\n233, 237 (2d Cir. ", "2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). ", "Neither the IJ nor the\n\nBIA offered any substantive analysis of the question facing us in this appeal,\n 5\n\fnamely, whether a changed circumstance affecting eligibility for one asylum\n\nclaim renders the properly filed asylum application timely filed for all claims.", "\n\nInstead, both the IJ and the BIA assumed that the plain language of the statute\n\nbarred the IJ from considering Yang’s forced abortion claim. ", "Yang argues to this\n\nCourt, as she did before the BIA, that the plain language of the statute requires\n\nconsideration of her full asylum application.", "\n\n The government urges us to defer to the BIA’s decision insofar as that\n\ndecision has the “power to persuade.” ", "Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140\n\n(1944); see also Christensen v. Harris Cty., ", "529 U.S. 576, 587 (2000) (holding that\n\n“interpretations contained in policy statements, agency manuals, and\n\nenforcement guidelines, all of which lack the force of law—do not warrant\n\nChevron‐style deference,” but may be entitled to Skidmore deference). ", "But because\n\nwe find there is no ambiguity in the statutory language, and that “Congress has\n\ndirectly spoken to the precise question at issue,” Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. ", "Res.", "\n\nDef. ", "Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842 (1984), there is no need for deference or\n\nremand under any of our existing models of deference to agency adjudication.", "\n\nWe additionally observe that it is undisputed that an IJ’s construction of the INA\n\nis entitled to no deference, Li v. INS, 453 F.3d 129, 136 (2d Cir. ", "2006), and we have\n 6\n\fpreviously held that “the BIA’s nonprecedential single‐member decision” is not\n\naccorded Chevron deference, because it was not “promulgated under its\n\nauthority to make rules carrying the force of law.” ", "Rotimi v. Gonzales, 473 F.3d 55,\n\n57 (2d Cir. ", "2007)(internal quotation marks omitted). ", "There is simply no basis on\n\nwhich deference is appropriate—let alone required—in this case. ", "Because we are\n\nasked to resolve “a pure question of statutory construction,”3 which is a question\n\nof law “for the courts to decide,” INS v. Cardoza‐Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 446 (1987),\n\nwe therefore review these claims in the first instance, without remanding to the\n\nagency. ", "Our review of this question of law is de novo. ", "Adams v. Holder, 692 F.3d\n\n91, 95 (2d Cir. ", "2012).", "\n\nI. Plain Language of the Statute\n\n “Our analysis begins with the text” of Section 1158(a)(2)(D), “and we look\n\nto both the language itself and the specific context in which that language is\n\nused.” ", "Merit Mgmt. ", "Grp., ", "LP v. FTI Consulting, Inc., 138 S.Ct. ", "883, 893 (2018)\n\n\n\n\n3\n Regarding the issue before us on appeal, there are no decisions from other\ncircuit courts of appeals that directly address it, and there are no precedential\nBIA opinions on it. ", "Indeed, the BIA has been inconsistent in its non‐precedential\ninterpretations of § 1158(a)(2)(D). ", "Compare CAR at 45‐46, with In re Chen & Wu,\nNos. ", "A089 918 765 & A089 918 766 (B.I.A. Apr. 13, 2012).", "\n 7\n\f(internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). ", "In doing so, we focus our\n\nattention on two key phrases within the section that are dispositive of the\n\nquestion presented in this appeal.", "\n\n A. “An application for asylum”\n\n In our first look at the plain language of the statute, we observe that the\n\nrelevant section clearly states that “[a]n application for asylum of an alien may be\n\nconsidered . . . ", "if the alien demonstrates . . . ", "changed circumstances which\n\nmaterially affect the applicant’s eligibility for asylum.” ", "8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D)\n\n(emphasis added). ", "The plain language of the statute thus makes clear that\n\nchanged circumstances provide for the consideration of an application for asylum,\n\nas opposed to a specific claim for asylum.", "\n\n This reading of the plain language is reinforced by the specific context in\n\nwhich this provision appears. ", "In aid of this effort, we examine the section\n\nheadings and organizational structure of the relevant section of the INA.", "\n\n“Although section headings cannot limit the plain meaning of a statutory text,\n\nthey supply cues as to what Congress intended.” ", "Merit Mgmt., ", "138 S.Ct. ", "at 893\n\n(internal citation and quotation marks omitted). ", "The section headings and\n\norganization of this section of the INA evince a clear intent to address the ability\n 8\n\fto file an application for asylum, rather than an ability to be granted asylum or\n\nthe ability to file a particular asylum claim.", "\n\n Indeed, the relevant section of the INA is titled “Authority to apply for\n\nasylum.", "”4 That section is further divided into three parts: (1) In general, (2)\n\nExceptions, and (3) Limitations on judicial review. ", "The first part (“In general”)\n\nestablishes the basic framework establishing the authority to apply for asylum:\n\n (1) In general. – ", "Any alien who is physically present in the United States\n or who arrives in the United States (whether or not at a designated port of\n arrival and including an alien who is brought to the United States after\n having been interdicted in international or United States waters),\n irrespective of such alien’s status, may apply for asylum in accordance\n with this section or, where applicable, section 1225(b) [regarding the\n inspection of arriving aliens]. ", "5\n\n8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1). ", "After laying out the basic premise regarding who may\n\napply for asylum, Section 1158(a) next turns to the “Exceptions” to the general\n\n\n\n4 Section 1158 of the INA addresses asylum and is divided into five sections:\nAuthority to apply for asylum (subsection a), Conditions for granting asylum\n(subsection b), Asylum status (subsection c), Asylum procedure (subsection d),\nand Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (subsection e). ", "The relevant\nprovision to this appeal appears in subsection a, titled “Authority to apply for\nasylum.”", "\n5 The immediately preceding section of the INA—Section 1157—addresses\n\nrefugees. ", "The “In general” portion of Section 1158 appears designed at least in\npart to clearly distinguish asylees from refugees and to codify the right to apply\nfor asylum.", "\n 9\n\fframework permitting asylum applications in order to establish three specific\n\nsituations in which foreign nationals may not apply for asylum (in other words, a\n\nforeign national’s application for asylum may not be considered). ", "8 U.S.C.\n\n§ 1158(a)(2). ", "The statute explains that the general framework regarding asylum\n\napplications “shall not apply:” when the foreign national may be removed to a\n\n“safe third country,” Section 1158(a)(2)(A), when the foreign national has not\n\n“demonstrate[d] by clear and convincing evidence that the application has been\n\nfiled within 1 year after the date of the alien’s arrival in the United States,”\n\nSection 1158(a)(2)(B), or when the foreign national has “previously applied for\n\nasylum and had such application denied,” Section 1158(a)(2)(C).6 The\n\n“Exceptions” section, however, also contains an exception to the exception which\n\nis the issue of this appeal: the existence of “changed circumstances.", "”7 Section\n\n1158(a)(2)(D).", "\n\n\n\n\n6 These exceptions are titled “Safe third country,” “Time limit,” and “Previous\nasylum applications,” respectively.", "\n7 The final portion of the “Exceptions” section addresses unaccompanied minors\n\nand specifies that the safe third country and time limit bars “shall not apply” to\nthose applicants. ", "8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(E).", "\n 10\n\f The exclusion from consideration of subsequent asylum applications and\n\napplications filed after the one‐year deadline does not apply in two specific\n\ncircumstances:\n\n An application for asylum of an alien may be considered notwithstanding\n [the bars for late filings or successive filings], if the alien demonstrates to\n the satisfaction of the Attorney General either the existence of changed\n circumstances which materially affect the applicant’s eligibility for asylum\n or extraordinary circumstances relating to the delay in filing an application\n within the period specified in [the paragraph establishing the one‐year\n filing deadline].", "\n\n8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D). ", "The statutory language is structured to directly refer to\n\nthe preceding portions of the section. ", "The statute states that “[a]n application for\n\nasylum . . . ", "may be considered, notwithstanding [the time limit and previous\n\napplication bars] if the alien demonstrates . . . .“ ", "Id. (emphasis added). ", "In other\n\nwords, the general rule is that applications may not be considered when they are\n\nfiled after the time limit or when previous applications have been denied, but\n\nthis section establishes that those normal bars to applications do not apply if the\n\nforeign national can demonstrate changed circumstances or extraordinary\n\ncircumstances regarding the filing delay. ", "The language and structure of this\n\nsection make clear that the existence of changed circumstances “operates as an\n\nexception” to § 1158(a)(2)(B‐C). ", "Merit Mgmt., ", "138 S.Ct. ", "at 893; see also id. (quoting\n\n 11\n\fA. Scalia & B. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 126 (2012)\n\n(“A dependent phrase that begins with notwithstanding indicates that the main\n\nclause that it introduces or follows derogates from the provision to which it\n\nrefers”)).", "\n\n The key observation for purposes of this appeal is that the exception is to\n\nthe bar to considering applications, not claims. ", "Recall that the “Exceptions”\n\nsubsection is part of the larger section titled “Authority to apply for asylum” and\n\nthat the language of the relevant provision titled “Changed circumstances”\n\naddresses only the “application for asylum,” as opposed to the specific claim or\n\nclaims within an application. ", "Even if we were to substitute the word “request”\n\nfor “application,” as the dissent speculates Congress intended, the observation\n\nremains the same: the exception is to the bar to considering “requests,” not\n\nclaims. ", "An individual may make one “request” for asylum because she fears\n\nreligious persecution and because she was forced to have an abortion. ", "Indeed,\n\nthere is simply no basis for a claim‐specific limitation in the statutory text itself,\n\nwhich refers only to applications for asylum. ", "Or, more technically, the dependent\n\nclause containing the statutory bars derogates from the main clause providing\n\nfor the consideration of an application for asylum, with no additional limiting\n 12\n\flanguage. ", "Rather than grapple with this textual clarity, the dissent fixates on the\n\ncontext of the statute and its view of the statute’s true purpose to call into\n\nquestion the “logic” of the majority view. ", "But in doing so, and to generate\n\nambiguity, the dissent puts its interpretation of legislative history before plain\n\ntext.", "\n\n Indeed, an examination of “the broader statutory structure,” Merit Mgmt.,", "\n\n138 S.Ct. ", "at 893, confirms our interpretation of the language regarding “changed\n\ncircumstances.” ", "The alternative view—that the “changed circumstance” must\n\nrelate directly to the claim on which asylum is eventually granted—runs counter\n\nto the language and organizational structure of the statute. ", "In essence, it would\n\ncollapse into one step the two separate steps of applying for asylum and\n\ndetermining whether asylum should actually be granted. ", "These two steps are\n\nplainly two separate sections of the statute—Authority to apply for asylum,\n\nSection 1158(a), and Conditions for granting asylum, Section 1158(b)—which\n\nsuggests to us that Congress assumed that determining authority to simply\n\napply for asylum would be a separate step from determining whether an\n\napplicant could be granted asylum. ", "Indeed, the asylum application itself\n\ncontemplates that an applicant may apply for asylum on multiple bases, listing\n 13\n\fvarious possible claims for asylum (based, e.g., on race, political opinion,\n\nreligion) and instructing the applicant to “check the appropriate box(es)” to\n\nexplain why they are applying for asylum or withholding of removal. ", "U.S.\n\nCitizenship and Immigration Services, Form I‐589, Application for Asylum and\n\nfor Withholding of Removal, Part B(1). ", "This Court has previously articulated this\n\nview of the two‐step process, observing that “it is not necessary for the applicant\n\nto identify the correct ground; the fact finder should consider all or any\n\ncombination of them” when reviewing an asylum application. ", "Osorio v. INS, 18\n\nF.3d 1017, 1027 (2d Cir. ", "1994). ", "It is clear to us that the plain language of the\n\nstatute refers to the application as a whole.", "\n\n B. “Materially affect the applicant’s eligibility for asylum”\n\n The government argues that “changed circumstances must relate to the\n\napplicant’s eligibility for asylum” and asserts that this paraphrase of the\n\nstatutory language demands that we deny Yang’s petition for review. ", "We\n\ndisagree. ", "To state the matter very directly, though an asylum applicant is\n\nindisputably required to demonstrate a changed circumstance that “materially\n\naffect[s] the applicant’s eligibility for asylum,” Section 1158(a)(2)(D), the plain\n\nlanguage of this requirement is simply that the changed circumstance must\n 14\n\f“materially affect” an applicant’s eligibility for asylum. ", "And surely that is\n\nprecisely what occurred in this case. ", "The IJ determined that Yang had in fact\n\ndemonstrated such a changed circumstance, because it is impossible to be\n\nreligiously persecuted on the grounds of Christian faith before becoming a\n\nChristian.", "\n\n Despite the dissent’s worry that “all an asylum seeker need do” to avoid\n\nthe one‐year bar is “allege changed circumstances,” not every “changed\n\ncircumstance” will render an applicant eligible for asylum; indeed, very few will.", "\n\nBut so long as the applicant can demonstrate a change in circumstance that\n\nmaterially affects her eligibility to apply for asylum, there is simply nothing in\n\nthe plain statutory language to suggest—let alone demand—that only that claim\n\nmay be reviewed. ", "As the Ninth Circuit noted in Vahora v. Holder, on which the\n\ndissent relies, the changed circumstances exception to the one‐year filing\n\nrequirement was “intended to be broad,” not limited. ", "641 F.3d 1038, 1045 (9th\n\nCir. ", "2011). ", "The text of the statute comports with this intent. ", "We simply do not see\n\nany portion of the statute articulating the view that the government urges upon\n\nus. ", "In order to argue the contrary, the dissent variously maintains that\n\n“eligibility” means “a determination that an applicant is a refugee” and the\n 15\n\fapplicant’s “successful showing that she is a refugee.” ", "The use of such shifting\n\ndefinitions highlights a misapprehension of the statutory context; the dissent\n\nconflates two separate steps of the asylum process in a manner that is flatly\n\ncontradicted by the statutory text.", "\n\n Because we have carefully read the statutory text and find the meaning of\n\nthe statutory language clear and unambiguous, we have no need to look further.", "\n\nOur search for meaning thus begins and ends with the statutory language itself.", "\n\nSee Marvel Characters, Inc. v. Simon, 310 F.3d 280, 290 (2d Cir. ", "2002) (“When the\n\nlanguage of a statute is unambiguous, judicial inquiry is complete.”) (", "internal\n\nquotation marks omitted). ", "If a foreign national is able to demonstrate “changed\n\ncircumstances which materially affect the applicant’s eligibility for asylum,” that\n\nindividual may file their “application for asylum” “notwithstanding” the bar on\n\napplications filed after one year of the foreign national’s arrival in the United\n\nStates.", "\n\n II. ", "Yang’s Application for Asylum\n\n As dictated by the statutory language governing asylum applications,\n\nYang’s untimely application fell within the “time limit” exception to the general\n\nrule permitting foreign nationals physically present in the United States to apply\n 16\n\ffor asylum. ", "Yang, however, successfully argued before the IJ and the BIA that\n\nher application also fell within the “changed circumstances” exception to the\n\nexception, because she had recently converted to Christianity. ", "Yang’s asylum\n\napplication presented two possible bases for asylum: religious persecution and\n\nher forced abortion in China. ", "The IJ bifurcated Yang’s asylum application and\n\ndetermined that her forced abortion claim was “time‐barred” while her religious\n\npersecution claim was timely. ", "CAR at 45‐46. ", "The IJ thus considered “only her\n\nreligion‐based asylum claim.” ", "CAR at 46.", "\n\n In doing so, the IJ found that “the respondent testified credibly and\n\nadequately corroborated her testimony” regarding both her forced abortion and\n\nher religious conversion. ", "CAR at 45. ", "The IJ also found that “the respondent has\n\nnot demonstrated a well‐founded fear of future persecution on account of her\n\nreligion” and thus denied her asylum claim. ", "CAR at 47. ", "The IJ, however, granted\n\nYang withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3) based on her forced\n\nabortion in China. ", "The IJ explained that Yang “testified credibly and provided\n\nsubstantial evidence to demonstrate that she was coerced into an abortion in 1994\n\nbecause she became pregnant without authorization.” ", "CAR at 47. ", "The IJ properly\n\nrelied on Cao v. U.S. Department of Justice in holding that Yang therefore had an\n 17\n\f“irrebuttable presumption of a well‐founded fear of future persecution” and thus\n\nqualified for withholding of removal on that basis. ", "421 F.3d 149, 156 (2d Cir.", "\n\n2005). ", "The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision on all grounds.", "\n\n As Cao recounts, in 1996 Congress amended the definition of “refugee” in\n\nthe INA to make forced abortions and other population control measures an\n\nexplicit ground for asylum:\n\n For purposes of determinations under this chapter, a person who has been\n forced to abort a pregnancy or to undergo involuntary sterilization, or who\n has been persecuted for failure or refusal to undergo such a procedure or\n for other resistance to a coercive population control program, shall be\n deemed to have been persecuted on account of political opinion . . . .", "\n\n8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42); see also Cao, 421 F.3d at 155. ", "As Yang’s case reminds us, this\n\nstatutory language does not guarantee that an individual who has undergone a\n\nforced abortion will be eligible for asylum; in addition to demonstrating past\n\npersecution or a well‐founded fear of future persecution, an asylum applicant\n\nmust show that she meets all the other criteria for asylum and does not fall\n\nwithin one of the statutory bars preventing her from receiving asylum.", "\n\n Apart from the timeliness issue, the government has raised other no\n\nchallenge to Yang’s application for asylum on the basis of her forced abortion in\n\nChina. ", "Because we have determined that it was error for the IJ to bifurcate Yang’s\n\n 18\n\fasylum application and that the “changed circumstances” of her religious\n\nconversion made her entire asylum application timely filed, and because the IJ\n\ndetermined Yang was credible on the forced abortion claim, Yang’s application\n\nfor asylum must therefore be granted\n\n CONCLUSION\n\n The plain language of the statute compels our conclusion today that the\n\n“changed circumstances” exception to the one‐year deadline for an asylum\n\napplication refers to the entire asylum application, rather than the individual\n\nclaim. ", "We observe that this reading of the statutory language merely provides an\n\nopportunity for an application to be considered by the IJ. ", "The applicant is still\n\nrequired to demonstrate asylum eligibility before that status will be granted.", "\n\n Yang’s petition for review is thus GRANTED and her underlying asylum\n\napplication is REMANDED to the BIA for the limited purpose of granting the\n\napplication.", "\n\n\n\n\n 19\n\fWESLEY, Circuit Judge, dissenting:\n\n The majority takes comfort in the language of 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D). ", "The\n\ntext, the majority concludes, unambiguously permits a foreign national to evade\n\nthe one‐year time bar for each and every one of her asylum claims, so long as the\n\napplication contains at least one claim for which she can establish changed\n\ncircumstances. ", "I disagree.", "\n\n The changed‐circumstances exception is a measure of legislative grace; it\n\nexcuses the one‐year limit where recent changes materially affect the alien’s\n\nasylum eligibility. ", "But “eligibility” is a discrete matter. ", "It is particular to the facts\n\nand circumstances of each claim for asylum. ", "The majority’s reading of the statute,\n\nin contrast, extends that act of grace to cover all claims so long as any one claim\n\nmeets the changed‐circumstances exception, and it does so based on a strained\n\nreading of the phrase “application for asylum.”", "\n\n The majority’s interpretation is, at best, one of two plausible interpretations.", "\n\nWhen that is the case, the statute is ambiguous, and we may consider other\n\ninterpretive tools—including Congressional intent. ", "Natural Resources Defense\n\nCouncil, Inc. v. Muszynski, 268 F.3d 91, 98 (2d Cir. ", "2001). ", "Let’s begin with the text. ", "8\n\nU.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D) provides:\n\f An application for asylum of an alien may be considered,\n notwithstanding [time limitations], if the alien demonstrates to the\n satisfaction of the Attorney General either the existence of changed\n circumstances which materially affect the applicant’s eligibility for\n asylum or extraordinary circumstance relating to the delay in filing\n an application within the [statutory time frame].", "\n\n The majority concludes that “application” refers to the physical document\n\nthat a putative asylee submits to the Department of Homeland Security. ", "Supra at\n\n13 (“the asylum application itself contemplates that an applicant may apply for\n\nasylum on multiple bases, listing various possible claims for asylum . . . ", "and\n\ninstructing the applicant to ‘check the appropriate box(es)’ to explain why they are\n\napplying for asylum or withholding of removal” (quoting Dep’t of Homeland\n\nSecurity Form I‐589, https://www.uscis.gov/i‐589)). ", "The problem is that is not how\n\nthe statute uses the word.", "\n\n “[I]dentical words and phrases within the same statute should normally be\n\ngiven the same meaning.” ", "FCC v. AT & T, Inc., 562 U.S. 397, 408 (2011) (internal\n\nquotation marks omitted). ", "The word “application” appears throughout the statute\n\nand therein, Congress has given it a broad, ordinary meaning: an application is a\n\n“request.” ", "See Application, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. ", "2014) (defining\n\n“application” as “[a] request or petition”). ", "For example, 8 U.S.C. § 1187(a)(3)\n\n\n\n\n 2\n\frequires an alien to have a valid passport “at the time of application for\n\nadmission.", "”1\n\n I do not, nor could I, dispute that the physical form that an asylum seeker\n\nmust submit instructs the applicant to indicate the claim or claims upon which she\n\nis seeking asylum. ", "Supra at 13–14 (referencing Dep’t of Homeland Security Form\n\nI‐589, https://www.uscis.gov/i‐589). ", "In the narrowest sense, then, “an application\n\nfor asylum” is not claim‐specific: the form expressly invites an applicant to check\n\nas many boxes as she sees fit to assert multiple claims on various grounds. ", "The\n\nform may allow multiple claims in one application, but there are at least three\n\nproblems with reading the statute in this way.", "\n\n\n\n1 See also § 1255(a) (an immigrant’s status may be adjusted by the Attorney General if\n“(1) the alien makes an application for such an adjustment, (2) the alien is eligible to receive\nan immigrant visa and is admissible to the United States for permanent residence, and\n(3) an immigrant visa is immediately available to him at the time his application is filed”\n(emphasis added)); id. § 1229b(b)(1)(A) (providing that the Attorney General may cancel\nremoval and adjust an alien’s status under some limited conditions, including where the\nalien “has been physically present in the United States for a continuous period of not less\nthan 10 years immediately preceding the date of such application”); id. § 1229a(b)(4)(B)\n(referring to an alien’s rights in a deportation proceeding as not applying to examining\nnational security evidence proffered “in opposition to the alien’s admission to the United\nStates or to an application by the alien for discretionary relief”); id. § 1182(a)(2)(ii)(I)\n(describing an exception to a bar on admission based on criminal conduct if the alien was\na juvenile at the time of the offense and the crime took place “more than 5 years before\nthe date of application for a visa or other documentation and the date of application for\nadmission to the United States”).", "\n\n\n\n\n 3\n\f First, there is no textual reason to assume that Congress was referring to a\n\nphysical document when it used the phrase “application for asylum.” ", "Indeed, the\n\nmore natural reading is to give the word “application” the same meaning in this\n\nsection of the statute as it has in other sections. ", "Substitute the word “application”\n\nwith the word “request” in section 1158(a)(2)(D) and the text reads: “A request for\n\nasylum of an alien may be considered notwithstanding [time limitations], if the\n\nalien demonstrates . . . ", "the existence of changed circumstances . . . “ ", "8 U.S.C.\n\n§ 1158(a)(2)(D). ", "This reading makes § 1158(a)(2)(D) claim‐specific: the use of the\n\nsingular to describe the “application” or “request” is a strong textual signal that,\n\nin order to evade the one‐year bar, an asylum‐seeker must demonstrate that her\n\nuntimely claim has been materially affected by changed circumstances.", "\n\n Second, giving the phrase “application for asylum” the meaning that the\n\nmajority ascribes to it ignores that § 1158(a)(2)(D) explicitly references § 1125(b),\n\nwhich, in turn, describes the process for inspection of applicants for admission and\n\nwhich assumes that the process is claim‐specific. ", "See § 1225(b)(1)(B)(v) (defining\n\n“credible fear of persecution” in the context of an “application for asylum” as “a\n\nsignificant possibility, taking into account the credibility of the statements made\n\nby the alien in support of the alien’s claim and such other facts as are known to the\n\n\n\n\n 4\n\fofficer, that the alien could establish eligibility for asylum under section 1158 of\n\nthis title” (emphasis added)).", "\n\n Third, the statute uses the phrase “eligibility for asylum,” which refers to a\n\ndetermination that an applicant “is a refugee within the meaning of section\n\n1101(a)(42)(A).” ", "8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). ", "The term “refugee” is defined:\n\n [A]ny person who is outside [his or her home country] and who is\n unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail\n himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of\n persecution or a well‐founded fear of persecution on account of race,\n religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or\n political opinion.", "\n\nId. § 1101(a)(42)(A).", "\n\n Refugee claims are issue‐specific: a person may be a racial refugee, a\n\nreligious refugee, a nationality‐based refugee, a social refugee, or a political\n\nrefugee. ", "To obtain refugee status, a person must establish that she has a complete\n\nclaim based on at least one of those categories; a half‐baked claim based on\n\nreligious persecution does not cross the finish line with an extra push from a\n\nsomewhat‐persuasive showing of political persecution. ", "See Osorio v. I.N.S., 18 F.3d\n\n1017, 1028 (2d Cir. ", "1994) (describing I.N.S. v. Elias‐Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 482–83\n\n(1992) and explaining that an applicant for asylum who fears persecution for\n\n\n\n\n 5\n\freligious and political beliefs has two claims—one for religious asylum and one\n\nfor political asylum)). ", "That matters here because although the physical document\n\ncalled an “application for asylum” may encompass more than one claim, a\n\nperson’s “eligibility for asylum” involves one claim at a time.", "\n\n Specifically, give “eligibility” its dictionary definition: “qualified to\n\nparticipate or be chosen.” ", "Eligible, Merriam‐Webster, https://www.merriam‐\n\nwebster.com/dictionary/eligible (July 18, 2018). ", "Thus, a person is “eligible for\n\nasylum” if the person is “qualified to be chosen for refugee status.” ", "A person\n\ncannot be “qualified to be chosen for refugee status” unless she can show changed\n\ncircumstances in her home country that materially affect her successful showing\n\nthat she is a refugee. ", "This reading of the statute makes sense—it provides a safe\n\nhaven from the one‐year time bar for applicants who, after being in the United\n\nStates for more than a year, realize that they cannot return to their home country\n\nbecause they have since become refugees and going back now would be\n\ndangerous.", "\n\n A final point on ambiguity. ", "The majority treats asylum determinations as a\n\ntwo‐step process, which they say stems from the statute’s organizational structure.", "\n\nStep one relates to an alien’s ability to file an application, while step two involves\n\n\n\n\n 6\n\fthe merits of that application. ", "Thus, they conclude, because the one‐year bar\n\nappears in the statutory section entitled “Authority to apply for asylum,” the\n\nexceptions to the bar must only come into play at step one—the filing of an\n\napplication. ", "Supra at 13–14. ", "I acknowledge that structurally, this makes some\n\nsense.", "\n\n But that reading creates a structural problem as well. ", "The majority does not\n\naddress the fact that, under their interpretation, the one‐year bar (the rule) is\n\nswallowed by the exception (changed circumstances): all an asylum seeker need\n\ndo to escape the one‐year bar for a stale asylum claim is allege changed\n\ncircumstances for an unrelated claim. ", "As an organizational matter, this is\n\nproblematic. “", "Congress . . . ", "does not, one might say, hide elephants in\n\nmouseholes.” ", "Whitman v. Am. ", "Trucking Assns., ", "Inc., 531 U.S. 457, 468 (2001).", "\n\n The majority may disagree that my interpretation of the statute is the correct\n\nreading, but it is at least a plausible interpretation. ", "Indeed, the majority\n\nacknowledges that “the BIA has been inconsistent in its non‐precedential\n\ninterpretations of § 1158(a)(2)(D).” ", "Supra at 7 n.3. ", "The agency has issued two\n\ndecisions interpreting the statute; one supports the majority view and the other\n\nmine. ", "Compare In re Chen & Wu, AXXXXXXXX & AXXXXXXXX (B.I.A. April 13, 2012)\n\n\n\n\n 7\n\f(unpublished) (concluding that “[t]he plain language of [§ 1158(a)(2)(D)] requires\n\nthe [alien] to demonstrate changed circumstances that materially affect her\n\neligibility for asylum” and that “[e]ligibility for asylum is not dependent on a\n\nspecific underlying basis of the asylum claim”) with In re Yang, AXXXXXXXX, at 7–\n\n8 (B.I.A. March 11, 2015) (unpublished) (reproduced at CAR 45–45) (reaching the\n\nopposite conclusion). ", "That the BIA has been inconsistent in unpublished decisions,\n\nthough not binding on us, is a good signal that the statute has more than one\n\nplausible reading. ", "In short, the statute is ambiguous. ", "Muszynski, 268 F.3d at 98.", "\n\n Moreover, even if the majority were correct about the plain language of the\n\nstatute, I would still be forced to dissent. ", "In the “rare and exceptional\n\ncircumstances . . . ", "where the application of the statute as written will produce a\n\nresult demonstrably at odds with the intentions of its drafters,” Congressional\n\nintent controls. ", "Demarest v. Manspeaker, 498 U.S. 184, 190 (1991); see also Griffin v.\n\nOceanic Contractors, Inc., 458 U.S. 564, 571 (1982) (“[I]n rare cases the literal\n\napplication of a statute will produce a result demonstrably at odds with the\n\nintentions of its drafters, and those intentions must be controlling.”). ", "In such cases,\n\ncourts have “reserved some scope for adopting a restricted rather than a literal or\n\nusual meaning of [a statute’s] words where acceptance of that meaning would\n\n\n\n\n 8\n\fthwart the obvious purpose of the statute.” ", "Griffin, 458 U.S. at 571 (internal\n\nquotation marks and ellipses omitted); see also Dada v. Mukasey, 554 U.S. 1, 14–19\n\n(2008) (in a case involving two provisions of the INA, each of which was\n\nunambiguous on its own, “[r]eading the [INA] as a whole” and selecting the\n\ninterpretation that avoided an absurd result). ", "Looking to the legislative history of\n\nthe provision at issue here confirms that the majority’s reading cannot be right.", "\n\n In general, the purpose of a statute of limitations is to encourage the timely\n\nresolution of disputes before evidence is “obscured by the passage of time.” ", "See\n\nUnited States v. Morgan, 380 F.3d 698, 703 (2d Cir. ", "2004) (quoting Toussie v. United\n\nStates, 397 U.S. 112, 114–15 (1970)). ", "The purpose of § 1158 in particular is to\n\nencourage asylum seekers to file within a year of entering the United States and to\n\nthereby discourage fraudulent or baseless claims. ", "See Vahora v. Holder, 641 F.3d\n\n1038, 1045 (9th Cir. ", "2011) (“Congress’s paramount objective in enacting the one‐\n\nyear bar was to prevent fraudulent claims.”) (", "citing 141 Cong. ", "Rec. ", "E1635 (Aug. 3,\n\n1995)).", "\n\n But Congress was also mindful that life is not static. ", "Country conditions can\n\nchange with an election, a coup, or social instability; and people can experience\n\nlife‐changing conversions of conscience and faith. ", "These kinds of changes are what\n\n\n\n\n 9\n\fCongress had in mind when it passed the changed‐circumstances exception.", "\n\nSenator Hatch, a major proponent of the one‐year bar and the changed‐\n\ncircumstances exception, noted that the legislation was intended to address\n\n“situations like those in which the situation in the alien’s home country may have\n\nchanged, the applicant obtains more information about likely retribution he or she\n\nmight face if the applicant returned home, and other situations that we in Congress\n\nmay not be able to anticipate at this time.” ", "142 Con. ", "Rec. ", "S11838–40 (Sept. 30, 1996)\n\n(statement of Sen. Hatch). ", "The exception, therefore, was designed to capture cases\n\nwhere an immigrant’s situation changed in an unpredictable way, making his or\n\nher return unsafe. ", "It built in a measure of fairness to asylum seekers by\n\nacknowledging the unpredictable nature of prejudice and oppression and\n\nensuring that should an immigrant’s personal convictions or home‐country\n\nconditions change, the time limit will give way even if those changes arise after\n\nthe one‐year bar expires. ", "It was, in other words, intended to create a narrow\n\nexception, not to override the one‐year bar any time an asylum seeker has multiple\n\nclaims.", "\n\n The facts of this case illustrate the failing of the majority’s reading of the\n\nstatute. ", "The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) found that Yang established changed\n\n\n\n\n 10\n\fcircumstances based on her conversion to Christianity. ", "The issue for Yang,\n\nhowever, is that the IJ also found that she was not entitled to asylum on the basis\n\nof her conversion claim because “[t]he evidence does not support a well‐founded\n\nfear of persecution in China on account of [Yang’s] religion.” ", "CAR at 62. ", "Yang’s\n\nForm I‐589 contains two claims: forced abortion and religious persecution. ", "She is\n\nexcused for not filing her religious persecution claim within one year of entry into\n\nthe United States because her conversion occurred years later, but that changed\n\ncircumstance had no “material[] [e]ffect [on] her eligibility for asylum” predicated\n\non her forced abortion. ", "There is no factual or legal connection between Yang’s\n\nforced abortion in 1994 and her conversion to Christianity in 2012. ", "Yang had a\n\nstrong asylum claim for forced abortion when she arrived in the United States in\n\n2002, but for some reason she did not raise it until 2012; no circumstances related\n\nto this claim have changed.", "\n\n The obvious purpose of the time bar was to prevent cases where an\n\nimmigrant enters the United States and only files for asylum years later. ", "The\n\nmajority’s view of the statute abrogates that choice made by Congress. ", "It holds\n\nthat any claim that is dependent on changed circumstances also revives claims that\n\nwould be time barred if they were raised solely on their own. ", "The reason for\n\n\n\n\n 11\n\fexcusing one claim is extended to cover another for which there is no excuse. ", "What\n\nis the logic in combining a long since time‐barred claim with a distinct, unrelated\n\nclaim that is predicated on changed conditions affecting only that “new” claim?", "\n\nWhy would Congress do that? ", "The majority has not offered any explanation for\n\nwhy Congress would revive stale claims like Yang’s, and it has failed to do so for\n\ngood reason. ", "There is none.", "\n\n I realize that my view of this statute would deny Yang asylum despite her\n\ncredible testimony. ", "The IJ did, however, grant her withholding of removal based\n\non the forced abortion, and she will therefore remain in the United States with her\n\nson, should she so desire. ", "Citizenship will not be an option for Yang, but she will\n\nnot be deported. ", "Yang’s circumstances warrant empathy. ", "The INA, however,\n\nalready contains a safety valve to protect people in her position. ", "See 8 C.F.R.\n\n§ 208.16; Gao v. Gonzalez, 424 F.3d 122, 128 (2d Cir. ", "2005) (holding that an IJ has no\n\ndiscretion not to grant withholding of removal where an applicant establishes her\n\neligibility for asylum and demonstrates that if she were deported, that her life or\n\nfreedom would be threatened). ", "There is no need for this Court to read the statute\n\nin such a way as to replace the congressionally‐imposed time limitation with an\n\nexercise of judicial mercy. ", "I dissent.", "\n\n\n\n\n 12\n\f 1 LOHIER, Circuit Judge, concurring:\n\n 2 In response to the Court’s careful textual analysis of § 1158(a)(2)(D), my\n\n 3 colleague in dissent asks, “Why would Congress do that?” ", "Dissent Op. ", "at 12.", "\n\n 4 We could just as easily ask, why not? ", "No rule of interpretation makes\n\n 5 congressional mercy an oxymoron. ", "Nor is there a canon that permits us to\n\n 6 ignore the plain language of an immigration statute like § 1158(a)(2)(D) just\n\n 7 because those words happen to favor noncitizens.", "\n\n\n 8 The Government and the dissent suggest that relying on the usual or literal\n\n 9 meaning of the text of § 1158(a)(2)(D) leads to a result at odds with the “obvious\n\n10 purpose” of Congress. ", "Dissent Op. ", "at 9, 11. ", "They in effect resort to the canon of\n\n11 absurdity, without using the word. ", "Yet we reserve that rarest of canons for the\n\n12 truly absurd, that is, “where the result of applying the plain language would be,\n\n13 in a genuine sense, absurd, i.e., where it is quite impossible that Congress could\n\n14 have intended the result and where the alleged absurdity is so clear as to be\n\n15 obvious to most anyone.” ", "Catskill Mountains Chapter of Trout Unlimited, Inc. v.\n\n16 EPA, 846 F.3d 492, 517 (2d Cir. ", "2017) (quotation marks omitted). ", "As the Court\n\n17 explains, the result in this case is not even close to “absurd.” ", "It gives petitioners\n\n18 who are already eligible to be protected from removal on one claim an\n\f 1 opportunity to have another claim heard. ", "In fact, there is no case I can think of\n\n 2 where applying the Court’s interpretation of § 1158(a)(2)(D) would allow a\n\n 3 petitioner who is substantively ineligible for asylum to remain in this country.", "\n\n 4 This case, where Yang can remain in the United States on her credible claim of a\n\n 5 forced abortion in China, illustrates the point.", "\n\n\n 6 The dissent offers yet another reason to avoid the plain language of\n\n 7 § 1158(a)(2)(D), divining ambiguity where there is none to justify its turn to\n\n 8 legislative history. ", "After acknowledging that the Court’s interpretation of the\n\n 9 text is plausible, Dissent Op. ", "at 1, the dissent asserts that Congress “has given\n\n10 [the word ‘application’] a broad, ordinary meaning: an application is a ‘request,’”\n\n11 Dissent Op. ", "at 2. ", "Defining “application” to mean “request,” the dissent contends,\n\n12 supports an alternative plausible interpretation. ", "Namely, substituting the term\n\n13 “request” for the term “application” in § 1158(a)(2)(D) “makes § 1158(a)(2)(D)\n\n14 claim‐specific.” ", "Dissent Op. ", "at 4.", "\n\n\n15 But the idea that Congress intended “application” to mean “request” in\n\n16 § 1158 rests on an interpretive flaw, ignores the actual statutory use of both\n\n17 terms, and upends our long‐held view that “[a]s a general matter, the use of\n\n18 different words within the same statutory context strongly suggests that different\n\n 2\n\f 1 meanings were intended.” ", "United States v. Maria, 186 F.3d 65, 71 (2d Cir. ", "1999).", "\n\n 2 Section 1158(a)(2)(D) appears in Chapter 12 of the INA. ", "Nothing in that chapter\n\n 3 supports the conclusion that Congress meant to define the word “application” to\n\n 4 mean “request.” ", "To the contrary, the relevant sections of Chapter 12 ascribe\n\n 5 decidedly different meanings, not the same meaning, to the two words. ", "Start\n\n 6 with the fact that the same sections of Chapter 12 often use the terms\n\n 7 “application” and “request” together. ", "This alone signals that Congress did not\n\n 8 attach the same meaning to both words. ", "See Maria, 186 F.3d at 71. ", "It is true that\n\n 9 one section in Chapter 12 appears on the surface to use “request” and\n\n10 “application” interchangeably. ", "Compare § 1188(a)(2), with § 1188(e)(2). ", "But that\n\n11 provision involves issues that are far afield from Yang’s case. ", "By contrast, all of\n\n12 the other, relevant sections of Chapter 12 that contain both terms employ them\n\n13 differently. ", "In these sections, “application” refers to a formal submission by the\n\n14 noncitizen to the government for a substantive statutory benefit, such as asylum\n\n15 or naturalization, while “request” refers to a procedural right, such as a hearing,\n\n16 provided by either the government or a court. ", "See, e.g., § 1229c (referring to a\n\n17 noncitizen’s application for voluntary departure and a noncitizen’s request for a\n\n18 court order of voluntary departure); § 1446 (referring to a noncitizen’s\n\n\n\n 3\n\f 1 application for naturalization and her right to request that her application be\n\n 2 transferred to another district if she relocates); § 1447 (referring to a noncitizen’s\n\n 3 application for naturalization and her right to request a hearing if it is denied).", "\n\n 4 An “application” may subsume a request (or multiple requests); but the terms\n\n 5 are not equivalent. ", "Cf. § ", "1182(n)(1), (2) (referring to employer‐filed application to\n\n 6 the Secretary of Labor).", "\n\n\n 7 Of course, the Court’s interpretation of § 1158(a)(2)(D) would persevere\n\n 8 even if one were to read “application” and “request” to mean the same thing. ", "I\n\n 9 agree entirely with the Court, therefore, that rewriting § 1158(a)(2)(D) to refer to\n\n10 a “request” rather than an “application” would not make the provision claim‐\n\n11 specific. ", "A “request” for a specific thing, like an “application” for a specific\n\n12 thing, may have more than one underlying basis. ", "If in a criminal case you\n\n13 “request” a hearing to dismiss the indictment against you, the request can cover\n\n14 a variety of different grounds: Fifth or Sixth Amendment, say, as well as an\n\n15 alleged statutory violation, and so on. ", "The Court correctly points out that, in the\n\n16 same way, Yang may have made one “request” for asylum on multiple bases.", "\n\n\n\n\n 4\n\f1 So whether the terms “request” and “application” mean very slightly\n\n2 different things or the same thing, that would not lead to two different plausible\n\n3 interpretations of the clear text in this case.", "\n\n\n\n\n 5\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Upper Guadalupe River Authority\n\nThe Upper Guadalupe River Authority or UGRA was created in 1939 by the Texas Legislature as a quasi-governmental entity to manage the Guadalupe River as a water resource in Kerr County, Texas. ", " The authority is chartered with the mandate \"to control, develop, store, preserve and distribute\" the water resources of the Upper Guadalupe River watershed. ", " The organization is managed by a nine-person Board of Directors appointed to five-year terms by the Governor of Texas. ", " The UGRA is a taxing authority, and derives a portion of its funding from property taxes levied against residents of Kerr County. ", " The authority operates a Regional Water Testing Laboratory and a county-wide flood alert system, but does not operate any dams.", "\n\nSee also \n Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority\n List of Texas river authorities\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Government agencies established in 1939\nCategory:River authorities of Texas\nCategory:State agencies of Texas\nCategory:Kerr County, Texas\nCategory:1939 establishments in Texas" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.000639960402622819, 0.0006416802643798292, 0.000734962522983551, 0.006271846126765013, 0.0006531768594868481, 0.0005905412253923714 ]

