Datasets:

tomekkorbak

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[ "Mian Chin\n\nMian Chin () is a Chinese atmospheric chemist. ", "She is a physical scientist in the atmospheric chemistry and dynamics laboratory in the earth science division at Goddard Space Flight Center. ", "Her research includes aerosol-cloud-chemistry-climate interactions. ", "She received the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal in 2005.", "\n\nEarly life and education \nChin was born in Shanghai, China. ", "Beginning at the age of nine, Chin attended the Children's Music School at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music for three years to study piano. ", "When she was thirteen, her education abruptly stopped due to the Cultural Revolution. ", "After a little more than two years idling at school with chaos everywhere in China, Chin was sent to a farm in the very north of China near Siberia, three days away from Shanghai by train, as part of Mao Zedong's educated youth program. ", "Many other children her age were sent there as well. ", "More than forty children lived in one room. ", "They each had a “living” space of two feet. ", "She worked on that farm for nine years, until Chairman Mao's death, which ended the Cultural Revolution.", "\n\nFor nine years, a Chin and group of other children quietly studied math, physics and chemistry. ", "Her parents and friend's mother in Shanghai sent them textbooks and they taught themselves. ", "At the farm, they had no phones. ", "Electricity had to be turned off no later than 9 p.m., so they studied in the evenings with candlelight. ", "In 1977, the National College Entrance Examination that were stopped during the Cultural Revolution, resumed. ", "Chin had to take two college entrance exams, a preliminary and a final. ", "Because of her studies at night, she passed the preliminary exam. ", "After the preliminary test results came back, Chin was given two hours to choose a college and a major from the hand-written list posted on the walls inside a classroom in a local elementary school. ", "She chose one college that was near her home in Shanghai as well as others in different places.", "\n\nChin received a B.S. degree in chemistry from East China Normal University in 1982, a M.A. degree in chemistry from Ball State University in 1986, and a Ph.D. degree in Atmospheric Sciences from Georgia Tech in 1992. ", "During her graduate study in Georgia Tech, Chin was involved in field experiments measuring atmospheric constituents, laboratory study determining atmospheric photochemical reaction rates and product yields, and one-dimensional photochemical model estimating stratospheric sulfur budget. ", "Her dissertation was titled An atmospheric study of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide and their relationship to stratospheric background sulfur aerosol. ", "Chin's doctoral advisor was Paul Wine.", "\n\nBetween 1992 and 1995, Chin was a postdoctoral fellow in the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences where she worked with 3-dimensional regional and global atmospheric chemistry and transport models for studying tropospheric ozone, aerosols, and trace gases.", "\n\nCareer \nChin was a Research Scientist at Universities Space Research Association from 1995 to 1997 and a Research Scientist/Senior Research Scientist at Georgia Institute of Technology from 1997 to 2003 before she joined the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in 2003, concentrating on atmospheric model development and satellite data analysis. ", "Chin is a Physical Scientist in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, Earth Science Division, at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC).", "\n\nResearch \nChin has served as principal investigator for many research projects since 1997 that involve global and regional modeling of tropospheric aerosols and chemistry. ", "She and her coworkers have developed the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model, which has been used to simulate tropospheric aerosols and related gas species, CO, and radionuclides for climate, air quality, and global change studies, with a spetial focus on analysis of satellite and sub-orbital observations.", "\n\nChin's research at GSFC includes aerosol-cloud-chemistry-climate interactions, regional and global air quality, transport of aerosols and trace gases, aerosol impacts on global energy balance, and modeling and analysis of data from satellite, ground-based, and airborne observations.", "\n\nAwards and honors \nIn 1997, Chin received the Editor's Citation for excellence in refereeing from the Journal of Geophysical Research. ", "In 2005, she was awarded the exceptional achievement award and NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal from GSFC.", "\n\nSelected works\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:20th-century chemists\nCategory:20th-century Chinese scientists\nCategory:20th-century women scientists\nCategory:21st-century chemists\nCategory:21st-century Chinese scientists\nCategory:21st-century women scientists\nCategory:Atmospheric chemists\nCategory:Ball State University alumni\nCategory:Chemists from Shanghai\nCategory:Chinese women chemists\nCategory:East China Normal University alumni\nCategory:Expatriate academics in the United States\nCategory:Georgia Tech alumni\nCategory:Georgia Tech faculty\nCategory:NASA people\nCategory:People's Republic of China emigrants to the United States\nCategory:Sent-down youths\nCategory:Shanghai Conservatory of Music alumni\nCategory:Women atmospheric scientists\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHTML Purifier only close unclosed tags\n\nUsing HTML PURIFIER Only to close unclosed tags without removing XSS vulnerability or anything else ?", "\nOfficial website: http://htmlpurifier.org/\nUse HTML PURIFIER only for unclosed tags (Preventing from removing classes, styles and others) :)\nThank you in advance.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can utilize HTML Purifier's built in HTML parser to do this by simply overriding the \"strategy\", which is responsible for processing tokens. ", "Here is how to do it:\ninclude_once 'library/HTMLPurifier.auto.php';\n\n$raw = '<a href=\"onclick:xss()\">foo';\n\nclass HTMLPurifier_Strategy_Null extends HTMLPurifier_Strategy {\n public function execute($tokens, $config, $context) {\n return $tokens;\n }\n}\n\nclass HTMLLinter extends HTMLPurifier {\n public function __construct($config = null) {\n parent::__construct($config);\n $this->strategy = new HTMLPurifier_Strategy_Null();\n }\n}\n\n$linter = new HTMLLinter();\necho $linter->purify($raw);\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "0?", "\n5242050\nWhat is the common denominator of 31/9907365 and 41/914526?", "\n59444190\nWhat is the least common multiple of 146696 and 28413?", "\n378915768\nFind the common denominator of 49/264044 and 43/7852.", "\n518318372\nWhat is the common denominator of -27/104 and -85/4079768?", "\n53036984\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 3846 and 1006965.", "\n1290929130\nCalculate the common denominator of -51/307582 and 8/13079.", "\n8919878\nWhat is the common denominator of -74/1295553 and 71/6292686?", "\n44048802\nWhat is the least common multiple of 4 and 11357852?", "\n11357852\nWhat is the common denominator of -1/910 and -47/152292?", "\n9898980\nWhat is the least common multiple of 12 and 641270?", "\n3847620\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 1606 and 101024.", "\n7374752\nWhat is the least common multiple of 90 and 25623234?", "\n128116170\nWhat is the least common multiple of 46122 and 16?", "\n368976\nWhat is the common denominator of -55/2120172 and -69/16796?", "\n27562236\nFind the common denominator of 33/168728 and 123/40894.", "\n21428456\nFind the common denominator of 25/3 and -23/714642.", "\n714642\nCalculate the common denominator of 91/1091548 and 95/568.", "\n154999816\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 3228 and 27626?", "\n44588364\nWhat is the common denominator of -32/42639 and 43/783579?", "\n47798319\nFind the common denominator of 59/192 and 125/4577568.", "\n9155136\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 25 and 187426?", "\n4685650\nCalculate the common denominator of -5/54 and 17/205482.", "\n1849338\nWhat is the common denominator of 35/2 and 50/18681783?", "\n37363566\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 1020480 and 180.", "\n3061440\nCalculate the common denominator of 61/1132 and -91/2822076.", "\n2822076\nWhat is the common denominator of 19/410120 and -105/88?", "\n4511320\nWhat is the least common multiple of 2688952 and 16901984?", "\n118313888\nCalculate the least common multiple of 2025504 and 1056.", "\n22280544\nCalculate the common denominator of 41/7137 and -191/410258550.", "\n1230775650\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 2947 and 23114.", "\n9730994\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 140420 and 409224?", "\n14322840\nWhat is the common denominator of 95/92884 and 5/19454976?", "\n214004736\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 6031920 and 2010640?", "\n6031920\nFind the common denominator of 16/99 and -28/834383.", "\n7509447\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 2180 and 588459826?", "\n5884598260\nWhat is the least common multiple of 191730 and 11060?", "\n30293340\nWhat is the common denominator of -10/1231583 and -79/4605783?", "\n336222159\nCalculate the common denominator of 103/192 and 151/83261544.", "\n666092352\nCalculate the common denominator of 26/165 and -14/761875.", "\n25141875\nCalculate the least common multiple of 2935332 and 326148.", "\n2935332\nFind the common denominator of 36/2231 and -30/8735141.", "\n200908243\nCalculate the least common multiple of 6994 and 244790.", "\n244790\nFind the common denominator of -69/44881328 and -25/117813486.", "\n942507888\nWhat is the least common multiple of 7131414 and 10632?", "\n28525656\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 192560 and 33615?", "\n15597360\nCalculate the least common multiple of 155255400 and 14.", "\n1086787800\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 4617 and 450186.", "\n36465066\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 10608 and 170079?", "\n46261488\nWhat is the common denominator of -21/200 and -11/698464?", "\n17461600\nWhat is the common denominator of -13/120996 and 47/36?", "\n120996\nFind the common denominator of 103/109362 and 49/1451532.", "\n15966852\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 17807569 and 53422707.", "\n53422707\nCalculate the least common multiple of 14531562 and 80730900.", "\n726578100\nWhat is the least common multiple of 19842277 and 340153320?", "\n2381073240\nWhat is the least common multiple of 624 and 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common multiple of 846776 and 120968?", "\n846776\nFind the common denominator of 37/602262 and 13/1971.", "\n43965126\nWhat is the least common multiple of 1366407 and 1656?", "\n10931256\nWhat is the least common multiple of 374010 and 1529605?", "\n119309190\nCalculate the common denominator of -81/695000 and 47/2363000.", "\n11815000\nWhat is the least common multiple of 343085 and 85?", "\n5832445\nCalculate the common denominator of -91/20 and -89/2758.", "\n27580\nWhat is the least common multiple of 82298056 and 30861771?", "\n246894168\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 5391 and 209880?", "\n125718120\nFind the common denominator of -107/696592 and 113/12818.", "\n20201168\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 50 and 1062586.", "\n26564650\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 10570781 and 4878822?", "\n63424686\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 9387790 and 4616.", "\n37551160\nWhat is the common denominator of 19/10187968 and 65/636748?", "\n10187968\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 56313 and 77280207.", "\n231840621\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 2478 and 314?", "\n389046\nWhat is the least common multiple of 273 and 7477596?", "\n97208748\nFind the common denominator of -25/13853094 and -49/687.", "\n3172358526\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 669164 and 3574.", "\n1195796068\nCalculate the least common multiple of 194582 and 8066908.", "\n475947572\nCalculate the common denominator of 49/5957250 and -34/5.", "\n5957250\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 6167902 and 18369.", "\n55511118\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 149517 and 139190?", "\n46350270\nCalculate the least common multiple of 19506 and 23058.", "\n74961558\nFind the common denominator of 133/108 and -68/3562251.", "\n128241036\nCalculate the common denominator of -119/103200 and -145/326112.", "\n8152800\nFind the common denominator of 107/108 and 92/6472845.", "\n25891380\nWhat is the least common multiple of 37049173 and 2072?", "\n296393384\nFind the common denominator of 68/609 and -109/22406676.", "\n156846732\nWhat is the common denominator of 141/295709260 and -103/3710?", "\n295709260\nFind the common denominator of -23/48 and 51/10265504.", "\n30796512\nCalculate the common denominator of -113/162396 and -61/6171048.", "\n6171048\nCalculate the common denominator of -10/429 and -13/211932.", "\n30306276\nWhat is the common denominator of 64/380653 and -61/29939?", "\n2664571\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 167490 and 120.", "\n669960\nWhat is the common denominator of -31/172224 and 139/204?", "\n2927808\nCalculate the common denominator of 47/1450824 and 5/483608.", "\n1450824\nFind the common denominator of 109/874848 and -47/9516.", "\n53365728\nWhat is the least common multiple of 128461375 and 55?", "\n1413075125\nCalculate the least common multiple of 33332 and 866632.", "\n866632\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 47424 and 23966904.", "\n191735232\nCalculate the common denominator of 151/102 and 47/121066.", "\n6174366\nWhat is the common denominator of 77/531779002 and -1/16?", "\n4254232016\nCalculate the least common multiple of 6337718 and 3.", "\n19013154\nCalculate the common denominator of 59/54 and -139/545802.", "\n4912218\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 7512 and 170898.", "\n683592\nFind the common denominator of 67/187400 and -63/28372360.", "\n141861800\nCalculate the common denominator of -101/954666 and 29/742518.", "\n6682662\nFind the common denominator of 5/1127172 and 39/3160.", "\n11271720\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 33501525 and 1340061.", "\n33501525\nFind the common denominator of 5/256644 and -107/7556740.", "\n68010660\nFind the common denominator of -79/144 and -101/96220656.", "\n96220656\nCalculate the common denominator of 89/47432 and 97/33154.", "\n6498184\nCalculate the common denominator of -13/169221220 and -117/33844244.", "\n169221220\nWh" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Pocas horas después de lanzarlo, España Global —el artefacto político-propagandístico antes conocido como Marca España— se veía obligada a retirar de circulación un vídeo animado con el que pretendía defender, de cara a la opinión pública internacional, la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo sobre los hechos del 1 de octubre de 2017. ", "Al margen de la imagen de un trasunto de Oriol Junqueras disfrazado de ‘caco’, el vídeo, publicado el 23 de octubre, concluía con un mensaje con subtexto desesperado: “In Spain there is justice. ", "In Spain democracy works” (En España hay justicia. ", "En España la democracia funciona). ", "Simbólicamente, un vídeo realizado para explicar que todo va como tiene que ir en España fue retirado porque “hería sensibilidades”.", "\n\nLas imágenes de represión durante la tercera semana de octubre son una ruptura con el imaginario de un país feliz y moderno que fue diseñado para “impresionar al mundo” en la fecha clave de 1992, en Barcelona, y de la mano del abanderado de la selección olímpica, el hoy rey Felipe VI. ", "Los esfuerzos de los deportistas Marca España se topan con la difusión viral de imágenes de policías y mossos cargando contra masas o individuos aislados. “", "Everybody’s land”, la campaña publicitaria diseñada por España Global para atenuar el impacto de la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo, contrasta con la evidencia de que el delito de sedición encaja como un zapato en una tubería en el ordenamiento jurídico internacional y con el hecho de que al Supremo le será difícil defender en Estrasburgo aspectos como la condena a nueve años de cárcel por la convocatoria de una manifestación pacífica.", "\n\nPero además, como alguien señaló en Twitter —donde se volcó la campaña de España Global— era todo un ejercicio de agudeza visual encontrar en el anuncio a una persona “que gane menos de 50.000 pavos al año”.", "\n\nUna década después del comienzo oficial de la crisis, el número de millonarios se ha multiplicado por siete. ", "Hay 807.000 nuevos ricos —y son ya casi un millón— y, consecuentemente, ha aumentado la cifra de personas en riesgo de pobreza. ", "Los objetivos marcados por la Comisión Europea para 2020 establecen que en el próximo año debe haber “solo” 9,3 millones de personas en situación de pobreza y exclusión. ", "Actualmente hay más de doce millones. ", "La encuesta de calidad de vida, que el INE publicó el 22 de octubre, muestra que un 35% de la población es incapaz de asumir gastos imprevistos. ", "Al comienzo de la crisis el porcentaje era el 29%.", "\n\nEl conjunto de la población, salvo las 800.000 personas que han devenido millonarios a raíz de la crisis, tiene motivos materiales para sentirse menos feliz que en 2008. “", "Lo que pensábamos que era una crisis se ha convertido en sistema”, afirma la escritora Edurne Portela. “", "Cada poco tiempo salen noticias de que la riqueza de los ricos ha aumentado a niveles inauditos, mientras que las personas en situación de pobreza o extrema pobreza no varía o, si lo hace, es a peor. ", "Nos hemos quedado estancados en este sistema y creo que, entre las personas que llevan años en situación precaria o de pobreza, se empieza a extender la creencia de que no hay salida, la sensación de desesperanza”, añade.", "\n\nSancho R. Somalo Byron Maher\n\nEspaña global\n\nTeresa Vilarós es autora deun ensayo escrito en los 90 y reeditado el año pasado al calor del cuestionamiento general que introdujo el movimiento 15M. Para Vilarós, la crisis de 2008 “se llevó por delante todas las aparentes bonanzas económicas a las que nos había acostumbrado el Estado biopolítico del bienestar y el consumismo”. ", "Sin embargo, matiza, la aparición del shock en 2008 no lo convierte en “causante” del caos en el que estamos, sino que es el resultado de un estado de cosas anterior.", "\n\nLa profesora de Estudios Peninsulares Contemporáneos en la Universidad de Columbia Ana Fernández-Cebrián sitúa también en esa fecha de 1992 el inicio de un proceso cuya cara amable está hoy encarnada por España Global. ", "El éxito del 92 y del Estado en su empeño de resucitar un orgullo patriótico por la vía de la incipiente Marca España —al principio fue el lema Spain is different— introdujo también la semilla del momento de quiebra. ", "En su momento de mayor expansión funciono como lo que Fernández-Cebrián relata como una idea de nación que habría que “proteger” de las criticas de una supuesta “leyenda negra”.", "\n\nLas intervenciones en clave internacional de los líderes de los partidos llamados constitucionalistas en el debate electoral del lunes 4 de noviembre, y muy especialmente el argumentario en torno a Latinoamérica —Albert Rivera llegó a hablar de España como matriz de la “patria” iberoamericana— indican hasta qué punto la retórica de la soberanía española sigue siendo en clave colonial. ", "En uno de esos chascarrillos de la historia, la persona designada para comisariar las celebraciones del quinto centenario de la colonización de América en 1992, Manuel Prado y Colón de Carvajal, amigo y administrador privado del rey emérito, terminó en la cárcel por corrupción.", "\n\nFernández-Cebrián denomina “desarrollismo expandido” a ese proyecto que tuvo su cénit en el 92, “en la medida en que supuso una continuidad y una expansión del modelo económico ‘modernizador’ que el franquismo implementó exitosamente desde finales de los años 50 y en el cual seguimos viviendo en su vertiente neoliberal”. ", "Para su proyección es imprescindible, explica esta profesora, la “construcción de ficciones”, algunas de ellas tan peligrosas como la defensa de la “forma política imperio”.", "\n\nSolo ETA alteró un plan político y económico que, incluso pese a la banda armada, configuró una idea de España como un país en una transición modélica que fue exportada por todo el mundo a través de campañas de imagen. ", "Una visión moldeada por el Partido Socialista, cuya secretaria de Igualdad, Carmen Calvo, resumió el relato oficial de este tiempo: “Salimos de la dictadura a la democracia sin un solo roce de violencia, salvo ETA”.", "\n\nVilarós cree que la entrada en la era de la virtualización —de la “administración de la mente”, cuyo máximo exponente es el capitalismo de Google o Amazon— está haciendo tambalearse “las estructuras que hacían posible la política de la democracia”\n\nPortela recuerda que ella creció en un contexto en el que, “aparte del problema gravísimo de ETA y de la guerra sucia por parte del Estado”, la bonanza no era más que parte de otra campaña. “", "Lo que afectaba directamente a las familias del lugar donde nací yo (la margen izquierda) era sobre todo el proceso de desindustrialización, lo que desde Madrid llamaban ‘reconversión industrial’, que acabó con la forma de vida de muchas familias y un paro juvenil del 50%”.", "\n\nEsta escritora ve algunos paralelismos entre el desencanto que arrojó a buena parte de la juventud a distintas y peligrosas vías de escape en los 80 y lo que sucede hoy con un amplio sector del pueblo catalán: “El desencanto ante las políticas que vienen del Estado español es complejo, no lo podemos achacar solo a un motivo, pero entonces uno de los motivos tuvo que ver con esa crisis y cómo el Estado la gestionó. ", "El caso es que cuando hablamos de ‘desencanto’ hablamos de un sentimiento, de una sensación de desengaño. ", "Y yo creo que algo de eso hay también en el auge del nacionalismo en Cataluña”.", "\n\n\n\nDesencanto o shock\n\nVilarós cree que la entrada en la era de la virtualización —de la “administración de la mente”, cuyo máximo exponente es el capitalismo de Google o Amazon— está haciendo tambalearse “las estructuras que hacían posible la política de la democracia”. ", "No hay una posible vuelta atrás, opina, y menos a través de la fuerza, apelando a estructuras de Estado “antiguas y anteriores”. ", "En el caso del Estado español, defiende esta catedrática de la Texas A&M University, “se intenta aplicar una presión tremenda sobre los deseos de arreglo, de recolocación, que tiene la gente”, especialmente en el caso de Catalunya, donde una parte de la población ha encontrado en la demanda republicana una vía —quizá de forma algo ingenua— para la “refundación” de esas estructuras en crisis.", "\n\nPortela cree que lo que hay en España es un problema político y territorial: “No es solo un ‘problema catalán’ o un ‘problema vasco’, es un problema de todo el Estado español y de la forma en la que se gestiona su pluralidad. ", "Mientras no se abra un debate profundo sobre esto, seguirá habiendo tensión, incomprensión, choque de trenes e incluso violencia. ", "Y llevamos ya demasiadas décadas así”, explica a El Salto.", "\n\nFrente a las “ficciones del Estado” en forma de España Global o Marca España, considera Fernández, es imprescindible poner “todas nuestras energías” en recorrer el hilo de esa ‘otra historia’, que ha atravesado subterráneamente la historia de los pueblos de España y no ha desaparecido pese a la victoria de la “ley del mercado”.", "\n\nPara Fernández “una de las mejores cosas del ciclo 2011/2014, del 15M, de las asambleas y de las Mareas es que habilitaron la creación de espacios transgeneracionales que son más necesarios que nunca para que no se produzcan cortes o cesuras de memoria en la transmisión de esos saberes, prácticas y experiencias comunitarias”. ", "Esta profesora cree que, en la actualidad, “tanto el feminismo como los movimientos contra el cambio climático son ‘zonas de obra’ donde esos intercambios y nuevas formas de sociabilidad son todavía posibles a día de hoy”.", "\n\n“Si el 15M fue la revuelta de quienes veían sus expectativas amenazadas, esta lo es de quienes han crecido sin más expectativa que la precariedad, el hastío y la represión. ", "No reconocen ni necesitan líderes ni directrices, su propio malestar les mueve”; esto escribía en El Salto Joaquim Martínez sobre los disturbios en Catalunya. ", "Portela teme que la sensación de que no hay futuro “no sólo afecta a una generación, sino que hay muchos jóvenes que están llegando a la adolescencia que se han criado ya en familias desahuciadas por la crisis; también a quienes afectó cuando entonces tenían 18 o 20 años; han llegado a la edad adulta sin ningún tipo de perspectiva ni esperanza”.", "\n\nQué implicaciones tiene esto?, ", "la autora de Mejor la Ausencia, responde “que hay una gran masa social joven que está perdiendo la ilusión de construirse un futuro, que no puede imaginarse en una situación de normalidad económica que les permita hacer planes, proyectarse. ", "Por supuesto esto afecta a la autoestima y a la forma en la que construimos lazos íntimos y sociales. ", "Me parece una situación tremenda y totalmente abandonada por parte del debate político”.", "\n\nUna década después de la llegada de la crisis, una nueva generación emerge desde el pesimismo: en su mayoría no tienen un mito fundacional colectivo y feliz al que agarrarse al margen de los éxitos deportivos de la Marca España.", "\n\nProceso reconstituyente\n\n“Cómo es posible que una gran victoria de la democracia como la exhumación y el fin del mausoleo al dictador algunos en la izquierda la sufran como si fuera una derrota”. ", "Así hablaba Pedro Sánchez el 24 de octubre, el día de la exhumación del cadáver de Francisco Franco y su traslado desde el monumento fascista del Valle de los Caídos a un cementerio público en la localidad madrileña de El Pardo. ", "Confiado en el golpe de efecto conseguido por el traslado del féretro del dictador, Sánchez se dibujaba de nuevo en el centro de un paisaje mental victorioso frente a la oscura atracción hacia el derrotismo que achaca al espacio de la “extrema izquierda”.", "\n\nEl primer signo de vida inteligente del anterior jefe del Estado fue en la revista estadounidense Newsweek. ", "En abril de 1976, Juan Carlos I deslizaba su decepción con Carlos Arias Navarro, entonces presidente del Gobierno, que pocas semanas más tarde sería la primera pieza de “El Pardo” sacrificada por el sistema superador del franquismo. ", "El borbón ponía la primera piedra de la “modernización” que Barcelona mostraría al mundo al ritmo del All my loving de Los Manolos y del paso firme del entonces príncipe Felipe.", "\n\nEl primer acto significativo del reinado de Felipe VI fue el discurso del 3 de octubre de 2017. ", "Una proclama a la defensiva, el mismo día de la huelga general que paralizó Catalunya dos días después del referéndum simbólico del 1 de octubre. ", "Un cierre de filas al que debe contribuir —así lo esperan las distintas familias del poder— la reconstitución del bipartidismo que se espera como resultado de las elecciones generales de mañana, 10 de noviembre. ", "Fue también un discurso de calado histórico, el comienzo del fin del mito de la España feliz.", "\n\nFelipe VI, durante la comparecencia del 3 de octubre de 2017.", "\n\nPara Portela, es fundamental el papel de la cultura para “ayudarnos a imaginar al ‘otro’ fuera de las lógicas de la exclusión”. ", "De este modo, concluye Portela, la “exclusión y la conformación del ‘otro’ como enemigo es una de los grandes peligros de todo nacionalismo (español, vasco, catalán, lo que sea) contamina nuestra imaginación, la radicaliza y llega incluso a justificar la violencia contra aquel que no considero que forma parte de mi comunidad idílica deseada. ", "Eso sólo se cambia transformando la imaginación y los afectos de las personas, haciendo ver que ninguna comunidad puede estar centrada en identidades fijas y mucho menos identidades etnicistas”.", "\n\nPero ese ‘otro’ es mucho más tangible, cercano y sobre todo funcional que el gran ‘otro’ que ha emergido desde la crisis de 2008 y que se sitúa como el objeto de conflicto fundamental de las sociedades globalizadas. ", "Vilarós define este tiempo aludiendo a la estupefacción ante el final de las certezas y el auge de la informática: “No es casualidad que la crisis del 2008 acompañe la aparición de los teléfonos inteligentes. ", "De la biopolítica anterior en la que se amparaban los estados del bienestar occidentales hemos pasado a la aparición de la nootecnología (un neologismo que define la dimensión “espiritual” de la tecnología y su capacidad de intervención material) en nuestro mundo de hoy y que arrasa con todo lo anterior, incluida la tierra misma”. ", "La autora de El mono del desencanto sigue al psicoanalista Jacques Lacan para definir como un “enigma” a ese otro —un monstruo o un fantasma— ante el que estamos “aterrados, desnudos y precarios”, explica. “", "Pedimos al monstruo que se nos aparezca en forma de políticos reales, corporaciones amables, naciones estables, democracias habitables”, pero el monstruo no está ahí para conceder deseos; su sola presencia nos desestabiliza y nos pone en crisis.", "\n\nTras diez días de incendio político y social en Catalunya, el presidente en funciones lanzaba con la exhumación del cadáver de Franco un mensaje emocional, destinado a esa que se ha llamado “mayoría cautelosa” que, se espera, reaccione buscando los referentes conocidos. ", "Una mayoría que opte por el ensueño de la recolocación en el espacio de lo que pudo ser una “España feliz”. ", "Con el vuelo en helicóptero del féretro del dictador, Sánchez completaba con perfecto timing —en campaña electoral— el relato —o storytelling— de que en España hay justicia y la democracia funciona. ", "Pero, rodeando como una sombra el aparato de la España Global y sus campañas publicitarias, aparece el mismo fantasma que recorre el mundo, que hasta ahora se comporta enigmáticamente y que genera, aquí y allá, situaciones explosivas que amenazan con terminar con todo lo anterior y arrojarnos a un futuro del que no sabemos nada.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Flash Templates\n\nFlashTemplates.com is a convenient online store that provides Flash Website Templates to help you design faster. ", "Using our Flash template you give your company a superior web presence with high-impact performance.", "\n\nWe supply customers with only high-quality and technologically advanced flash web templates with drop and down menus, eye-catching animation, enhanced preloaders and photo album with zoom in, zoom out buttons. ", "They are remarkable due to Flash interactivity, which means that your website will appear to be modern and technologically leading. ", "These up-to-date templates fit best for any kind of web presence, and you can easily set up an online portfolio or magazine with flip book effect, make a photo portfolio with effective xml-based galleries that include unlimited number of photo albums or utilize the templates as a basis for fast and high class website development. ", "Use our flash templates to play with your vigorous ideas, stretch the limits of creativity, and optimize your successful full-blown website so that it underlines your own individual style.", "\n\nWhy Use Flash Templates?", "\n\nFlash Web Templates are more appealing due to the harmonic combination of sound and video.", "\n\nFlash Website Templates with CMS are easy to update.", "\n\nWho is FlashTemplates.com for?", "\n\nFlashTemplates.com is for those visitors who are tired of monotonous Flash website templates being oversupplied on the web, who want their websites to correspond with the modern trends and look noticeable. ", "Specifically for this type of visitors, we offer elaborate Flash website templates and premium Flash CMS websites of a new generation which have no analogues on the web. ", "So if you want your website to look incomparable, look through our Flash web templates collection and decide on a design which appeals to you most.", "\n\nWhy Choose Us?", "\n\nFlashTemplates offers innovative and modern flash website templates which are easy to modify.", "\n\nOur collection is the largest on the Net to let you choose the very flash template which suits your goals best.", "\n\nOur prices are set as low as possible - starting from $56 - to make our products affordable." ]

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[ "// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// msvc_disambiguater.hpp : msvc workarounds. (", "for put_{head|last} overloads)\r\n// the trick was described in boost's list by Aleksey Gurtovoy\r\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n\r\n// Copyright Samuel Krempp 2003. ", "Use, modification, and distribution are\r\n// subject to the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See accompanying\r\n// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\r\n\r\n// see http://www.boost.org/libs/format for library home page\r\n\r\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n\r\n#ifndef BOOST_MSVC_DISAMBIGUATER_HPP\r\n#define BOOST_MSVC_DISAMBIGUATER_HPP\r\n\r\n#if BOOST_WORKAROUND(__DECCXX_VER, BOOST_TESTED_AT(60590042))\r\n\r\n#include <boost/format/group.hpp>\r\n#include <ostream>\r\n\r\nnamespace boost {\r\nnamespace io {\r\nnamespace detail {\r\n\r\ntemplate< class Ch, class Tr, class T >\r\nstruct disambiguater\r\n{\r\n template< typename U >\r\n static void put_head(BOOST_IO_STD basic_ostream<Ch, Tr>& os, group1<U> const& x, long)\r\n {\r\n os << group_head(x.a1_); \r\n }\r\n static void put_head(BOOST_IO_STD basic_ostream<Ch, Tr>& os, T const& x, int)\r\n {\r\n }\r\n template< typename U >\r\n static void put_last(BOOST_IO_STD basic_ostream<Ch, Tr>& os, group1<U> const& x, long)\r\n {\r\n os << group_last(x.a1_); \r\n }\r\n static void put_last(BOOST_IO_STD basic_ostream<Ch, Tr>& os, T const& x, int)\r\n {\r\n os << x;\r\n }\r\n};\r\n\r\n} // namespace detail\r\n} // namespace io\r\n} // namespace boost\r\n\r\n#endif // -__DECCXX_VER\r\n\r\n#endif // -BOOST_MSVC_DISAMBIGUATER_HPP\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "People\n\nFind staff and students\n\nServices and tools\n\nMartin Luther referred to her as \"crazy Birgitta\", while August Strindberg called her a \"devilish woman\". ", "Saint Birgitta of Sweden had a strong influence on female writers and philosophers during the Renaissance in Italy. ", "This is revealed by new research at UiO." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Priapism.", "\nSince priapism often leads to impotence immediate therapy should be given with few exceptions (patients with sickle cell disease, neoplasm and infections). ", "A careful history and a search for the etiology are important. ", "The physician should protect himself against legal retribution by obtaining the patient's signature on an informed and witnessed consent to treat." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "ICYMI Will The Houseguests Recover From Zingbot's Scorching Burns?", "\n\n6/6\n\nVanessa chooses to keep the eviction nominations the same.", "\n\nAfter losing the POV competition, Johnny Mac knew he needed to make some major moves to ensure his safety. ", "So, when Vanessa came looking for a deal, he didn't hesitate to provide her with some juicy game secrets. ", "The devious dentist sold out his handshake alliance with Steve, Austin, and the twins, and told the poker-playing DJ that she was their main target just one week ago. ", "Oh, and Steve was the mastermind behind it all.", "\n\nWith this new piece of upsetting information, the strategist unsurprisingly elected not to use the Power of Veto, leaving Steve and Johnny Mac to stay on the block.", "\n\nWho will be evicted from the house, and which jury member will return to the game? ", "Find out Thursday on Big Brother!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "/* Copyright 2019 The TensorFlow Authors. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n\nLicensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\nyou may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\nYou may obtain a copy of the License at\n\n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n\nUnless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\ndistributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\nWITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\nSee the License for the specific language governing permissions and\nlimitations under the License.", "\n==============================================================================*/\n\n#include \"tensorflow/compiler/tf2xla/xla_op_kernel.h\"\n#include \"tensorflow/compiler/tf2xla/xla_op_registry.h\"\n#include \"tensorflow/compiler/xla/client/lib/self_adjoint_eig.h\"\n#include \"tensorflow/core/lib/core/bits.h\"\n\nnamespace tensorflow {\nnamespace {\n\nclass XlaSelfAdjointEigOp : public XlaOpKernel {\n public:\n explicit XlaSelfAdjointEigOp(OpKernelConstruction* ctx) : XlaOpKernel(ctx) {\n OP_REQUIRES_OK(ctx, ctx->GetAttr(\"lower\", &lower_));\n OP_REQUIRES_OK(ctx, ctx->GetAttr(\"max_iter\", &max_iter_));\n OP_REQUIRES_OK(ctx, ctx->GetAttr(\"epsilon\", &epsilon_));\n }\n void Compile(XlaOpKernelContext* ctx) override {\n auto result =\n xla::SelfAdjointEig(ctx->Input(0), lower_, max_iter_, epsilon_);\n ctx->SetOutput(0, result.w);\n ctx->SetOutput(1, result.v);\n }\n\n private:\n bool lower_;\n int32 max_iter_;\n float epsilon_;\n};\n\nclass SelfAdjointEigV2Op : public XlaOpKernel {\n public:\n explicit SelfAdjointEigV2Op(OpKernelConstruction* ctx) : XlaOpKernel(ctx) {}\n void Compile(XlaOpKernelContext* ctx) override {\n const TensorShape input_shape = ctx->InputShape(\"input\");\n int n = input_shape.dim_size(input_shape.dims() - 1);\n // This is based on heuristics that approx log(n) sweep updates are needed.", "\n // Note: the heuristics provides no theoretical guarantee, max_iter=100 and\n // epsilon should be used to determine exit condition.", "\n int max_iter = 2 * tensorflow::Log2Ceiling(n);\n auto result = xla::SelfAdjointEig(ctx->Input(0), true, max_iter, 1e-6);\n ctx->SetOutput(0, result.w);\n ctx->SetOutput(1, result.v);\n }\n};\n\nREGISTER_XLA_OP(Name(\"XlaSelfAdjointEig\").TypeConstraint(\"T\", kFloatTypes),\n XlaSelfAdjointEigOp);\nREGISTER_XLA_OP(Name(\"SelfAdjointEigV2\").TypeConstraint(\"T\", kFloatTypes),\n SelfAdjointEigV2Op);\n\n} // namespace\n} // namespace tensorflow\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHighest to Lowest from an average\n\nI currently have a piece of code which finds an average from a file, so far I can find the average but cant sort this afterwards, below is my code which finds the average: \npath = 'team1scores.csv'\nwith open(path) as f:\n entries = collections.", "Counter()\n total_scores = collections.", "Counter()\n for name,score in csv.reader(f):\n score = int(score)\n total_scores[name] += score\n entries[name] += 1\n\n for name in sorted(entries):\n ave_score = total_scores[name] / entries[name]\n print(name,ave_score)\n\nIn the same program I have used a highest to lowest sort at another point so would I somehow be able to add this...\npath = 'team1cores.csv'\n with open(path) as f:\n entries = sorted(csv.reader(f), key=itemgetter(1), reverse=True)\n for name,score in entries:\n print(name,score)\n\n...To the end of the average snippet. ", "I have tried several different ways without any succession. ", "Once the average part of the program is finished it returns these, this is what I need to sort. ", "\nDerek 4.0\nFred 9.0\nGeorge 7.0\nJake 3.6666666666666665\n\nHopefully it is a simple problem to fix.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou should think better the structure of your code: to sort the file reading process makes no sense... if you want to sort the average scores, you must register this information in a specific variable.", "\nI believe you want to do something like this:\npath = 'team1scores.csv'\n\nentries = collections.", "Counter()\ntotal_scores = collections.", "Counter()\n\nwith open(path) as f:\n for name,score in csv.reader(f):\n score = int(score)\n total_scores[name] += score\n entries[name] += 1\n\naverages = collections.", "Counter()\nfor name in entries.keys():\n averages[name] = total_scores[name]/entries[name]\n\n# `most_common(n)` will display the sorted `n` highest values\nfor name, score in averages.most_common():\n print(name, score)\n\n# to sort the `n` from lowest, used most_common()[:`-n-1`:-1]\nn = 2\nfor name, score in averages.most_common()[:-n-1:-1]:\n print(name, score)\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006342849810607731, 0.0006843822775408626, 0.0008359234197996557, 0.000573625904507935, 0.0005957265966571867, 0.000915560987778008, 0.0005698369932360947, 0.0005747300456278026, 0.0006843822775408626, 0.0006880226428620517, 0.0006714749033562839 ]

[ "I'm an English teacher in Saitama, Japan with far too much time to kill at my desk.", "\n\nI'm an English teacher in Saitama, Japan with far too much time to kill at my desk.", "\n\n−\n\nOriginally from Melbourne, Australia, I've also lived in the UK and spent a few months travelling around Europe (Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany and Holland.)", "\n\n+\n\nOriginally from [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]], I've also lived in the UK and spent a few months travelling around Europe ([[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Italy]], [[France]], [[Switzerland]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Germany]] and [[Holland]].)", "\n\nWhile in Japan I've explored [[Tokyo]], [[Yokohama]], [[Chiba]], [[Hakuba]], [[Nikko]] and [[Kanazawa]]. [[", "Fukuoka]] and [[Hokkaido]] are next on the list, so let me know if you have any advice.", "\n\nWhile in Japan I've explored [[Tokyo]], [[Yokohama]], [[Chiba]], [[Hakuba]], [[Nikko]] and [[Kanazawa]]. [[", "Fukuoka]] and [[Hokkaido]] are next on the list, so let me know if you have any advice.", "\n\nSUMMER 2006 KANSAI TOUR - Spending a week or two backpacking around Kansai in August, stopping in Kyoto, Hiroshima, Osaka and Kobe using the Seishun 18 Ticket (Jyuuhachi Kippu). ", "Any advice? ", "If you've been to Kansai, please drop me a line on my talk page and let me know what you loved about the area." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.11717129498720169, 0.11717129498720169, 0.000550363736692816, 0.0005817757919430733, 0.0005623021861538291, 0.0006603961810469627, 0.0005623021861538291, 0.0006603961810469627, 0.0006474399124272168, 0.0007483890512958169, 0.0005551105132326484 ]