[ "<?", "php\n/*\n * This file is part of PHPUnit.", "\n *\n * (c) Sebastian Bergmann <sebastian@phpunit.de>\n *\n * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE\n * file that was distributed with this source code.", "\n */\n\n/**\n * Constraint that asserts that the value it is evaluated for is of a\n * specified type.", "\n *\n * The expected value is passed in the constructor.", "\n *\n * @since Class available since Release 3.0.0\n */\nclass PHPUnit_Framework_Constraint_IsType extends PHPUnit_Framework_Constraint\n{\n const TYPE_ARRAY = 'array';\n const TYPE_BOOL = 'bool';\n const TYPE_FLOAT = 'float';\n const TYPE_INT = 'int';\n const TYPE_NULL = 'null';\n const TYPE_NUMERIC = 'numeric';\n const TYPE_OBJECT = 'object';\n const TYPE_RESOURCE = 'resource';\n const TYPE_STRING = 'string';\n const TYPE_SCALAR = 'scalar';\n const TYPE_CALLABLE = 'callable';\n\n /**\n * @var array\n */\n protected $types = array(\n 'array' => true,\n 'boolean' => true,\n 'bool' => true,\n 'double' => true,\n 'float' => true,\n 'integer' => true,\n 'int' => true,\n 'null' => true,\n 'numeric' => true,\n 'object' => true,\n 'real' => true,\n 'resource' => true,\n 'string' => true,\n 'scalar' => true,\n 'callable' => true\n );\n\n /**\n * @var string\n */\n protected $type;\n\n /**\n * @param string $type\n *\n * @throws PHPUnit_Framework_Exception\n */\n public function __construct($type)\n {\n parent::__construct();\n\n if (!", "isset($this->types[$type])) {\n throw new PHPUnit_Framework_Exception(\n sprintf(\n 'Type specified for PHPUnit_Framework_Constraint_IsType <%s> ' .", "\n 'is not a valid type.',", "\n $type\n )\n );\n }\n\n $this->type = $type;\n }\n\n /**\n * Evaluates the constraint for parameter $other. ", "Returns true if the\n * constraint is met, false otherwise.", "\n *\n * @param mixed $other Value or object to evaluate.", "\n *\n * @return bool\n */\n protected function matches($other)\n {\n switch ($this->type) {\n case 'numeric':\n return is_numeric($other);\n\n case 'integer':\n case 'int':\n return is_integer($other);\n\n case 'double':\n case 'float':\n case 'real':\n return is_float($other);\n\n case 'string':\n return is_string($other);\n\n case 'boolean':\n case 'bool':\n return is_bool($other);\n\n case 'null':\n return is_null($other);\n\n case 'array':\n return is_array($other);\n\n case 'object':\n return is_object($other);\n\n case 'resource':\n return is_resource($other) || is_string(@get_resource_type($other));\n\n case 'scalar':\n return is_scalar($other);\n\n case 'callable':\n return is_callable($other);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns a string representation of the constraint.", "\n *\n * @return string\n */\n public function toString()\n {\n return sprintf(\n 'is of type \"%s\"',\n $this->type\n );\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "QA output created by 074\nFormatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=1073741824\n=== IO: pattern 102\nwrote 512/512 bytes at offset 512\n512 bytes, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)\nqemu-img: Error while reading offset 0 of blkdebug:TEST_DIR/blkdebug.conf:TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT: Input/output error\n4\nFormatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=1073741824\nFormatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.2', fmt=IMGFMT size=0\n=== IO: pattern 102\nwrote 512/512 bytes at offset 512\n512 bytes, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)\nqemu-img: Error while reading offset 0 of blkdebug:TEST_DIR/blkdebug.conf:TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT: Input/output error\nWarning: Image size mismatch!", "\n4\nCleanup\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0011677364818751812, 0.0008711277623660862 ]

[ "Bisphosphonates to prevent skeletal complications in men with metastatic prostate cancer.", "\nThe literature on clinical trials of bisphosphonates in men with metastatic prostate cancer is reviewed to familiarize the reader with biology of bone metastases and rationale for use of bisphosphonates. ", "A MEDLINE review of the literature on prostate cancer and bisphosphonates was performed. ", "In uncontrolled clinical trials bisphosphonates improved pain and analgesic scores in men with symptomatic bone metastases. ", "In a randomized controlled trial of men with bone metastases and progressive disease after first line hormonal therapy zoledronic acid decreased the skeletal related events, a composite end point defined as fracture, surgery or radiation therapy to bone, or change in antineoplastic therapy for bone pain. ", "Randomized controlled trials with other bisphosphonates reported no significant benefit in men with bone metastases. ", "Problems with the study populations, drug bioavailability and potency, statistical power and end point definition may have contributed to the negative results of these other studies. ", "Zoledronic acid decreases the risk of skeletal related events in men with bone metastases and disease progression after first line hormonal therapy. ", "Additional clinical research is needed to evaluate the optimal timing, schedule and duration of bisphosphonate treatment in men with metastatic prostate cancer. ", "Additional research is also necessary to determine whether bisphosphonates can prevent bone metastases in men with high risk nonmetastatic prostate cancer." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.02228628098964691, 0.0009083754848688841, 0.0009626894607208669, 0.0032325400970876217, 0.0009657627088017762, 0.0017850464209914207, 0.0006388452602550387, 0.0018526827916502953, 0.0010038998443633318, 0.002258857013657689 ]

[ "\"What did you say?\" \"", "Oh, you heard me.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Keep up, slowpoke.\" \"", "Well, hey, I don't know what you're talking about.\" \"", "You're so lonesome, Sam.\" \"", "I saw it in your eyes last night at the lake.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "It was dark, you did not.\" \"", "Did too.\" \"", "You're carrying that secret like a 2-ton sack of feed on your back.\" \"", "It doesn't have to be that way.\" \"", "Secret.\" \"", "What secret?\" \"", "Fibber.\" \"", "I ain't in the mood tonight, little girl.\" \"", "Daphne?\" \"", "Daphne?\" \"", "Well, hey.\" \"", "Hey, your own self.\" \"", "Jesus Christ!\" \"", "Jesus Christ, you-- You\" \" You\" \" You're\" \"Shapeshifter, and proud of it.\" \"", "How'd you--?\" \"", "How did you find out about me?\" \"", "Last night in the woods?\" \"", "I watched a dog jump in the water and it came up you.\" \"", "Isn't this great?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Yeah, it's-- It's pretty great.\" \"", "You're not alone anymore.\" \"", "Oh, crap.\" \"", "Hand me my drawers.\" \"", "Hey, Terry.\" \"", "Arlene.\" \"", "Hey, Sam.\" \"", "Daphne.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Good party.\" \"", "Yup.\" \"", "Um, later, darling.\" \"", "Mwah.\" \"", "Oh, wait\" \"Wait.\" \"", "It's in the air, I guess.\" \"", "Yeah, looks like it.\" \"", "See you at work.\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "Come on, special lady.\" \"", "Daphne?\" \"", "Wait!\" \"", "Oh, shit, she's following me.\" \"", "Oh, shit, oh, shit.\" \"", "What the fuck are you?\" \"", "Go away, just don't hurt me.\" \"", "I am the last person you should be afraid of.\" \"", "Pleased to make your acquaintance.\" \"", "Sookie Stackhouse.\" \"", "Gotta go.\" \"", "We have to talk about this.\" \"", "We don't.\" \"", "Have a good evening, sir.\" \"", "Well, excuse you.\" \"", "Don't do that.\" \"", "He didn't hear.\" \"", "He's glamoured, can't you tell?\" \"", "Listen.\" \"", "His mind's full of fog and disco music.\" \"", "By the way, they can't glamour me.\" \"", "Can they glamour you?\" \"", "No, but I fake it.\" \"", "You ever hear any vampire thoughts?\" \"", "God, no.\" \"", "Don't even say that out loud.\" \"", "Uh, I didn't.\" \"", "Listen, I don't know what little fried corn-on-the-cob town you're from, or what candy-ass vampires you're with, but this is Dallas, baby.\" \"", "You watch your tone of voice.\" \"", "And don't you call me \"baby.\"\" \"", "Dallas vamps are serious and scary as shit.\" \"", "Mine are too, thank you very much.\" \"", "I had to learn pretty quick how to handle myself around them.\" \"", "If they knew what we could do, they'd suck us dry.\" \"", "They'd do worse than that.\" \"", "You think I don't know?\" \"", "That's why we need to swap stories.\" \"", "We can help each other.\" \"", "I don't want any help.\" \"", "Just forget about it.\" \"", "You can't tell anybody about me, please.\" \"", "Jessica, we discussed this.\" \"", "All I did was order him off the menu.\" \"", "You didn't say not to order off the menu.\" \"", "I would no more allow you to feed on that young man than to watch the pornography on television.\" \"", "Porno?\" \"", "Jessica....\" \"Hey, Sookie, there's dirty movies on TV.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "Yuck.\" \"", "To your room, please.\" \"", "Tru Blood.\" \"", "You are going to be sorry when I get an eating disorder.\" \"", "Private!\" \"", "Keep out!\" \"", "Sookie, where have you been?\" \"", "I was asking the bellboy, if there's a candy machine, what's a continental breakfast...?\" \"", "You cannot wander off on your own.\" \"", "The situation here is more complicated than we thought.\" \"", "We don't know nearly enough about the Dallas vampires.\" \"", "They can't touch me.\" \"", "I'm yours.\" \"", "Every single part of me.\" \"", "Completely and totally yours.\" \"", "I'm don't think it matters to them, sweetheart.\" \"", "As long as it matters to you.\" \"", "Sookie, Sookie, Sookie.\" \"", "Tell me you understand.\" \"", "Promise me you'll do as I say, not because I say it, but for your own sake.\" \"", "Bill, I've known since the airport that we're up to our necks in a big old vampire mess again.\" \"", "I don't want to get beat up or dead,\" \"I'm not gonna do anything stupid.\" \"", "Is this room secure, do you think?\" \"", "Yeah, I believe so.\" \"", "But\" \"Then, honey, for a little while, let's not worry.\" \"", "We have something to be happy about.\" \"", "I don't think so.\" \"", "Yes, we do.\" \"", "We're in a vampire hotel.\" \"", "It's light-tight.\" \"", "For the very first time,\" \"you don't have to leave me alone in bed at dawn.\" \"", "I forgot about that.\" \"", "I didn't.\" \"", "My only desire is to keep you safe.\" \"", "Your only desire?\" \"", "Well... no.\" \"", "You're talking to the man.\" \"", "Hoyt?\" \"", "Hoyt Fortenberry?\" \"", "Yeah, who's this?\" \"", "Jessica Hamby.\" \"", "Maybe you don't remember me.\" \"", "Jessica.\" \"", "Oh, my Lord.\" \"", "I remember you, all right.\" \"", "I can't stop thinking about you.\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "I mean, really-really?\" \"", "Really-really, and then some more.\" \"", "Hoyt!\" \"", "Can you hang on?\" \"", "Who the heck is calling you at this time of night?\" \"", "It's a girl, isn't it?\" \"", "I know it's a girl.\" \"", "Well, you tell her it's not decent or ladylike to\" \"How dare you lock the door on me in my own house?\" \"", "So where were we?\" \"", "Well, you were telling me how you couldn't stop thinking about me, and, well,\" \"I can't op thinking about you.\" \"", "And I'm all bored here in Dallas.\" \"", "You want to watch TV together long-distance?\" \"", "Or I could tell you about my comic book.\" \"", "Well, we could do both.\" \"", "I mean, I would just love that.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "So it's called Space Tomb.\" \"", "And this time they're on the planet Historion\" \"Sea Leopard's just pitching a fit.\" \"", "Get up!\" \"", "Get up!\" \"", "Get up!\" \"", "I said get up.\" \"", "Put on your sweats.\" \"", "What's happening?\" \"", "Come on, let's haul your butt outside, you pansy fangbanger.\" \"", "Let's go!\" \"", "God!\" \"", "My God, that's right.\" \"", "Rise and shine for God!\" \"", "Come on, let's go.\" \"", "Move, move, move!\" \"", "Stand up straight.\" \"", "Make a line you can be proud of.\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"", "You're supposed to be leadership material.\" \"", "Mrs. Newlin?\" \"", "I know you're wondering what this is all about.\" \"", "Well, God needs your obedience, God needs your will and your faith.\" \"", "And in due time, all will be revealed to you.\" \"", "Uh, could somebody reveal a bathroom?\" \"", "Because I really need one.\" \"", "Sorry, not till you've earned it.\" \"", "Jumping jacks, everyone.\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"", "Maximum effort.\" \"", "You too good for this, Stackhouse?\" \"", "I'm telling you right now,\" \"I want to see a change in your attitude.\" \"", "I want to see command presence.\" \"", "You don't want to do the Lord's work?\" \"", "You feel like walking away?\" \"", "Go ahead.\" \"", "You stay, you drop and give me 30.\" \"", "I said give me 30!\" \"", "I'll tell you when you can laugh, you pissant little sinner.\" \"", "Give me 50.\" \"", "Start pushing.\" \"", "Anyone else?\" \"", "That the best you ladies can do?\" \"", "You disgust me, all of you!\" \"", "Pitiful!\" \"", "I pray Jesus isn't watching this crap today.\" \"", "Hey, come back.\" \"", "I'm here.\" \"", "I'm right here with you.\" \"", "I was just thinking about Sookie's gran.\" \"", "She was like my real mom.\" \"", "Such a good person.\" \"", "Truly good, through and through.\" \"", "What would she think of me?\" \"", "Oh, she'd like you.\" \"", "She did appreciate a handsome man.\" \"", "Well, I wish I could've met her.\" \"", "Me too.\" \"", "She made this house the one place in the world I felt safe.\" \"", "And now I'm gonna live here.\" \"", "Happy day after your birthday.\" \"", "It was the only good one I ever had, because of you.\" \"", "The first of many, Tara Mae.\" \"", "This is a continental breakfast?\" \"", "What's wrong with it?\" \"", "I just thought it would be more... continental.\" \"", "Well, the danishes are Danish.\" \"", "And they're free.\" \"", "Free?\" \"", "I didn't know that.\" \"", "Would it be all right if I--?\" \"", "Yeah, whatever.\" \"", "Now, Barry, let's get to it.\" \"", "Why won't you just leave me alone?\" \"", "Because I've never met another telepath, have you?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "And don't say that word.\" \"", "It's what you are.\" \"", "Nobody else knows what it's like to be us.\" \"", "We need to stick together.\" \"", "It's nothing to be ashamed of.\" \"", "Yes, it is.\" \"", "My life is shit.\" \"", "I can't do anything normal people do.\" \"", "If I'm not around a bunch of vampires, I can't hardly think.\" \"", "I used to feel exactly the same.\" \"", "Like I had a disability.\" \"", "More like a curse.\" \"", "But lately, since I met my boyfriend, it seems like telepathy can come in handy sometimes.\" \"", "You can even make a little money.\" \"", "I'm starting to see it in a whole new way.\" \"", "Then you're even crazier than I am.\" \"", "Ow, Brazilian wax.\" \"", "Feels like that bitch ripped out my female organs.\" \"", "Get a vamp to pay for laser.\" \"", "Somebody bite me.\" \"", "Concentrate.\" \"", "Shut her out.\" \"", "Concentrate so hard your hair hurts, till everything goes quiet.\" \"", "Concentrate-- Quit!\" \"", "Do you know if Hotel Carmillais hiring?\" \"", "There wasn't anybody at the desk.\" \"", "No, ma'am, we're fully staffed, but you can fill out an application.\" \"", "We'll keep it on file.\" \"", "Come with me.\" \"", "You can control it.\" \"", "I wish it was true.\" \"", "Barry, it is.\" \"", "I can teach you how.\" \"", "There's enough people in my brain already.\" \"", "You're on your own.\" \"", "Right this way.\" \"", "I dreamed you were gone.\" \"", "You did?\" \"", "That's funny, because I was.\" \"", "Sookie...\" \"It was only for a few minutes.\" \"", "I had to.\" \"", "Bill, it's the most amazing thing.\" \"", "I met another telepath.\" \"", "He's not very nice and he's not very good at it.\" \"", "But, oh, it's wonderful knowing there's somebody besides me.\" \"", "You made him aware of your gift after everything I've said?\" \"", "Not on purpose.\" \"", "We were in each other's heads before we knew it.\" \"", "I thought you'd be happy for me.\" \"", "The more people know what you do, the harder it is for me to protect you.\" \"", "He can't even admit what he is to himself.\" \"", "He's not gonna do any talking about me.\" \"", "You can't be sure.\" \"", "Yes, I can.\" \"", "I'm good at this.\" \"", "Look, if all I'm supposed to do in Dallas is shut up and take orders,\" \"I might as well be slinging beers at Merlotte's.\" \"", "You're the one who told me I was more than a waitress.\" \"", "You are.\" \"", "But-- What?\" \"", "Never mind.\" \"", "Talk to me.\" \"", "Lean on me.\" \"", "I've leaned on you plenty.\" \"", "Well, here I am, responsible for you and Jessica, and yet no decisions are mine and it makes me feel...\" \"Like a human?\" \"", "Like a waitress.\" \"", "You're walking in my shoes and it's giving you blisters.\" \"", "Eric is strangely intense about all this.\" \"", "It's not like him.\" \"", "I don't trust it.\" \"", "Don't you worry about Eric.\" \"", "We'll do the job and go home.\" \"", "A deal's a deal.\" \"", "Sookie, you know what he's like.\" \"", "What's it to him to break a contract with a girl?\" \"", "A woman.\" \"", "He needs me.\" \"", "He won't want to make me mad.\" \"", "I can't lose you.\" \"", "You never will.\" \"", "Hope you're enjoying that Co-Cola, Arlene.\" \"", "Well, thank you, Daphne, I am.\" \"", "Because unlike you, I actually did my closing prep last night.\" \"", "I'd appreciate it if you gave me a hand, just for today.\" \"", "Then you'll never learn.\" \"", "Now, some people around here might let you slide on by, but I'm thinking about your future as a server.\" \"", "That's real generous.\" \"", "Don't forget to make the iced tea.\" \"", "Hey, good-looking.\" \"", "Hey... you.\" \"", "Terry, could you make the iced tea for me, please?\" \"", "Uh...\" \"Don't you do it.\" \"", "Please?\" \"", "Uh...\" \"You better not.\" \"", "See what you did?\" \"", "Mean old freckle-face redheaded witch.\" \"", "God morning, Daphne.\" \"", "Back at you, boss.\" \"", "Hey, why'd you take off last night?\" \"", "I looked everywhere for you.\" \"", "I just went for a little run.\" \"", "You know, I always seem to need one after a shift.\" \"", "Hey, me too.\" \"", "I reckon you had all you could handle for one night anyway.\" \"", "I reckon you underestimate me.\" \"", "Guess we'll find out.\" \"", "When?\" \"", "Soon.\" \"", "Better be.\" \"", "Lafayette!\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "Terry, Lafayette's back!\" \"", "Thank God, brother.\" \"", "Thank God.\" \"", "Can we talk?\" \"", "Where the fuck have you been?\" \"", "Couldn't pick up a damn phone?\" \"", "Sorry.\" \"", "Well, sorry's not good enough.\" \"", "Not only did you leave us high and dry, but there are people here who give a shit about you.\" \"", "We didn't know if you were alive or dead.\" \"", "Hey, ordinarily, uh, right about now, you'd be telling me to fuck off in some colorful and creative way.\" \"", "Well, you want to talk, do some talking.\" \"", "Sam... all I want to know is, can I have my job back?\" \"", "I ought to tell you to fuck off.\" \"", "All that pressure in the kitchen just about put Terry back in the VA hospital.\" \"", "Yeah, of course you can have your job back.\" \"", "The place ain't the same without you.\" \"", "Thank you, Sam.\" \"", "Hey, Lafayette.\" \"", "What happened to you?\" \"", "It's midnight.\" \"", "You're out of ammo.\" \"", "You got five hungry vampires snapping at your ass.\" \"", "What are you gonna do?\" \"", "What are you gonna do?\" \"", "Run.\" \"", "Run fast.\" \"", "Whoa, whoa, get up.\" \"", "You gotta keep going.\" \"", "You have five hungry, snapping vampires.\" \"", "Fuck it, I hate this, I just want to be a bank teller again.\" \"", "That's fine, dude.\" \"", "Let the vampires chew you up.\" \"", "You're not good enough to lead for the Lord.\" \"", "That's how you do it, Stackhouse.\" \"", "You better pace yourself.\" \"", "This is my pace.\" \"", "Whoo!\" \"", "Asshole.\" \"", "Are you still here?\" \"", "Or did you come back?\" \"", "Karl and I slept over.\" \"", "Don't you remember?\" \"", "Maybe not.\" \"", "You were having a very nice time.\" \"", "Maybe not.\" \"", "What's all this?\" \"", "Oh, looks like we need a place to stay.\" \"", "Stay today?\" \"", "Stay tonight?\" \"", "Uh...\" \"little while.\" \"", "But you have your own home.\" \"", "That's not mine.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "It belongs to one of my clients.\" \"", "He was out of the country, but he's back this morning.\" \"", "I'm sure I told you, no?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "You\" \" You didn't.\" \"", "Hm.\" \"", "Look, I\" \" I hate to tell you this, but this isn't gonna work.\" \"", "But I assumed\" \"And we've all been so happy living together, that you'd want to have us close.\" \"", "Maryann, I'm a guest here myself.\" \"", "I can't be having a houseful of people Sookie doesn't even know.\" \"", "She wouldn't mind.\" \"", "You explain how much we mean to you.\" \"", "Don't get me wrong, I couldn't be more grateful for everything you've done.\" \"", "But I don't feel right about this.\" \"", "You can't move in.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "I see.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Did you know Maryann wants us all to be roommates here?\" \"", "No, cool.\" \"", "I guess that other guy came back from Peru.\" \"", "No, not cool.\" \"", "Not gonna happen.\" \"", "I just moved in.\" \"", "Okay, fine, we can go somewhere else, if that's how you feel.\" \"", "That's all you got to say?\" \"", "Relax.\" \"", "It's no big deal.\" \"", "What are you--?\" \"", "What are you, nomads?\" \"", "Fucking Bedouins?\" \"", "We move around a little bit.\" \"", "Nothing wrong with that.\" \"", "Nothing except I didn't know.\" \"", "You could've told me.\" \"", "Who cares?\" \"", "I mean, what matters is being with the people you love.\" \"", "Well, other things matter too.\" \"", "Like knowing the truth about people you love.\" \"", "So while we're on the subject, what exactly is your thing with Maryann?\" \"", "Well, when I was ready to lay down and die, she lifted me up, same as she did you.\" \"", "Now you follow her wherever she goes?\" \"", "I'm not her dog, if that's what you're trying to say.\" \"", "And why all of a sudden are you so paranoid about Maryann?\" \"", "Because I'm trying not to be a fool.\" \"", "You know what this is really about?\" \"", "Your history's so fucked up, you have no clue what family is.\" \"", "That's not fair.\" \"", "I do have a clue.\" \"", "Sort of.\" \"", "Kind of.\" \"", "Who gives a damn about a house?\" \"", "Maryann, Karl and me, we take care of each other.\" \"", "We took care of you.\" \"", "That's family, Tara.\" \"", "How are we gonna work on our defensive tactics if we can't even climb a fence?\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"", "Next, come on.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Get up there, get up there.\" \"", "Let's go, come on.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "You should have paced yourself.\" \"", "If you're lying down, you better be dead.\" \"", "Stand up.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Why do you embarrass me?\" \"", "Why do you straight-out embarrass me?\" \"", "What's your name, failure?\" \"", "Luke.\" \"", "It's Luke.\" \"", "Well, Luke, your entire family has been ambushed by vampires, and they're bleeding to death on the other side of this fence.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Yeah, they are.\" \"", "Your mama and daddy are drowning in buckets of their own blood calling your name.\" \"", "It's gonna be over in 30 seconds.\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"", "Nice work, Luke.\" \"", "They're gone.\" \"", "Massacred.\" \"", "You'll never see them again and it's your own damn fault.\" \"", "Stay right there.\" \"", "I tried.\" \"", "Now what are you gonna you do?\" \"", "He's a big fat loser.\" \"", "He's brought shame on himself, shame on you and shame on his religion.\" \"", "What's a real leader gonna do?\" \"", "Just get rid of me.\" \"", "Just leave me.\" \"", "Up to you.\" \"", "Luke, look at me.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "It's only a damn fence.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "I got you, brother.\" \"", "It's not too late.\" \"", "You're gonna save your family.\" \"", "Now that's a freaking soldier of God.\" \"", "Good job.\" \"", "Good job, Jason.\" \"", "Praise His light.\" \"", "Whoo!\" \"", "Whoo!\" \"", "Good work!\" \"", "Next!\" \"", "Let's go, let's go.\" \"", "Come on, guys.\" \"", "You should have told me Eric hired a fucking human, Isabel.\" \"", "Now, wait just a minute.\" \"", "Respect her.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "I couldn't tell you, Stan.\" \"", "You've been off on your own for days.\" \"", "Are you certain Godric was abducted by the Fellowship of the Sun?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "They're the only ones with the organization and manpower.\" \"", "But they're amateurs.\" \"", "It doesn't make any sense.\" \"", "This is Godric we're talking about, 2000 years old.\" \"", "Old don't make you smart.\" \"", "Besides, there's no proof.\" \"", "If they've got him, I'll hear it.\" \"", "That's my job.\" \"", "There's no reason to wait.\" \"", "We need to take these fanatics down.\" \"", "Full-out attack.\" \"", "Exterminate them like the vermin they are, leave no trace.\" \"", "Hm, vampire-hating church annihilated.\" \"", "Wonder who did it?\" \"", "Fucking brilliant.\" \"", "I doubt the King of Texas would approve the destruction of our international political agenda.\" \"", "Fuck that.\" \"", "The great revelation is the biggest mistake we ever made.\" \"", "Don't use Godric to make your own little power play.\" \"", "You're completely incompetent!\" \"", "What's happened to Godric that he surrounds himself with clowns?\" \"", "We invited you as a courtesy.\" \"", "This is not your territory.\" \"", "You have no voice here.\" \"", "Yeah, sheriff.\" \"", "Why don't you run on back down to Louisiana.\" \"", "We don't need you or your puppets.\" \"", "Oh, I'm not going anywhere.\" \"", "And I'm nobody's puppet.\" \"", "What we need is a plan.\" \"", "I have a plan.\" \"", "It's not a plan, it's a movie.\" \"", "It's not a movie, it's a war.\" \"", "Idiots.\" \"", "I'm in the middle of something...\" \"I know.\" \"...", "you can't come in here in front of my people.\" \"", "Well, I want to talk to you about it.\" \"", "I've got to get them to respect me\" \"Steve, we are supposed to be partners.\" \"", "We are partners.\" \"", "Then why does Gabe always know more than I do?\" \"", "I don't have time for this.\" \"", "You mean you don't have time for me.\" \"", "This is very valuable information, Gabe.\" \"", "It's excellent work.\" \"", "I told both of you, I don't care for this.\" \"", "You're going too darn far.\" \"", "Thank you, Reverend Newlin.\" \"", "I'll, uh, put things in motion.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "You don't listen to me at all anymore.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Jason!\" \"", "Oh, uh, you wanted me?\" \"", "Yes!\" \"", "You were fantastic today.\" \"", "Steve, he was such a warrior.\" \"", "So you said.\" \"", "I'm impressed.\" \"", "You're rising to the next level recruit\" \"I am?\" \"", "What's that?\" \"", "Come take a little walk with me.\" \"", "I'll go too.\" \"", "We got it, honey.\" \"", "I'm going to show you something that very few people have seen.\" \"", "Man to man?\" \"", "Sometimes I almost understand why some people believe in divorce.\" \"", "But you got Sarah.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I got her even when I don't want her.\" \"", "Oh, you know I'm just kidding.\" \"", "All right, you ready?\" \"", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "Light of Day Institute Research and Development.\" \"", "Holy sh\" \"Holiness!\" \"", "Yeah. ", "we're not exactly sure yet of all the ways to take them out.\" \"", "At first, we just focused on the guns, but then we thought, well, hey, what's a wooden arrow?\" \"", "Well, it's an itty-bitty stake.\" \"", "That's right, Jason.\" \"", "An itty-bitty stake to drive through a vampire's dead, rotten heart at 324 feet per second.\" \"", "And that's all she wrote.\" \"", "I got silver bullets, silver bullets with holy water, wooden bullets.\" \"", "We talked about those.\" \"", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "A flamethrower.\" \"", "Whoa, man!\" \"", "Silver throwing stars.\" \"", "Now, that I wouldn't have thought of.\" \"", "Ho-wah!\" \"", "Decapitation might work, so we got a guillotine on order, just in case.\" \"", "What--?\" \"", "Oh, that's, uh\" \"Machine like a giant razor.\" \"", "Cuts the heads right off.\" \"", "Yeah, I bet that'd do it, all right.\" \"", "There's one good thing about having these hell beasts among us we'll find better ways to kill the\" \"Amen.\" \"", "Amen.\" \"", "Keep it running.\" \"", "We're not going in.\" \"", "You wanna give me your order, please?\" \"", "We already gave our orders to that other girl, twice.\" \"", "Sorry, she sucks.\" \"", "And what's wrong with that fool bartender?\" \"", "Where's our beers?\" \"", "Tara!\" \"", "You don't need any beers.\" \"", "Your butt's as big as a barn.\" \"", "Well, you look like you're pregnant.\" \"", "Nice of you to show up for work tonight.\" \"", "I said I was sorry.\" \"", "I would have got fired.\" \"", "Lucky you slept with the boss.\" \"", "Arlene!\" \"", "Tara, step up your game.\" \"", "We're way behind.\" \"", "Arlene, don't make me fire you for talking trash.\" \"", "You be nice to her, Sam.\" \"", "It's Tara's fault, anyway.\" \"", "What's my fault?\" \"", "Sleeping where you eat.\" \"", "Jesus Christ, Terry, what'd I ever do to you?\" \"", "You leave him alone and give me my beers!\" \"", "You know what?\" \"", "Here they are.\" \"", "Fuck you very much.\" \"", "Fuck you too.\" \"", "Okay, I'm gonna go just get my\" \"Oh!\" \"", "Son of a\" \"Go, Daphne.\" \"", "bitch!\" \"", "Oh, congratulations, Arlene.\" \"", "You're Merlotte's Best Waitress for Life.\" \"", "Quite frankly, I aim a little higher.\" \"", "Well, aim the plates for the tables, that's all I ask.\" \"", "I hope I'm nicer to the people when I'm your age.\" \"", "Tara, how freaking long do I have to wait for my 7 and 7, diet and rum, two Scotches and a screwdriver?\" \"", "You never gave me that order.\" \"", "Yes, I did.\" \"", "You just weren't paying attention.\" \"", "No, you weren't and yes, I was.\" \"", "Cos, what's the holdup on my tequila?\" \"", "You never asked me for a tequila\" \"You know I think Tara's on drugs.\" \"", "Tara, you high?\" \"", "Okay, I wish I was, the way everybody's dogging me.\" \"", "Tara.\" \"", "Fuck all y'all!\" \"", "We're done.\" \"", "Get on outta here.\" \"", "Bathtub's occupied.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "Sarah?\" \"", "Did I stay too long?\" \"", "Do you want me to leave?\" \"", "Please don't.\" \"", "I'll help you.\" \"", "Mary Magdalene washed the feet of Jesus... and dried them with her hair.\" \"", "Isn't that lovely?\" \"", "Yeah...but wasn't she, like...a hooker?\" \"", "She was not.\" \"", "Everybody thinks so, but that's not in the Bible.\" \"", "She admired Jesus, she loved him,\" \"and she wanted to show him.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "You don't mean it.\" \"", "No, I don't, but I ought to.\" \"", "Do you know what I think?\" \"", "I think that after all your trials, heartache and pain,\" \"God wants you to have a reward.\" \"", "Are you sure?\" \"", "Let me reward you, Jason.\" \"", "Let me help you find your way back to joy.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "We take them all out at once.\" \"", "Pre-emptive strike.\" \"", "Of course, so the federal government can bombs us back to the Middle Ages.\" \"", "Things were better then.\" \"", "Then go to Romania and live in a cave, you ranchero poser.\" \"", "Godric has protected you, made you rich, and you stand here spitting and scratching like infants.\" \"", "Don't any of you care that there's a traitor in your midst?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Impossible.\" \"", "Somebody tried to kidnap me from the airport.\" \"", "You were the only ones that knew she was coming.\" \"", "Explain.\" \"", "Unless it was you-- Unless it was you.\" \"", "Look, if y'all argue any more,\" \"I'll either fall asleep or start screaming, so this is we're gonna do:\" \"I will infiltrate the Fellowship of the Sun.\" \"", "Absolutely not.\" \"", "Let her speak.\" \"", "Bill glamoured the kidnapper, no one knows who I am.\" \"", "I'll pretend to join the church, and check out all their thoughts.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "During the day, none of us can help you.\" \"", "It'll only take a little while.\" \"", "Really, Bill.\" \"", "It's simple.\" \"", "Waste of time, when we could drink them all.\" \"", "I want no part of this.\" \"", "There's no easier way to find out if they're involved.\" \"", "If it leads us to Godric, we'll do it.\" \"", "The decision is made.\" \"", "A few words.\" \"", "So tell me, how goes your human-vampire relationship?\" \"", "You knew it would come to this.\" \"", "She was just clawed and poisoned by a creature we don't know and we can't find, and now, in Dallas, you're playing with her life.\" \"", "It's no game to me.\" \"", "All this for a colleague?\" \"", "For the Sheriff of Area Nine?\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "Godric is my maker.\" \"", "Thanks for helping me close.\" \"", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "I broke a lotta things today, it's the least I can do.\" \"", "I'm sure you'll make it up to me.\" \"", "I'm sure I will.\" \"", "Mm, nice, you run a little hot.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Everybody else is 98.6 but I'm always around 100, 101.\" \"", "Me too.\" \"", "It's a shifter thing.\" \"", "Yeah?\" \"", "I never knew.\" \"", "I can't believe I'm the first one you've ever met.\" \"", "I mean, we're not common, but we are out there.\" \"", "Ran into a few werewolves- -but nobody like us.\" \"", "What's it feel like when you change?\" \"", "Like sparks running all over my skin.\" \"", "Used to scare the shit out of me.\" \"", "Uh-huh, me too.\" \"", "But now it just feels awesome.\" \"", "Yeah, and there's-- There's sort of a build.\" \"", "Like, a pressure.\" \"", "Where does it start?\" \"", "Here?\" \"", "Maybe--?\" \"", "Maybe here?\" \"", "Probably here, because that\" \"That's where it hits me.\" \"", "Yeah, that's it.\" \"", "Right about there.\" \"", "And sparks start flying inside too.\" \"", "And you feel all lit up like a broke power cable.\" \"", "Or a Christmas tree.\" \"", "And then things just explode.\" \"", "Well, are you gonna say or should I?\" \"", "Say what?\" \"", "Nice rack.\" \"", "Nice balls.\" \"", "I have to ask a question.\" \"", "Human stuff.\" \"", "I'll wait for you at the elevator.\" \"", "Excuse me, is Barry the bellboy working tonight?\" \"", "No, I'm sorry, Barry quit today.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Oh, shoot.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "Are you waiting up for me?\" \"", "I guess I am.\" \"", "Rough night?\" \"", "Really rough.\" \"", "We looked at houses today.\" \"", "We didn't find anything, but don't worry, we'll be out by morning.\" \"", "I filled the fridge with your favorite things and I made you dinner.\" \"", "Don't go.\" \"", "I'll call Sookie.\" \"", "I want you to stay.\" \"", "You're so good to me.\" \"", "You know why I'm good to you?\" \"", "Because you need it so much.\" \"", "And because it makes you bloom like a flower.\" \"", "Look at you.\" \"", "The King of Sheba.\" \"", "Hey, baby.\" \"", "You saw them in the lair tonight.\" \"", "Despicable.\" \"", "Vicious, petty, vile creatures.\" \"", "You're different.\" \"", "You're not like them.\" \"", "Bill, you're not.\" \"", "You have a heart, whether it beats or not.\" \"", "You can love.\" \"", "There wasn't one other vampire there that could say the same.\" \"", "Let's slip away back to Bon Temps right now.\" \"", "Let them devour each other and leave us alone.\" \"", "You know we can't do that.\" \"", "Stan's as nutty as a fruitcake and I gave my word to Eric.\" \"", "If anything happens to you in that church\" \"Don't say it.\" \"", "Don't even think it.\" \"", "I'll be in and out, easy-peasy.\" \"", "Oh, Bill.\" \"", "It's been a long night.\" \"", "Don't feel like you have to\" \"Quit talking crazy.\" \"", "I just meant I would be satisfied to simply hold you.\" \"", "Well, I would not be satisfied.\" \"", "Not one bit.\" \"", "Then what do you want, Sookie?\" \"", "Say it.\" \"", "I want you.\" \"", "Every which way.\" \"", "I just...want you.\" \"", "Oh, Bill.\" \"", "Mode: iToch (Gil Levi) For Qsubs.co.il And for:\" \"SubsCenter.", "Org True Blood S02 E05\"" ]

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[ "Hedgehog signaling pathway affects the sensitivity of hepatoma cells to drug therapy through the ABCC1 transporter.", "\nThe poor response to drug therapy often seen in hepatocellular carcinoma requires insight into the molecular interplay responsible for intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. ", "We previously demonstrated that the CD133-/EpCAM- subpopulation of the Huh-7 hepatoma cell line features aberrant activation of the hedgehog signaling (Hh) pathway and chemoresistance. ", "The prevailing hypothesis of the present study is that hedgehog signaling may govern expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which are responsible for drug resistance in the CD133-/EpCAM- subpopulation. ", "Our aim is to reveal the molecular interplay in the mediation of drug resistance with a newly established Huh-7 subpopulation featuring high Hh signaling activity and drug resistance. ", "In this study, chemoresistance was determined in a newly established Huh-7-DN subpopulation featuring the CD133-/EpCAM- surface marker profile, aberrant expression of Hh pathway, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). ", "Expression of ABC transporter proteins (ABCB1, ABCC1, and ABCG2) and Hh transcription factor Gli-1/2 was evaluated with and without Hh signaling antagonists LDE225 or itraconazole. ", "We found that hedgehog signaling activity as determined by transfection with a Gli-Lux reporter cassette and gene expression levels tended to increase from Huh-7 CD133+/EpCAM+ to CD133-/EpCAM-, and the highest levels were found in Huh-7-DN cells. ", "The Huh-7-DN subpopulation exhibited characteristics of EMT as evidenced by increased expression of vimentin and loss of E-cadherin. ", "Sorafenib significantly inhibited the viability of all subpopulations except the Huh-7-DN subpopulation. ", "Compared with other sorafenib-sensitive subpopulations, the Huh-7-DN subpopulation showed enhanced expression of Hh transcription factor Gli-2 and ABCC1 transporter protein. ", "Silencing Gli-2 by lentivirus harboring shRNA against Gli-2 or LDE225 significantly suppressed expression of Gli-2 and ABCC1 genes in Huh-7-DN subpopulation. ", "In conclusion, aberrant hedgehog signaling activation is linked to poor differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and chemoresistance in the Huh-7-DN subpopulation. ", "Hedgehog signaling transcription factor Gli-2 appears to be the primary regulator for drug sensitivity of hepatoma through the ABCC1 transporter." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWPF: Access XAML objects/shapes/path declared using C#\n\nI'm a newbie in WPF and I would like to ask if it's possible to access my WPF ojects using C#.", "\nHere is a line of code from WPF:\n<Path x:Name=\"layout1\"\n Fill=\"Red\" Stretch=\"Fill\" Stroke=\"Red\"\n HorizontalAlignment=\"Left\" Margin=\"374.714,140.786,0,0\"\n VerticalAlignment=\"Top\" Width=\"116.215\" Height=\"109.571\"\n Data=\"M374.71429,204.14286 L387.07172,249.357 489.9328,157.92762 451.36006,140.78486 428.50213,157.92762 409.21576,173.64206 390.6437,189.35651 z\"\n />\n\nHow would I access 'layout1' (using C#) in such a way that I could change its visibility into 'hidden'?", "\n\nA:\n\nVery simple:\nprivate void Window_Loaded(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)\n{\n layout1.Visibility = System.", "Windows.", "Visibility.", "Hidden;\n}\n\nin any code-behind method.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Intramolecular rearrangements in six-coordinate ruthenium and iron dihydrides.", "\nMolecular orbital calculations at the ab initio level are used to study polytopal rearrangements in H2Ru(PH3)4 and H2Fe(CO)4 as models of 18-electron, octahedral metal dihydrides. ", "It is found that, in both cases, the transition state for these rearrangements is a dihydrogen species. ", "For H2Fe(CO)4, this is a square pyramidal complex where the H2 ligand occupies an apical position and is rotated by 45 degrees from its original orientation. ", "This is precisely analogous to the transition state for Fe-olefin rotation in (olefin)Fe(CO)4 complexes and has a very similar electronic origin. ", "Another transition state very close in energy is found wherein the basic coordination geometry is a trigonal bipyramid and the H2 ligand is coordinated in the axial position. ", "For H2Ru(PH3)4, the former stationary point lies at a much higher energy and the latter clearly serves as the transition state for hydride exchange. ", "The reason for this difference is discussed along with the roles of electron correlation in the two compounds." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors induce COX-2 gene expression in murine macrophages: role of MAPK cascades and promoter elements for CREB and C/EBPbeta.", "\nExcept functioning as lipid-lowering agents, HMG-CoA inhibitors, statins, are good tools to clarify the signaling role of small G proteins. ", "In this study, we found in murine RAW264.7 macrophages, statins within 1-30 microM stimulated COX-2 gene transcription and PGE(2) formation, displaying potencies as lovastatin > fluvastatin > atorvastatin >> pravastatin. ", "Transfection experiments with COX-2 promoter construct showed the necessity of C/EBPbeta and CRE promoter sites, but not NF-kappaB promoter site. ", "Effects of statins on the activation of COX-2 promoter, induction of COX-2 protein, and PGE(2) production were all prevented by mevalonate and prenylated metabolites, FPP and GGPP. ", "Consistent with the effect of statins, manumycin A, farnesyltransferase inhibitor, and geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitor increased PGE(2) production and COX-2 induction. ", "Likewise, toxin B, an inhibitor of Rho family members, caused a prominent COX-2 induction. ", "Results also indicated that tyrosine kinase, ERK, and p38 MAPK play essential roles in statin action. ", "Taken together, these results not only demonstrate a unique action of statins in the upregulation of COX-2 expression in macrophages, but also suggest a negative role controlled by small G proteins in COX-2 gene regulation. ", "Removal of this negative control by impairing G protein prenylation with statins leads to MAPKs activation and promotes COX-2 gene expression through the activation at CRE and C/EBPbeta sites." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The Dispatch E-Edition\n\nAll current subscribers have full access to Digital D, which includes the E-Edition and\nunlimited premium content on Dispatch.com, BuckeyeXtra.com, BlueJacketsXtra.com and\nDispatchPolitics.com.", "\nSubscribe\ntoday!", "\n\nMore Articles\n\nView SlideshowRequest to buy this photoEamon Queeney | DISPATCHMary Davis, a research associate at Ohio State University’s Byrd Polar Research Center, holds an ice core from the Quelccaya Ice Cap in Peru.", "\n\nTwin columns of ancient ice carefully carved from a remote South American glacier are revealing\na year-by-year tropical-climate history over nearly two millennia.", "\n\nLike rings in a tree trunk, regular layers of ice and dust trapped in the two ice cores offer\nthe longest and most clearly defined record of annual changes in ocean temperatures and\nprecipitation in that region of the globe, according to Ohio State University researchers who\nbrought the cores to Columbus.", "\n\nThese cores promise to help researchers around the world refine the various measuring sticks\nthey use to track climate change.", "\n\n“I don’t think we’ll find another site on this planet with that resolution,” OSU climatologist\nLonnie Thompson said by phone from India. “", "The time scale there is tremendous.”", "\n\nThompson and his wife and colleague, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, a distinguished professor of\ngeography and director of the Byrd Polar Research Center, removed the cores from the Quelccaya Ice\nCap in Peru in 2003.", "\n\nThe Thompsons realized that the Peruvian cores were similar to ice cores they had retrieved from\nTibet and the Himalayas. ", "When they found matches in ice cores taken from opposite sides of Earth,\nthey knew they had “Rosetta Stones” with which to compare other climate histories from tropical and\nsubtropical regions. ", "The cores, which show unprecedented detail dating back 1,800 years, will help\nlink past climate changes around the globe, they said.", "\n\nHigher concentrations of chlorides found in the Peruvian ice in the 1790s also were found in ice\ntaken from the Himalayas. ", "They might correspond to widespread monsoon failures reported in Asia\nduring that period.", "\n\n“For us, it was very intriguing,” Mosley-Thompson said.", "\n\nThe Quelccaya ice core, which is described in the journal\nScience Express, will help climatologists who study historical climate data. “", "Looking at\nice cores from the tropics has been especially important in allowing us to understand how this very\nstable climate system has changed over time,” said Dan-iel Schrag, a Harvard University\nclimatologist who was not involved in this study.", "\n\n“Lonnie and Ellen’s tropical ice cores are the definitive pieces of evidence that show us what\nwe’re seeing today is beyond the scale of any natural cycle,” Schrag said.", "\n\nThe Quelccaya ice is important because it is perched on a wide, flat shelf in a region with\nclearly defined wet and dry seasons. ", "Each year’s ice is separated by a thin layer of dust, which is\nblown there during dry months.", "\n\nResearchers can estimate changes in ocean temperature by measuring the ratio of different oxygen\nisotopes in frozen water molecules.", "\n\nThe glacier’s flat perch also keeps each layer straight, which makes it easier to compute annual\nchanges in snowfall, said Ian Howatt, an OSU glaciologist and co-author of the ice-core study.", "\n\n“That’s the brilliance of what the Thompsons did,” Howatt said. “", "It was figuring out that you\ncould get a record from that place, and it would be so good.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Weddings are so fun. ", "There can be a lot of stress in planning everything, but the final outcome is well worth it all. ", "One of the things that doesn’t have to be stressful is the gift registry. ", "There are so many ways to register and spread the word nowadays that it makes it easy. ", "My go-to place for gift registries is Best Buy. ", "I love their selection of items and their great prices. ", "Are you getting married soon? ", "Set up a gift registry at Best Buy and make it easy for your guests to know what you need so you can get the wedding gifts you want, instead a closet full of toasters 😉 .", "\n\nAnother great benefit of the Best Buy gift registry, if the ability to do group gifting. ", "This allows several people to go in together on the same item they can give you an amazing gift from everyone. ", "These items are always on the top of everyone’s wish list and with group gifting it makes it easier to get the gifts you want without your guests spending more than they want. ", "Wedding Gifts are fun! ", "Why not get what you really want? ", "By registering, you are letting everyone know what is on your list – and with group gifting – it makes it easier than ever. ", "Can it get any better? ", "YES! ", "Best Buy also offers FREE SHIPPING on their Wedding Registry – no minimum! ", "It doesn’t matter if the gifts are big or small, expensive or affordable – they all ship free!", "\n\nCoralie is a SAHM of four kids. ", "She does web design on the side and is always looking for something fun to do with her family (activities, being outdoors, games, movies, etc). ", "Be sure to sign up for our FREE daily email\n\nPrimary Sidebar\n\nSocial Followers\n\nSearch Lovebugs and Postcards\n\nAbout Clint & Coralie\n\nMy name is Coralie (Cor-a-lee). ", "I am a God-loving mom of four sweet and sassy kids, computer junky, smoothie addict, and lover of peanut butter and chocolate. ", "My husband Clint is a daddy by day and a super-hero by night. ", "READ MORE HERE\nYou can connect with us through email at\nlovebugsandpostcards @ gmail.com" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nObject 'myvariable' not found.", "But my variable exists if i run str(dataframe)\n\nI have the Mroz dataframe and i am trying to get the median of the inc variable of people that are assigned as \"no\" and later as \"yes\" in the wc variable. ", "But it says that the object wc does not exist although when i run str(Mroz) it is written along with all the other variables.", "\nstr(Mroz)\n\nmean(Mroz$inc[wc==\"No\"])\n\nmean(Mroz$inc[wc==\"Yes\"])\n\nA:\n\nYour requirement: Need mean/median value of \"inc\" variable by the field in \"wc\" Column\nFor the above requirement, you can use below code\nlibrary(dplyr)\nMroz %>% group_by(wc) %>% summarise(mean(inc))\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an error detecting apparatus for use with for example image information.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nIn the following description, the present invention is applied to an image. ", "However, it should be noted that the present invention can be applied to various kinds of information including images and sounds. ", "In a conventional error detecting method, a pattern of an error is provided in advance. ", "Here the wording \"error\" contains the error of quality of images or sounds, the error of objects in the image, and the error of sound sources. ", "An input signal is compared with the pattern so as to determine whether or not the input signal has an error.", "\nIn the conventional error detecting method, since the number of error patterns that can be prepared in advance is limited, the error detecting accuracy is low.", "\nAn object of the present invention is to provide an error detecting apparatus with high error detecting accuracy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Testosterone isobutyrate\n\nTestosterone isobutyrate, sold under the brand names Agovirin-Depot and Perandren M among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid medication and a testosterone ester which is used for indications such as low testosterone levels in men and delayed puberty in boys. ", "It is available only in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. ", "The medication is administered by injection into muscle once every 1 to 2 weeks in males. ", "Unlike most other testosterone esters, which are provided as oil solutions, testosterone isobutyrate is formulated as a microcrystalline aqueous suspension.", "\n\nMedical uses\n\nTestosterone isobutyrate is used in the treatment of hypogonadism in men and delayed puberty in adolescent boys. ", "It is also used in the treatment of Klinefelter's syndrome, aplastic anemia, Cushing's syndrome (as an anabolic to preserve lean body mass), postmenopausal osteoporosis in women, advanced breast cancer in women, breast pain in women, and cachexia. ", "Testosterone isobutyrate has been used in masculinizing hormone therapy for transgender men as well.", "\n\nAvailable forms\n\nTestosterone isobutyrate is provided in the form of a 25 mg/mL microcrystalline aqueous suspension packaged in 2 mL ampoules (5 ampoules per box). ", "This equates to a dose of 50 mg per ampoule. ", "Testosterone isobutyrate (25 mg) is also available in combination with estradiol benzoate (2.5 mg) under the brand name Folivirin (1 mL ampoules).", "\n\nSide effects\n\nSide effects of testosterone isobutyrate include virilization among others.", "\n\nPharmacology\n\nTestosterone isobutyrate is a prodrug of testosterone, and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor, the biological target of endogenous androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. ", "It produces both androgenic and anabolic effects, as well as weak estrogenic effects due to metabolism of testosterone into estradiol.", "\n\nIn contrast to most other testosterone esters, which are used as amorphous oil solutions, testosterone isobutyrate is provided in the form of a microcrystalline aqueous suspension. ", "It has very low water solubility and forms a long-lasting microcrystalline depot within muscle upon intramuscular injection. ", "This respository slowly dissolves over time. ", "As a result, testosterone isobutyrate has a prolonged duration of action of approximately 2 weeks. ", "It is administered at intervals of once every 1 to 2 weeks in men. ", "Microcrystalline testosterone isobutyrate in aqueous suspension requires a larger needle (21 gauge) than oil solutions due to the presence of solid crystals in the suspension. ", "It can produce local irritation, pain, and redness upon injection.", "\n\nChemistry\n\nTestosterone isobutyrate, or testosterone 17β-(2-methylpropanoate), is a synthetic androstane steroid and a derivative of testosterone. ", "It is an androgen ester; specifically, it is the C17β 2-methylpropanoate (isobutyrate) ester of testosterone.", "\n\nHistory\nMicrocrystalline testosterone isobutyrate in aqueous suspension was first described in 1952. ", "It was introduced for medical use shortly thereafter. ", "Around the same time, testosterone enanthate in oil solution was introduced for medical use. ", "It became the dominant long-acting injectable form of testosterone, and limited the commercial success of testosterone isobutyrate. ", "The combination of microcrystalline estradiol benzoate and testosterone isobutyrate in aqueous suspension was introduced under the brand name Femandren M by 1953.", "\n\nSociety and culture\n\nBrand names\nBrand names of testosterone isobutyrate include Agovirin-Depot, Perandren M, Testocryst, and Virex-Cryst. ", "It has also been marketed in combination with estradiol benzoate under the brand names Femandren M and Folivirin.", "\n\nAvailability\nTestosterone isobutyrate is available only in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. ", "It was originally manufactured by the pharmaceutical company SPOFA intermittently manufactured by Biotika, and is now manufactured by BB Pharma.", "\n\nSee also\n Estradiol benzoate/testosterone isobutyrate\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Agovirin Depot (testosterone isobutyrate) - William Llewellyn's Anabolic.org\n\nCategory:Androgens and anabolic steroids\nCategory:Androstanes\nCategory:Isobutyrate esters\nCategory:Ketones\nCategory:Testosterone esters" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "\nHow to Make Money in 6 Easy Steps (Jason Fried) - pitdesi\nhttp://www.inc.com/magazine/20110301/making-money-small-business-advice-from-jason-fried_Printer_Friendly.html\n======\nRiderOfGiraffes\nDup: <http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2271421>\n\nMany, many comments there.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