[ "<!", "DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd\">\n<!", "--NewPage-->\n<HTML>\n<HEAD>\n<!-- ", "Generated by javadoc (build 1.6.0_22) on Fri Feb 11 22:06:23 PST 2011 -->\n<META http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=UTF-8\">\n<TITLE>\nDOMWriterImpl (aalto-xml 0.9.7 API)\n</TITLE>\n\n<META NAME=\"date\" CONTENT=\"2011-02-11\">\n\n<LINK REL =\"stylesheet\" TYPE=\"text/css\" HREF=\"../../../../stylesheet.css\" TITLE=\"Style\">\n\n<SCRIPT type=\"text/javascript\">\nfunction windowTitle()\n{\n if (location.href.indexOf('is-external=true') == -1) {\n parent.document.title=\"DOMWriterImpl (aalto-xml 0.9.7 API)\";\n }\n}\n</SCRIPT>\n<NOSCRIPT>\n</NOSCRIPT>\n\n</HEAD>\n\n<BODY BGCOLOR=\"white\" onload=\"windowTitle();\">\n<HR>\n\n\n<!-- ", "========= START OF TOP NAVBAR ======= -->\n<A NAME=\"navbar_top\"><!-- --></A>\n<A HREF=\"#skip-navbar_top\" title=\"Skip navigation links\"></A>\n<TABLE BORDER=\"0\" WIDTH=\"100%\" CELLPADDING=\"1\" CELLSPACING=\"0\" SUMMARY=\"\">\n<TR>\n<TD COLSPAN=2 BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\">\n<A NAME=\"navbar_top_firstrow\"><!-- --></A>\n<TABLE BORDER=\"0\" CELLPADDING=\"0\" CELLSPACING=\"3\" SUMMARY=\"\">\n <TR ALIGN=\"center\" VALIGN=\"top\">\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\"> <A HREF=\"../../../../overview-summary.html\"><FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1\"><B>Overview</B></FONT></A>&nbsp;</TD>\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\"> <A HREF=\"package-summary.html\"><FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1\"><B>Package</B></FONT></A>&nbsp;</TD>\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#FFFFFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1Rev\"> &nbsp;<FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1Rev\"><B>Class</B></FONT>&nbsp;</TD>\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\"> <A HREF=\"class-use/DOMWriterImpl.html\"><FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1\"><B>Use</B></FONT></A>&nbsp;</TD>\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\"> <A HREF=\"package-tree.html\"><FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1\"><B>Tree</B></FONT></A>&nbsp;</TD>\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\"> <A HREF=\"../../../../deprecated-list.html\"><FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1\"><B>Deprecated</B></FONT></A>&nbsp;</TD>\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\"> <A HREF=\"../../../../index-all.html\"><FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1\"><B>Index</B></FONT></A>&nbsp;</TD>\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\"> <A HREF=\"../../../../help-doc.html\"><FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1\"><B>Help</B></FONT></A>&nbsp;</TD>\n </TR>\n</TABLE>\n</TD>\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" ROWSPAN=3><script type=\"text/javascript\"><!--\ngoogle_ad_client = \"ca-pub-1467773697956887\";\n/* Aalto-ad-small */\ngoogle_ad_slot = \"3886247450\";\ngoogle_ad_width = 234;\ngoogle_ad_height = 60;\n//-->\n</script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\"\nsrc=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\">\n</script>\n</TD>\n</TR>\n\n<TR>\n<TD BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell2\"><FONT SIZE=\"-2\">\n&nbsp;<A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMReaderImpl.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\"><B>PREV CLASS</B></A>&nbsp;\n&nbsp;<A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/OutputElementBase.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\"><B>NEXT CLASS</B></A></FONT></TD>\n<TD BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell2\"><FONT SIZE=\"-2\">\n <A HREF=\"../../../../index.html?com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html\" target=\"_top\"><B>FRAMES</B></A> &nbsp;\n&nbsp;<A HREF=\"DOMWriterImpl.html\" target=\"_top\"><B>NO FRAMES</B></A> &nbsp;\n&nbsp;<SCRIPT type=\"text/javascript\">\n <!--", "\n if(window==top) {\n document.writeln('<A HREF=\"../../../../allclasses-noframe.html\"><B>All Classes</B></A>');\n }\n //-->\n</SCRIPT>\n<NOSCRIPT>\n <A HREF=\"../../../../allclasses-noframe.html\"><B>All Classes</B></A>\n</NOSCRIPT>\n\n\n</FONT></TD>\n</TR>\n<TR>\n<TD VALIGN=\"top\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell3\"><FONT SIZE=\"-2\">\n SUMMARY:&nbsp;NESTED&nbsp;|&nbsp;<A HREF=\"#field_summary\">FIELD</A>&nbsp;|&nbsp;CONSTR&nbsp;|&nbsp;<A HREF=\"#method_summary\">METHOD</A></FONT></TD>\n<TD VALIGN=\"top\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell3\"><FONT SIZE=\"-2\">\nDETAIL:&nbsp;<A HREF=\"#field_detail\">FIELD</A>&nbsp;|&nbsp;CONSTR&nbsp;|&nbsp;<A HREF=\"#method_detail\">METHOD</A></FONT></TD>\n</TR>\n</TABLE>\n<A NAME=\"skip-navbar_top\"></A>\n<!-- ", "========= END OF TOP NAVBAR ========= -->\n\n<HR>\n<!-- ", "======== START OF CLASS DATA ======== -->\n<H2>\n<FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\ncom.fasterxml.aalto.dom</FONT>\n<BR>\nClass DOMWriterImpl</H2>\n<PRE>\n<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">java.lang.", "Object</A>\n <IMG SRC=\"../../../../resources/inherit.gif\" ALT=\"extended by \">org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter\n <IMG SRC=\"../../../../resources/inherit.gif\" ALT=\"extended by \"><B>com.fasterxml.aalto.dom.", "DOMWriterImpl</B>\n</PRE>\n<DL>\n<DT><B>All Implemented Interfaces:</B> <DD><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamWriter</A>, org.codehaus.stax2.typed.", "TypedXMLStreamWriter, org.codehaus.stax2.validation.", "Validatable, org.codehaus.stax2.XMLStreamWriter2</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n<DL>\n<DT><PRE>public final class <B>DOMWriterImpl</B><DT>extends org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</DL>\n</PRE>\n\n<P>\nThis is an adapter class that allows building a DOM tree using\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\"><CODE>XMLStreamWriter</CODE></A> interface.", "\n<p>\n Note that the implementation is only to be used for use with\n <code>javax.xml.transform.dom.", "DOMResult</code>.", "\n<p>\n Some notes regarding missing/incomplete functionality:\n <ul>\n <li>Namespace-repairing mode not implemented\n <li>\n <li>Validation functionality not implemented\n <li>\n </ul>\n<P>\n\n<P>\n<DL>\n<DT><B>Author:</B></DT>\n <DD>Tatu Saloranta</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<P>\n<!-- ", "=========== FIELD SUMMARY =========== -->\n\n<A NAME=\"field_summary\"><!-- --></A>\n<TABLE BORDER=\"1\" WIDTH=\"100%\" CELLPADDING=\"3\" CELLSPACING=\"0\" SUMMARY=\"\">\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"#CCCCFF\" CLASS=\"TableHeadingColor\">\n<TH ALIGN=\"left\" COLSPAN=\"2\"><FONT SIZE=\"+2\">\n<B>Field Summary</B></FONT></TH>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>protected &nbsp;<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A></CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#_automaticNsPrefix\">_automaticNsPrefix</A></B></CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>protected &nbsp;int[]</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#_autoNsSeq\">_autoNsSeq</A></B></CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for NsRepairing mode</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>protected &nbsp;<A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/out/WriterConfig.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.out\">WriterConfig</A></CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#_config\">_config</A></B></CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>protected &nbsp;<A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMOutputElement.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\">DOMOutputElement</A></CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#_currElem\">_currElem</A></B></CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This element is the current context element, under which\n all other nodes are added, until matching end element\n is output.</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>protected &nbsp;<A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMOutputElement.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\">DOMOutputElement</A></CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#_openElement\">_openElement</A></B></CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This element is non-null right after a call to\n either <code>writeStartElement</code> and\n <code>writeEmptyElement</code>, and can be used to\n add attributes and namespace declarations.</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>protected &nbsp;<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A></CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#_suggestedDefNs\">_suggestedDefNs</A></B></CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n</TABLE>\n&nbsp;<A NAME=\"fields_inherited_from_class_org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter\"><!-- --></A>\n<TABLE BORDER=\"1\" WIDTH=\"100%\" CELLPADDING=\"3\" CELLSPACING=\"0\" SUMMARY=\"\">\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"TableSubHeadingColor\">\n<TH ALIGN=\"left\"><B>Fields inherited from class org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</B></TH>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD><CODE>mDocument, mEncoding, mNsAware, mNsContext, mNsRepairing, mValueEncoder</CODE></TD>\n</TR>\n</TABLE>\n&nbsp;\n<!-- ", "========== METHOD SUMMARY =========== -->\n\n<A NAME=\"method_summary\"><!-- --></A>\n<TABLE BORDER=\"1\" WIDTH=\"100%\" CELLPADDING=\"3\" CELLSPACING=\"0\" SUMMARY=\"\">\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"#CCCCFF\" CLASS=\"TableHeadingColor\">\n<TH ALIGN=\"left\" COLSPAN=\"2\"><FONT SIZE=\"+2\">\n<B>Method Summary</B></FONT></TH>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>protected &nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#appendLeaf(org.w3c.dom.", "Node)\">appendLeaf</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/org/w3c/dom/Node.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in org.w3c.dom\">Node</A>&nbsp;n)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>static&nbsp;<A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\">DOMWriterImpl</A></CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#createFrom(com.fasterxml.aalto.out.", "WriterConfig, javax.xml.transform.dom.", "DOMResult)\">createFrom</A></B>(<A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/out/WriterConfig.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.out\">WriterConfig</A>&nbsp;cfg,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/transform/dom/DOMResult.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.transform.dom\">DOMResult</A>&nbsp;dst)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>protected &nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#createStartElem(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, boolean)\">createStartElem</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;prefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName,\n boolean&nbsp;isEmpty)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Method called by all start element write methods.</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>protected &nbsp;<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A></CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#findElemPrefix(java.lang.", "String, com.fasterxml.aalto.dom.", "DOMOutputElement)\">findElemPrefix</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMOutputElement.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\">DOMOutputElement</A>&nbsp;elem)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Method called to find an existing prefix for the given namespace,\n if any exists in the scope.</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>protected &nbsp;<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A></CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#findOrCreateAttrPrefix(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, com.fasterxml.aalto.dom.", "DOMOutputElement)\">findOrCreateAttrPrefix</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;suggPrefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMOutputElement.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\">DOMOutputElement</A>&nbsp;elem)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Method called to somehow find a prefix for given namespace, to be\n used for a new start element; either use an existing one, or\n generate a new one.</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>protected &nbsp;<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A></CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#generateElemPrefix(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, com.fasterxml.aalto.dom.", "DOMOutputElement)\">generateElemPrefix</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;suggPrefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMOutputElement.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\">DOMOutputElement</A>&nbsp;elem)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Method called after <A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#findElemPrefix(java.lang.", "String, com.fasterxml.aalto.dom.", "DOMOutputElement)\"><CODE>findElemPrefix(java.lang.", "String, com.fasterxml.aalto.dom.", "DOMOutputElement)</CODE></A> has returned null,\n to create and bind a namespace mapping for specified namespace.</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/namespace/NamespaceContext.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.namespace\">NamespaceContext</A></CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#getNamespaceContext()\">getNamespaceContext</A></B>()</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A></CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#getPrefix(java.lang.", "String)\">getPrefix</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;uri)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">Object</A></CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#getProperty(java.lang.", "String)\">getProperty</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;name)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;boolean</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#isPropertySupported(java.lang.", "String)\">isPropertySupported</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;name)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>protected &nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#outputAttribute(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\">outputAttribute</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;prefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;value)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#setDefaultNamespace(java.lang.", "String)\">setDefaultNamespace</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;uri)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#setPrefix(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\">setPrefix</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;prefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;uri)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;boolean</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#setProperty(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "Object)\">setProperty</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;name,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">Object</A>&nbsp;value)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#writeAttribute(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\">writeAttribute</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;value)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#writeAttribute(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\">writeAttribute</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;value)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#writeAttribute(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\">writeAttribute</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;prefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;value)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#writeDefaultNamespace(java.lang.", "String)\">writeDefaultNamespace</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#writeDTD(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\">writeDTD</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;rootName,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;systemId,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;publicId,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;internalSubset)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#writeEmptyElement(java.lang.", "String)\">writeEmptyElement</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#writeEmptyElement(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\">writeEmptyElement</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#writeEmptyElement(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\">writeEmptyElement</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;prefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#writeEndDocument()\">writeEndDocument</A></B>()</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#writeEndElement()\">writeEndElement</A></B>()</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#writeNamespace(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\">writeNamespace</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;prefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#writeStartElement(java.lang.", "String)\">writeStartElement</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#writeStartElement(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\">writeStartElement</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" WIDTH=\"1%\"><FONT SIZE=\"-1\">\n<CODE>&nbsp;void</CODE></FONT></TD>\n<TD><CODE><B><A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#writeStartElement(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\">writeStartElement</A></B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;prefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI)</CODE>\n\n<BR>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>\n</TR>\n</TABLE>\n&nbsp;<A NAME=\"methods_inherited_from_class_org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter\"><!-- --></A>\n<TABLE BORDER=\"1\" WIDTH=\"100%\" CELLPADDING=\"3\" CELLSPACING=\"0\" SUMMARY=\"\">\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"TableSubHeadingColor\">\n<TH ALIGN=\"left\"><B>Methods inherited from class org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</B></TH>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD><CODE>close, closeCompletely, copyEventFromReader, flush, getEncoding, getLocation, getValueEncoder, reportUnsupported, serializeQNameValue, setNamespaceContext, setValidationProblemHandler, stopValidatingAgainst, stopValidatingAgainst, throwOutputError, throwOutputError, validateAgainst, writeBinary, writeBinary, writeBinaryAttribute, writeBinaryAttribute, writeBoolean, writeBooleanAttribute, writeCData, writeCData, writeCharacters, writeCharacters, writeComment, writeDecimal, writeDecimalAttribute, writeDouble, writeDoubleArray, writeDoubleArrayAttribute, writeDoubleAttribute, writeDTD, writeEntityRef, writeFloat, writeFloatArray, writeFloatArrayAttribute, writeFloatAttribute, writeFullEndElement, writeInt, writeIntArray, writeIntArrayAttribute, writeIntAttribute, writeInteger, writeIntegerAttribute, writeLong, writeLongArray, writeLongArrayAttribute, writeLongAttribute, writeProcessingInstruction, writeProcessingInstruction, writeQName, writeQNameAttribute, writeRaw, writeRaw, writeRaw, writeSpace, writeSpace, writeStartDocument, writeStartDocument, writeStartDocument, writeStartDocument</CODE></TD>\n</TR>\n</TABLE>\n&nbsp;<A NAME=\"methods_inherited_from_class_java.lang.", "Object\"><!-- --></A>\n<TABLE BORDER=\"1\" WIDTH=\"100%\" CELLPADDING=\"3\" CELLSPACING=\"0\" SUMMARY=\"\">\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"TableSubHeadingColor\">\n<TH ALIGN=\"left\"><B>Methods inherited from class java.lang.<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">Object</A></B></TH>\n</TR>\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"TableRowColor\">\n<TD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#clone()\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">clone</A>, <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#equals(java.lang.", "Object)\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">equals</A>, <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#finalize()\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">finalize</A>, <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#getClass()\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">getClass</A>, <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#hashCode()\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">hashCode</A>, <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#notify()\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">notify</A>, <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#notifyAll()\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">notifyAll</A>, <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#toString()\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">toString</A>, <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#wait()\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">wait</A>, <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#wait(long)\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">wait</A>, <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#wait(long, int)\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">wait</A></CODE></TD>\n</TR>\n</TABLE>\n&nbsp;\n<P>\n\n<!-- ", "============ FIELD DETAIL =========== -->\n\n<A NAME=\"field_detail\"><!-- --></A>\n<TABLE BORDER=\"1\" WIDTH=\"100%\" CELLPADDING=\"3\" CELLSPACING=\"0\" SUMMARY=\"\">\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"#CCCCFF\" CLASS=\"TableHeadingColor\">\n<TH ALIGN=\"left\" COLSPAN=\"1\"><FONT SIZE=\"+2\">\n<B>Field Detail</B></FONT></TH>\n</TR>\n</TABLE>\n\n<A NAME=\"_config\"><!-- --></A><H3>\n_config</H3>\n<PRE>\nprotected final <A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/out/WriterConfig.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.out\">WriterConfig</A> <B>_config</B></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DL>\n</DL>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"_currElem\"><!-- --></A><H3>\n_currElem</H3>\n<PRE>\nprotected <A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMOutputElement.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\">DOMOutputElement</A> <B>_currElem</B></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD>This element is the current context element, under which\n all other nodes are added, until matching end element\n is output. ", "Null outside of the main element tree.", "\n<p>\n Note: explicit empty element (written using\n <code>writeEmptyElement</code>) will never become\n current element.", "\n<P>\n<DL>\n</DL>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"_openElement\"><!-- --></A><H3>\n_openElement</H3>\n<PRE>\nprotected <A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMOutputElement.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\">DOMOutputElement</A> <B>_openElement</B></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD>This element is non-null right after a call to\n either <code>writeStartElement</code> and\n <code>writeEmptyElement</code>, and can be used to\n add attributes and namespace declarations.", "\n<p>\n Note: while this is often the same as <A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#_currElem\"><CODE>_currElem</CODE></A>,\n it's not always. ", "Specifically, an empty element (written\n explicitly using <code>writeEmptyElement</code>) will\n become open element but NOT current element. ", "Conversely,\n regular elements will remain current element when\n non elements are written (text, comments, PI), but\n not the open element.", "\n<P>\n<DL>\n</DL>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"_autoNsSeq\"><!-- --></A><H3>\n_autoNsSeq</H3>\n<PRE>\nprotected int[] <B>_autoNsSeq</B></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD>for NsRepairing mode\n<P>\n<DL>\n</DL>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"_suggestedDefNs\"><!-- --></A><H3>\n_suggestedDefNs</H3>\n<PRE>\nprotected <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A> <B>_suggestedDefNs</B></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DL>\n</DL>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"_automaticNsPrefix\"><!-- --></A><H3>\n_automaticNsPrefix</H3>\n<PRE>\nprotected <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A> <B>_automaticNsPrefix</B></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DL>\n</DL>\n</DL>\n\n<!-- ", "============ METHOD DETAIL ========== -->\n\n<A NAME=\"method_detail\"><!-- --></A>\n<TABLE BORDER=\"1\" WIDTH=\"100%\" CELLPADDING=\"3\" CELLSPACING=\"0\" SUMMARY=\"\">\n<TR BGCOLOR=\"#CCCCFF\" CLASS=\"TableHeadingColor\">\n<TH ALIGN=\"left\" COLSPAN=\"1\"><FONT SIZE=\"+2\">\n<B>Method Detail</B></FONT></TH>\n</TR>\n</TABLE>\n\n<A NAME=\"createFrom(com.fasterxml.aalto.out.", "WriterConfig, javax.xml.transform.dom.", "DOMResult)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\ncreateFrom</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic static <A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\">DOMWriterImpl</A> <B>createFrom</B>(<A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/out/WriterConfig.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.out\">WriterConfig</A>&nbsp;cfg,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/transform/dom/DOMResult.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.transform.dom\">DOMResult</A>&nbsp;dst)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"getNamespaceContext()\"><!-- --></A><H3>\ngetNamespaceContext</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/namespace/NamespaceContext.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.namespace\">NamespaceContext</A> <B>getNamespaceContext</B>()</PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true#getNamespaceContext()\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">getNamespaceContext</A></CODE> in interface <CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamWriter</A></CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>getNamespaceContext</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n</DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"getPrefix(java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\ngetPrefix</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A> <B>getPrefix</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;uri)</PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true#getPrefix(java.lang.", "String)\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">getPrefix</A></CODE> in interface <CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamWriter</A></CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>getPrefix</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n</DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"getProperty(java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\ngetProperty</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">Object</A> <B>getProperty</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;name)</PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true#getProperty(java.lang.", "String)\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">getProperty</A></CODE> in interface <CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamWriter</A></CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>getProperty</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n</DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"setDefaultNamespace(java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nsetDefaultNamespace</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>setDefaultNamespace</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;uri)</PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true#setDefaultNamespace(java.lang.", "String)\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">setDefaultNamespace</A></CODE> in interface <CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamWriter</A></CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>setDefaultNamespace</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n</DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"setPrefix(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nsetPrefix</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>setPrefix</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;prefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;uri)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true#setPrefix(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">setPrefix</A></CODE> in interface <CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamWriter</A></CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>setPrefix</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"writeAttribute(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nwriteAttribute</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>writeAttribute</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;value)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true#writeAttribute(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">writeAttribute</A></CODE> in interface <CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamWriter</A></CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>writeAttribute</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"writeAttribute(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nwriteAttribute</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>writeAttribute</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;value)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true#writeAttribute(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">writeAttribute</A></CODE> in interface <CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamWriter</A></CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>writeAttribute</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"writeAttribute(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nwriteAttribute</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>writeAttribute</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;prefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;value)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true#writeAttribute(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">writeAttribute</A></CODE> in interface <CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamWriter</A></CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>writeAttribute</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"writeDefaultNamespace(java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nwriteDefaultNamespace</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>writeDefaultNamespace</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI)</PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true#writeDefaultNamespace(java.lang.", "String)\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">writeDefaultNamespace</A></CODE> in interface <CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamWriter</A></CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>writeDefaultNamespace</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n</DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"writeEmptyElement(java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nwriteEmptyElement</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>writeEmptyElement</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true#writeEmptyElement(java.lang.", "String)\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">writeEmptyElement</A></CODE> in interface <CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamWriter</A></CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>writeEmptyElement</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"writeEmptyElement(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nwriteEmptyElement</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>writeEmptyElement</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true#writeEmptyElement(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">writeEmptyElement</A></CODE> in interface <CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamWriter</A></CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>writeEmptyElement</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"writeEmptyElement(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nwriteEmptyElement</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>writeEmptyElement</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;prefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true#writeEmptyElement(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">writeEmptyElement</A></CODE> in interface <CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamWriter</A></CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>writeEmptyElement</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"writeEndDocument()\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nwriteEndDocument</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>writeEndDocument</B>()</PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true#writeEndDocument()\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">writeEndDocument</A></CODE> in interface <CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamWriter.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamWriter</A></CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>writeEndDocument</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n</DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"writeEndElement()\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nwriteEndElement</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>writeEndElement</B>()</PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n</DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"writeNamespace(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nwriteNamespace</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>writeNamespace</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;prefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"writeStartElement(java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nwriteStartElement</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>writeStartElement</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"writeStartElement(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nwriteStartElement</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>writeStartElement</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"writeStartElement(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nwriteStartElement</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>writeStartElement</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;prefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"isPropertySupported(java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nisPropertySupported</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic boolean <B>isPropertySupported</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;name)</PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>isPropertySupported</CODE> in interface <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.XMLStreamWriter2</CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>isPropertySupported</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n</DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"setProperty(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "Object)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nsetProperty</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic boolean <B>setProperty</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;name,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">Object</A>&nbsp;value)</PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>setProperty</CODE> in interface <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.XMLStreamWriter2</CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>setProperty</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n</DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"writeDTD(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nwriteDTD</H3>\n<PRE>\npublic void <B>writeDTD</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;rootName,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;systemId,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;publicId,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;internalSubset)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>writeDTD</CODE> in interface <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.XMLStreamWriter2</CODE><DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>writeDTD</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"appendLeaf(org.w3c.dom.", "Node)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nappendLeaf</H3>\n<PRE>\nprotected void <B>appendLeaf</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/org/w3c/dom/Node.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in org.w3c.dom\">Node</A>&nbsp;n)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/IllegalStateException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">IllegalStateException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Specified by:</B><DD><CODE>appendLeaf</CODE> in class <CODE>org.codehaus.stax2.ri.dom.", "DOMWrappingWriter</CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/IllegalStateException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">IllegalStateException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"createStartElem(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, boolean)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\ncreateStartElem</H3>\n<PRE>\nprotected void <B>createStartElem</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;prefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName,\n boolean&nbsp;isEmpty)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD>Method called by all start element write methods.", "\n<P>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Parameters:</B><DD><CODE>nsURI</CODE> - Namespace URI to use: null and empty String denote 'no namespace'\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"outputAttribute(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\noutputAttribute</H3>\n<PRE>\nprotected void <B>outputAttribute</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;prefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;localName,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;value)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"findElemPrefix(java.lang.", "String, com.fasterxml.aalto.dom.", "DOMOutputElement)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nfindElemPrefix</H3>\n<PRE>\nprotected final <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A> <B>findElemPrefix</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMOutputElement.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\">DOMOutputElement</A>&nbsp;elem)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD>Method called to find an existing prefix for the given namespace,\n if any exists in the scope. ", "If one is found, it's returned (including\n \"\" for the current default namespace); if not, null is returned.", "\n<P>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Parameters:</B><DD><CODE>nsURI</CODE> - URI of namespace for which we need a prefix\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"generateElemPrefix(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, com.fasterxml.aalto.dom.", "DOMOutputElement)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\ngenerateElemPrefix</H3>\n<PRE>\nprotected final <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A> <B>generateElemPrefix</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;suggPrefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMOutputElement.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\">DOMOutputElement</A>&nbsp;elem)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD>Method called after <A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html#findElemPrefix(java.lang.", "String, com.fasterxml.aalto.dom.", "DOMOutputElement)\"><CODE>findElemPrefix(java.lang.", "String, com.fasterxml.aalto.dom.", "DOMOutputElement)</CODE></A> has returned null,\n to create and bind a namespace mapping for specified namespace.", "\n<P>\n<DD><DL>\n\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<HR>\n\n<A NAME=\"findOrCreateAttrPrefix(java.lang.", "String, java.lang.", "String, com.fasterxml.aalto.dom.", "DOMOutputElement)\"><!-- --></A><H3>\nfindOrCreateAttrPrefix</H3>\n<PRE>\nprotected final <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A> <B>findOrCreateAttrPrefix</B>(<A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;suggPrefix,\n <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in java.lang\">String</A>&nbsp;nsURI,\n <A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMOutputElement.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\">DOMOutputElement</A>&nbsp;elem)\n throws <A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></PRE>\n<DL>\n<DD>Method called to somehow find a prefix for given namespace, to be\n used for a new start element; either use an existing one, or\n generate a new one. ", "If a new mapping needs to be generated,\n it will also be automatically bound, and necessary namespace\n declaration output.", "\n<P>\n<DD><DL>\n<DT><B>Parameters:</B><DD><CODE>suggPrefix</CODE> - Suggested prefix to bind, if any; may be null\n to indicate \"no preference\"<DD><CODE>nsURI</CODE> - URI of namespace for which we need a prefix<DD><CODE>elem</CODE> - Currently open start element, on which the attribute\n will be added.", "\n<DT><B>Throws:</B>\n<DD><CODE><A HREF=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLStreamException.html?is-external=true\" title=\"class or interface in javax.xml.stream\">XMLStreamException</A></CODE></DL>\n</DD>\n</DL>\n<!-- ", "========= END OF CLASS DATA ========= -->\n<HR>\n\n\n<!-- ", "======= START OF BOTTOM NAVBAR ====== -->\n<A NAME=\"navbar_bottom\"><!-- --></A>\n<A HREF=\"#skip-navbar_bottom\" title=\"Skip navigation links\"></A>\n<TABLE BORDER=\"0\" WIDTH=\"100%\" CELLPADDING=\"1\" CELLSPACING=\"0\" SUMMARY=\"\">\n<TR><td rowspan='3'><script type=\"text/javascript\"><!--\ngoogle_ad_client = \"ca-pub-1467773697956887\";\n/* Aalto-ad-small */\ngoogle_ad_slot = \"3886247450\";\ngoogle_ad_width = 234;\ngoogle_ad_height = 60;\n//-->\n</script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\"\nsrc=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\">\n</script>\n\n<!-- ", "GA -->\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\nvar gaJsHost = ((\"https:\" == document.location.protocol) ? \"", "https://ssl.\" : \"", "http://www.\");", "\ndocument.write(unescape(\"%3Cscript src='\" + gaJsHost + \"google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E\"));\n</script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\ntry {\nvar pageTracker = _gat._getTracker(\"UA-140287-6\");\npageTracker._trackPageview();\n} catch(err) {}\n</script>\n</td>\n<TD COLSPAN=2 BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\">\n<A NAME=\"navbar_bottom_firstrow\"><!-- --></A>\n<TABLE BORDER=\"0\" CELLPADDING=\"0\" CELLSPACING=\"3\" SUMMARY=\"\">\n <TR ALIGN=\"center\" VALIGN=\"top\">\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\"> <A HREF=\"../../../../overview-summary.html\"><FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1\"><B>Overview</B></FONT></A>&nbsp;</TD>\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\"> <A HREF=\"package-summary.html\"><FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1\"><B>Package</B></FONT></A>&nbsp;</TD>\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#FFFFFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1Rev\"> &nbsp;<FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1Rev\"><B>Class</B></FONT>&nbsp;</TD>\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\"> <A HREF=\"class-use/DOMWriterImpl.html\"><FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1\"><B>Use</B></FONT></A>&nbsp;</TD>\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\"> <A HREF=\"package-tree.html\"><FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1\"><B>Tree</B></FONT></A>&nbsp;</TD>\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\"> <A HREF=\"../../../../deprecated-list.html\"><FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1\"><B>Deprecated</B></FONT></A>&nbsp;</TD>\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\"> <A HREF=\"../../../../index-all.html\"><FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1\"><B>Index</B></FONT></A>&nbsp;</TD>\n <TD BGCOLOR=\"#EEEEFF\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell1\"> <A HREF=\"../../../../help-doc.html\"><FONT CLASS=\"NavBarFont1\"><B>Help</B></FONT></A>&nbsp;</TD>\n </TR>\n</TABLE>\n</TD>\n<TD ALIGN=\"right\" VALIGN=\"top\" ROWSPAN=3><EM>\n</EM>\n</TD>\n</TR>\n\n<TR>\n<TD BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell2\"><FONT SIZE=\"-2\">\n&nbsp;<A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMReaderImpl.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\"><B>PREV CLASS</B></A>&nbsp;\n&nbsp;<A HREF=\"../../../../com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/OutputElementBase.html\" title=\"class in com.fasterxml.aalto.dom\"><B>NEXT CLASS</B></A></FONT></TD>\n<TD BGCOLOR=\"white\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell2\"><FONT SIZE=\"-2\">\n <A HREF=\"../../../../index.html?com/fasterxml/aalto/dom/DOMWriterImpl.html\" target=\"_top\"><B>FRAMES</B></A> &nbsp;\n&nbsp;<A HREF=\"DOMWriterImpl.html\" target=\"_top\"><B>NO FRAMES</B></A> &nbsp;\n&nbsp;<SCRIPT type=\"text/javascript\">\n <!--", "\n if(window==top) {\n document.writeln('<A HREF=\"../../../../allclasses-noframe.html\"><B>All Classes</B></A>');\n }\n //-->\n</SCRIPT>\n<NOSCRIPT>\n <A HREF=\"../../../../allclasses-noframe.html\"><B>All Classes</B></A>\n</NOSCRIPT>\n\n\n</FONT></TD>\n</TR>\n<TR>\n<TD VALIGN=\"top\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell3\"><FONT SIZE=\"-2\">\n SUMMARY:&nbsp;NESTED&nbsp;|&nbsp;<A HREF=\"#field_summary\">FIELD</A>&nbsp;|&nbsp;CONSTR&nbsp;|&nbsp;<A HREF=\"#method_summary\">METHOD</A></FONT></TD>\n<TD VALIGN=\"top\" CLASS=\"NavBarCell3\"><FONT SIZE=\"-2\">\nDETAIL:&nbsp;<A HREF=\"#field_detail\">FIELD</A>&nbsp;|&nbsp;CONSTR&nbsp;|&nbsp;<A HREF=\"#method_detail\">METHOD</A></FONT></TD>\n</TR>\n</TABLE>\n<A NAME=\"skip-navbar_bottom\"></A>\n<!-- ", "======== END OF BOTTOM NAVBAR ======= -->\n\n<HR>\nCopyright &#169; 2011 <a href=\"http://fasterxml.com\">Fasterxml.com</a>. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n</BODY>\n</HTML>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Vanessa Trump, Wife of Donald Jr., Taken to Hospital After Exposure to White Powder\n\nDonald Trump Jr.'s wife was taken to a New York City hospital as a precaution Monday after she opened an envelope addressed to her husband that contained an unidentified white powder, police said.", "\n\nA preliminary test indicated the substance wasn't dangerous, police said.", "\n\nU.S. President Donald Trump's daughter-in-law Vanessa Trump, 40, opened the letter addressed to the president's son Monday morning at their midtown Manhattan apartment, investigators said. ", "She called 911 and said she was coughing and felt nauseous, police said.", "\n\nThe Trump Organization didn't immediately respond to a request for comment.", "\n\n\"The Secret Service and our law enforcement partners in New York City are investigating a suspicious package addressed to one of our protectees received today in New York, New York. ", "This is an active investigation and we cannot comment any further,\" Secret Service special agent Jeffrey Adams said in a statement.", "\n\nVanessa Trump, a former model, and Donald Trump Jr. have five children, none of whom were home at the time of the incident.", "\n\nIn March 2016, police detectives and FBI agents investigated a threatening letter sent to the Manhattan apartment of the president's middle son, Eric, that also contained a white powder that turned out to be harmless. ", "Envelopes containing white powder were also sent to Trump Tower, which served as the senior Trump's campaign headquarters, twice in 2016." ]

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[ "Magic Learning Pill: Ontological and Instrumental Learning in Order to Speed Up Education.", "\nThe purpose of this research is to investigate the phenomenology of learning - people\"s attitudes toward their learning experiences that have inherent worth in themselves (i.e., ontological learning) or have value outside of the learning itself (i.e., instrumental learning). ", "In order to explore this topic, 58 participants from the U.S., Russia, and Brazil were interviewed with a central question derived from the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov's short story \"Profession\": whether participants would take a \"Magic Learning Pill\" (MLP) to avoid the process of learning, and instead magically acquire the knowledge. ", "The MLP would guarantee the immediate learning by skipping the process of learning while achieving the same effect of gaining skills and knowledge. ", "Almost all participants could think of some learning experiences for which they would take MLP and others for which they would not. ", "Many participants would not take MLP for ontological learning, which is learning experiences that have inherent value for the people, while they would take MLP for instrumental learning, which is learning that mainly serves some other non-educational purposes. ", "The main finding suggests that both instrumental and ontological types of learning are recognized by a wide range of people from diverse cultures as present and valued in their lives. ", "This is especially significant in light of the overwhelmingly instrumental tone of public discourse about education. ", "In the context of formal education, ontological learning was mentioned 35 times (28.0%) while instrumental learning was mentioned 74 times (60.2%). ", "Although ontological learning was often mentioned as taking place outside of school, incorporating pedagogy supporting ontological learning at school deserves consideration." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "GLORIOUS ™ ERGONOMIC GAMING KEYBOARD WRIST REST/PAD\n\nThe best wrist pad to pair up with your gaming keyboard.", "\n\nThe Glorious Wrist Rest feature a foam core interior, wrapped in a smooth cloth surface, and reinforced with dual-locked stitched edges, which provide a comfortable typing and gaming experience with your mechanical keyboard. ", "Our unique surface allows you to comfortably glide your hands across the surface, preventing any sort of irritation to the skin. ", "The foam interior provides a soft yet supportive base keeping your wrists in the most ergonomic position at all times. ", "On the bottom of the wrist pad is a layer heavy duty non slip rubber base, which prevents the wrist rest from moving when in use.", "\n\nComes in 3 sizes: Compact(60%/75%), Tenkeyless (87%), Full-Size (100%)\n\nStill not convinced about our quality? ", "If you have any issues with your wrist pad, we will provide you with a replacement free of charge (up to one year from date of purchase)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "/*\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\"); you may not use this file except\n * in compliance with the License. ", "You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License\n * is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express\n * or implied. ", "See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under\n * the License.", "\n */\n/*\n * This code was generated by https://github.com/googleapis/google-api-java-client-services/\n * Modify at your own risk.", "\n */\n\npackage com.google.api.services.remotebuildexecution.v1.model;\n\n/**\n * A `Tree` contains all the Directory protos in a single directory Merkle tree, compressed into one\n * message.", "\n *\n * <p> This is the Java data model class that specifies how to parse/serialize into the JSON that is\n * transmitted over HTTP when working with the Remote Build Execution API. ", "For a detailed\n * explanation see:\n * <a href=\"https://developers.google.com/api-client-library/java/google-http-java-client/json\">https://developers.google.com/api-client-library/java/google-http-java-client/json</a>\n * </p>\n *\n * @author Google, Inc.\n */\n@SuppressWarnings(\"javadoc\")\npublic final class GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testTree extends com.google.api.client.json.", "GenericJson {\n\n /**\n * All the child directories: the directories referred to by the root and, recursively, all its\n * children. ", "In order to reconstruct the directory tree, the client must take the digests of each\n * of the child directories and then build up a tree starting from the `root`.", "\n * The value may be {@code null}.", "\n */\n @com.google.api.client.util.", "Key\n private java.util.", "List<GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testDirectory> children;\n\n static {\n // hack to force ProGuard to consider GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testDirectory used, since otherwise it would be stripped out\n // see https://github.com/google/google-api-java-client/issues/543\n com.google.api.client.util.", "Data.nullOf(GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testDirectory.class);\n }\n\n /**\n * The root directory in the tree.", "\n * The value may be {@code null}.", "\n */\n @com.google.api.client.util.", "Key\n private GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testDirectory root;\n\n /**\n * All the child directories: the directories referred to by the root and, recursively, all its\n * children. ", "In order to reconstruct the directory tree, the client must take the digests of each\n * of the child directories and then build up a tree starting from the `root`.", "\n * @return value or {@code null} for none\n */\n public java.util.", "List<GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testDirectory> getChildren() {\n return children;\n }\n\n /**\n * All the child directories: the directories referred to by the root and, recursively, all its\n * children. ", "In order to reconstruct the directory tree, the client must take the digests of each\n * of the child directories and then build up a tree starting from the `root`.", "\n * @param children children or {@code null} for none\n */\n public GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testTree setChildren(java.util.", "List<GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testDirectory> children) {\n this.children = children;\n return this;\n }\n\n /**\n * The root directory in the tree.", "\n * @return value or {@code null} for none\n */\n public GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testDirectory getRoot() {\n return root;\n }\n\n /**\n * The root directory in the tree.", "\n * @param root root or {@code null} for none\n */\n public GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testTree setRoot(GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testDirectory root) {\n this.root = root;\n return this;\n }\n\n @Override\n public GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testTree set(String fieldName, Object value) {\n return (GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testTree) super.set(fieldName, value);\n }\n\n @Override\n public GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testTree clone() {\n return (GoogleDevtoolsRemoteexecutionV1testTree) super.clone();\n }\n\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Bolivia’s socialist leader, Evo Morales, was forced to step down amid allegations his administration tampered in recent elections. ", "Now, American socialists such as Sen. Bernie Sanders, Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, and Rep. Ilhan Omar are calling this win for democracy a “coup.”", "\n\nAccording to CNN, Morales faced intense protests after Bolivia’s October 20 vote. ", "Demonstrators and opposition forces accused electoral authorities and the Morales administration of manipulating the election with a vote count in favor of Morales.", "\n\nThe socialist ruler has denied these allegations and declared himself the winner, but after mounting pressure from citizens, protestors, and the military, Morales fled the country and sought refuge in Mexico.", "\n\nIn a statement, President Trump said Morales’ exit is a victory for Latin American countries that are crushed by illegitimate leaders and lacking democratic institutions.", "\n\n“After nearly 14 years and his recent attempt to override the Bolivian constitution and the will of the people, Morales’s departure preserves democracy and paves the way for the Bolivian people to have their voices heard,” Trump said.", "\n\nThe leaders of the socialist left in America, apparently believe civilian unrest over fraudulent elections is considered a “coup.” ", "Yet, these same leaders believe American civilian unrest over the legitimate election of Donald Trump is warranted.", "\n\n“I am very concerned about what appears to be a coup in Bolivia, where the military, after weeks of political unrest, intervened to remove President Evo Morales. ", "The U.S. must call for an end to violence and support Bolivia’s democratic institutions,” Sanders tweeted.", "\n\nI am very concerned about what appears to be a coup in Bolivia, where the military, after weeks of political unrest, intervened to remove President Evo Morales. ", "The U.S. must call for an end to violence and support Bolivia’s democratic institutions. — ", "Bernie Sanders (@BernieSanders) November 11, 2019\n\nSanders’s statement was backed by his posse of House members who also identify as socialists.", "\n\n“What’s happening right now in Bolivia isn’t democracy, it’s a coup. ", "The people of Bolivia deserve free, fair, and peaceful elections – not violent seizures of power,” Ocasio-Cortez tweeted.", "\n\nWhat’s happening right now in Bolivia isn’t democracy, it’s a coup. ", "The people of Bolivia deserve free, fair, and peaceful elections – not violent seizures of power. — ", "Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (@AOC) November 11, 2019\n\nThese same comments were mimicked by Omar. ", "Unfortunately, due to the socialist hold of Morales, Bolivians never got a free, fair, or peaceful election on October 20. ", "Instead, they got a fraudulent election and the only way to restore power of their democratic institutions was ousting their illegitimate leader who declared himself victorious and refused to leave.", "\n\nAmerican socialist leaders appear to be to upholding socialist dictators and illegitimate elections for the sake of maintaining socialism as a legitimate form of governance." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Ingredients\n\nAdvertisements\n\nPreparation\n\nCut up the onion, apple, butternut squash, and sweet potato into cubes. ", "The size of the pieces is not as important as that they are similar in size so that they will cook evenly.", "\nPeel and slice the ginger.", "\nSauté the onion and apple in the olive oil until the onion is soft. ", "Add the nutmeg and cinnamon and cook for a couple more minutes to release the spices. ", "Add the butternut squash, sweet potato and ginger. ", "Add the chicken stock to a level that covers the other ingredients, but not more (otherwise your soup will be very thin). ", "Cook for 20-40 minutes, until the squash is soft.", "\nPuree with a soup wand, or in a blender. ", "Season to taste with salt and enjoy!", "\nPrep time: 15 minutes\nCooking time: 45 minutes\nTotal: 1 hour" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "// TODO: Refactor this mess\nimport * as React from \"react\";\nimport { useStaticQuery, graphql, Link, GatsbyLinkProps } from \"gatsby\";\nimport {\n useTooltipState,\n Tooltip,\n TooltipReference,\n TooltipArrow,\n unstable_useId as useId,\n} from \"reakit\";\nimport kebabCase from \"lodash/kebabCase\";\nimport { css } from \"emotion\";\nimport { usePalette, useLighten } from \"reakit-system-palette/utils\";\nimport TestTube from \"../icons/TestTube\";\n\ntype Data = {\n allDocsYaml: {\n nodes: Array<{\n section: string;\n paths: string[];\n }>;\n };\n allMarkdownRemark: {\n nodes: Array<{\n title: string;\n frontmatter: {\n path: string;\n experimental?: ", "boolean;\n };\n }>;\n };\n};\n\nfunction ExperimentalLink(props: GatsbyLinkProps<{}>) {\n const { unstable_referenceRef, ...tooltip } = useTooltipState({\n placement: \"right\",\n unstable_fixed: true,\n });\n return (\n <>\n <TooltipReference as={Link} {...props} {...tooltip}>\n {props.children}\n <TestTube role=\"presentation\" ref={unstable_referenceRef} />\n </TooltipReference>\n <Tooltip unstable_system={{ palette: \"warning\" }} {...tooltip}>\n <TooltipArrow {...tooltip} /> Experimental\n </Tooltip>\n </>\n );\n}\n\nfunction useDocsNavigationCSS() {\n const background = usePalette(\"background\");\n const foreground = usePalette(\"foreground\");\n const primary = usePalette(\"primary\");\n const currentBackgroundColor = useLighten(primary, 0.85);\n const headingColor = useLighten(foreground, 0.5);\n\n const docsNavigation = css`\n background-color: ${background};\n color: ${foreground};\n h3 {\n font-size: 0.85em;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n padding: 0 1em;\n color: ${headingColor};\n font-weight: 400;\n }\n nav {\n margin: 1.5em 0 0 0;\n &:first-of-type {\n margin: 0;\n }\n }\n ul {\n padding: 0;\n }\n li {\n list-style: none;\n }\n a {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 2em;\n text-decoration: none;\n color: inherit;\n border-left: 5px solid transparent;\n cursor: pointer;\n\n &:focus {\n outline: none;\n background-color: ${currentBackgroundColor};\n }\n\n &:hover {\n color: ${primary};\n }\n\n &[aria-current=\"page\"] {\n background-color: ${currentBackgroundColor};\n border-left-color: ${primary};\n }\n\n svg {\n margin-left: 0.25em;\n }\n }\n `;\n\n return docsNavigation;\n}\n\nexport default function DocsNavigation() {\n const data: Data = useStaticQuery(query);\n const { id: baseId } = useId({ baseId: \"docs-navigation\" });\n const className = useDocsNavigationCSS();\n\n const getId = (section: string) => `${baseId}-${kebabCase(section)}`;\n const findMeta = (path: string) =>\n data.allMarkdownRemark.nodes.find(\n (node) => node.frontmatter.path === path\n )!;", "\n const getTitle = (path: string) => findMeta(path).title;\n const getIsExperimental = (path: string) =>\n Boolean(findMeta(path).frontmatter.experimental);\n\n return (\n <div className={className}>\n {data.allDocsYaml.nodes.map((node) => (\n <nav key={node.section} aria-labelledby={getId(node.section)}>\n <h3 id={getId(node.section)}>{node.section}</h3>\n <ul>\n {node.paths.map((path) => (\n <li key={path}>\n {getIsExperimental(path) ? (", "\n <ExperimentalLink to={path}>\n {getTitle(path)}\n </ExperimentalLink>\n ) : (\n <Link to={path}>{getTitle(path)}</Link>\n )}\n </li>\n ))}\n </ul>\n </nav>\n ))}\n </div>\n );\n}\n\nconst query = graphql`\n query DocsQuery {\n allDocsYaml {\n nodes {\n section\n paths\n }\n }\n allMarkdownRemark {\n nodes {\n title\n frontmatter {\n path\n experimental\n }\n }\n }\n }\n`;\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to get a value from html to flash (other than flashvars)\n\nI need to retrieve a value in as3 from a html page on a particular event say \"mouse-click\". ", "We cannot use flashVars as it is obvious that i need the value on a particular event.", "\nHow to solve this problem?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou need to use ExternalInterface. ", "I don't have time to explain further but there is a lot of documentation about this. ", "It is very easy ;)\n\n" ]

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[ "Integrated optics is a term used to describe a rigid structure which has a plurality of waveguides defined therein, such as in the well-known arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). ", "Such arrayed waveguide grating devices are commercially available and are typically fabricated by well-known photo-lithographic techniques used to configure film overlays on a silicon substrate. ", "Copending application Ser. ", "No. ", "09/574,840 filed May 19, 2000 for the inventors of the invention of the present application and assigned to the assignee of the present application, discloses a process for configuring thin films of sol-gel into a variety of structures useful for transmission of optical energy.", "\nAt the present time, films prepared from sol-gel with the required thickness and flatness to create integrated optic waveguiding structures can be produced by conventional spin coating techniques using standard semiconductor type coating equipments, such as those commercially available from Silicon Valley Group (SVG), Suss Micro Tec, Inc., or other manufacturers. ", "While the sol-gel is in liquid form, centrifugal force acts as a surface leveling agent on the dispensed liquid. ", "Unfortunately, the tendency of the liquid film toward uniformity does not apply at the outer edge of a spinning disk because the surface of the liquid film must curve and intersect the substrate somewhere in the vicinity of the edge. ", "An effect may be produced where the outer periphery of the sol-gel has a different thickness than the rest of the surface, in the industry sometimes referred to as “edge bead” formation. ", "This variation on the sol gel film thickness at the edge of the wafer often results in the formation of micro-cracks at the edge of the film. ", "These micro-cracks further propagate onto the film structure during the subsequent heat treatment steps resulting in complete catastrophic failure of the film. ", "Once the sol-gel film has cracked, all of the effort that has gone into the production of high-definition, sub-microns structures is wasted as the wafer becomes useless and must then be discarded. ", "Furthermore, if a contact photo mask is to be used with a photosensitive sol gel to create a waveguide structure, this rim must be removed as otherwise there will be gaps between the mask and the photosensitive surface through which light may enter and substantially degrade the image quality and resolution of the photolithographed waveguide pattern.", "\nIt would be of great advantage to be able to fabricate glass integrated optical devices using a sol-gel process that provided extremely flat surfaces onto which submicron dimensioned features could be defined without the danger of the sol-gel film cracking or absorbing efficiency-reducing amounts of power." ]

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[ "Roy Connors, the protagonist of the novel, is consultant for a top technology company and the quintessential pursuer of the American dream. ", "Through sheer perseverance Roy gains a unique perspective on life. ", "When his only entrusted friend falls in love with a hot brunette, Roy's stressful life suddenly spirals out of control. ", "Obsessed with the ancient symbols carved on the Phaistos disk and ridden by jealousy, Roy follows the happy couple to their Cayman Island retreat where the fates of the three collide with the arrival of the deadliest hurricane in the islands' history.", "\n\nDescent The R. Connors Story is a psychological suspense delivering a rare glimpse into the minds of identity-shattered individuals. ", "Written in a vibrant style it reconciles the mysteries of self, sexual duality, and the raw forces of Nature.", "\n\nSays Evelyn David, author of Murder Takes The Cake, “DESCENT is a dark mystery buried in layers of memory, allegory, emotional turmoil, and the possibility that the hero's reality is just another's delusion. ", "A cross between the Twilight Zone and Kafka's Metamorphosis, Simon Cleveland's DESCENT takes the reader on a bizarre ride into the nether regions of one man's mind.”\n\nShe adds, “You won't soon forget this novel!”\n\nDescent The R. Connors Story is Simon Cleveland’s third book. ", "His debut novel ‘The Basenji Revelation’ won the critics with its engaging plot and solid character development. ", "Simon Cleveland’s second book, a nonfiction work entitled ‘Existential Meditation’ explored the concepts of immortality and the meaning of life. ", "Critics dubbed it bold, courageous and controversial.", "\n\nSimon Cleveland is a member of the National Writers Union and of the ‘Amazon-Vine’ literary circle. ", "He is a graduate of George Mason and The George Washington Universities. ", "An avid reader of psychological suspense, historical, esoteric and philosophical literature, he resides in Florida with his wife Marisa.", "\n\nVisit [http://www.simon-cleveland.com] for more information.", "\n\nDescent The R. Connors Story is available through Amazon.com and most online book retailers. ", "ISBN-10: 0557061024 and ISBN-13: 9780557061020\n\nAbout Lulu\n\nLulu.com is the web's premier independent publishing marketplace for emerging authors and new voices in literature. ", "For more information visit http://www.lulu.com" ]

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[ "Moinul Islam\n\nMoinul Islam can refer to:\n\n Moinul Islam (cricketer, born 1992), a Bangladeshi cricketer\n Moinul Islam (cricketer, born 1996), a Bangladeshi cricketer" ]

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[ "The invention relates to a solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide in water with a surfactant component, and to a process for preparing a solution for developing an exposed photoresist.", "\nIn wafer production, a photoresist mask is applied to the wafer, exposed and then developed using a developer liquid. ", "A conventional developer is based on a 2.5% strength solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) in water, comprising a small amount of added surfactant. ", "The surfactant is able to reduce the interfacial tension of the developer solution to an appropriate, defined value.", "\nThe amount of developer solution required in a wafer factory is considerable: the development of a photoresist mask on a single wafer requires about 50 ml of developer solution. ", "Currently, the production of a finished wafer comprises about 20 lithography steps which means that it is also necessary to carry out 20 development steps. ", "A wafer factory producing 10,000 wafers per week requires approximately 10,000 liters of developer liquid a week. ", "The transport of the developer liquid to the factory thus gives rise to considerable costs.", "\nIt has been suggested that a more highly concentrated TMAH solution (for example 25% strength) be transported to the factory and diluted in the factory itself to give the desired final concentration. ", "The deionized, high-purity water required for this purpose is available in all wafer factories. ", "A reduction of transport costs would be achieved by this measure.", "\nThere is, however, a practical problem in that the surfactant does not dissolve in such a concentrated developer solution at standard temperature. ", "The surfactant precipitates in the concentrated solution, i.e. it forms insoluble aggregates, which may form deposits on container walls. ", "For this reason it is not possible to transport the surfactant in a concentrated TMAH solution.", "\nIt would be possible in principle to transport the developer solution to the factory in concentrated form without surfactant and add the surfactant only after diluting the developer solution to its final use concentration (approximately 2.5%). ", "However, this procedure would involve transporting the surfactant to the factory separately in prediluted form and require an extra addition step in addition to diluting with water, which extra step is risky in terms of purity requirements. ", "However, the essential disadvantage of this method is that is is usually not possible in a wafer factory to monitor and control the amount of admixed surfactant in a sufficiently exact manner. ", "These disadvantages are so serious that this procedure is not used in practice.", "\nThe first object is achieved, according to the invention, in that the solution further comprises a hydrotropic component.", "\nThe object of the present invention is to provide a developer solution which reduces the costs associated with the development step in wafer production. ", "It is another object of the present invention to provide a process for preparing such a solution.", "\nThe first object is achieved according to the invention by the characterizing features of Claim 1.", "\nThe solution according to the invention has the advantage that it can be both in a concentrated form which is particularly suitable for transport purposes, and in a ready-to-use, low-concentration form.", "\nIn the concentrated form, for example at a TMAH concentration of 5-40% and in particular of 25%, the effect of the hydrotropic component is that the surfactant component is soluble even at these increased TMAH concentrations. ", "It is thus possible to transport the TMAH solution of the invention in its concentrated form, correspondingly reducing the amount of solution to be transported and thus the transport costs.", "\nThe novel ready-to-use developer solution, having a TMAH concentration of approximately 2,5%, can be obtained by simple dilution of the concentrated TMAH solution with deionized, high-purity water. ", "It was found that the hydrotropic component does not impair the development behavior of the solution.", "\nThe hydrotropic component preferably consists of cumenesulfonic acid, tetramethylammonium cumenesulfonate, tetramethylammonium xylenesulfonate, tetramethylammonium toluenesulfonate, tetramethylammonium phenolsulfonate and/or tetramethylammonium benzenesulfonate.", "\nThe second object of the present invention is achieved, according to the invention, by adding a hydrotropic component.", "\nFor the preparation of a concentrated novel solution intended for transport, the novel process is characterized in that step b) comprises adding the surfactant component in a concentration above the cloud point and step c) comprises adding the hydrotropic component in an amount sufficient to solubilize the surfactant component added in step b). ", "The surfactant and the hydrotrope can be added in any sequence.", "\nAdvantageous embodiments of the invention are specified in the dependent claims." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWindows 10 Mobile API : Creating Page over another page\n\nI am learning Windows 10 Mobile App development. ", "In maps app, on holding any location, a new page appears which can be slided up to show more information about the pinned location. ", "Screenshots : \n\nI wanted to know how to make something like that.", "\n\nA:\n\nThis is not a new page, it's simply a some kind of panel (like Grid or StackPanel) on top of the map. ", "You can implement it by placing Grid over other elements and setting its TranslateY accordingly, something like this:\n<Grid x:Name=\"LayoutRoot\">\n <maps:MapControl x:Name=\"Map\"/>\n\n <Grid x:Name=\"Overlay\" Background=\"Red\">\n <Grid.", "RenderTransform>\n <CompositeTransform x:Name=\"OverlayTransform\" TranslateY=\"300\"/>\n </Grid.", "RenderTransform>\n </Grid>\n</Grid>\n\nThen you can animate OverlayTransform.", "TranslateY as you see fit. ", "If you want to implement sliding by user interaction, you should handle Manipulation[Started/Delta/Completed] events, for example:\n<Grid x:Name=\"Overlay\" Background=\"Red\" ManipulationMode=\"TranslateY\" ManipulationDelta=\"Overlay_OnManipulationDelta\">\n\n...\n\nprivate void Overlay_OnManipulationDelta(object sender, ManipulationDeltaRoutedEventArgs args)\n{\n OverlayTransform.", "TranslateY += args.", "Delta.", "Translation.", "Y;\n}\n\nFrom there you can start to build more complex logic, like some anchor points for your panel or pretty slide-in/slide-out animations.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "PlayerUnknown’s Battlegrounds soared in popularity last year, introducing the battle royale shooter genre to the masses. ", "The popularity of PUBG led Epic Games to introduce its own battle royale mode in Fortnite, a shooter that now dominates Twitch streams and has become one of the most popular games on the planet. ", "PUBG developer Bluehole previously revealed it had “growing concerns” about the similarities between the two games, and now Korean company PUBG, a subsidiary of Bluehole, has filed a lawsuit against Epic Games in Korea.", "\n\nThe Korea Times reports that PUBG is alleging copyright infringement against Epic Games, and has filed a lawsuit for the Seoul Central District Court to determine whether Fortnite has copied PUBG. “", "We filed the suit to protect our copyright in January,” says an unnamed PUBG official in a statement to The Korea Times. ", "It’s not clear exactly how Fortnite has allegedly infringed upon the PUBG copyright, but the two games do share the same Unreal Engine 4 that was created and licensed by Epic Games.", "\n\nMore than 40 million copies of PUBG have been sold, and the game has also made its way exclusively to the Xbox One console. ", "Fortnite continues to grow in popularity, thanks in part that it’s free-to-play, and the game made nearly $300 million in the month of April alone. ", "Both games have also arrived on mobile platforms recently, aiming to make a successful transition from PC or console to phones." ]

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[ "The role of age in the perceptions of politics--job performance relationship: a three-study constructive replication.", "\nThis research examined the interaction of organizational politics perceptions and employee age on job performance in 3 studies. ", "On the basis of conservation of resources theory, the authors predicted that perceptions of politics would demonstrate their most detrimental effects on job performance for older workers. ", "Results across the 3 studies provided strong support for the hypothesis that increases in politics perceptions are associated with decreases in job performance for older employees and that perceptions of politics do not affect younger employees' performance. ", "Implications of these results, strengths and limitations, and directions for future research are discussed." ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright (C) 2004, 2007 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. (\"ISC\")\n * Copyright (C) 2000, 2001 Internet Software Consortium.", "\n *\n * Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any\n * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above\n * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.", "\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH\n * REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY\n * AND FITNESS. ", " IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,\n * INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM\n * LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE\n * OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR\n * PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.", "\n */\n\n/* Id: named.conf,v 1.24 2007/06/18 23:47:29 tbox Exp */\n\ncontrols { /* empty */ };\n\noptions {\n\tquery-source address 10.53.0.3;\n\tnotify-source 10.53.0.3;\n\ttransfer-source 10.53.0.3;\n\tport 5300;\n\tpid-file \"named.pid\";\n\tlisten-on { 10.53.0.3; };\n\tlisten-on-v6 { none; };\n\trecursion yes;\n\tacache-enable yes;\n\tnotify yes;\n};\n\nzone \".\" {", "\n\ttype hint;\n\tfile \"../../common/root.hint\";\n};\n\nzone \"example\" {\n\ttype slave;\n\tmasters { 10.53.0.2; };\n\tfile \"example.bk\";\n};\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Vukas\n\nVukas is a surname. ", "Notable people with the name include:\n\nBernard Vukas (1927–1983), Yugoslav footballer\nHari Vukas (born 1972), Croatian football manager and footballer\nIvan Vukas (born 1979), Croatian handball player\nSaša Vukas (born 1976), Croatian basketball player\n\nSee also\nVuka (disambiguation) \nVukašin\n\nCategory:Croatian-language surnames" ]

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[ "The Calgary Cavalry are the first Canadian Premier League spring season champions.", "\n\nDominique Malonga and Julian Buscher both scored in the first half as the Cavalry beat York9 FC 2-0 on Wednesday to clinch the title with two matches remaining in the inaugural CPL season.", "\n\nMalonga scored in the 24th minute and Buscher struck 11 minutes later as Calgary improved 8-1-0, making it mathematically impossible for second place Forge FC to catch the Cavalry.", "\n\nThe league's standings will reset on July 1 as the CPL's fall season begins.", "\n\nThe champion of the fall season gets to decide the order of venues for the two legs of the Championship series.", "\n\nTheir opponent in that series will be the team with the next highest cumulative points total over both the spring and fall seasons.", "\n\nAlso Wednesday, Oumar Diouck scored as FC Edmonton edged the Hamilton-based Forge FC 1-0.", "\n\nAkeem Garcia and Mohamed Kourouma supplied the offence as HFC Wanderers blanked Valour FC 2-0." ]

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[ "This site is operated by a business or businesses owned by Informa PLC and all copyright resides with them. ", "Informa PLC's registered office is 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG. ", "Registered in England and Wales. ", "Number 8860726.", "\n\nRe-inflating the Ball: The Intel Approach to Loan Sales\n\nCharles T. Marshall | Jun 20, 2016\n\nThe world’s largest microprocessor maker may have a thing or two to teach commercial mortgage lenders about loan sales. ", "Andy Grove, the colorful management guru of Intel in its formative years who died earlier this year, once described the secret to the company’s success as more than just taking the ball and running with it. “", "At Intel,” he explained, “you take the ball, let the air out, fold it up and put it in your pocket. ", "Then you take another ball and run with it. ", "When you’ve crossed the goal you take the first ball out of your pocket, re-inflate it and score two touchdowns instead of one.”", "\n\nIn the secondary market game, loan sales have been largely reserved for failed banks and non-performing loans or as an end-of-the-bench substitute for securitization. ", "Facing formidable macroeconomic and regulatory defenses as the current real estate cycle ages, however, lenders are increasingly learning that loan sales offer additional scoring opportunities.", "\n\nThe market dislocation beginning in late 2015 and early 2016 caused, according to Gerard Sansosti and Daniel O’Donnell of the debt placement and loan sale advisory groups at HFF, “an uptick in the sale of performing loans, particularly floating rate, as portfolio lenders prune their loan holdings for exposure issues, scratch and dent sales, and attractive pricing.” ", "Unacceptable concentrations of loans to one sponsor, in limited or challenged geographic areas or asset types, or with similar loan maturities, are among the exposure issues motivating loan sales.", "\n\nPortfolio lenders have not been the only loan sellers running with the ball. ", "Confronted with widening spreads and less frequent securitizations, CMBS lenders too are pursuing loan sales as a cost-effective alternative. ", "Private equity lenders, for example, often face both the holding and opportunity cost of having capital tied up in loans subject to increased warehouse interest charges and uncertain exits. ", "Regulatory requirements such as risk retention and increased capital reserves offer additional motivation for banks and CMBS lenders to consider loan sale exits.", "\n\nWhether to sell, hold or securitize a mortgage loan, and similarly whether to originate or purchase, involves the interplay of a comparative matrix of factors. ", "Transaction costs, retained liability, speed and certainty of exit, and pricing (and whether premium or discount to par) may vary significantly between a securitization and a loan sale exit. ", "The roster of CMBS issuers is substantially smaller than that of potential loan purchase investors, and each has different tolerances for cash flow, location and stabilization of properties, and loan terms. ", "Among investors, institutional purchasers may have more rigorous requirements than high yield investors. ", "And depending on business objectives, each player may read the macroeconomic tea leaves differently. ", "To maximize exit options, loan originators must also consider whether and how to tailor loan terms and underwriting to match the demands of these different purchasers. ", "Non-institutional investors must evaluate whether they have the expertise (and stomach) for hands-on asset management, a cost that also impacts pricing.", "\n\nWhatever the game plan or the player, whole loan sellers and purchasers must address numerous documentation and legal issues.", "\n\nSale Agreement. ", "Loan sales have historically been documented like real estate transactions, with agreements requiring earnest money, a defined diligence period, some negotiated level of loan and property representations, physical delivery of loan documents generally via escrow closings with a title company and damages as remedy for termination and breach. ", "While many transactions still employ this documentation approach, CMBS technology has refined the loan sale process. ", "Industry-accepted representations and warranties and remedies, standard mortgage file documentation, advanced loan data capture and presentation, and custodial possession of documents have streamlined transactions. ", "The loan sale agreement may mirror the terms of a mortgage loan purchase agreement (MLPA) executed in connection with a securitization, but increasingly transactions are documented as simply as a trade confirmation, going directly to an assignment and assumption agreement executed on the date of closing. ", "Additional terms can mimic the scope of an MLPA, including for loans intended for securitization, post-closing securitization cooperation covenants.", "\n\nIdentity of Loan Seller. ", "Purchasers will insist on a parent company as loan seller to backstop loan representations and warranties. ", "If loans have been assigned to affiliates, for example in connection with a loan warehouse financing, the loans will need to be reassigned as of the closing date. ", "Warehouse financing, however, creates additional closing issues.", "\n\nRepresentations and Warranties. ", "Securitization reps and warranties represent the standard for loan and property diligence and are obviously the expectation for CMBS loans, so dialing back could impact pricing. ", "More conservatively, representations can be subject to post-closing adjustment to pick up any variation in those actually required for the securitization. ", "In CMBS securitizations, SEC regulations require a certification of loan information by, and imposition of personal liability on, the chief executive officer of the issuer, which is often in turn required from each loan seller. ", "In loan sale agreements, on the other hand, reps and warranties are made by the loan seller only, with no officer-level certification or liability.", "\n\nPortfolio, bridge and seasoned loan sales typically do not include such rigorous reps and warranties. ", "Such loan sellers take the position that no rep or warranty should be provided to the extent a loan or property feature can be determined by due diligence review and that representations should be limited to seller’s knowledge or lack of receipt of written notice of an event and subject to all matters contained in the diligence file. ", "The promulgated FDIC loan sale agreement, for example, conveys loans “as-is” with no reps and warranties, but provides for seller repurchase of a loan for certain specified material issues.", "\n\nRobust diligence information is the best answer for limited reps and warranties and enhances loan pricing. ", "Prudent lenders are scrubbing loans as they close in order to ensure compliance with the most stringent reps and warranties and to anticipate either loan sale or securitization exit so that curative items such as missing documents or documentation errors can be corrected and loan and property level information and disclosures can be compiled in advance.", "\n\nSurvival Period. ", "The survival period of reps and warranties is negotiable. ", "For a non-securitized pool of loans with pricing discount, a survival period of three to six months would be customary. ", "Sales of loans intended for securitization often have a survival period of 18–24 months. ", "As a reference point, absent parties’ contractual agreement otherwise, New York law, the typical governing law for loan sale transactions, applies a six-year statute of limitation on alleged breaches of reps and warranties that accrue from the date made (i.e., the date of loan sale closing).", "\n\nPurchasers may start with a “life-of-loan” ask, but that’s not market. ", "Property-related conditions that existed at the time of sale can generally be determined within a short period of time, and causation for loan loss lessens with passage of time anyway. ", "Loan document defects can often be determined by pre-closing diligence or during post-closing servicing (though of course the ultimate test for document defects is when remedies are exercised). ", "Leverage in times of volatility may favor CMBS loan purchasers who insist on aligning reps and warranty survivability with their securitization exposure.", "\n\nLoan Document Schedule. ", "Completeness of the loan document schedule in a loan sale agreement is important and should reference any sourcing/servicing interest strips or rights that may have been previously assigned by separate agreements and survive the sale. ", "If documents are held by a custodian, the custodial receipt and loan document schedule should conform. ", "Generally the transfer of a “mortgage file,” unless all such items are held by a custodian, is contemplated promptly after the closing. ", "It is typical for CMBS loans to use an industry-standard mortgage file definition; for other loans, either a list of loan-specific mortgage file contents or a generic definition of items in the seller’s possession or control is used.", "\n\nRemedies. ", "The typical CMBS loan sale remedial formula is a cure period and, if not cured, either an agreed-value settlement or a repurchase obligation. ", "A cure period and cause of action for damages (actual damages, not speculative, punitive, or contingent) in lieu of repurchase obligations is also seen. ", "Market volatility may dictate that the loan sale be documented more conservatively and aligned with securitization risks: the purchase price could be subject to reduction based on a recalculation of value at the purchaser’s ultimate securitization to take into account the pricing exposure an actual loan seller faces in the securitization, such as price concessions demanded by a B-piece buyer, allocable securitization transaction expenses and any subordination level required by rating agencies generally or for the specific loan. ", "The repurchase remedy could apply also if, through no fault of the purchaser, the loan is kicked out of the purchaser’s intended securitization or if the securitization has not occurred by a specified date. ", "The parties might include a negotiated right for the seller to substitute a separate loan if the purchased loan is deemed defective or kicked out of the securitization.", "\n\nClosing. ", "Loan sale closings are simplest if loan documents are held by a custodian, in which case only original assignment documents need to be physically delivered at closing. ", "This is particularly true when the seller, purchaser, or both have obtained warehouse/purchase financing secured by pledged loans. ", "Rather than physical review and delivery of original documents at closing, custodians provide trust receipts and exception reports confirming the documents held, status of whether original or copy/recorded or unrecorded, and any exceptions noted in their review for approval or curative repair. ", "The loan document transfer can be achieved by delivery of transfer documents to the custodian and simple bailee or escrow letters by which the custodian holds the documents for each party pending the closing. ", "If one or more transaction parties have warehouse/purchase financing, a multiparty escrow agreement among loan facility lender(s), custodian(s), seller, purchaser, and escrow agent(s) will be needed to accommodate the assignment and purchase price payment and/or loan facility payoff, which will require lead time due to multiparty signoff.", "\n\nAssignment Documents. ", "It is important to agree upon the form of assignment documents early in the process, particularly if multiple states and mortgages are involved (which is magnified in single-family rental loans) and/or one or more parties has a loan purchase facility. ", "With loan facility parties as seller and/or purchaser, tiers of assignments to SPE affiliates may be required. ", "This is one of the most time-consuming parts of the loan sale process, so planning and lead time is required.", "\n\nWhether performing loan sales are just a late-game Hail Mary pass or a permanent addition to a sophisticated secondary market playbook remains to be seen. ", "Several factors may provide the answer: the increasing number of yield-chasing debt funds, with nimble, opportunistic business models, filling the capital gap in commercial real estate financing; the cresting wave of maturing loans originated at the peak of the prior real estate cycle; and streamlining of loan sale transactions with broadly accepted information gathering and legal process technologies developed for CMBS transactions. ", "Just as single-family rental loans emerged as a new asset class in response to the Great Recession, performing loan sales may emerge from the current market volatility and regulation as a vital business option available throughout the game.", "\n\nReinflating the ball and scoring with performing loan sales has never been easier, or more timely." ]