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[ "When 90-year-old Detroit Lions chairman and majority owner Martha Firestone Ford announced the dismissal of team president Tom Lewand and general manager Martin Mayhew in early November, an awestruck fan tweeted that Ford forgot to drop the mic like a performer might after a show of awesomeness before she walked off without taking a single question from reporters. ", "But Detroit being Detroit -- which is to say, a music city as well as the Motor City -- a rap-style video did drop within days along with other hurrahs from win-starved fans such as \"Martha Clay don't play.\"", "\n\nMartha Ford should have ended the statement with a mic drop #Lions — Christopher Burlew (@christophburlew) November 5, 2015\n\nFew people in any walk of life embark on a new career around their 90th birthday, but Ford, in fewer than two years on the job, has provided a blast of cold-eyed decision-making and blunt leadership for the Lions that is a dramatic departure from the management style of her late husband, William Clay Ford Sr., ", "who presided over one playoff win in the 50 years he owned the club. ", "Martha, whom he married in 1947, was there the whole time. ", "When Bill Sr. ", "died at 88 in March 2014, control of the team was passed to her.", "\n\nEvery significant move Ford has made so far, as well as her early reviews from other NFL owners, has been a riposte to those who reflexively underestimated her ability to handle the job.", "\n\nDespite an uptick since the firings, which occurred when the Lions were 1-7, Detroit is 6-9 and assured of its 13th losing season in the past 15 years. ", "And Ford -- a tiny, narrow-shouldered woman with an elegant bearing, impeccably coiffed hair and affection for her signature, saucer-sized sunglasses -- has left people fascinated to see what surprises she might spring next.", "\n\nWill second-year head coach Jim Caldwell be gone after dipping from 11-5 a year ago? ", "Will the team's next general manager be a familiar name, or will Ford roll the dice on a brilliant, up-and-coming talent instead?", "\n\nFord herself isn't saying publicly. ", "But unlike when she first took over, few question her daring or personal engagement with the job anymore. ", "Just a week before the front-office shakeup, Caldwell fired his offensive coordinator and offensive line coaches with Ford's blessing. ", "Now she is being commended for her boldness and pitch-perfect acknowledgment of the frustration Lions followers have been feeling for decades.", "\n\n\"You deserve better,\" she wrote in a letter to season-ticket holders after she cleaned house.", "\n\nFord sent a message that she wasn't going to be patient by firing general manager Martin Mayhew, left, and team president Tom Lewand, right, in the middle of the season. ", "AP Photo/Paul Sancya\n\nFord made a point to meet with the Lions players when they returned from their bye-week break. ", "She stood before them to take questions. ", "She said she wasn't giving up on the season, and she basically called out the team by re-setting expectations even higher.", "\n\n\"As I told the media last week and our players and coaches on Monday, we expect our team to improve, compete and win,\" Ford's letter said.", "\n\n\"Any time something like [this] happens, you're surprised -- not shocked, but surprised,\" Lions kicker Matt Prater said of the firings. \"", "But I think it just shows she's willing to do whatever it takes to win, which is what you want from your owner. ... ", "I've got a lot of respect for her.\"", "\n\nFord has remained highly averse to granting interviews, keeping her persona somewhat shrouded in mystery. ", "But if she succeeds in finally turning around the Lions by making the right hires this offseason -- and the Lions do have some pieces to rally around, starting with quarterback Matthew Stafford -- then Ford just may become as much of a football folk hero in Detroit as Barry Sanders and Billy Sims, Night Train Lane and Bobby Layne.", "\n\nShe would also be the most unlikely one.", "\n\n\"All I know is she wants to win -- now,\" said Ernie Accorsi, the former Baltimore Colts, Cleveland Browns and New York Giants general manager who was hired by the Lions in November to help Ford with her GM search. \"", "She wants this so badly. ", "She really does. ", "She's tired of losing.\"", "\n\n\"She is impatient, and she should be,\" Giants co-owner and team president John Mara said. \"", "I know she has strong opinions about things, too.\"", "\n\nAccorsi compared Ford with the other great matriarchs in league history, Bears principal owner Virginia Halas McCaskey and the late Ann Mara, John's mother. \"", "All of them are elegant, tough-minded, smart, in-control women,\" he said. \"", "And feisty.\"", "\n\nWhile the Lions have played better after a 1-7 start, coach Jim Caldwell might be the next to go. ", "AP Photo/Carlos Osorio\n\nThe first time Accorsi met with Ford at her home last month to discuss the Lions' GM search, their conversation drifted toward how the club has played indoors dating to its days at the Pontiac Silverdome.", "\n\n\"I told her I think it tends to make teams soft when they don't play in the elements all the time,\" Accorsi said, \"and Mrs. Ford shot back, 'I couldn't agree with you more. ", "I've always thought the same thing.' \"", "\n\nFord's official bio on the Lions' website is only six paragraphs long, underplaying a full, fascinating life. ", "Her husband was Ford Motor Co. founder Henry Ford's last surviving grandson, and her grandfather was Harvey Firestone, founder of the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company and a close friend of Henry Ford's.", "\n\nFord graduated from Vassar in 1946, a time when many women's college ambitions weren't supported. ", "Afterward, like many young ladies of her social standing, she set off for a grand tour of Europe and returned on the RMS Queen Elizabeth to New York City, where Bill met her at the dock as photographers snapped pictures. ", "When they married soon afterward, the society pages covered the wedding as a merger of two giant American industrial concerns as much as two iconic families.", "\n\nMartha's work life went beyond accompanying her husband to games after his deal to buy the Lions was approved Nov. 22, 1963 -- a celebration that turned sour when President Kennedy was assassinated later that day. ", "She has sat on the boards of numerous businesses and charities over the years as a serious-minded, hands-on contributor. ", "Not just a figurehead.", "\n\nStill, some local sports columnists have acted as if running the Lions was too big for her. ", "She has been implored to let son William Clay Ford Jr., executive chairman of the Ford Motor Co. and vice chairman of the Lions, run the franchise -- or, better yet, just sell the team outright.", "\n\nMartha Firestone Ford had other thoughts.", "\n\nThe first sign things were going to be different was when she elevated her three daughters to equal footing as Lions vice chairmen alongside Bill Jr., who had been attending NFL owners meetings in his father's stead for years. ", "According to league sources, Martha relied heavily on a recommendation from Sheila Ford Hamp, her second-eldest child, to end Lewand's two-decade run as team president last month and replace him with Rod Wood, a longtime family financial advisor.", "\n\nWilliam Clay Ford Jr. has become less involved with the Lions since his mother took control of the team. ", "AP Photo/Duane Burleson\n\nAny doubts about who was really running the show were put to rest in October when Bill Jr. appeared on Detroit radio station WJR. ", "In his only public comments to date about his mother's new role, 58-year-old Bill Jr. didn't dispute he'd been sidelined, saying, \"Since my dad died, I've been less involved with the Lions and the NFL. ", "She is very much in charge, and she's got the decision-making role.\"", "\n\nSaid Mara: \"I think her moves so far are her way of demonstrating to the fans she was not afraid to make those changes that she did, and she wants a new approach.\"", "\n\nNow it is Martha who attends the league meetings; it is Martha to whom Accorsi will present his short list of GM candidates; and it is Martha who calls the league office and commissioner Roger Goodell to protest blown calls, which she did when a Seahawks player batted a loose ball out of the end zone -- an illegal maneuver the refs missed -- to secure Seattle's Week 4 victory over the Lions.", "\n\n\"She gave them a piece of her mind,\" Caldwell told reporters.", "\n\nTo longtime Lions observers, the shift in tone is dramatic. ", "While her husband was widely eulogized last year as a lovely guy -- genial, generous, admirably devoted to the community during Detroit's long struggle for an economic recovery -- this was also noted: When it came to running the Lions, Bill Sr. ", "was patient to a fault.", "\n\nOver the years, he stuck with a succession of underperforming executives and coaches. ", "Despite only 31 wins during his seven-plus seasons as team president, Matt Millen wasn't removed until the Lions were three games into what would be the NFL's only 0-16 season. ", "And while regularly drafting high as a result of all the losing, the Lions struggled to rebuild. ", "There have been a few hits in recent drafts -- cornerback Darius Slay and defensive end Ezekiel Ansah are rising stars from the 2013 class -- but far too many misses. ", "Not a single pick from Mayhew's 2010 and '11 drafts remains on the roster.", "\n\nFord, seen here talking to Hall of Fame running back Barry Sanders, is a fixture on the Lions' sideline before games. ", "Tim Fuller/USA TODAY Sports\n\nWith the Lions, it's always something.", "\n\nEven Sanders, the franchise's greatest modern icon, rocked them by retiring via a fax to his hometown newspaper, the Wichita Eagle, at age 30. ", "A few years later, the Hall of Fame running back admitted the Lions' culture of losing accelerated his decision to call it quits.", "\n\nSo perhaps you can see why Ford's decision to ax her underperforming front office and insist on quicker results after the Lions had just suffered a 45-10 spanking by Kansas City in London was met with such joy.", "\n\n\"I might go buy a Ford today to celebrate,\" tweeted ex-Lions defensive end Lawrence Jackson.", "\n\n\"They are definitely going to hold everybody accountable,\" Lions receiver Lance Moore said. \"", "She's not scared to make tough decisions or tough personnel moves with anybody, obviously. ", "They've done it from the top down.\"", "\n\nOther NFL owners have the same take. ", "Ford's fearlessness and refusal to dither has their attention.", "\n\n\"It's a much, much more pressing responsibility to undertake when you become managing owner, and honestly, it's hard for anyone not to feel a little intimidated to be in such a large room with mostly men who have been there -- most of them -- a long time,\" Mara said.", "\n\n\"We all sit in the same seats every time at this big conference table. ", "She walked in there seamlessly and sat in the same spot the Lions have always sat, and it kind of seemed like she's been there for years. ", "I was impressed by that. ", "Everyone else was as well. ", "She made a great first impression. ", "Since then, she's been very engaged, asks a lot of questions and has showed she knows what is going on.\"", "\n\nPittsburgh Steelers co-owner and chairman Dan Rooney, via email, said his fellow owners' admiring takes on Ford's moves \"have nothing to do with her being a woman. ", "She's doing the job. ", "She was always interested in football. ", "But now she's involved.\"", "\n\nPlayers say Ford has proven she can make tough decisions, but she also throws off the feeling she's fighting right there with them. ", "Many players have noted how Ford greets each of them by sight and name, how she attends every game home and away, how she stands on the sidelines during warm-ups with her extended family, wishing the players luck and chatting them up. ", "For the past two seasons, she has shown up at training camp, too, on a regular basis.", "\n\nReceiver Golden Tate spins his owner before the Lions' Thanksgiving day win over the Eagles. ", "Ford has been lauded for her personal touch with players. ", "AP Photo/Jose Juarez\n\n\"She's out there braving the heat like all the fans are,\" Moore said. \"", "It's a cool thing to see. ", "And as a player, you definitely appreciate that.\"", "\n\nVeteran defensive end Darryl Tapp, who played in Seattle, Philadelphia and Washington before Detroit, says Ford is a welcome departure from other NFL bosses he has had. \"", "She's visible, [and] not just when times are good but when times are less-than-good,\" he said. \"", "Most times I've seen owners is only when things are good.\"", "\n\nOver the years, Ford and her husband became known around the league for other down-to-earth personal touches such as sending handwritten Christmas cards to their players and a large circle of colleagues, a tradition Martha has continued.", "\n\n\"I got the Christmas card in the mail already. ", "It's dope, man, how she embraces us,\" Lions tight end Eric Ebron said. \"", "It's a dope card. ... ", "Words from her. ", "She loves us to death.\"", "\n\nMaybe the spiked-up atmosphere and Ford's changes will translate into more wins. ", "Maybe not. ", "Ford's next big call will be hand-picking the Lions' new GM.", "\n\nAccorsi asked her at the outset of the search what she was looking for. ", "He says the takeaway Ford left him with was typically ambitious: \"Don't think the person has to be experienced or safe or respectable and that's it. ", "No. ", "You hire someone you think has greatness in them.\"", "\n\nMartha Ford is impatient, all right. ", "Perhaps the genius of taking such a task is one of the few things the Lions haven't tried.", "\n\nESPN.com's Michael Rothstein contributed to this story." ]

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[ "In general, turbochargers serve to improve the degree of efficiency of a combustion engine and thereby increase its output. ", "In such cases they feature a shaft that pivots in a housing of the turbocharger around a longitudinal axis and on which is arranged a turbine wheel and a compressor wheel. ", "In this arrangement the shaft is supported to allow it to rotate by means of two radial bearings. ", "Essentially, provision is normally made for at least one axial bearing because the exhaust gas flow impinging upon the turbine wheel produces strong axial forces that must be absorbed by means of the axial bearing.", "\nThe turbine wheel is driven by means of the exhaust gas flow of the internal combustion engine, with the compressor wheel also driven being driven here by means of the shaft. ", "Air from the outside is compressed by means of the compressor wheel and is fed with a corresponding pressure to the cylinders of the internal combustion engine.", "\nAs a result, high demands are imposed on the support of the shaft of the exhaust gas turbocharger. ", "The underlying reason for this is that the shaft can normally achieve very high rotational speeds of for example up to 300,000 revolutions per minute. ", "Because of the high rotational speeds, the rotating parts of the exhaust gas turbocharger must be balanced very accurately so that as little vibration as possible is produced. ", "In addition, the turbocharger and its bearings are subjected to high temperatures, for example by the hot exhaust gas.", "\nA part of the damage to the axial bearings and the radial bearings is caused by the delay in the oil supply to the turbocharger after a very quick starting of the engine under cold environmental conditions.", "\nFriction or roller bearings are used for example as bearings for the shafts. ", "These are however subjected to considerable wear in relation to the previously described loads. ", "The bearings and their lubrication are responsible for the majority of failures of turbochargers." ]

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[ "Precipitation of uranium from low-level liquid wastes.", "\nA method for the recovery of uranium from low-level liquid wastes is described. ", "Uranium(VI) is reduced to uranium(IV) in sulphuric-phosphoric acid solution with iron(II). ", "The uranium(IV) is precipitated as the double duoride with sodium. ", "The uranium content of the filtrate is in the low ppm range. ", "Possible modifications to the procedure are discussed." ]

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[ "ATLAS 5 PIERCES THE NIGHT TO BOOST NATIONAL SECURITY SATELLITE INTO SPACE - A covert communications relay station to route spy satellite data directly to users was successfully launched by a million-pound Atlas 5 rocket overnight.", "\nThe United Launch Alliance rocket left Cape Canaveral under the cover of darkness at 3:28 a.m. EDT (0728 GMT), dodging rain showers while speeding through decks of clouds, for a trek to geosynchronous transfer orbit to deploy the NROL-52 spacecraft.", "\nThe fifth launch attempt proved to be the charm for NROL-52 after four thwarted tries over the past week, mainly due to bad weather.", "\nThe last Atlas variant of any kind with this many scrubs was AC-167, the final Atlas 2AS in 2004, that experienced four scrubs and launched on the fifth try. ", "More(Source: SpaceFlight Now - Oct 16)\n\nCAN TINY SATELLITES HELP THE COAST GUARD DO ITS JOB? - ", "Satellites, small enough to fit in the palm of a hand, are driving a new Space Age, researchers say, and the U.S. Coast Guard wants in.", "\nIn 2018, two so-called cube satellites will be launched into low Earth orbit from a SpaceX rocket, part of a project to test whether the satellites can detect emergency distress beacons in the Arctic. ", "The mission, dubbed \"Polar Scout,\" is also a way for the Coast Guard to look at potential uses for these satellites in its day-to-day work. ", "More(Source: theday.com - Oct 15)\n\nWATCH ASTRONAUTS FLIP WHEN THEY GET TO PLAY WITH A FIDGET SPINNER ON THE SPACE STATION - We’re not entirely sure if fidget spinners are still a thing on Earth. ", "But judging by a new video from NASA, they’re still cool on the International Space Station.", "\nThe video uploaded on Friday by the Johnson Space Center YouTube account was trending Saturday on the social platform.", "\n“How long does it spin? ", "I’m not sure, but it’s a great way to experiment with Newton’s laws of motion!” ", "the description on the video reads. ", "More(Source: GeekWire - Oct 15)\n\nPROGRESS CARGO FREIGHTER BEGINS TWO-DAY TREK TO SPACE STATION - A Russian Progress freighter carrying nearly three tons of fuel, cargo and supplies for the International Space Station took off from Kazakhstan Saturday, two days after an uncommon last-minute abort for its Soyuz booster.", "\nThe unpiloted Progress MS-07 supply ship launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan at 0846:53 GMT (4:46:53 a.m. EDT; 2:46:53 p.m. Baikonur time) Saturday to kick off a two-day pursuit of the orbiting research laboratory flying 250 miles (400 kilometers) above the planet. ", "More(Source: SpaceFlight Now - Oct 15)\n\nSEE BACK-TO-BACK ROCKET LAUNCHES EARLY SATURDAY: HOW TO WATCH THEM ONLINE - Calling all early-bird space fans! ", "Two rockets — one Russian and the other American — will launch on two very different missions early Saturday (Oct. 14). ", "You can watch both launches online, but you'll have to wake up in the wee hours to do it.", "\nThe space action starts at 3:31 a.m. EDT (0731 GMT) with the launch of a classified U.S. spy satellite on a United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. ", "More(Source: Space.com - Oct 14)\n\nAMERICANS WILL HEAD TO SPACE AGAIN, WITHOUT A RUSSIAN TAXI - Since the Space Shuttle’s retirement six years ago, NASA has been buying spots aboard Russian Soyuz craft to ferry astronauts to the International Space Station. ", "It’s a politically awkward arrangement, to say the least, given more than a decade of strained relations, Russian meddling in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and the dented American pride in having to ask in the first place.", "\nThe situation has understandably increased pressure on NASA, which hired Boeing Co. and Elon Musk’s SpaceX to build a new generation of vessels to shuttle U.S. astronauts to the station. ", "Both companies are scheduled to fly two test flights next year for NASA’s commercial crew program, including one each that will carry two crew members—an ambitious schedule that could slip into 2019. ", "More(Source: Bloomberg - Oct 14)\n\nTIANGONG-1: CHINESE SPACE STATION WILL CRASH TO EARTH WITHIN MONTHS - An 8.5-tonne Chinese space station has accelerated its out-of-control descent towards Earth and is expected to crash to the surface within a few months.", "\nThe Tiangong-1 or “Heavenly Palace” lab was launched in 2011 and described as a “potent political symbol” of China, part of an ambitious scientific push to turn China into a space superpower.", "\nIt was used for both manned and unmanned missions and visited by China’s first female astronaut, Liu Yang, in 2012. ", "More(Source: The Guardian - Oct 14)\n\nMODIFIED RUSSIAN MISSILE BOOSTS EUROPE’S NEWEST ENVIRONMENTAL SENTINEL TO SPACE - A European satellite that will collect daily air quality measurements over every major city on Earth rode an uprated Russian ballistic missile into orbit Friday.", "\nAssembled in Britain with a significant Dutch contribution, the Sentinel 5 Precursor satellite will measure greenhouse gases with unrivaled precision, mapping atmospheric chemistry in city-sized blocks to help tell policymakers and scientists how air pollution changes day-to-day. ", "More(Source: SpaceFlight Now - Oct 13)\n\nPOLLUTION-TRACKING SATELLITE LAUNCHES FRIDAY: WATCH LIVE - A European satellite built to map Earth's air like never before will launch into space early Friday (Oct. 13), and you can watch it live online.", "\nThe Sentinel-5P satellite of the European Space Agency (ESA) is scheduled to lift off aboard a Rockot launch vehicle at 5:27 a.m. EDT (0927 GMT) from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia. ", "You can watch the launch live beginning at 5 a.m. EDT (0900 GMT), courtesy of the ESA. ", "You can also watch the launch directly from the ESA.", "\nSentinel-5P (the \"P\" stands for \"Precursor\") is designed to track global air pollution from orbit in unprecedented detail. ", "More(Source: Space.com - Oct 13)\n\nLAUNCH OF SOYUZ 2.1A WITH PROGRESS MS-07 SCRUBBED SECONDS BEFORE LIFTOFF\n- Less than a minute before it was to take to the skies to deliver the Progress MS-07 cargo freighter to the International Space Station, an unknown issue with the Soyuz 2.1a launch vehicle prompted a rare scrub for the Russian space agency’s workhorse rocket. ", "Liftoff was expected at 5:32 a.m. EDT (09:32 GMT) Oct. 12, 2017, from Site 31 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. ", "More(Source: SpaceFlight Insider - Oct 13)\n\nSPACEX LAUNCHES ITS 15TH MISSION OF THE YEAR - Maintaining a brisk flight rate three days after its last launch, SpaceX sent a Falcon 9 booster powered by a reused first stage into orbit Wednesday evening from Florida with an Airbus-built communications satellite for SES and EchoStar.", "\nThe successful launch placed the 5.7-ton (5.2-metric ton) satellite in a “supersynchronous” orbit arcing thousands of miles above Earth, and the Falcon 9’s first stage returned to landing on a football field-sized barge holding position around 200 miles (300 kilometers) east of Cape Canaveral. ", "More(Source: SpaceFlight Now - Oct 13)\n\nSENTINEL-5P POISED FOR LIFTOFF - With four days to liftoff, the next Sentinel satellite is now on the launch pad at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia.", "\nThe rocket will be fuelled two days before launch, set for Friday at 09:27 GMT (11:27 CEST).", "\nThe Sentinel-5P satellite has been at the cosmodrome since early September going through a series of tests and being readied for the big day. ", "After being sealed from view in the rocket fairing last week, it was rolled out to the launch pad on Saturday. ", "More(Source: Space Daily - Oct 12)\n\nWATCH RUSSIA LAUNCH ITS FASTEST SPACE STATION CARGO FLIGHT YET ON THURSDAY! - ", "The Russian space agency Roscosmos is about to make history with its fastest cargo flight ever to the International Space Station, launching early Thursday (Oct. 12), and you can watch it live online.", "\nRoscosmos will launch a Souyuz rocket carrying the robotic cargo ship Progress 38 from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kasakhstan at 5:32 a.m. EDT (0932 GMT). ", "The cargo ship's superfast trip will bring it to the orbiting lab at 8:56 a.m. EDT (1256 GMT). ", "Total elapsed time from launch to docking will be 3 hours, 24 minutes. ", "You can watch the launch live on NASA TV, courtesy of NASA, beginning at 5:15 a.m. EDT (0915 GMT). ", "More(Source: Space.com - Oct 12)\n\nSPACEX LAUNCHES, LANDS RECYCLED ROCKET - SpaceX on Wednesday launched a rocket that had already flown to space and landed it successfully on an ocean platform, as part of its ongoing effort to recycle costly rocket components.", "\nOn a clear autumn evening at 6.53pm (2253 GMT), the tall, white Falcon 9 rocket blasted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida carrying the Echostar 105/SES-11 satellite.", "\n“Couldn’t be more perfect weather for a launch,” said a commentator on SpaceX’s live webcast.", "\nThe satellite aims to provide television coverage and communications capabilities to North America, Hawaii, Mexico and the Caribbean. ", "More(Source: New Straits Times Online - Oct 12)\n\nRUSSIAN PROGRESS SUPPLY SHIP POISED FOR SWIFT TRIP TO SPACE STATION - Russian ground crews are readying a robotic Progress cargo freighter for launch Thursday on an expedited trek to the International Space Station that should take less than three-and-a-half hours from liftoff to docking, cutting in half the normal transit time.", "\nThe Progress MS-07 supply ship is loaded with several tons of food, spare parts, fuel, water and breathing air for the space station’s six-person crew. ", "More(Source: SpaceFlight Now - Oct 11)\n\nSPACE STATION ASTRONAUTS TAKING SPACEWALK TODAY: WATCH IT LIVE - Two NASA astronauts will head outside of the International Space Station today (Oct. 10) for the second of three planned spacewalks this month.", "\nExpedition 53 commander Randy Bresnik and flight engineer Mark Vande Hei, who took a spacewalk together last Thursday (Oct. 5), will spend another 6.5 hours working outside the orbiting laboratory today.", "\nThey'll continue working on the Latching End Effector (LEE), a \"hand\" at the end of the Canadarm2 robotic arm, which they replaced last week, and install some new high-definition cameras outside the space station. ", "More(Source: Space.com - Oct 11)\n\nSPACEX TO LAUNCH SES-11 SATELLITE WEDNESDAY - Less than 60 hours after a Falcon 9 rocket launched 10 Iridium NEXT satellites into space from the West Coast, on the other side of the continent SpaceX is set to send the SES-11 spacecraft into orbit for a scheduled liftoff at 6:53 p.m. EDT (22:53 GMT) Oct. 11, 2017, from Launch Complex 39A.\nLaunching atop a flight-proven Falcon 9 rocket, SES-11 will be SpaceX’s 15th mission in 2017, continuing a very busy year for the company. ", "The particular first stage used for this mission, core 1031, was first flown during CRS-10 in February 2017. ", "More(Source: SpaceFlight Insider - Oct 11)\n\nHOUSE-SIZED ASTEROID WILL PASS BY EARTH AT JUST ABOVE SATELLITE ALTITUDE - A house-size asteroid will give Earth a near-miss on Thursday, giving experts a rare chance to rehearse for a real-life strike threat as it passes inside the moon’s orbit.", "\nDubbed 2012 TC4, the space rock will shave past at an altitude of less than 44,000km (27,300 miles) – just above the 36,000km plane at which hundreds of geosynchronous satellites orbit the Earth.", "\nThat represents about an eighth of the distance between the Earth and the moon. ", "More(Source: The Guardian - Oct 11)\n\nJAPAN'S LATEST GPS SATELLITE WILL GUIDE SELF-DRIVING CARS - apan just fulfilled a key part of its space ambitions -- and it'll have important ramifications for everything from self-driving cars to self-defense. ", "The country has launched its fourth Michibiki satellite, which expands a \"quasi-zenith\" system designed to provide greater access to GPS in urban 'canyons' where buildings tend to block signals from lower-orbit satellites. ", "Needless to say, that's vital for autonomous vehicles that need GPS to get their bearings in a country dominated by sprawling cities.", "\nThe military might want it, too. ", "While Japan's armed forces are largely focused on defense, this fourth quasi-zenith satellite could help those calling on the nation to buy cruise missiles as a deterrent to North Korea. ", "More(Source: Engadget - Oct 11)\n\nCHINA SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHES EARTH-IMAGING SATELLITE FOR VENEZUELA - A Chinese Long March 2D rocket launched Venezuela’s second Earth-observing surveillance satellite Monday, adding a new space-based reconnaissance asset the country’s government says it will use to aid security forces, emergency responders, farmers, and health professionals.", "\nThe two-stage, 134-foot-tall (41-meter) Long March 2D booster took off at 0413 GMT (12:13 a.m. EDT) Monday from the remote Jiuquan space base in the Gobi Desert in northwest China, according to China Great Wall Industry Corp., the government-owned company chartered to sell Chinese rockets and satellites on the global market. ", "More(Source: SpaceFlight Now - Oct 10)" ]

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[ "Stable isotopic evidence for land use patterns in the Middle Euphrates Valley, Syria.", "\nStable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ13 C and δ15 N) were used to reconstruct the history of subsistence strategies in the middle Euphrates valley, NE Syria, in six temporal subsets dating from the Early Bronze Age (c. 2300 BCE) to the Modern period (19th/20th century CE). ", "The study aims to demonstrate that changes in political and social organization over time, for which the archaeological record suggests different goals of land use and modes of production, register through dietary patterns that are reflected in isotopic data. ", "173 dentin samples were taken from human individuals buried at three sites (Tell Ashara, Tell Masaikh and Gebel Mashtale) together with 15 animal bone samples. ", "Distribution of the δ13 C and δ15 N values in collagen was interpreted in diachronic perspective, and with regard to lifetime shifts between childhood and adolescence. ", "Diachronically, isotope signatures indicate a clear decrease in δ15 N values accompanied by a small shift in δ13 C values between the Old Babylonian (c. 1800-1600 BCE) and the Neo-Assyrian (c. 850-600 BCE) subsets. ", "A major shift in δ13 C values occurred between the Early Islamic (c. 600-1200 CE) and Modern (c. 1800-1950) periods. ", "Ontogenetic changes only occur in a few individuals, but these suggest change of residence between childhood and adolescence. ", "The depletion in 15 N from the Neo-Assyrian period onwards is best explained in terms of a shift from intensive to extensive farming, triggered by the fall of regional city-states after the Old Babylonian period and the formation of large supra-regional polities in the Neo-Assyrian period and later. ", "The enrichment in 13 C during the Modern period was most likely the effect of more widely utilizing the dry steppes, abundant in C4 plants, as pasture." ]