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[ "This paper treats the industrial application of computer-algebra simulation (CALS). ", "CALS is a combination of symbolic and numeric methods, which is very well suited for efficient solving of complex problems. ", "Because it is an innovative \"hybrid\" technique, completely new ways open up for approaching practical problems. ", "The basis of CALS are mathematical models reproducing reality in sufficient detail, so that CALS is independent of any specific field. ", "Based on Mathematica, it is outlined how this method can be brought to bear on real-life problems. (", "0 References)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006216304027475417, 0.0006262108800001442, 0.000583399145398289, 0.0007243699510581791, 0.0005585436010733247, 0.0007401179755106568 ]

[ "Bicycles have been and still are one of the more popular forms of sports and transportation equipment. ", "The chain drive means in a bicycle is used to transmit the power placed on the driving sprocket by the user to the driven wheel of the bicycle which generally is the rear wheel. ", "In many instances, the driven wheel is provided with a plurality of different sized gears so that the user may use a shift mechanism so as to rotate the driven wheel at different speeds and is commonly referred to as a derailer system such as that described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,343,613 to Leiter et al. ", "It is very essential that the chain drive means used on bicycles equipped with a derailer system be kept clean from deleterious materials which would prevent the proper operation of the chain drive means. ", "This is particular true when the bicycle is operated in rough terrain or when the bicycle is used in jumping operations that result in a force being applied to the lower run of the chain system. ", "In many instances, the weight of the chain and the force applied thereto will be more than enough to overcome the tension applying means of the derailer system so that the lower run of the chain will strike the terrain and have deleterious materials attached thereto." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0006630657007917762, 0.0008141148719005287, 0.0006903210305608809, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0007027923129498959, 0.0006782538257539272, 0.0006403679144568741, 0.0006671036826446652 ]

[ "Study on vomiting related to the vestibulo-autonomic reflex.", "\nThe purpose of this study was to investigate the neural pathway from the vestibular labyrinth to the medullary vomiting center in the cat, using electrophysiological techniques. ", "During electrical stimulation of the canal nerve, we found conflicting results: the pressure in the stomach sometimes increased, and sometimes decreased. ", "There might be several neural structures between the semicircular canal nerve and the vomiting center in the dorsolateral portion of the reticular formation of medulla oblongata. ", "Retching or vomiting-like behavior during both respiration and movement of the stomach was recorded during stimulation at several sites in the lateral medullary reticular formation. ", "However, the evoked unit activities were not always induced by stimulation of the canal nerve." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0010391116375103593, 0.0006314661586657166, 0.0006652839947491884, 0.0007989734876900911, 0.004931359086185694, 0.0006295120110735297 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to re-render angular filters\n\nIs there a way to re-render AngularJS filters? ", "I am trying to use the angular currency filter that displays the currency symbol based on the language file that's loaded. ", "I need to re-render the filters once I programmatically load the appropriate language file.", "\n\nA:\n\nFrom Angular 1.3 filters are stateless which means filters just will update when theirs input have change.", "\nIf you want to update your filter ever, you need to make your filters $stateful. ", "\napp.filter('translate', translate);\n\ntranslate.$inject = ['$rootScope'];\n\nfunction translate($rootScope){\n\n filter.$stateful = true;\n\n return filter;\n\n function filter(str) {\n return i18n[$rootScope.currentLang][str];\n };\n}\n\nFilters will execute on each $digest but this is inadvisable by perfm.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0008432723698206246, 0.000658336270134896, 0.0005983613664284348, 0.0006235805340111256, 0.04454987868666649, 0.0008858217624947429, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Q:\n\nwhile loop and variable not changing\n\nfunction test(num){\n var root1 = Math.sqrt(num);\n\n var ind=2;\n while(ind<=root1){\n if (ind%num==0 && IsPrime(ind)==true) {\n num=ind;\n }\n ind++;\n }\n return num;\n}\n\nHi, in this code the function must return the largest prime factor of a given number, but the function returns the same number\nFor example: test(123) returns 123\n\nA:\n\nYou have two problems:\n\nYou want to check if num can be divided by ind, not the other way round. ", "The test for that would be: num % ind == 0.", "\nYou should not re-use the num variable for the result. ", "That way you overwrite the original number and the result will be wrong. ", "Declare a new variable, for instance, result.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.000891844101715833, 0.0008087122114375234, 0.0006340804393403232, 0.0010349615477025509, 0.0006869290955364704, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "South London Botanical Institute\n\nThe South London Botanical Institute was founded in 1910 by Allan Octavian Hume, a former civil servant for the British Raj in India. ", " \n\nAfter returning to England in 1894 Hume turned his attention to British and European botany, and horticulture, which eventually led him to create the Institute in a large Victorian house in Norwood Road, Tulse Hill, South London, to provide an environment where anyone interested in plants, whether amateur or professional, could meet to develop their knowledge of botany.", "\n\nThe Institute has changed little since its founding, and is of interest to historians as well as botanists. ", "It contains the original library with an extensive collection of botanical books, monographs and journals and herbarium with a collection of dried, pressed plants from Britain and Europe, mounted on sheets accompanied by collecting details, to help members name or identify plants correctly. ", " The lecture room was renovated and restored in 2015, including some unique wallpaper designed by Augusta Ackerman. ", "There is an active programme of talks, practical courses, and field excursions.", "\n\nIt maintains a small botanic garden containing examples of over 500 species.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n The Institute's official website\n\nCategory:Botanical gardens in London\nCategory:Charities based in London" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0006146804662421346, 0.0006781406700611115, 0.0005715360748581588, 0.0005698992172256112, 0.0006478216964751482, 0.0005349905695766211, 0.000603684049565345, 0.0005598080460913479 ]

[ "Bitcoin Is Soaring: Up Over 10% In One Week On Chinese Buying Spree\n\nEarlier this week, we pointed out that after tracking the recent drop in the Yuan (alternatively, rise in the dollar), bitcoin unexpectedly spiked breaking out of its recent rangebound trade and rising to three month highs following news that China had begun a regulatory crackdown on wealth-management products, which indicated that some of the illicit money parked in these shadow bank conduits, which collectively house just shy of $2 trillion in assets, will slowly drift out of the mainland using such capital outflow “proxies” as bitcoin.", "\n\nThe next day we presented readers a report from Needham in which the investment bank explained, in fine detail the “fundamental” cases behind bitcoin going higher, and as a result the bank raised its price target on the digital currency to $848 from $655. ", "Incidentally, Needham agreed with what has been the main catalyst for the surge in bitcoin since last summer, one we explicitly said would send the digital currency soaring last September (when it was trading in the low $200s, and urged readers to frontrun the imminent and panicked Chinese buying that was about to be unleashed).", "\n\nAmusingly, while our correct theory that China would use bitcoin to circumvent capital controls was mocked by both Bloomberg and the FT, both are now solidly onboard. “", "There is a premium in bitcoin pricing in China as a hedge against the yuan,” Jack Liu, the Hong Kong-based chief strategy officer at OKCoin told Bloomberg. “", "Strength is likely to carry into year-end.”", "\n\nSince then bitcoin has tripled, and over the past two days has broken out sharply to the upside once again, now over 10% higher in the just the past week. ", "The latest round of buying took place overnight with major bids emerging from China, which have taken the price of bitcoin on the most popular US trading platform, Coinbase, to $725 as of this writing.", "\n\nAt this point the question is not how high Bitcoin will rise, but how fast: Bitcoin will rise above $700 before year-end amid strong Chinese demand and the possibility of unexpected events, such as Donald Trump winning the U.S. presidency, said Aurélien Menant, chief executive officer of Gatecoin Ltd. in Hong Kong. “", "The outcome of the U.S. elections is likely to have an impact, as would the consequence of a Fed rate hike,” said Menant. “", "A black-swan event in the coming months, which seems to be likely, could also drive bitcoin to all new highs. ", "In the meantime, further yuan devaluation and interest among Chinese investors will continue the momentum.”", "\n\nAnd while we know the source of funds, i.e. China, what may be more exciting for bitcoin bulls – at least for those with a technical bent – is that at this rate, the big bitcoin trendline from its all time 2013 high, through the recent July spike highs, is about to be breached, potentially unlocking upside for bitcoin to rise back to four-digit level.", "\n\nIt may not stop there. ", "As Needham showed last week, if bitcoin is percieved in China, and elsewhere, as “digital gold”, its way to a five-digit prices is assured." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0007274452946148813, 0.0005847393185831606, 0.0006527254008688033, 0.0010095186298713088, 0.0007099504582583904, 0.0006146538653410971, 0.004644675645977259, 0.0005968800978735089, 0.0007054253364913166, 0.0005908632883802056, 0.0012565323850139976, 0.00060447579016909, 0.001057769637554884, 0.0006342820124700665, 0.0007208843599073589 ]

[ "A multicenter phase I study of inebilizumab, a humanized anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody, in Japanese patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma.", "\nThis multicenter, phase I, open-label dose escalation study evaluated safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary anti-tumor activity of inebilizumab in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), follicular lymphoma (FL), or multiple myeloma (MM) who were ineligible for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. ", "Patients received inebilizumab 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg intravenously on days 1 and 8 of the first 28-day cycle, and once every 28 days thereafter, with a 12 mg/kg cohort added. ", "Twenty patients (11 FL, six DLBCL, two CLL, and one MM) received inebilizumab at four dose levels (2 mg/kg cohort, n = 3; 4 mg/kg cohort, n = 7; 8 mg/kg cohort, n = 4; 12 mg/kg cohort, n = 6). ", "Three patients experienced dose-limiting toxicities: grade 4 neutropenia/grade 3 leukopenia (n = 1, 12 mg/kg) and grade 3 infusion reaction (n = 1 each, 4 mg/kg and 12 mg/kg); the maximum tolerated dose was 8 mg/kg. ", "Four (three FL and one DLBCL) patients achieved complete response; eight (six FL and two DLBCL) achieved partial response. ", "Overall response rate was 60%. ", "Over the dose ranges evaluated, the pharmacokinetic profile of inebilizumab in Japanese patients was generally dose proportional. ", "This phase I study showed acceptable toxicity and preliminary and promising efficacy of inebilizumab in patients with relapsed/refractory FL and DLBCL." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0010758353164419532, 0.000835625221952796, 0.0006050688680261374, 0.0006651883013546467, 0.0007533854804933071, 0.0006944781634956598, 0.0006623700610361993, 0.0006772620254196227, 0.0006185258971527219 ]

[ "// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style\n// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.", "\n\npackage build\n\nimport (\n\t\"bytes\"\n\t\"sort\"\n\t\"testing\"\n\n\t\"golang.org/x/text/internal/colltab\"\n)\n\nvar largetosmall = []stridx{\n\t{\"a\", 5},\n\t{\"ab\", 4},\n\t{\"abc\", 3},\n\t{\"abcd\", 2},\n\t{\"abcde\", 1},\n\t{\"abcdef\", 0},\n}\n\nvar offsetSortTests = [][]stridx{\n\t{\n\t\t{\"bcde\", 1},\n\t\t{\"bc\", 5},\n\t\t{\"ab\", 4},\n\t\t{\"bcd\", 3},\n\t\t{\"abcd\", 0},\n\t\t{\"abc\", 2},\n\t},\n\tlargetosmall,\n}\n\nfunc TestOffsetSort(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tfor i, st := range offsetSortTests {\n\t\tsort.", "Sort(offsetSort(st))\n\t\tfor j, si := range st {\n\t\t\tif j !", "= si.index {\n\t\t\t\tt.Errorf(\"%d: failed: %v\", i, st)\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tfor i, tt := range genStateTests {\n\t\t// ensure input is well-formed\n\t\tsort.", "Sort(offsetSort(tt.in))\n\t\tfor j, si := range tt.in {\n\t\t\tif si.index !", "= j+1 {\n\t\t\t\tt.Errorf(\"%dth sort failed: %v\", i, tt.in)\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\nvar genidxtest1 = []stridx{\n\t{\"bcde\", 3},\n\t{\"bc\", 6},\n\t{\"ab\", 2},\n\t{\"bcd\", 5},\n\t{\"abcd\", 0},\n\t{\"abc\", 1},\n\t{\"bcdf\", 4},\n}\n\nvar genidxSortTests = [][]stridx{\n\tgenidxtest1,\n\tlargetosmall,\n}\n\nfunc TestGenIdxSort(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tfor i, st := range genidxSortTests {\n\t\tsort.", "Sort(genidxSort(st))\n\t\tfor j, si := range st {\n\t\t\tif j !", "= si.index {\n\t\t\t\tt.Errorf(\"%dth sort failed %v\", i, st)\n\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\nvar entrySortTests = []colltab.", "ContractTrieSet{\n\t{\n\t\t{10, 0, 1, 3},\n\t\t{99, 0, 1, 0},\n\t\t{20, 50, 0, 2},\n\t\t{30, 0, 1, 1},\n\t},\n}\n\nfunc TestEntrySort(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tfor i, et := range entrySortTests {\n\t\tsort.", "Sort(entrySort(et))\n\t\tfor j, fe := range et {\n\t\t\tif j !", "= int(fe.", "I) {\n\t\t\t\tt.Errorf(\"%dth sort failed %v\", i, et)\n\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\ntype GenStateTest struct {\n\tin []stridx\n\tfirstBlockLen int\n\tout colltab.", "ContractTrieSet\n}\n\nvar genStateTests = []GenStateTest{\n\t{[]stridx{\n\t\t{\"abc\", 1},\n\t},\n\t\t1,\n\t\tcolltab.", "ContractTrieSet{\n\t\t\t{'a', 0, 1, noIndex},\n\t\t\t{'b', 0, 1, noIndex},\n\t\t\t{'c', 'c', final, 1},\n\t\t},\n\t},\n\t{[]stridx{\n\t\t{\"abc\", 1},\n\t\t{\"abd\", 2},\n\t\t{\"abe\", 3},\n\t},\n\t\t1,\n\t\tcolltab.", "ContractTrieSet{\n\t\t\t{'a', 0, 1, noIndex},\n\t\t\t{'b', 0, 1, noIndex},\n\t\t\t{'c', 'e', final, 1},\n\t\t},\n\t},\n\t{[]stridx{\n\t\t{\"abc\", 1},\n\t\t{\"ab\", 2},\n\t\t{\"a\", 3},\n\t},\n\t\t1,\n\t\tcolltab.", "ContractTrieSet{\n\t\t\t{'a', 0, 1, 3},\n\t\t\t{'b', 0, 1, 2},\n\t\t\t{'c', 'c', final, 1},\n\t\t},\n\t},\n\t{[]stridx{\n\t\t{\"abc\", 1},\n\t\t{\"abd\", 2},\n\t\t{\"ab\", 3},\n\t\t{\"ac\", 4},\n\t\t{\"a\", 5},\n\t\t{\"b\", 6},\n\t},\n\t\t2,\n\t\tcolltab.", "ContractTrieSet{\n\t\t\t{'b', 'b', final, 6},\n\t\t\t{'a', 0, 2, 5},\n\t\t\t{'c', 'c', final, 4},\n\t\t\t{'b', 0, 1, 3},\n\t\t\t{'c', 'd', final, 1},\n\t\t},\n\t},\n\t{[]stridx{\n\t\t{\"bcde\", 2},\n\t\t{\"bc\", 7},\n\t\t{\"ab\", 6},\n\t\t{\"bcd\", 5},\n\t\t{\"abcd\", 1},\n\t\t{\"abc\", 4},\n\t\t{\"bcdf\", 3},\n\t},\n\t\t2,\n\t\tcolltab.", "ContractTrieSet{\n\t\t\t{'b', 3, 1, noIndex},\n\t\t\t{'a', 0, 1, noIndex},\n\t\t\t{'b', 0, 1, 6},\n\t\t\t{'c', 0, 1, 4},\n\t\t\t{'d', 'd', final, 1},\n\t\t\t{'c', 0, 1, 7},\n\t\t\t{'d', 0, 1, 5},\n\t\t\t{'e', 'f', final, 2},\n\t\t},\n\t},\n}\n\nfunc TestGenStates(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tfor i, tt := range genStateTests {\n\t\tsi := []stridx{}\n\t\tfor _, e := range tt.in {\n\t\t\tsi = append(si, e)\n\t\t}\n\t\t// ensure input is well-formed\n\t\tsort.", "Sort(genidxSort(si))\n\t\tct := colltab.", "ContractTrieSet{}\n\t\tn, _ := genStates(&ct, si)\n\t\tif nn := tt.firstBlockLen; nn !", "= n {\n\t\t\tt.Errorf(\"%d: block len %v; want %v\", i, n, nn)\n\t\t}\n\t\tif lv, lw := len(ct), len(tt.out); lv !", "= lw {\n\t\t\tt.Errorf(\"%d: len %v; want %v\", i, lv, lw)\n\t\t\tcontinue\n\t\t}\n\t\tfor j, fe := range tt.out {\n\t\t\tconst msg = \"%d:%d: value %s=%v; want %v\"\n\t\t\tif fe.", "L !", "= ct[j].L {\n\t\t\t\tt.Errorf(msg, i, j, \"l\", ct[j].L, fe.", "L)\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tif fe.", "H !", "= ct[j].H {\n\t\t\t\tt.Errorf(msg, i, j, \"h\", ct[j].H, fe.", "H)\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tif fe.", "N !", "= ct[j].N {\n\t\t\t\tt.Errorf(msg, i, j, \"n\", ct[j].N, fe.", "N)\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tif fe.", "I !", "= ct[j].I {\n\t\t\t\tt.Errorf(msg, i, j, \"i\", ct[j].I, fe.", "I)\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc TestLookupContraction(t *testing.", "T) {\n\tfor i, tt := range genStateTests {\n\t\tinput := []string{}\n\t\tfor _, e := range tt.in {\n\t\t\tinput = append(input, e.str)\n\t\t}\n\t\tcts := colltab.", "ContractTrieSet{}\n\t\th, _ := appendTrie(&cts, input)\n\t\tfor j, si := range tt.in {\n\t\t\tstr := si.str\n\t\t\tfor _, s := range []string{str, str + \"X\"} {\n\t\t\t\tmsg := \"%d:%d: %s(%s) %v; want %v\"\n\t\t\t\tidx, sn := lookup(&cts, h, []byte(s))\n\t\t\t\tif idx !", "= si.index {\n\t\t\t\t\tt.Errorf(msg, i, j, \"index\", s, idx, si.index)\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\tif sn !", "= len(str) {\n\t\t\t\t\tt.Errorf(msg, i, j, \"sn\", s, sn, len(str))\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc TestPrintContractionTrieSet(t *testing.", "T) {\n\ttestdata := colltab.", "ContractTrieSet(genStateTests[4].out)\n\tbuf := &bytes.", "Buffer{}\n\tprint(&testdata, buf, \"test\")\n\tif contractTrieOutput !", "= buf.", "String() {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"output differs; found\\n%s\", buf.", "String())\n\t\tprintln(string(buf.", "Bytes()))\n\t}\n}\n\nconst contractTrieOutput = `// testCTEntries: 8 entries, 32 bytes\nvar testCTEntries = [8]struct{L,H,N,I uint8}{\n\t{0x62, 0x3, 1, 255},\n\t{0x61, 0x0, 1, 255},\n\t{0x62, 0x0, 1, 6},\n\t{0x63, 0x0, 1, 4},\n\t{0x64, 0x64, 0, 1},\n\t{0x63, 0x0, 1, 7},\n\t{0x64, 0x0, 1, 5},\n\t{0x65, 0x66, 0, 2},\n}\nvar testContractTrieSet = colltab.", "ContractTrieSet( testCTEntries[:] )\n`\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0007210760377347469, 0.0006133938441053033, 0.0006340580875985324, 0.0008370959549210966, 0.0009221819927915931, 0.0013353321701288223, 0.0010159497614949942, 0.0009391936473548412, 0.00141926109790802, 0.0010420687031000853, 0.0019286409951746464, 0.002556383842602372, 0.0010087293339893222, 0.00079205515794456, 0.0010010207770392299, 0.0012796919327229261, 0.002718283561989665, 0.0013436293229460716, 0.0010099010542035103, 0.0009347381419502199, 0.0011294310679659247, 0.0010463693179190159, 0.0008588167256675661, 0.0009872838854789734, 0.0007152058533392847, 0.0037617809139192104, 0.027352605015039444, 0.0037296677473932505, 0.002170893596485257, 0.0010538131464272738, 0.006502855569124222, 0.0071931034326553345, 0.0011310034897178411, 0.00999683141708374, 0.06159767508506775, 0.0020060406532138586, 0.008579094894230366, 0.015889672562479973, 0.0012535457499325275, 0.0011276104487478733, 0.0015344760613515973, 0.0011717007728293538, 0.0012497165007516742, 0.0009077278664335608, 0.0009052532841451466, 0.0011053107446059585, 0.0018635313026607037, 0.002322456333786249, 0.0022770119830965996, 0.0009861270664259791, 0.005301902536302805, 0.0007565125124529004 ]

[ "///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n// Copyright 2012 John Maddock. ", "Distributed under the Boost\n// Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See accompanying file\n// LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\n\n#include <boost/multiprecision/cpp_dec_float.hpp>\n\nusing namespace boost::multiprecision;\n\nint main()\n{\n cpp_dec_float_50 a(2), b(3);\n auto x = a + b;\n x <<= 2;\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0022908563259989023, 0.0006158527103252709, 0.0006981482147239149 ]

[ "Nearest Golfs:\n\nrooms ranging from: 68.00 EurosInfo: The Acadine hotel welcomes you all year round in Le Neubourg in the Eure Region. ", "It offers comfortable rooms with Wi-Fi internet access.", "\nThe Acadine hotel offers 46 modern and spacious rooms equipped with flat-screen TV.", "\nA b...\n\nrooms ranging from: 51.00 EurosInfo: The Acropole Hotel hotel is located just outside Bernay, in country side surroundings an hour away from the Norman coast and beaches.", "\nThe Acropole Hotel is a modern building, open all year round, that offers cosy and spacious rooms, 3 fu...\n\nrooms ranging from: 55.00 EurosInfo: Bost Hotel is set in Bourg-Achard in the heart of the Norman countryside and offers Wi-Fi access and an on-site restaurant. ", "The city of Rouen is reached by car in 30 minutes.", "\nEach simply decorated room features heating and carpet floorin...\n\nrooms ranging from: 55.00 EurosInfo: Located in the centre of Neubourg, Hotel Grand Saint Martin offers a pleasant setting and a warm and friendly welcome in Normandy.", "\nHotel Grand Saint Martin offers 9 rooms for a resting stopover during a family or a business trip.", "\n...\n\nrooms ranging from: 71.00 EurosInfo: Located in the countryside of Croisy-sur-Eure, this hotel offers a garden and a terrace. ", "You can relax with a drink from the bar and dine at the on-site restaurant. ", "Free Wi-Fi access is provided.", "\nAll of the rooms at Auberge à l'Orée du B...\n\nBreteuil Tourism - Eure\n\nYou have :\nAn opinion on this site\nA bug to report\nA question about your reservation\n\nSurnameThis field is requiredE-mailEnter a valid email addressReservation numberThis field is requiredHotel nameThis field is requiredMessageThis field is required4 + 3 = ? (", "Are you a human being ?)", "\nResult:\nThis field is required" ]

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[ "Style Council: Anna Introduces You to Aerial Fabric\n\nMost Read\n\nFor the Style Council photo shoot, I brought in a special item: a length of my red fabric. ", "I practice aerial fabric, a form of aerial circus art, so the fabric is used when I perform.", "\n\nFor those of you who aren't familiar with the art form, it involves climbing up the rigged fabric and then performing tricks. ", "It's essentially a dance in the air, but I also see it as a way to explore the movement of the body in a very unique way. ", "It's also a fun way to defeat gravity, if only for a moment, since many of the drops and tricks I do use gravity to propel me downwards (safely, of course!).", "\n\nI've been practicing fabric for seven years, so it is very much a part of me. ", "Even my style has been influenced by what I wear when practicing fabric; I tend to incorporate spandex, tights, leotards, and even colorful legwarmers into my everyday outfits!" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy does declaring an int array of length INT_MAX create a segmentation fault?", "\n\nThe following code, when compiled and run, gives me a segmentation fault. ", "Why is this?", "\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <limits.h>\n\nint main(void)\n{\n int fat_array[INT_MAX];\n\n return 0;\n}\n\nA:\n\nWhat you are requesting is to have about 2,147,483,647integer spaces allocated to you. ", "Each integer is usually four bytes so that's 8,589,934,588 bytes which is 8 gigabytes of memory. ", "This is likely above the allowed amount of memory a single process is allowed to reserve, and for good reason, so you get an error. ", " \n\n" ]

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[ "The Republican majority in the U.S. House of Representatives have introduced a bill designed to turn back the Senate Democrats’ victory earlier this week on Bush-era tax cuts by extending tax cuts for the wealthy and making it harder to modify tax law. ", "According to Think Progress, if the new GOP bill is passed, it will create “special protections in the U.S. Senate” against lawmakers’ attempts to modify and reform tax-related legislation.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nEarlier this week, Democrats in the Senate scored a major coup in the fight over tax cuts. ", "In a 51-48 vote, lawmakers passed legislation that would extend Bush tax cuts for the middle class, people making $250,000 a year or less, but not preserve tax breaks for the wealthy, which are set to expire at the end of the year. ", "Senators Joe Lieberman (I-CT) and Jim Webb (D-VA) voted with Republicans.", "\n\nRepublicans in the House have responded with legislation that calls for their own version of “tax reform,” a set of regulations that would shift the tax burden down the income ladder while giving millionaires an average of $187,000 in tax cuts in 2014.", "\n\nThe Republican changes would encourage companies to invest overseas, reorganize tax brackets, reduce taxes on corporations and restrict them to a permanent rate of 25 percent or less. ", "Other measures in the bill, which are also included in Wisconsin Rep. Paul Ryan (R)’s proposed budget plan, would increase taxes on families making less than $200,000 a year and repeal tax credits for low-income Americans signed into law by President Obama.", "\n\nRepublicans hope to bring the new bill to a vote this week." ]

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[ "330 F.3d 1358\nDEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE, EARTH ISLAND INSTITUTE, the Humane Society of the United States, Environmental Solutions International, Animal Welfare Institute, International Wildlife Coalition, American Humane Association, Earthtrust, Greenpeace Foundation, Animal Fund, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Sierra Club, Samuel Labudde, and Craig Van Note, Plaintiffs-Appellants, andFund for Animals and David Brower, Plaintiffs,v.William T. HOGARTH, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Donald L. Evans, Secretary of Commerce, Under Secretary of Commerce, Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Assistant Secretary, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, and Commissioner of the United States Customs Service, Defendants-Appellees.", "\nNo. ", "02-1224.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit.", "\nJune 4, 2003.", "\n\nWilliam J. Snape, III, Defenders of Wildlife of Washington, DC, argued for plaintiffs-appellants. ", "Of counsel was Kumar Vaswani.", "\nLucius B. Lau, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for defendants-appellees. ", "With him on the brief were Thomas L. Sansonetti, Assistant Attorney General; and David M. Cohen, Director. ", "Of counsel on the brief were Anthony P. Hoang, Wayne D. Hettenbach, and M. Alice Thurston, Attorneys, Environment & Natural Resources Division, Department of Justice, of Washington, DC.", "\nBrian O'Neill, Faegre & Benson LLP of Minneapolis, Minnesota, for amici curiae Dr. Albert Myrick & OrcaLab. ", "With him on the brief was Colette B. Routel.", "\nBefore NEWMAN, LOURIE and SCHALL, Circuit Judges.", "\nOpinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge SCHALL. ", "Opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part filed by Circuit Judge PAULINE NEWMAN.", "\nSCHALL, Circuit Judge.", "\n\n\n1\nDefenders of Wildlife, various other nongovernmental organizations, and several individuals filed suit in the United States Court of International Trade challenging three administrative determinations made by the Assistant Administrator for Fisheries of the National Marine Fisheries Service (\"NMFS\"). ", "NMFS is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (\"NOAA\"), which is a component of the United States Department of Commerce (\"Commerce\"). ", "Plaintiffs1 asserted (1) that NMFS's Interim-Final Rule on the taking of dolphins from depleted stocks in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean (\"ETP\") using the purse seine method of fishing violates the International Dolphin Conservation Program Act (\"IDCPA\") and therefore is not in accordance with law; (2) that the environmental assessment prepared by NMFS violated the National Environmental Policy Act (\"NEPA\") and applicable regulations and that NMFS should have completed an environmental impact statement for the tuna/dolphin program under review; and (3) that the affirmative findings of Commerce that lifted the United States' tuna embargo against Mexico violated the IDCPA.2 As relief, Plaintiffs sought a declaratory judgment that the government violated the IDCPA and NEPA through its administrative determinations, a remand to Commerce with instructions to issue a revised proposed rule, and an order to Commerce to complete an environmental impact statement on the tuna/dolphin program.", "\n\n\n2\nOn December 7, 2001, the Court of International Trade denied Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment on the administrative record and entered judgment in favor of the government. ", "Defenders of Wildlife v. Hogarth, 177 F.Supp.2d 1336 (Ct. ", "Int'l Trade 2001). ", "The court held that the Interim-Final Rule was in accordance with the IDCPA and that Commerce had not violated NEPA. ", "Id. at 1367. ", "Plaintiffs now appeal.3 We affirm.", "\n\nBACKGROUND\nI. The ETP and Purse Seine Fishing\n\n3\nThe ETP is a seven million square mile stretch of ocean that runs from the coast of California to the coast of Peru. ", "It is host to numerous species of wildlife, including yellowfin tuna and dolphins. ", "One quarter of the world's tuna catch occurs in the ETP; of all the tuna caught in the ETP, yellowfin tuna is the most economically significant species.", "\n\n\n4\nA unique synergy exists in the ETP between schools of yellowfin tuna and groups of dolphins. ", "Yellowfin tuna inexplicably aggregate in large numbers beneath dolphin schools. ", "Fishermen, seeking to exploit this synergy, devised a method of catching yellowfin tuna called purse seine fishing. ", "Purse seine fishing is based on the principle that dolphins must break the surface of the water to breathe every several minutes, allowing fishermen to easily identify and locate groups of dolphins. ", "Once a large dolphin group is located, fishermen use motorboats, explosives, and helicopters to chase the dolphins for extended periods in an attempt to exhaust them.", "\n\n\n5\nEventually, the group is herded into a small area, where the fishermen first surround the dolphins and the submerged yellowfin tuna with an immense fishing net, called a purse seine, and then draw the bottom of the net together to trap the tuna. ", "The fishermen then haul the net on board to recover the tuna. ", "Dolphins are released through a \"backdown\" procedure, which takes place when the fishermen reverse the vessel's direction after approximately one-half of the purse seine net has been rolled onboard. ", "Purse seine fishing results in the drowning deaths of dolphins that become entangled in the net. ", "From 1959 to 1972, millions of dolphins were killed in this manner, and public outcry prompted Congress to pass legislation banning purse seine fishing.", "\n\nII. ", "Statutes and International Agreements\n\n6\nIn 1972, Congress passed the Marine Mammal Protection Act (\"MMPA\"). ", "The MMPA required that all marine mammal populations be managed to maintain their \"optimum sustainable population.\" ", "Marine Mammal Protection Act, Pub.", "L. No. ", "92-522, 86 Stat. ", "1027 (1972) (codified as amended at 16 U.S.C. § 1361). ", "The MMPA created \"a moratorium on the taking and importation of marine mammals...,\" except that marine mammals were permitted to be taken \"incidentally in the course of commercial fishing operations\" and permits allowing such incidental taking could be issued pursuant to the provisions of the MMPA. ", "Id. at 1029-30 (codified at 16 U.S.C. § 1371(a)). ", "However, no permit could be issued for the taking of any marine mammal which had been designated by the Secretary as \"depleted.\" ", "Id. at 1031 (codified at 16 U.S.C. § 1371(a)(3)(B)). ", "The MMPA further directed the Secretary of the Treasury to \"ban the importation of commercial fish or products from fish which have been caught with commercial fishing technology which results in the incidental kill or incidental serious injury of ocean mammals in excess of the United States standards.\" ", "Id. at 1030 (codified at 16 U.S.C. § 1371(a)(2)). ", "Upon conducting research required by the MMPA, the NMFS concluded that three dolphin stocks were depleted in the ETP: the coastal dolphin, the northeastern offshore spotted dolphin, and the eastern spinner dolphin. ", "Regulation Governing the Taking and Importing of Marine Mammals, 42 Fed.", "Reg. ", "64,548-60 (1977); Taking and Importing of Marine Mammals; Listing of the Northeastern Offshore Spotted Dolphin as Depleted, 58 Fed.", "Reg. ", "58,285 (1993); Taking and Importing of Marine Mammals; Listing of the Eastern Spinner Dolphin as Depleted, 58 Fed.", "Reg. ", "46,006 (1993).", "\n\n\n7\nIn 1988, Congress enacted the MMPA Amendments of 1988, Pub.", "L. No. ", "100-711, 102 Stat. ", "4755 (1988). ", "The amendments specified criteria for allowing access to the United States market by tuna-harvesting nations and imposed embargoes on tuna imports from countries, including Mexico, that failed to meet those criteria. ", "Id. Thereafter, in 1990, Congress enacted the Dolphin Protection Consumer Information Act, Pub.", "L. No. ", "101-627, § 901, 104 Stat. ", "4436, 4465 (1990), which established \"dolphin safe\" labeling standards and made it a violation of the Federal Trade Commission Act to label a product as \"dolphin safe\" if it contained (1) tuna harvested on the high seas by a vessel engaging in drift net fishing or (2) tuna harvested in the ETP by a vessel using the purse seine method, unless the tuna product was accompanied by various statements demonstrating that no dolphins were intentionally encircled during the trip in which the tuna was caught. ", "Id. § 901(d), 104 Stat. ", "at 4466.", "\n\n\n8\nIn 1992, the United States entered into a non-binding international agreement (\"La Jolla Agreement\"), which negotiated the creation of the International Dolphin Conservation Program (\"IDCP\"). ", "The La Jolla Agreement stated that its objectives were to \"progressively reduc[e] dolphin mortality in the eastern Pacific Ocean ... fishery to levels approaching zero through the setting of annual limits and ... with a goal of eliminating dolphin mortality in this fishery....\" La Jolla Agreement, Apr. 23, 1992, Appendix 10\n\n\n9\nIn 1995, the United States and eleven other countries signed the Panama Declaration, which formalized the La Jolla Agreement into a binding agreement. ", "The purpose of the Panama Declaration was to strengthen the protection of dolphins by (1) reducing dolphin mortality in the ETP to levels approaching zero; (2) establishing annual dolphin mortality limits (\"DML\"); (3) creating incentives for vessel captains to further reduce dolphin mortality; and (4) establishing measures to avoid bycatch. ", "Declaration of Panama, Oct. 4, 1995. ", "The Panama Declaration is not self-executing. ", "Consequently, it could not become legally binding domestically unless Congress implemented it through domestic legislation. ", "Cf. ", "Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Franklin Mint Corp., 466 U.S. 243, 244, 104 S.Ct. ", "1776, 80 L.Ed.2d 273 (1984) (\"Since the Convention is a self-executing treaty, no domestic legislation is required to give it the force of law in the United States.\").", "\n\n\n10\nIn 1997, Congress passed the IDCPA, Pub.", "L. No. ", "105-42, 111 Stat. ", "1122 (1997) (codified at 16 U.S.C. §§ 1371 & 1411), which implemented certain provisions of the Panama Declaration. ", "The IDCPA revised the MMPA and provided new import criteria for tuna products. ", "Under the IDCPA, a nation is allowed to import tuna into the United States if it provides documentary evidence that (1) it participates in the IDCP and is a member of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, (2) it meets its obligations under the IDCP and is a member of the Commission, and (3) it does not exceed specified DMLs. ", "16 U.S.C. § 1371(a)(2)(B) (2000).", "\n\nIII. ", "The Interim-Final Rule\n\n11\nIn the IDCPA, Congress charged the Secretary of Commerce with drafting implementing regulations. ", "16 U.S.C. § 1413 (2000). ", "Additionally, the Act directed the Secretary of State to procure a legally binding instrument establishing the IDCP, which the Secretary did through an executive agreement, the Agreement on the International Dolphin Conservation Program (the \"International Agreement\"). ", "Id. § 1412.", "\n\n\n12\nOn June 14, 1999, Commerce published a proposed rule to implement the IDCPA. ", "Taking of Marine Mammals Incidental to Commercial Fishing Operations: Tuna Purse Seine Vessels in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP), 64 Fed.", "Reg. ", "31,806 (June 14, 1999) (\"Proposed Rule\"). ", "Commerce accepted public comment until July 14, 1999, during which time several of the Plaintiffs submitted written comments. ", "Subsequently, Commerce published its interim-final rule. ", "Taking of Marine Mammals Incidental to Commercial Fishing Operations: Tuna Purse Seine Vessels in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP), 65 Fed.", "Reg. ", "30 (Jan. 3, 1999) (\"Interim-Final Rule\").", "\n\n\n13\nThe IDCPA directed the Secretary to issue regulations to implement the IDCP and to govern the taking of marine mammals in the ETP. ", "16 U.S.C. § 1413(a). ", "The IDCPA specified provisions that were to be included in the implementing regulations, such as requiring observers on each vessel, ensuring that backdown has begun thirty minutes before sundown, and establishing DMLs. ", "Id. § 1413(a)(2)(B). ", "At issue in this case is the Interim-Final Rule's provision relating to the backdown procedures. ", "The Interim-Final Rule states, in relevant part, that \"[o]n every set encircling dolphin, the backdown procedure must be completed no later than one-half hour after sundown....\" 50 C.F.R. § 216.24(c)(6)(iii), 65 Fed.", "Reg. ", "at 51 (emphasis added).", "\n\n\n14\nDuring the process of rule making, NMFS was also preparing an environmental assessment. ", "As explained more fully below, under NEPA, all federal agencies must \"include in every recommendation or report on proposals for legislation and other major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment,\" an assessment of the environmental impact through an environmental impact statement. ", "42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(C) (2000). ", "In order to determine whether an environmental impact statement is necessary, agencies prepare environmental assessments addressing the proposal's or action's impact on the human environment. ", "NMFS's environmental assessment was designed to determine the impact of the Interim-Final Rule on the human environment. ", "It considered three alternatives: (1) the status quo under MMPA; (2) the Interim-Final Rule as proposed; and (3) an adjusted version of the Interim-Final Rule that required backdown to begin thirty minutes before sundown. ", "NMFS found with respect to alternative number two that:\n\n\n15\nallowing large U.S. purse seine vessels to deploy a net on or encircle dolphins in the course of tuna purse seine fishing in the ETP and allowing the import of yellowfin tuna catch in this manner from [the] ETP tuna purse seine fishery should not have a significant impact on any dolphin stocks in the ETP.", "\n\n\n16\nEnvironmental Assessment of Interim-Final Rule to Implement the International Dolphin Conservation Program Act (P.L. 105-42) and Regulatory Impact Review 48 (1999) (\"Environmental Assessment\"). ", "The environmental assessment resulted in a finding of no significant impact with respect to alternative number two. ", "Id. at 58. ", "Therefore, NMFS decided not to prepare an environmental impact statement.", "\n\n\n17\nIV. ", "Proceedings in the Court of International Trade\n\n\n18\nOn February 8, 2000, Plaintiffs filed suit in the Court of International Trade, alleging that the Interim-Final Rule was contrary to the IDCPA and therefore not in accordance with law. ", "Plaintiffs contended that the provision of the Interim-Final Rule relating to backdown procedures was contrary to the IDCPA, because the statute required backdown to be completed one-half hour before sunset. ", "In addition, Plaintiffs alleged that the environmental assessment prepared by NMFS was defective and violated NEPA and that an environmental impact statement should have been prepared. ", "Plaintiffs also alleged that the findings made by the Secretary of Commerce with regard to Mexico were not in accordance with the IDCPA and therefore did not support the lifting of the tuna embargo against Mexico. ", "The Court of International Trade exercised jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i)(3), which provides that \"the Court of International Trade shall have exclusive jurisdiction of any civil action commenced against the United States, its agencies, or its officers, that arises out of any law of the United States providing for ... (3) embargoes or other quantitative restrictions on the importation of merchandise for reasons other than the protection of the public health or safety....\" See Turtle Island Restoration Network v. Evans, 284 F.3d 1282, 1287 (Fed.", "Cir.2002).", "\n\n\n19\nOn February 28, 2001, Plaintiffs moved for summary judgment on the administrative record and sought a declaratory judgment that the agency action promulgating the Interim-Final Rule violated both the IDCPA and NEPA. ", "The government opposed Plaintiffs' motion, but did not cross-move for summary judgment.", "\n\n\n20\nReviewing NMFS's rule making under the \"arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law\" standard of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), the Court of International Trade denied Plaintiffs' summary judgment motion and entered judgment for the government dismissing the complaint. ", "Defenders of Wildlife, 177 F.Supp.2d at 1373. ", "The court concluded that the IDCPA includes a statutory mistake in 16 U.S.C. § 1413(a)(2)(B)(v), where it states that all backdown procedures during sets of purse seine on marine mammals must be completed no later than one-half hour before sundown. ", "Id. at 1345. ", "The court further concluded that this statutory mistake resulted in an inconsistency between the IDCPA and the Interim-Final Rule that, when corrected, properly expressed the intent of Congress. ", "Id. The court also concluded that NMFS's decision not to prepare an environmental impact statement was not arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law. ", "Id. at 1359. ", "Finally, the court upheld the lifting of the Mexican embargo. ", "Id. at 1367. ", "Plaintiffs now appeal.4 We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(5).", "\n\nANALYSIS\nI. Standard of Review\n\n21\nSummary judgment is appropriate where the record shows \"that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.\" ", "U.S.Ct. ", "of Int'l Trade R. 56(c); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247, 106 S.Ct. ", "2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). ", "We review the Court of International Trade's summary judgment ruling upon the administrative record de novo and without deference to the court. ", "Int'l Light Metals v. United States, 194 F.3d 1355, 1361 (Fed. ", "Cir.1999). ", "We therefore apply the same standard as the Court of International Trade, holding \"unlawful and set[ting] aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to be — (A) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law....\" 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). ", "Statutory interpretation is a matter of law that we review de novo without regard to the interpretation reached by the Court of International Trade. ", "SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 263 F.3d 1369, 1378 (Fed.", "Cir.2001).", "\n\n\n22\nOn appeal, Plaintiffs make essentially two arguments. ", "First, they challenge the court's decision that the Interim-Final Rule is consistent with the IDCPA. ", "Second, they urge us to reject the court's decision that the government did not violate NEPA in promulgating the Interim-Final Rule without preparing an environmental impact statement. ", "We address these contentions in turn.", "\n\nII. ", "Sunset Rule\n\n23\nThe IDCPA states that the regulations promulgated under 16 U.S.C. § 1413 must \"ensur[e] that the backdown procedure during sets of purse seine net on marine mammals is completed and rolling of the net to sack up has begun no later than 30 minutes before sundown....\" 16 U.S.C. § 1413(a)(2)(B)(v) (emphasis added). ", "The Interim-Final Rule, on the other hand, states that \"[o]n every set encircling dolphin, the backdown procedure must be completed no later than one-half hour after sundown....\" 50 C.F.R. § 216.24(c)(6)(iii) (emphasis added) (\"Sunset Rule\").", "\n\n\n24\nThe Court of International Trade acknowledged that the provision of the Interim-Final Rule relating to sundown sets was contrary to the language of the IDCPA. ", "However, the court stated: \"Although the language of the regulation does appear to conflict with the express statutory language regarding sundown sets, it does not conflict with the intent of Congress.\" ", "Defenders of Wildlife, 177 F.Supp.2d at 1345. ", "In reaching this conclusion, the court pointed to \"[p]rior legislation that is part of the same legislative scheme to protect dolphins, legislative history, practical considerations and the International Agreement\" as indicating that \"Congress intended to use the word `after' rather than `before,' to establish the cut-off period for sundown sets.\" ", "Id. at 1346. ", "The court noted several points. ", "First, prior to the enactment of the 1988 amendments to the MMPA, \"the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries stated that `the back-down procedures would be completed and the net would be close to the seine vessel by 30 minutes after sundown....' H.R.Rep. ", "No. ", "100-970, at 31 (1988), reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6154, 6172 (emphasis added).\" ", "Id. Second, the court noted that, in the 1988 amendments, \"Congress directed Commerce to `prescribe regulations to ensure that the backdown procedure during sets of the purse seine net on marine mammals is completed and rolling of the net to sack up has begun no later than thirty minutes after sundown.' ", "Pub.", "L. No. ", "100-711, § 4, 102 Stat. ", "4755, 4767 (1988) (emphasis added).\" ", "Id. In addition, the court observed that Annex VIII to the International Agreement on the IDCP \"provides that a tuna boat operating in the Agreement Area must `complete backdown no later than thirty minutes after sunset.' ", "Annex VIII.3.e (emphasis added).\" ", "Id. Finally, the court stated that employing a thirty minute after sundown standard made practical sense because of the difficulty a ship at sea would have in calculating the time of sundown in order to complete backdown thirty minutes before that time, whereas thirty minutes after sundown could be calculated based upon the observable phenomenon of sundown itself. ", "Id. In short, the Court of International Trade concluded that the use of the word \"before\" in the statute represented a drafting error because it did not represent a true expression of Congress' intent. ", "Id. Consequently, the court held that the provision in the Interim-Final Rule on sundown sets was not contrary to law. ", "Id.\n\n\n25\nPlaintiffs argue that the Interim-Final Rule promulgated by NMFS is not in accordance with the IDCPA. ", "Specifically, they contend that NMFS's rule is contrary to the plain language of the statute and that NMFS's rule frustrates the intent of Congress vis-à-vis dolphin protection. ", "In response, the government asserts that Congress' use of the word \"before\" is an inadvertent drafting mistake that should be corrected by the court. ", "Alternatively, the government argues that Congress authorized Commerce to alter, in its discretion, the requirements of the statute so long as the alterations are consistent with the IDCP established by the State Department in the International Agreement.", "\n\n\n26\nIn determining whether an agency's regulatory interpretation of a statute is lawful, courts rely on Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. ", "2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). ", "A court must first determine whether \"Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue.\" ", "Id. at 842, 104 S.Ct. ", "2778. ", "If Congress' intent is ascertainable, we need not reach the issue of Chevron deference, but \"must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress.\" ", "Id. at 843, 104 S.Ct. ", "2778. ", "If Congress has not spoken directly to the issue, the court must determine if the agency's interpretation \"is based on a permissible construction of the statute.\" ", "Id.\n\n\n27\nDeciphering the intent of Congress begins with the text of the statute. ", "Hughes Aircraft Co. v. Jacobson, 525 U.S. 432, 438, 119 S.Ct. ", "755, 142 L.Ed.2d 881 (1999) (\"As in any case of statutory construction, our analysis begins with the language of the statute.\" (", "internal quotation marks omitted)). ", "Accordingly, we begin our inquiry into the meaning of the IDCPA with the language of the statute itself. ", "The statute could not be clearer in its use of the term \"before,\" and since the statute does not define or limit the term \"before,\" we presume Congress intended to give that term its ordinary meaning. ", "Asgrow Seed Co. v. Winterboer, 513 U.S. 179, 187, 115 S.Ct. ", "788, 130 L.Ed.2d 682 (1995). ", "The Interim-Final Rule is also clear in its use of the word \"after\" and, as such, directly conflicts with the statute. ", "In this case, the language of the statute represents a clear statement of Congress' intent. ", "Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842, 104 S.Ct. ", "2778 (\"Where Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue,\" we do not reach Chevron deference.).", "\n\n\n28\nAs noted, however, the Court of International Trade concluded that the word \"before\" in the IDCPA represented a drafting mistake on the part of Congress. ", "The government, relying on Bohac v. Department of Agriculture, 239 F.3d 1334 (Fed. ", "Cir.2001), contends that a court may change the meaning of the words of a statute in the face of an obvious mistake. ", "It urges us to change the word \"before\" in the IDCPA to \"after\" based on the doctrine of mistake.", "\n\n\n29\nIn Bohac, the statute at issue granted successful plaintiffs \"any other reasonable and foreseeable consequential changes.\" ", "Id. at 1337 (emphasis added). ", "It was clear from the face of the statute that the word \"changes\" made no sense, and accordingly, the court altered the meaning to be \"any other reasonable and foreseeable consequential damages.\" ", "Id. (emphasis added). ", "Bohac and other cases that resort to the doctrine of mistake largely involve mistakes that are clear from the text of the statute. ", "See United States Nat'l Bank v. Indep. ", "Ins. ", "Agents of Am., ", "508 U.S. 439, 462, 113 S.Ct. ", "2173, 124 L.Ed.2d 402 (1993) (\"In these unusual cases, we are convinced that the placement of the quotation marks in the 1916 Act was a simple scrivener's error, a mistake made by someone unfamiliar with the law's object and design.\"). ", "It is not clear from the face of the IDCPA, however, that the word \"before\" is a drafting error.", "\n\n\n30\nAs did the Court of International Trade, the government takes the position that Congress intended to use the word \"after\" instead of \"before\" based upon the fact that a prior legislative enactment, the 1988 amendments to the MMPA, required the backdown procedure to be completed one-half hour after the sun has set. ", "As did the Court of International Trade, the government also relies on the statutory scheme of the IDCPA, where Congress directed the State Department to negotiate and implement an International Agreement without returning to Congress for approval, to suggest that Congress intended the international standard to govern the implementing regulations.", "\n\n\n31\nIn order to construe a statute contrary to the plain meaning of its text, the government must show a clear contrary intent by Congress that supports its construction. ", "Garcia v. United States, 469 U.S. 70, 75, 105 S.Ct. ", "479, 83 L.Ed.2d 472 (1984) (\"[O]nly the most extraordinary showing of contrary intentions from [the legislative history] would justify a limitation on the `plain meaning' of the statutory language.\"). ", "A prior statutory enactment by Congress is not indicative of the changes that Congress is likely to make at a later time. ", "The government's argument ignores the fact that Congress may change the meaning of a statute from past provisions. ", "Congress' prior use of the word \"after\" imports no additional information with respect to whether the change to the word \"before\" was intentional or an unintentional mistake. ", "Additionally, the Supremacy Clause mandates that a statute is supreme over an executive agreement, such as the International Agreement on the IDCP. ", "U.S. Const. ", "art. ", "VI, § 1, cl. ", "2. ", "Congress, therefore, could not have intended, without more, for the International Agreement to govern the implementation of the regulations. ", "The IDCPA clearly requires that the backdown procedure be completed one-half hour before sunset.", "\n\n\n32\nWe find more persuasive the government's second argument. ", "The IDCPA states that \"[t]he Secretary may make such adjustments as may be appropriate to requirements of subparagraph (B) that pertain to fishing gear, vessel equipment, and fishing practices to the extent the adjustments are consistent with the International Dolphin Conservation Program.\" ", "16 U.S.C. § 1413(a)(2)(C). ", "The government argues that the period for permissible sundown sets is a \"fishing practice\" and that it was entitled to alter its regulation consistent with the IDCP.", "\n\n\n33\nSection 1413(a)(2)(C) grants Commerce the authority to make adjustments to the requirements of the IDCPA in certain circumstances.5 We conclude that, under the current set of circumstances, NMFS was authorized to alter the backdown procedure in the IDCPA. ", "The period for permissible sundown sets is a fishing practice subject to section 1413(a)(2)(C). ", "Moreover, the International Agreement creating the IDCP states that the backdown procedure must be completed no later than one half hour after sunset. ", "Agreement on the International Dolphin Conservation Program, May 21, 1998, Annex VIII.3.e. ", "In view of section 1413(a)(2)(C), NMFS was authorized to draft the Interim-Final Rule in a manner consistent with the IDCP. ", "NMFS's decision to adopt the \"one-half hour after sundown\" standard, therefore, is in accordance with the letter of the law.", "\n\n\n34\nPlaintiffs object to this approach, however, because Commerce did not rely on section 1413(a)(2)(C) in promulgating the Interim-Final Rule. ", "Plaintiffs thus raise a Chenery issue. ", "See SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 94, 63 S.Ct. ", "454, 87 L.Ed. ", "626 (1943) (\"If the action rests upon an administrative determination — an exercise of judgment in an area which Congress has entrusted to the agency — of course it must not be set aside because the reviewing court might have made a different determination were it empowered to do so.\"). ", "Chenery stands for the proposition that a court may not make its own factual findings to support an agency's determination. ", "Id. Factual findings are properly left to the agency that oversees a statute. ", "Id.\n\n\n35\nIn this case, there is not a Chenery problem for two reasons. ", "First, in NMFS's response to Comment 81 to the Proposed Rule, NMFS relied on the International Agreement creating the IDCP as support for the Interim-Final Rule and relied on the fact that the Interim-Final Rule is consistent with the International Agreement. ", "See Taking of Marine Mammals Incidental to Commercial Fishing Operations; Tuna Purse Seine Vessels in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP), 65 Fed.", "Reg. ", "at 39. ", "Second, we are not required to make additional factual findings, as was the case in Chenery. ", "See Fleshman v. West, 138 F.3d 1429, 1433 (Fed.", "Cir. ", "1998) (\"[T]he doctrine does not prohibit a reviewing court from affirming an agency decision on a ground different from the one used by the agency if the new ground is not one that calls for `a determination or judgment which an administrative agency alone is authorized to make,'\" and \"the doctrine does not require a remand to the agency if it is clear that `the agency would have reached the same ultimate result' had it considered the new ground.\") (", "citations omitted). ", "Rather, we are called upon to determine whether NMFS had the authority under 16 U.S.C. § 1413(a)(2)(C) to issue the Interim-Final Rule as drafted. ", "In this case, NMFS already has exercised its discretion to draft the Interim-Final Rule consistently with the IDCP. ", "For that reason, we conclude that the agency would have reached the same conclusion had it addressed the legal issue on which we rest our judgment. ", "The government's analysis, therefore, does not run afoul of Chenery. ", "We therefore will not disturb the decision of the Court of International Trade that the Interim-Final Rule's Sunset Rule does not conflict with the IDCPA.", "\n\nIII. ", "NEPA Challenge\n\n36\nThe Court of International Trade rejected Plaintiffs' argument that, in promulgating the Interim-Final Rule, NMFS violated NEPA. ", "Defenders of Wildlife, 177 F.Supp.2d at 1360. ", "The court held that the government's decision not to prepare an environmental impact statement for the Interim-Final Rule was not arbitrary or capricious. ", "Id. at 1359. ", "The court concluded that \"Defenders fail[ed] to show the court that the NMFS committed error in preparing the [environmental assessment], and certainly fail[ed] to convince the court that the [environmental assessment] is defective and represents an abuse of agency discretion.\" ", "Id. at 1360.", "\n\n\n37\nAs they did in the Court of International Trade, Plaintiffs contend that, in promulgating the Interim-Final Rule, Commerce violated NEPA. ", "Specifically, Plaintiffs assert that NMFS's decision not to prepare an environmental impact statement was arbitrary and capricious because its environmental assessment for the Interim-Final Rule was deficient. ", "Plaintiffs level essentially four charges at the environmental assessment: (1) that it was based upon inaccurate and dated information; (2) that it erroneously took a piecemeal approach and failed to consider the cumulative effects on the dolphin population of various environmental impacts; (3) that it failed to address certain problems with the dolphin safe-label program; and (4) that it was flawed because of the lack of public participation in the process.", "\n\n\n38\nThe government responds that NMFS's environmental assessment was thorough and complete. ", "The government claims that it properly delineated the affected environment, that it considered reasonable alternatives, and that it analyzed the environmental effects of each of the alternatives. ", "Moreover, it argues, NMFS's decision not to file an environmental impact statement for the Interim-Final Rule was not arbitrary or capricious.", "\n\n\n39\nNEPA requires all federal agencies to prepare an environmental impact statement on all \"major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.\" ", "42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(C). ", "The environmental impact statement requirement ensures that agencies take a \"hard look\" at the environmental consequences of their actions and at possible alternatives. ", "Kleppe v. Sierra Club, 427 U.S. 390, 410 n. 21, 96 S.Ct. ", "2718, 49 L.Ed.2d 576 (1976). ", "Each agency is responsible for its own compliance with NEPA. ", "Congress, however, created a central agency, the Council on Environmental Quality (\"CEQ\"), to coordinate agencies' compliance with NEPA, and CEQ promulgated regulations for implementing NEPA that are binding on all agencies. ", "40 C.F.R. § 1500. ", "These regulations help agencies determine whether an environmental impact statement is required.", "\n\n\n40\nWhen an agency decides whether or not to prepare an environmental impact statement, it creates an environmental assessment. ", "Through the environmental assessment, the agency considers whether the action it is taking is a major federal action and whether it significantly affects the human environment. ", "42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(C). ", "If an agency determines on the basis of its environmental assessment that it need not prepare an environmental impact statement, it must make a finding of no significant impact and support it with a statement of reasons why the impact of its proposed action is insignificant. ", "40 C.F.R. § 1501.4. ", "In addition, the finding of no significant impact must be made available to the impacted public. ", "Id.\n\n\n41\nThe CEQ regulations direct agencies to determine whether the proposed action is one that normally requires an environmental impact statement or normally does not require an environmental impact statement. ", "Id. In this case, the NOAA promulgated procedures stating that the issuance of rules that affect the taking of marine mammals are actions that normally require an environmental assessment, but not necessarily an environmental impact statement. ", "Environmental Review Procedures for Implementing the National Environmental Policy Act § 6.03(f)(1) (1999), available at http://www.rdc.noaa.gov/ nao/216-6.html (last modified May 20, 1999).", "\n\n\n42\nIn scrutinizing an agency's determination of no significant impact, courts look to the four-part test laid out in Sierra Club v. Peterson, 717 F.2d 1409, 1413 (D.C.Cir. ", "1983). ", "First, the court must ascertain if the agency took a \"hard look\" at the environmental problem. ", "Id. Second, the court must determine if the agency identified the relevant areas of environmental concern. ", "Id. Third, the court must determine whether the agency made a convincing case that the impact was insignificant. ", "Id. Finally, the court must decide whether the agency sufficiently minimized any impact. ", "Id. A decision not to prepare an environmental impact statement should only be set aside if the decision is found to be arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law. ", "Id.; cf. ", "Marsh v. Or. ", "Natural Res. ", "Council, 490 U.S. 360, 375, 109 S.Ct. ", "1851, 104 L.Ed.2d 377 (1989). ", "Moreover, the scope of review is limited to the administrative record. ", "Id.\n\n\n43\nWe begin with the premise that, through the IDCPA, Congress chose to permit fishermen to import and sell in the United States tuna caught by the purse seine method of fishing. ", "Congressional determinations, such as this, are not subject to the requirements of NEPA. ", "Instead, we must decide whether NMFS, in deciding whether to prepare an environmental impact statement, took a \"hard look\" at the dolphin mortality problem and at the effect of the Interim-Final Rule that implemented Congress' determinations.", "\n\n\n44\nIn this case, NMFS identified the relevant areas of environmental concern. ", "It took a hard look at the dolphin mortality problem, and it established that there was not a significant impact posed by its regulations. ", "NMFS defined the affected environment as the physical environment, the biological environment, tuna purse seine fishing in the ETP, and the economic environment. ", "Environmental Assessment at 16-40. ", "Moreover, NMFS compared the impacts of three alternatives. ", "The IDCPA included many requirements for the regulations, and therefore, the alternatives that NMFS could consider were restricted. ", "See 16 U.S.C. § 1413(a)(2)(B)(i)-(xii). ", "We hold that NMFS complied with NEPA and reasonably exercised its discretion in reaching its finding of no significant impact. ", "We consider each of Plaintiffs' arguments to the contrary in turn.", "\n\n\n45\nPlaintiffs' arguments generally revolve around their contention that NMFS failed to consider how the physiological stress of the extended chase preceding encirclement, mother/calf separation, and the under-reporting of direct kills by ship captains would hinder the dolphin populations' recovery. ", "Plaintiffs contend that NMFS failed to take a \"hard look\" at these environmental impacts and therefore improperly concluded that there would be no significant impact.", "\n\nA. Inaccurate and Dated Information\n\n46\nThe IDCPA directed Commerce to report on \"the effect of intentional encirclement (including chase) on dolphins and dolphin stocks incidentally taken in the course of purse seine fishing for yellowfin tuna in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.\" ", "16 U.S.C. § 1414a(a)(1) & (4). ", "On March 25, 1999, NMFS submitted a report (\"1999 Report\") to Congress. ", "The 1999 Report concluded that the northeastern offshore spotted dolphin population and the eastern spinner dolphin population were \"not increasing at the rate expected based on the low rate of reported mortalities from the fishery since 1991 and the reproductive potential for these populations.\" ", "1999 Report, at vi. ", "In the 1999 Report, NMFS considered non-fishery and fishery-related explanations for the populations' failure to recover and ruled out the possibility of large-scale environmental changes that could have affected the populations. ", "It turned instead to fishery-related explanations and, in particular, stress caused by an extenuated chase, separation of calves from their mothers as a result of the chase, and under-reporting of direct kills by fishing captains. ", "NMFS concluded that the \"information suggests but by no means conclusively that the fishery has been the source of significant adverse impact on these two populations.\" ", "Id. at 22.", "\n\n\n47\nPlaintiffs contend that NMFS did not consider the 1999 Report when it determined that \"all stocks, including the depleted eastern spinner stock and the northeastern offshore spotted stock, are stable or slightly increasing....\" Environmental Assessment at 42. ", "Plaintiffs also contend that NMFS failed to cite or consider four research papers prepared for the report: (1) Curry, B.E., Stress in Mammals: The Potential Influence of Fishery-Induced Stress on Dolphins in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean; (2) Fiedler, P.C., Eastern Tropical Pacific Dolphin Habitat Variability; (3) Gerrodette, T., Preliminary Estimates of 1998 Abundance of Four Dolphin Stocks in the Eastern Tropical Pacific; and (4) Goodman, D., Decision Framework for Assessing the Status of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Dolphin Stocks. ", "Plaintiffs argue that these papers represented the highest quality information prepared by NMFS's own staff at the time the environmental assessment was being prepared and that the papers and the 1999 Report were all consistent with each other. ", "Plaintiffs conclude that NMFS's failure to consider these documents rendered its environmental assessment arbitrary and capricious.", "\n\n\n48\nNMFS's failure to cite the 1999 Report and the four research papers does not mean that NMFS did not consider them. ", "It means only that NMFS did not specifically rely on them to reach its finding of no significant impact. ", "The choice of what information to rely upon is properly within the discretion of the agency, and the decision not to rely on a specific report does not render the environmental impact arbitrary and capricious.", "\n\n\n49\nB. Cumulative Effects Under Regulatory Actions\n\n\n50\nPlaintiffs further argue that NMFS illegally separated its environmental assessment for the Interim-Final Rule from the environmental assessment for three earlier regulatory actions and failed to consider the cumulative effects of these earlier regulatory actions on the dolphin populations. ", "The earlier regulatory actions for which environmental assessments were prepared are as follows: (1) Regulations to Implement Management and Conservation Measures Under the Pacific Tunas Conventions Act (1999); (2) Measures to Reduce Bycatch by U.S. Vessels in the ETP Purse Seine Fisheries and Information Collection for a Regional Vessel Register (2000); and (3) Chase-Recapture Experiment Under the International Dolphin Conservation Program Act (2001). ", "Plaintiffs claim that the Interim-Final Rule and these regulatory actions were closely related in subject matter and time and that all four actions should have been considered together in a single environmental assessment, as required by the CEQ. ", "See 40 C.F.R. § 1502.4(a) (\"Proposals or parts of proposals which are related to each other closely enough to be, in effect, a single course of action shall be evaluated in a single impact statement.\"); ", "see also id. § 1508.25(a)(2); Kleppe, 427 U.S. at 409-10, 96 S.Ct. ", "2718. ", "We are not persuaded by this argument.", "\n\n\n51\nPlaintiffs' statement that \"the subject matter in all four of these [environmental assessments] possess obvious synergies....\" is not enough, without more, to show that the Interim-Final Rule and the three cited actions were so closely related to each other that they comprised a single course of action requiring a single environmental assessment. ", "See Kleppe, 427 U.S. at 412, 96 S.Ct. ", "2718 (\"The determination of the region, if any, with respect to which a comprehensive statement is necessary requires the weighing of a number of relevant factors, including the extent of the interrelationship among proposed actions and practical considerations of feasibility. ", "Resolving these issues requires a high level of technical expertise and is properly left to the informed discretion of the responsible federal agencies.\"). ", "Absent a showing by the Plaintiffs of arbitrary action, we must assume that NMFS appropriately exercised its discretion by considering the Interim-Final Rule alone in this environmental assessment.", "\n\nC. Dolphin-Safe Tuna Label\n\n52\nIn May of 1999, Commerce published an initial finding regarding the impact of the intentional encirclement of dolphin in the ETP, concluding that \"there is insufficient evidence that the chase and encirclement by tuna purse seine fishery `is having a significant impact' on depleted dolphin stocks in the ETP.\" ", "Taking of Marine Mammals Incident to Commercial Fishing Operation; Tuna Purse Seine Vessels in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP); Initial Finding, 64 Fed.", "Reg. ", "24,590-91 (May 7, 1999) (\"Initial Finding\").6 The Secretary's finding that the intentional encirclement of dolphins was not having a significant adverse impact on any depleted stock of dolphin automatically triggered a change in the \"dolphin safe\" labeling standard. ", "See 16 U.S.C. § 1385(d) & (h)(2). ", "The new standard allows tuna products that contain tuna harvested in the ETP to carry the dolphin safe mark (1) if the tuna was caught on a vessel that was not capable of deploying purse seine nets on dolphins or (2) if a certification accompanies the product stating that \"no dolphins were killed or seriously injured during the sets in which the tuna were caught.\" ", "Id. § 1385(d)(2) & (h)(1).", "\n\n\n53\nThe Secretary's Initial Finding was challenged in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, where the district court found that the Initial Finding was contrary to law and an abuse of the Secretary's discretion. ", "Brower v. Daley, 93 F.Supp.2d 1071 (N.D.Cal. ", "2000). ", "In affirming, the Ninth Circuit stated that, based upon the research conducted by NMFS, \"all of the evidence indicated that dolphins are adversely impacted by the fishery.\" ", "Brower v. Evans, 257 F.3d 1058, 1071 (9th Cir.2001). ", "The court struck down the Initial Finding, causing the dolphin safe labeling standard to automatically revert to the original standard embodied in 16 U.S.C. § 1385(h)(2).7\n\n\n54\nPlaintiffs argue that the environmental assessment failed to address several problems with the dolphin safe-label program. ", "Specifically, they contend that the Ninth Circuit's holding in Brower is inconsistent with NMFS's finding of no significant impact in the environmental assessment. ", "Brower, however, interpreted the provisions in 16 U.S.C. § 1385(g) regarding the Secretary's initial finding requirement and then considered the sufficiency of the Secretary's Initial Finding. ", "Brower did not address the question involved here, i.e., whether NMFS's finding that the Interim-Final Rule does not pose a significant impact to the affected environment was arbitrary or capricious.", "\n\n\n55\nPlaintiffs also argue that NMFS prepared the environmental assessment based on fundamentally incorrect assumptions, including the assumption that the dolphin safe labeling standard would change and the assumption that Customs would be able to regulate which tuna may properly be imported into the United States. ", "Plaintiffs contend that these assumptions are flawed and that the reliability of the environmental assessment is undermined. ", "Moreover, Plaintiffs argue that these assumptions violate the \"high quality information\" and \"excellent action\" requirements in 40 C.F.R. § 1500.1.8 Plaintiffs, however, fail to establish how these concerns would affect NMFS's analysis of the impact on the dolphin populations or how they render the environmental assessment arbitrary. ", "Rather, they only support Plaintiff's contention that consumers will not know whether the tuna they purchase is caught in a manner that is truly safe for dolphin populations. ", "These arguments are not sufficient to render NMFS's finding that there is no significant impact to the human environment arbitrary or capricious.9\n\n\n56\nD. Participation by the Public, State Department, Department of Treasury, and Customs Service\n\n\n57\nFinally, Plaintiffs argue that the environmental assessment is flawed because of the lack of public participation in the process and the lack of participation by the State Department, Department of Treasury, and/or Customs Service.10 Specifically, Plaintiffs contend that the public should have been given the opportunity to comment on the proposed environmental assessment.", "\n\n\n58\nPublic participation is required by the CEQ regulations if the proposed action is without precedent or is similar to an action that normally requires preparation of an environmental impact statement. ", "40 C.F.R. § 1501.4(e)(2). ", "In such cases, an agency must make its proposed finding of no significant impact available for public review thirty days before the agency makes its final determination whether to prepare an environmental impact statement. ", "Id. The government argues that the two circumstances requiring public review were not present here. ", "It cites the 1999 environmental assessment of regulations that implemented the Pacific Tunas Conventions Act, which resulted in a finding of no significant impact, to suggest that the Interim-Final Rule is not the type of action that normally results in an environmental impact statement. ", "For their part, Plaintiffs point to the 1980 implementing regulations for the MMPA that resulted in an environmental impact statement. ", "The Court of International Trade found that NMFS's environmental assessment was not a functional equivalent of an environmental impact statement and that therefore there was no need for a public comment period on the draft environmental assessment. ", "Defenders of Wildlife, 177 F.Supp.2d at 1364. ", "We agree. ", "The two agency implementing regulations, the Pacific Tunas Conventions Act implementing regulations, see 50 C.F.R. § 300 (2000), which resulted in a finding of no significant impact, and the 1980 implementing regulations for the MMPA, see 50 C.F.R. § 216.24 (1980), which resulted in an environmental impact statement, suggest that this type of action does not always result in an environmental impact statement, and therefore NMFS was not required to publish its finding of no significant impact thirty days prior to the agency's final determination.", "\n\n\n59\nPlaintiffs also argue that the State Department as well as the Department of the Treasury and/or the Customs Service should have been involved in the preparation of the environmental assessment. ", "We disagree. ", "NMFS's environmental assessment took into consideration the views and concerns of the State Department and the Customs Service. ", "See Environmental Assessment at 53-54; 65 Fed.", "Reg. ", "at 41 cmt. ", "96. ", "Plaintiffs, therefore, have not convinced the court that NMFS acted improperly in preparing its environmental assessment.", "\n\n\n60\nWe hold that NMFS complied with the law and reasonably exercised its discretion as far as the NEPA process is concerned. ", "NMFS took a \"hard look\" at the dolphin mortality problem and the effects of the Interim-Final Rule on the environment, and NMFS considered the relevant areas impacted by its regulation. ", "Additionally, NMFS found that the preferred Interim-Final Rule would not have a significant impact on the dolphin stock in the ETP. ", "NMFS's decision not to prepare an environmental impact statement was not arbitrary or capricious.", "\n\nCONCLUSION\n\n61\nThe Court of International Trade did not err in concluding that the Interim-Final Rule promulgated by NMFS is in accordance with the IDCPA. ", "Neither did the Court of International Trade err in concluding that NMFS complied with NEPA. ", "The decision of the court is therefore affirmed.", "\n\n\n62\nNo costs.", "\n\n\n63\nAFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\nNotes:\n\n\n1\n We refer to plaintiffs-appellants as \"Plaintiffs.\"", "\n\n\n2\n The Secretary of Commerce delegated to the Assistant Administrator for Fisheries authority to make the administrative determinations at issue. ", "The Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, and Commissioner of the United States Customs Service were named parties to the suit due to their potential involvement with the environmental assessment and their involvement with the Mexican embargo\n\n\n3\n Plaintiffs do not appeal the lifting of the embargo against Mexico\n\n\n4\n As noted, Plaintiffs have chosen not to appeal the portion of the Court of International Trade's decision regarding the lifting of the embargo against Mexico\n\n\n5\n Plaintiffs do not challenge the grant of authority in 16 U.S.C. § 1413(a)(2)(C). ", "That issue, therefore, is not before us\n\n\n6\n This finding was issued by Commerce pursuant to 16 U.S.C. § 1385(g)(1)\n\n\n7\n The original standard allows tuna products that contain tuna harvested in the ETP to carry the dolphin safe mark if a certification accompanies the product stating that \"no tuna were caught on the trip in which such tuna were harvested using a purse seine net intentionally deployed on or to encircle dolphins, and that no dolphins were killed or seriously injured during the sets in which the tuna were caught.\" ", "16 U.S.C. § 1385(d)(2) & (h)(2). ", "The original standard is applied only if the tuna were caught on a trip commencing before the effective date of the initial finding by the Secretary or after the effective date of such initial finding, where the initial finding was that the intentional deployment on or encirclement of dolphins was having a significant adverse impact on any depleted dolphin stockId. § ", "1385(d) & (h).", "\n\n\n8\n 40 C.F.R. § 1500.1(b) states that \"[t]he information must be of high quality. ", "Accurate scientific analysis, expert agency comments, and public scrutiny are essential to implementing NEPA.\" ", "Moreover, section 1500.1(c) states that \"NEPA's purpose is not to generate paperwork — even excellent paperwork — but to foster excellent action.\"", "\n\n\n9\n Plaintiffs argue that the tuna tracking forms utilized by Customs for verification purposes do not identify tuna that have been caught by encirclement, which is the unchanged labeling standard. ", "Plaintiffs also argue that Mexican-brand tuna has illegally entered the United States in the past because Customs could not properly track the tuna. ", "Whatever the merit of these concerns, Plaintiffs have failed to show how they establish error with respect to the environmental assessment that NMFS prepared\n\n\n10\n At oral argument, counsel for Plaintiffs stated that he was not arguing that the State Department should have prepared its own environmental assessment and environmental impact statement for the International Agreement, but that it should have participated in Commerce's process\n\n\n\n64\nPAULINE NEWMAN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part, dissenting in part.", "\n\n\n65\nAt issue is the promulgation of regulations that directly contradict the provisions of the statute that authorizes them. ", "The panel majority correctly holds that the agency erred in concluding that Congress was mistaken when it mandated that the fishing activity under consideration must stop one half hour before sunset. ", "However, the majority then affirms the agency regulatory action on different grounds, not relied upon by the agency. ", "Since this is not only a violation of administrative law, but an incorrect statutory interpretation, I respectfully dissent from that portion of the court's opinion that upholds the agency's regulation, and from the ensuing result.", "\n\n\n66\n* The statute was enacted to reduce the massive injury to the dolphin population by the purse seine method of tuna fishing. ", "For some unknown reason, schools of tuna swim under schools of dolphins. ", "When the dolphins are observed at the surface, they and the underlying tuna are herded together and encircled by a large and deep net, by means of speedboats, helicopters, and underwater explosives. ", "The net is then closed to hold the entire catch. ", "This is followed by a \"backdown\" procedure, to release those dolphins that have not drowned or been killed in the herding operation. ", "The process is imperfect, and some of the released dolphins subsequently die of injuries sustained in the process, or are unable to re-establish contact with nursing calves, which then die. ", "The amici curiae state that over seven million dolphins have died in purse seine tuna fishing.", "\n\n\n67\nThe regulation in question was promulgated pursuant to 16 U.S.C. § 1413(a)(1) (\"The Secretary shall issue regulations, and revise those regulations as may be appropriate, to implement the International Dolphin Conservation Program.\") ", "The statute requires that these regulations \"shall include provisions ... ensuring that the backdown procedure during sets of purse seine net on marine mammals is completed and rolling of the net to sack up has begun no later than 30 minutes before sundown.\" ", "16 U.S.C. § 1413(a)(2)(B)(v) (emphasis added). ", "Instead of implementing the statute, however, the regulations state that the backdown procedure must be completed \"no later than 30 minutes after sundown.\" ", "The regulation cannot be reconciled with the statute.", "\n\n\n68\nThe government argues that Congress simply made a mistake in using the word \"before\" in the statute, and thus that the agency did not have to follow the statute. ", "The Court of International Trade upheld the regulation on that ground. ", "The panel majority correctly rejects this argument, for there is no evidence whatsoever that congressional intent was contrary to congressional enactment. ", "See Garcia v. United States, 469 U.S. 70, 75, 105 S.Ct. ", "479, 83 L.Ed.2d 472 (1984) (requiring \"the most extraordinary showing of contrary intentions\" to disregard the plain meaning of a statutory provision).", "\n\nB\n\n69\nHowever, the panel majority holds that the agency has discretion to ignore the statute. ", "The court holds, sua sponte, that the statutory provision that \"The Secretary may make such adjustments as may be appropriate to requirements of subparagraph (B) that pertain to fishing gear, vessel equipment, and fishing practices to the extent the adjustments are consistent with the International Dolphin Conservation Program,\" 16 U.S.C. § 1413(a)(2)(C), authorizes the Secretary to change the statutory \"30 minutes before sundown\" to \"30 minutes after sundown\" in the regulations. ", "I cannot agree.", "\n\n\n70\nThe Secretary was authorized only to make \"such adjustments as may be appropriate,\" not to contradict a critical provision of the statute. ", "Since the court agrees that \"before sundown\" was not a mistake, it cannot be \"appropriate\" or an \"adjustment\" to change it. ", "When the statute clearly sets forth a provision, further \"interpretation\" is not only unnecessary, it is prohibited. ", "See Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-43, 104 S.Ct. ", "2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984)(\"If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court, as well as the agency, must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress.\") ", "Here Congress could not be clearer, and there is no basis whatsoever for interpreting \"30 minutes before sundown\" to mean 30 minutes after sundown. ", "That is not a \"permissible\" construction of the statute. ", "Id. at 843, 104 S.Ct. ", "2778. ", "See Regions Hospital v. Shalala, 522 U.S. 448, 457, 118 S.Ct. ", "909, 139 L.Ed.2d 895 (1998) (\"If, by `employing traditional tools of statutory construction,' we determine that Congress' intent is clear, `that is the end of the matter,'\") (quoting Chevron). ", "The time to complete the backdown procedure was not left to agency discretion or interpretation, but was explicitly placed in the statute. ", "It is a matter neither of interpretation or discretion. ", "The intent of Congress was unambiguously stated as to \"the precise question at issue.\" ", "Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842, 104 S.Ct. ", "2778.", "\n\nC\n\n71\nThe majority recognizes that this court is not free to affirm a discretionary agency action on grounds upon which the agency did not rely. ", "See Securities & Exchange Comm'n v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194, 196, 67 S.Ct. ", "1575, 91 L.Ed. ", "1995 (1947) (if the agency's grounds are improper, the court cannot affirm the administrative action by substituting other grounds). ", "Since the Secretary's decision was based on the erroneous conclusion that Congress made a mistake, the court cannot rehabilitate the agency's action on some other ground. ", "Fleshman v. West, 138 F.3d 1429, 1433 (Fed.", "Cir.1998), does not hold otherwise, for that case related to grounds not consigned to agency discretion and authority. ", "Here, however, Congress granted the Secretary the authority only to \"adjust\" the provisions of 16 U.S.C. § 1413(a)(2)(B), not to countermand them in a major way.", "\n\n\n72\nThe panel majority justifies the Secretary's departure from law by citing the Secretary's statement during the comment period that this change \"is consistent with the International Agreement.\" ", "A less favorable (to dolphins) time limit appears in the International Dolphin Conservation Program. ", "However, this does not authorize the agency to override the statutory enactment.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\"Tesla has grown and evolved rapidly over the past several years, which has resulted in some duplication of roles and some job functions that, while they made sense in the past, are difficult to justify today,\" Musk wrote in the email. ", "He thanked departing employees for their hard work and said Tesla is providing \"significant salary and stock vesting\" to those being let go, based on their length of service." ]

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[ "\nDo you know there's a killswitch that can block your access to things you bought - B1FF_PSUVM\nhttps://fckdrm.com\n======\nfturco\nThe positive fact about GOG is that they sell games without DRM. ", "The negative\nfact about GOG is that they sell proprietary games. ", "This is why I won't\nsupport their initiative. ", "Defective by Design by the FSF is a better way to\nget involved.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Spider-Man\n\nLatest Spider-Man News\n\nEven though the deluxe edition was available for pre-order the same weekend as the film's release, Sony has now announced details for the home video release of The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (via EW) which will be…\n\nThis fall, unlock an all-new adventure with \"Marvel's Spider-Man Play Set\" in Disney Infinity (2.0 Edition)! ", "Swing into action with Spidey and save New York City from the toughest villains. ", "Spider-Man and…\n\nGameloft announced today that they have teamed up with Marvel to develop a new smartphone and tablet title, Spider-Man Unlimited. ", "Check out a video preview in the player below! \"", "Gameloft is once again…\n\nDeluxe action figure makers Hot Toys have debuted their latest creation, Jamie Foxx's Electro from The Amazing Spider-Man 2! ", "Here's what they had to say about the figure: \"The movie-accurate Electro collectible is…\n\nOne of the more anticipated movies of the summer, Legendary Pictures' reboot of the classic Toho Studios movie monster Godzilla (Warner Bros.) roared into theaters on Thursday night with a killer showing…\n\nFollowing our exclusive Spider-Man Animation Feature, Weta Workshop and Sony Pictures Imageworks have brought online two more videos that show their work on The Amazing Spider-Man 2. ", "You can watch the videos…\n\nThis past weekend, Sony Pictures finally opened The Amazing Spider-Man 2 in North America and remaining foreign territories and there's one particular moment in the last act of the movie that's gotten…" ]

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[ "Revelation delivers style for life. ", "Great functionality fuses with energy and fun loving design to bring you a range of luggage and travelware to suit all your needs. ", "Elegant and dynamic the Zygo range offers style, simplicity, texture and strength. ", "This large sized suitcase is made from embossed classic streamlined material with a durable design and construction to provide strength. ", "Product details: 4 Wheels, Lockable trolley system, Comfort retractable handles and Mesh compartments.", "\n\nRevelation delivers style for life. ", "Great functionality fuses with energy and fun loving design to bring you a range of luggage and travelware to suit all your needs. ", "Elegant and dynamic the Zygo range offers style, simplicity, texture and strength. ", "This large sized suitcase is made from embossed classic streamlined material with a durable design and construction to provide strength. ", "Product details: 4 Wheels, Lockable trolley system, Comfort retractable handles and Mesh compartments." ]

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[ "Allergy Testing in Children With Low-Risk Penicillin Allergy Symptoms.", "\nPenicillin allergy is commonly reported in the pediatric emergency department (ED). ", "True penicillin allergy is rare, yet the diagnosis results from the denial of first-line antibiotics. ", "We hypothesize that all children presenting to the pediatric ED with symptoms deemed to be low-risk for immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity will return negative results for true penicillin allergy. ", "Parents of children aged 4 to 18 years old presenting to the pediatric ED with a history of parent-reported penicillin allergy completed an allergy questionnaire. ", "A prespecified 100 children categorized as low-risk on the basis of reported symptoms completed penicillin allergy testing by using a standard 3-tier testing process. ", "The percent of children with negative allergy testing results was calculated with a 95% confidence interval. ", "Five hundred ninety-seven parents completed the questionnaire describing their child's reported allergy symptoms. ", "Three hundred two (51%) children had low-risk symptoms and were eligible for testing. ", "Of those, 100 children were tested for penicillin allergy. ", "The median (interquartile range) age at testing was 9 years (5-12). ", "The median (interquartile range) age at allergy diagnosis was 1 year (9 months-3 years). ", "Rash (97 [97%]) and itching (63 [63%]) were the most commonly reported allergy symptoms. ", "Overall, 100 children (100%; 95% confidence interval 96.4%-100%) were found to have negative results for penicillin allergy and had their labeled penicillin allergy removed from their medical record. ", "All children categorized as low-risk by our penicillin allergy questionnaire were found to have negative results for true penicillin allergy. ", "The utilization of this questionnaire in the pediatric ED may facilitate increased use of first-line penicillin antibiotics." ]

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[ "Welcome to a World of Enhanced Rehabilitation & Healing!", "\n\nSpecializing in short and long-term skilled nursing and rehabilitation services, Avanté strives to set the standard for incomparable care. ", "The twenty Avanté centers located throughout the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast combine the best of both worlds – sophisticated therapies and high-tech treatments with excellent outcomes delivered by compassionate healthcare professionals.", "\n\nContemporary and comfortable settings advance Avanté’s goal of providing residents with an enriching experience while improving health and promoting optimal healing. ", "In this way, we stay true to our commitment to community, integrity and service.", "\n\nWhy Choose Avanté?", "\n\nBecause we:\n\ncan reduce lengthy stays so rehab clients return home sooner\n\ncraft a care plan to provide the best quality of life possible, as soon as possible\n\nemploy highly skilled and trained staff\n\nexcel in rehabilitation with superior outcomes\n\nhave Administrators who are always responsive to families’ concerns\n\ninclude families with our professional staff in developing personalized care plans" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006358050741255283, 0.0005999256973154843, 0.0005357761983759701, 0.0005419165827333927, 0.0005132703809067607, 0.0009112243424169719, 0.0007842974155209959 ]

[ "Q:\n\nI would like know whether the other sentences are also right as the sentence A\n\nI am not a native English speaker and would like to ask you a question.", "\nI wonder whether the sentence B, C are also okay in addition to the sentence A.\nSentence A.\n\n\"Can I move to a rural area and grow crops if I am able to make good money by farming?\"", "\n\nSentence B.\n\n\"Can I move to a rural area and grow crops if I was able to make good money by farming?\"", "\n\nSentence C.\n\n\"Could I move to a rural area and grow crops if I was able to make good money by farming?\"", "\n\nA:\n\nA is fine. ", "\nC is almost OK but \"I was\" needs to be \"I were\" (subjunctive)\nB is wrong because the tense of \"Can I move\" doesn't agree with the tense of \"I was able\" (and, as per C, \"I was\" needs to be \"I were\")\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006007619667798281, 0.0006613623700104654, 0.0006584994262084365, 0.0006364816799759865, 0.0007494468009099364, 0.0008277359302155674 ]

[ "The present invention relates in its broadest aspect to the field of manufacturing food products and pharmaceutical products and specifically there is provided a novel colouring substance composition, which is useful for colouring such products.", "\nColouring agents containing natural or synthetic colouring substances are commonly used as additives in the manufacturing of food products and pharmaceutical products. ", "A wide range of such colouring agents are commercially available making it possible for the manufacturer, where a particular colour tone is desired, to select a single colouring agent having the desired colour or a mixture of colouring agents, which in an appropriate combination impart the desired colour to the product. ", "Or alternatively, the manufacturer may with to use an agent which, in addition to its colouring effect, has a health improving effect and hence select such a single health improving agent or a mixture of such agents.", "\nThe commercially available colouring agents can contain synthetic substances including substances that are also normally referred to as dyes or azodyes, or such agents can contain pigments or other colouring substances of natural origin, e.g. in the form of plant material containing a colouring substance, or as more or less purified colouring substances separated from plant, animal or microbial materials naturally containing such substances.", "\nOccasionally, food grade or pharmaceutically acceptable colouring agents are provided that contain colouring substances in the form of synthetic or artificial compounds having substantially the same chemical composition as natural occurring colouring substances. ", "This type of colouring agents are also referred to in the art as xe2x80x9cnatural identicalxe2x80x9d colours. ", "However, in the present context, the expression xe2x80x9cnaturally occurring colouring agentsxe2x80x9d is used to designate pigments or other colouring substances which are derived from a natural source.", "\nAny of the above types of available colouring agents including agents comprising food grade or pharmaceutically acceptable natural colouring substances can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic and thus, water soluble, sparingly soluble in water and aqueous media or essentially water-insoluble. ", "A hydrophilic, water soluble colouring material as such can therefore only be used for colouring a product having an aqueous phase during and/or after manufacturing. ", "Similarly, the use of a hydrophobic and/or water insoluble colouring material or substance as such requires that the product to be coloured has a hydrophobic or lipid phase in which the colouring substance is soluble. ", "Certain colouring substances such as curcumin are substantially insoluble in water at neutral pH or below, but are soluble in alkaline aqueous media.", "\nHowever, it may be desirable to obtain the colour tone of a particular colouring substance that is insoluble or sparingly soluble in an aqueous phase or a mixture of such substances in a food product or a pharmaceutical product that does not comprise a phase in which the colouring substance is sufficiently soluble to provide the desired colouring. ", "There is therefore a continuous industrial need for colouring agents containing colouring substances that are water insoluble or sparingly insoluble in water, which are in the form of water-miscible or water dispersible compositions having a high colouring efficiency.", "\nWO 91/06292 discloses a process of preparing a water dispersible composition comprising a hydrophobic/aerophilic solid pigment that is prepared by milling the pigment in an aqueous medium in the presence of a hydrocolloid, in particular gelatine, gum arabic, soybean protein and/or modified starch. ", "Similar methods are disclosed in WO 97/26802 and WO 97/26803 where gelatine is used as the hydrocolloid. ", "However, none of these disclosures refer to the use of beet pectin or other pectins of a similar type such as chicory pectin or Jerusalem artichoke pectin as a wetting agent and/or suspending agent in the manufacturing of compositions of water-insoluble or sparingly soluble colouring substances, including such compositions that are water dispersible.", "\nIt has now been found that compositions of colouring substances that are hydrophobic, water-insoluble and/or sparingly insoluble in water and which have a high colouring efficiency or other desired properties in food products and pharmaceutical products can be provided by using beet pectin, chicory pectin and/or Jerusalem artichoke pectin as a wetting and/or dispersing agent. ", "It was surprisingly found that compositions comprising such pectins have a significantly superior colouring effect when comparing with other hydrocolloids or other pectin types such as the commonly used citrus pectin types.", "\nA conventionally preferred hydrocolloid in the manufacturing of water dispersible compositions of hydrophobic solids is gelatine. ", "However, being of animal origin with the associated risk that it may carry pathogenic or toxic substances and the fact that most gelatine types are not xe2x80x9ckosherxe2x80x9d grade implies that the incorporation of gelatine into food products, at least for some consumers, may be objectionable. ", "It is therefore one significant objective of the present invention to provide the means for manufacturing coloured or pigmented food products and pharmaceutical products that do not imply that any such objections can be raised and at the same time provide water-dispersible colouring substance compositions having a high colouring efficiency.", "\nAccordingly, the present invention provides in a first aspect a composition comprising bodies of a colouring substance that are at least partially coated with a pectin selected from beet pectin, chicory pectin and Jerusalem artichoke pectin. ", "In useful embodiments, the colouring substance is a solid pigment that, at least under certain conditions, is insoluble or sparingly soluble in water.", "\nIn a further aspect the invention pertains to a method of producing a colouring substance composition as defined above, said method comprising preparing a dispersion of the colouring substance by comminuting said pigment in an aqueous phase comprising beet pectin, chicory pectin and/or Jerusalem artichoke pectin in an amount of at least 1% of the colouring substance to obtain a dispersion containing the colouring substance in the form of bodies of the colouring substance that are at least partially coated with the pectins. ", "In accordance with the invention it may be preferred that the colouring substance bodies obtained have an average largest dimension of at the most 10 xcexcm such as the most 5 xcexcm including an average largest dimension of at the most 1 xcexcm.", "\nIn still further aspects, the invention relates to the use of the composition of the invention in the manufacturing of an edible product, the use of the composition in the manufacturing of a pharmaceutical or nutriceutical product, a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical product comprising the composition according to the invention and edible products comprising such composition.", "\nIn yet other aspects of the present invention colouring compositions are provided which comprise chlorophylin (30 ppm), turmeric (30 ppm) or bixin (20 ppm) which compositions, when tested in a soft drink system containing sucrose, 430.0 g; Na-benzoate, 0.7 g; K-sorbate, 0.9 g; Ascorbic acid, 0.1 g; Citric acid mono-hydrate, 8.6 g and demineralised water to 5 liter, results in a chroma value of at least 33, 30 and 25, respectively when measured with a Minolta Tristimulus CT 310 apparatus.", "\nThe colouring substance composition according to the invention comprises colouring substance bodies that are at least partially coated or encapsulated with beet pectin, chicory pectin and/or Jerusalem artichoke pectin. ", "In preferred embodiments the colouring substance is water-insoluble or sparingly insoluble in water and aqueous media. ", "Several of such substances are hydrophobic and/or aerophilic, implying that they are not readily wetted when contacted with an aqueous medium that does not contain a suitable wetting agent. ", "As used herein, the expressions xe2x80x9csparingly soluble in waterxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cwater-insolublexe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9chydrophobicxe2x80x9d are used to indicate that the colouring substance will occur as a separate phase in aqueous media and/or has such a high degree of hydrophobicity that it cannot be dispersed or suspended in water without the application of high shear stress and/or the addition of surface active substances such as emulsifying agents or tensides.", "\nCertain colouring substances that are water-insoluble or sparingly soluble in water may have a low degree of hydrophobicity or even be hydrophilic. ", "Such substances are also encompassed by the invention. ", "In the present context, the expression xe2x80x9cwater-insoluble (or sparingly soluble in water) and hydrophilicxe2x80x9d indicates that the colouring substance in the amounts used herein is water-insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous media at described above. ", "Accordingly, colouring substances of a group, which is generally referred to as hydrophilic, are actually insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous media at about neutral pH or below, or at pH values up till about 9. ", "Several food products have an aqueous phase with a pH below 7 and this acidic environment will in many cases render a colouring substance as such unstable and the substance will tend to precipitate resulting in a change of the colour hue. ", "This is e.g. observed in products such as acidified milk products. ", "The compositions of the present invention where the colouring substances are covered by pectin are thus useful for such acidic food products.", "\nThe present invention is based on the finding that certain pectin substances including pectin derived from sugar beet, Beta vulgaris, chicory pectin and Jerusalem artichoke pectin are highly effective as wetting and/or dispersing agents in the preparation of a composition of the invention. ", "Pectin is a naturally occurring polysaccharide, essentially made up of regions containing polygalacturonic acid chains and regions containing chains which consist alternately of rhamnose units and galacturonic acid units with side chains mainly containing arabinose and galactose units. ", "The acid groups of the galacturonic acid units are partially esterified with methanol and some of the hydroxyl groups thereof may be acetylated. ", "In contrast to e.g. citrus pectin and apple pectin, beet pectin, chicory pectin and Jerusalem artichoke pectin have a relatively high degree of acetylation. ", "It is hypothesised that at least one factor determining the high wetting and/or dispersing efficiency of these pectins is their relatively high content of acetyl groups. ", "The presence of hydrophobic groups is known to give the molecule a surface-active character which will enhance the emulsifying properties of a compound. ", "Acetyl groups may enhance the hydrophobic nature of the pectin, thereby decreasing surface tension and increasing dispersability. ", "It is therefore assumed that other pectin species having a high degree of acetylation such as pectin derived from chicory or Jerusalem artichoke will have similar useful effects e.g. in the manufacturing of a composition according to the invention. ", "The use of pectins having a relatively high degree of acetylation (DA), such as a DA in the range of at least 10-60%, including a DA in the range of 20-50% e.g. a DA in the range of 30-40%, is also encompassed by the invention. ", "It is further contemplated that pectins having a DA of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% or 60%, is useful in order to obtain compositions having the characteristics of the present invention.", "\nAcetylation may be obtained by chemically altering the degree of acetylation in natural as well as artificial pectins.", "\nIn accordance with the invention, the pectin is suitably used in an amount which is in the range of 1-90 wt % of the colouring substance, such as in the range of 2-80 wt %. ", "In preferred embodiments, the amount of the pectin hydrocolloid is in the range of 3-60 wt % such as in the range of 5-50 wt % and the amount of pectin can e.g. be less than 10 wt % of the colouring substance or at least 10 wt % of the colouring substance. ", "In still other embodiments, the amount of pectin is at least 10 wt %, such as at least 20 wt % of the combined amounts of the pectin and at least one further hydrocolloid, if such a further hydrocolloid is present.", "\nIn other useful embodiments, the amount of pectin is more than 100 wt % of the pigment, i.e. the ratio between colouring substance and hydrocolloid can be in the range of 1:1 to 1:10,000 such as in the range of 1:10 to 1:5,000 or in the range of 1:100 to 1:1,000. ", "The amount of pectin may also be calculated on the composition. ", "Thus the amount of pectin is preferably in the range of 1-50 wt % of the composition, such as in the range of 1-10 wt %, e.g. 1.5, 2 or 2.5 wt %.", "\nThe colouring substance can be any food grade or pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic or hydrophilic colouring matter that, at least under certain conditions, is water insoluble or sparingly soluble in water as defined above, and which belongs to any of the above-mentioned types including synthetic colouring substances, natural colouring substances derived from a natural source and xe2x80x9cnature identicalxe2x80x9d colouring substances. ", "When the colouring substance is a natural color as defined herein, it may be in a substantially pure form or it may be contained in the material where it occurs naturally such as a plant, animal or microbial material, optionally in combination with a food grade and/or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. ", "The presently most commonly used water-insoluble or sparingly soluble natural colouring substances that are useful in the composition according to the invention include carotenoids, curcumin, carmine, porphyrin pigments including chlorophyll, and vegetable carbon black. ", "It will be appreciated that the composition according to the invention may comprise a single colouring substance or it may contain two or more different colouring substances.", "\nCarotenoids which have yellow, orange or red colours occur widely in nature and important sources include plants including grass species, the annatto tree, citrus species, Capsicum annum, Crocus sativus flowers and marigold flowers, marine algae, yeast species and some animals. ", "Carotenoids can be divided into the following classes: carotenoid hydrocarbons, xanthophylls and apocarotenoids. ", "Typical examples of carotenoids include bixin, norbixin, xcex2-carotene, apocarotenals, canthaxanthin, saffron, crocin, capsanthin and capsorbuin occurring in paprika oleoresin, lutein, astaxanthin, rubixanthin, violaxanthin, rhodoxanthin, lycopene and derivatives hereof.", "\nFurther water-insoluble and/or hydrophobic colouring substances that are useful in the present invention include curcumin which is the major pigment in turmeric, the coloured oleoresin extract of the Curcuma root, vegetable carbon black, which is produced by fully carbonising vegetable material and grinding it to a fine powder, and the porphyrine pigments such as oil-soluble chlorophylls based substantially on phaeophytin a or b and epimers and isomers thereof.", "\nIn the present context, a further important class of natural colouring substances is quininoid pigments of which the most commonly used is cochineal carmine that is obtained by aqueous extraction from the insect Coccus cacti. ", "Normally, the extract is precipitated as the insoluble aluminium lake known as cochineal carmine which is soluble in alkaline aqueous media but is sparingly soluble in aqueous media having a pH below about 9.", "\nA still further useful class of natural colouring substances is the polyphenols, which are extracted from grape seeds and which are characterised as having a desired colour but also an off-flavour. ", "In order to reduce or eliminate this off-flavour it is convenient to encapsulate the substance in accordance with the method of the present invention.", "\nSeveral of the colouring compounds described above may, in addition to their colouring properties, be useful for their health improving effects. ", "Such health improving effects are well described in the art and includes antioxidant activities, diminished risk of cancer, skin protection, protection against age related macularar degeneration and protection against heart diseases.", "\nIn accordance with the invention, the colouring substance of the composition is preferably present in the form of bodies of an average largest dimension which is at the most 10 xcexcm. ", "More preferably, the colouring substance is in the form of bodies having an average largest dimension of at the most 5 xcexcm, in particular at the most 2 xcexcm including an average largest dimension of at the most 1 xcexcm, e.g. at the most 0.1 xcexcm such as at the most 0.01 xcexcm. ", "It is contemplated that the ability of the colouring substance to provide an attractive colour hue and to provide an efficient colouring, e.g. when the composition is used in coating compositions, is increasing with decreasing size of the colouring substance bodies. ", "The colour saturation, colour hue and the transparency of coloured products can be controlled by appropriately selecting the size of the bodies of colouring substances.", "\nThere are several ways to classify the colour of a substance. ", "Generally the colour characteristics of a substance may be characterised by three parameters, the hue, the saturation and the lightness.", "\nHue is an attribute associated with each of the dominant wavelengths of the visible spectrum and reflects the dominant colour of the composition (reddish, yellowish, bluish, etc.). ", "Saturation pertains to the intensity of the colour composition and lightness reflects the amount of white or black in the colour composition.", "\nWhen measured in a tristimulus system, e.g. a Minolta 310 apparatus, saturation is expressed by the parameters xe2x80x9cchromaxe2x80x9d, hue is expressed in degrees by the parameter H and L is expressed by the parameter L. Chroma, H and L, measured at a standard pigment concentration, may be used as a way of characterising and comparing different colour preparations of the same pigment. ", "Especially the chroma is very important. ", "Generally a high chroma for a certain pigment concentration is desirable. ", "Accordingly, a colour may be characterised by its chroma value reflecting the xe2x80x9ccolouring strengthxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9ccolouring powerxe2x80x9d of the substance.", "\nIn accordance with one useful embodiment, the colouring substance bodies in the composition are solid particles, such as e.g. solid particles of a carotenoid, carmine, curcumin, a porphyrin pigment including chlorophyllin, and vegetable carbon black.", "\nThe invention encompasses, as it is mentioned above, use of colouring substances that are water insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous media at about neutral pH or below or at pH levels of up till about 9, but soluble in alkaline aqueous media. ", "It will be appreciated that it is possible to obtain solid particles of such colouring substances by precipitation of the colouring substances caused by acidifying an alkaline solution of the substance.", "\nThe selection of a suitable amount of the colouring substance in the composition according to the invention depends on the particular type of colouring substance and the particular intended application for the composition and a wide range of the amount of colouring substance is therefore contemplated such as a range of 0.5-90 wt % of the composition, although amounts in excess of this range are also envisaged. ", "In preferred embodiments, the amount of colouring substance is in the range of 1-50 wt % and it is in useful embodiments in the range of 5-40 wt %. ", "Based on the dispersion as it is initially prepared, a useful amount of colouring substance is in the range of 2-30 wt % including 5-10 wt %.", "\nIn accordance with the invention, the composition may comprise an aqueous phase that, as a further component, comprises a plasticising agent such as a carbohydrate or a sugar alcohol or a mixture thereof. ", "The carbohydrate is preferably selected from a monosaccharide, a disaccharide and an oligosaccharide including as example glucose, lactose, fructose and sucrose. ", "The sugar alcohol can e.g. be selected from sorbitol, mannitol, dulcitol, adonitol and glycerol. ", "The amount of the plasticising agent is preferably in the range of 0-95 wt % of the dispersion, such as in the range of 5-50 wt % including the range of 10-30 wt % of the composition.", "\nWhereas for certain applications it is preferred to provide the colouring substance in the form of solid particles, the colouring substance can also be provided in the form of droplets of an oleoresin colouring substance or droplets of a dispersion or an emulsion of a colouring substance.", "\nFor certain applications the composition of the invention is conveniently provided as a composition comprising water in excess of 10 wt %. ", "One advantage of such a composition is the possibility to provide it with a water content within a wide range whereby the composition can be adapted to particular customer demands. ", "A composition containing at least 10 wt % of water having a low content of water will appear as a powder or a viscous paste. ", "Depending on the colouring substance, a composition having a water content in the range of 10-40 wt % will, depending on the water content, typically appear as a powder, a paste, a gel or a viscous liquid. ", "With an increasing water content above this vessel, i.e. in excess of 40 wt % water, the consistency of the composition will acquire an increasingly lower viscosity and become increasingly liquid. ", "It is contemplated that a concentrated pasty composition will be advantageous from a user point of view, since it can easily be distributed and stored and furthermore, the colouring substance will be protected well against light and oxidation in such a concentrate. ", "It is evident that a concentrate composition according to the invention can be diluted with water or any other diluent to any desired content of colouring substance.", "\nIn other useful embodiments, the composition according to the invention has a water content of at the most 10 wt %, such as at the most 7.5 wt % or at the most 5 wt %. ", "Such a composition appears as a dry product which, depending on the manufacturing process, may be in the form of e.g. a powder, a granulate or a flaked product. ", "A dry composition according to the invention is provided by at least partially dehydrating the initial dispersion or suspension, e.g. by any conventional drying process including any of the processes disclosed in WO 91/06292 to which there is referred. ", "Thus, a final dried composition according to the invention may optionally contain a spray drying excipient such as e.g. a starch component.", "\nWhereas it has been found that beet pectin, chicory pectin and/or Jerusalem artichoke pectin is highly effective as a wetting and/or dispersing agent in the manufacturing of the composition of the invention, it is within the scope of the invention to apply at least one further hydrocolloid including those hydrocolloids that are mentioned in WO 97/26803 to which there is referred. ", "Such a further hydrocolloid is e.g. selected from a protein including gelatine or soybean protein, a polysaccharide such as e.g. a modified starch or a cellulose derivative, or a gum. ", "It is also possible to combine beet pectin, chicory pectin and/or Jerusalem artichoke pectin with one or more other pectins including pectins derived from apples or citrus fruit.", "\nIt will be appreciated that the present composition may contain further additive components conventionally used in colouring substance or pigment compositions such as an antioxidant, a preservative, a wetting agent, a pH regulating agent, a surfactant, an emulsifier or a dispersing agent.", "\nIt is another objective of the present invention to provide a method of producing a colouring substance composition as described above, said method comprising as an initial step that a dispersion of the colouring substance is prepared by comminuting the colouring substance in an aqueous phase comprising beet pectin, chicory pectin and/or Jerusalem artichoke pectin in an amount of at least 1% of the colouring substance to obtain a dispersion containing the colouring substance in the form of bodies of the substances that are at least partially coated or encapsulated with the pectin.", "\nIn a first step of this method, a dispersion of the colouring substance is prepared by mixing the colouring substance into an aqueous phase. ", "The mixing step is preferably carried out without the addition of other surface-active substances than the pectin and optionally further hydrocolloids. ", "The mixing step can be carried out using any conventional mixing or blending method known in the art. ", "Optionally, the mixing is followed by communication to obtain discrete colouring substance bodies having a largest average dimension of at the most 10 xcexcm. ", "However, it is generally preferred to continue the communication until the colouring substance is in the form of bodies having an average size of at the most 5 xcexcm, preferably at the most 2 xcexcm and more preferably at the most 1 xcexcm. ", "It may also be advantageous to let the comminution proceed until an average largest dimension of at the most 0.1 xcexcm such as at the most 0.01 xcexcm is achieved. ", "The above communication may be repeated one or more times in order to obtain the desired body size.", "\nApplicable comminution methods include milling, e.g. using a ball mill, as it described in the below examples.", "\nThe step of dispersing the colouring substance can, if desired, be carried out in at least two steps in which an additional amount of pectin is added in the second and/or any subsequent step. ", "It will be understood that the method of the invention may also comprise the preparation of a colouring substance dispersion in which mixtures of two or more colouring substances are used. ", "In this manner, colouring substance compositions having a particularly attractive colour can be provided as the result of the combination of two or more colouring substances having different colour hue or saturation.", "\nAs mentioned above, the method of the invention may comprise the addition to the aqueous phase of a plasticising agent such as a carbohydrate or a sugar alcohol either before or after the mixing of the colouring substance, or it may include the incorporation into the dispersion of at least one further component e.g. selected from an antioxidant, a stablising agent, a viscosity modifying agent, an alcohol, a resin or a preservative agent.", "\nIn useful embodiments, the above method includes a further step of at least partially rehydrating the pigment dispersion to obtain a composition containing less than 10 wt % of water.", "\nIn a further aspect the invention pertains to the use of the composition according to the invention as a colouring agent in the manufacturing of an edible product. ", "As used herein, the expression xe2x80x9cedible productxe2x80x9d denotes any solid or liquid food product. ", "Edible products also include the product types referred to as xe2x80x9cnutraceuticalsxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cfunctional foodsxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9chealth foodsxe2x80x9d (these three terms are used interchangeably herein), i.e. food products or food supplements comprising components that are considered to confer certain health improving characteristics. ", "Such products may be in any conventional forms including products in tablet or capsule dosage forms which e.g. may comprise separate compartments. ", "It will be appreciated that when a composition according to the invention is sued in the manufacturing of such nutraceutical products, the colouring substance can, in addition to its colouring effect, also confer to such products a nutritionally and/or health improving effect. ", "As an example, xcex2-carotene, which is a colouring substance belonging to the class of carotenoids, has certain pharmaceutical and/or health improving effects. ", "Other examples of colouring substances or derivatives of colouring substances having pharmaceutical or health improving effects include tocophenols, tocotrienols and polyphenols.", "\nSeveral food products have an aqueous phase with a pH below 7 and this acidic environment will in many instances render a pigment as such unstable and the pigment will tend to precipitate resulting in a change of the colour. ", "This is e.g. observed in products such as acidified milk products and beverages. ", "The compositions of the present invention are particularly useful in acidic food products as the compositions are acid-proof and do not precipitate.", "\nIn other useful embodiments, the composition according to the invention is used for colouring of liquid food products including soft drinks, carbonated beverage products and milk products.", "\nAn interesting application of the composition according the invention is the colouring of edible products, the manufacturing of which includes an extrusion step, e.g. edible films for containing a food product such as a meat product or a vegetable product. ", "A typical example hereof is collagen films used as casings for sausage products. ", "An effective amount of the colouring substance composition is added to the aqueous mixture to be extruded or casted and the resulting edible film will contain the colouring substance. ", "It has been found that the colouring substances when incorporated in such extruded edible films substantially do not migrate into the contained food product and furthermore, the colouring substance is not released into water in which the products are cooked. ", "Use of edible films for covering vegetables are increasing as it confers an improved shelf-life to vegetables which are normally stored individually and unprotected in the retail shops. ", "Such covering films for use for e.g. tomatoes may advantageously be coloured by a composition of the invention.", "\nOther examples of extruded products where the composition according to the invention is useful include breakfast cereals, cakes, breads, snacks, confectionery products, breadings, crisps and grains. ", "It has been found that the fact that the compositions do not contain any lipids for surface active substances make them particularly useful in the manufacturing of expanded products made by an extrusion process, as the expansion in such processes is lower when lipids and/or surface active substances are added to the extrusion mixture.", "\nA further advantageous use of the compositions is the colouring of confectionery products including as examples candies, acid drops and jelly products, since the colouring substances in the compositions according to the invention are acid stable.", "\nSeveral food products such as e.g. soft drinks, juices, soups and sauces are manufactured as initially liquid products which are subsequently dehydrated to a dry storage stable product typically having a water content of at the most 10 wt %. ", "The compositions according to the invention are also useful for the colouring of such products in that the colouring of the products after rehydration will substantially be of the same strength and hue as the starting liquid food product prior to dehydration.", "\nIt is a well-known problem in the food industry that colouring agents used in food products tend to migrate within the food product or into the environment of the product. ", "This phenomenon is also referred to in the art as xe2x80x9cbleedingxe2x80x9d. ", "This problem is particularly troublesome if it occurs in food products that comprise multiple, separated compartments or layers where the colouring agent is not added to all of such compartments. ", "A colouring agent which does not migrate in such products is therefore highly desirable in the industry. ", "It has been found that the colouring substances of the compositions according to the invention are retained in the compartment(s) to which they have been added and do not migrate into adjacent non-coloured compartments.", "\nOne typical example of such a compartmentalised or layered food product is dessert products, which optionally are acidulated and which comprise at least one layer of fruit filling, e.g. in the form of jelly, to which a colouring agent is added, and one or more layers of other ingredients also having an aqueous phase to which the colouring agent is not added. ", "Another example of such a product is layered cake. ", "It is evident that migration of colouring agent into the non-coloured layers results in a highly unacceptable appearance of these layered products. ", "The composition according to the invention can be used in such products without giving rise to xe2x80x9cbleedingxe2x80x9d problems. ", "A further example of a product where it is advantageous to avoid migration of colouring substances is a cereal breakfast product to be eaten with milk.", "\nAvoidance of migration of colouring substances is also critical in connection with edible products comprising a surface decoration layer in which a colouring agent is dispersed. ", "Clearly, it is undesirable if the added colouring substance migrates from the decoration layer into the adjacent product layer. ", "Typical examples of surface decorated products are meat products such as surimi and other delicatessen products where the decoration e.g. may be in the form of a water-based gel which is coloured with the colouring substance composition whilst liquid and subsequently applied on the product to solidify. ", "Further examples of surface decorated products are bakery products having sugar icing (glazing) or coloured decoration particles on top. ", "When added to such decoration layers or particles, the colouring substances of the compositions according to the invention do not migrate from such layers or particles.", "\nDragees constitute a particular type of edible multilayered products where one or more coating layers are applied onto a centre of an edible component. ", "Examples of such centres to be coated include chewing gum, sugar granulates, sugar tablets and chocolate. ", "Colouring of such centres is typically carried out in one or more panning steps where the centres are coated with sugar syrup containing the colouring agent. ", "Normally, it is required to apply several coating layers to obtain a sufficient covering with colouring substance. ", "With known water soluble or water dispersible colouring substance compositions based on lakes it is frequently required to apply 20 coating layers or more. ", "It has been found that the compositions according to the invention are highly suitable for such coating purposes and that dragees with a sufficient colouring can be obtained by applying less than 20 layers, such as 2-15 layers. ", "Furthermore, it has been found that the colouring substances of the compositions of the invention as contained in coating layers do not come off on fingers on handling or on mucosal surfaces when the dragees are consumed.", "\nA highly attractive characteristic of the compositions according to the invention is that they are uesful as colouring agents in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products. ", "Thus, the compositions can be used for colouring of pharmaceutical products comprising multiple, separated compartments essentially in the same manner and with the same advantages as described above for compartmentalised food products. ", "In particular, the compositions are useful for colouring of compositions for conventional film-coating of tablets, pills or granules containing pharmaceutically active substances.", "\nFor such coating purposes, the water dispersible compositions of the invention are typically added to a sugar syrup suspension, e.g. based on sucrose. ", "The solid content of such a coating syrup is normally in the range of 60-80 wt %. ", "The amount of the colouring composition of the invention which is added to the coating syrup is generally in the range of 0.5 to 50 wt % of the syrup. ", "The thus coloured coating mixture may contain further components such as stabilisers, preservative, viscosity modifying agents and plasticisers.", "\nThe pharmaceutical centres are coated repeatedly in a conventional panning process and the number of repeated coatings that are required depends on the particular pigment and the desired appearance of the finished product. ", "However, with the composition according to the invention, relatively few coating layers are required to obtain an attractive colouring. ", "Thus, less than 20 layers are normally required and in most cases, 5-15 layers will suffice.", "\nIn addition to the above applications of the present colouring substance compositions, they are also useful for colouring of pharmaceutical products in liquid form such as solutions, suspensions or dispersions having an aqueous phase.", "\nIn a further aspect of the present invention a colouring composition is provided which when tested in a soft drink system is characterised by the colouring characteristics given by the measurements of the composition using a Minolta Tristimulus CT 310 apparatus, when tested in a soft drink system. ", "The test soft drink system contains: sucrose, 430.0 g; Na-benzoate, 0.7 g; K-sorbate, 0.9 g; Ascorbic acid, 0.1 g; Citric acid mono-hydrate, food grade, 8.6 g and demineralised water added to 1 liter and further diluted to 5 liter. ", "When tested in this system colouring compositions containing turmeric (30 ppm) resulted in a chroma value of at least 30, colouring compositions containing bixin (30 ppm) resulted in a chroma value of at least 25 and colouring compositions containing chlorophylin (20 ppm) resulted in chroma value of at least 33.", "\nThe invention will now be further illustrated in the following non-limiting examples." ]