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[ "Namhung Youth Chemical Complex\n\nThe Namhŭng Youth Chemical Complex is a large industrial complex in Namhŭng-dong, Anju-si, South P'yŏngan province, North Korea, and is one of the most important chemical factories in the country, being a major producer of chemical products such as fertilisers, herbicides, insecticides, various industrial chemicals. ", "various plastics such as polyethylene sheeting, and various synthetic textiles. ", "It is also believed to produce chemical weapons such as cyanogen chloride and mustard gas.", "\n\nThe complex was originally built in 1976 with French, Japanese and West German equipment, initially producing ammonia by naphtha gasification, acrylic and polycarbonate fibres, and urea fertiliser, using naphtha brought in from the Sŭngri and Ponghwa chemical factories. ", "In 2000, new equipment was installed to produce sodium carbonate, and renovations of the complex began in 2006. ", "Also in 2006, the construction of a new anthracite gasification plant began; this was opened in 2010, and its output is being used to produce fertiliser, and by 2011 a second gasification plant was opened.", "\n\nThe facility is served by the Korean State Railway via Namhŭng station on the Namhŭng Line. ", "It also has its own fleet of shunting locomotives, along with facilities for the maintenance of rail equipment.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Chemical companies of North Korea\nCategory:Chemical warfare facilities" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "These World War II era cartoons are\nfrom Lustige Blätter,\na weekly German humor magazine. ", "The magazine did not carry caricatures,\neven, friendly ones, of Hitler or other German leaders. ", "There were many\ncaricatures of Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin.", "\nThese issues, all published during World War II, contain a mixture of\novert satirizing enemy countries as well as relatively apolitical jokes\nand cartoons. ", "There is also a lot of anti-Jewish material.", "\n\n(Roosevelt is surrounded by\nJews) The fighter for Christianity, surrounded by\nhis managers.", "Source:Lustige\nBlätter,Issue #17/1942\n\nThe Allies celebrate a new\ngeneral.", "\n'He's the best man - he gives splendid interviews.' ", "A cheerful general is being borne by a\nvariety of figures, some Jewish.", "\n(The point is that Allied generals are big talkers, but don't do much.) ", "Source:Lustige\nBlätter, Issue\n#25/1942.", "\n\nWorld Jewry:'I put them all on stage at the same time,\nbut Stalin is worn out anyway.'", "\nInternational Jews are pulling the strings that control all the Allied powers.", "Source:Lustige\nBlätter, Issue #5/1942.", "\n\nJewish tentacles around England, Russia,\nthe United States, and China.", "Source:Lustige\nBlätter, Issue\n#27/1943\n\nPumping blood.", "\nSource:Lustige Blätter,\nIssue #35/1944\n\nThe Jews were behind World War II,\nhaving orchestrated it to destroy Germany.", "One eats the other and the Jew devours them\nall... Source:Lustige\nBlätter,\nIssue #29/1943\n\nAs the war neared its end,\nGerman cartoons portraits of the enemy.", "His way to 'liberate' Europe.", "Source:Lustige\nBlätter, Issue\n#37/1944\n\nBackground:\nThis page provides two April 1933 articles about how to\nsolve the \"Jewish Question,\" taken from the Nazi Party's\ntheoretical journal. ", "Both propose a \"Zionist\" solution to\nthe \"Jewish Question,\" though von Leers explicitly rejects a\nJewish state in Palestine.", "\n\nAchim Gercke had been a Nazi official before 1933. ", "In\nApril 1933, he was appointed to the Ministry of the\nInterior, where he served as an expert on racial matters.", "\nHis article outlined Nazi public thinking on what to do\nabout the Jews at the beginning of the Third Reich, which\nincludes expelling them all from Germany. ", "It notes that the\njust-issued Nazi laws restricting Jewish laws were\nprovisional measures that indicated the direction future\nmeasures would take.", "\n\nJohann von Leers was one of the most prolific Nazi\nanti-Semites. ", "After the war, fled to Italy and Argentina,\neventually ending up in Egypt, where he converted to Islam\nand remained an active anti-Semitic propagandist until his\ndeath in 1965. ", "His article proposes the removal of all Jews\nfrom Europe. ", "His article specifically rejects\n\"extermination\" as the solution, which, I think, is\nindicative of the early stages of Nazi rule, when they were\nstill trying to decide what to do about the Jews.", "\n\nSolving the\nJewish Question\n\nby Dr. Achim\nGercke\n\nAs a result of the victory of the National Socialist\nrevolution, the Jewish Question has become a problem for\nthose who never before thought about solving the Jewish\nQuestion, who never fought to solve it. ", "Everyone has seen\nthat the current situation is intolerable. ", "Allowing free\ndevelopment and equality for the Jews has led to an \"unfree\"\nsituation of exploited competition, and to a handing over of\nimportant positions within the German people to those of a\nforeign race.", "\n\nThe result is that anyone who thinks about this question\nlooks for a solution. ", "Everyone has a proposal on his desk,\nwhich gets a more or less favorable reaction in discussions.", "\nThat was to be expected.", "\n\nBut the solution to so important a problem is not as easy\nas is often supposed.", "\n\nThe legal measures that have just been issued by the\ngovernment are cleansing actions that adroitly respond to\nJudah's declaration of war. ", "Primarily, the laws provide a\ndirection in which to move. ", "One should not underestimate the\nsignificance of these laws. ", "The entire people will be\neducated about the Jewish Question, and will come to\nunderstand that a people's community is a community of\nblood. ", "For the first time, they will be reached by racial\nthinking, and will be focused not on theoretical solutions\nto the Jewish Question, but rather on a real solution.", "\n\nNevertheless, these temporary measures cannot be a final\nsolution to the Jewish Question, since the time is not yet\nripe, although the laws point out the direction and leave\nroom for any future developments.", "\n\nIt would, however, be too early to work out plans for\npublic discussion which propose to do more than can\ncurrently be done. ", "Nonetheless, a few principles must be\nlaid out so that the plans one makes can mature, and that\nmistakes can be avoided.", "\n\nFundamentally, one must decide whether or not to bring\nthe Jews in Germany (as well as those of Jewish descent)\ntogether organizationally. ", "Many plans announced so far\npropose to bring the Jews together in a federation so that\nthey can be kept under watch, and influenced. ", "All of these\nproposals are fundamentally in error. ", "Were one to establish\na federation of the Jews, whether under some kind of Jewish\noverseer or in some sort of federation or other\ninnocent-looking structure, the Jews would have an eternal\nlegal anchor in Germany, a way to present their wishes, a\ntool for their goals, a legal way to secure secret links.", "\nAnd one would give at least the impression that one was\ndealing with a national minority that could seek, and would\nfind, support outside Germany. ", "One may not give even the\nsuperficial appearance of supporting such an attitude toward\nthe Jewish Question, as it would be politically insane to\nconfound domestic German measures on the Jewish Question\nwith foreign policy questions.", "\n\nAll proposals that include a permanent presence, a\npermanent regulation of the Jews in Germany, do not solve\nthe Jewish Question, for they do not eliminate the Jews from\nGermany (denn sie lösen die Juden nicht von Deutschland).", "\nAnd that is what we want to do. ", "If the Jews are able to\nexploit their host peoples forever, they will remain a\nconstant source of the open, destructive flame of\nBolshevism, making it easy to repeatedly kindle it again,\nnot to mention the political uncertainties resulting from\ndisunity within the people and the danger to racial unity.", "\nLet us swear off such thinking forever, whether it results\nfrom poor thinking or evil intentions. ", "To summarize, the\nstate can and must focus on systematical elimination, on\nemigration.", "\n\nIf we destroy any organizational cooperation of the Jews\nand expel the dangerous, subversive Jewish agitators who\nshow any signs of conspiratorial activities, the Jews will\nstill have the synagogue, the rabbi, to shield them. ", "If we\nsupport Zionist plans and attempt an international solution\nby establishing a homeland for the Jews, we will be able to\nsolve the Jewish Question not only in Germany, but in Europe\nand the entire world. ", "The entire world has an interest in\nsuch a solution, on eliminating this source of disorder,\nwhich constantly proceeds from Bolshevism. ", "We must establish\nthat clearly.", "\n\nPerhaps the Jews will be able to become a nation, a\npeople. ", "That would require that Jewish workers, craftsmen,\nand settlers would develop from the Jewish population. ", "If we\nregulate this plan, they we will create new foundations for\nsuch a settlement. ", "Scattering the Jews to the four winds\ndoes not solve the Jewish Question, but rather makes it\nworse. ", "A systematic program of settlement, therefore, is the\nbest solution.", "\n\nPlans and programs must have a goal pointing to the\nfuture. ", "They may not be focused only on a temporarily\nunpleasant situation. ", "A better future demands the systematic\nsolution of the Jewish Question, not the organization of the\nJews.", "\n\nWe must build our state without the Jews. ", "They can be\nonly stateless foreigners among us, with no legal permanent\nstanding. ", "Only so will Ahasver\n[the legendary wandering Jew] be forced to\ntake up his walking stick again, and then turn it into an\naxes and spades.", "\n\nThe End of\nJewish Migration\n\nby Dr. Johann\nvon Leers\n\nThe Jewish problem is a migrating problem that has moved\nover the centuries from one European region to another. ", "One\ncan speak of a certain degree of saturation with the Jewish\npopulation in individual regions. ", "If this degree of\nsaturation is reached or exceeded, the affected non-Jewish\npeoples always take the same defensive measures. ", "They\nattempt to reduce Jewish influence, to hinder Jewish\ncorruption of their cultural and business life, or to\nreverse it if it has already occurred. ", "Often, the first step\nis a clear realization that the Jews are a foreign element.", "\nThose countries not simultaneously affected by the problem\ntend to misunderstand these defensive measures, and as far\nas it is in their political interests, or to the extent that\nthey are under Jewish influence, speak of \"barbarism.\" ", "When\nthe emigrating Jewish masses show up by them, the whole\ncourse of events often repeats itself. ", "Similar defensive\nmeasures appear in the second country, while in the first\ncountry the fighting spirit against the Jews has calmed down\n— and thus the misunderstandings continue.", "\n\nNo one who understands the situation will be able to deny\nthat the cause of these defensive measures lies primarily in\nthe Jewish people itself. ", "Even with the greatest degree of\nimpartiality, one will conclude that one is dealing with a\ngroup of people that is on average highly unpleasant. ", "That\nmay not stop one from looking at the question clearly.", "\n\nIt is questionable to even speak of a \"Jewish people,\"\nsince there is only a limited and widely varied sense of\nreal consciousness of being a people. ", "There is a continuum\nranging from the most convinced Zionists down to assimilated\nJews, so that it is better to speak of Jewry as a group of\nhumans in which there is a strong drive to establish a\ngenuine people. ", "Given the extent of Jewish migration, there\nare two things one must keep in mind. ", "First, it is wrong to\nsee Jewry as an already existing people, and thus treat them\nas one would treat an ethnic minority. ", "Second, if one is to\nseriously solve the problem, one must take into account\nJewry's inner drive to built its own people.", "\n\nBased on these reasons, mature reflection shows that it\nis a mistake to take those Jews in a given country and bring\nthem all together in a special federation, regardless of\nwhether they are orthodox, assimilated, or of mixed race,\nnot with the possibility and goal of building a people, but\nrather to establish a legal minority with rights within a\nstate of a non-Jewish people. ", "The goal is always for Jews to\nbuild their own people, and to separate them from a\nnon-Jewish people. ", "Therefore, one must not promote\nindividual Jews as minority citizens, or some such status,\nwithin a non-Jewish people, but rather move Jews out to\nbuild their own people.", "\n\nFrom century to century, Europe has always had outbursts\nof anti-Semitism, and from good and justified desires to\ndefend non-Jewish peoples against an indigestible Jewry. ", "We\ncannot, therefore, be satisfied with a solution that simply\nmoves the Jews from one country to another over the\ncenturies. ", "This can only strengthen the dangerous Jewish\nability to carry on its policies within states, building\ntransnational power. ", "Furthermore, there always remain strong\nJewish groups, the result of race mixing and assimilation\nwithin the respective peoples, which increase racial\ndecline.", "\n\nInstead, one must find an affirmative solution that frees\nEurope of wandering Jewish masses. ", "This is not a matter of\nsmall numbers, as statistics demonstrate. ", "According to the\nZeitschrift für Demokratie und Statistik\nder Juden (Berlin), there were around 15 million Jews\nin the world at the end of 1931. ", "There were 9.8 million in\nEurope, of whom 3.1 million were in Poland, 3.0 million in\nRumania, 0.6 million in Germany, 0.5 million in Hungary, and\n0.4 million in Czechoslovakia. ", "Since these figures include\nonly Jews by religious confession, these figures are\nprobably low. ", "Even those numbers, however, include millions\nof so-called \"bums\" (Luftmenschen), impoverished\npeddlers and Eastern European tradesmen, population groups\nthat are ready whenever the borders open to leave their\nPolish and Lithuanian ghettos and flood into Europe. ", "As long\nas the pressure from these Jewish millions exists, the\nJewish Question in Europe will not be resolved, but rather\nwill necessarily continue.", "\n\nEven if a political movement and a people have had the\nworst experiences with Jewry, it could contradict the German\nNordic sense of history to see a negative solution as the\nway to defend against the Jewish masses. ", "Instead, the\nentirety of our historical mission demands a grand and\ncomprehensive approach that that will also appeal to the\nopponent.", "\n\nWhat gives some justification to Zionism's goals is not\nthat they are often either excessively romantic or a\npeculiar kind of advertising for its thinking (as the old\nJewish joke has it: \"What is a Zionist? ", "A Jew who wants\nmoney from s second Jew so that a third Jew can go to\nPalestine\"), but rather its claim that there is a question\nwith regards to a Jewish people, and that it most be\nresolved. ", "Zionism assumes that it can build a new Jewish\npeople from the many Jewish individuals. ", "It has, however,\nsome justice in demanding a territorial foundation for its\ndevelopment.", "\n\nPalestine is unable to absorb the coming Jewish masses,\nsince it cannot support them, nor is it the right location.", "\nFurthermore, England has to consider both the native Arabic\npopulation and the world-wide Islamic community, which makes\nit impossible to settle even a reasonably significant part\nof the Jewish masses there.", "\n\nOnly a barbarian standing outside of the last great\ndivine manifestation of world history would propose a\ngeneral anti-Semitic battle aimed at the extermination of\nthis people. ", "The goal of the highly developed peoples is not\nto promote hatred where there is a decent way to solve the\nproblem.", "\n\nThe only imaginable, positive solution that will finally\nresolve the Jewish problem in Europe, and at the same time\nprovide the real possibility of becoming a people, of\nbecoming rooted to land, and even perhaps allowing its less\nvaluable elements to be influenced by the more valuable\nelements, is a healthy region outside Europe. ", "The Dutchman\nvon Dinghene, in his book Vollzionismus, has\nproposed the island of Madagascar, but one could also\nimagine certain other suitable African or South American\nregions. ", "On the one hand, such a settlement area must give\nthe Jewish people a space where they can work productively,\nwithin the framework of providing space for peoples who now\nlack space. ", "On the other hand, in those countries where the\nJews are being separated from the non-Jewish population, the\nJews will lose a large number of jobs. ", "They must today be\ntrained in work groups, receiving education in practical\nskills and agriculture so that they will be prepared to\nsettle in this area. ", "Those major Western European colonial\npowers, who are always worked up about the Jewish Question\nand its effects in Eastern and Central Europe, without\nhowever really seeing the connections, would perform a work\nnot only of humanity, but also statesmanlike wisdom that\nwould bring peace to the world and the solution of one of\nits most serious problems were they to make such a\nsettlement area available. ", "That would not only relieve\nEurope of the Jewish problem, but also enable Jewry to\nbecome a people.", "\n\nOf course, there is a danger that such a Jewish\nsettlement area would become a world-famous El Dorado of\ncriminality, given the deep moral decay of a large part of\nJewry. ", "There will have to be a force to provide just and\nhonest supervision. ", "This would also be possible, and details\ncould be worked out. ", "The danger may not hinder a broad\nsolution of the Jewish Question by resettling Jewry to an\nappropriate settlement area outside of Europe. ", "We propose\nthis to the world: Give Ahasver a homeland, as far as\npossible from us, but sufficient and attractive. ", "If he makes\nof it a garden, he can keep it, and will be protected. ", "If,\nhowever, he makes of it a den of thieves, then one will keep\nhim there. ", "However, we must attempt a decent solution to\nthis question. ", "Those Jews who for centuries have recognized\nthe battle of the Jewish Question are called to contribute\nto a real solution, those Jews who recognize that the dream\nof Jewish world domination has failed, and who are therefore\nready to become a people among peoples. ", "Those peoples among\nwhom the question burns the hottest because of the Jewish\nmasses among them area also called, particularly the major\nWestern European colonial powers with vast possessions, for\nit cannot be permitted that a decent solution be prevented\nby cheap humanitarian slogans. ", "With a single blow, the\nJewish question, which has always surfaced, can be resolved.", "\n\nBackground:\nHermann Esser was one Hitler's early followers, and\nsecond perhaps only to Julius Streicher in crude\nJew-baiting. ", "The opening chapter of his 1939 book The\nJewish World Plague gives a good example of his style.", "\nHe finished writing the book in January 1939, two months\nafter the anti-Semitic violence of 9 November 1938. ", "Esser\nfeels no sympathy. ", "He suggests the Jews only got what they\ndeserved. ", "The rest of the book continues along similar\nlines. ", "This is tough material to translate in a way that\nconveys the style of the original.", "\n\nThe Jewish\nWorld Plague\n\nby Hermann Esser\n\n1.", "\n\nFundamentals of the Jewish Question\n\nThe treacherous murder of the young German diplomat Ernst\nvom Rath in the office of the German embassy in Paris on 7\nNovember 1938 by a 17-year-old Jew named Herschel Grünspan\nis rightly viewed by the entire German people as a\ncontemptible sneaky attack on Adolf Hitler's new Greater\nGermany. ", "Eighty million people were touched in the depth of\ntheir being; justified outrage erupted. ", "According to their\nown figures, the Jews, who had been living very well among\nthe German people for centuries, were worth a total of 8\nbillion marks. ", "When the Reich government required them to\npay a penalty of a billion marks, the Jewish-democratic\nworld press howled as if Jews in National Socialist Germany\nwere starving and going to the dogs.", "\n\nEach\nGerman reads with fury what foreign journalists paid by and\nworking for Jewish money write about Germany's domestic\naffairs.", "\n\nStill, one is surprised that even today one occasionally\nfinds citizens who feel sorry about the money the Jews had\nto pay, and who in their pubs or family conversations speak\nabout the \"poor Jews.\" ", "These attitudes prove that, despite\nconstant National Socialist education about the Jewish world\nplague, there remains much to be done, particularly among\nthe \"intellectuals.\"", "\n\nThe knowledge of the Jew must be brought to every attic\nand every corner of Greater Germany, the knowledge that the\nJew was a world plague from the beginning, remained so for\nmillennia, and will forever remain one.", "\n\nEach Jew individually, and Jewry as a whole, is without a\nhome. ", "Jewry undermines every people and every state that it\ninfiltrates. ", "It feeds as a parasite and a culture-killing\nworm in the host people. ", "It grows and grows like weeds in\nthe state, the community and the family and infests the\nblood of humanity everywhere.", "\n\nIn brief, that is the pestilential nature of Jewry,\nagainst which every people, every state, every nation must,\nshould and wants to defend itself if it does not want to be\nthe victim of his bloody plague.", "\n\nWherever Jewry has appeared, it has never built anything.", "\nIt has always and everywhere destroyed or torn down, sucking\nothers dry to fill itself. ", "From the days of the Romans to\nour day, Jewry in every century, in every people, was and\nremained a foreign body, a destroyer of real and ideal\nvalues, a denier of any upward progress, a plague for body\nand soul. ", "It sneaks in through deceit and treachery,\ntrickery and slyness, murder and assault, understanding how\nto establish itself.", "\n\nThroughout history the poets and philosophers, the\nleaders of industry and science, the leading lights of art\nand culture, statesmen and economists whose blood was not\ninfected by the Jews have warned against the Jew in every\ncentury. ", "They proclaimed openly and clearly what he is: the\nplague. ", "From Tacitus to Schopenauer, from Giordano Bruno to\nMommsen and Treitscke, the intellectual heroes of every age\nhave called the Jew the demon of decay, the ferment of\ndecomposition, as the misfortune of the peoples or of\nhumanity. ", "In the New Testament, the Jews were in Christ's\nwords the \"sons of the Devil.\"", "\n\nJewry is the embodiment of materialism, the epitome of\nsensuality, of greed, of dishonesty, of selfishness, of\nheartlessness and the lust for power.", "\n\nOver the centuries, Jewry has infiltrated every nation\nand every people, committing with crime after crime. ", "Today\nit is on top, tomorrow at the bottom, without honor or a\nsense of honor. ", "It has but one thing: a greedy lust for\npossession and power, for fame, for suppressing and\nenslaving the surrounding world. ", "The cultured peoples, both\ntoday and in the past, create and build, proving their worth\nas the creators and advancers of culture. ", "Jewry was and\nremains only the corrupter and destroyer of culture.", "\nEverything healthy and great is rooted only in the national.", "\nThe foundation of a state and the fundamentals of a culture\ncan only be national. ", "Jewry can never be great, can never\ncreate culture, for it is not a people, but rather only a\ncorrupt mixture of inferior desert tribes with no national\nlife or longing, with no proud and famous past. ", "Jewry has\nalways lived from day to day, not from labor but amassing\nearthy treasures as its first goal. ", "Even Abraham, Isaac and\nJacob received this revelation upon leaving Egypt:\n\n\"I shall lead you to the land of your fathers and\ngive you large and beautiful cities that you did not\nbuild, and houses full of things that you did not\ngather, and fallen trees that you did not cut, vineyards\nand olive groves that you did not plant, and you will\neat and be satisfied (Deuteronomy 6:10ff.)", "\n\nJust as the Jews conquered their \"Promised\" Land, so it\nhas been with the Jews over the years down to this very day.", "\nThey come as \"foreigners,\" as \"beggars,\" slinking and\ngroveling, with false humility and dishonest respect. ", "Once\nthey have swindled their way to something, they become\nthieves and bloodsuckers, either openly or in secret. ", "They\nturn into thieving and murderous Bolshevist hordes for their\nhost peoples. ", "That happens everywhere.", "\n\nJewry has shown itself to be the thief of the material\npossessions of the host peoples, as a destroyer of culture\nand as a parasite everywhere and in every way from the dim\npast through the present day. ", "The double face of Judah grins\nthrough the millennia.", "\n\nThe Jew bewitches and exploits the gullible, the\nignorant, the trusting. ", "He reserves for himself all the\nadvantages of Mammon and capitalism, wealth and treasures,\nall the joys and pleasures of life. ", "Yet for 3,000 years the\nJew has complained about oppression and persecution, about\nhatred and prejudice against him. ", "But the Jewry has gathered\nand swindled the world's money. ", "The Jews are so oppressed\nand enslaved that around 17 million of them have gathered\nabout 200 billion marks.", "\n\nOne can hardly speak and write about \"poor\" Jews.", "\n\nThe history of every age and nation proves, page by page\nand chapter by chapter, that Jewry always and everywhere has\nbeen a homeless racial mish-mash, a world plague. ", "It has\nremained a world plague to this day and will remain a world\nplague for all eternity. ", "That is its \"chosenness\" from all\nthe peoples of the earth, a \"chosenness\" of destructive\npestilence for the world and for mankind.", "\n\nBackground:\nThis is a translation of part of a widely distributed\nsummary of Nazi doctrine about the Jews. ", "The original\nversion was published in 1938 by Rudolf Kommoß. ", "This is the\nrevised version of 1942, taking account of the war. ", "It was\nnot put out by the Nazi Party, but was approved by it for\nuse in party education. ", "The pamphlet proposes deporting the\nJews to someplace like Madagascar, though by 1942 the real\nNazi intentions were more deadly.", "\n\nSummary: The pamphlet runs 32 pages. ", "The first\nsections cover Jewish history from ancient to modern times,\nand end with the claim that Germany, the Soviet Union and\nthe United States were the three centers of the Jews.", "\n\nI take up the translation with the last three sections.", "\n\n* * * * *\n\nJewish World Policies — Jewish World Leadership\n\nWe have discussed the centers of world Jewish power. ", "The\nunified plan is clear. ", "That leads necessarily to the\nquestion: Is there some form of world-wide Jewish leadership\nthat carries out this plan?", "\n\nThere are a series of familiar international Jewish\norganizations: the Alliance Israélite Universelle, the\nIndependent Order of B'nai Briss , the various Zionist agencies\n(e.g., the Jewish Agency), the international Jewish boycott\norganizations against Germany, the American Jewish Joint\nConsultative Council — to name only a few. ", "All of these\norganizations promote Jewish world power policies in some\nway. ", "How they relate to each other, which are the most\nsignificant, and whether there are secret connections and a\ncentral leadership, and where that leadership might be, are\nsubordinate questions. ", "Whether or not there is an organized\nJewish government recognized by all the Jews is less\nimportant that the fact that there is a unified and\nconscious Jewish desire for world power. ", "This is proved by a\nvariety of political events that are taking place in plain\nsight today.", "\n\nWhat Does World Jewry Want Today?", "\n\nWe have already discussed the fundamental aims of World\nJewry. ", "Their present activities are determined by the\ntactical situation. ", "What does the situation look like today?", "\nUnder the leadership of National Socialism, the German\npeople have eliminated one of Jewry's three pillars. ", "In many\nother countries, people are also beginning to wake up and\nsee through the Jewish plans for domination. ", "Jewry is\ntherefore doing all in its power to defeat these\nawakening nations and to force them to give up their new\nracially-oriented policies. ", "World Jewry is more united\ntoday than ever before. ", "They build hate against the\nawakening peoples with all the resources at their disposal.", "\nThey depend most heavily, as we have shown, on world\nBolshevism and world democracy. ", "With ice-cold, devilish\ncalculation, they unleashed a new world war that they hoped\nwould defeat the national-authoritarian nations. ", "After\ndefeating these nations, the way would once again be open to\nestablish Jewish domination of the remaining nations. ", "The\ninsane goal of World Jewry remains ruling all the nations by\ncontrolling their government organs, their territory, their\nmoney and all their goods.", "\n\nWe know that they will not achieve their goal.", "\n\nJewry will not defeat the awakening nations, rather the\nexample of these nations will finally awaken the people who\nstill sleep under \"democratic\" or Bolshevist rule. ", "That will\nbe the time to finally solve the Jewish question. ", "As\nReichsleiter Alfred Rosenberg said in his speech on the\nJewish question to diplomats and the world press on 7\nFebruary 1939, this can only occur by removing the Jews from\nall the nations where they have lived as parasites and\ntransporting to them to a sufficiently large, uninhabited\narea suitable for colonization.", "\n\nHow little Jewry has understood the gravity of its\nsituation, threatened by the racial awakening of the\nnations, is shown by its reaction to the emigration\nquestion. ", "Jewry wants Palestine. ", "In order to make it\npossible for the Jews of every nation to move to one place?", "\nNot at all. ", "Such a thing is impossible. ", "Palestine could hold\nonly a small percentage of the Jews. ", "The 400,000 Jews who\ncurrently live there live in the midst of 900,000 Arabs\n(with more than 30 million Arabs in surrounding countries!).", "\nEven if in violation of all principles of justice the\nPalestinian Arabs now living there were forced out to make\nroom for the Jews, it would be impossible for a significant\npart of the world's Jews to move there.", "\n\nAs Alfred Rosenberg pointed out in his speech, Jewry is\npromoting the Palestine project for entirely different\nreasons. ", "It wants to establish a center of power that will\nprovide Jews remaining in those other countries a valuable\nlegal and governmental base. ", "A relatively small, purely\nJewish state in Palestine would provide the powerful Jewish\ngroups in other nations with the status of a respectable\nminority, the right of asylum, diplomatic representation,\nand similar benefits. ", "It is not a satisfactory solution to\nthe Jewish question, since it leaves the Jews to continue\ntheir parasitic existence among the other nations, and\nindeed gives them new advantages.", "\n\nThe Jews have no serious intention of establishing\ncolonies. ", "That would not be difficult for a people of 17\nmillion, or perhaps twice that number if one includes all\nwho are racially Jewish. ", "They have vast resources, and have\nalready made major strides toward their goal of dominating\nthe nations. ", "It would not be difficult for them to secure a\nsuitable territory. ", "That would be a worthy goal for world\nJewish capital. ", "But the rich and powerful Jews of the\nBolshevist clique of despots, or in the huge trusts in the\nUSA or the international banks in England and many other\ncountries feel too comfortable to undertake such a\ndifficult, \"uneconomic\" endeavor. ", "It hardly seems necessary\nto go to the trouble of bringing all Jews together in one\nplace.", "\n\nDevelopments will force them in that direction, however.", "\nOne day there will be only one escape, a single honest way\nto solve the Jewish question. ", "Then for the first time in\n3,000 years, the Jew will have his own land where, in the\nwords of his own story of creation, he can live \"by the\nsweat of his brow,\" even if he had previously thought that\nto be a disgrace.", "\n\nThere is enough room on the earth for the Jews. ", "A number\nof possibilities have already been mentioned: Kenya in the\nBritish Empire is two and a half times the size of England,\nand only 18,000 whites, some Indians and Arabs, and 3.1\nmillion blacks live there. ", "Rhodesia is three times as large\nas England, but only 10,000 Europeans and one and a half\nmillion Blacks live there. ", "British Guyana is a large and\nfruitful land of the size of Yugoslavia. ", "It is still almost\nentirely unsettled. ", "Large parts of Australia are still\nuninhabited. ", "French Madagascar is another possibility, and\nthere are others as well. ", "Without going into all the\ndetails, it is clear that the question of finding a suitable\nplace for the Jews depends only on their own desire and that\nof their protectors. ", "That desire is lacking. ", "The future of\nWorld Jewry depends on its bowing one day to the pressures\nof the situation.", "\n\nThe Decisive Battle has Begun!", "\n\nOur goal is not to predict the future. ", "We see things as\nthey have developed so far, and evaluate the forces\ncurrently in motion. ", "These forces, however, already exclude\nsome \"solutions\" to the Jewish question. ", "There is no longer\nany hope of stopping the awakening of the nations or of\ndefeating the authoritarian states.", "\n\nIf International Finance Jewry within and outside of\nEurope succeeds in plunging the nations once again into\na world war, the result will not be the Bolshevization\nof the world and the victory of Jewry, rather the\nannihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!", "\n\nThe Führer gave the Jews a clear warning in these words\non 30 June 1939. ", "International Jewry has succeeded in\nplunging humanity into a new world war, but the results of\nthe vast battle so far have made it clear that the Jewish\nstring pullers have miscalculated this time. ", "Jewish\ndominance of Europe has been broken and will never return.", "\nJewish world policies in the old manner are no longer\nacceptable to the rest of the world. ", "They must fail. ", "The\nresult of the current vast struggle will not be the\nestablishment of Jewish control of the world, rather a\njust new order in which all constructive nations will\ncooperate.", "\n\nBackground:\nThis 1942 article from Julius Streicher's anti-Semitic\nnewspaper Der Stürmer claims that Germany will be\nsecure only when Jews have been eliminated from the entire\nworld. ", "Its writer, Ernst Hiemer, was a top editor for the\nStürmer. ", "For more information on the Stürmer\nand its editor, see my book on\nJulius Streicher.", "\n\nAnti-Semitism is as old as Jewry itself. ", "The Jew was a\nliar, a swindler, an exploiter, a troublemaker, a poisoner\nof the blood and a murderer from the beginning. ", "The\nnon-Jewish peoples thus responded to this people of\ncriminals throughout history with contempt and rejection.", "\n\nOver the centuries, repeated attempts were made to\neliminate the Jewish danger. ", "Under the assumption that the\nJewish question was a religious matter, one attempted to\nrender Jews harmless by forcing them to be baptized. ", "It did\nnot take long for people to realize that this was an\nentirely false solution. ", "The conversion of Jews to\nChristianity was only on the surface. ", "The Jews became\n\"Christian\" only to carry on as Jews.", "\n\nAnother way to solve the Jewish question was for the\nnumerically superior non-Jewish population to absorb the\nJewish minority. ", "People believed that close contact between\nthe Jews and the host peoples would, through equality,\nintermarriage and the mixing of blood, gradually \"water\ndown\" the Jewish race and lead to its disappearance. ", "The\nresults of this mistake were catastrophic. ", "The Jewish race\nwas not \"watered down\"and rendered harmless, but rather the\nopposite: the blood of the non-Jewish peoples was poisoned\nin a grave way.", "\n\nExperience showed non-Jewish peoples that incorporating\nthe foreign Jewish element into their community not only did\nno good, but caused positive harm. ", "Gradually people realized\nthat there was only one effective method of dealing with\nJewry: consistent separation from their own racial body.", "\n\nEven during the Middle Ages numerous governments required\nJews to distinguish themselves from their non-Jewish host\npeoples by wearing special clothing such as pointed Jewish\nhats, yellow symbols, rings, etc. ", "As well-intentioned as\nthese measures were, they had only limited success.", "\nSometimes the Jews wore these symbols with pride. ", "They were\npleased that the \"stupid Goy\" themselves saw to it that only\nthe \"chosen people\" wore such outward symbols. ", "But other\nJews whose business interests were not advanced by making\nthe fact that they were Jews plain continued to go about the\ncountry as \"non-Jews.\"", "\n\nAnother way of separating the Jews from the non-Jewish\npeoples was to force them to live in certain areas. ", "The\nJewish quarter became known as the \"ghetto.\"", "\n\nBut this method also failed to achieve its goal. ", "Some\nJews welcomed the creation of the ghetto. ", "Once again they\nhad their \"community abroad!\" ", "In the ghetto, Jewry's secret\nplans were forged! ", "In the ghetto the Jews had their \"staff.\"", "\nThose Jews who carried on their mischief among the non-Jews\nreceived their commands from the ghetto. ", "The Jewish danger\nwas greater than ever before.", "\n\nRealizing that separating the Jews into their own quarter\nwas not sufficient led various peoples to go still further.", "\nThey expelled the Jews from their countries. ", "This for the\nfirst time aroused the Jews. ", "Now they saw a real danger! ", "Now\nthey had to act before it was too late!", "\n\nJewry is thousands of years old. ", "Thanks to its devilish\ncleverness, it has often found a way out of nearly hopeless\nsituations. ", "Here too! ", "The Jews let themselves be expelled\nwithout much fuss. ", "They gathered on the other side of the\nborder and waited and waited and waited. ", "They waited for\nyears and decades. ", "They waited for the moment in which the\nknowledge of the Jewish danger gradually disappeared from\npeople's minds. ", "Then the Jews came back. ", "Then they laid\nwaste to the land more terribly than before.", "\n\nToday Europe is ready to solve the Jewish question once\nand for all. ", "It is thus good to learn from past mistakes and\nremember what history teaches. ", "And what does history teach\nus? ", "It teaches:\n\nThe Jewish question is not only a German matter!", "\n\nIt is also not only a European problem! ", "The Jewish\nquestion is a world question! ", "Just as Germany is not\nsafe from the Jews as long as even one Jew remains in\nEurope, so Europe cannot solve the Jewish question as\nlong as Jews live in the rest of the world.", "\n\nJewry is organized world criminality. ", "The Jewish\ndanger will be eliminated only when Jewry thoughout the\nworld has ceased to exist.", "\n\nBackground:\nBesides publishing Der Stürmer, Julius Streicher\nwas also responsible for a variety of other anti-Semitic\nliterature. ", "This is part of a pamphlet titled \"The Jewish\nQuestion in Education,\" intended for teachers. ", "It urges them\nto incorporate anti-Semitism into every part of the\ncurriculum. ", "The pamphlet was given considerable publicity in\nDer Stürmer when it was published in 1937. ", "For more\ninformation on the Stürmer and its editor, see my\nbook on\nJulius Streicher.", "\n\nThe Jewish\nQuestion in Education\n\nby Fritz Fink\n\nIntroduction\nby Julius Streicher\n\nThe National Socialist state has brought about\nfundamental changes in every area of the life of the German\npeople. ", "It has also given the German teacher new tasks. ", "The\nNational Socialist state demands that teachers teach German\nchildren about the racial question. ", "For the German people,\nthe racial question is the Jewish question. ", "He who wishes to\nteach the children about the Jews must himself become an\nexpert. ", "Teacher Fritz Fink wants to help the German teacher\nto understanding and knowledge with his pamphlet The\nJewish Question in Education. ", "He can and may do this\nbecause fate has called him to a battle that let him gain\nknowledge about Jewish blood and its effects on the German\npeople. ", "He who takes to heart what Fritz Fink has written\nfrom his heart, which has cared for many years about his\npeople, will be thankful to the author of this outwardly\nsmall pamphlet.", "\n\nIntroduction\n\nThe racial and Jewish Question is the central problem of\nthe National Socialist worldview. ", "Solving this problem will\nensure the survival of National Socialism and thereby the\nsurvival of our people for all time. ", "The enormous\nsignificance of the Jewish Question is recognized today by\nnearly every member of the German people. ", "This knowledge\ncost our people a long period of misery. ", "To spare coming\ngenerations this misery, we want German teachers to plant\nthe knowledge of the Jew deep in the hearts of our youth\nfrom their childhood on. ", "No one among our people should or\nmay grow up without learning the true depravity and danger\nof the Jew.", "\n\nThat requires that the German teacher himself master the\nracial and Jewish Question. ", "Valuable work is done in\neducational camps and in the groups of the National\nSocialist Teachers' Federation. ", "Experience shows, however,\nthat many teachers are not able to present and explain their\nknowledge of the racial and Jewish Question in a way that\nprofits our youth for their whole lives. ", "He who devotes an\nhour a week in his school to the racial and Jewish Question,\nmaking it into something of an independent subject,\napproaches it in an unnatural way. ", "The knowledge of the\nracial and Jewish Question must grow organically from the\nwhole curriculum of our schools. ", "Racial science and the\nJewish question must run like a red thread through education\nat every level. ", "There is no subject in our schools from\nwhich valuable knowledge of the Jewish Question cannot be\ndrawn in unexpected fullness. ", "This small pamphlet, The\nJewish Question in Education, will explore several of\nthese opportunities. ", "It does not pretend to be a pedagogic\ntext in the usual sense. ", "It contains none of the familiar\nsample class sessions which have ruined the style and\ninstincts of some teachers. ", "The pamphlet The Jewish\nQuestion in Education wants to show German teachers\nsimple ways in which the Jewish Question can be incorporated\nnaturally into the curriculum. ", "He who has mastered the\nhighway will himself discover a thousand side streets and\nfind new ways himself.", "\n\nThe German\nChild and the Jew\n\nHe who addresses the theme \"The Jewish Question in\nEducation\" is immediately asked: \"How do I get this problem\nacross to children?\" ", "Another objects: \"Is a child even\ninterested in the question?\" ", "The expert teacher asks: \"Does\na child even have the necessary capacity to understand?\"", "\nEven the most conscientious teacher can be assured that a\nchild has everything necessary: the interest, the ability to\nunderstand. ", "In an age when adults did not see or recognize\nthe Jew, the child saw him as foreign. ", "When the Jewish\ncattle dealer stepped onto the farm, the farmer's children\nran inside and hid behind the mother's skirt. ", "Their\nuncorrupted racial instincts smelled he of the foreign race,\nwho brings danger and misery. ", "Adults had lost this healthy\nracial instinct. ", "They had forgotten how to see racially.", "\nThey no longer saw he who was different. ", "In working class\ndistricts of Nuremberg after the war, children followed Jews\nshouting: \"Jew, Jew, hepp, hepp, hepp!\" ", "The fathers and\nmothers of these children were members of parties of which\nmore than half of the leadership were Jews. ", "A dislike of the\nJews is innate in uncorrupted German youth. ", "Today the child\nencounters the name Jew everywhere: in the newspapers, in\nconversations, in the songs of the S.A. and the HJ [Hitler Youth]. ", "The disgust\nwith which they hear this name steadily increases, as does\ntheir dislike when they meet a representative of the Jewish\nrace. ", "However young he may be, a child asks himself the\nreasons for this dislike and disgust and wants an\nexplanation from his teacher. ", "That provides the foundation\nfor successful education. ", "But some teachers still lack the\ncourage to address the Jewish question with enthusiasm.", "\nNervously and shyly they avoid it. ", "To be prepared for\ninspections, they briefly touch on the Jewish Question now\nand again. ", "These are the teachers who have in their bones\nthe ideas the Jews propagate of \"objectivity, decency and\nhumanity.\" ", "These are the teachers who at the behest of the\nchurches display pity and brotherly love to the deadly\nenemy, even when they sense and see that their own people is\nbeing destroyed by this deadly enemy. ", "They are the\nweaklings, the cowards, those German teachers ruined by\nforeign powers. ", "They avoid the Jewish question in education\nbut rather than meeting the desire of the child for\neducation and at the same time fulfilling one of their most\nimportant tasks.", "\n\nThe question remains: \"How do I get the Jewish Question\nacross to a child in education?\" ", "The more naturally and\ndirectly this happens, the more lasting the effect. ", "The best\nsubject for doing this naturally and easily is science. ", "We\nsee in nature that only similar creatures live together.", "\nSimilar insects like ants, wasps, bees, termites, etc.,", "\nbuild their states. ", "When migratory birds leave for the south\nin the fall, starlings fly with starlings, storks with\nstorks, swallows with swallows. ", "Although they are all birds,\neach holds strictly to its kind. ", "A herd of chamois is never\nled by a deer or a herd of wild horses by a wild boar. ", "Each\nkind sticks with its own, and seeks a leader of the same\nspecies. ", "That is the way of nature. ", "When these facts are\nexplained in school, the time has to come when a boy or a\ngirl stands up and says: \"If that is the way it is in\nnature, it has to be the same with people. ", "But our German\npeople once allowed itself to be led by those of foreign\nrace, the Jews.\" ", "To older students, one can explain that a\nmale starling mates only with a female starling. ", "They build\na nest, lay eggs, care for the chicks. ", "Young starlings come\nfrom that nest. ", "Like is drawn to like, and produces its own\nkind. ", "That is the way nature is! ", "Only where humanity\nintervenes do artificial cross-breeds result, the mixed\nrace, the bastard. ", "People cross a horse and a donkey to\nproduce a mule. ", "The mule is an example of a bastard. ", "Nature\ndoes not want it to reproduce. ", "It denies the mule offspring.", "\nOnly man sets himself over the will of nature. ", "He approves\nand even demands the mixture of blacks or Orientals with\nwhite people, or Jews with non-Jews. ", "Each valued member of a\nrace is racially conscious. ", "No White who is aware of and\nproud of his race will mate with a Negress or a Jewess; even\na racially conscious Negro will not mate with a White. ", "Each\nprefers its own kind. ", "Only an inferior member of a race\ninclines toward those of other races, or allows himself to\nbe misused by them. ", "Only inferior members of various races\nmix with each other, the bad mixes with the bad. ", "It is thus\nclear that the bastard always gets the worst of it, that is,\nhe unites only the bad characteristics of the races he comes\nfrom. ", "A teacher who presents his students with such ideas\nwill have an easy time in explaining the meaning of the\nNuremberg Laws to the youth. ", "The children will see in the\nNuremberg Laws nothing other than a return to the natural,\nto the divine order.", "\n\nThere are countless examples in the sciences that provide\nwonderful and easy ways to discuss the racial and Jewish\nQuestion. ", "Here we will provide only one other example. ", "The\nMunich scientist Dr. Escherich has studied the wonderful\nstructures and colonies of termites. ", "He summarizes his\nconclusions in this way:\n\nThe queen is at the center of the great pyramid of\nearth that the termites build. ", "She alone lays eggs and\nensures offspring. ", "Termite workers care for her,\ncleaning and feeding her. ", "Other small workers clean the\npassageways and carry food through the streets of the\nwonderful city. ", "Larger ones with sharp pinchers, the\nsoldiers of the termite state, provide order. ", "They are\nthe guardians, the defenders of the structure. ", "As long\nas life in the mound follows this order and division of\nlabor, the termite race prospers, grows and lives.", "\n\nOne day foreign insects came to the termite mound.", "\nThey tried to enter. ", "Where good termite soldiers stood,\nthere was a battle and the foreigners were driven away.", "\nBut there were also places where guards had forgotten\ntheir duty. ", "They mixed with the foreigners. ", "They sipped\nan apparently tasty liquid that the foreigners exuded\nfrom their bodies. ", "They became brothers with the foreign\ninsects that had come to their mound.", "\n\nThey let the foreigners pass and enter the termite\nstate. ", "The termites inside took no offense at the\nforeign guests. ", "They thought that if their \"guard\" had\nadmitted them, they could not be enemies. ", "Ever more\nguests came. ", "One day there was great excitement in the\ntermite mound. ", "There was a terrible battle in every\ncorner. ", "The foreigners had murdered the queen. ", "There was\nrevolution in the termite state. ", "Everyone murdered\neveryone else in a gruesome manner. ", "A few days later the\nmound was dead. ", "Everything living had been destroyed.", "\n\nStudents who hear the teacher tell of this amazing\nnatural event will think deeply for a while. ", "It would be\nsurprising if a student then did not stand up and say: \"That\nis the way it was with our people, in our country. ", "The\nforeigners who came to us and gained entry were the Jews. ", "At\nfirst there were a few, then more and more. ", "After the war\nthey came in swarms from the east. ", "When they felt strong\nenough, they led a revolution. ", "They hunted our people's\nleaders. ", "There was murder everywhere. ", "There was no order.", "\nThe Jew became lord of the country and the state.\"", "\n\nThe teacher will help them along by expanding on the\nsubject:\n\nYes, children, that is how it was. ", "It was not long\nago. ", "The \"leaders\" of our people let the Jews in because\nthey thought they could not get along without the\nfinancial and court Jews. ", "The Jew earned the favor of\nthe rulers by bribery. ", "He took over one post after\nanother in the government. ", "He infiltrated everywhere,\neverywhere he had his paid lackeys. ", "He even got so far\nas to win the favor of the Kaiser. ", "When the Jew felt\nstrong enough, he struck. ", "Revolution came to the\ncountry. ", "Law and order disappeared. ", "The people's leaders\nwere persecuted. ", "In Russia the Jew murdered them.", "\nBrother raised his hand against brother. ", "In Germany\neveryone hated everyone else. ", "Things grew silent in\nGermany, silent on the farms and in the factories.", "\nPoverty, hunger, misery were everywhere. ", "We were\ncollapsing. ", "They Jew was lord over us.\"", "\n\nSuch a lesson will help the children understand why the\nNuremberg Laws redefined citizenship and excluded the Jews\nfrom any influence in political and governmental life. ", "The\nchildren must learn that the laws directed against the Jews\nand the struggle against him is not the result of an\narbitrary whim, but an action necessary to defend our\npeople. [", "pp. ", "3-12]\n\npp. ", "13-41 not translated\n\nRacial\nDefilement\n\nI have not yet discussed the most important and dreadful\nside of the Jewish Question. ", "It especially concerns those\nteachers in the vocational and upper-level schools who care\nfor our female youth. ", "It also demands steady attention and\ndeepening from the BDM [League of\nGerman Girls], the German Labor Front, and all\nthe organizations outside the schools that work with our\nfemale youth. ", "All of us, parents and teachers bear the guilt\nthat countless of our girls and women have been ruined by\nthe Jews. ", "We may not and do not want to judge them. ", "Neither\nparents, teachers nor clergy educated or warned them. ", "No one\nintroduced them to the god-given secrets and laws of blood\nand race. ", "They were fed all sorts of things in school and\nchurch. ", "Yet no one gave them the deepest knowledge that\nwould have protected them from physical and spiritual\ndestruction. ", "Thus the poison of Jewish blood entered our\npeople's bloodstream thousands upon thousands of times. ", "Many\ndecades will pass before our people eliminates it. ", "No German\nteacher today can avoid the problem of \"The Jew and the\nGerman woman.