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[ "VIASPACE Press Release\n\nHarmony Gold Mining Company and Selectra Bioenergy Project in South Africa Includes VIASPACE Giant King Grass\n\n07/28/2014\n\nJuly 28, 2014 - Walnut, California - VIASPACE Inc. (OTCQB: VSPC) today announced that VIASPACE partner Selectra CC and the Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited of South Africa made a formal announcement of Harmony’s implementation of the first bioenergy project on mining property in South Africa. ", "The goal of the project is to grow energy crops---sugar beets and Giant King Grass--on contaminated mine affected lands in order to restore and rehabilitate the land. ", "Gold-mining is a very large industry in South Africa and there are thousands of acres of mine tailings and mine affected land that need to be restored. ", "The announcement was made by Mr. Leonard Rootman of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited and Mr. Dwight Rosslee of Selectra at the Renewables and Mining Summit held in Johannesburg, South Africa.", "\n\nHarmony is the third largest gold mining company in South Africa, and the 5th largest gold producer in the world. ", "Harmony is a publicly listed company on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, the Berlin Stock Exchange, and the New York Stock Exchange.", "\n\nThe project is described in detail in an editorial by Meghan Sapp published on July 14, 2014 on sugaronline.com. ", "The two energy crops included in the project are sugar beets and VIASPACE Giant King Grass. ", "Excerpts from the editorial are reproduced below.", "\n\n“The world over is full of open mines, retired mines, former mines, illegal mines and tailings. ", "They are an eyesore. ", "Society needed the metal, the diamonds, and the coal, but then what?...It's just dead land.", "But it doesn't have to be. ", "Not now.", "\n\nA small biogas company in South Africa has teamed up with one of the largest mining companies in the country to seriously tackle the issue of land rehabilitation and energy security all in one go.", "\n\nWhat began as an idea and then an enormously successful trial to grow sugarbeet—the temperate kind, not the tropical variety—has now been extended to include Giant King Grass too. ", "The crops are grown on the super-fine mine tailings that nothing grows on, let alone food crops, bringing value back to the land and allowing Mother Nature to do her work cleaning up the land and returning it to an agricultural state just by growing beet and Giant King Grass…Full of toxins, residues, and heavy metals doesn't sound like the most hospitable environment…\n\nThe plan is to use the beet and the king grass as feedstock for on-site biogas production at Harmony Gold's mine near Welkom in South Africa's Free State that will then be piped into the Harmony 1 Metallurgical plant where it will be burnt in the place of 'Polyfuel'—an HFO type fuel—in the thermal oil heaters…\n\nThe project envisioned by Selectra, the growing biogas company who developed, pitched and eventually sold the idea to Harmony Gold, is not only good for the land and good for the region, but it also inherently replicable. ", "Any mine in the world could implement this project, at the appropriate scale with the appropriate feedstocks, to take control of not only environmental impact but also energy costs…\n\nBenefits from the project are a mile long as well: displacing fossil fuel energy with bioenergy reduces production costs because bioenergy is cheaper than the current costs of fossil-based energy; it reduces the mine's carbon footprint and therefore reduces potential carbon taxes; it reduces redundant infrastructure and impacted land thereby assisting with mine closure; and even creates jobs…\n\nRenewable energy applications in mining aren’t particularly new, but combining with bioenergy and land rehabilitation certainly is. ", "Most solutions have so far focused on solar applications or off-grid gensets, but this is the first project to take undervalued assets and make them work for the mine while getting them back into agricultural production. ", "This is the first such project but it certainly won’t be the last.”", "\n\nDwight Rosslee from Selectra commented on how rewarding it is to develop a project that carries only proven positive impacts: \"The Harmony Bioenergy project is surely the gold standard in the production of renewable energy - no negative impacts on the environment, only positive benefits, no question of food versus fuel as the land cannot sustain food crops due to the presence of heavy metals. ", "The land is remediated by cultivation and harvesting of bioenergy crops and local employment in farming activities is expanded on previously unused lands. ", "Simultaneously, carbon emissions are reduced through substituting fossil fuels. ", "All this, and more, while saving on production costs\".", "\n\nVIASPACE CEO, Dr. Carl Kukkonen, stated, “This project is a major milestone. ", "We applaud and congratulate Selectra and Harmony for their successful demonstration. ", "We first delivered Giant King Grass to Selectra in January 2013 and it was planted on Harmony land. ", "We were very apprehensive about the project because the worst mine affected lands called slimes dams were so poor in quality, we didn’t even know if Giant King Grass would grow. ", "Selectra and Harmony have proven that Giant King Grass can grow well. ", "The Giant King Grass mitigates erosion and contaminated dust from the slimes dams, and Selectra has shown that it is a good feedstock for anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. ", "We believe that Giant King Grass can be used to remediate a wide range of contaminated soil and to make it productive. ", "This will be another business opportunity for VIASPACE. ", "We welcome others interested in biological remediation to contact VIASPACE.”", "\n\nMr. Rosslee concluded, “Giant King Grass should have a bright future in South Africa and other African countries as it plays a critical role in a number of our programs including off grid power solutions.”", "\n\nPictures of Giant King Grass growing on the Harmony land in South Africa are available on the VIASPACE Facebook page www.facebook.com/viaspaceinc.", "\n\nAbout VIASPACE Inc.\n\nVIASPACE grows renewable Giant KingTM Grass as a low-carbon fuel for clean electricity generation; for environmentally friendly energy pellets; and as a feedstock for bio-methane production and for green cellulosic biofuels, biochemicals and biomaterials. ", "Giant King Grass is a proprietary, high yield, dedicated biomass energy crop. ", "Giant King Grass when it is cut frequently at 4 to 9 feet tall is also excellent animal feed. ", "The USDA granted approval for planting Giant King Grass throughout the US and cooperates in exporting by performing the required inspections and issuing the phytosanitary certificate needed for import into foreign countries. ", "Giant King Grass is being grown in California, Arizona, Hawaii, St. Croix Virgin Islands, Nicaragua, South Africa, China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Guyana and Jamaica.", "For more information, please go to www.VIASPACE.com or contact Dr. Jan Vandersande, Director of Communications, at 800-517-8050 or IR@VIASPACE.com.", "\n\nAbout Selectra\n\nSelectra, established in 1987, is one of the pioneers of the biogas industry in South Africa. ", "Selectra utilises the expertise of experienced biologists and engineers, to offer the design, development and implementation of sustainable solutions in the waste, energy and water sectors globally, to clients in agriculture, industry, mining and infrastructure. ", "For more information see the Selectra website http://www.selectra.co.zaor contact Dwight Rosslee at dwight@selectra.co.za.", "\n\nSafe Harbor Statement\n\nInformation in this news release includes forward-looking statements. ", "These forward-looking statements relate to future events or future performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. ", "Such factors include, without limitation, risks outlined in our periodic filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, including Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, and other factors over which VIASPACE has little or no control." ]

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[ "When clicked, the above image links to my Winter Party 2007 - 2nd Annual Family Picnic photoset which currently features only a few uncropped and unedited images. ", "However, once back in DC I will have access to my photo editing software and at that time, will upload more images from the event.", "\n\nFriday, March 02, 2007\n\nBrett Henrichsen started the Masterbeat label in 1996 with the goal of allowing the gay community to “take home the music” from dance events around the country. ", "The Masterbeat brand quickly became a worldwide success and has released more than 60 compilations, including CDs for events such as Winter Party, White Party and Gay Days. ", "Henrichsen took his passion for dance music to the next level by becoming a DJ in 2000.", "\n\nRichard, unlike me, is not too much into 'circuit' or 'club' music. ", "I, on the otherhand, am a bird of a different feathers. ", "While my interest, definately, lie in the documentation of these kind of events as important and historic reflections of gay life/culture ... the driving force behind why I attend circuit events has a great deal to do with my love for the music and, of course, THE DJs.", "\n\nIt was around this time last year that I heard news that I.M Pei had designed several buildings in the Southwest area of Washington DC. ", "According to the reports, including residential apartment buildings. ", "Though, at the time, Richard and speculated as to which ones they may have been, since then, not only have I inquired of long-time SWers but have also searched the internet for information pertaining to I. M. Pei's architectural contributions to Southwest DC community.", "\n\nSouthwest Washington was once a working class and commercial sector of the city near the waterfront. ", "But urban renewal ... or literal urban removal ... essentially wiped the area off the map. (", "The building of the Southwest Freeway helped too.). ", "Architect I.M. Pei designed the L'Enfant Plaza Complex in the mid-1960s.", "\n\nThe four identical apartment towers, located just off the four corners of Waterside Mall, were initally called Town Center Plaza. ", "The buildings were one of several projects of I. M. Pei, which resulted in his receiving the Brunner Award of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.", "\n\nRun across 12th Street to the west side of the Old Post Office Pavilion, proceed a few more feet (north) to the entrance at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue. ", "When placing my items through the security check point - explaining to the guards that though my intention was to photograph the musical entertainment I inquired if there were any photography restrictions pertaining to other areas of the mall.", "\n\nThey said no. ", "And that I should feel free to photograph what ever my heart desired. ", "Which, though surprised, in these times of Homeland Security, made me very happy.", "\n\nCoyaba Dance Theater director Sylvia Soumah’s new work Destiny is an inspiring evening demonstrating how you can change your destiny and ultimately end up where you want to be. ", "Through both traditional and contemporary forms of West African dance and music, Coyaba’s dancers and drummers “[stir] the soul and [get] hearts pumping” (Washington Post). ", "The company will celebrate their 10th Anniversary Season with a reception on Saturday March 3 prior to the show. ", "Tickets for the reception and performance on Saturday, March 3 are $40.", "\n\nWith news of the then (still) pending demolition and eventual redevelopment of what initially was named as The Town Center and what for many years I had known as Waterside Mall, it was one year ago on Saturday, 25 February 2006, that I photographed the \"SW: Then & Now\" photographic display at what in recent years has been referred to as the Waterfront Mall located at 4th and M Streets, in SW, WDC.", "\n\nWhen searching the internet for information pertaining to the historiography project I learned that plans were formulated in the fall of 1999 when the Southwest History Task Force (HTF) was founded to create a photo exhibition for the Mall, that would show the history and main features of SW.", "\n\nWhen in the spring of 2000, that HTF heard news that DC and its neighborhoods were to be the featured areas for the Smithsonian Folk Life Festival, HTF curated the \"Southwest Then and Now\" Exhibit which opened on June 30th, the first week end of the Festival. ", "With a symposium held in the old Roy Rogers space in the Mall.", "\n\nSince then, and under the auspices of the DC Heritage Tourism Coalition, several historiographic projects have been developed. ", "In particular, the Southwest Heritage Trail and its accompanying Wayfinding Signage Project and Walking Tour of Southwest.", "\n\nSouthwest has about 28 of the old fire and police call boxes still remaining on the streets. ", "Mark Farrell has taken on the chairmanship of this Project and will be working to find artists and sponsors for each box. ", "Historic documents or photos will be inserted in the boxes to accompany the Heritage Trail. ", "Mark is looking for artists and for sponsors of boxes to help select their historic material and to help maintain and monitor the health of their box. ", "Call Mark at 484-0132 if you would like to help.", "\n\nMonday, February 26, 2007\n\nThe National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, Inc., American Civil Liberties Union and the Human Rights Campaign are working together to engage more lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) Americans in the national campaign to end workplace discrimination for LGBT workers. ", "The campaign, which urges LGBT people who have faced job discrimination to share their stories, will be used to boost lobbying efforts for the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA), a federal bill that would protect LGBT people against workplace discrimination, and for similar state proposals.", "\n\nNational Building Museum volunteers range from interns to docents to information specialists, all giving their time to activities such as organizing archives, leading tours, and staffing Museum festivals. ", "Last year, volunteers donated nearly 12,500 hours to the Museum, playing an integral role in the operation of the institution.", "\n\nWhile some NBM volunteers are behind the scenes, many of the most visible ones are the docents, who lead tours of the Museum's historic home and exhibitions.", "\n\nThe term \"docent\" derives from the Latin word ducere, meaning to lead. ", "NBM docents are trained to offer thought-provoking and interactive experiences that guide visitors in their own learning processes. ", "Docents participate in four hours of weekly instruction over a six-week period, attending sessions with architectural and DC historians, curators, Museum staff, and others to prepare for their tours. ", "They also enjoy enrichment activities designed to enhance their knowledge and volunteer experience.", "\n\nLearn about the Museum’s docent program and see if you’d like to give tours of the Museum’s historic home and groundbreaking exhibitions. ", "After this introductory session, training begins in mid-March and continues through April.", "\n\nThe National Building Museum is hosting a free Docent Training Open House tomorrow evening on Tuesday, 27 February 2007, from 6 till 8 pm.", "\n\nRegistration required by emailing kcotner@nbm.org. ", "For more information on docent or other Museum volunteer opportunities, please call Kristi Cotner at 202.272.2448, ext. ", "3302, or visit www.nbm.org for an application.", "\n\nSunday, February 25, 2007\n\nIn honor of Black History Month, NLEOMF Chairman Craig W. Floyd remembers African-American officers killed in the line of duty throughout history.", "\n\nPictured is Jacob J. Chestnut, an 18-year police veteran, who along with U.S. Capitol Police Detective John Gibson was slain at the U.S. Capitol, in July 1998, by crazed gunman named Russell Weston Jr..\n\nOfficer Chestnut represents one of 13 African Americans killed in federal law enforcement service and is among the nearly 600 who have made the ultimate sacrifice throughout our nation's history." ]

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[ "Chi phí niềng răng mắc cài pha lê giá bao nhiêu tiền là câu hỏi mà thời gian gần đây nha khoa Nevada được khách hàng hỏi khá nhiều. ", "Vậy tại sao niềng răng mắc cài pha lê lại nhận được sự quan tâm như vậy? ", "Phương pháp niềng răng mắc cài pha lê trong suốt niềng như không niềng có gì đặc biệt. ", "Hãy cùng Nha khoa Quốc tế Nevada tìm hiểu về chi phí niềng răng mắc cài pha lê qua bài viết dưới đây.", "\n\nChi phí niềng răng mắc cài pha lê giá bao nhiêu tiền năm 2020\n\nTrước khi đưa ra quyết định niềng răng mắc cài pha lê, ngoài việc tìm hiểu về chi phí niềng răng mắc cài pha lê giá bao nhiêu tiền thì những ưu nhược điểm của mắc cài pha lê hay niềng răng mắc cài pha lê là gì cũng là một điều bạn cần tìm hiểu và cân nhắc trước.", "\n\nNiềng răng mắc cài pha lê là gì?", "\n\nNiềng răng pha lê và sứ là 2 phương pháp niềng răng phổ biến nhất hiện nay. ", "Trong đó niềng răng mắc cài pha lê là một phương pháp niềng răng sử dụng mắc cài pha lê thay thế mắc cài kim loại. ", "Bản chất của niềng răng pha lê là sử dụng mắc cài như phương pháp niềng răng truyền thống. ", "Nó bao gồm những mắc cài gắn trực tiếp lên mặt trước của răng, các dây cung đi qua giữa rãnh mắc cài và được cố định bằng dây thun.", "\n\nTuy nhiên niềng răng mắc cài pha lê sử dụng những mắc cài pha lê có độ trong suốt cực cao nên đem lại tính thẩm mỹ cao hơn rất nhiều loại mắc cài khác. ", "Do đó khi đeo mắc cài người đối diện khó nhìn thấy mà nếu có nhìn thấy thì cũng gây ấn tượng đẹp và lạ. ", "Bạn có thể tự tin thoải mái giao tiếp với người đối diện.", "\n\n\n\nReview mắc cài pha lê, niềng pha lê\n\nNiềng răng mắc cài pha lê phù hợp với những ai?", "\n\nNiềng răng mắc cài pha lê trong suốt phù hợp với hầu hết các đối tượng có các khiếm khuyết về răng như:\n\n+ Răng hô, vẩu, móm mức độ từ nhẹ đến nặng nhất\n\n+ Răng khấp khểnh, mọc chen chúc\n\n+ Hàm răng thưa\n\n+ Răng sai khớp cắn: khớp cắn chéo, cắn sâu, cắn hở\n\n+ Những người muốn cải thiện hàm răng hô, vẩu nhưng có yêu cầu cao về mặt thẩm mỹ\n\nNhững đối tượng phù hợp niềng răng pha lê\n\nNiềng răng mắc cài pha lê có tốt không?", "\n\nNiềng răng bằng mắc cài pha lê có nhiều ưu điểm vượt trội hơn các loại mắc cài khác\n\nƯu điểm của niềng răng mắc cài pha lê\n\nƯu điểm vượt trội của niềng răng pha lê đó là mang lại tính thẩm mỹ cao: Mắc cài pha lê trong suốt, đem lại cho bạn cảm giác thoải mái và tự tin hơn trong giao tiếp.", "\n\nNiềng pha lê phù hợp với tất cả các khách hàng trong mọi độ tuổi niềng răng\n\nAn toàn thân thiện với khoang miệng, lực di chuyển răng sinh lý nhẹ nhàng, êm ái không gây hại cho nướu.", "\n\nVệ sinh mắc cài dễ dàng\n\nNhược điểm của niềng răng mắc cài pha lê\n\nTuy có nhiều ưu điểm nổi bật nhưng mắc cài pha lê vẫn tồn tại 1 số nhược điểm như:\n\nChi phí cao hơn so với các loại mắc cài thông thường\n\nThun buộc cố định dây cung và mắc cài có màu trắng trong nên loại thun này dễ bị chuyển màu sắc sau 1 thời gian nhất định\n\nMắc cài pha lê có kích thước lớn hơn so với mắc cài kim loại. ", "Trường hợp bệnh nhân có thân răng ngắn thì việc đặt mắc cài sẽ khó khăn hơn.", "\n\nSo với niềng răng mắc cài kim loại thì mắc cài pha lê có tỷ lệ bong và dễ vỡ cao hơn. ", "Chính vì thế, nếu răng cần điều chỉnh 1 lực kéo mạnh thì bác sĩ thường khuyên và hạn chế tư vấn niềng răng bằng pha lê cho khách hàng.", "\n\nChi phí niềng răng mắc cài pha lê giá bao nhiêu tiền?", "\n\nỞ ngoài thị trường thì giá niềng răng pha lê thường dao động khoảng từ 40 triệu trở lên. ", "Tuy nhiên, để biết rõ niềng răng pha lê giá bao nhiêu tiền thì còn phụ thuộc vào nhiều yếu tố khác nhau như:\n\n+ Tình trạng răng miệng: mức độ khiếm khuyết răng miệng phức tạp hay đơn giản,….", "\n\n+ Độ tuổi: Tuổi càng lớn thì giá niềng răng mắc cài pha lê càng cao\n\n+ Thời gian điều trị: Thời gian điều trị càng dài thì chi phí cũng sẽ cao hơn\n\n+ Địa chỉ nha khoa: Mỗi địa chỉ nha khoa sẽ có những mức giá niềng răng mắc cài pha lê chênh lệch khác nhau.", "\n\nBảng giá niềng răng tại Nha khoa Nevada 2020\n\nNếu quý khách hàng muốn biết chính xác chi phí niềng răng mắc cài pha lê trường hợp của mình là bao nhiêu để thực hiện niềng răng pha lê thì chúng tôi khuyên bạn nên đến trực tiếp nha khoa Nevada. ", "Các nha sĩ giỏi sẽ thăm khám và tư vấn kỹ cho bạn khi đó mới đưa cho bạn con số chính xác được niềng răng pha lê bao nhiêu tiền.", "\n\n\n\nCƠ HỘI CHO BẠN Niềng răng với chi phí chỉ từ 25 TRIỆU/BỘ Hỗ trợ trả góp niềng răng LÃI SUẤT 0% MIỄN PHÍ tư vấn cùng chuyên gia chỉnh nha trên 20 năm kinh nghiệm ĐẶC BIỆT Tặng kèm suất LẤY CAO RĂNG MIỄN PHÍ (áp dụng được cho bạn bè và người thân) LƯU Ý Áp dụng: Chỉ dành riêng cho khách hàng đăng ký tại các cơ sở Nha khoa Quốc tế Nevada tại TP HCM Số lượng: 50 suất duy nhất cho 50 khách hàng đăng ký sớm nhấtXIN LƯU Ý: CHỈ CÒN 8 SUẤT, HẾT ƯU ĐÃI LẬP TỨC VỀ GIÁ GỐC!!! ", "CLICK ĐĂNG KÝ HOẶC GỌI NGAY HOTLINE\n\nĐĂNG KÝ NHẬN ƯU ĐÃI ĐẶC BIỆT CỦA NHA KHOA QUỐC TẾ NEVADA NGAY HÔM NAY !!", "Niềng răng với chi phí chỉ từHỗ trợ trả góp niềng răngMIỄN PHÍ tư vấn cùng chuyên gia chỉnh nha trên 20 năm kinh nghiệmĐẶC BIỆTTặng kèm suất LẤY CAO RĂNG MIỄN PHÍ (áp dụng được cho bạn bè và người thân)LƯU ÝÁp dụng: Chỉ dành riêng cho khách hàng đăng ký tại các cơ sở Nha khoa Quốc tế Nevada tại TP HCMSố lượng: 50 suất duy nhất cho 50 khách hàng đăng ký sớm nhấtXIN LƯU Ý: CHỈ CÒN 8 SUẤT, HẾT ƯU ĐÃI LẬP TỨC VỀ GIÁ GỐC!!!", "\n\nLưu ý giá niềng răng mắc cài pha lê\n\nNiềng răng bằng mắc cài pha lê có nhiều ưu điểm nổi trội nên có chi phí đắt hơn các loại niềng răng mắc cài kim loại hoặc sứ thường tuy nhiên giá niềng răng mắc cài pha lê vẫn thấp hơn hệ thống niềng răng thẩm mỹ khác như máng đeo chỉnh nha trong suốt và mắc cài lưỡi…\n\nBạn cũng nên cẩn thận với các cơ sở nha khoa đưa giá niềng răng bằng mắc cài pha lê quá rẻ vì rất có thể bạn sẽ phải sử dụng các loại mắc cài không rõ nguồn gốc xuất xứ, kém chất lượng không phải loại mắc cài pha lê chính hãng.", "\n\nDù đến bất kỳ cơ sở nha khoa nào bạn cũng nên tìm hiểu và yêu cầu đưa ra nguồn gốc minh bạch loại khí cụ sẽ dùng cho mình nhé!", "\n\nQuy trình niềng răng mắc cài pha lê trong suốt\n\nBước 1 Thăm khám tổng quát tình trạng răng và xương hàm\n\nBước 2: Chụp phim x-quang\n\nBước 3 Vệ sinh răng miệng, lấy dấu hàm và thiết kế mắc cài phù hợp\n\nBước 4: Vệ sinh răng miệng để gắn mắc cài\n\nBước 5:Gắn mắc cài pha lê lên răng\n\nBước 6 Đi dây cung và đeo thun định hình\n\nBước 7 Theo dõi và thay dây cung định hình theo lịch khám\n\nKết quả khách hàng niềng răng pha lê tại Nha khoa Nevada\n\nTùy vào cơ địa và mức độ phục hồi răng mà thời gian niềng răng sẽ mất khoảng 1,5 -2,5 năm. ", "Sau khi răng đã định hình được ở vị trí mong muốn, các bác sĩ sẽ tiến hành tháo niềng răng cho bạn và cho bạn sử dụng một niềng răng cố định khác trong vòng 6 tháng để răng giữ vững được vị trí trước khi kết thúc quá trình niềng răng thẩm mỹ. ", "Lúc này bạn sẽ có được một hàm răng đều đẹp và nụ cười rạng rỡ, tự tin hơn bao giờ hết.", "\n\n\n\nKết quả Khách hàng niềng răng pha lê\n\nBạn muốn biết cụ thể hơn chi phí niềng răng mắc cài pha lê giá bao nhiêu tiền, bạn hãy đến với Nha khoa Quốc tế Nevada, địa chỉ nha khoa uy tín cho mọi nhà. ", "Chi tiết liên hệ 1800 2045 để được chuyên gia tư vấn chi tiết hơn." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nGenerate custom documentation (based on SQL table)\n\nI'm currently using a software with its own command-line interface, accepting its own commands with parameters, but these commands are documented in several places and files, so I can't simply run doxygen on it, and its not possible to add documentation to these files now.", "\nDumping everything in one text document seems a bit annoying to use, so my first idea is to generate a table, SQL for example, and add the documentation there, with several columns, such as command and its description, arguments and description of them, example command, execution time, etc., ", "and add some kind of GUI to easily display the commands.", "\nAre there already solutions for this, especially easy to maintenance ones?", "\nOr is it better to have a different approach for this, such as html based Helpfiles?", "\n\nA:\n\nyou could build one yourself or use some third party tools like REDGATE SQLdoc..\nbelow is one example of how documentation is generated for one sample table as HTML,PDF as well\n\n" ]

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[ "This invention relates to mitigating vibro-acoustic energy and, more particularly, mitigating such energy in a launch vehicle payload fairing to reduce the resulting load on the payload and thereby decrease the probability of damage to the payload.", "\nVibration and acoustic energy generated by rocket engines are transmitted through the launch vehicle fairing and create severe vibro-acoustic loads that can damage payloads. ", "The magnitude of vibration transmitted into the payload volume largely depends on the external noise levels, the mass, stiffness, and damping characteristics of the fairing, and the acoustic damping within the fairing volume. ", "Composite fairings currently being developed are much lighter and stiffer than their metal-alloy predecessors. ", "However, composite fairings typically have little inherent damping. ", "The lack of damping results in structural resonances, which are very efficient paths for noise transmission, and are thus deleterious to a fairing payload.", "\nAcoustic blankets are often attached to the inside of fairings to absorb acoustic energy, thereby reducing the overall response in the fairing. ", "Acoustic blankets are typically fabricated using low-density fiber material or foam. ", "Current acoustic blankets for launch vehicles are usually less than six inches thick because there are strict constraints on their mass and volume. ", "As a result, such blankets do not provide much sound absorption below 250 Hz. ", "Although acoustic blankets can damp acoustic resonances in the fairing, they do little to alter the structural dynamics of the fairing.", "\nThe physics of sound transmission through walls and panels, and the effect of sound attenuating blankets, have been well documented in the relevant technical literature. ", "Fairing noise transmission can be considered as the coupling of two dynamic systems, the fairing structure and the acoustic volume enclosed by the structure, which is excited by an external distributed broadband acoustic field. ", "The responses of both dynamic systems exhibit resonant behavior, which is determined by physical properties such as air density, structural stiffness, structural mass, structural damping, acoustic damping, the speed of sound, and geometry. ", "A mathematical model of fluid-structure coupling and a further discussion of the physics is reviewed in L. D. Pope, “On the Transmission of Sound through Finite Closed Shells: Statistical Energy Analysis, Modal Coupling, and Nonresonant Transmission”, J. of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. ", "50, No. ", "3 (Part 2), pp. ", "1004-1018 (1971); and in P. Gardonio, N. S. Ferguson and F. J. Fahy, “A Modal Expansion Analysis of Noise Transmission Through Circular Cylindrical Shell Structures with Blocking Masses” J. of Sound and Vibration, Vol. ", "244, Number 2, pp. ", "259-297 (Academic Press, 2001).", "\nIt has been observed that the vibration loads transmitted to the payload by the interior acoustic response are comparable in level to the vibrations transmitted by mechanical truss mounts. ", "There has been much work to reduce the mechanical path transmission using isolation systems, but little progress has been made to reduce the acoustic path transmission. ", "For the Cassini spacecraft launched using a Titan-IV booster, special acoustic blankets were designed, tested, and implemented to meet acoustic load requirements. ", "This work is documented in W. O. Hughes, A. M. McNelis, and H. Himelblau, “Investigation of Acoustic Fields for the Cassini Spacecraft: Reverberant Versus Launch Environments”, AIAA-99-1985, (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999). ", "As noted by Hughes et al., ", "there has been little development in aerospace acoustic blankets since the 1970's. ", "They also found that acoustic blankets are typically effective only above 400 Hz.", "\nAcoustic blankets provide absorption (or damping) of pressure waves, which means that acoustic energy is converted to heat by interacting with the blankets. ", "The amount of interaction between the blanket and the sound field is frequency dependent. ", "In order to damp low frequency sound, thicker blankets are required. ", "The amount of damping added to an acoustic resonance is determined by impedance matching between the material and fluid waves, material thickness, surface area coverage, and the ability of the material to dissipate energy, with the latter being ultimately limited by mass and volume constraints.", "\nFairing noise control for launch vehicles is similar to general aircraft noise control, which has been thoroughly researched. ", "In one solution for aircraft, vibration absorbers are attached to the fuselage skin to reduce the structural vibration and sound radiation by the aircraft's skin. ", "C. R. Fuller and J. P. Maillard, “Control of Aircraft Interior Noise Using Globally Detuned Vibration Absorbers”, J. of Sound and Vibration, Vol. ", "203, No. ", "5, pp. ", "745-761 (Academic Press Limited, 1997). ", "As noted therein, interior noise response is reduced in two ways: first, the devices can couple to structural resonances and add structural damping, thereby reducing the amplitude of the resonant response (classical tuned mass damper approach); and secondly, by interacting with and breaking up the response of structural modes that radiate acoustic energy, often referred to as “modal reconfiguration”. ", "A similar approach was discussed in the previously referenced paper by Gardonio et al., ", "supra, wherein it is shown that discrete masses added to the fairing shell could reduce coupling between structural modes and the acoustic modes. ", "It has also been shown that passive dynamic absorbers can couple to the fairing structure and significantly reduce interior noise transmission. ", "S. Griffin, S. Lane, C. Hansen, and B. Cazzolato, “Active Structural-Acoustic Control of a Rocket Fairing Using Proof-Mass Actuators,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. ", "38, No. ", "2, pp. ", "219-225 (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., March-April 2001).", "\nThere are a number of devices that enhance noise reduction by increasing sound absorption through a panel. ", "For example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,384,634, titled “Sound Absorbing Structures,” uses a perforated face sheet attached to a honeycomb panel to provide acoustic damping, and a viscous elastic layer between the panel and vibrating structure, e.g., a jet engine, to damp structural motion. ", "This treatment, however, is generally too heavy for a fairing and would not provide as much broadband acoustic absorption as a conventional foam blanket. ", "Furthermore, viscous elastic treatments are not effective in coupling with low frequency structural resonances and in providing damping.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,560,028, titled “Sound Absorbing Wall Lining,” discloses a fluid-filled honeycomb panel where wave motion in the fluid provides acoustic damping. ", "This invention is intended for waves in fluid mediums, such as underwater. ", "Such a fluid-filled structure would weigh too much for use in launch vehicle fairings.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,667,768, titled “Sound Absorbing Panel,” shows a variation of the honeycomb panel. ", "This patent teaches the reactive versus resistive resonator approach, and incorporates panel drains to release liquid build-up, and spheres to fill the honeycomb cell volumes in order to create varying acoustic resonances. ", "This apparatus was designed for jet engine exhaust nacelles, and is not directed to increasing the transmission loss through a structure into an enclosed acoustic volume.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,842,097, titled “Sound Absorbing Structure,” also teaches reactive and resistive acoustic resonators bored into sound insulation material. ", "Again, only acoustic damping, without providing any structural damping, is addressed. ", "While the patent claims “substantial sound absorption at frequencies of less than about 1000 Hz”, it is a fact that as the target frequencies become lower, the volume of the resonators' cavities must become larger to reduce the effective air spring. ", "Enlarging the volume of the resonators' cavities in accordance with the teachings of this patent would require geometries impractical for fairing applications intended to attenuate acoustic frequencies below 200 Hz.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,024,290, titled “Sound Absorbing Panel for Interior Walls,” uses grooves, funnels and holes in an attempt to augment the acoustic damping provided by the panel. ", "The holes create a reactive and resistive acoustic resonator effect. ", "What is not discussed in these reactive and resistive resonator patents is that as the resonator damping (the resistive part) increases, the coupling of the device to the acoustic volume decreases. ", "Also, such resonators are essentially wasted volume at high frequency because they provide no acoustic absorption. ", "Thus, it is often preferable in practice to maximize the amount of acoustic foam in order to optimize high frequency attenuation instead of implementing resonators.", "\nIn U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,824,973, titled “Method of Making Sound Absorbing Laminates and Laminates having Maximized Sound Absorbing Characteristics,” provides an informative discussion on the role of acoustic impedance and impedance mismatching in designing optimal blanket treatments. ", "In addition to discussing the physics and dynamics of multiplayer porous acoustic absorption laminates, it provides plots of normal incidence sound absorption for a variety of configurations. ", "In each case, it is observed that blanket performance is nearly non-existent at frequencies below 200 Hz. ", "Thus, no benefit would be observed in a structural-acoustic system where resonances occur below 200 Hz. ", "As is the case for nearly all acoustic blanket approaches, no consideration has been given to the structural input path.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,910,082, titled “Sound Absorbing Building Panel,” teaches a panel for use as a wall or ceiling tile. ", "The innovation lies in the use of “sound absorbing” granules, which are adhered to one another to form matrix. ", "Such an approach may be beneficial for high frequencies, but it will not damp low frequency acoustic resonances. ", "At low frequency, the sound waves will see the matrix layer as a single, lumped panel and propagate across the panel without attenuation. ", "This treatment is thus ineffective for low frequency absorption or for mitigating structural-acoustic transmission in lightly damped structures.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,090,478, titled “Sound Absorbing/Shielding and Electric Wave Absorbing Plastic Sheet Containing Encapsulated Magnetic Fluid, and Sound Absorbing/Shielding and Electric Wave Absorbing Plastic Panel,” discloses a lightweight sound absorbing material with insulating effects. ", "The invention comprises a “sound absorbing and insulating” plastic panel, with glass “balloons” or magnetic fluid-filled capsules. ", "The fluid-filled capsules provide electromagnetic shielding at high frequencies (800 MHz). ", "The use of microcapsules of fluid dispersed randomly throughout a plastic composite, however, cannot significantly mitigate low frequency structural-acoustic transmission outside of mass loading benefits, which could be better achieved with a softer and higher density material. ", "Moreover, even of one were to overlook the aforementioned shortcomings, the density of such a panel would result in a weight that would far exceed allowable weight limits for launch vehicles. ", "In launch vehicles, the acoustic treatment must be lightweight and compact.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,109,388, titled “Sound Absorbing Mechanisms Using a Porous Material,” presents another panel that incorporates imbedded acoustic resonators. ", "As with other efforts for sound absorbing panels, this invention focuses only on absorbing or damping the acoustic space without addressing structural transmission.", "\nThere are some devices that seek noise reduction by preventing or reducing the transmission of noise, as opposed to enhancing acoustic absorption. ", "For example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,504,282, titled “Sound Transmission and Absorption Control Media,” teaches a sound transmission barrier for boats and motor vehicles using multiple “high-mass” layers. ", "In launch vehicles, it is desirable to couple to and damp low frequency structural modes with minimal added mass.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,907,932, titled “Wall Structure Having Enhanced Sound Transmission Loss,” discloses two walls separated by an isolating barrier. ", "To extend the transmission loss to low frequencies, however, the walls must be de-coupled, which requires that the combined structure be relatively thick. ", "This is often impractical, as in the case of launch vehicle fairings.", "\nThere are also many apparatus that address both sound and vibration transmission. ", "Typically, the panel absorption is enhanced if the panel is fabricated from a non-homogeneous material, and vibration damping is provided through molecular friction resulting from wave propagation through a viscous elastic layer. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,400,296, titled “Acoustic Attenuation and Vibration Damping Materials,” issued to Cushman and Thomas, discloses a material or barrier intended to provide both acoustic absorption and vibration damping. ", "Particles such as glass spheres, steel pellets, brass pellets, or chunks of lead or cork, are arbitrarily or randomly dispersed in a matrix of some type of urethane, silicon rubber, elastomer, polymer, gypsum, or petroleum extract. ", "There is no tailoring or designing of the vibration damping mechanism to the resonance frequencies of a structural application, e.g., an aircraft fuselage or launch vehicle fairing. ", "The only vibration attenuation mechanism taught by the foregoing device is the damping of waves as they propagate through the material, which results from internal molecular friction. ", "This type of approach yields weak coupling and provides little dissipation of the structural resonances of the host structure.", "\nThe key innovation of the '296 patent is the use of very small (≈100-micron diameter) particles in the elastomeric matrix to interact with wave energy propagating in the material in order to convert the wave energy from one type of wave, e.g., bending, to another type of wave e.g., torsional. ", "It is asserted that mechanical energy is converted to heat through the wave transformations that are expected to occur, thereby reducing the transmission of energy through the material. ", "Propagating energy is diffused. ", "The efficiency of this mechanism is a function of the wavelength of the energy being propagated, the wave speed of the matrix material, the directionality of the incident acoustic energy, and the material density. ", "At low frequency, sound waves would pass through the material with little to no effect unless the thickness of the material was on the order of ¼-wavelength of the incident sound wave.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,526,324, titled “Acoustic Absorption and Damping Material with Piezoelectric Energy Dissipation,” issued to Cushman, discloses piezoelectric particles embedded within a matrix material. ", "It is asserted that the particles act as electrical short circuits and are able to convert acoustic and vibration energy into heat through electrical discharge. ", "This approach would be significantly heavier that traditional blankets since it requires electrically conductive or active materials and piezoelectric particles. ", "Its impedance matching to the acoustic space and broadband attenuation would be inferior to that provided by foam. ", "The particles are said to be randomly distributed. ", "This neglects transmission loss at low frequency. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,706,249, titled “Panel Spacer with Acoustic and Vibration Damping,” also issued to Cushman, teaches an acoustic and vibration dampening spacer to hold apart and transmit loads between multi-panel walls. ", "Mechanical waves propagating in the panel, whether resulting from acoustic loads or structural vibration, are dissipated by an elastomeric material. ", "The disclosed device is simply an elastomer spacer placed between panels, and is not related to a sound absorbing or sound barrier treatment suitable for fairings.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,745,434, titled “Acoustic Absorption and Damping Material with Integral Viscous Damping,” also issued to Cushman, is basically the same concept originally presented in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,400,296, but employs a material composed of discarded tire rubber and has channels and passage ways through a matrix to allow for more effective acoustic coupling. ", "Obviously, such a product would be very dense, have poor acoustic coupling ability, and would reduce structural transmission primarily by increasing the mass and thus the impedance load. ", "It would also be subject to the same bandwidth limitations that were noted in the '296 patent. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,754,491, titled “Multi-technology Acoustic Energy Barrier and Absorber,” yet another patent issued to Cushman, also uses the concept disclosed in the '296 patent, with the added innovation of using multiple layers, with each layer being separated by a viscous elastic layer intended to act as a constrained-layer damper.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,237,302, titled “Low Sound Speed Damping Materials and Methods of Use,” teaches a vibration and acoustic treatment that utilizes granular fill. ", "In this invention, a granular material, e.g., lead shot, sand, or rice, is used to damp structural vibrations. ", "The granular material is placed in “intimate contact” with the structural member. ", "The invention asserts that structurally radiated noise can be reduced by the granular damping treatment. ", "However, the patent describes only means to damp structural vibration; it provides no means to absorb acoustic energy. ", "The process taught therein would significantly increase the mass of the structure. ", "Furthermore, the foregoing approach is not designed to target those frequencies that most contribute to noise transmission.", "\nAs previously noted, the fairing noise problem is similar to the aircraft cabin noise problem. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,904,318, titled “Passive Reduction of Aircraft Fuselage Noise,” presents the concept of using a reinforced skin structure to mitigate interior noise. ", "A combination of air barriers, insulating layers, and dampening rods is incorporated into double or multiple layer panels of a fuselage, which is impractical for a fairing. ", "The effect is to decouple the various panel layers and increase the damping of structural resonances. ", "This patent is noteworthy because it provides a good explanation of the structural-acoustic coupling between the external loads, fuselage skin, and the enclosed acoustic space. ", "It is pointed out that “vibrating skin panels can often act as an efficient loud speaker, radiating noise into the interior panels and into the cabin of the aircraft.” ", "The patent discusses the use of acoustic blankets and their limitations. ", "It also discusses the use of viscous elastic treatments that are applied directly to the vibrating fuselage in an attempt to add damping to structural resonances. ", "At low frequency, however, there is little strain energy transferred to the viscous elastic material, and thus little damping is added to the low frequency dynamic response.", "\nSeveral references directly address the vibro-acoustic response in launch vehicle fairings. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,670,758, titled “Acoustic Protection on Payload Fairings of Expendable Launch Vehicles,” and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,231,710, titled “Method of Making Composite Chambercore Sandwich-type Structure with Inherent Acoustic Attenuation,” both teach the use of Helmholtz resonators imbedded in the fairing wall to couple to and attenuate low frequency acoustic resonances in the fairing volume. ", "However, no test data is presented in either patent that demonstrates that this can actually be achieved. ", "In the '758 patent, horn-shaped or cup-shaped resonators are inserted into tile panels of acoustic foam and adhered to the fairing wall. ", "In the '710 patent, double panel walls of the fairing are used as the resonator volumes, with orifices cut into the fairing structure to permit coupling to the acoustic field. ", "Neither invention addresses the structural transmission path, nor is either designed to reduce the amplitude of structural resonances.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,195,442, titled “Passive Vibroacoustic Attenuator for Structural Acoustic Control,” teaches the use of a combined structural and acoustic approach. ", "However, this device is designed specifically for low frequency acoustic modes and is intended as an add-on to existing foam treatments. ", "The acoustic mitigation is provided by a tuned diaphragm, membrane structure, or even acoustic resonator, and is not intended to provide the broadband acoustic dissipation of an acoustic blanket.", "\nThere is need in the art for a lightweight acoustic barrier between a structure and an enclosed acoustic volume that can optimally interact and dissipate structural resonances of the enclosing structure that contribute to noise transmission into the enclosed acoustic volume, while simultaneously affording maximum dissipation of the broadband interior acoustic response. ", "The present invention addresses this need in the art." ]