\" ", "It would be criminal neglect. ", "Why should we\nfrom stupid sinful embarrassment conceal from our more\nmature girls in school what they can learn five minutes\nlater in all its brutality on the street, in shops, or in\noffices, or what will perhaps be revealed to them the same\nevening in the most awful way by a criminal Jew?", "\n\nThe new approach to education has the goal to lead our\nfemale youth to motherhood, to womanhood. ", "Mother and child,\nwith all their related questions, are now more the center of\neducation. ", "Thank god, eugenics and a concern with healthy\noffspring has also entered our schoolrooms. ", "It is easy to\nbuild the bridge from them to the Jewish Question. ", "The\nNuremberg Laws also provide a starting point. ", "They forbid\nJews to have female servants under 45 years of age. ", "The\nforbid marriage between Jews and Germans. ", "They provide\nlengthy prison terms for sexual relations between Jews and\nGermans, even if it does not lead to motherhood. ", "Why is\nthis?", "\n\nWe recall the knowledge gained earlier in the sciences.", "\nWe extend it. ", "We learn from the animal breeder. ", "We study the\nancestors of his animals. ", "He tells us that he breeds only\npairs of the same race. ", "Only that ensures that the valuable\ncharacteristics of the various races remain intact and\nimprove. ", "Each animal breeder can affirm that crossing the\nraces always results in a bastard, and that such a\ndegenerate animal is worthless. ", "That is clear from thousands\nof examples.", "\n\nWe then turn to people. ", "Why should they be exempt from\nthese laws? ", "We use pictures as an aid: pictures of children\nof German-blooded parents, pictures of Jewish children, both\nof whose parents are full-blooded Jews, and pictures of\nchildren who are a mixture of Jew and German. ", "We make the\ncomparisons. ", "We are most interested in the last group of\nchildren, those of mixed race. ", "We look to see from which\nrace most of the characteristics come. ", "We see the Jew in his\nface, his body, his appearance and manner, his thinking,\nfeeling and behavior. ", "We do not need to investigate deeply.", "\nEverything about him speaks of the Jew, of discord, of\ndegenerate blood. ", "The person of mixed race is a lamentable\ncreature, tossed back and forth by the blood of his two\nraces. ", "We establish that the bastard is a burden to a\npeople. ", "He weakens it. ", "His offspring carry on the racial\ndegeneration. ", "I urge each teacher to encourage the reading\nof Dr. Dinter's book The Sin Against the Blood. ", "It\nspeaks in a stronger way to our more mature girls than the\nlovely sweet stuff that one still finds here and there. ", "In\nschools where girls are trained to be teachers, I think that\nintroducing the racial and Jewish Question in this way is\nthe most important task. ", "I know from experience how\nhelpless, inexperienced and ignorant some young female\nteachers are about this problem.", "\n\nThe sin against the blood passes its curse not only to\nthe mixed race offspring, but rather the curse also sticks\nto the defiled mother, never leaving her for the rest of her\nlife. ", "Racial defilement is racial death. ", "Racial defilement\nis bloodless murder. ", "A woman defiled by the Jew can never\nrid her body of the foreign poison she has absorbed. ", "She is\nlost to her people. ", "What we have learned from animal\nbreeders is just as true here. ", "Our ancestors knew this. ", "We\nforgot it. ", "Only one guarded it through the millennia as a\nvaluable treasure: the Jew!", "\n\nOnce again we review the familiar history of the Jewish\npeople. ", "At a time during the Babylonian Captivity when the\nJews took non-Jewish wives and Jewish blood threatened to\ndecay and decline, Ezra entered the scene. ", "The savior of the\nJews. ", "He gave the people that law of blood to which Jewry\ntoday owes its existence. ", "He forbade marriage with\nnon-Jewesses. ", "He forced the Jews to drive their non-Jewish\nwives into the wilderness. ", "Ezra's laws are holy to the Jews\nto this day.", "\n\nThe Jew thus recognizes the significance of keeping blood\npure. ", "But he persuades other people of the opposite. ", "He\npreaches racial mixing to other peoples, bastardization.", "\n\"Why does he do this?\" ", "the girls will ask. ", "Because he sees\nin racial mixing the surest way to break the life force of\nthe nations, to drive them into the depth of destruction.", "\nHis goal is to contribute to this process of bastardization\nwherever he is able. ", "The defilement and deracing of\nnon-Jewish women by the Jews is not the result of a\nblood-driven Jewish sexual drive. ", "It is far more the result\nof devilish planning and calculation. ", "This gives us once\nagain the opportunity to speak to our female youth of the\nTalmud and to discover that the Talmud not only permits the\ndefilement of non-Jewish women, it makes it a duty. ", "Once\nagain we encounter the great Jewish hatred, the great Jewish\ndesire for annihilation, when we read what the Talmud says\nabout non-Jewish women:\n\n\"The Jew may misuse non-Jewish women.'", "\n(Maimonides: Jab chasaka 2,2.)", "\n\n\"All non-Jewish women are whores.\" (", "Eben\nhaezar 6,8.)", "\n\n\"A non-Jewish girl who is three years and a day\nold may be defiled.\" (", "Abodah sarah 37a.)", "\n\n\"A man (Jew) may do everything with a woman that\nhe is able to do. ", "He may treat her like a piece of meat\nthat comes from the butcher. ", "He may eat it raw, grilled,\ncooked or smoked.\" (", "Talmud: Nedarine 20b.)", "\n\n\"It is forbidden for Jews to commit adultery with\nthe wife of a Jew. ", "Adultery with the wife of a non-Jew\nis permitted.\" (", "Talmud Sanhedrin 52b.)", "\n\nA teacher who has not slept through the past few years\nwill find it easy to give his girls insight into the\nterrible destructive work the Jew has done to German women.", "\nHe will speak of the tragedies that have occurred in Jewish\nhomes, offices, department stores, in the offices of Jewish\ndoctors and attorneys. ", "He who has heard nothing of this may\nread the Stürmer and follow the battle it wages\nagainst Jewish racial defilers. ", "Things had gone so far that\nthe Jew Kurt Münzer could say:\n\n\"We have ruined the blood of all the races of\nEurope, defiled them, broken their strength, made\neverything tired, lazy and rotten with our corrupt\nculture.\" (", "The Way to Zion, a novel of 1910).", "\n\nAnd the Jewess Anselma Heine boasted:\n\nSuddenly I saw in him the typical ancient train of\nsuffering of his race. ", "It was his pleasure to have power\nover women, and nothing gave him greater joy than to\nboast of the brutal force with which he ruled his women\nof the blond nobility.\" (", "Anselma Heine on the poet\nLudwig Jakobowski, \"Lit. ", "Echo\", Issue 3, 1912).", "\n\nGirls educated in such a way will never become victims of\nthe Jew. ", "They are safe from the devils of this world. ", "They\nwill slap the Jewish seducer in the face if he dares to\napproach them. ", "Now they understand the Nuremberg Laws.", "\nTheir hearts are filled with passionate thanks that the\nNational Socialist movement protects the German woman from\nshame and defilement. ", "They will pass on to their children\nwhat we have given them. ", "Thus the blessings of our labors\nwill endure in the coming generations. [", "pp. ", "41-46]\n\nHow They Lie\nMust the politician lie?", "\n\nEach one of us asks this question when we hear\nthe lies and horror stories that Germany's enemies\nspread throughout the world through the press or\nradio.", "\n\nObviously a politician cannot wear his heart on\nhis sleeve when he is working for the success of his\ncountry. ", "Only hypocrites and innocent dreamers would\ndemand that he speak openly about his plans. ", "Just as\na businessman does not divulge his secrets to his\nrival, so also in politics, with even greater\njustification, much must remain a secret.", "\n\nBut there is an immense difference between\ndiscretion in business and the rude slander of\nrivals in one's private life.", "\n\nFor example, what would you say if a colleague of\nyours, whom you regarded as a rival and who disliked\nyou, were to spread the rumor that your household is\nin disorder, that you murder small children and rape\ndefenseless women? ", "Rest assured that in our country\nsuch a person would soon be behind bars.", "\n\nBut the international politicians and journalists\nwho slander entire peoples in a shameless manner not\nonly run around freely, they impudently put on airs\nas the saviors of human culture. ", "No lie is too crude\nfor them, no slander too vulgar — they understand\ntheir craft.", "\n\nEven in World War I they knew how to incite hate\nwith the help of atrocity propaganda. ", "We all recall\nthose daily lies of the \"German barbarian\" who,\n\"like a wild beast rages over the earth and destroys\neverything in hate and the fury of annihilation, who\ntortures children and delights in the tears of\nmothers,\" as a foreign paper once wrote.", "\n\nIn war, man stands against man. ", "Each serves the\nfatherland in his own way, and no soldier will deny\nthe knightly convictions of a noble opponent. ", "Today,\nhowever, a cowardly gang of professional agitators\ndaily invents new lies and pictures from the safety\nof their desks.", "\n\nBackground:\nThe Nazis put enormous effort into public speaking, both\nbefore and after they took power. ", "This essay, taken from the\nparty's monthly for propagandists, explains why the spoken\nword has more power than the written word. ", "At the end, the\nauthor compares Nazi rhetoric to religious rhetoric.", "\nFrauenfeld was a Nazi Gauleiter.", "\n\nThe Power of\nSpeech\n\nby A. E. Frauenfeld\n\nWhen coming generations look back on the period of\nstruggle and development of the National Socialist movement,\none of the most interesting and significant conclusions they\nwill draw is that seldom in the history of the German\npeople, indeed that of humanity itself, did the spoken word,\nthat direct personal contact between the leader of a young\nand rising movement and the whole people, have such\nimportance as in this significant period in the history of\nthe German people.", "\n\nIt is very remarkable that although Adolf Hitler used the\nmost modern achievements of science and technology for his\nstruggle, he always viewed them only as instruments, never\nmaking compromises with technology that contradicted his\nknowledge. ", "He was never tempted to devote himself to them,\nto become subordinate to them!", "\n\nWe must remind ourselves that the printing press released\na flood of printed words, and that the spoken word seemed a\nrelic of the Middle Ages over against the strength and force\nof technology that brought the printed word to the masses of\nthe people. ", "A dreadful collapse of the rhetorical art\nfollowed. ", "National Socialism in no way rejected the\npossibilities that modern technology provided in the area of\nprinting, but it also recognized the importance of the\nspoken word as the messenger of a movement that came out of\nthe feelings and experiences of the people. ", "It used the\nspoken word in a way unparalleled in the past, and that will\nremain exemplary in the future.", "\n\nTo endure in the age of the printed word, the help of\ntechnology was needed. ", "The loudspeaker, the radio, the motor\nvehicle, and the airplane provided opportunities to reach a\nbroader circle than ever before with the spoken word.", "\n\nIf we ask why Adolf Hitler put such great significance on\nthe spoken word, we must conclude that the written word in\nno way equals the spoken word in intensity and impact.", "\n\nBut one does not rule out the other. ", "They supplement\nrather than replace each other. ", "The problem here is the same\none that we encounter in the arts. ", "Why do people go to the\ntheater when there are movies, which are cheaper and less\ncomplicated, and which use the most modern technical\nmethods? ", "Why do people attend concerts when they could\nlisten to the radio or turn on the record player in their\nhomes, and hear the same thing? ", "Why do people take on the\nchallenges, the costs and the economic burdens of travel,\nwhen they can see splendid films with precise details about\nevery part of the world?", "\n\nAll of these instances prove that even the most modern\nand perfect reproductions of music, words, or pictures can\nnever replace personal experience. ", "The feeling we have when\nwalking through the streets of a foreign city cannot be\nconveyed by the most perfect picture, the best travel\ndescription. ", "A reproduction, however perfect, will never\nhave the same effect as the actual work of art.", "\n\nPersonal experience is always primary, reproduction in\nwhatever form is secondary. ", "It is most effective when\npresented to a person who has directly experienced what is\nshown, who is then reminded of what he once experienced.", "\nMemory and imagination must be combined with secondary art\nforms in order to come close to communicating the primary\nexperience of art!", "\n\nHe who hears an opera on the radio, but has never seen it\non stage, will get only an imperfect impression, whereas he\nwho has experienced the work will be reminded of the whole\nmagic of the direct experience of the work of art.", "\n\nHe who reads a speech by the Führer but has never heard\nhim speak will have a different and incomplete impression\ncompared to him who has often heard the Führer. ", "While he\nreads, his own imagination is active and he hears the words\nthat he reads in his mental ear.", "\n\nWe see then that every indirect presentation is somehow\nincomplete if the memory of previous experience does not\nhelp our imaginations to unite our past experiences with the\nsecondary form of reproduction.", "\n\nThe printed word is abstract. ", "It is impersonal. ", "It is not\nrooted in memory, but slides away. ", "We connect the spoken\nword with thoughts of the person who spoke it, with his\nappearance, the sound of his voice, the persuasiveness and\npassion with which he spoke the words. ", "And then there is the\nenvironment. ", "Reading is usually done alone. ", "Speaking is\ncommunal; many hundreds or thousands share the enthusiasm.", "\nAll of this allows the spoken word to pass from the level of\nsimple understanding to the depths of our feelings and\ndrives!", "\n\nScience records its knowledge in books. ", "Confessions of\nfaith have always favored the spoken over the printed word.", "\nNational Socialism proves this through the significance that\nthe spoken word had in its struggle. ", "From the beginning, it\nfought on the spiritual level and it spoke rather than wrote\nits words because it wanted to reach people's hearts,\nbecause it wanted to win!", "\n\nWe can distinguish four various forms of speaking:\n\nThe meeting\n\nThe mass meeting\n\nThe ceremony\n\nThe talk\n\nThe lecture\n\nA meeting is a gathering of a number of people who have\ncome together to be instructed by a speaker about a certain\ntopic. ", "It is usually not particularly formal. ", "Meetings\ngenerally are held in rooms in restaurants, and drinks are\nserved during the talk. ", "This is the simplest form of\nbringing one person's thoughts and opinions to a larger\naudience.", "\n\nA mass meeting is a step up from a meeting. ", "It usually\nincludes a larger number of listeners, music, flags, etc.,", "\nwhich contribute to the atmosphere. ", "Where possible, one will\navoid tables in a mass meeting. ", "Rather, one prefers halls\nthat can be decorated to elevate the mood and, since there\nare only chairs, it is easier for the audience to\nconcentrate on the speaker.", "\n\nThe highest level is in ceremonial gatherings. ", "Here there\nis an artistically unified program with music, the entrance\nand exit of flags, and in the center of it all, a speech.", "\nThe individual parts join to form a whole. ", "This developed\nfrom the ceremonies that National Socialism created in its\nmeetings during the struggle for power, and that have now\nbeen adopted in mass meetings and ceremonies.", "\n\nDuring the years of struggle, there was great joy in\nbattle and an enthusiasm that did not look to the\nsurroundings, but rather from overflowing hearts and\nsacrificial devotion created a devotion that made each\nmeeting an experience, despite the modest surroundings and\nprimitive conditions. ", "Now that we possess power, we need\nexterior decorations and finery to bring alive the feelings\nof those days once more.", "\n\nThe opposite of this form of rhetoric is the talk and the\nlecture. ", "A mass meeting intends to be an experience, whereas\nthe talk transmits knowledge, directing itself to the mind\nof the hearer. ", "It wants to teach, to say something new, to\neducate. ", "Its purposes are in the realm of the understanding.", "\n\nThe meeting is different in every regard. ", "The attendee of\na mass meeting would be disappointed by a scientific\nlecture, no matter how elevated and educational, because he\ncame to the meeting with other expectations. ", "Being taught\ngoes against his wish to be motivated, to be swept along. ", "We\nsee here two kinds of speaking: the talk, which above all\naims at the mind, and the meeting speech, which reaches the\nheart. ", "In the talk what one says is primary, whereas in the\nspeech it is above all a matter of how one says it. ", "The\naudience of a meeting or mass meeting does not want to be\ntaught (at least not in an obvious way), but rather\nmotivated. ", "Our language proves it. ", "We say that listeners\nwere \"captivated\" by a speaker, that the speaker \"held them\nin his spell,\" that his \"gripping\" speech had \"suggestive\"\npower.", "\n\nA lecturer presents his hearers with things new to them,\nor illuminates them from new angles, whereas the speaker has\nthe task of saying that which the audience feels, but is\nunable itself to say in clear and proper form. ", "The words of\na lecturer can be stolen, in a book, for example. ", "A speaker\ncannot be plagiarized. ", "His greatest triumph is when his\nthoughts and words are repeated by his hearers who have made\nhis words their own, because they think that they are\nexpressing their own thoughts in using the words of the\nspeaker.", "\n\nA lecturer stands behind his words, in the shadow of his\nthoughts, so to speak, but for the speaker the word is the\nmeans through which he expresses the power of his\npersonality and gives it force. ", "The speaker becomes for many\nlisteners the incarenation of the idea that he represents.", "\nFor many hearers, the thought of the idea is bound to the\nthought of him who presented the idea, who with the force of\nhis personality overcame the internal resistance of his\nhearers.", "\n\nAll of this makes it clear that the outward aspects of a\nmeeting, its surroundings, the way in which a speech is\ngiven, are not minor matters that one can do without, but\nrather necessary preconditions if a meeting is to fulfill\nits purposes, if all the effort that went into it is not to\nbe in vain.", "\n\nNow and again, one still encounters the completely wrong\nidea that since National Socialism has taken power, meetings\nand speeches no longer have the same significance as they\ndid when we were fighting for power. ", "He who as a result\nwants to reduce the number of meetings, or take less care in\nholding them, thereby proves that he has never understood\nthe nature of the National Socialist movement. ", "Just as a\nreligion or a church can never stop preaching and explaining\nthe faith in a thousand ways from the pulpit, no more can\nNational Socialism surrender the direct and powerful effect\nof the speech, which ever and again strengthens the faith of\nthe movement and provides new power for the never-ending\nstruggle. ", "Ever so many newspapers, magazines, and books can\nat most only make this enormously important task easier!", "\n\nBackground:\nThe Nazi Party's speakers needed to be kept up-to-date. ", "To\nprovide the necessary information, the party provided a\nvariety of material. ", "The\nSpeaker Education Material was intended\nto provide information that could be used over the long\nterm. ", "The Redner-Schnellinformation [ Speakers'\nExpress Information], on the other hand, provided speakers\nwith guidelines for the immediate campaign. ", "This is a\ntranslation of an issue of the latter. ", "It is dated 5 May\n1943, in the midst of one of the party's periodic\nanti-Semitic campaigns. ", "For more information on the topic,\nsee my article \"The Argument for Genocide in Nazi\nPropaganda,\" Quarterly Journal of Speech 91 (2005),\n37-62.", "\n\nThe Jewish\nQuestion as a Weapon at Home and Abroad\n\nIt has become apparent that the reduction of public\ndiscussion about the Jewish Question has misled a great part\nof the public, who now are starting to see the Jewish\nQuestion as a weapon we can do without, since the Jewish\nQuestion has, after all, been solved in Germany. ", "This view\nis dangerous and false. ", "Were it correct — and this line of\nthinking has been often used — the church could have ended\nits meetings hundreds of years ago, since everyone was\nChristian, and the Christian Question was therefore\nresolved. ", "It is true that we have solved the Jewish Question\nin Germany, but it has become even more important outside\nGermany during this war, for this war is a war of the Jews\nagainst Germany and its allies. ", "Just as the domestic\nstruggle in Germany ended in an anti-Semitic revolution, so,\ntoo, this war must end in an anti-Semitic world revolution.", "\n\nThe best foundations for that have already been laid.", "\nThere are already important anti-Semitic movements in nearly\nall the nations of Europe, along with more or less advanced\nJewish laws aimed at diminishing the influence of the Jews.", "\nEven in enemy nations, anti-Semitic voices are so strong\nthat leading newspapers and leading politicians and\nchurchmen have to face the matter in public.", "\n\nIn Germany, we have made the whole nation anti-Semitic by\nalways pointing the finger at the Jews, as hard as they\ntried to hide themselves. ", "We always ripped the mask from\ntheir faces. ", "The Jews attempted often enough to divert the\npublic from the subject by busying them with other matters,\nsince our propaganda was most unpleasant for them. ", "That was\nstill more reason to stubbornly continue that propaganda.", "\n\nThe Jewish Question must be the central issue in the\nmeeting waves of the immediate future. ", "Each German must know\nthat everything he suffers in this war, all the\nunpleasantness, shortages, overtime, bloody terror against\nwomen and children and bloody losses on the battlefield, are\nthe fault of the Jews. ", "Each meeting must include the\nfollowing line of thinking:\n\nThe International Jew wanted this war. ", "He possessed the\nkey economic positions within every enemy people and in\nevery enemy nation, and used his power to ruthlessly drive\nthe peoples into war.", "\n\nHe today controls public opinion in enemy nations, owning\nthe press, radio, and film, and uses them as the voice of\nthese peoples. ", "Still, knowledge of the nature of Jewry has\ntaken hold in enemy nations, and is increasing.", "\n\nThere is no crime in which the Jew is not involved. ", "Just\nas was once the case in Germany, well over half of all those\nengaged in financial crimes, cases of fraud, bankruptcy,\ncorruption, and stock speculation are Jews.", "\n\nWhere Jews do not want to appear as important men\nthemselves, they have bought leading personalities in public\nlife to do the Jews' work for them.", "\n\nJews earn money from war, and therefore have an interest\nin a long war, though hardly a Jew bears a weapon himself,\nor earns his living by his own hands. ", "Just as was once the\ncase in Germany, Jews let others fight and work for them.", "\n\nThe Jews incited this war as a final attempt to maintain\ntheir power in the world and to defeat all those who saw\nthrough them.", "\n\nThis war will end with an anti-Semitic world revolution,\nand with the destruction of Jewry in the world, which is the\nprerequisite to a lasting peace. ", "The key thought is this:\n\nEverything is the fault of the Jews!", "\n\nRecent events, particularly Katyn and the related\ndevelopments in the Allied camp give much current\ninformation on this matter (see\nRedner-Schnellinformation issue 56).", "\n\nReichsleiter Dr. Goebbels published an article\nin \"Das Reich\" on 9 May 1932 titled \"The\nWar and the Jews.\" ", "This article will be sent to\nall speakers as a special edition of the \"Sonderdienst der\nRPL, issue 20/43). ", "It provides extensive material on the\nJewish Question.", "\n\nBackground:\nThe Nazi Party depended heavily on speakers to get its\nmesage across, particularly when the party wanted to say\nthings that would be awkward to say in the mass media, which\nwere accessible to foreigners. ", "The speakers needed to be\nkept up-to-date. ", "The Redner-Schnellinformation [\nSpeakers' Express Information], published by the party\npropaganda headquarters, provided speakers with guidelines\nfor immediate campaigns. ", "This is a translation of an issue\ndated 18 May 1943, in the midst of one of the party's\nperiodic anti-Semitic campaigns. ", "It formed the basis for\npublic speeches throughout Germany.", "\n\nWhat I find\nparticularly striking in the article is the quotation by a\nBritish sailor, hoping that Hitler will soon eliminate five\nmillion Jews. ", "It is more vivid and specific than any other\npublic statement I've found in Nazi rhetoric. ", "For more\ninformation on the topic, see my article \"The Argument for\nGenocide in Nazi Propaganda,\" Quarterly Journal of\nSpeech 91 (2005), 37-62.", "\n\nTwilight of the\nJews throughout the World!", "\n\nIn his 8 May article in \"Das Reich\" titled \"The\nWar and the Jews,\" Reich Minister Dr.Goebbels\nwrote:\n\nNone of the Führer's prophetic words has come\nso inevitably true as his prediction that if Jewry\nsucceeded in provoking a second world war, the result\nwould be not the destruction of the Aryan race, but\nrather the wiping out of the Jewish race. ", "This process\nis of vast importance, and will have unforeseeable\nconsequences that will take time. ", "But it can no longer\nbe halted.", "\n\nHis words over recent weeks have confirmed by\nincreasingly striking anti-Semitic statements in all\nnations. ", "Even enemy nations, above all England and\nAmerica, are no exception. ", "There is increasing\nevidence that the widest circles of the citizenry of these\ncountries are realizing that:\n\nAll the misery, all the suffering, and all the\nshortages caused by this war are exclusively of Jewish\norigin, and that the war itself is the work of the Jews;\n\nThe Jews cleverly keep themselves far from any\nbattle or sacrifice of their own blood, but play a\nleading, and generally criminal, role in the public life\nof those nations affected by the war.", "\n\nFor tactical political reasons, it would be unwise to\nemphasize this growing knowledge of the Jews in our press\nand radio, since that would have the danger of encouraging\nthose enemy nations, thanks to their exclusively Jewish\nleadership, to combat further growth of this view with all\nthe resources at their command. ", "It is, therefore,\nappropriate that our speakers present this to our German\npeople in meetings and mass meetings. ", "It offers a\nparticularly good opportunity to present our constant\nwarnings against and accusations of the Jews using new and\ninteresting material. ", "For the first time, we here present a\nseries of enemy and neutral voices on the theme of\n\"recognizing the Jews.\"", "\n\nThe English journalist Swaffer, who works for the Labour\nParty newspapers \"People\" and \"Daily Herald,\" wrote a series\nof pro-Jewish articles for the English publication \"Worlds\nPress News.\" ", "As the journalist later said, these hymns of\npraise for the Jews were a sort of \"trial balloon\" through\nwhich he wanted to get a clear picture of public opinion on\nthe matter. ", "Mr. Swaffer's experiment was a complete success.", "\nHe himself reported on the results in later articles.", "\n\nAmong the many letters, there was a flood of angry\nrejections of his praise of the Jews. ", "According to one\nletter:\n\n\"It interesting to see you dance to the music\nof your Jewish masters. ", "But it's a good thing that the\nEnglish people are finally recognizing the slumbering\nJewish danger in its midst. ", "I hope the knowledge\ncontinues to grow.\"", "\n\nAnother reply went as follows:\n\n\"I do not know your nationality, but as long\nas you live in England, enjoy England's protection, and\nare paid in English currency, you should try to be\nEnglish. ", "It's enough that England was forced into this\nwar against its will, which serves no other purpose than\nto protect Jewish financial interests. ", "I hope that\nanti-Semitism takes hold everywhere in England. ", "For too\nlong, Jewish finance, Jewish speculation, and Jewish\nfinancial criminals and war profiteers have controlled\nus. ", "The Jews in England have become a plague. ", "In the\nfuture, our government should offer them no protection\nand no entrance visas. ", "As a race, the Jews are cowardly,\ndirty, unpatriotic, and egocentric. ", "We know only too\nwell that our sons are fighting for Jewish England, and\nthat they are cannon fodder for the Jews.\"", "\n\nA sailor in the English navy answered the journalist in\nthis way:\n\n\"Are you a Jew yourself, or is there some\nspecial reason why you dance to the Jewish tune? ", "The\nsooner Hitler destroys those 5 million Jews, the better\noff the world will be. ", "Let us lift our glasses and drink\nto the day that there are no Jews left in the world.\"", "\n\nJust as striking are the following statements by other\nreaders:\n\n\"Don't you have anything better to do than to\nwaste valuable paper by defending a human race that sees\nearning money as the only thing that is worthwhile? ", "The\nJews exploit England's hospitality. ", "One almost wants to\nask how much the Chief Rabbi paid you to write your\narticle.\"", "\n\n\"Christianity teaches that the Jews are good\nfor nothing. ", "The Jewish religion, however, teaches that\nthey are the Chosen People to whom one day all the other\npeoples will be subordinate. ", "Such a doctrine raises our\nsuspicions. ", "Since the Jews are systematically raised to\nbe arrogant, is no surprise that no one likes them.\"", "\n\n\"The growing opposition to the Jews in\nEngland can be traced to the 'poor\" Jewish refugees from\nGermany. ", "We gave them shelter, freedom, jobs, and a\nchance to earn money while our men have to fight and die\nat the front. ", "The whole British public has noticed that\nnot a week passes without one of these immigrant Jews\nbeing revealed as a black marketer or a financial\nscoundrel.\"", "\n\nThe Swedish newspaper \"Dagposten,\" in its 8 May edition,\ncarried a long article about growing anti-Jewish opinions in\nEngland. ", "The reporter writes that England proves the old\ntruth: Anti-Semitism becomes epidemic wherever there are a\nlot of Jews.", "\n\nIn mid-April, the \"Daily Mirror\" carried a story that\ncomplained fervently about the many refugees of all stripes\nin England, primarily the Jews, \"who steal the world from\nGod himself,\" while the English are either serving in the\nmilitary or engaged in hard physical labor.", "\n\nOn 1 April, the \"News Chronicle\" reported on the\nobnoxious behavior of the Jews in a fancy spa in the north\nof England. ", "Even the rabbi of the Jewish community, in the\nface of a strikingly large number of Jewish spa visitors,\nhad to strongly warn his co-religionists to be less obvious\nin public, so as to avoid arousing hostile reactions.", "\n\nParticularly interesting in this connection, the organ of\na British association supporting economic, social, and\npolitical reform carried a major piece on the dangerous\neconomic and political influence of Jewish world capital.", "\n\nThe paper came to the conclusion that the methods of\nJewish capital domination over the economic and social life\nof the world's independent nations leads to a latent, long\nlasting condition of war that is responsible for all the\nmiseries and conflicts. ", "The paper presented this clear\nexample:\n\n\"A telephone call from London can lead to the\nmanufacture of a certain machine part, formerly made in\nGermany, in some country on the other side of the world.", "\nThe affected firm in Germany thus loses what may have\nbeen its best customer. ", "We give Germany as an example,\nsince it best demonstrates the results. ", "If this action\nis multiplied, the country soon has no trade with its\nneighbors, but instead suffers under growing debt piled\non it by the same profit-hungry usurious financial\nfigures. ", "The suffering country has no other choice but\nself-reliance, a noble goal, but one that the financiers\nhate since it robs them of lucrative business. ", "The\nsuffering country uses its raw materials for its own\npurposes, and it is understandable that it builds a\nreserve of war materials in case it is attacked by\ncountries controlled by monopoly finance. ", "As long as\nthere are two competing financial systems in the world,\nthere will always be potential cause for war between the\nrespective nations.\"", "\n\nThis article caused the \"Jewish Chronicle,\" the Jewish\norgan in London, considerable excitement. ", "The paper claimed\nthat the line of thinking repeated here was\n\"unhealthy,\" and called it dangerously\nanti-Semitic. ", "The Jewish paper thus itself revealed that the\ncriminal economic methods described in the article are, in\nfact, the Jewish norm.", "\n\nThis wisdom revealed by this British association is\nnothing new to those who know the Jews. ", "The Jews themselves\nhave said for a long time that their whole purpose and goal\nis to enslave the world through economic, social, and\npolitical misery. ", "War is always an opportunity to them for\nbig business, which is why they want wars. ", "The Jew Dr.\nMartin Eli Rawage wrote this about his own race in the New\nYork monthly \"The Century Magazine\" in January 1928\n:\n\n\"We are the ones who incite world wars, and\nthe main beneficiaries of such wars.\"", "\n[This was a favorite Nazi quote,\nthough the article cited is clearly satiric in intent.]", "\n\nGeorg Bernhard, formerly a widely known press Jew in\nGermany, wrote on 1 September 1938 in the Jewish weekly \"Die\nneue Weltbühne,\" at the time published in Paris:\n\n\"It cannot go on like this. ", "If a new world\nwar does not break out in the near future, 150,000 or\n200,000 Jews will have to emigrate.\"", "\n\nThe Jew Bernhard's longings were followed a half a year\nlater by this triumphant conclusion of the London Jewish\npaper \"Jewish Chronicle\" of 3 March 1939:\n\n\"The Jewish Question is being discussed by\nstatesmen in a way more acute and compelling than ever\nbefore in the history of the world. ", "They can do whatever\nthey want, but the nations of the earth well never be\nable to get away from this question. ", "The Jewish serpent\nwill show its hydra's heads everywhere, blocking the way\nto a relaxation of international tensions. ", "We Jews will\nnot allow peace in the world, however hard statesmen and\npeace advocates try to bring it about.\"", "\n\nThis claim by the \"Jewish Chronicle\" is consistent with\ntwo other Jewish declarations which as far back as 1934\nproclaimed Jewish war against Germany. ", "Emil Ludwig Cohn, the\nclassic example of a Jewish emigrant gifted at incitement,\nwrote in the American magazine \"Les Annales\":\n\n\"Hitler does not want war, but he will be\nforced into it. ", "England will have the last word, just as\nit did in 1914.\"", "\n\nIn the same year, the Jewish magazine \"Natche Retsch\"\nwrote:\n\nOur Jewish interests demand the final\ndestruction of Germany. ", "The German people itself is a\ndanger to us. ", "It is therefore impossible to allow\nGermany to grow strong under its current government.\"", "\n\nJewish hatred toward us corresponds to our goal. ", "One\nalways meets people who want to believe that our constant\nclaims that this war is a matter of \"either/or\" are not\naccurate. ", "These mental midgets unable to see beyond their\nnoses believe that a compromise peace would not be all that\nbad for the German people.", "\n\nThis ignores the fact that the Jews who brought about\nthis war think of us with blind hatred and total opposition.", "\nFor them, there is no end to the war short of the total\ndestruction of all German life. ", "That is why Th. ", "N. Kaufman\nwants to sterilize the German people, or why another Jewish\napostle of hatred, writing in England, calls for the\ncomplete extermination of the German people. ", "A third plan\nknown to us involves the deportation of all German children,\nand is motivated by the same blind hatred. ", "Finally, the\nclear intention of our big capitalist-plutocratic opponents\nin England and America is to give Germany and Europe over to\nmurderous Soviet terror. ", "That is the plan of World Jewry,\nwhich unleashed this war and directs it through its puppet\nstatesmen in England, America, and the Soviet Union.", "\n\nIn England and America, the realization is spreading that\nthe Jew alone is behind this war and all of its terrible\nsuffering. ", "This will fulfil the prophecy in the essay by\nReich Minister Dr. Goebbels that was quoted at the beginning\nof this essay:\n\n\"We are convinced that at the end of the war,\nJewry will face a humanity that fully understands the\nJewish Question.\"", "\n\nThis understanding is advancing in giant steps. ", "At the\nbeginning of this month, an article in the Swedish newspaper\n\"Folkets Dagbladet,\" datelined Washington, reported that\naccording to official statistics published in the \"New York\nWorld Telegram,\" the number of Jews in New York has grown\nfrom 1,760,000 to 2,206,000. ", "That means that every\nfifth New Yorker today is a strongly religious Jew.", "\nThis statistic includes only religious Jews. ", "In truth, the\nJewish percentage of the city has to be significantly\nhigher.", "\n\nThis, too, indicates growing anti-Semitism. ", "The Swedish\nnewspaper reported that recently, growing numbers of\nleaflets have been spread, pointing to a secret organization\nopposed to the Jews.", "\n\nThe same thing is evident in Argentina, South Africa, and\nin all the other nations not involved in the war. ", "As we know\nfrom our own struggle in Germany, the Jews are attempting to\ncombat this growing awareness. ", "On the one hand, the rabbis\nwork hard to warn the Jews against standing out too much.", "\nThey also try to persuade the Jews not to be so open in\nmaking money through of the war. ", "However, they know only too\nwell that anti-Semitism cannot be eliminated in that way,\nsince the Jew is unable to change his inner nature. ", "Wherever\none does not give him a good kick and keep him down, he\ngrows arrogant and obnoxious, using every available\nopportunity to commit crimes of corruption, black\nmarketering, hoarding, raising prices, and other such\ncrimes.", "\n\nThey thus quickly turn to the old familiar tactic of\nshouting that they are persecuted innocents, encouraging\ntheir puppet statesmen to pass laws protecting the Jews.", "\n\nIn London, they organized a \"Conference to Combat the\nDanger of Anti-Semitism. ", "The \"Daily Herald\" reported\non the conference, and complained that \"anti-Semitism is\nspreading like poison in the whole body politic.\"", "\nThe conference concluded with a call to make spreading\nanti-Semitic ideas a crime punishable by law. ", "Formerly,\nanti-Jewish statements could be prosecuted only as seditious\nstatements. ", "Anti-Semitism itself was not illegal.", "\nNow the Jews are demanding legal protection. ", "At the\nsame time, they demand that the British government make the\nradio available for \"educational talks\" on\nthe Jewish Question so that people will understand the\n\"plague of anti-Semitism.\"", "\n\nThis is the old cry of the criminal who shouts \"Stop\nthief\" to divert attention from himself.", "\n\nIt will do them no good. ", "Their own behavior insures that\nthey will be seen through more and more. ", "In these nations,\ntoo, people will finally realize that there is only way to\npeace, namely the one expressed in the words of a National\nSocialist poet of our day:\n\n\"Peoples, Awake! ", "To end the misery,Judah, the ancient enemy, must fall!Ours is the victory over misery and death:Freedom and peace for us all!\"", "\n\nThe Danger of Americanism\n\"Americanism\" is not merely a moral-cultural form of\ndegeneration, nor can it be combated by nonpolitical means.", "\nIt has already been defeated when one digs it up by its\nroots and sees there plainly the words: \"Made in Israel.\"", "\n\n(Background: This article comes from Das\nSchwarze Korps, the weekly published by the SS. ", "It is\npart of the general propaganda campaign aimed against the\nUnited States. ", "It displays the general Nazi dislike of\nAmerican culture, and claims that the Jews are behind it\nall.", "\n\nWhen we speak of young Europe and its young nations, we\ncontrast them to the senile world of dying liberalism which,\nunder the leadership of Jewry, is once more gathering all\nits material resources in an attempt to forever subject the\nworld to the power of money under the domination of those\nwho have it. ", "They want to perpetuate the social injustice\nthey find so comfortable. ", "More is involved than differences\nbetween ages and generations, however.", "\n\nOur camp includes not only those who are young enough to\ntopple the old and build a new world. ", "It includes all those\nspiritual forces that see the new in the collapse of the\nold, who want to build a new future with new ways and means.", "\n\nThe triumph of the Copernican worldview over the\nunfruitful dogma of the past, the triumph of science over\nempty faith, was a victory of youth. ", "They followed the\nshining examples of their predecessors. ", "The youth have\nalways been the battering ram that helped bring the national\nidea to fruition. ", "The discovery of the laws of inheritance\nhas been the occasion and guidepost of a new youth movement\nthat builds on the eternal culture-building values of race\nand blood. ", "They lead from the deadly and destructive\nlethargy of materialism to the new world of tomorrow.", "\n\nToday it is as it always was in times of revolution.", "\nThose fighting for the new have more to offer the youth than\nthose who live in yesterday, who hold to what they have\ngrown accustomed to, even if it has long since become rigid,\nempty and stifling. ", "We offer the youth the freedom to\ndevelop their nation, even in the case of smaller nations.", "\nWe offer them room for creative fantasy, the opportunity to\ntransform great thoughts to reality outside the lecture\nhall. ", "We offer the realization of dreams on a world scale, a\ncommon Germanic will, a common European will. ", "We fill the\nspiritual vacuum left by liberalism with the magic of a\nworldview that draws self-confidence and meaning to life\nfrom race and the blood of one's ancestors.", "\n\nWhat does old England have to offer its youth to justify\nthe war's requirements? ", "It cannot even begin to solve its\nown social problems, much less offer anything to other\npeoples. ", "Where is there a healthy youth that is on fire for\nBolshevism? ", "It was a danger only during the spiritual\ninterregnum that followed the First World War. ", "In the face\nof an inadequate yesterday, it was the only force, the only\nrevolutionary movement, available, and anything was better\nthan nothing.", "\n\nToday Bolshevism may have reached its material and\norganizational pinnacle on the bent backs of its devotees,\nbut as a spiritual movement it is finished. ", "The crass\nincompetence of its methods and goals have proven it to be\nthe very epitome of capitalist slavery.", "\n\nThe only remaining alternative is Americanism. ", "As strange\nas it may sound, it is the only serious competition to\nNational Socialism's racial worldview in the struggle for\nthe youth, in the struggle for the future of humanity. ", "In\nthe end, however, it is only a forerunner of Bolshevism.", "\n\nAmericanism is certainly not a spiritual movement, nor is\nit a worldview that it is possible to oppose at the\nintellectual level. ", "Its political beneficiaries have tried\nin recent years to give it, if not a face, at least a\nprogram or a goal: \"the American Century.\" ", "It is a\ncollection of empty promises of the type democratic orators\nhave always made — but this time on a world scale. ", "There is\nnothing in them to excite a reasonable man. ", "But that is\nexactly the point of Americanism! ", "The key is not what it\npromises, but what it cannot promise. ", "The key is not what it\ndemands of men, but what gives them.", "\n\nThat would not matter if the world's youth were of the\nsound character that develops from racially conscious lines,\ntradition-rich families, good upbringing and close\ncamaraderie. ", "But that is not the way things are. ", "The good\nfairy will not give youth the values they will need in life.", "\nThe racially sound youth can be inspired by virtue of his\nblood. ", "But the blood does not tell him what should inspire\nhim. ", "He can be misled into serving a bad cause. ", "He can\nsquander his enthusiasm if he matures in a spiritual vacuum.", "\nOne should not underestimate the danger of Americanism, or\nits seductive power. ", "It offers devotion to a culture of\nnothingness, independence, lack of restraint, a freedom from\nall obligation, from all honor, from all consideration.", "\n\nWe do not wish to deny this culture of nothingness its\nright to exist. ", "It can even, rightly used, be good, just as\nit is sometimes a pleasure to do nothing. ", "Should a German\nsoldier happen to find a portable record player and jazz\nrecords in the deserted quarters of British or American\nsoldiers, he does not smash them against the wall. ", "Instead,\nhe takes them along and thinks he has a great treasure. ", "We\ndon't want to suggest excessive cultural disaster here.", "\nThere are times when he wants a vacation from himself, from\nus, from the whole world. ", "He needs to relax, and certainly\ndoes not wish to ponder intellectual matters. ", "Nothing is\nbetter suited to take him out of the normal world than the\ncomplete nonsense of this hot music, this cacophony of\nanimal howls, wild instruments and foot-stomping Negro lust.", "\nIt takes him away from human concerns back to the depths of\npre-human apedom, returning him to the time when people did\nnot need to think because there was no past and no future.", "\nIts effect is like that of alcohol, which turns normally\nrational men into shouting, destructive children. ", "That can\nsometimes be good for serious and intelligent men. ", "And the\nsoldier certainly does not forget his German mission, nor\ndoes he lose his character or honor when he occasionally\nspends an hour relaxing to entertaining music. ", "He is immune\nto the danger of confusing this rhythmic pig grunting with\ngood music, much less art or culture. ", "It cannot meet his\nhigher standards.", "\n\nOthers, however, are not as immune. ", "That is what those\nwho deny any appeal of Americanism forget.", "\n\nCertainly there is no danger that our young boys and\ngirls will fall into sexual frenzy while listening to some\nJewish lout blowing on a saxophone. ", "One can introduce them\nto the high priests of the American jitterbug with no\nworries at all. ", "At most they will laugh. ", "Our young\nLuftwaffe aides and working girls would hardly join in\na dance marathon. ", "And the winning couple running through the\narena in tattered, sweaty clothes would receive not\napplause, but a beating. ", "But that is our youth. ", "They are\nmade of different stuff, and grew up in a world in which\ndignity comes from doing one's duty, and both are seen not\nas a burden but as the joy of life.", "\n\nThat may be self-evident to us, but it is not so to\nothers. ", "Whole nations behave in ways not guided by clear\ntasks. ", "They are only individuals, parents, teachers, tribes\nand groups, able to lead them out of error and confusion\ninto a clear world of meaning. ", "We may not forget that during\nthe tragic years following the First World War, a\nsignificant part of our youth too fell under the appeal of\nAmericanism, waving their limbs in the Shimmy and the\nCharleston because there was nothing else to do.", "\n\nWe sometimes fail to see that there are young people in\nEurope today — often from the so-called better classes — who\nnot only do not stand within the camp of young Europe, but\neven mock or scorn it. ", "Many of us simply cannot understand\nhow there can be a mass meeting at a Norwegian university\nprotesting those who are risking their lives in the east for\nthe freedom and security of their native land, or how\nSwedish students, even if they do not jump to the side of\ntheir Finnish brothers, do not at least follow their\nstruggle with respect.", "\n\nThese young men surely are not consciously supporting the\nplans of Stalin and Roosevelt. ", "Thank God, this small part of\nEurope's youth is not a politically aware counterpart to the\nEuropean youth defending young Europe in the east. ", "Those who\nthink politically and act from conviction demonstrate it\nthrough their actions. ", "The others have followed the\ncomfortable path that leads from political thinking to\nAmericanism.", "\n\nThat is the political danger of Americanism. ", "It leads\nthose who fall prey to it away from political thinking, away\nfrom responsibility, even to their nation, away from\ndecency, even from national decency.", "\n\nThe American lad may use fine phrases to say that the\nnationalist is his political enemy. ", "In reality, however, he\nfights a man who makes uncomfortable and difficult demands\non him, the man who recognizes the fate of the nation as his\nfate, who respects the woman who will become the mother of\nhis children, who wants to be a model, who always acts as if\nthe eyes of the nation are upon him. ", "The American lad feels\nhis \"freedom\" restricted by such behavior. ", "He wants to keep\nthe hot music spinning on the record player, not be reminded\nthat he must work as well as relax, that he must not only\nenjoy, but also honor the dignity of his nation.", "\n\nThat is neither comfortable nor pleasant. ", "It is pleasant\nto talk slang and enjoy a loose moral life with those of\nlike mind. ", "Americanism has its delights, and he who is\ncaptivated by them not only sticks his head in the sand, he\nalso gets some pleasure. ", "It is nice to be able to dismiss\nall criticism of a too hearty enjoyment of life with the\nclaim that one is defending human rights against Nazi\nbrutality.", "\n\nAmericanism is not a logical development. ", "It certainly\ndoes not spring from the descendants of the Virginia\ncolonists with their Prussian sense of honor and duty, nor\nfrom the healthy farmers and citizens of the Midwest. ", "It did\nnot triumph easily against the often overdone moralism of\nPuritan circles. ", "Its power grew along with that of Jewry. ", "As\nis the case of everything that follows the orders of Jewry,\nAmericanism's lack of culture and morality, its\nfreedom-promising \"Century of the Child,\" is nothing but a\nconcealed way of ruining the youth.", "\n\nAmericanism is a splendid method of depoliticization. ", "The\nJews have used jazz and movies, magazines and smut,\ngangsterism and free love, and every perverse desire, to\nkeep the American people so distracted that they pay no\nattention to their own fate. ", "Even in politics, they are no\nlonger influenced by the head, only by what is under the\nbelt.", "\n\nThe Jews would not be Jews if they did not want to apply\nsuch tested methods to the entire world. ", "Nearly every nation\nin the world faced or is facing the need to combat\nAmericanism, a generally pleasant retreat to a barbaric lack\nof culture.", "\n\nThe logical consequences of Americanism will help the\nworld combat it. ", "The fact that 60% of American crimes are\ncommitted by children 13 years old and under and that rapes\nincreased three-fold between 1942 and 1943 proves that\nAmericanism has reached its limits. ", "It will provoke a\ncounter-movement that, just as in Europe, can only be\npolitical.", "\n\nAmericanism is not merely a moral-cultural form of\ndegeneration, nor can it be combated by nonpolitical means.", "\nIt has already been defeated when one digs it up by its\nroots and sees there plainly the words: \"Made in Israel.\"", "\n\nBackground:\nIn 1940, the Nazis put out a booklet titled \"What Do I\nDo in an Emergency?\" ", "It told Germans what to do in various\ncrisis situations, and was to be kept by the telephone,\nkitchen, or other highly visible place. ", "It included material\non first aid, conduct during air raids, etc., ", "but also\nseveral pages on how to deal with enemy propaganda. ", "That is\nthe section I translate here. ", "The cartoon shows a British\nplane dropping leaflets, which go straight into the trash.", "\n\nAll those who are reached by enemy propaganda and have\ntheir will to victory reduced by it, whether consciously or\nunconsciously, are tools of enemy propaganda.", "\n\nComplainers and grumblers, doubters and agitators are the\nenemy's spiritual Foreign Legionnaires amidst the German\npeople.", "\n\nIt is often only a short step from doubting the justice\nof one's cause to the complete collapse of the will to\nresist. ", "The World War proved this!", "\n\nHow do I respond to enemy propaganda?", "\n\nIf I encounter enemy propaganda in word, print, picture,\nradio, in conversation about the news or through rumors, it\ndepends on my intelligence and good sense whether or not I\nrender it ineffective.", "\n\nI immediately collect the enemy propaganda material and\nexplain what it is to citizens who have come in contact with\nit.", "\n\nI know that the greatest danger of enemy propaganda is in\nthe phrase: \"There must be some truth in it.\"", "\n\nI am careful in all my conversations and correspondence.", "\nLetters and conversations could reach the enemy and provide\nhim with material.", "\n\nI strengthen the will to victory of citizens who may be\nwavering.", "\n\nIf I encounter citizens who are being overcome by enemy\npropaganda, I confront them directly and make clear to them\nthe enormous danger they face, appealing to their sense of\nhonor.", "\n\nAnyone who becomes a tool of enemy propaganda and\ncontributes to weakening our spiritual strength places\nhimself outside the national community. ", "He should not be\nsurprised if he is treated as an enemy of the people and of\nthe state. ", "If all my warnings are in vain, I do my duty and\nturn him over to the authorities.", "\n\nI actively oppose enemy propaganda whenever I encounter\nit. ", "I also do this with foreigners and friends abroad whom I\ntalk with or write to. ", "If I have German propaganda material\nat hand, I include it in my letters.", "\n\nIf I find or am given enemy propaganda material, I\nquickly write in large, clear letters \"Enemy propaganda\" on\nit and turn it over immediately to the nearest police\nstation.", "\n\nI do not show such enemy propaganda material to\nstrangers.", "\n\nI obey all regulations against listening to foreign radio\nstations, not only because there are severe penalties but\nalso because I view it as an obvious patriotic duty." ]

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[ "[Lateralization phenomenon in retinoblastoma patients].", "\nClinical and histopathological findings in a group of 28 infants suffering from retinoblastoma were analyzed. ", "The authors were able to demonstrate that the retinoblastomas occurred considerably more often in the left eye than in the right. ", "In children whose average age was under 2 years tumors found in the left eye were more differentiated. ", "The authors point out that nephroblastomas (Wilm's tumor), like retinoblastomas, occur more frequently in the left eye and have a better prognosis in patients under 2 years of age." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nCreate .htaccess file for XAMPP?", "\n\nI've been recently searching StackOverflow (and the internet as a whole) and have been unable to find a way to create a .htaccess file for Windows 10. ", "I get 104k search results on ways to do it with Windows 10 (many of which I've tried). ", "The end goal for this project is to create a subdomain for each row in a database, so I'm wondering if using the .htaccess file is the way to go. ", "So how do I create an .htaccess file in XAMPP (on Windows 10)? ", "Or do you have a better way to do this?", "\n\nA:\n\nit is simple as you think, just open your favorite text editor and create a file as .htaccess and put some apache rules inside. ", "It should work! ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Tipperary Star\n\nThe Tipperary Star is a weekly regional newspaper covering news in County Tipperary, Ireland. ", " The newspaper's main office is located in Thurles town. ", " \nThe paper is currently owned by Iconic Newspapers, who acquired Johnston Press' titles in the Republic of Ireland in 2014.", "\nThe paper was first published on September 4th 1909.", "\n\nTipperary Star is no longer ABC audited for circulation. ", " For the first six months of 2008, average circulation was 9,072, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulation. ", "\n\nIn March 2019, Tipperary Star settled a lawsuit over an article about a TD.", "\n\nEditors\n Gerard O'Grady (1975-1987)\n Michael Dundon (1987-2011)\n Anne O'Grady (2011 - )\n\nReferences\n\nTipperary Star\nCategory:Media in County Tipperary" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "70 F.3d 382\n69 Fair Empl.", "Prac.", "Cas. (", "BNA) 513,67 Empl. ", "Prac. ", "Dec. P 43,794Yolanda R. CASTILLO, Plaintiff-Appellant,v.Postmaster General Anthony M. FRANK, Defendant-Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "95-40313\n\nSummary Calendar.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit.", "\nNov. 27, 1995.", "\nMark A. DiCarlo, Corpus Christi, TX, for plaintiff-appellant.", "\nLori Joan Dym, Washington, DC, Lawrence L. Ludka, Assistant U.S. Attorney, U.S. Attorney's Office, Corpus Christi, TX, for defendant-appellee.", "\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.", "\nBefore KING, SMITH and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges.", "\nBENAVIDES, Circuit Judge:\n\n\n1\nPlaintiff-Appellant Yolanda R. Castillo (\"Castillo\") appeals the final judgment of the district court in favor of Defendant-Appellee Postmaster General Anthony M. Frank (\"Postmaster\") adopting the magistrate judge's finding of no discrimination on the basis of sex. ", " We affirm.", "\n\nFACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY\n\n2\nCastillo was employed by the United States Postal Service as a letter carrier at the Downtown Station in Corpus Christi, Texas until her discharge on July 25, 1988. ", " On June 9, 1988, she told her immediate supervisor, Romera \"Homer\" Zuniga (\"Zuniga\") that she had been attacked by an unknown black man at a location on her delivery route. ", " Zuniga reported the incident to the police and postal inspectors, and then accompanied Castillo to a doctor who examined and released her. ", " Castillo was bruised on her right arm, but did not suffer any major or debilitating physical injuries.", "\n\n\n3\nWhile still at the doctor's office, Zuniga filled out portions of, and had Castillo complete and sign, a Federal Employee's Notice of Traumatic Injury and Claim for Continuation of Pay/Compensation and a Duty Status Report, certifying that Castillo had suffered an on-the-job injury and requested a continuation of pay and compensation for wage loss, if any.1 Castillo was also interviewed by postal inspectors within one hour of the alleged attack.", "\n\n\n4\nThe Postal Inspection Service began an investigation, but was unable to uncover a suspect or any witness to the incident, so the investigation was effectively closed. ", " Approximately a week later, the postal inspectors received an anonymous telephone call from an individual who, after being assured that this individual's identity would remain confidential, volunteered information that the alleged assault had not occurred in the manner or place indicated by Castillo, but rather that her injuries were the result of a domestic disturbance at the home of one of her customers.", "\n\n\n5\nBased on the information provided by the confidential informant, the postal inspectors reopened the investigation. ", " The postal inspectors again met with Castillo and offered her an opportunity to amend her account of the incident, which she declined to do. ", " The postal inspectors then proceeded to attempt to verify the information they received from the informant. ", " They visited the home of Elroy Chandler (\"Chandler\"), whose name and address they obtained from the informant. ", " Chandler told the postal inspectors that he had grabbed Castillo by the right arm, and he showed the inspectors how he did it.", "\n\n\n6\nThe results of the postal inspector's second investigation were reported in an Investigative Memorandum to the Postmaster in Corpus Christi. ", " Based on the information contained in the Investigative Memorandum, Zuniga took steps to have Castillo removed. ", " Castillo was issued a notice of removal on June 22, 1988, based on her fraudulent injury claim and improper conduct in violation of the U.S. Postal Service's Standards of Conduct.", "\n\n\n7\nCastillo unsuccessfully appealed her removal through the grievance-arbitration procedure contained in the applicable collective bargaining agreement. ", " The Arbitrator denied Castillo's grievance, finding that the Postal Service had met its burden of establishing good cause for the notice of removal or rather, that Castillo acted dishonestly in wilfully filing a fraudulent injury claim.", "\n\n\n8\nCastillo also filed an informal complaint of discrimination with the Postal Service, and later filed a formal complaint on August 26, 1988. ", " Both the informal and formal complaints were investigated, but settlement attempts proved unsuccessful. ", " On January 10, 1989 a Notice of Proposed Disposition was issued by the Postal Service proposing a finding of no discrimination. ", " In response to the notice, Castillo requested a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (\"ALJ\"). ", " At the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing, the ALJ issued a Recommended Decision recommending a finding of no discrimination on the basis of age and national origin, but an affirmative finding of discrimination on the basis of sex. ", " The ALJ further recommended reinstatement, appropriate back pay and benefits and attorneys' fees and costs. ", " However, on October 3, 1989 the Postal Service issued a final decision finding no discrimination on the basis of age, national origin, or sex.", "\n\n\n9\nOn October 31, 1989, Castillo filed a complaint in federal court against the Postmaster alleging that her termination was based on unlawful sex, national origin and age discrimination in violation of Title VII.2 On June 7, 1991, Castillo filed a motion to compel the identity of the confidential informant. ", " A magistrate judge heard argument and issued an order on July 2, 1991 granting Castillo's motion to compel. ", " On July 5, 1991, the district court issued an order referring the case to the magistrate judge as special master pursuant to FED.R.CIV.P. 53 and 42 U.S.C. Sec. ", "2000e-5(f)(5).", "\n\n\n10\nOn July 12, 1991, the Postmaster filed objections to the magistrate judge's July 1, 1991 disclosure order on the basis that the requested information concerning the confidential informant was privileged. ", " After hearing argument from the parties, the magistrate judge entered an order on August 26, 1991 overruling the Postmaster's objections and again ordered disclosure of the confidential informant's identity. ", " On September 5, 1991, the Postmaster renewed his objections to the magistrate judge's disclosure order of August 26, 1991.", "\n\n\n11\nThe district court issued an order on August 25, 1991 denying the Postmaster's objections without prejudice with leave to file authority establishing the court's authority to review a ruling by a magistrate judge acting as a special master on a non-dispositive motion. ", " After the Postmaster filed his authority, a hearing was held, at which time the district court requested an in camera review of the information concerning the confidential informant. ", " After receiving the sealed information, the court issued an order on June 3, 1993 denying the motion to compel on the basis that the identity of the confidential informant is privileged and exempt from discovery under Rule 26(b)(1), and setting aside the magistrate judge's July 2, 1991 disclosure order.3\n\n\n12\nThe case was tried before the magistrate judge on November 21-22, 1994. ", " In his Memorandum and Recommendations the magistrate judge concluded that there was insufficient credible evidence to prove disparate treatment of Castillo based upon her sex. ", " The magistrate judge found that Castillo \"failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the [Postmaster]'s reasons for her discharge or failure to settle her grievance were pretextual and/or were motivated by the unlawful consideration of her sex, rather than by valid labor and management reasons.\" ", " On March 6, 1995, the district court issued an order adopting the Memorandum and Recommendations of the magistrate judge, and final judgment was entered in favor of the Postmaster on March 8, 1995.", "\n\nDISTRICT COURT'S REVIEW OF DISCLOSURE ORDER\n\n13\nCastillo contends that after the district court referred the case to the magistrate judge, acting as a special master pursuant to FED.R.CIV.P. 53 and 42 U.S.C. Sec. ", "2000e-5(f)(5), the court lost its authority to review the magistrate judge's initial order granting Castillo's motion to compel the identity of the confidential informant.4 She argues that the district court had no authority to overrule the magistrate judge's disclosure order because the court did not reserve that right pursuant to Rule 53 by specifically limiting the special master's powers. ", " Castillo further argues that even if the court had jurisdiction and authority to review the magistrate judge's disclosure order, the court failed to make a finding that the magistrate judge's order was \"clearly erroneous or contrary to law\" in accordance with 28 U.S.C. Sec. ", "636(b)(1)(A).", "\n\n\n14\nOur construction of the statutes and procedural rules involved in the instant case5 leads us to the conclusion that the district court did have the authority to review the magistrate judge's ruling on Castillo's non-dispositive, pretrial motion to compel. ", " Although not directly addressing the authority of the court to review non-dispositive motions, the Sixth Circuit has discussed the standard of review for the five kinds of references by district judges to magistrate judges in Brown v. Wesley's Quaker Maid, Inc., 771 F.2d 952 (6th Cir.1985), cert. ", "denied, 479 U.S. 830, 107 S.Ct. ", "116, 93 L.Ed.2d 63 (1986).", "\n\n\n15\nThe magistrate judge's initial ruling on Castillo's motion to compel was made under the referral authority of 28 U.S.C. Sec. ", "636 and FED.R.CIV.P. 72(a). ", " Section 636(b)(1)(A) specifically requires the district court to apply a \"clearly erroneous\" standard when reviewing a magistrate judge's ruling on a non-dispositive, pretrial motion such as a discovery motion. ", " Id. at 954 (citing 28 U.S.C. Sec. ", "636(b)(1)(A)).6 By establishing a standard of review for the district court to apply, the statute can only be construed to give the district court authority to review such rulings. ", " We hardly think a statute that establishes a standard of review for a particular ruling would not naturally contemplate that such rulings will be susceptible to an application of that standard of review. ", " Thus, we reject Castillo's argument that the initial ruling was not reviewable by the district court.", "\n\n\n16\nAdditionally, we note that after the district court referred the case to the magistrate judge as a special master pursuant to 42 U.S.C. Sec. ", "2000e-5(f)(5) and FED.R.CIV.P. 53, the magistrate judge once again ordered disclosure. ", " Under Rule 53 this ruling is clearly reviewable. ", " The scope of review of the magistrate judge's findings under this kind of reference is the \"clearly erroneous\" standard. ", " Id. (citing FED.R.CIV.P. 53(e)(2)). ", " The language of Rule 53 explicitly grants the court authority to review the findings of the special master, and thus implicitly grants authority to review the special master's rulings on non-dispositive, pretrial motions. ", " We find no support for Castillo's contention that the language of Rule 53 expressly restricts the authority to review the rulings of the special master unless specifically reserved in the order of reference. ", " We find no error in the court's review of the magistrate judge's granting of Castillo's motion to compel the identity of the confidential informant.", "\n\nHARMLESS ERROR\n\n17\nEven if we were to assume that the district court exceeded its authority or failed to properly apply the \"clearly erroneous\" standard in reviewing the magistrate's ruling, we find such error harmless. ", " It is clear that disclosing the identity of the confidential informant would not effect the magistrate judge's finding of no sex discrimination. ", " Although the informant's tip precipitated the second investigation, the postal inspectors uncovered independent evidence to corroborate the tip that Chandler had assaulted Castillo instead of an unknown assailant. ", " Thus, the decision to discharge Castillo was not based on what the confidential informant said about the assault but rather, was based on the independent evidence uncovered by the postal inspectors.", "\n\n\n18\nCastillo asserts that she could have proven discrimination if she had been able to show that the confidential informant was not credible. ", " Such a showing, however, would not be relevant to the motivation of the decision makers.7 Any issue with respect to the credibility of the informant does not disprove the Postmaster's honest belief that Castillo committed the violation, thereby successfully rebutting her prima facie case of disparate treatment. ", " See Risher v. Aldridge, 889 F.2d 592, 598 (5th Cir.1989). ", " See also Jones v. Gerwens, 874 F.2d 1534, 1540 (11th Cir.1989). ", " Castillo has not shown that the nondisclosure of the confidential informant's identity resulted in substantial prejudice. ", " See Global Petrotech, Inc. v. Engelhard Corp., 58 F.3d 198, 201 (5th Cir.1995) (citing F.D.I.C. v. Mijalis, 15 F.3d 1314, 1318-19 (5th Cir.1994)).", "\n\nCONCLUSION\n\n19\nFor the reasons articulated above, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n1\n Castillo, however, returned to work the next day\n\n\n2\n She later amended her complaint and dropped the age and national origins discrimination claims\n\n\n3\n Castillo filed an interlocutory appeal, which was later dismissed after the district court denied Castillo's request for a 28 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1292(b) determination\n\n\n4\n Castillo also argues the Postmaster's failure to object to the reference at the time it was issued waived his right to object to the reference after the fact by having the district court review the magistrate judge's disclosure order. ", " See Cruz v. Hauck, 515 F.2d 322, 331 (5th Cir.1975), cert. ", "denied, 424 U.S. 917, 96 S.Ct. ", "1118, 47 L.Ed.2d 322 (1976). ", " We find this argument without merit because the Postmaster did not and does not now make an objection to the reference; his objections are to the magistrate judge's ruling on Castillo's motion to compel\n\n\n5\n Those statutes and procedural rules are as follows: 28 U.S.C. Sec. ", "636 (the Magistrates' Act); 42 U.S.C. Sec. ", "2000e-5(f)(5); and FED.R.CIV.P. 53\n\n\n6\n Section 636(b)(1)(A) provides in pertinent part:\na judge may designate a magistrate to hear and determine any pretrial matter pending before the court.... A judge of the court may reconsider any pretrial matter under this subparagraph (A) where it has been shown that the magistrate's order is clearly erroneous or contrary to law.", "\n\n\n7\n Castillo does not allege that the postal service schemed to get rid of her by inventing the story that Chandler assaulted her and fabricating a confidential informant\n\n\n" ]