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[ "// Jest Snapshot v1, https://goo.gl/fbAQLP\n\nexports[`<FileLoader /> matches the snapshot 1`] = `\n<Dragger\n accept=\".json\"\n multiple={true}\n>\n <p\n className=\"ant-upload-drag-icon\"\n >\n <Icon\n type=\"file-add\"\n />\n </p>\n <p\n className=\"ant-upload-text\"\n >\n Click or drag files to this area.", "\n </p>\n <p\n className=\"ant-upload-hint\"\n >\n JSON files containing one or more traces are supported.", "\n </p>\n</Dragger>\n`;\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\npython 3.5 converting a list of bytes into ascii\n\nI have a list of words that is in bytes but I want to switch them into ascii. ", "\nWhat I'm trying to get:\nprint(delimitednames)\n['the\\x00 ', 'tree\\x00 ', 'grew\\x00 ', 'tall\\x00 ']\n\nWhat I'm getting currently\nprint(delimitednames)\n[b'the\\x00 ', b'tree\\x00 ', b'grew\\x00 ', b'tall\\x00 ']\n\nIf I try:\ndelimitednames = [x.encode('ascii', 'ignore') for x in delimitednames]\n\nI get the error:\nAttributeError: 'bytes object has no attribute 'encode'\n\nI'm not too familiar with bytes so I'm not sure where to go from here. ", "Any links or advice? ", "Thank you.", "\nedit: updating answer\nresult obtained using line\ndelimitednames = [str(x,'ascii', 'ignore') for x in delimitednames]\n\nA:\n\nUse the str function instead in Python 3.x:\ndelimitednames = [str(x,'ascii', 'ignore') for x in delimitednames]\n\nAssuming you don't need the nullbytes and whitespaces, you can add .strip('\\x00 ') to the string\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Dulhin Bazar\n\nDulhin Bazar is a town and an assembly constituency in Paliganj subdivision of Patna district in the Indian state of Bihar.", "\n\nCategory:Cities and towns in Patna district" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Photos: The career of former Ranger Michael Young\n\n2/30\n\nPhoto: MICHAEL AINSWORTH / Staff Photographer\n\nTexas Rangers first baseman Michael Young waits in the dugout for practice to start during Spring training at the Rangers training site in Surprise, AZ, on March 02, 2011. (", "Michael Ainsworth/The Dallas Morning News) 03072011xSPORTS\n\nTo post a comment, log into your chosen social network and then add your comment below. ", "Your comments are subject to our Terms of Service and the privacy policy and terms of service of your social network. ", "If you do not want to comment with a social network, please consider writing a letter to the editor." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.000551315606571734, 0.0005944009171798825, 0.0007385167991742492, 0.0005587863852269948 ]

[ "The present invention relates to a pinch valve used in a fluid transport pipeline in various industrial fields, such as chemical factories, semiconductor production, food processing, biotechnology or the like, and more particularly, to a pinch valve which is compact and mitigates the damage a tube body suffers during opening and the closing of the valve.", "\nHitherto, various pinch valves have been proposed, and an example is disclosed in Japanese Examined Utility Model Publication No. ", "45-3264. ", "According to this publication, as shown in FIGS. ", "27 and 28, in two upper and lower pistons 41, 42 fitted in a cylinder 40 on a leg member 39 constituted by a leg stand 37 and leg rods 38, the upper piston 41 is fixed to the upper end of a shaft rod 43 and the lower piston 42 is fixed to the upper end of a pipe shaft 44 loosely fitted on the shaft rod 43. ", "On the lower portion of the pipe shaft 44 is provided a wing piece 45 which is fixed to a lower pressing piece 47 via connecting bars 46. ", "On the other hand, an upper pressing piece 48 is fixed to the lower end of the shaft rod 43. ", "Also, the center portion of a valve tube body 51 supported by two lateral rods 50 spanning between flanges 49 fitted on both ends of the flow passage and the leg members 39 is pressed by the upper and lower pressing pieces 48, 47, then the upper and lower pressing pieces 48, 47 connected to the pistons 41, 42 are symmetrically moved up and down by suitably forcing compressed air into holes 52, 53, 54 in the cylinder 40, so that the valve tube body 51 is opened and closed.", "\nNow, at the present, in an apparatus for manufacturing semiconductors in which various pipeline and control devices are arranged and complicated pipeline design is performed, allowing the apparatus per se to be compact has been required. ", "As a result, a pinch valve used in the pipeline of the apparatus must be compact in order to save space, thus making the pinch valve used in the apparatus compact an important matter. ", "Also, a pinch valve able to regulate a very small flow rate is required.", "\nHowever, in the pinch valve described as above, since the actuator and the valve body are constituted as separate components, and the leg member 39, the leg stand 37 and the wing piece 45 are provided between the cylinder 40 and the valve tube body 51 which is a flow passage, the overall height of the valve is very large and thus the valve cannot be made compact. ", "Consequently, the above pinch valve cannot be used as a pinch valve in the pipeline of a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus. ", "Also, since, in the pinch valve of such construction, it is difficult to optionally adjust the degree of opening the valve tube body, adjustment of a very small flow rate cannot be performed.", "\nThe present invention has been conceived in view of the problems of the prior art as stated above, and the purpose of this invention is to provide a pinch valve the overall height of which is low in comparison with the conventional pinch valve, which is compact, which remarkably improves the durability of the tube body pipelined in the apparatus during opening and closing of the valve, and which is able to adjust a very small flow rate.", "\nIn order to achieve the above purpose, as a result of extensive research, the inventors have found that a pinch valve could be made very compact by integrally constituting a drive and a valve body. ", "That is, explaining the constitution of this invention with reference to FIGS. ", "1 to 8, a pinch valve according to a first embodiment of the invention is characterized in that it comprises a tube body 1 made of an elastic body, a cylinder body 4 having a cylinder portion 2 thereinside and joined to a disk-like cylinder cover 3 at the upper portion thereof, a piston 11 sliding up and down on the inner periphery of the cylinder portion 2 in a sealing manner and having a connecting portion 13 suspending from the center of the lower surface of the piston to penetrate a through hole 5 provided in the center of the lower surface of the cylinder body 4 in a sealing manner, a pressing piece 15 fixed to the lower end of the connecting portion 13 of the piston 11 and contained in an oval slit 6 provided on the bottom surface of the cylinder body 4 perpendicularly to the axis of a flow passage, a body 16 joined and fixed to the lower end surface of the cylinder body 4, having a groove 17 for receiving the tube body 1 on the axis of the flow passage and having grooves 18 for receiving connecting body carriers 20 which are arranged on both ends of the groove 17 and deeper than the groove 17, a pair of connecting body carriers 20 each having a fitting portion 21 fitted in the groove 18 of the body 16 at one end of the carrier 20 and a connecting body carrier port 23 on the inner surface of the other end of the carrier 20 and having a through-hole 26 for receiving the tube body 1, and a pair of air ports 9, 10 provided on the peripheral side surface of the cylinder body 4 and communicating with a first space portion 7 surrounded by the bottom surface and inner periphery of the cylinder portion 2 and the lower end surface of the piston 11, and a second space portion 8 surrounded by the lower end surface of the cylinder cover 3, the inner periphery of the cylinder portion 2 and the upper surface of the piston 11.", "\nThe pinch valve according to the first invention is also characterized in that the connecting body carrier 20 is provided at a fitting portion 21 thereof with a ledge portion 22 for preventing the connecting body carrier 20 from slipping out, and the body 16 is provided at the groove 18 thereof with a recessed groove 19 for receiving the ledge portion 22 for preventing the carrier 20 from slipping out.", "\nIn addition, the pinch valve according to the first invention is characterized in that a spring 35 is installed in the second space portion 8 in the condition where the spring 35 contacts the cylinder cover 3 and the piston 11, and is also characterized in that a spring 35 is installed in the first space portion 7 in the condition where the spring 35 contacts the bottom surface of the cylinder portion 2 and the piston 11.", "\nFurther, the pinch valve according to the first invention is characterized in that a connecting body 29 having an inserting portion 31 formed with an outer diameter larger than the inner diameter of the tube body 1 at one end of the connecting body 29 and inserted in and connected to the tube body 1, a pipeline connecting portion 32 at the other end of the connecting body 29 and a flange portion 33 at the center of the connecting body 29 is fitted in and fixed to the connecting body carrier 20 by engaging a cap nut 34 with the flange portion 33 and screwing the cap nut 34 to a male screw portion 24 provided on the outer periphery of the connecting body carrier 20.", "\nAlso, the pinch valve is characterized in that the material of the tube body 1 is EPDM, fluororubber, silicone rubber or a composition of these materials, and is further characterized in that the tube body is made of a composition of polytetrafluoroethylene and silicone rubber.", "\nAlthough the tube body 1 of the pinch valve according to the invention may be made of EPDM, fluororubber, silicone rubber or an elastic body such as a composition of fluororubber and silicone rubber and is not limited to these materials, a composition of fluororubber and silicone rubber is especially preferable.", "\nAlso, although the cylinder body 4 and the body 16 may be made of a material having rigidity, such as metal or plastic, and thus the materials of those components are not especially limited, a fluororesin plastic, such as PVC, PVDF or the like is especially preferable.", "\nFurthermore, explaining the constitution of a pinch valve according to the second invention with reference to FIGS. ", "15 to 26, the pinch valve is characterized in that it comprises a cylinder body 101 having a cylinder portion 115 provided at the upper portion of the inner surface thereof with a screw portion 114 for adjusting the opening degree and an air port 116 communicating with the lower end portion of the cylinder portion 115, a cylindrical handle 103 having a recess 117 receiving a spring 106 at the lower portion thereof and having a screw portion 118 screwed with the screw portion 114 for adjusting the opening degree at the outer periphery of the lower portion of the handle 103, a disk-shaped spring carrier 105 clamping the spring 106 with the upper end surface of the handle recess portion 117, a connecting bar 104 clamping the spring 106 between the handle 103 and the spring carrier 105 by engaging the connecting bar 14 with the upper portion of the handle 103 and by joining the lower end surface of the connecting bar 104 to the spring carrier 105, a lock nut 110 screwed to a screw portion 118 of the handle 103 to fix the position of the handle 103, a piston 107 sliding up and down on the inner periphery of the cylinder portion 115 in a sealing manner and having a connecting portion 120 suspending from the center of the piston 107 to penetrate a through-hole 119 provided on the center of the lower surface of the cylinder body 101 in a sealing manner, a pressing piece 108 fixed to the lower end portion of the connecting portion 120 and contained in an oval slit 121 provided on the lower end portion of the cylinder body 101 perpendicularly to the axis of the flow passage, a body 102 joined and fixed to the lower end surface of the cylinder body 101 and having a groove 129 which receives a tube body 109 of an elastic body on the axis of the flow passage, and connecting portions connecting the tube body 109 to the other tubes at both sides of the body.", "\nAlso, the second invention is characterized in that the handle 103, the spring carrier 105, the connecting bar 104 and the spring 106 are integrally assembled by a bolt 122 penetrating the inside of the spring carrier 105 and the connecting bar 104, and a nut 123.", "\nIn addition, the second invention is characterized in that a connecting body 113 having at one end thereof an inserting portion 124 the outer diameter of which is larger than the inner diameter of the tube body 109 and which is inserted in and connected to the tube body 109, a pipeline connecting portion 125 at the other end of the connecting body 113 and a flange portion 126 on the center of the connecting body 113, is fitted in and fixed to a connecting body carrier 111 to constitute the connecting portion by engaging cap nut 112 with the flange portion 126 and screwing the cap nut 112 to a male screw 128 provided on the outer-periphery of the connecting body carrier 111.", "\nFurther, the second invention is characterized in that the material of the tube body 109 is EPDM, fluororubber, silicone rubber, or a composition of these materials, and is also characterized in that the tube body 109 is made of a composition of PTFE and silicone rubber.", "\nAlthough the tube body 109 of the pinch valve according to the second invention may be made of EPDM, fluororubber, silicone rubber or a composition of fluororubber and silicone rubber and is not especially limited to these materials, a composition of fluororubber (for example, PTFE, etc.) ", "and silicone rubber is especially preferable.", "\nMoreover, although the cylinder body 101, the body 102 and the handle 103 may be made of a material having rigidity, such as metal or plastic and thus the materials of those components are not especially limited, a plastic of fluororesin resin, such as PVC, PVDF or the like is especially preferable.", "\nLastly, although the connecting body 113 constituting the connecting portion may be made of a material having chemical resistance, such as plastic or the like and thus the material of the connecting body is not especially limited, a fluororesin resin, such as PTFE, PVDF, PFA or the like is especially preferable." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nChange UIBarButton image from gallery\n\nI have UIBarButton and user can change image just chose photo or gallery image with image picker. ", "My problem is bad scale image. ", "\nIf I use AspectFit my UIBarButton look like this:\n\nIf I use AspectFill my UIBarButton look like this:\n\nand if I try first change size image and after set it, image all time scratched:\n\nThis is my code:\n func createPhotoBarButton(image: Data) {\n let barbtn = UIBarButtonItem()\n\n var image = UIImage(data:image)\n if image == nil {\n image = UIImage(named: \"photoIcon\")\n }\n\n let imageView = UIImageView(frame: CGRect(x: 0.0, y: 0.0, width: 35.0, height: 35.0))\n\n imageView.image = image?.resizedImage(newSize: CGSize(width: 35, height: 35))?.withRenderingMode(.alwaysOriginal)\n// imageView.image = cropToBounds(image: image!, ", "width: 35, height: 35)\n\n// imageView.image = image\n\n imageView.contentMode = .scaleAspectFill\n imageView.layer.cornerRadius = imageView.frame.size.height / 2\n imageView.layer.masksToBounds = true\n imageView.clipsToBounds = true\n\n self.navigationItem.rightBarButtonItem = barbtn\n\n barbtn.customView = imageView\n barbtn.customView?.addGestureRecognizer(UITapGestureRecognizer(target: self, action: #selector(photoTapped(_:))))\n }\n\nAnd here func for resize image:\nfunc resizedImage(newSize: CGSize) -> UIImage? {", "\n guard size !", "= newSize else { return self }\n\n let hasAlpha = false\n let scale: CGFloat = 0.0\n UIGraphicsBeginImageContextWithOptions(newSize, !", "hasAlpha, scale)\n UIGraphicsBeginImageContextWithOptions(newSize, false, 0.0)\n\n draw(in: CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: newSize.width, height: newSize.height))\n let newImage: UIImage? ", "= UIGraphicsGetImageFromCurrentImageContext()\n\n UIGraphicsEndImageContext()\n return newImage\n}\n\nHelp me plz find the right way to resolving my problem. ", "\n\nA:\n\nAs I understand your question. ", "I found a solution. ", "\nTry this \nfunc createPhotoBarButton(image: Data) {\n let barbtn = UIBarButtonItem()\n\n let imageView = UIImageView(frame: CGRect(x: 0.0, y: 0.0, width: 35.0, height: 35.0))\n\n var image = UIImage(data:image)\n if image == nil {\n image = UIImage(named: \"photoIcon\")?.resize(maxWidthHeight: Double(imageView.frame.size.width))\n }\n\n imageView.image = image\n imageView.contentMode = .scaleAspectFill\n imageView.layer.cornerRadius = imageView.frame.size.height / 2\n imageView.layer.masksToBounds = true\n imageView.clipsToBounds = true\n\n self.navigationItem.rightBarButtonItem = barbtn\n\n barbtn.customView = imageView\n barbtn.customView?.addGestureRecognizer(UITapGestureRecognizer(target: self, action: #selector(photoTapped(_:))))\n}\n\nResize method\nextension UIImage {\n\n func resize(maxWidthHeight : Double)-> UIImage? {", "\n\n let actualHeight = Double(size.height)\n let actualWidth = Double(size.width)\n var maxWidth = 0.0\n var maxHeight = 0.0\n\n if actualWidth > actualHeight {\n maxWidth = maxWidthHeight\n let per = (100.0 * maxWidthHeight / actualWidth)\n maxHeight = (actualHeight * per) / 100.0\n }else{\n maxHeight = maxWidthHeight\n let per = (100.0 * maxWidthHeight / actualHeight)\n maxWidth = (actualWidth * per) / 100.0\n }\n\n let hasAlpha = true\n let scale: CGFloat = 0.0\n\n UIGraphicsBeginImageContextWithOptions(CGSize(width: maxWidth, height: maxHeight), !", "hasAlpha, scale)\n self.draw(in: CGRect(origin: .zero, size: CGSize(width: maxWidth, height: maxHeight)))\n\n let scaledImage = UIGraphicsGetImageFromCurrentImageContext()\n return scaledImage\n }\n\n}\n\nOutput\n\n" ]

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[ "Blog Archives\n\nAlthough I’m currently a lapsed blogger, there are still some things that must be mentioned. ", "Readathon sits at the top of the list! ", "I’m participating with updates at Twitter and Instagram today, so search for me @PhreneticMind.", "\n\nAre you reading, too? ", "Let me know in the comments below! [", "Look, that rhymes! ", "😄]\n\nLike this:\n\nThis year has been full of new experiences for me, and yet I find myself in the same place I was one year ago. ", "And I’ve struggled with that – a lot – but it’s time to break free. ", "While counting down the last hours of 2014, I begin looking ahead with purpose.", "\n\nRunning toward the Goal\n\nAfter seeing the portrayal of Apostle Paul as a truly broken-then-reformed man in last year’s The Bible miniseries, I’ve been more drawn to his words than ever before. ", "His humility was more than just a personality trait; it was the after-effect of a man who was wrecked, utterly disturbed by a traumatic experience and then lifted up by Jesus the Christ into usefulness and a mission. ", "His purpose was revealed in his devastation. ", "And then Paul embraced that purpose and set after it with all his might.", "\n\nI have not yet reached my goal, and I am not perfect. ", "But Christ has taken hold of me. ", "So I keep on running and struggling to take hold of the prize.", "\n\nMy friends, I don’t feel that I have already arrived. ", "But I forget what is behind, and I struggle for what is ahead. ", "I run toward the goal, so that I can win the prize of being called to heaven. ", "This is the prize that God offers because of what Christ Jesus has done.", "Philippians 3:12-14 (CEV)\n\nFor the past 2 months I’ve been looking ahead and looking within to determine what comes next for me. ", "What I know is that it can’t look the same as it has before. ", "I can’t continue along the same path. ", "I don’t know the details. ", "I don’t know the timing. ", "I only know that I have to forget what is behind and run toward the future. ", "I’m not good at running, but that’s precisely what I’m called to do.", "\n\nA Moment to Reminisce\n\nDespite my lackluster years of late, I did find much joy in 2014, and those things deserve recognition. ", "Posterity demands it, and my heart holds these experiences dear. ", "Every moment in life adds to our stories. ", "These were my stories from this year.", "\n\nSouth Texas Respite\nAt the beginning of the year I was still victim to my health and, therefore, traveling with my nomadic parents. ", "They’ve spent most winters of the past decade volunteering in South Texas, and this year I was able to meet the people who love them so dearly. ", "Camp Zephyr is filled with incredible staff who love Jesus and serve with their whole hearts. ", "Their joy is infectious! ", "Although I wasn’t able to spend much time truly getting to know them, they immediately burrowed into my heart. ", "It’s a gift to be returning again this winter, which makes a wonderful bookend to 2014.", "\n\nHomelessness\nI spent part of the spring and summer at a homeless shelter in my North Texas town. ", "In one sense it was a blessing: I needed resources to help me through the challenges of job searching with no home and no income. ", "In another sense, it was everything you would expect from communal living. ", "I was stretched to my emotional limits and had to fight off despair week after week, but I also met great people and found joy in the midst of the heartache. ", "The shelter where I lived was a place of purpose, pushing every resident to find sustainable work and teaching the necessary skills to help make that happen. ", "My lesson – which is now my soapbox – was that the face of homelessness is far different than you may imagine. ", "It can look very much like the person working your office reception area or the “middle class” people sitting next to you on a church pew. ", "It’s wrong to make assumptions, and it’s even more heartless to not ask people their stories. ", "While there may be a bit of shame, there’s a greater need for unconditional love. ", "We can all offer something to the people we meet, and you just might see an opportunity to restore a person’s dignity.", "\n\nA Brief Period of Employment\nWhile living at the shelter I did find an incredible job at a local university, and I thought it was everything I’d been searching for. ", "I provided administrative support to 13 professors, had my own office, and was able to put all of my career skills to work day after day. ", "I also had access to great professional development opportunities (my favorite being Emotional Intelligence seminars), and immediately hit it off with my office neighbor so that we made each others’ days better just by being around. ", "The job was a God-send with an underlying heavenly purpose. ", "Which made my departure all the more crushing. ", "Having found an equilibrium with my health issues, I was all in with the new job. ", "Until my body developed new ailments, and I was once again unemployed and at the mercy of my health. ", "I mourned this job for several months, and I’ve been frustrated in every way. ", "But, as in all situations, God brought a silver lining out of the dark cloud, and I’ve finally been able to gain perspective. ", "My university job was a blessing that just took a little longer to recognize.", "\n\nLong-Awaited Surgery\nPart of that blessing was qualifying for health insurance on my first work day and being able to retain that healthcare for almost a month after my final workday. ", "So, finally (FINALLY!) ", "I was able to visit all the necessary doctors and then have much-needed, much-delayed surgery during the fall. ", "After struggling throughout my adult life without proper diagnoses and/or disposable income for treatment, being able to tackle every ailment that cropped up was a joy and a gift. ", "Everything culminated in surgery and, thankfully, quick recovery that has given me a new lease on living. ", "I hated losing my job but I am so grateful to have this debilitating chapter behind me.", "\n\nTime and Energy for Reading\nAn interesting side effect developed from this roller coaster year of living with various people and struggling with my health: I craved silence like never before. ", "Shelter living offered TV with the lowest common denominator (usually sports, stupid comedies, and true crime), and the only quiet moments came after lights-out curfew. ", "So I began to read again, and after a few weeks I began to crave the reading itself. ", "While working, my exhaustion and long days allowed for only short spurts of concentration, but I kept to the reading by following blogs and chasing rabbit trails around the interwebs. ", "Even when Jack Bauer resurfaced and Fall TV began, I just wasn’t that interested. ", "It’s as if I’m slowly extracting myself from the quagmire of entertainment media that has consumed me (and this blog) for so many years. ", "I’m finally rediscovering my love of books. ", "Though I still love movies and still enjoy lazy days of TV binge-watching, I no longer want to fill all of my down time with them. ", "Which leaves much more time for creativity and inspiration.", "\n\nMy Year in Books\nAll told, I read 24 books this year, including one abandoned Brad Meltzer title. [", "correction:Divergent is a trilogy, so I actually read 26 books this year!] ", "It’s a big number considering I only completed 6 books in 2008, and it’s a great starting point for a reading challenge in 2015. ", "It’s also notable since I read only for pleasure and without any goals in mind. ", "Reading became a true leisure activity for me once more, and I’m very proud of that! ", "Two books stand out from my reading year. ", "Go With the Flow by Brad Huebert outlines a simple yet enlightening approach to devotional time and prayer, and it continues to resonate with me 7 months later. ", "Huebert recommends patterning your personal time with God after a walk into the ancient Temple of the Old Testament. ", "Beginning with the Ascent to the Temple steps, we are to prepare our hearts by ridding the mind of all that troubles and worries us. ", "We then pass through the Gates with thanksgiving and praise, and continue onward into each Temple chamber until we enter the Holy of Holies and become still in the Presence of God. ", "After Huebert shares his own experience of imagining this journey into the Temple, it takes no effort to put myself in that same frame of mind. ", "And it has transformed my time with the Most High God. ", "I cannot recommend this book enough!", "\n\nThe greatest novel I read this year has also been added to my all-time list of favorite books. ", "The Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern is (as recommended by GlitterFem) the kind of story you wish you’d never heard so that you could experience it again for the very first time. ", "It is best read with no idea of its plot or characters or story. ", "You simply need to walk through the circus’s grand black gates toward the towering, majestic clock and amble your way through the forest of black-and-white striped tents. ", "Pick up a bag of scrumptious caramel-drizzled popcorn and a couple of chocolate mice, then give yourself over to the experience. ", "You will never regret your time in the world of The Night Circus. ", "It is at once exquisite, mesmerizing, intense, powerful, sensual, romantic, and fantastical. ", "No words can describe it well enough for the uninitiated to comprehend, so I can only suggest falling into this book. ", "You will be forever changed for the experience. ", "I’m not sure another book will ever come close to this again.", "\n\nPreparing for What’s Ahead\n\nThese last few months of 2014 have provided plenty of time for introspection, and I’ve taken the opportunity to really dream. ", "I dove into CreativeLive courses with an eye toward blogging and online business for makers and designers, and I’ve been consuming media on finding creative purpose and turning that into a marketable product. ", "It’s been incredibly inspiring, and my mind is swirling with creative possibilities. ", "There’s no deadline, which means I can really dream, but I’m finally feeling open to any possibility. ", "This year has taught me that confidence and courage are choices, not inherent traits, and my future is as open as I allow it to be. ", "That’s very freeing! ", "And I’m excited to see where it might lead. ", "I hope 2015 brings you hope and possibility, as well. ", "Happy New Year!", "\n\nFollow Blog via Email\n\nEnter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.", "\n\nLike this:\n\nPar for the course these years days, I wasn’t able to properly wrap up my Readathon experience immediately after this fall’s event. ", "Blame it on extended reading hangover plus a couple weeks involving surgery and recovery. ", "But during the delay I was able to finish the third book that I began in the late hours of readathon, so the timing is just about right to post my official post-event survey. ", "It always works out in the end, doesn’t it?", "\n\nWhich hour was most daunting for you? ", "I’m just gonna admit it finally: a 7am start time is too frakkin’ early for me. ", "I never get to bed at a decent hour the night before, so I never quite get started till hour 4 or 5. ", "So, yeah, the early start time is most daunting. ", "It sounds stupid, but it’s time for me to face up to my truths. ::", "sigh::\n\nCould you list a few high-interest books that you think could keep a Reader engaged for next year? ", "Oh my goodness, I found GREAT titles for this fall’s event! ", "I highly recommend The Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern and Falling Into Place by Amy Zhang. ", "Two vastly different novels, but both so very engaging.", "\n\nDo you have any suggestions for how to improve the Read-a-thon next year? ", "If only we could get more volunteers for cheering, eh? ", "It dawned on me during the second half of readathon that I hadn’t heard from one cheerleader. ", "Not on my blog and not on Twitter. ", "And it really saddened me. ", "I never realized how much I looked forward to the occasional pop-in to encourage and hoorah. ", "But I missed it this time and was sad that my name had somehow been left off the cheering list. ", "😦 I wonder if there could be incentives for cheerleaders that might draw enough volunteers? ", "I would definitely suggest revisiting the list of participants throughout the first 6 hours of the event to pick up any stragglers who didn’t begin in Hour 1. ", "I suspect that’s how I was overlooked this time around.", "\n\nWhat do you think worked really well in this year’s Read-a-thon? ", "It appears that adding a GoodReads group was highly successful! ", "I look forward to participating in that forum next time.", "\n\nHow many books did you read? ", "During the actual 24 hours, I read 2-1/4 books with a total of 546 pages in 11 actual reading hours. ", "Since then I worked to finish the third book as quickly as possible, so I’m going to count it as 3 readathon books this time. ", "🙂\n\nWhich book did you enjoy most?Falling Into Place was a great choice for readathon because it’s easy to read and such an interesting (and witty) way to deal with a difficult subject. ", "But The Night Circus is now my number one recommendation for any event, at any time, for anyone I’ve ever known. ", "It’s enchanting and the most perfect book to read when the rest of the world drifts off to sleep and leaves you in your own little cocoon. ", "I cannot think of another book that has charmed me quite like The Night Circus.", "\n\nWhich did you enjoy least? ", "I chose nothing but great books this time. ", "A rarity!", "\n\nIf you were a Cheerleader, do you have any advice for next year’s Cheerleaders? ", "I wasn’t a cheerleader this time, but after hearing of their struggles to keep up with so many readers this time, I’m hoping I can jump back in to help in the spring. ", "The best advice I’ve ever heard for cheering is to keep a list of your assignments and check them off as you visit each blog. ", "Otherwise, it’s far too easy to overlook a participant. ", "Which just makes us all very sad. ", "😦\n\nHow likely are you to participate in the Read-a-thon again? ", "What role would you be likely to take next time? ", "Always, always, always participating. ", "My best good friend said it best: “No matter what [I’m] going through in life, [I] stick with the readathon every time.” ", "No doubt! ", "It’s my favorite reading event of the year! ", "But next time, I want to help with the cheering again, too. ", "Here’s hoping!" ]

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[ "Check out our new site Makeup Addiction\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nMy girlfriend is like Windows She's 7" ]

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[ "Product News - April 2018\n\nWelcome to the April Newsletter! ", "🌷 As usual, here are the latest developments:\n\nProduct News\n\nWe have released a simpler interface for our Settings, and hope this has made it easier for you to find where to customize the different aspects of the app. ", "Feel free to share your feedback on this at support@returnmagic.com, we look forward to hearing from you!", "\n\nWant to track Return Magic’s system status in real time?We have released in-app status notifications, to make sure that you are kept in the loop on the app’s status at all times. ", "For more details on any incident, you can always refer to status.returnmagic.com, and subscribe to email notifications.", "\n\nHow can I edit the font of my portal?With the new Settings, we also released Portal Themes, which you can find under Portal > Design. ", "This will allow you to easily change the font on the portal to match your store. ", "Stay tuned for more theme releases, and feel free to send any requests or ideas our way!", "\n\nThis month’s read\n\nHow HER Line makes their customer experience magicalWe started featuring some of you - amazing brands - who work with us. ", "Some of your stories are simply fantastic and we believe the world should know about the amazing work done by our merchants to make shopping magical.", "\n\nRead here the story of HER Line, an Australian fashion brand. ", "We’ve reached out to some of you for our next stories, so expect a steady flow of successes featured in the future!", "\n\nAs always, we want to thank you for your continued trust and support. ", "Feel free to reach out to us with feedback - we use your input to decide what to build and write about next! ", "Simply reply to this email, or contact us at support@returnmagic.com. ", "We look forward to hearing from you!" ]

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[ "Q:\n\niOS Storyboard: set ImageView width and height not work\n\nI have an image need to display use UIImageView and I use storyboard to set the view's height and width in the size inspector and set this view's horizontal centre in the super view.", "But when i click update frames in resolve auto layout issues ,it always uses the image resource size.", "How can I do for this ?", "my constraints\n\nA:\n\nYou need to add width and height constrains to the imageView. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Jay Sekulow is now the leading figure on President Donald Trump's legal team.", "\n\nHis role has expanded since he was first hired on last year, far surpassing what those close to him expected him to provide Trump when he was first retained.", "\n\nJay Sekulow is, in a sense, the last man standing on President Donald Trump's legal team — and he's now faced with tackling one of the biggest decisions confronting the president in special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russian election interference.", "\n\nSekulow, a longtime conservative commentator who made a name for himself in religious freedom cases before the Supreme Court, finds himself as the president's lone personal lawyer working full time on the Mueller probe, as The New York Times reported Sunday.", "\n\nSekulow finds himself in that position after attorney John Dowd quit last week, longtime Washington lawyer Joseph diGenova left the team following less than a week on the job, and White House lawyer Ty Cobb's work on the probe mostly concluded, The Times noted.", "\n\nSekulow has been in talks with other lawyers about joining the team, The Times reported, but as it stands now, he's the lawyer handling Trump's possible interview with the special counsel. ", "Meanwhile, The Daily Beast reported that roughly half a dozen attorneys affiliated with Sekulow's legal group, the American Center for Law and Justice (ACLJ), have been helping Sekulow with the president's case.", "\n\nTrump sought to diminish the idea that he's having trouble adding lawyers to his legal team, and said Sunday that he's \"very happy\" with the existing team.", "\n\n\"Many lawyers and top law firms want to represent me in the Russia case...don’t believe the Fake News narrative that it is hard to find a lawyer who wants to take this on,\" he tweeted. \"", "Fame & fortune will NEVER be turned down by a lawyer, though some are conflicted.\"", "\n\nWhile Sekulow is now in a leading role with the probe, the lawyer has no experience in anything similar to the kind of battle that Trump is now facing.", "\n\nSekulow's role has vastly expanded since he was first hired" ]

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[ "////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n//\n// TYPHOON FRAMEWORK\n// Copyright 2013, Typhoon Framework Contributors\n// All Rights Reserved.", "\n//\n// NOTICE: The authors permit you to use, modify, and distribute this file\n// in accordance with the terms of the license agreement accompanying it.", "\n//\n////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>\n/**\n Add this macro before each category implementation, so we don't have to use\n -all_load or -force_load to load object files from static libraries that only contain\n categories and no classes.", "\n See http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#qa/qa2006/qa1490.html for more info.", "\n \n Shamelessly borrowed from Three20 and RestKit\n */\n\n#define TYPHOON_LINK_CATEGORY(name) \\\n@interface TYPHOON_LINK_CATEGORY_##name : NSObject \\\n@end \\\n@implementation TYPHOON_LINK_CATEGORY_##name \\\n@end\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUseful resources and softwares for computational astrophysics\n\nI am recently working on computational astrophysics. ", "My research is mainly focused on accretion processes around compact objects (black holes & neutron stars), radiative transfer and modelling of turbulent compressible flow.", "\nI come from a background of theoretical physics and I can do programming in C/C++. ", "So, I am looking for an expert advice on a comprehensive list of useful resources to learn the various computational techniques. ", "Also I would like to know about the various softwares and packages that are useful in computational astrophysics.", "\nEDIT:\nI am not seeking an answer on resources related to theoretical aspects of astrophysical hydrodynamics or gas dynamics. ", "Rather I am interested in the computational methods and softwares used by computational astrophysicists, for e.g., various packages and softwares used to analyse astrophysical data, techniques used to simulate accretion disks around compact objects etc.", "\n\nA:\n\nAt least to address the computational aspects of the turbulent, compressible flow solver parts, I will quote Kyle Kanos:\n\nOn a more programmatical aspect, Toro's Riemann Solvers and Numerical Methods and LeVeque's Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems are pretty much the bible for how to write code that will accurately model fluid flows. ", "In both books, vector calculus and linear algebra are needed. ", "LeVeque's book is written more towards undergraduates, but is good for anyone interested in numerical methods; it also includes references an older version of his Fortran code Clawpack (an open-source library).", "\n\nThose are good books on the numerical methods required for compressible flows. ", "I would add to that list Computational Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer from Anderson, Tannehill, and Pletcher. ", "This, with the others, should complete your computational flow needs. ", "This book also touches on turbulence modeling aspects, but not in great detail. ", "\nTo get a handle on the turbulence parts, you should look at Turbulent Flows by Pope, which has all of the theory you need plus chapters on both Large Eddy Simulation and RANS modeling. ", "But the ultimate book on turbulence modeling will be Turbulence Modeling by Wilcox. ", "It is out of print (and so listed at $800 on Amazon... yikes), but find a library and you'll be in good shape. ", "This will have pretty much all of the RANS and LES closure models you will need for most flows. ", "\nIf you are interested in LES specifically, then Large Eddy Simulation for Incompressible Flows and Large Eddy Simulation for Compressible Flows from Sagaut's group in France provide fantastic details. ", "The incompressible flows one doesn't seem directly on point for what you need, but the compressible flows one builds on it and it provides details that help to understand the compressible flows book. ", "\nIf multi-species and combustion are relevant for your particular applications, I recommend checking out Theoretical and Numerical Combustion by Poinsot. ", "It has all of the tricky details needed for combustion, but it will be focused more on fundamental flames and propulsion applications. ", "The equations and methods are still valid of course, but the focus will be different and so you'll have to keep motivated if that doesn't excite you to read about it. ", "\n(Certain flow instabilities will be important for your application as well, and these may have different modeling requirements to get correct. ", "The Rayleigh-Taylor instability and the Richtmyer-Meshkov_instability will both be relevant in all likelihood. ", "There are several comprehensive review papers on RTI that I will add when I get to my office -- we've cited them many times and used them to track down both physics and numerical modeling papers from their citations. ", "Leave a comment if I haven't updated this part in a few days to remind me...)\nFor the more astrophysics parts (accretion, MHD, nuclear reactions), I will have to defer to others to add to this list. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Event Dates: April 27-28, 2018 Entry Fees: Draft-Legal: $65 Olympic-Distance: $120 Mixed-Team Relay: $30 High School Non-Draft-Legal: $50 Location: Tuscaloosa, Alabama Registration: Closed Collegiate Registration Closes April 18 at 11:59 p.m. MT High School Registration Closes April 20 at 11:59 p.m. MT #USATCN & #USATHS\n\nImportant Event Update:\n\nOn April 24, USA Triathlon announced that the course for all races will be shifted from a triathlon (swim-bike-run) to a duathlon (run-bike-run) to ensure athlete safety. ", "Heavy rainfall in Tuscaloosa the past two weeks led to the Holt Dam spillway gates being opened by local officials to avoid flooding. ", "Heightened volume in the Black Warrior River necessitated that the gates remain open through race weekend, resulting in overly strong currents that were deemed unsafe for swimming.", "\n\nAll course maps have been updated. ", "The overall schedule remains the same except for a few minor changes to the wave start times for Olympic-distance men. ", "All male Olympic-distance athletes should refer to the updated schedule to ensure they are at the start at the designated time. ", "Please note that all races will now have a chip start.", "\n\nWelcome to Collegiate Nationals!", "\n\nUSA Triathlon is excited to return to Tuscaloosa, Alabama for the Collegiate Club and High School National Championships in 2018. ", "USA Triathlon was last in Tuscaloosa for Collegiate Nationals in 2011, 2012, and 2017 as well as for Age Group Nationals in 2009 and 2010. ", "High School Nationals (non-drafting) and the Collegiate Club Draft-Legal Championships will occur on Friday, April 27. ", "The Collegiate Olympic-Distance and Mixed-Team Relay races will occur on Saturday, April 28.", "\n\nHigh School Nationals\n\nThe 2018 USA Triathlon High School National Championship will occur on Friday, April 27. ", "Click here for more information.", "\n\nDraft-Legal Rules\n\nFor athletes participating in the Draft-Legal National Championship on Friday, be sure to familiarize yourself with the rules, which have several differences from non-draft racing.", "\n\nUPDATED: Click here to view the draft-legal triathlon rules and equipment requirements. ", "Click here to learn more about draft-legal racing.", "\n\nPre-Race Webinars\n\nAll athletes are encouraged to watch the pre-race webinars. ", "These presentations, conducted by Race Director Brian D'Amico, will provide all the information you need for a successful race. ", "Note: The original webinars do not reflect the switch to duathlon.", "\n\nCollegiate Nationals Webinar (original)\n\nHigh School Nationals Webinar (original)\n\nAll draft-legal and high school athletes will be required to attend the mandatory pre-race briefings on Thursday, April 26 as noted on the schedule. ", "All draft-legal and high school course changes will be reviewed at the briefings.", "\n\nAll Olympic-distance and mixed-team relay athletes are encouraged to watch the new webinar below which briefly reviews the course changes for these events. ", "All relay athletes are still required to attend the pre-race briefing on Friday, April 27 at 2:15 p.m.\n\nOlympic-distance and Mixed-Team Relay Webinar (Only covers changes to courses)\n\nEvent Program\n\nThe 2018 Collegiate Club & High School Nationals event program is now available in a digital edition and can be viewed on desktop or mobile devices. ", "The event program features select team biographies and key event information, including the schedule of events and course maps. ", "Click here to view.", "\n\nCollegiate Club National Poll\n\nNew for 2018, USA Triathlon is polling registered collegiate clubs to provide monthly rankings. ", "Standings are meant to reflect each team’s overall strength and its potential to reach the combined men’s and women’s national championship podium.", "\n\nClick here to view current rankings." ]

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[ "#include \"FEAdaptor.h\"\n#include \"FEDataStructures.h\"\n#include <iostream>\n\n#include <vtkCPDataDescription.h>\n#include <vtkCPInputDataDescription.h>\n#include <vtkCPProcessor.h>\n#include <vtkCPPythonScriptPipeline.h>\n#include <vtkCPPythonScriptV2Pipeline.h>\n#include <vtkCellData.h>\n#include <vtkCellType.h>\n#include <vtkDoubleArray.h>\n#include <vtkFloatArray.h>\n#include <vtkNew.h>\n#include <vtkPointData.h>\n#include <vtkPoints.h>\n#include <vtkPolyData.h>\n#include <vtkUnstructuredGrid.h>\n\n#include <vtksys/SystemTools.hxx>\n\nFEAdaptor::FEAdaptor(int numScripts, char* scripts[])\n{\n this->Processor = vtkCPProcessor::New();\n this->Processor->Initialize();\n for (int i = 0; i < numScripts; i++)\n {\n std::string ext = vtksys::SystemTools::GetFilenameLastExtension(scripts[i]);\n if (ext == \".zip\")\n {\n vtkNew<vtkCPPythonScriptV2Pipeline> pipeline;\n pipeline->InitializeFromZIP(scripts[i]);\n this->Processor->AddPipeline(pipeline);\n }\n else\n {\n vtkNew<vtkCPPythonScriptPipeline> pipeline;\n pipeline->Initialize(scripts[i]);\n this->Processor->AddPipeline(pipeline);\n }\n }\n}\n\nFEAdaptor::~FEAdaptor()\n{\n this->Finalize();\n}\n\nvoid FEAdaptor::Finalize()\n{\n if (this->Processor)\n {\n this->Processor->Delete();\n this->Processor = nullptr;\n }\n}\n\nvoid FEAdaptor::CoProcess(Grid& grid, Attributes& attributes, Particles& particles, double time,\n unsigned int timeStep, bool lastTimeStep)\n{\n vtkNew<vtkCPDataDescription> dataDescription;\n dataDescription->AddInput(\"volumetric grid\");\n dataDescription->AddInput(\"particles\");\n dataDescription->SetTimeData(time, timeStep);\n if (lastTimeStep == true)\n {\n // assume that we want to all the pipelines to execute if it\n // is the last time step.", "\n dataDescription->ForceOutputOn();\n }\n if (Processor->RequestDataDescription(dataDescription) !", "= 0)\n {\n // We know that Catalyst in situ work needs to be done this time step\n // but we need to query each input channel (i.e. volumetric grid and particles)\n // to see which ones are needed this time step.", "\n vtkCPInputDataDescription* volumetricGridChannel =\n dataDescription->GetInputDescriptionByName(\"volumetric grid\");\n if (volumetricGridChannel->GetIfGridIsNecessary())\n { // only build the VTK volumetric grid if it's needed this time step\n vtkNew<vtkUnstructuredGrid> volumetricGrid;\n this->BuildVTKVolumetricGridDataStructures(\n grid, attributes, volumetricGridChannel, volumetricGrid);\n volumetricGridChannel->SetGrid(volumetricGrid);\n }\n vtkCPInputDataDescription* particlesChannel =\n dataDescription->GetInputDescriptionByName(\"particles\");\n if (particlesChannel->GetIfGridIsNecessary())\n { // only build the VTK particles if it's needed this time step\n vtkNew<vtkPolyData> vtkparticles;\n // the particles have no field data\n this->BuildVTKParticlesDataStructures(particles, vtkparticles);\n particlesChannel->SetGrid(vtkparticles);\n }\n this->Processor->CoProcess(dataDescription);\n }\n}\n\nvoid FEAdaptor::BuildVTKVolumetricGrid(Grid& grid, vtkUnstructuredGrid* volumetricGrid)\n{\n // create the points information\n vtkNew<vtkDoubleArray> pointArray;\n pointArray->SetNumberOfComponents(3);\n pointArray->SetArray(\n grid.", "GetPointsArray(), static_cast<vtkIdType>(grid.", "GetNumberOfPoints() * 3), 1);\n vtkNew<vtkPoints> points;\n points->SetData(pointArray);\n volumetricGrid->SetPoints(points);\n\n // create the cells\n size_t numCells = grid.", "GetNumberOfCells();\n volumetricGrid->Allocate(static_cast<vtkIdType>(numCells * 9));\n for (size_t cell = 0; cell < numCells; cell++)\n {\n unsigned int* cellPoints = grid.", "GetCellPoints(cell);\n vtkIdType tmp[8] = { cellPoints[0], cellPoints[1], cellPoints[2], cellPoints[3], cellPoints[4],\n cellPoints[5], cellPoints[6], cellPoints[7] };\n volumetricGrid->InsertNextCell(VTK_HEXAHEDRON, 8, tmp);\n }\n}\n\nvoid FEAdaptor::UpdateVTKAttributes(Grid& grid, Attributes& attributes,\n vtkCPInputDataDescription* volumetricGridChannel, vtkUnstructuredGrid* volumetricGrid)\n{\n if (volumetricGridChannel->IsFieldNeeded(\"velocity\", 0))\n {\n if (volumetricGrid->GetPointData()->GetNumberOfArrays() == 0)\n {\n // velocity array\n vtkNew<vtkDoubleArray> velocity;\n velocity->SetName(\"velocity\");\n velocity->SetNumberOfComponents(3);\n velocity->SetNumberOfTuples(static_cast<vtkIdType>(grid.", "GetNumberOfPoints()));\n volumetricGrid->GetPointData()->AddArray(velocity);\n }\n vtkDoubleArray* velocity =\n vtkDoubleArray::SafeDownCast(volumetricGrid->GetPointData()->GetArray(\"velocity\"));\n // The velocity array is ordered as vx0,vx1,vx2,..,vy0,vy1,vy2,..,vz0,vz1,vz2,..\n // so we need to create a full copy of it with VTK's ordering of\n // vx0,vy0,vz0,vx1,vy1,vz1,..\n double* velocityData = attributes.", "GetVelocityArray();\n vtkIdType numTuples = velocity->GetNumberOfTuples();\n for (vtkIdType i = 0; i < numTuples; i++)\n {\n double values[3] = { velocityData[i], velocityData[i + numTuples],\n velocityData[i + 2 * numTuples] };\n velocity->SetTypedTuple(i, values);\n }\n }\n if (volumetricGridChannel->IsFieldNeeded(\"pressure\", 1))\n {\n if (volumetricGrid->GetCellData()->GetNumberOfArrays() == 0)\n {\n // pressure array\n vtkNew<vtkFloatArray> pressure;\n pressure->SetName(\"pressure\");\n pressure->SetNumberOfComponents(1);\n volumetricGrid->GetCellData()->AddArray(pressure);\n }\n vtkFloatArray* pressure =\n vtkFloatArray::SafeDownCast(volumetricGrid->GetCellData()->GetArray(\"pressure\"));\n // The pressure array is a scalar array so we can reuse\n // memory as long as we ordered the points properly.", "\n float* pressureData = attributes.", "GetPressureArray();\n pressure->SetArray(pressureData, static_cast<vtkIdType>(grid.", "GetNumberOfCells()), 1);\n }\n}\n\nvoid FEAdaptor::BuildVTKVolumetricGridDataStructures(Grid& grid, Attributes& attributes,\n vtkCPInputDataDescription* volumetricGridChannel, vtkUnstructuredGrid* volumetricGrid)\n{\n this->BuildVTKVolumetricGrid(grid, volumetricGrid);\n this->UpdateVTKAttributes(grid, attributes, volumetricGridChannel, volumetricGrid);\n}\n\nvoid FEAdaptor::BuildVTKParticlesDataStructures(Particles& particles, vtkPolyData* vtkparticles)\n{\n // create the points information\n vtkNew<vtkDoubleArray> pointArray;\n pointArray->SetNumberOfComponents(3);\n pointArray->SetArray(\n particles.", "GetPointsArray(), static_cast<vtkIdType>(particles.", "GetNumberOfPoints() * 3), 1);\n vtkNew<vtkPoints> points;\n points->SetData(pointArray);\n vtkparticles->SetPoints(points);\n\n // create the cells\n vtkIdType numCells = static_cast<vtkIdType>(particles.", "GetNumberOfPoints());\n vtkparticles->Allocate(numCells);\n for (vtkIdType cell = 0; cell < numCells; cell++)\n {\n vtkparticles->InsertNextCell(VTK_VERTEX, 1, &cell);\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "There are quite a few young teams that are loaded with talent in the NBA, and quite a few of those are popular picks to surpass their win total and make the postseason. ", "The Dallas Mavericks are one of those teams.", "\n\nLuka Doncic will only get better after a stellar rookie campaign, and he has a secondary star with him this season in Kristaps Porzingis. ", "As such, the team’s win total has been bet up three full wins from 39¹/₂ to 42¹/₂ in multiple shops, and there is some clear value on betting this total Under.", "\n\nThere is no denying the potential of Doncic and Porzingis as a duo on offense, but there are some concerns on defense with the starting lineup. ", "Doncic was the 65th-ranked player at his position in Defensive Real-Plus Minus last season, Tim Hardaway Jr. was 85th at shooting guard in that category.", "\n\nAlong the bench, Seth Curry is a great offseason addition, but the team will need to see Jalen Brunson make a real jump as their primary backup point guard. ", "J.J. Barea is coming off of a ruptured Achilles, which makes the Mavs a bit thinner at the position if he cannot recapture his game at age 35.", "\n\nThe rest of the pieces are actually fine. ", "Justin Jackson is a good floor spacer and defender, Dorian Finney-Smith is a decent defender and Maxi Kleber can stretch out other bigs. ", "However, is this collection of talent good enough to win 43 or more games?", "\n\nThis play is as much about the value in the number as well. ", "Under bettors are getting three wins of value on this total, which makes it a solid wager.", "\n\nThe play: Mavericks, Under 42¹/₂ wins." ]