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[ "#ifndef PY2_PKG2_PKG3_FOO_HPP\n#define PY2_PKG2_PKG3_FOO_HPP\nstruct Pkg3_Foo {};\n#endif /* PY2_PKG2_PKG3_FOO_HPP */\n" ]

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[ "Jason Wu\n\nJason Wu (; born September 27, 1982) is a Taiwanese-Canadian artist and fashion designer based in New York City. ", "Born in Taiwan and raised in Vancouver, he studied fashion design at Parsons School of Design, and trained under Narciso Rodriguez before launching his own line.", "\n\nHe is best known for designing the dresses of Michelle Obama on several occasions, including those worn during the first and second inauguration of American President Barack Obama.", "\n\nEarly life\nJason Wu was born in Taipei, Taiwan and emigrated to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada at age nine. ", "He attended Eaglebrook School in Deerfield, Massachusetts and Loomis Chaffee in Windsor, Connecticut and studied abroad with SYA France of School Year Abroad for his senior year of high school. ", " He learned how to sew by designing and sewing for dolls, and went on to study sculpture in Tokyo. ", "At age sixteen Wu continued this career path by learning to create freelance doll clothing designs for toy company Integrity Toys under the lines \"Jason Wu dolls\" and later \"Fashion Royalty\". ", "The following year, he was named creative director of Integrity Toys. ", "While spending his senior year of high school in Rennes, France before graduating from the Loomis Chaffee School in 2001, he decided to become a fashion designer. ", " He then studied at the Parsons The New School for Design, a division of The New School in New York City, but did not graduate.", "\n\nCareer\nWu launched his ready-to-wear line of clothes with earnings from his years of doll designs. ", " His first Fashion collection started from 2003 not 2006. ", "He won the Fashion Group International's Rising Star award in 2008. ", "Jason Wu's dresses were photographed underwater by Howard Schatz for Delta Faucet Company's Brizo branded faucet campaign in 2006. ", "In 2008 he was nominated for the CFDA / Vogue Fashion Fund award. ", "Bruce Weber shot the designer for W magazine's \"Summer Camp\" portfolio in July 2008.", "\n\nWu's early clients included Ivana Trump, January Jones, and Amber Valletta. ", "He also worked extensively with drag queen RuPaul, ultimately designing six RuPaul dolls.", "\n\nWu collaborated with Creative Nail Design for his Spring 2011 collection to create a set of four nail polish colours that was to be retailed from May 2011.", "\n\nIn June 2013, Wu was named as the art director of German fashion house Hugo Boss overseeing the entire womenswear range.", "\n\nDesigning for Michelle Obama\nMichelle Obama is a noted Jason Wu customer.", "\nShe was introduced to Wu by André Leon Talley, Vogue Magazine'''s editor-at-large, who had been advising the former First Family on their appearance. ", " Obama bought four dresses from Wu early in the year, wearing one of them for a segment on Barbara Walters Special shortly before the November 2008 election, prompting many in the media to consider her his \"career-launcher\". ", "She wore another dress, a custom-designed one-shoulder, floor-length white chiffon gown, at the inaugural balls on the night of President Barack Obama's first term inauguration.", "\n\nAppearing on the cover of Vogue'', Obama once again wore a Wu design, a magenta silk dress. ", "Upon her arrival in London in April 2009 during the First Lady and President Barack Obama's first official European trip, Obama wore a chartreuse silk sheath dress that was designed by Wu; the next day she wore a Wu coat during her visit with the Queen Elizabeth II. ", "On April 2, 2009, Obama paired a \"traditional looking\" teal Wu dress with a blue-patterned cardigan designed by Junya Watanabe on her visit to the Royal Opera House.", "\n\nMrs. Obama again wore a dress that was designed by Wu, a ruby red velvet and chiffon design, at the 2013 Presidential Inaugural Balls.", "\n\nPersonal life\nWu, who is openly gay, married Gustavo Rangel in April 2016 in Mexico.", "\n\nSee also\n Chinese in New York City\n LGBT culture in New York City\n List of self-identified LGBTQ New Yorkers\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nOfficial website\n\nCategory:1982 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Artists from New York City\nCategory:Artists from Taipei\nCategory:Artists from Vancouver\nCategory:Canadian fashion designers\nCategory:Canadian expatriates in the United States\nCategory:High fashion brands\nCategory:LGBT fashion designers\nCategory:LGBT people from Taiwan\nCategory:Parsons School of Design alumni\nCategory:People from Manhattan\nCategory:Taiwanese emigrants to Canada\nCategory:Taiwanese expatriates in the United States\nCategory:Taiwanese fashion designers\nCategory:Loomis Chaffee School alumni" ]

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[ "5972 views\n\nHow the CCP CEO reacted after hearing about the reddit backlash regarding Carrier/Rorqual nerfs\n\nHow Hilmar reacted on Monday Morning\n\n00:00 - 00:03 It would appear that our decision to nerf Rorquals and Carriers\n\n00:04 - 00:05 did not go down very well on Reddit\n\n00:05 - 00:07 over the weekend.", "\n\n00:08 - 00:12 It may have been exacerbated by a certain EvE Dev blaming the 1% of the 1%\n\n00:12 - 00:15 and using inaccurate figures in an example of why they needed to change.", "\n\n00:17 - 00:19 I don'think thats anything to be worried about.", "\n\n00:19 - 00:21 Bitter Vet Syndrome always comes out.", "\n\n00:24 - 00:26 But Sir...\n\n00:27 - 00:28 It was ...\n\n00:31 - 00:33 It was me who cited the erroneous figures\n\n00:34 - 00:36 I said Supers were getting 260mil ticks\n\n00:53 - 00:58 Everyone leave the room except... Seagull, Fozzie and Quant\n\n01:13 - 01:15 What in the Holy FUCK???", "\n\n01:15 - 01:17 Were you THINKING?", "\n\n01:18 - 01:23 Thats a GODDAM ONE-OFF TICK from ONE FUCKING SUPER!", "\n\n01:25 - 01:28 Telling people we are nerfing Carriers\n\n01:29 - 01:31 because of ONE goddam outlier\n\n01:31 - 01:34 Will get the fucking Bitter Vets\n\n01:34 - 01:37 Crawling out of the fucking woodwork.", "\n\n01:37 - 01:40 What sort of fucking Idiot would say something like that?", "\n\n01:40 - 01:42 Sir, he realized it was a mistake and tried to correct it\n\n01:42 - 01:46 Did it do any goddam good? ", "I bet it Didn't!!", "\n\n01:46 - 01:48 The error was pointed out by the community before he could retract\n\n01:48 - 01:52 Well, fuck me pink! ", "They aren't stupid you know!", "\n\n01:53 - 01:54 OF COURSE they were going to pick up on it.", "\n\n01:56 - 01:57 There are ACCOUTANTS that play EvE\n\n01:57 - 02:00 They put more effort into Eve than into WORK!", "\n\n02:00 - 02:03 He KNOWS he can use only FACT BASED FIGURES with this mob.", "\n\n02:04 - 02:08 He has just made the entire Dev team look like Autistic Idiots!", "\n\n02:08 - 02:13 This sort of shit will have people unsubbing their characters in goddam droves.", "\n\n02:14 - 02:16 He just undid all the fucking work\n\n02:17 - 02:21 we put into microtransactions and nuPLEX in one stupid off-the-cuff statement!", "\n\n02:27 - 02:29 How in the hell\n\n02:30 - 02:34 are we going to explain this\n\n02:34 - 02:36 to the buyers we had lined up?", "\n\n02:41 - 02:42 Our income From EvE\n\n02:43 - 02:47 Is just about to go through the damned FLOOR\n\n02:48 - 02:53 All because our frickin numbers guy didnt know the correct bloody numbers\n\n02:54 - 02:56 In a game full of Spreadsheet Warriors\n\n02:56 - 02:59 And bitter vets who complain about ANYTHING\n\n03:00 - 03:02 Even if it doesn' affect them personally!", "\n\n03:04 - 03:07 It's OK... Goons will come!", "\n\n03:14 - 03:16 What are we going to do about this?", "\n\n03:19 - 03:23 It is... most unfortunate that this happened when we were looking for buyers\n\n03:25 - 03:26 EvE is Dying...\n\n03:31 - 03:33 Our time is up...\n\n03:40 - 03:46 All we can do is create at least 50 new Skins for popular ships\n\n03:46 - 03:49 And sell them for nuPLEX" ]

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[ "Story highlights Ben Carson wants to close Department of Veterans Affairs\n\nMartin O'Malley wants to fully fund and double national service programs\n\nWashington (CNN) Former Maryland Gov. Martin O'Malley, a Democratic presidential candidate, attacked Ben Carson's desire to eliminate the Department of Veterans Affairs Tuesday, the day after the retired neurosurgeon was named the Republican race's new front-runner.", "\n\n\"Apparently @RealBenCarson didn't talk to vets for his vets plan. ", "We should fight for vets, not cut care,\" O'Malley tweeted\n\nApparently @RealBenCarson didn't talk to vets for his vets plan. ", "We should fight for vets, not cut care: http://t.co/kEHccrfqNm — Martin O'Malley (@MartinOMalley) September 1, 2015\n\nCarson wants veterans to have a health savings account that will allow them to pay for private-sector medical care, he said last week according to the Military Times . ", "Carson also said defense-run veterans' clinics should be for highly specialized care.", "\n\n\"There is a lot of stuff we're doing that doesn't make any sense,\" Carson said. \"", "We don't need a Department of Veterans Affairs. ", "Veterans Affairs should be folded in under the Department of Defense.\"", "\n\nA new Iowa poll issued Monday showed Carson tied with national GOP front-runner Donald Trump in the caucus state.", "\n\nRead More" ]

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[ "Free Tube Porn Movies\n\nIf you are a porn connoisseur then you will definitely appreciate our collection of videos! ", "On top of that, if you enjoy true hardcore porn than you'll be happy to know that we have a large variety of free porn for you to view. ", "So just imagine, through our site you will be able to access an incredible large number of porn movies for all niches. ", "For all you amateur lovers out there, we also have a fiery amateur section, where you can find hot babes that are experiencing for the first time what if feels like to be on camera. ", "You'll certainly wanna see how they go all out!" ]

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