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[ "\n\nBegin Reading\n\nTable of Contents\n\nAbout the Author\n\nPhotos\n\nCopyright Page\n\nThank you for buying this\n\nSt. Martin's Press ebook.", "\n\nTo receive special offers, bonus content,\n\nand info on new releases and other great reads,\n\nsign up for our newsletters.", "\n\nOr visit us online at\n\nus.macmillan.com/newslettersignup\n\nFor email updates on the author, click here.", "\nThe author and publisher have provided this e-book to you for your personal use only. ", "You may not make this e-book publicly available in any way. ", "Copyright infringement is against the law. ", "If you believe the copy of this e-book you are reading infringes on the author's copyright, please notify the publisher at: us.macmillanusa.com/piracy.", "\nIntroduction\n\nBabe Ruth is arguably the biggest figure in baseball history, the one player who, since he first stepped on a major league diamond just over one hundred years ago, has cast a deep and still lengthening shadow over all things baseball, both its most cherished icon and one of its most transformative figures.", "\n\nNothing has ever damaged or cheapened his legacy. ", "Somehow, the more we learn about Ruth, even of his colorful and occasionally unsavory personal history, he is never diminished. ", "Even those who have since challenged his records or even broken them fail to touch him. ", "In comparison, their deeds seem smaller, while Ruth's achievements, given his era, become even more impressive. ", "He did not just break records—he created records where none existed before, for feats never imagined, for doing what no one thought possible.", "\n\nIn a very real way, Ruth took a two-dimensional game, baseball, and gave it two additional dimensions, first by lifting it from the ground and launching it into the air, and secondly by giving baseball its history, by creating space in the game for history to live apart from the present, and for a limitless future to seem possible. ", "He is the figure who took baseball from its distant, daguerreotyped past and made it into the game we still see on the field today. ", "As much as any other figure in the game, he is both a pioneer and an enduring presence.", "\n\nYet at the same time, Ruth is also elusive. ", "Perhaps no other personality in sports has been so exalted, mythologized, and obscured by history. ", "Ruth's public persona, certainly by the time he made it to New York in 1920, and even for several years prior to that, has always been presented through a filter, a ghostwritten sieve that sought to smooth his rough edges, cloud his true behavior, and simplify his biography. ", "There are thousands upon thousands of words credited to Ruth's lips, but to paraphrase Yogi Berra, Ruth himself never said most of the things he said, and to pretend otherwise is to present a false portrait. ", "His ghostwriters did his talking for him, his various autobiographies and columns under his own name written by others without any input on his part. ", "Fortunately, in regard to Ruth, it is not so much what he said that intrigues us, but what he did, and how he did what he did, that is most captivating. ", "This book focuses on the latter, rather than trying to parse through Ruth's \"statements,\" to determine which are his and which are the words of others. ", "How George Ruth became \"the Babe\" is the essential question we try to answer.", "\n\nBut there is one thing that, even today, has towered over Ruth himself, something he himself created that nevertheless has cast a shadow over him, one so deep and so dark that at times it is barely even possible to discern the mighty Babe—or at least impossible to seem him clearly. ", "Even Ruth is subservient to something more: the home run. ", "Baseball's biggest hit, perhaps sports' most dramatic and instantaneous event, as first propagated by Ruth, became the most significant outcome in the game. ", "Almost every other American sport has adopted the home run as a descriptive metaphor, \"going for the home run,\" as both the ultimate risk and the ultimate reward.", "\n\nYet the home run wasn't always there, at least not in the way it was when unveiled by Ruth. ", "Although the home run has been a possibility since the very beginning of the game, for decades it was a rare and almost accidental occurrence, a happy accident no one would dare actually try to accomplish. ", "Outfield fences were meant to keep crowds off the field, not to keep the baseball in, for the notion of hitting a ball over the outfield fence was, in most instances, absurd, the fences too distant and the ball too soft.", "\n\nAnd then came Ruth, the catalyst during a unique time and set of conditions, when baseball was moribund and war was changing America faster than any time before or since. ", "Without warning, suddenly and unexpectedly, the home run became baseball's most exciting and defining moment, disruptive, inspiring a profound change in the way the game was played and viewed and written about, dramatically impacting players and fans, leaving no one untouched. ", "Even today, young boys still dream of being Ruth, and his story still touches them in a way no other ballplayer's does.", "\n\nNo one was more affected by the home run than Ruth himself. ", "He was like a new species overrunning the environment and remaking the landscape. ", "The home run at once both created him and defined him, making it almost impossible to extract Ruth from it, to view him separately, to see him clearly before that moment, even at a time when the home run had yet to determine the course of his life, or the course of baseball. ", "The home run has rendered the earlier figure of Ruth almost invisible, so overwhelming that it has distorted his biography ever since.", "\n\nNowhere is this more true than during the transition, during those few brief months from the beginning of the 1918 season through 1920, when Ruth evolved from George Herman Ruth, a pitcher of considerable ability for the Boston Red Sox, to the Babe, the Yankees' mighty Bambino, a legendary and almost mythic Colossus of the game, the greatest home run hitter of all time, which according to a new definition, also made him the greatest player of all time. ", "This makeover was so thorough, so complete, that it has been almost impossible to see Ruth in any other context, to separate the man and the player before the home run from what the home run turned him into: the Babe, the unbridled King of Swat. ", "Previous biographers have usually become so enthralled with the results of this transformation, so blinded by the white heat of the home run, that the precise details of the change have almost been entirely overlooked. ", "The sale of Ruth from Boston to New York is almost inevitably viewed with the kind of hindsight reality does not provide, leaving Ruth's evolution during this time period, essential to understanding the dynamics of the sale, virtually unexamined.", "\n\nThat is what this book does. ", "By examining the selling of the Babe as both a historic event in real time and as a historical metaphor at this moment of change, when Ruth and the home run—together—changed everything, The Selling of the Babe explains why and how this happened, and why and how the figure of the Babe came to be. ", "In these pages we learn what became of George Herman Ruth, precisely why he was sold by the Red Sox to the Yankees, and how an entirely new game, built around the home run, with Babe Ruth as the catalyst, was sold to the American public.", "\n\nIt remains the most important transaction in the history of the game, touching everything, even today.", "\nPrologue:\n\nSeptember 11, 1918\n\nIn the eighth inning of the sixth and final game of the 1918 World Series between the Boston Red Sox and the Chicago Cubs, with the Red Sox nursing a 2–1 lead and only six outs away from their fourth world championship in seven seasons, the Cubs' Turner Barber cracked a short line drive to left.", "\n\nBoston's left fielder, playing shallow, tore in. ", "As the ball sank toward a base hit, he did not hesitate. ", "Instead of playing it safe, he lunged, left his feet, and stretched out for the ball. ", "Bare inches from the turf, he gathered it in two hands, landed heavily, then tumbled, somersaulting over the rough ground, the worn, gray ball still tight in his glove.", "\n\nBarber, visions of heroic headlines evaporating, kicked the dirt and turned toward the Cubs dugout. ", "The crowd at Fenway Park shot to its feet, all 15,238 souls roaring and cheering, slapping each other's backs and holding their heads in wonder. ", "He had done it AGAIN. ", "The outfielder rose, threw the ball softly back in to the shortstop, then, grimacing, did not bask in the applause or tip his cap, but twisted his head back and forth and rolled his shoulders as he slowly walked back to his position.", "\n\nThe delay only increased their ardor. ", "For a full three minutes, the crowd cheered as the outfielder tried to shake off the effects of his tumble, bending to clutch his knees and trying to stretch out his neck and upper back. ", "He continued to flex and bend in between pitches as Boston hurler Carl Mays set down the next hitter, but he could not continue and would not risk remaining in the game and maybe costing his team a win, and perhaps even the World Series. ", "He was not that kind of player.", "\n\nHe waved toward the bench and when the umpire held up his hand and called time, started trotting in. ", "The crowd noticed and with each step more of them stood and applauded again, this time with the respect and admiration accorded to a hero. ", "He had been the unabashed star of the Series, his timely hitting—moving runners along, then taking an extra base—sparking several Boston rallies and his glove squelching several Cub comebacks. ", "His selfless removal of himself from the game underscored his contribution; this was a team victory, and here was a man who thought only of his team, and not of himself.", "\n\nAs he approached the Boston bench and manager Ed Barrow rose to greet him, he gave a brief nod to his replacement. ", "Then George Whiteman entered the dugout to the cautious but warm embrace of his fellow Red Sox.", "\n\nAs Whiteman sat heavily on the bench and Boston's trainer attended to him, a teammate, almost unnoticed, grabbed his glove and bounded up the dugout steps to take his place, running heavily out to left field.", "\n\nGeorge Herman Ruth had already pitched, and won, two games in the Series, but apart from a few innings as a defensive replacement, had not appeared in the lineup of the other three Series contests, something that had surprised observers at first but also something that Whiteman's spectacular play throughout the Series rendered moot. ", "For much of the year, with rosters reduced due to the American entry into the Great War, Ruth, out of necessity, had sometimes played outfield, usually Fenway Park's short left field, where the earthen embankment known as Duffy's Cliff and the wall behind it kept spectators from peering in from atop the garage across the street and left the emergency, part-time outfielder little room to cover. ", "As manager Ed Barrow went with the hot hand, Ruth had more or less split time in left with Whiteman, a thirty-five-year-old career minor leaguer playing his first full year in the major leagues. ", "For much of the season, Ruth had hit far better than anyone expected—in stretches, he seemed like one of the best hitters in the league, and led all baseball with 11 home runs. ", "But he had only hit well in spurts, and over the final weeks of the season he had struggled, particularly against left-handed pitching, leading Barrow to decide to stick with the right-handed bat of Whiteman in the Series against Chicago's predominantly left-handed pitching staff.", "\n\nIt was an act of genius. ", "No one realized it yet, but the 1918 World Series was the last quiet gasp of the Dead Ball Era, the lowest-scoring World Series in history, as both teams tried to scratch out runs through a combination of seeing-eye ground balls, short flares, bunts, stolen bases, and hit-and-run plays, punctuated by the rare long hit that rolled between outfielders to the distant fence. ", "The baseball itself, the dead ball, made even deader by the use of inferior wool wrapping and horsehide due to the war, made scoring a premium. ", "Only 19 runners would cross the plate in the six-game Series, neither team scoring more than three runs in any one game, and every man on either team who took the mound during the Series pitched well. ", "It would prove to be the last World Series in history in which no one on either team struck a home run.", "\n\nThe lack of scoring, combined with the distraction of the war and some political misplays by the men who ran baseball, left fans less than enthusiastic. ", "Attendance in the Series had been poor, and on this day, Fenway Park was barely half full for what would prove to be the finale, and the last world championship the Red Sox would win in eighty-six long and frustrating years.", "\n\nOnly George Whiteman had made it seem worthwhile. ", "As veteran baseball writer Paul Shannon wrote in the Boston Post, \"In nearly every run the Red Sox scored in the six games, Whiteman, the little Texan veteran, has figured mightily.\" ", "Fans identified with the stocky minor leaguer finally getting his chance to play, the ultimate Everyman underdog, only receiving the opportunity because the real heroes were buried in the mud of a trench somewhere in France. ", "After the Series, Whiteman's face would grace the cover of Baseball Magazine, which asked the question \"Hero of the Series?????\" ", "In his ghostwritten account of the Series, Ty Cobb, the game's greatest star, would answer that he was.", "\n\nRuth? ", "Oh, he played well, too, when he played. ", "Pitching a shutout in Game 1 and then collecting a second victory in Game 4, albeit with relief help after he took the mound with his finger swollen to nearly twice its size due to some mysterious altercation on the train from Chicago to Boston, one that put his fist into contact with either a solid steel wall, a window, or the jaw of another passenger. ", "Although he still set a new record for consecutive scoreless innings pitched in the World Series at 29, one that would grow in stature over the years, it went almost unnoticed at the time.", "\n\nAs George Whiteman left the field that gray afternoon, the spotlight shone only on him, the unabashed star of the Series. ", "Hell, hardly anyone even noticed that Ruth had entered the game. ", "He was upstaged, a bit player in Red Sox owner Harry Frazee's latest baseball production, standing in for the star as the curtain fell.", "\n\nIt would be the last time.", "\n\nWhiteman's catch left the Cubs with the knowledge this was not their year and they went out quickly. ", "Boston followed, and in the bottom of the ninth, Mays, the submariner and Boston's best pitcher in 1918, retired Max Flack on a foul. ", "Then Charlie Hollocher lofted an easy fly to Ruth for the second out. ", "For many fans, it was the first time they noticed he was even in the game.", "\n\nThe crowd stood to witness the final out as Ruth stood before Duffy's Cliff and watched the Cub's Leslie Mann bounce a lazy grounder to second base. ", "Forty-year-old Dave Shean, another wartime fill-in, fielded the ball cleanly and flipped to first. ", "Stuffy McInnis, foot on the bag, caught the ball with both hands and the Series was over, Boston winning four games to the Cubs' two.", "\n\nAnother quick cheer rose from the stands, and a few strands of confetti and torn newspapers floated through the air. ", "As the Sox ran in, the other Boston players trotted from the dugout to congratulate each other, but as celebrations went, particularly in Boston, it was muted, more handshakes and hurrahs than screams of joy and dancing in the street.", "\n\nAlthough the Red Sox won the World Series, the endless war in Europe, an emerging outbreak of Spanish influenza, an abortive player strike that delayed Game 5 and caused fans to heckle the players with calls of \"Bolsheveki!\" ", "combined with chesslike play had kept the crowd down and interest in the Series low. ", "Even the Royal Rooters, Boston's famous group of rabid fans that had followed professional baseball in Boston for nearly three decades, failed to make their usual appearance. ", "After the final out, there was not so much a celebration as a collective sigh of relief that the most trying season in memory was finally over.", "\n\nAbout the only player already looking forward to the 1919 season was Ruth. ", "He raced in from left, clutching his mitt in his gigantic hands, ready for a party whether his teammates wanted one or not. ", "While the 1918 season had been something of a disaster for most of baseball (and, despite their victory, even for the Red Sox), Ruth had a great time anyway. ", "Hell, he almost always did.", "\n\nHe might have been a forgotten man at the end of the 1918 season, upstaged by a minor leaguer who would never play another inning of major league baseball. ", "But never again. ", "Over the next two years, the twenty-three-year-old pitcher many newspapers still referred to as George would thoroughly transform himself, the fortunes of two teams, and, most importantly, the game of baseball itself, ushering the sport into the modern era. ", "Ruth, whom the papers had started calling by his nickname, \"Babe,\" often still placing it in quotation marks, would become THE BABE, the greatest name in the game and the most dominant figure in American sports.", "\n\nHe sprinted to the infield as if he already knew it, as if it was already Opening Day, as if he already could see what lay head.", "\n\nHe couldn't wait.", "\n\nGeorge Herman Ruth\n\n\"I saw a man transformed from a human being into something pretty close to a god.\"", "\n\n—Red Sox outfielder Harry Hooper\n\nWhen George Ruth arrived at Boston's South Station to catch a train to spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas, on March 9, 1918, he carried two large bags, a set of left-handed golf clubs, and a smile that covered most of his cartoonish face from ear to ear. ", "After spending much of the winter with his wife, Helen, at their farm in Sudbury, Massachusetts (called \"Home Plate\"), the notion of a month in Hot Springs almost made the long wait worthwhile. ", "Oh, he looked forward to playing ball again, and a little golf and soaking in the steaming natural mineral baths, but it was everything else in Hot Springs that he really relished: the whores and the card games, the booze and the dance halls and the food. \"", "Spring training\" itself would consist of a little more than some long hikes and a few hours of fooling around on a ballfield each day—hell, the players didn't even get paid to do that. ", "That left plenty of time for everything else, which was one of the reasons ball clubs tended to go to places like Hot Springs or Tampa or other resort and vacation towns for spring training. ", "They needed the nice weather, sure, but they also needed to entice the players to show up on time and stay reasonably happy while they were there. ", "You couldn't play baseball all the time.", "\n\nRuth had plenty of reasons to smile, anyway. ", "By the end of the 1917 season, at age twenty-two, he was arguably the best pitcher in baseball. ", "And if he was not, he was close to the top of a very short list, one that included the Senators' Walter Johnson, Grover Cleveland \"Pete\" Alexander of the Phillies, and perhaps one or two others—White Sox knuckleballer Eddie Cicotte, or perhaps the Indians' Stan Coveleski. ", "But there is no question that Ruth was the best young pitcher in baseball, and it wasn't even close.", "\n\nIn a little more than three full seasons in the major leagues he had already won 67 games—18 in 1915, when the existence of the Federal League diluted major league talent, making it an ideal time for a young pitcher like Ruth to break in and, significantly, learn to pitch against diminished competition, 23 in 1916, and another 24 in 1917. ", "Moreover, he had helped Boston win the world championships in 1915 and 1916, collecting a legendary 14-inning, 2–1 victory in the 1916 World Series, giving up a first inning inside-the-park home run and thereafter tossing a shutout. ", "And even though the Red Sox had missed out on the pennant by nine games in 1917, finishing second behind the White Sox, after three full big league seasons Ruth's performance finally earned him a big contract—$5,000, a $3,000 raise over what he had made in 1917. ", "He would start collecting it as soon as the season started.", "\n\nThe young boys who gathered at South Station to catch a glimpse of Ruth before he left and their fathers who trudged to work every morning and passed around the newspapers during lunch break knew all that. ", "But that wasn't what made Ruth interesting.", "\n\nWhat did was everything that didn't make the papers and what wasn't told through statistics. ", "He just wasn't like other players; he was an evolutionary leap. ", "At six-two and more than 200 pounds, he was a giant at a time when the average American infantryman in the Great War stood only five-six or five-seven and weighed barely 140 pounds—for the time, Ruth was the equivalent of a man six-six or six-seven today, and strong beyond measure. ", "Players any larger than Ruth, such as former Boston catcher Larry McLean, six-five, or the Browns' six-six Dick Davenport, were routinely referred to as \"giants,\" and few clubs counted more than a player or two much above six feet. ", "Although ballplayers tended to be bigger than the average American, Ruth still stood out. ", "He was not only tall, but both rangy and barrel-chested, with massive forearms and thick wrists. ", "One writer noted, \"he bends things of metal in his hand as if they were switches and has a hand grip that crushes.\"", "\n\nHe was hard not to notice, drawing attention even when he wasn't trying to do so. ", "Neighborhood boys shagging flies when Ruth took batting practice in Fenway Park before the games saw someone swinging a bat like no one else. ", "He didn't push at the ball like most other hitters. ", "They swung as if afraid of missing, their hands held apart for better bat control, and took a controlled, level swing, parallel to the ground, designed simply to make contact and slap ground balls or line drives between fielders. ", "Ruth attacked the ball, swinging a baseball bat almost like a lumberjack wielding an ax, but loose and free with a pronounced uppercut, gripping it at the end, wrapping it around his neck before he swung, and then just unloading, swinging as hard as he could, the momentum of his swing causing him to twist and spin into the ground, almost toppling over.", "\n\nAnd that was when he missed. ", "When he connected—and in batting practice, he did far more often than he ever did during the games—the ball soared through the air and over the boys' heads deep into the outfield, sometimes even into the right field bleachers. ", "While the fence in right at Fenway was only a bit more than 300 feet down the line, the bleachers, in what would now be termed the power alleys, were nearly 400 feet away. ", "When it did, the crack of the bat was soon followed by the sound of the ball striking the pine benches, echoing through the park like two rifles shot in rapid succession. ", "Moreover, Ruth actually tried to hit the ball over the fence, not stepping into the ball as much as leaning away and pulling his arms and hand through the strike zone so he didn't just make contact with a pitch, but so it hit the bat in a specific place, down toward the end. ", "When it did, when he timed if just right... well, the ball took off and there was no other feeling like it in the world. ", "For both Ruth and his fans, it was almost orgasmic.", "\n\nHe didn't even use the same bat as other players. ", "Most favored maple or hickory cudgels that weighed up to 40 ounces or so, thick in the handle, with barely any taper toward a heavy barrel. ", "Ruth's bat was even heavier in weight, usually 44 ounces or 46, and in practice sometimes more than 50. ", "But over time he began to shave and sand the handle down like the fungo bats coaches used to hit fly balls in practice. ", "His hands made it seem even thinner, and he whipped the bat through the strike zone in a blur.", "\n\nAs he took batting practice, Ruth's coaches and teammates just shook their heads and rolled their eyes. ", "You couldn't hit like that; everybody knew it. ", "But since Ruth was a pitcher—and something of an incorrigible pitcher at that—they let him be. ", "They had all learned that it was often easier to let Ruth do what he wanted than to hover over him like a schoolmarm. ", "When he didn't get his way, he'd mope and moan around the ballpark and be a bother to everyone. ", "It was easier just to let him have his fun. ", "Besides, if they needed him to drop a bunt or hit behind the runner, he could do that when asked. ", "There was no harm in letting him fool around, and every once in a while, even in a game, he'd connect with one, and even if it didn't clear the fence, it often carried so high into the sky it almost disappeared. ", "The fans seemed to like that, and you could hear the gasps of wonder well up from the stands.", "\n\nNo one yet realized it, but Ruth's swing was revolutionary. ", "The uppercut not only put the ball into the air, but as hard as Ruth swung, into the air for a long, long way. ", "Moreover, the angle of his swing nearly matched the downward drop of the pitch toward the plate, meaning that Ruth's bat stayed in the hitting zone for a longer time than that of other hitters. ", "That's just common sense, but baseball tradition and common sense have long been at odds as much as the game's history has been to its myths.", "\n\nYet even more drew the boys to Ruth. ", "His personality was as compelling as his performance. ", "He didn't keep them distant like the other players, spit tobacco on their shoes, brush them off, or lecture them like a teacher or a cop on the corner. ", "His persona was as oversized as his physical dimensions. ", "He laughed and joked and used language they didn't dare use around their own parents. ", "He tossed them baseballs and nickels and took them out for ice cream and roughed their heads and let them follow him down the street. ", "He seemed to enjoy all the things boys enjoyed as much as they did.", "\n\nHe was no less fascinating to their parents—fathers and mothers. ", "In the neighborhoods near the ballpark, the Fenway, Governor's Square (now Kenmore), the South End, and Roxbury, Ruth was a familiar face—and so were the bottoms of his feet after he had too much to drink. ", "His exploits were already legendary.", "\n\nAlthough he had the Sudbury farm, during the regular season Ruth rarely hung his hat there. ", "When he first arrived in Boston, he stayed in a hotel, but he soon moved to an apartment and by 1918 was living at 680 Commonwealth Avenue, the current location of Boston University's Warren Towers, a short walk from Fenway Park. ", "Years later, his Yankees teammate Ping Bodie remarked, \"I don't room with him. ", "I room with his suitcase.\" ", "Well, that was already true in Boston and the speaker could have been Ruth's young wife, Helen, the teenaged South Boston waitress Ruth met and married soon after making his first appearance in a Red Sox uniform in 1914 (a woman his teammates later speculated might have been Ruth's first sexual experience—at least the first he didn't pay for). ", "Yet it wasn't long before Ruth discovered the privileges of being a professional athlete: not only were the drinks and meals free, so were the women. ", "And even Puritan Boston offered more than its share of that. ", "After all, Boston was a port of call and the \"girls of Boston\" were mentioned in more than one sea shanty.", "\n\nThe nearby South End already had a reputation as one of the most liquid neighborhoods in the country, with a bar on virtually every corner. ", "The neighborhood popping up around the ballpark, the Fenway, already had a well-deserved reputation as a red-light district, one that lasted into the 1980s—Batavia Street became so notorious the city later renamed it the more sedate Symphony Road. ", "Although many of Boston's larger cultural institutions, such as the Opera House and the Museum of Fine Arts, were only a few blocks away on Huntington Avenue, it was always tempting to take a turn off Massachusetts Avenue and stray into the darker thoroughfares, where in many local establishments the line between bar and brothel was notoriously thin. ", "Ruth not only crossed that line but also tripped over it and virtually passed out on it on a regular basis. ", "Bill Carrigan, Ruth's first manager in Boston, even found it necessary to pay Ruth on a per diem basis, or else he'd run out of money only a few days after cashing his check. ", "Finding Ruth after a bender—usually sleeping it off somewhere, often in the back alley behind a brothel, his pockets turned inside out—became something of a pastime for his teammates. ", "Stories of Ruth's nighttime escapades were well known among Boston working men... and some of their wives.", "\n\nEvery woman he saw was as tempting a challenge as a fastball over the heart of the plate, and Ruth's advances were often as crude and direct as his approach at the plate. ", "Married or single, beautiful or plain, it mattered little to him. ", "Plenty accepted his advances, finding his unpolished approach almost irresistible. ", "Besides, after the United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, an awful lot of young husbands had boarded troopships for France, leaving an awful lot of young wives in need of companionship and eager for a night of fun. ", "With the average yearly household income of less than $1,000, Ruth's wallet, combined with his celebrity, made him immensely popular. ", "While Johnny was fighting the Hun, Ruth kept the home fires a blushing, randy red.", "\n\nRegardless, with Ruth, almost everyone looked the other way. ", "The basics of his biography were well known and it was hard to feel anything but sympathy toward him. ", "Born in Baltimore to George Ruth, an American saloonkeeper of German Catholic heritage, and his sickly wife, Kate, George Jr. was born on February 6, 1895, one of eight children. ", "But in those poverty-stricken times, all but two of the eight children, George and his sister, Katherine, died as infants.", "\n\nAlmost abandoned from the start by his father, who worked long hours, and mother, who was in near constant mourning and ill health, Ruth ran the streets around the Baltimore waterfront as a boy and rarely went to school. ", "Eventually he was sent to St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, a church-sponsored institution for orphans, incorrigibles, boys abandoned, and those whose parents were just too poor or too overwhelmed to care for them. ", "After first entering St. Mary's in 1902, Ruth spent much of the next twelve years under the watchful eyes and forceful hand of the Xaverian Brothers who ran the institution, learning to be a shirtmaker and playing sports in whatever free time he had. ", "He was particularly impressed by Brother Matthias and Brother Hermann, both of whom took a particular interest in him and both of whom enthralled the boy with their prowess at hitting a baseball. ", "Matthias, in particular, made a lasting impression by hitting one-handed fungoes far over their heads.", "\n\nThe game saved Ruth. ", "Bigger than the other boys, and better coordinated, he excelled as a pitcher, making his mark first pitching against other area schools and institutions. ", "He eventually caught the eye of Jack Dunn, owner and manager of the minor league Baltimore Orioles, who more or less purchased his emancipation in 1914 at age nineteen (Ruth and everyone else thought he was only eighteen at the time) and took him from St. Mary's directly into professional baseball, where he split time between Baltimore and Providence in the International League and won 22 games in his first professional season, even making a few appearances in the majors for Boston.", "\n\nRuth's crude talent was undeniable, as was his naïveté of the ways of the adult world. ", "He still acted like the hard-to-handle boy and spent his first-ever paycheck on every boy's dream, a bicycle. ", "A year later, in 1915, despite lacking the education, social graces, and the manners of his fellow ballplayers, Ruth's talent brought him to the major leagues for good. ", "By the end of his rookie year he was well on his way to becoming a star, and someone who had already learned the greatest lesson of his life—talent on the field forgave many sins and allowed him to indulge in behaviors that got regular fellows in trouble.", "\n\nIt was almost impossible not to like him. ", "In turn, he could be funny, crude, rude, and tempestuous, but he was so unware, so guileless, so clueless that he was doing anything wrong that it was hard to assign him any blame. ", "He just did what he wanted, impulsively, whether it was take a bite from another fellow's sandwich, use his roommate's toothbrush, or let out an enormous belch. ", "And, let's face it, most of those who kept his company not only admired his talent but, if not his personal hygiene, his freewheeling, carefree attitude. ", "Ruth lived for today—well, at least for the next ten minutes, and rarely gave the rest of it a thought. ", "He did the things everyone else wanted to do but were stopped by either their conscience or their breeding.", "\n\nAn anonymous sportswriter in the Boston Post likely had all that in mind when he wrote before the start of spring training that \"Ruth's power as a turnstile clicker is well-known.... The Baltimore boy is a trifle temperamental. ", "He does things in a 'different' manner from most ballplayers, He has a walk all his own. ", "He has a way of talking all his own. ", "When he comes to bat the outfielders drop back to the far barriers... he is the type over which the small boy and the tired businessman go wild.\"", "\n\nYet by the start of the 1918 season, Ruth was still something of a local phenomenon, easily Boston's most popular player, but not yet a baseball figure on par with guys like the Tiger's Ty Cobb, the Indians' Tris Speaker, or the White Sox' Joe Jackson. ", "Unless your name was Walter Johnson, the Washington Senators pitcher whose fastball made him stand out, or Christy Mathewson, the New York Giants star nearing the tail end of his career, pitchers, playing only every four or five days, generally didn't fill the seats. ", "That was about to change—sort of.", "\n\nRuth was the only active player to embark from Boston that morning, joined by a few club officials and a contingent of Boston sportswriters and newspaper cartoonists nearly as eager to flee their families as he was. ", "The train had barely left South Station before Ruth was already in his element. ", "He discovered that he shared the train with a group of soldiers from Camp Devens, free on a weekend pass, and the party got under way.", "\n\nAt nearly every stop, it increased. ", "Red Sox principal owner Harry Frazee and his new manager, Ed Barrow, chugged up the Hudson from New York and joined the train in Albany, and as the entourage wound its way westward through Buffalo and Akron for St. Louis, where it turned south, at every stop they were joined by more recruits and more soldiers, most ready to have a good time.", "\n\nRuth loved it. ", "To him, even after several big league seasons, a train ride was still a grand adventure. ", "The card games and cigar smoking went on almost nonstop, punctuated by repeated trips to the dining car and a steady stream of new passengers in awe of traveling in the company of Ruth and a growing group of ballplayers, guys whose names they'd seen in the papers. ", "By the time the train reached Hot Springs just after noon on March 11, Ruth, in a sense, was already in midseason form, having entertained the press, shared more than a flask or two with his fans, and dropped a bundle at the card table with his teammates. ", "Already, Barrow found it wise to impose a 10-cent limit on card games between players, just to keep the conflict down.", "\n\nThat was a real worry. ", "Ruth loved to gamble but didn't really seem to get the concept that he was supposed to win. ", "According to Harry Hooper, during an earlier spring visit to Hot Springs, Ruth had gambled away the bulk of his season's pay in only a few weeks.", "\n\nYet Barrow had other reasons to be concerned. ", "Not only did the new manager need to get to know the players on his new team, they needed to get to know each other and he needed a refresher course himself in running a ball club, something he had not done at the major league level in more than a decade. ", "After winning a world championship in 1916 and finishing in second place in 1917, by the spring of 1918 the Red Sox were an entirely different team.", "\n\nThat wasn't entirely of their own making. ", "The United States entered the Great War on April 6, 1917, woefully unprepared militarily. ", "Government officials naively believed that upon a declaration of war patriotic young Americans would storm military recruiting offices to sign up, and set a target of a million recruits. ", "Six weeks later, after only 73,000 volunteers had signed up, President Woodrow Wilson accepted the recommendation from Secretary of War Newton Baker to put forward a bill authorizing a draft for men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty-one.", "\n\nIt didn't become law until May 18, and even then, those affected had another three weeks to register. ", "When they did, it still took the nation's military months to get up to speed—early recruits drilled using sticks as often as guns and the American military was still primarily a horse-driven operation. ", "Initially, the draft affected only those young men who were unmarried and with no dependents. ", "As such, the war barely affected major league baseball in 1917. ", "As a married man, Ruth was exempt, and a scant few players were stirred by patriotism to enlist. ", "Only a handful lost any significant time to the service—a great many more found it convenient to take a bride. ", "The White Sox boat-raced Boston by nine games in 1917 to take the American League pennant, and then swamped the Giants in six games to become world champs. ", "But not all was smooth sailing in the baseball world.", "\n\nThe war made most of the men who owned major league teams nervous. ", "In 1914 and 1915 baseball had a faced a challenge from a new league, the Federal League, which raided it of players and in some cities went head-to-head with existing franchises. ", "Although the league failed, for two seasons fans had three leagues to choose from, and in many cities, multiple teams, which had simultaneously hurt attendance and caused salaries to escalate as teams outbid one another for the best talent, leaving teams hurting. ", "And while many observers expected the war to end within a few months of America's entry—Boston owner Harry Frazee claimed to have placed a four-figure bet on just that—the Axis powers dug in and by the 1917 World Series it was clear the United States was in for a protracted period of involvement. ", "Although attendance was nominally up for the year, and salaries were down, most clubs were still recovering from the financial hit of the clash with the Federal League, had little cash to spare, and the war left them edgy. ", "According to New York Sun sportswriter Joe Vila, writing in The Sporting News, only six of seventeen teams made money in 1917. ", "Fortunately, the Red Sox were among them.", "\n\nStill, no one was quite sure how the war would affect the game in 1918. ", "At the time, under the National Agreement between the two leagues that determined how baseball was governed, the game was ruled by a three-member National Commission that included the president of each league, and a chairman. ", "In 1918, the commission consisted of John Tener, former professional ballplayer, banker, and governor of Pennsylvania, August Herrmann, the chairman and president of the Cincinnati Reds, and Ban Johnson, the founder and president of the American League.", "\n\nIn theory, the three-man commission ruled by consensus, or lacking that, a majority, but in most matters only one vote and one opinion counted: Ban Johnson's. ", "After studying law and working for a newspaper, the young Johnson was a savvy businessman, acute organizer, and ambitious. ", "In 1893 he had been president of a minor league, the Midwest-based Western League. ", "In 1899, when the National League, the only existing major league at the time, decided to drop a few franchises, Johnson made his move, transferring several teams into what had previously been National League towns, renaming his circuit the American League, and undercutting ticket prices.", "\n\nThe new league was a financial success, and one year later Johnson declared that it, too, was a major league and began raiding National League franchises. ", "The AL proved to be so successful that the NL was eventually forced to make Johnson a partner, operating under the National Agreement, which installed the three-man National Commission as the sport's ruling body. ", "A strong personality, Johnson slowly took command, becoming the most powerful person in the game. ", "And although he had started out as something of a reformer, setting up his American League as a cleaner and more wholesome version of baseball than that played in the National League, as his wealth and power increased, so did his increasingly pompous, hard-drinking management style.", "\n\nBy 1918, Johnson considered the game his, and as a member of the National Commission he had the means to act on his impulses. ", "Increasingly, he acted with impunity, playing favorites among the owners, bullying those who tried to resist him, telling everyone what to do and how to do it as power corrupted his rule. ", "Those who referred to him as a czar and a despot were close to the mark.", "\n\nAfter the federal government instituted the draft, Johnson, as unable to see past his own self-interest as he was to see his shoes due to his massive belly, put in a request to the War Department that each team be allowed to exempt eighteen players from service. ", "The proposal got him laughed out of Washington as hopelessly out of touch and put ballplayers everywhere under the bull's-eye of local draft boards. ", "All the request did was make an already uncertain situation even more tenuous, and cause the public to view ballplayers as slackers desperate to avoid serving their country. ", "It was a public relations disaster, one that would eventually put the whole season at risk.", "\n\nOf all the club owners in the game, perhaps none was as affected as fifty-five-year-old Philadelphia A's owner and manager Connie Mack. ", "Mack, who had already been in the game for more than thirty years, including nearly twenty as a magnate, had already weathered several financial storms. ", "Now he saw war and decided to hunker down in his own trenches, try to save as much money as possible, and wait it out. ", "He had already sold off many of his players during the Federal League war and decided he would sit out this one, too. ", "Most fellow owners came to the same conclusion.", "\n\nNot Harry Frazee. ", "The Boston owner did things his way.", "\n\nWho was Harry Frazee? ", "Even today, it depends on who you ask and how much they've cared to examine the question. ", "For years, Frazee was considered the unqualified villain in the sale of Ruth, a man sportswriter Fred Lieb dubbed an \"evil genie,\" and charged with raping the Red Sox even as Lieb asked for free tickets to the plays Frazee produced. ", "In baseball history, the theatrical portion of Frazee's biography was widely dismissed as inconsequential and consistently ignored. ", "Yet in the world of musical theater, where his ownership of the Red Sox was seen as an interesting yet rather insignificant sidelight, Frazee was considered something of a forgotten genius, a visionary and a pioneer.", "\n\nNeither characterization is wholly accurate, wholly false, or complete. ", "To separate Frazee the theatrical entrepreneur from Frazee the baseball magnate is to fail to view him in his full dimension and complexity, and to lose sight of a human being in favor of a historical caricature.", "\n\nTo put it mildly, Harry Frazee was nothing like most of the other men who owned baseball teams. ", "They were black-and-white, with all the personality of a tinted tin portrait. ", "Frazee was all garish color and traveled with his own orchestra making up the sound track. ", "In more modern terms, he was as brash as Bill Veeck, as outspoken as Mark Cuban, and as independent as Al Davis. ", "And Ban Johnson hated him.", "\n\nEverything the other owners were, who almost without fail were longtime baseball men who had been in the game for years, moneyed friends of Johnson, or both, Frazee was not. ", "Johnson represented baseball's conservative hierarchy that sought to preserve their little fiefdom with as little interference as possible; it was a dirty little secret for instance, that Johnson owned part of several American League clubs, and that he often arranged \"trades\" between teams that weren't necessarily equitable, but helped both his bank account and those owners he favored. ", "It smacked of \"syndicate baseball,\" the holding of a financial interest in multiple clubs by a single individual. ", "In the 1890s that had caused National League fans, rightfully, to question the integrity of the game. ", "This was little different. ", "In a sense, over time the American League became Johnson's own private fantasy league. ", "In the end, he always won and everyone involved knew enough not to complain very hard about the arrangement.", "\n\nFrom the start, Frazee was a threat, not in terms of trying to seize Johnson's power for himself, but in exposing it. ", "A native of Peoria, Illinois, Frazee, born in 1880, got his start sweeping up a theater as a boy, learning the business from the bottom up a self-made man in every way possible. ", "Like every other boy at the time, he also played some baseball on his school team, where he was a teammate with Harry Bay, later an outfielder with Cincinnati and Cleveland.", "\n\nAt age sixteen, he left home, determined to find his place in the world, and became the business manager of the Peoria Theatre, which meant he probably did everything there was to do but sing and dance. ", "When a show came through town and the advance agent backed out, Frazee took over, going on the road ahead of the production, booking theaters, drumming up publicity, and meeting everybody who was anybody in the theater world all across the Midwest.", "\n\nHe was only nineteen when he got his start in baseball. ", "The Western Association, a minor league, disbanded in midseason. ", "Frazee treated the Peoria ball club like a play, taking them on a barnstorming tour to little towns where Peoria meant the big city, and made money. ", "He also learned a valuable lesson: baseball and the theater were not all that different. ", "You sold tickets, you put on a show every day, and the real money wasn't on the field, but in the front office. ", "No matter how much the players earned, the guys who owned the team usually made more.", "\n\nHe stumbled upon a show called Mahoney's Wedding and talked a few investors, including Harry Bay, into providing some seed funds and then took it on the road, putting on a professional play in places that had never seen the likes of one before. ", "He reportedly earned Bay a 1,000 percent profit and suddenly had no lack of suitors wanting to back his next venture. ", "Over the next few years he kept striking gold again and again, eventually moving from the small towns to Chicago, where he built the Cort Theatre, enabling him to make money not just with his own shows, but with somebody else's.", "\n\nBy 1910, Chicago had grown too small for him and he took on New York. ", "He was just as successful there as he was in Chicago, embraced by the elite, and in 1912 gracing the cover of the New York Clipper, a theatrical and sporting newspaper, already so well known the paper didn't see the need to identify his photograph with a caption. ", "No wonder, he'd been printing money with a string of hits, then taking them on tour and making even more. ", "He wisely branched out, spreading his risk, opening all sorts of other businesses, buying real estate, building the Longacre Theatre, investing in the stock market, and rubbing shoulders with an ever increasing roster of A-list celebrities, friends, or acquaintances with every notable actor in the country, like Frank Morgan, Nora Bayes, and every playwright, producers like the Shuberts, and composers like the Gershwin brothers. ", "Nearly every day his mailbox bulged with another new play, and letters from young men of means—and young women—pleading for a job, for a way to learn the theater business, or for a break as an actor. ", "He learned that power and money made him attractive, that access to young actresses opened a lot of doors and lot of wallets. ", "He soon had an empire that stretched from New York to Chicago, making million-dollar real estate transactions and always parlaying what he had just done into what he wanted to do next, using some of his own money and a lot of somebody else's.", "\n\nHe was no dummy. ", "The theater was a cash business and Frazee took full advantage of that. ", "The Harry H. Frazee Collection held by the University of Texas consists of more than eighty boxes of material, mostly consisting of plays, sheet music, and a hodgepodge of financial records, some personal but primarily theatrical, literally tens of thousands of documents. ", "It is clearly an incomplete picture of his finances, for it contains very little corporate data and includes only a smattering of baseball-related material, most confined to a single box. ", "Short of a full forensic accounting, which would take an expert months, it is dangerous to extrapolate with certainty much of anything from the collection apart from the complexity of his financial arrangements, but it does include some intriguing items. ", "For example, if one is to take Frazee's personal federal tax worksheets at face value, over a twenty-year period Frazee personally earned any income at all only twice, in 1925 and 1926—when No, No, Nanette was the biggest hit the theater had ever seen. ", "Similarly, if one is to believe the existing records, of the dozens of shows he produced, only Nanette was profitable. ", "Yet at the same time, most of Frazee's shows ran for hundreds of performances and he lived the high life each and every day for nearly three decades. ", "How?", "\n\nLike a lot of rich people, like Ban Johnson, like Yankees owner Jacob Ruppert and a lot of other men in baseball and business, Frazee buried his wealth in corporations, trusts, and assorted other properties. ", "It mattered little if the money was in his name as long as he had access to it. ", "For people like Frazee, debt is actually a good thing. ", "As part of the deal to get Congress to support a national income tax in 1913, the Revenue Act included two very important elements to secure the support of the wealthy and influential: it made corporate tax rates much lower than individual rates, allowing the wealthy to disguise their wealth in corporate holdings, and it made interest payments deductible. ", "This was not done so much to help out the little guy buying a bungalow but the big guy buying everything else. ", "To men like Harry Frazee, money was a river that ran past. ", "Whenever he needed any, he just reached in and fished some out. ", "The whole time, he usually controlled the flow of the stream.", "\n\nFor Frazee, life was both a party and a performance. ", "He lived high, usually with a drink in his hand, but he had a brilliant sense of what the public wanted before anyone else knew it. ", "Although mischaracterized for years by a series of bumbling sportswriters as a minor figure in the theater, as the lyricist Irving Caesar later described him, \"Frazee never drew a sober breath in his life, but he was a hell of a producer. ", "He made more sense drunk than most people do sober.\" ", "He viewed baseball as \"essentially show business\"—as \"entertainment\"—the ballpark a stage, and the players as actors, and every game a performance.", "\n\nIn a sense, he and Babe Ruth had a lot in common—they didn't just break the mold of what a person could be, they smashed it to bits. ", "Neither man knew it yet but they were both revolutionaries in a sport that was distrustful of change. ", "And in the spring of 1918, both men were about to undergo the greatest transition of their lives, both on the precipice of everlasting fame as something other than what they had been before. ", "Neither would have existed without the other. ", "For now, however, neither man was looking much past the upcoming season.", "\n\nIt is something of an accident that Frazee even owned the Red Sox in the first place. ", "Ban Johnson ran major league baseball like a private club and Frazee, who many thought was Jewish due to his strong ties to both the theater and New York, simply wasn't part of the in crowd. ", "But two years earlier, just before the start of the 1916 season, then Red Sox owner Joseph Lannin, a hotel man, flush with confidence after winning a world title in 1915 and in the wake of the collapse of the Federal League, decided to cash out. ", "Besides, his major investor, Charles Somers, was out of money and Lannin never really had the cash to buy the team in the first place.", "\n\nBan Johnson sensed weakness. ", "When star outfielder Tris Speaker balked at signing a reduced contract and held out, the league founder pulled the trigger on Lannin. ", "Johnson cut a deal with the Indians—which Johnson owned a part of—to trade Speaker for pitcher Sad Sam Jones, infielder Fred Thomas, and, most notably, $50,000, the biggest transaction in baseball at the time, but still a bargain for Speaker. ", "Only then did he tell Lannin, and the club owner had little choice but to accept the deal—he didn't have the money to say no. ", "Although the Red Sox, buoyed by the performance of a host of younger players, including Ruth, won another pennant and a world championship for Lannin in 1916, owning the Red Sox had been nothing but a headache. ", "He was losing money and saw war in America's future. ", "Claiming he was \"too much a fan\" to put up with the game's hardball politics, he decided to get out. ", "Johnson himself pondered buying the Red Sox, or at least having a straw man buy it for him and cut him in.", "\n\nThere is an old adage in Boston that the city's three favorite pastimes are sports, politics, and revenge. ", "Now Lannin, having experienced the other two, decided it was time for revenge.", "\n\nUp to this point, Johnson's fingerprints were on every sale of an American League team—he usually picked the buyer, sometimes set the price, ordered the seller to the table, and often provided the financing through one of a series of financial angels, all of whom owed Johnson their loyalty when it came to deciding league matters. ", "The result was a lucrative little fiefdom.", "\n\nThis time, however, Johnson miscalculated. ", "Lannin was still stinging over the Speaker deal and when he decided to sell the Red Sox, he cut Johnson out. ", "He ignored entreaties from people like Joe Kennedy, the grandson of infamous Boston politician Honey Fitz, and found his own buyer—Harry Frazee.", "\n\nFrazee had been angling for a ball club since at least 1909, when he first inquired into buying the Red Sox, and in subsequent years had made noise about buying Boston's National League team, the Braves, as well as the Cubs and Giants, but baseball's cliquish power structure put Frazee off. ", "They didn't trust him—that he was \"too New York\" was a slur—and it didn't help when he paired with boxer Jim Corbett and began managing the boxer Kid Chocolate, and put the money up for the famous bout between Jess Willard and black champion Jack Johnson in 1915. ", "Why, he even employed black actors. ", "In a lily-white sport, Frazee was a wild card.", "\n\nHe convinced an associate, Hugh Ward, to kick in some funds and offered Lannin $675,000 for the Red Sox, far more than anyone else. ", "That was enough to get Lannin out of debt and walk away with a profit—particularly the way the deal was structured. ", "Lannin was so eager to sell, he took only half the money up front—Frazee could pay the balance on the installment plan.", "\n\nThe deal was done before Johnson even heard about it. ", "He was livid at being cut out and kept in the dark, and almost from the start did everything he could to muck things up, particularly when Frazee started making wild offers for talent, trying to tempt the Senators into selling Walter Johnson for a reported $60,000. ", "At a time when every owner in the game was cutting salaries, offers like that made playing hardball at contract time more difficult.", "\n\nBut without Johnson's assistance, Lannin and Frazee hadn't made the smartest deal, either. ", "Although at the time the sale was announced it was presumed to include Fenway Park, that wasn't the case—the Taylor family, who under General Charles H. Taylor and his son John owned the Boston Globe and had built Fenway and before selling the team to Lannin, retained stock in the ballpark and even some voting shares in the club. ", "An already complicated deal was, in reality, even more complicated, and the convoluted ownership structure of the team would wreak havoc on the franchise for most of a decade. ", "Determining exactly who owned what without the assistance of an army of lawyers would eventually prove almost impossible.", "\n\nThat didn't bother Johnson. ", "Aptly described by Charles Somers as someone who \"never forgets an enemy,\" when Frazee purchased the Red Sox he became enemy number one to Ban Johnson. ", "After Johnson initially tried to convince Lannin to back out of the deal, saying, \"Lannin will be given every opportunity to reconsider,\" Johnson now sat back biding his time, trying to work Frazee into a corner and taking advantage of his money when he could.", "\n\nFrazee had showed up at baseball's Winter Meetings in late 1917 eager to spend and anxious to let everyone else know it. ", "Where the other owners saw fear and anxiety, Frazee saw opportunity. ", "He alone was optimistic about the upcoming season.", "\n\nTo survive in the theater, you had to have that attitude. ", "You had to believe every show was destined to be a hit and tell people that, even when you knew better. ", "Besides, the public was fickle. ", "He knew that more than one surefire smash had closed after only a few shows, and a fair share of dogs somehow found an audience and ran for months. ", "Today's hot actor was yesterday's old news, and an ingenue could be thrust into a starring role and become a sensation.", "\n\nNo one in the theater lacked nerve. ", "But baseball was different. ", "In that world Frazee's aggressively optimistic temperament made every other team appear as if it were in retreat.", "\n\nAfter winning the pennant and the World Series in 1913, a pennant in 1914, and then fighting off the Federal League, the A's Connie Mack was left with one of the highest payrolls in baseball. ", "Nevertheless, his club finished last in the following three seasons and in 1917 he lost more than $60,000. ", "At the winter meetings, Mack was looking to sell and Frazee, smarting over finishing second in his first year as owner and bullish on baseball's ability to thrive despite the war, was in the mood to spend.", "\n\nJohnson, more or less directing league affairs like a puppet master, steered Frazee to Mack. ", "Johnson was already plotting Frazee's removal and getting Mack some of the Boston owner's money first was part of the plan.", "\n\nFrazee couldn't resist and the two eventually made two deals. ", "The Red Sox added outfielders Amos Strunk, catcher Wally Schang, pitcher Joe Bush, and infielder Stuffy McInnis, players who could have made the starting lineup for any team in baseball, while Mack received $60,000. ", "After the Yankees howled that the deal was lopsided, Boston sent over a couple more players, most notably longtime third baseman Larry Gardner. ", "Cumulatively, the deal was richer, by far, than the Speaker sale a year before, easily the biggest in the history of the game, something Frazee underscored in a telegram to the Boston papers that called the deal \"the heaviest financial deal ever consummated at one time in the history of baseball.\" ", "Advanced baseball statistics underscore Frazee's haul. ", "In terms of WAR (wins above replacement), Frazee added nearly 10 wins to his ball club in 1918—and had he been able to keep Gardner, the haul would have been even better. ", "On those terms, purely as a transfer of talent, the deal was roughly on par in terms of total value with the Ruth sale still to come. ", "It gave Mack the cash to survive the season and made the Red Sox the most powerful team in baseball.", "\n\nOn paper anyway. ", "That was the challenge they faced in Hot Springs, to turn the paper tiger into a potent force, a team that pulled together. ", "And that wasn't going to be easy.", "\n\nFrazee had already lost his manager in 1917, Jack Barry, to the Navy, and in the off-season one more thing became certain—it was unclear precisely who would be available to play in 1918, or for how long. ", "The war was dragging on, and as it did it drew more and more players into the fray—Boston lost outfielder Duffy Lewis and pitcher Ernie Shore, among others. ", "In order to compete, teams had to fill their rosters with unproven talent, the infirm, or players otherwise past their prime. ", "By mid-December, no fewer than eleven Red Sox players had been lost to the war—the most of any team in baseball.", "\n\nThat's where Ed Barrow came in. ", "The International League president and onetime manager of the Tigers had been in baseball for more than two decades and knew virtually everyone—Frazee had been an acquaintance for years. ", "Barrow was one of several baseball figures Frazee regularly consulted to keep his finger on baseball's pulse while he jockeyed to buy a team. ", "Well, now he had one, but he didn't have a manager, and he still needed more players. ", "After efforts to get Barry released from military duty failed—Frazee wasn't shy about asking for special treatment, either, as long as he benefited personally—Barrow, fully aware that the job was open, dropped in on Frazee at his office.", "\n\n\"Well, Ed,\" said Frazee, \"I guess it's about time I begin looking around for a manager.\" ", "Barrow feigned indifference, as did Frazee, before finally blurting out, \"I've just selected you as a manager of the 1918 Red Sox. ", "Want the job?\" ", "Barrow was delighted to accept. ", "He needed the job, knew Frazee was in a mood to spend, and no one in the game had a better idea about who might be available to play in 1918 than he did, and in his new position he acted as both manager on the field and general manager, responsible for trades and signing players. ", "However, this being baseball circa 1918, there was also more at play. ", "A year before, Barrow had tried to duplicate Johnson's ploy and reorganize the International League into a third major league, the Union League, a move that, according to some reports, initially had Johnson's support. ", "He even promised Barrow the presidency of the Red Sox if he could force Frazee to sell. ", "Barrow tried to put together a deal with some International League backers—but then he'd been left hanging. ", "Joseph Lannin, after selling the Sox, had since made amends with Johnson. ", "He owned the International League's Buffalo franchise and took offense at the league president working the back room. ", "He led a move to cut Barrow's salary by two thirds, which caused Barrow to resign.", "\n\nBarrow wasn't finished—he was tough, a disciplinarian who wasn't above playing the revenge game, either—Frazee called him \"Simon Legree,\" after the greedy slave owner in Uncle Tom's Cabin. ", "By joining forces with Frazee, Barrow was looking forward to the chance to prove Lannin and Johnson wrong. ", "One of his first acts was to skim the International League of some veteran talent, signing outfielder George Whiteman, a longtime minor league star who hit .340, mostly for Toronto in 1917.", "\n\nThe end result, however, was that as the train chugged from Boston to Little Rock, picking up the stray player along the way, by the time they all arrived in Arkansas, Barrow still wasn't quite sure what kind of team he had. ", "If everyone showed up and could play out the season, they looked to be the class of the league. ", "But even with the addition of Mack's best remaining players, the war was still certain to leave some holes, and besides, with so many new recruits, half the players had never met one another before. ", "Barrow wouldn't really know what kind of team he had until they dumped the equipment bags out on the ground at Whittington Park.", "\n\nSpring training began on March 12 with a gingerly played practice. ", "The only regulars among the starting eight in attendance were outfielder Harry Hooper and Everett Scott. ", "Ruth was the only frontline pitcher and he was not yet in shape to pitch. ", "As a result, after the players limbered up, the Red Sox, a major league team in name only as the rest included a dozen or more raw recruits and handful of aging has-beens, barely had enough players to hold a full scrimmage.", "\n\nIt was probably the best thing that ever happened.", "\n\nThis Means War\n\n\"I'd be the laughingstock of baseball if I turned the best lefthander in the game into an outfielder.\"", "\n\n—Ed Barrow\n\nOf the vast impact Gavrilo Princip's assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, presumptive heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, would have on the history of the world, the bearing on the game of baseball would be no less profound. ", "Although in later years Harry Hooper, Ed Barrow, and a handful of others would scramble to take credit for the decision to move Ruth off the pitcher's mound and into the batter's box, credit should rightly go to Princip. ", "For had it not been for the war, Ruth would be remembered today for his prowess as a pitcher, and nothing else.", "\n\nSpring training was a rather loose affair in 1918—the three-mile-or-so walk to and from the hotel was considered part of the players' training, and apart from some extra throwing, pitchers were treated little different from the other members of the roster. ", "Everyone more or less went through the same drills, \"playing\" their way into shape through batting practice, shagging flies, taking infield, and intra-squad games. ", "Barrow, who hadn't managed a big league team team since Detroit in 1904, kept the boys on the field a long time, but was hardly an organizational genius. ", "Frazee brought in veteran infielder Johnny Evers—known as \"the Crab\" for both the way he scooted abound the diamond and for his sour disposition—into camp to help Barrow out. ", "His managerial skills, never particularly profound, were rusty.", "\n\nThere was nothing strange about a pitcher taking a turn at another position, especially during the first days of spring training before the games got under way. ", "During spring training in 1916, while Tris Speaker was a holdout, Ruth had played a little outfield, but his fly catching had reminded no one of the Gray Eagle. ", "But in 1918, due to a shortage of talent, there was a little more opportunity than usual.", "\n\nRuth, who today would likely be diagnosed as ADHD and drugged into somnambulism, was just as hard to contain on the field as he was off it. ", "He loved to play, and he never forgot that play was supposed to be fun. ", "It was a holdover from his time as a boy at St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys. ", "Although Ruth credited the school and the Xaverian Brothers with changing his life, make no mistake—it was no finishing school. ", "His time there was heavily regulated and the only relief from the drudgery of the regimented lifestyle of church, study, and work was playing sports. ", "For Ruth, this meant baseball. ", "Only on the ballfield was he both valued and free to be himself. ", "He took full advantage of the opportunity.", "\n\nNo one ever said Ruth didn't work hard on the diamond, and in the spring of 1918 he was particularly irrepressible, dashing back and forth between activities with the enthusiasm of a young boy let loose in the backyard. ", "He could only throw so much, and if there was room for an extra man to shag some flies, take some ground balls in the infield, or, in particular, take a few extra cracks at the plate, Ruth was ready and jumped right in.", "\n\nUsually, by the time the squad was in good enough shape to play exhibition games, the regulars took over and once the games began pitchers such as Ruth waited their turn. ", "But there was nothing usual about the spring of 1918.", "\n\nFor one, in the early days of March it was hot in Hot Springs, and humid. ", "The temperature touched 90 degrees, leaving some out-of-shape players panting in pools of sweat and leading Barrow to warn some slackers, who would douse their heads and then claim fatigue, that he was on to their \"water bucket camouflage.\" ", "Nevertheless, the heat gave Ruth more opportunity to play. ", "In the early days of the spring, Barrow was already scrambling to fill every position. ", "As Barrow struggled to make up for the loss of Gardner, catcher Sam Agnew was pressed into duty at third, as was first baseman Stuffy McInnis.", "\n\nSo during those first few practices, by necessity as much as anything else, Ruth played a little first base, which also gave him some incentive to turn in before dawn. ", "Barrow already had him rooming with coach Dan Howley for just that reason—later, he'd be paired with Johnny Evers. ", "But as the exhibition season began on March 17 when the Sox played the first of a series of exhibitions with the National League Brooklyn Robins at Whittington Park Ruth took the field for that initial contest, not on the mound, but at first base.", "\n\nThat was newsworthy in itself—in the Globe, Ed Martin called him \"'Hal Chase' Ruth\" after the slick-fielding first sacker considered the best in the game. ", "But what Ruth did at the plate attracted even more attention.", "\n\nHe hit two home runs, one to left center and the other to right, where it cleared a fence that served as a barricade between the park and an alligator farm, and where, Martin noted, \"It kicked up no end of commotion among the alligators.\" ", "The headline in the newspaper the next day referred to Boston's \"Great Bombardment,\" and the Boston Post reported that even the Brooklyn players had stood and cheered the hit into the gator pen.", "\n\nIt was a great achievement—but also not quite as impressive as it first appeared. ", "The two pitchers Ruth faced that day, Harry Heightman and Norman Plitt, were barely major leaguers and hadn't been throwing a week. ", "It was also the start of spring training and balls were nearly new and still relatively tight, as lively as the dead ball would ever be. ", "Ruth's performance was impressive but hardly unheard of.", "\n\nSignificantly, every report of the game also left out one very important fact. ", "Although it was about 360 feet to the fence in left field and more than 400 to center, down the right field line it was only 260 to the alligator farm. ", "Although the field had once been spacious, due to floods it had been reconfigured several years earlier and the dimensions made much more cozy. ", "Had the game been played anywhere else, such as Majestic Park, the other spring training park in Hot Springs and Boston's home there in both 1917 and 1919, Ruth may not have even hit a home run at all, and had he not, well, what would have happened if Princip had been a bad shot?", "\n\nThe reporters weren't being too cute: press was important. ", "The Red Sox planned to barnstorm their way back north, and anything that could drum up publicity mattered. ", "The alligators were good copy, and most reports made sure to mention the farm. ", "Crowds were important and word traveled fast. ", "While not quite the attraction of the local casino, seeing Ruth scatter a group of gators with a baseball was a draw, even if it was little more than a routine fly. ", "The crowds at Boston's morning workouts began to increase and attendance at the exhibitions between the Sox and Brooklyn were almost on par with turnout at the racetrack. ", "Ruth was the primary reason.", "\n\nHe loved the attention and played to the crowd every chance he had. ", "When he took batting practice, he made no pretense of trying to do anything but hit the ball as high and far as possible—as a pitcher, he didn't have to. ", "Years later, the Tigers' Ty Cobb noted that this was a huge advantage for Ruth, saying, \"He could experiment at the plate. ", "He didn't have to get a piece of the ball.... No one cares if a pitcher strikes out or looks bad at bat, so Ruth could take that full swing.\" ", "And that's exactly what he did, and had been doing since reaching the big leagues, often using an oversized bat that weighed as much as ten or twelve ounces more than the bats many other players usually used.", "\n\nThe result in four big league seasons so far had been 68 strikeouts in 361 major league at bats, something that made the game's wise old heads shake their heads. ", "Striking out nearly 20 percent of the time was unacceptable—for anybody, regardless of the result the other 80 percent of the time. ", "Nevertheless, in the spring of 1918, Boston's fledgling pitching corps complied and grooved the ball for Ruth as the writers breathlessly noted his accomplishment and whether he made contact or not. ", "They also noted that most of the veteran players made sure to wait and take their batting practice off the new recruits instead of Mays, Ruth, or the other front liners who trickled in every day.", "\n\nOn March 20, Ruth managed to scatter the gators four more times during batting practice. ", "Each one meant a lost baseball, leading Harry Frazee to mutter, \"This is getting painful,\" a reference to the cost of a replacement ball. ", "Burt Whitman of the Boston Herald took to referring to Ruth as \"the Colossus,\" and a cartoon in the Boston Post showed Ruth pestering Barrow to play in the field, but that was as much a reference to his enthusiasm as his batting prowess. (", "Note: the Boston Herald and Boston Journal merged in 1917 and were known in 1918 as the Boston Herald and Journal, becoming simply the Boston Herald in 1918. ", "To avoid confusion I refer to it as the Boston Herald.)", "\n\nWord of Ruth's performances continued to spread. ", "The home runs might have been cheap, but nevertheless they were home runs, and no one else in camp was hitting them so frequently. ", "Ruth had filled out and was now man-strong, topping 200 pounds. ", "When the Sox and Brooklyn traveled to Little Rock for an exhibition only to have it be rained out, Ruth entertained the big crowd of soldiers by taking batting practice and swinging for the fences, dropping four or five balls over the barrier just for fun. ", "According to one hyperbolic report, the balls landed thirty feet farther away than \"the right field pavilion at the Polo Grounds,\" a good poke if not a very specific one, as the stands were only 258 feet from home down the line but much deeper where the pavilion ended. ", "The soldiers looked at Ruth just as he had once looked up to Brother Matthias, his mentor at St. Mary's, when he was hitting home runs one-handed.", "\n\nThe next day, 2,000 fans turned up for another exhibition at Whittington Park. ", "With first baseman Dick Hoblitzell finally in camp and needing work, and both Carl Mays and Ruth scheduled to pitch, Barrow knew good business and stuck Ruth in right field to start the game. ", "He didn't disappoint. ", "In the third inning, pitcher Al Mamaux grooved one. ", "Barrow had already told his men to swing and swing hard against the Brooklyn scrub and Ruth did, once again hammering the ball over the fence in right. ", "If press reports are to be believed, this time the blast cleared not only the gators but both a street and a duck pond. ", "Astounded witnesses called the drive the longest they'd ever seen at WhittingtonPark, some claiming the ball traveled 500 feet, something normally possible with the dead ball only if one included a considerable roll.", "\n\nStill, his performance was more a novelty than anything else. ", "There were no serious calls for Ruth to change position. ", "It wasn't as if he was unstoppable. ", "Only the home runs stood out. ", "The Robins veteran Rube Marquard, known for his fastball, kept him quiet in one exhibition, striking him out three times. ", "Ruth only connected off his replacement, and even that drive was reported to be wind-aided. ", "By the end of the month there were finally enough players in camp to play intra-squad games between the \"Regulars\" and the \"Yannigans,\" which kept Ruth on the field, but in exhibitions against Brooklyn Ruth resumed his mound duties, and as the pitchers got into shape, his home run swing began to prove less effective.", "\n\nBy the time the Sox broke camp in early April and began to wend their way north, playing exhibitions in Dallas, New Orleans, Chattanooga, and elsewhere, Ruth's early spring performance was already becoming something of an afterthought. ", "It was akin to that of the prospect who gets off to a hot start only to be forgotten as soon as the pitchers start throwing curves.", "\n\nBarrow was beginning to settle on a lineup and there was little question that Ruth was back where he belonged—pitching. ", "His performance at the plate was certainly valuable when he came through, but nothing the Sox felt they could depend on or cause them to flout tradition.", "\n\nBut it was nice to have a pitcher who could hit a little. ", "Smoky Joe Wood, the Boston fireballer who won 34 games in 1912 before a sore arm drove him to the outfield, had always been a good hitter, and more than one sportswriter had chided the usually weak-hitting Washington Senators for not making better use of Walter Johnson's bat. ", "In most years, he was one of their better hitters. ", "But then as now, conventional baseball wisdom held it was far too taxing to pitch every fourth or fifth day and still play regularly between starts. ", "No major leaguer has ever done so on more than a temporary basis, and only a scant few, such as Red Lucas, have even been used regularly as pinch hitter.", "\n\nYet one more factor made it somewhat difficult for the Red Sox or anyone else to see what they might have in Ruth. ", "While today all manner of analytic tools and formulas measure not only batting average, but also power and a player's total value, none of these were available in 1918. ", "When observers spoke of Ruth's hitting, they primarily meant only his batting average, not home runs and strikeouts. ", "Even such a commonplace statistic as slugging percentage, which measures power by dividing total bases by at bats, was unknown. ", "Most baseball men considered taking a base on balls almost a sign of weakness and sacrifice bunts and stolen bases were valued all out of proportion to their true contribution to the scoring of runs and the winning of ballgames.", "\n\nIn combination, all this rendered Ruth's gifts as a hitter partially invisible, obscuring the value of his doubles and triples and walks, while giving too much prominence to his strikeouts. ", "And in the context of the era, even the home run was viewed with suspicion, such an irregularity that it was considered pure folly to hope for one, much less to expect a player to hit one on command, even in batting practice. ", "A home run then was the baseball equivalent of a Hail Mary pass in football today; a wonderful surprise when it happens, but hardly worth counting on.", "\n\nThe only observers who wished for that were members of the press. ", "They were beginning to realize that Ruth's home runs sold papers. ", "A column by the Herald's Bob Dunbar, a fictional scribe whose byline was ghostwritten by younger staffers and generally included the kind of hometown pap that others would not allow to see in print under their own name, noted that fans were \"disappointed when they don't read that big Babe hit a home run.\"", "\n\nThe Red Sox worked their way back toward Boston, generally thumping Brooklyn with ease, taking their preseason series seven games to five. ", "Once the weather turned cold, forcing the cancellation of a game in Chattanooga due to snow, they returned to Boston five days before the start of the regular season, more or less set on their lineup.", "\n\nFrazee's acquisitions had come through, as Stuffy McInnis took over at third for Gardner, Amos Strunk patrolled center field, Wally Schang earned the starting nod behind the plate, and George Whiteman, the thirty-three-year-old minor leaguer Barrow nabbed from the International League, took over in left. ", "Holdovers remained in Harry Hooper in right field and Everett Scott at shortstop, while veteran Dave Shean, acquired in a trade late in the spring after it became clear Johnny Evers now only acted like a crab instead of moved like one, played second, with Dick Hoblitzell winning the first baseman's job. ", "Pitchers Dutch Leonard and Carl Mays joined newcomer Joe Bush as part of the club's strength: the pitching staff. ", "And at the center of it all, still Boston's number one pitcher, was the same man who had occupied that spot the year before, Babe Ruth.", "\n\nThe club got in a day's work out at Harvard, giving Ruth a taste of the Ivy League, and one day before the season started, Barrow told the Boston Herald, \"There is every reason to believe the Red Sox will be in the hunt.\" ", "As opposed to other clubs that had been forced to use what Barrow referred to as \"emergency players,\" he felt his club was made up of \"high class material,\" and offered that he expected the greatest challenge to come from the defending champion White Sox. ", "Of his own team, he took particular note of his infield, and called his pitching staff of Mays, Leonard, and Bush, anchored by Ruth, \"the best quartet in the league.\"", "\n\nFor the record, Ruth collected nine hits in 21 exhibition game at bats that spring, including four home runs, most of it against subpar pitching in a ballpark with a short porch in right field. ", "He had been very entertaining, but as yet there was no hint that Ruth would ever play even a single inning anywhere else but on the mound.", "\n\n\"He was like a damn animal. ", "He had that instinct. ", "They know when it's going to rain, things like that. ", "Nature! ", "That was Ruth.\"", "\n\n—Philadelphia A's pitcher Rube Bressler\n\nJust as he had the previous two seasons, when the umpire yelled \"Play ball\" on Opening Day, standing in the center of the diamond, grinding the ball into his hip with his enormous left hand was Babe Ruth. ", "On the field, all seemed right with the Red Sox, but if there was reason to worry, one only had to look in the stands.", "\n\nIt was pathetic. ", "Despite Frazee's off-season deals, barely 7,000 paying customers braved the chill April air for the start of the 1918 season, nearly 3,000 fewer than the year before. ", "To pump up the crowd, Frazee even let a couple of thousand servicemen in for free. ", "Yet despite the bunting that hung from the front of the grandstand and the roof, Fenway Park, only seven years old, was already looking shabby. ", "The wall in left field and just about every other open space was covered with a motley collection of signage, much of it faded and peeling. ", "The bulk of the crowd huddled in the concrete and steel grandstand and the covered right field pavilion, where a knot of several hundred gamblers turned out for every game and held sway, openly plying their trade like stockbrokers working the floor of the exchange. ", "The rest of the park—the bleachers in center field and the stands in right and along the third base line hurriedly constructed for the 1912 World Series—were nearly empty. ", "Constructed entirely of wood, after almost seven years the raw pine was splintered and warped from the summer sun and the winter ice. ", "Only the poor and the brave—and those who could afford a new pair of pants—braved the ballpark's outer reaches and then only when a big crowd gave them no other choice.", "\n\nIn retrospect, Frazee had made a grave error when buying the Red Sox in not acquiring the ballpark. ", "The Taylors gladly took Frazee's rent checks but were loath to perform any but the most cosmetic maintenance. ", "The ballpark as first built in 1912, not to mention the jury-rigged, expanded ballpark with extra seats cobbled together for the that year's World Series, was nothing like the gussied-up, faux antiqued Fenway Park that exists today. ", "It was spare and utilitarian. ", "Within a few more years, portions of the wood stands would periodically be cordoned off, condemned as unsafe. ", "In the meantime, it gave fans one more reason not to come out to the ballpark.", "\n\nAmerica was changing. ", "For decades, America had turned its back on Europe and as it now awoke and looked around, it was beginning to realize the world was rapidly evolving. ", "As men went to war, women went to work in their stead and began to act and think independently. ", "In recent years, the spread of electricity and the affordability of the automobile had ushered in the greatest transformation in American society to date. ", "Everything America had ever been suddenly seemed old and out of date.", "\n\nThat included the game of baseball. ", "The recent failure of the Federal League underscored the trouble in the game. ", "Baseball had thrived for years as the national pastime primarily because there was no alternative, really—nothing other than vaudeville and the theater to occupy workers' few spare moments. ", "But the spread of electricity offered new outlets—the nickelodeon, recorded music, and nightclubs and dance halls. ", "In less than a decade, the number of minor leagues had tumbled from more than fifty to only ten by 1918. ", "Major league attendance had peaked at more than seven million in 1909 and then dropped steadily to barely half that. ", "The game's long-term survival was hardly assured. ", "Twenty years before, bicycle racing had been nearly as popular as baseball. ", "Now, almost every city of any size sported an empty or abandoned velodrome. ", "In a few years, the ballpark risked a similar fate.", "\n\nThe game was boring. ", "No one would say it aloud, but that was the truth. ", "The men who ran the game had been brought up with baseball in the 1880s and 1890s and still thought it should be played that way it had been then. \"", "Scientific,\" inside baseball ruled and managers such as Connie Mack and the Giants' John McGraw were considered stars as much as any player, brilliant tacticians who controlled their men as if chess pieces, squeezing out runs through a combination of bunts, scratch base hits, stolen bases, and sacrifices.", "\n\nUnfortunately, that mixture was becoming ever more predictable, and more rare. ", "At its highest level, such as in the World Series, the style of play made every pitch, like the move of every pawn, replete with meaning and significance. ", "But for the rest of the year, players and managers alike too often simply went through the motions as if they couldn't wait to get off the field. ", "In one spring training game in 1918, the Red Sox and Brooklyn Robins (later the Dodgers) played seven full innings in only thirty minutes. ", "It was only an exhibition, but still... More often the only people who really enjoyed the contests were die-hard insiders and the men who whiled away their afternoons making \"do they or don't they\" bets in stands, arcane wagers based on the intricacies of the game, like whether the next hit would be in the air or on the ground, regardless of the score.", "\n\nSince 1901 the total number of runs scored per game had dropped by nearly four and was showing no signs of increasing as improvements in gloves (they were bigger), field conditions (they caused fewer errors), and pitching approach combined to make it ever more difficult to score runs. ", "Now almost every pitcher either threw a spitball or scuffed the ball in some way to make it move and dart erratically, all of which made runs more precious.", "\n\nWhat had not changed much was the ball itself. ", "It was made much the same way as it had been made forty years before when it was still allowable to \"soak\" a runner, or put him out by hitting him with a thrown ball.", "\n\nThe first baseballs had been handmade, generally four pieces of leather stitched together over a tightly wound ball of yarn, known as a \"lemon-peel\" due to the configuration of the stitching, but by the 1850s organized teams tried to agree on a uniform size and method of manufacture. ", "Still, it wasn't until the 1870s that a true standard was set by the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, calling for a ball \"formed by yarn wound around a small core... covered with two strips of white horsehide or cowhide, tightly stitched together. ", "It shall weigh not less than five nor more than 5.25 ounces avoirdupois and measure not less than nine nor more than 9.25 inches in circumference.\" ", "Manufacturers adopted the popular figure-8 style of stitching and the modern ball, constructed from a simple round rubber center wrapped in wool yarn and covered with stitched horsehide more or less, was born. ", "It was tough, resilient, and almost impossible to hit more than a couple hundred feet, becoming softer and more lopsided with each use, and the game and its strategy evolved in line with the ball. ", "Baseball was played primarily within only a couple hundred feet of home plate.", "\n\nIn 1911 a rubber-covered cork center was introduced that caused a brief uptick in runs, but that was quickly offset as pitchers adapted—using the spitball and scuffing the cover to make it move—and penurious club owners kept the same ball in play throughout the game, turning softer—and deader—by the inning. ", "The game wasn't marked so much by the crack of the bat on the ball as a dull thud. ", "Batters tried to place hits between fielders as if shooting pool with a moving target, taking a choppy, short, level swing designed as much to avoid the embarrassment of a miss as it was for the glory of a base hit.", "\n\nAlthough the modern game was only about twenty years old, it was already living in the past. ", "Ever since Ban Johnson created the American League and major league baseball took on its now familiar two-league structure in 1903, the same few names had dominated the sport—batting stars like Detroit's Ty Cobb, Pittsburgh shortstop Honus Wagner, Napoleon Lajoie of Cleveland, the White Sox' Joe Jackson, Eddie Collins of the A's, and the Yankees' and A's Home Run Baker, and the pitchers such as Walter Johnson and Christy Mathewson. ", "But by 1918, Cobb was entering his 14th season in the major leagues. ", "Lajoie, Wagner, and Mathewson had recently retired, and the few remaining stars, like Jackson and Collins and Tris Speaker, lacked the charisma and appeal of their predecessors.", "\n\nThe game needed a star. ", "The last thing it needed was a war. ", "In the end, it got both. ", "In the long run, the carnage that overspread Europe was the best thing that ever happened to the game.", "\n\nFor Babe Ruth, Opening Day on April 15, 1918, began just as it usually did for him. ", "He arrived early and, as was his custom, probably helped the young vendors bag peanuts while scooping up great handfuls and leaving a hefty tip before taking the mound. ", "Ruth spent nearly as much time with the people who worked at the park as he did the players—he didn't see much of a difference, and in fact, that was how he met Johnny Igoe, a man who was becoming his best friend and advisor. ", "Igoe, who now ran a drugstore, had started out at Fenway Park as a peanut vendor.", "\n\nOnce he took the mound, the Philadelphia A's found hitting Ruth about as productive as taking swings at peanut shells. ", "After the usual pregame honorifics, which included the Red Sox marching out onto the field, raising the flag, and making appeals to the public to purchase Liberty Bonds to support the war, Ruth took the mound. ", "He threw a scoreless first inning before giving up a run in the second when he botched a pick-off throw, and the Red Sox took a 2–1 lead in the bottom of the inning, Ruth knocking in run number two with a hard single past A's first baseman George Burns.", "\n\nRuth pitched the rest of the game as if he didn't have a care in the world and Boston cruised to an easy 7–1 victory, one that barely stirred the crowd, which the Globe described as behaving \"with a sort of conservation of appreciation apparent.\" ", "In other words, they sat on their hands bored out of their minds.", "\n\nIf Ruth hadn't a care in the world, Harry Frazee had nothing but worry to contend with. ", "Although he had acted boldly during the off-season, as had, to a lesser degree, owner Charles Comiskey of the White Sox, the rest of his brethren, in particular AL president Ban Johnson, were cowering before an uncertain future. ", "In short, they were mucking everything up.", "\n\nThe previous December, when Frazee was acting boldly, baseball had announced it would proceed regardless of the war and play a full 154-game schedule. ", "But they had since backtracked, cutting the season back to a scheduled 140 games. ", "To someone like Frazee, who had acted with confidence, the loss of fourteen playing dates—seven at home—hurt. ", "Players were paid by the season, not by the game, and he had budgeted accordingly. ", "Had he known that was going to take place, he may not have been quite so audacious. ", "Now he was stuck.", "\n\nAnd he was also stuck with the repressive presence of both Boston's Puritan past and its more Catholic present. ", "At the time, weekday games started at 3:00 p.m. to accommodate professional men who could scoot out of the office early. ", "Factory workers didn't have that luxury. ", "They could generally only attend games on holidays and weekends, and in Boston, that meant Saturday: so-called blue laws were in place, and Sunday baseball was banned. ", "That cost the Red Sox ten or twelve lucrative home dates a year. ", "Only a few years before, that hadn't been a problem. ", "Sunday baseball had once been banned almost everywhere, but that was changing—it was legal now in several American League cities and would be legal in New York in 1919, helping the Yankees to turn their first profit under co-owner Jacob Ruppert and his financial partner, Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston, more often known as Cap Huston. ", "Already, Frazee's Broadway shows had to shutter on Sundays (one of the reasons he was so eager to take his shows on the road to smaller cities with looser restrictions), but on Broadway at least, everyone had to play by the same rules.", "\n\nHe must have found it galling that the competition was allowed to profit when he was not. ", "Indeed the inability to play baseball on Sunday would hamstring Boston's major league franchises for more than another decade. ", "Whereas the A's, for instance, might pull in a crowd of 40,000 or 50,000 over a weekend, usually ten times what they would draw on weekdays, Frazee, at best, could count on only one large crowd, on Saturday. ", "Increasingly, this left the Red Sox at a severe disadvantage, one that soon would become even more pronounced. ", "They courted the Church and politicians with free tickets and season passes, but didn't get much for their generosity\n\nTo no one's surprise, the Red Sox got off to a quick start in 1918, opening the season with six straight wins at home including three against the Yankees before finally falling in the last game of their four-game series. ", "Ruth picked up win number two on April 19, defeating Hank Thormahlen 9–5, and chipping in a single and an RBI, but the crowds remained disappointing—and the team was forced to play a doubleheader after a rainout the previous day. ", "In his next start, Ruth picked up another hit, but fell 3–0 to the A's. ", "For the first time all year, he had a complaint; he said his arm was sore.", "\n\nStill, everything seemed to be going more or less according to plan as the Red Sox finished the month 11–2, with a three-game lead in the pennant race. ", "About the only player not performing to expectations was first baseman Dick Hoblitzell. ", "Batting cleanup, the ten-year veteran and team captain opened the season 1-for-25. ", "Even worse, he'd been declared eligible for the draft, which may well have weighed on his performance. ", "A notice to report could come at any time.", "\n\nBut the big news came from Frazee. ", "On April 30 the papers announced that Frazee had been offered upward of $100,000 for Ruth, whom the Boston Herald described as a \"colossal southpaw pitcher and hitter most extraordinaire.\" ", "Frazee was clearly titillated by the offer, which a few days later he claimed was actually $150,000, saying, \"I might as well sell the franchise and the whole club as Ruth.\" ", "But there is no solid evidence that the offer, which the press speculated came from either the White Sox or the Yankees, was genuine or just idle talk, even though it later became fashionable among the baseball magnates for nearly all of them to claim to have seen the future and been the first to put in a bid for Ruth.", "\n\nFrazee knew the power of publicity and may well have been trying to seed a cloud and see if he could make it rain—it was becoming clear the war wasn't about to end anytime soon, and he might have been pondering cutting and running. ", "Besides, the Red Sox would soon play in New York. ", "Pumping up a crowd there, where the Polo Grounds seated 38,000, was simply good business. ", "Even the visitor's share of a full house—or close to it—would make Frazee more than a crowd a quarter of that size in Fenway Park.", "\n\nIf there was an offer, the White Sox and Yankees were the two teams most likely to afford to make such a generous bid, and in 1918, Frazee's most likely trading partners. ", "Charley Comiskey, the longtime owner of the White Sox, was flush with cash and generally known to be interested anytime a valuable player was made available. ", "Although he paid his players like serfs, he didn't mind paying big money for them. ", "That's how the game was played.", "\n\nThe New York Yankees were the most intriguing destination. ", "Although Ban Johnson, eager to cut the legs out from the Giants' stranglehold on the lucrative New York market, had long promised to help make the Yankees contenders, he had never followed through. ", "Their original owners, William Devery and Frank Farrell, two grotesquely corrupt members of New York's Tammany Hall political machine, cared about little more than fleecing their own ball club. ", "Although beer baron Ruppert and Huston purchased the team after the 1914 season and stabilized the franchise, the team's on-field performance had barely improved. ", "They remained a stepchild of the Giants, and even paid their National League counterparts $60,000 rent each year to use the Polo Grounds. ", "The club had abandoned their original field, Hilltop Park, in 1913 after the Giants rebuilt the Polo Grounds after a fire. ", "The move was intended as a stopgap measure until the Yankees could build their own concrete and steel park—fire was making the original wooden parks impossible to insure—but Ruppert and Huston hadn't been able to afford to do that yet. ", "And although Johnson wasn't fond of the Giants, Ruppert, like Frazee, had proven difficult to control, so Johnson was again balking at giving the Yankees significant help.", "\n\nBut Jacob Ruppert was impatient and, unlike his predecessors, a real businessman and savvy politician. ", "The dominant man in the Yankees partnership, Ruppert, whose family had been brewing beer in America for almost a hundred years, was a New Yorker and firmly ensconced in the upper crust of New York's manufacturing society. ", "He had served in the National Guard, reaching the rank of colonel, and dabbled effectively enough in the politics of Tammany Hall to serve several terms in Congress. ", "The longtime baseball fan had tried to buy both the Giants and Cubs before partnering with Huston, a former United States Army engineer and captain, and buying the Yankees for $480,000 in 1915. ", "At the time, Johnson pledged to help his ball club, a promise Ruppert expected him to make good.", "\n\nYet when Johnson had steered Frazee to Connie Mack in the off-season and Frazee came away with the guts of Mack's ball club, Ruppert complained: he would have loved to make a bid. ", "Two years before, Ruppert had felt put out when Tris Speaker was sold to Cleveland before he knew about it. ", "Now Johnson tried to pacify him and helped engineer a deal that delivered once valuable second baseman Del Pratt to New York, now temporarily considered damaged goods after being charged with throwing games. ", "He then helped arrange a trade that delivered outfielder Francesco Stephano Pezzolo—better known as Ping Bodie—from the A's to the Yankees. ", "It didn't match Frazee's haul, but it helped keep the Yankees competitive and keep Ruppert quiet.", "\n\nThat was becoming more important by the day. ", "Ruppert, who essentially took over the club when Huston went overseas in the service, understood New York. ", "Despite his affected German accent, he was New York to the core—he knew the Italian American Bodie would be an instant draw among New York's growing class of Italian immigrants. ", "And he also understood that with Prohibition in the air, this was no time for a beer baron to be buying only barley. ", "Looking ahead, he realized that in another year or two baseball might be his only business. ", "Thus far he'd already lost nearly a quarter of the club's purchase price, as a poor record and the onerous rent he paid the Giants made it hard to make money.", "\n\nRuppert needed the Yankees not only to win, but also to win the New York box office from the Giants. ", "To do that, he needed a star, and Ruth was the best young star out there, an intriguing player who could help on both the mound and elsewhere—a particularly precious commodity in 1918.", "\n\nHe'd been paying attention, and entering the 1918 season, although Ruth had hit only 9 career home runs, four of them had been against the Yankees, three in the Polo Grounds, where the right field porch was perfect for Ruth's pull-hitting, all-or-nothing, swing-from-the-heels stroke. ", "It was a small sample size, to be sure, but so dramatic that everyone had already noticed. ", "In Fenway Park, with its distant right field fence that, except for directly down the line, was 370 or more feet from home, Ruth's drives, while impressive, resulted in outs, proverbial home runs in an elevator shaft. ", "In New York... well, he made you wonder what he would do if given the opportunity. ", "The Polo Grounds simply fit Ruth as a hitter in a way that Fenway Park never did. ", "For his career, Ruth would amass a slugging percentage of .583 in Fenway Park—the worst, by far, of any park in which he played more than 10 games. ", "In the Polo Grounds, he would slug .828. ", "Although Yankee Stadium would also be kind to Ruth, no place would prove kinder than the Polo Grounds. ", "Besides, New York fans, with little else to root for, had taken to Ruth. ", "It probably didn't hurt that the young pitcher was of German extraction, either. ", "At the time, German Americans were New York's dominant immigrant ethnic group.", "\n\nMoreover, from the first time he played there, Ruth and New York seemed to fit each other. ", "Fans responded to him in a way in New York they never quite did in Boston, and Ruth thrived under the attention. ", "In Boston, he was like a big gawky kid in a store full of glassware, always bumping into something. ", "There was too much scrutiny, too much tsk-tsking. ", "In Boston, being famous was like being under a microscope and made Ruth feel claustrophobic; everybody knew his business. ", "It was truly a small town, parochial in all the worst ways. ", "In New York, fame brought anonymity and freedom... not to mention an endless supply of women even more eager to ignore social strictures.", "\n\nIf Ruppert had made an offer for Ruth, his performance at the Polo Grounds on May 3, 4, and 6 would have left the brewer salivating like a drunk watching the day's kegs roll in. ", "After the Sox dropped the first game of the series 3–2, Ruth took the mound on Saturday opposite Allen Russell. ", "The Yankees toyed with Ruth, who was becoming more rotund by the year—the phrase \"the buxom Babe\" was used by more than one cheeky sportswriter—by deciding to bunt early and often down the third base line to see if Ruth and McInnis, new to the position, could handle it. ", "They couldn't, at least at first. ", "Ruth made two errors and New York got an early 4–0 lead.", "\n\nThe Red Sox could barely touch Yankees spitballer Russell—Ruth struck out on three pitches his first time up, but in the seventh he came to bat with two out and a man on first. ", "This time he hit the dry side of the ball, lifting a line drive down the right field line that made the second deck, but foul by inches. ", "According to W. J. Macbeth of the New York Tribune, the knock put \"the fear of the Lord\" into the Yankees.", "\n\nAs he returned to the plate, the ever-confident Ruth reportedly turned to umpire Billy Evans and called his shot with godlike authority, telling him \"I'll hit this one right back, Bill.\" ", "Then he did, smacking Russell's next pitch higher, farther, and fair. ", "Despite cracking a ninth-inning double, Ruth still lost the game 5–4, but afterward the talk was not of the score, but of Ruth and his bat. ", "The headline in the New York Times was emblematic, reading \"Babe Ruth Is Hero, Wields Vicious Cudgel,\" with the final score relegated to a subhead.", "\n\nThe Great War was making it tough on everyone and everything, newspapers included. ", "Competition was keen. ", "Readers were both desperate for war news, loath to receive it, and eager to forget it once they'd read it. ", "Ruth and his exploits provided a momentary escape—who cared who won the game—did anything happen that made it possible to ignore the war?", "\n\nThe conflict was beginning to impact daily life in ways that no one could foresee as the government gobbled up resources needed to supply the troops and the industries that supported them. ", "There were shortages of almost everything, and the government espoused programs like \"gasless Sundays\" to save resources and even the most basic goods—meat, coal, and other fuels—were in short supply. ", "Baseball was not immune.", "\n\nAs American troops entered into actual combat, their supply needs changed as the military quickly discovered that some items and materials that worked during training exercises were almost useless in the trenches of France. ", "The company that eventually became known for \"Wolverine\" brand boot developed a new tanning process for horsehide just before the start of the war that made horsehide the leather of choice for high-top boots, just as it was already the preferred option for most military jackets and gloves. ", "As a result, in May of 1918 the U.S. government, through the War Industries Board, commandeered the nation's supply of horsehide. ", "Similarly, once American men took to the field, they rapidly discovered that wool, which retains warmth even when wet, was the best choice for almost everything, and high-quality wool yarn was similarly appropriated for military use, both in manufacturing and by millions of American women who were enlisted to knit a wide variety of garments for Allied troops. ", "The wool shortage was so acute that President Woodrow Wilson set an example by allowing sheep to graze on the White House lawn, and ball clubs replaced popular \"Ladies Day\" promotions with \"Knitting Days,\" allowing women with a ball of yarn and knitting needles into the ballpark free. ", "The only raw material used by baseball that wasn't in short supply during the 1918 season was lumber.", "\n\nLike everyone else, baseball paid a price. ", "At the time, sporting goods manufacturer A. J. Reach was the leading manufacturer of recreational baseballs and supplied the balls to both major leagues (although the NL balls were stamped with the name of the Spalding Company). ", "Almost overnight, the quality of materials available to the company dropped dramatically, and they produced baseballs made from lower quality leather and wool, which as any knitter can tell you, can vary widely in strength and resilience.", "\n\nThe impact was unnoticeable at first, as both the company and most major league clubs retained a healthy supply of the old balls, but as the 1918 season progressed, the consumers began to notice that the balls, now wound with inferior yarn and covered with lower quality horsehide, were even deader than before and wore out much faster. ", "Reach responded by changing the setting of the machines they used to wind the yarn, winding it tighter. ", "It helped some, but it took more than a full season before the old supply of subpar baseballs was used up. ", "As a result, in 1918 teams began the season using the normal dead ball, but as the season progressed inferior balls that were even deader came into play. ", "And over the course of the 1918 season, from beginning to end, there was a slow drop in power for both Babe Ruth and the Red Sox. ", "The impact of that would extend in the 1919 season as well, in reverse fashion. ", "Over the course of the year, as materials improved and the Reach company neglected to change back the setting on their winding machines, the ball became ever more lively and would help lead to an increase in power and offense to levels never before seen.", "\n\nOf course, in early May of 1918 neither the Red Sox, Harry Frazee, Jacob Ruppert, Babe Ruth, nor anyone else in baseball knew anything about that. ", "But they would soon learn that Ruth just might be a singular talent.", "\n\nDuring the Saturday loss to the Yankees, Dick Hoblitzell reportedly injured either his hand or a finger, or aggravated a previous injury. ", "At any rate, the next day, Sunday, as the Red Sox played an exhibition in Clifton, New Jersey, due to the blue laws still in effect in New York, Hoblitzell got a rest and Barrow let everyone play just about anywhere they wanted. ", "Little used pitcher Weldon Wyckoff played the outfield and veteran shortstop Heinie Wagner, nominally an active player but as much a coach as anything else, started the game at first base. ", "Halfway through, Ruth took over for Wagner at first, flying out and whiffing against a semipro pitcher.", "\n\nWhen Hoblitzell showed up at the ballpark the next day, May 6, he was still unable to play. ", "That solved one problem for Barrow, because thus far in the 1918 season, whether it was because he was hurt or distracted by his impending call-up to the military, Hobby was hitting .080, with only four singles in 50 at bats.", "\n\nBut replacing him still left Barrow in something of a quandary. ", "Stuffy McInnis was one of the best first basemen in the league, but Barrow had decided to play him at third and wasn't eager to make a change. ", "Besides, who then would play third? ", "The logical choice was second baseman Dave Shean, but that would leave a gap there. ", "And Heinie Wagner, who had once played a little third base, had a bad arm and could no longer throw.", "\n\nSo with little fanfare, Barrow, after likely talking things over with Harry Hooper and Wagner, made the next most logical decision. ", "Ruth had played first during the spring, and had filled in one day before in the exhibition, so he might as well step in at first base now. ", "Besides, another bat in the lineup, particularly Ruth's, especially in the Polo Grounds, was useful. ", "So on May 6, 1918, three years to the day after he'd cracked the first home run of his career, also in the Polo Grounds, Ruth stepped onto a major league diamond for the first time as something other than a pitcher or a pinch hitter, which he had done for the Red Sox only a handful of times.", "\n\nIt was intended to be a temporary measure, a stopgap until Hoblitzell came around or Barrow came up with another solution. ", "There was no indication at the time that the move was permanent, or that it was the result of some great revelation or grand design—those claims, by Barrow, Hooper, and others, would come years later. ", "For now, all it meant was that Hoblitzell was hurt, Ruth was left-handed, and someone had to play first, so it might as well be the Babe. ", "He hit sixth.", "\n\nOnce again, Ruth won the headlines even though the Red Sox lost the game. ", "The one in the Globe read \"Ruth Starts Rally, but Red Sox Lose.\"", "\n\nRuth's noise came in the fourth after Wally Schang—usually a catcher, he was pressed into service in left field—doubled. ", "Stuffy McInnis, up next, did what he was supposed to according to the widely accepted baseball strategy of the time and tried to move the runner to third with a bunt—it mattered not who was up next, be it Babe Ruth or Ty Cobb. ", "It backfired, as he bunted straight back to the pitcher, George Mogridge. ", "He put out Schang at third, leaving McInnis at first.", "\n\nRuth did not try to move the runner along. ", "Neither did he simply try to make contact. ", "He tried to hit the hell out of the ball. ", "And he did.", "\n\nThe bat met the ball square and Ruth lifted a drive to right, not straight down the line but 40 or 50 feet fair and leaving the park, not where the fence was only 258 feet away, but where it was closer to 330, near where the second deck ended. ", "The ball crashed into the low-hanging second deck, which was only a few feet farther back than the fence, the front facade only about 40 feet above the field of play. ", "There, according to Macbeth in the New York Tribune, it \"knocked the back out of the seat.\"", "\n\nIn regard to Ruth's home runs in the Polo Grounds, it's important to remember that during his time there the second deck in right did not completely enclose the field of play, but stopped at a point estimated to be somewhere around 340 and 350 feet from home. ", "That's significant, because at the end of the second deck the right field wall angled steeply toward center, and a ball that would otherwise reach the second deck, but struck another 30 or 40 feet more toward center field, would fall 60 or 70 feet shy of leaving the ballpark. ", "In almost every instance, a ball hit into the right field bleachers past the grandstand was a longer drive than one into the upper deck.", "\n\nWherever it hit, it counted, and Ruth's drive gave Boston a brief lead. ", "But Carl Mays quickly gave the runs right back and plenty more. ", "He was pulled in the fifth and Boston fell 10–3, the only remaining excitement coming in the sixth, when Ruth pulled the ball over the roof of the grandstand, sending the crowd to its feet before they watched the fly ball curve foul, a drive that probably traveled less than his earlier home run, but appeared more impressive. ", "Such was hitting at the Polo Grounds—a ball hit 260 feet but pulled hard down the line could fall for a home run, and a much more solid blast of 400 feet, pulled but not pulled hard, could fall short of the fence. ", "Little wonder that as Ruth grew and matured as a hitter, he became ever more adept at pulling the ball. ", "You got more mileage that way.", "\n\nSitting together in a box just off the field were Harry Frazee and Jacob Ruppert. ", "The two men already knew each other from league business and both kept offices in New York and held the same opinion of Ban Johnson. ", "If the earlier rumor of an offer for Ruth was true, it was likely discussed, and if Frazee had simply been floating the notion, on this day Ruth's performance gave him the opportunity to bring it up again.", "\n\nAt any rate, Ruth was certainly the object of conversation, for as Paul Shannon of the Boston Post noted, \"Babe Ruth remains the hitting idol of the Polo Grounds.\"", "\n\nAfter the game, the Red Sox and Ruth took a train to Washington and the next day faced off against the Senators' ace, Walter Johnson. ", "The Red Sox, having dropped three straight, were in a tailspin and Ruth started at first base for the third game in a row. ", "So far he'd been good for histrionics, but not for wins.", "\n\nIt would be so again. ", "In the sixth inning, he drove one of Johnson's fastballs over the wall in right field. ", "Taking advantage of wartime hyperbole, the Boston Herald reported \"it sailed on and on over the wall, messing up a war garden and scaring a mongrel pup half to death.\" ", "It did not, however, scare Johnson much, who collected three hits of his own and knocked in two runs while beating the Sox 7–2. ", "Boston was now officially in a slump, losers for four in a row despite Ruth, their quick start to the season all but squandered.", "\n\nAn interesting and somewhat inexplicable pattern was beginning to take shape, one particularly noticed in Boston: in terms of wins and losses, Ruth's home runs did not often seem to matter. ", "Indeed from 1915 through 1919, while playing on three pennant winners, a second-place club that won 90 games, and a 1919 team that finished five games below .500, Boston's record in games during which Ruth hit a home run is only 26–21 and 20–18 in 1918 and 1919. ", "In each case, the club's record was slightly worse than in those games in which he did not hit a home run. ", "While the statistical difference is virtually insignificant, in terms of perception it was not. ", "Just as Ted Williams earned a reputation he did not fully deserve as a selfish hitter who did not come through in the clutch, over time Ruth would battle a similar opinion in Boston. ", "Even some of his own teammates believed he was a poor clutch hitter.", "\n\nBut there was another factor at work, too. ", "Although Ruth added value as a hitter, at the same time, over the course of the 1918 and 1919 seasons, his value as a pitcher diminished. ", "It was almost as if he were two players at once; a hitter coming into his own and making an ever-larger impact, and a once great pitcher slowly fading away. ", "The overlap between the two was small. ", "In terms of WAR, the contemporary statistic that measures a player's value in wins versus an average replacement player (wins above replacement), Ruth's value as a pitcher in 1916 and 1917 was 8.7 and 6.5 wins above average respectively, but only 2.3 and 0.8 in 1918 and 1919. ", "As a hitter, the numbers are nearly reversed—in 1916 and 1917 he was worth 1.7 and 2.1 wins, but in 1918 and 1919 his value skyrocketed to 5.1 and 9.4 wins per year. ", "Cumulatively, his most valuable year with the Red Sox was 1916 when he was primarily a pitcher with a combined WAR of 10.4—a mark he would better only six times in his 16 seasons as primarily a hitter.", "\n\nConsider this: Had Ruth been able to retain his prowess as a pitcher, he may well have proven to be more valuable on the mound while making only the occasional appearance in the field as a hitter. ", "Had he been able to do both at once—pitch and play more or less regularly as a hitter, even for just a few years—his value would have been astronomical, likely approaching a WAR of 20 or more each season, his impact on the game incalculable (the single season record for WAR is Ruth's 14.1 in 1923, the only time in baseball history a player has topped 13).", "\n\nAs it was, in terms of WAR alone, Ruth essentially became as valuable to the Yankees as a hitter in the 1920s as Walter Johnson was as a pitcher to the Senators in the teens. ", "Yet as remarkable as that was, had he been able to both hit and pitch at a high level simultaneously, even for just a few years, the results would have been extraordinary. ", "Instead, one kind of greatness was simply substituted for another. ", "Already in 1918, he wasn't quite the dominant pitcher he'd been in the past, his record a scuffling 3–3, his strikeout total down significantly. ", "Although Ruth had always said that he felt \"at home\" on the mound, his performance was starting to say something else. ", "He was pitching in some hard luck, but he also had lost some games that he used to win, and due to rosters decimated by the war he wasn't exactly facing top-notch competition.", "\n\nFor now, after hitting three home runs in three games, observers were just trying to place the feat in perspective. ", "Only one other major league player had ever done so before. ", "Oddly enough, it was a pitcher, the Yankees' Ray Caldwell, who on June 10, 11, and 12 in 1915 hit home runs in three straight games—as a pinch hitter. ", "In fact, Caldwell was considered such a good hitter that in 1918 he'd play 41 games in the New York outfield and hit .291.", "\n\nFor the time being, Barrow left Ruth in the lineup. ", "He continued to hit, although with less power than during his streak, and played an adequate first base. ", "The Red Sox, however, continued to stumble, dropping their sixth in a row on May 9 as Ruth took the mound for the first time since April 29, squaring off against Johnson.", "\n\nIt a sense, it was Ruth's most amazing game of the season. ", "Hoblitzell returned to the lineup to play first, but Barrow installed Ruth in the fourth position in the batting order, a rarity for the pitcher. ", "He came through, too, tripling in his first at bat and then following up with a single and two doubles.", "\n\nBut Walter Johnson was just as good, if not better, and the two teams went into extra innings tied. ", "Ruth nearly won it with his fifth hit of the day, another double to right field, but the one-man team took that to heart and he was thrown out trying to steal third. ", "Ruth then gave up the winning run as the Red Sox lost 5–4 and tumbled out of first place.", "\n\nNow people were starting to talk. ", "On the one hand, since joining the starting lineup, Ruth was hitting .563. ", "For the last week, he had been the best hitter in the league and the talk of all baseball. ", "On the other hand, there was that nasty little six-game losing streak, over which time the Red Sox pitching staff, save for Ruth, had virtually collapsed.", "\n\nNo one quite knew what to think. ", "Some thought that putting Ruth into the lineup every day threw the club off kilter, making some players jealous and causing others to look over their shoulders, while increasing the burden on Boston's already faltering pitching staff. ", "In the Globe, Mel Webb offered that \"putting a pitcher in as an everyday man, no matter how much he likes it or how he may hit, is not the sign of strength for a club that aspires to be a real contender.\" ", "Well, the Yankees were doing it with Caldwell, too, and how could you take a guy out of the lineup who was now batting .500? ", "Still, it was confounding—The Sporting News compared it to \"college or school baseball\" where the pitcher is often the best player in the team, yet admitted, \"Ruth is the large rumble in the Red Sox family.\"", "\n\nThe Red Sox returned to Boston, and now Barrow had another idea. ", "Hoblitzell was back, and back at first base, but Barrow still wanted Ruth's bat in the lineup. ", "As a lefty, there was only one place to put him. ", "Harry Hooper was a fixture in right, hitting .361, and since arriving from Philadelphia, Amos Strunk had been a revelation in center and was batting .319. ", "The only place that remained was left field.", "\n\nSo far, at least at the plate, George Whiteman had demonstrated why he'd spent a decade in the minor leagues. ", "Although a fine fielder, even against the subpar pitching of 1918 he was struggling. ", "With right-hander Dave Davenport scheduled to pitch for St. Louis, Barrow stuck Ruth in left field and hoped for the best. ", "Backed by Duffy's Cliff and the left field wall, even if Ruth screwed up there was little damage he could cause in the field. ", "Besides, one big hit could make the difference in a game.", "\n\nUnfortunately, none did. ", "Ruth went hitless, but Boston won 4–1, as Ruth had an uneventful day in left, fielding only three soft singles. ", "Ruth seemed a bit lost afterward, complaining, \"It's lonesome out there,\" and \"hard to keep awake. ", "There's nothing to do.\" ", "But there was still some unease over Ruth's role. ", "Writing in the Boston American, Nick Flatley still viewed him as a pitcher, \"There is a world of speculation as to what regular playing will do to the $150,000 Babe Ruth arm,\" he wrote, concerned that outfield throws could cause harm. ", "And in the Boston Record, Harry Casey called Ruth \"the most valuable player in either the American or National League\" but offered the opinion, seconded by Stuffy McInnis, that all Ruth had to do to really make good was change his swing and start chopping at the ball like everyone else. \"", "If Babe ever learns to chop them,\" said McInnis, \"he will set a new record for hitting.\"", "\n\nRuth was back at first base the next day. ", "The Red Sox lost again, but snuck back into first place with a record of 13–10 when the White Sox defeated the Indians. ", "With the season nearly a month old, the pennant was up for grabs with all eight teams within three and a half games of one another.", "\n\nThat's what made what happened next so infuriating to so many club owners, all of whom, even poor old Connie Mack, were beginning to think that in this crazy season, his club just might have a chance. ", "Although crowds were down, there was parity. ", "When spring turned to summer, well, a hot ball club and a tight pennant race just might bring out the fans and make it possible to make a little money after all.", "\n\nOn May 16, word leaked out that Provost Marshal General Enoch Crowder, responsible for administering 1917's Selective Service Act, and acting under the orders of Secretary of War Newton Baker, would execute a \"work or fight\" order. ", "That meant anyone with a high draft classification who had heretofore escaped the draft had either to enlist or find a job in the war industries. ", "Certain \"essential\" occupations were exempt—but baseball was not among them.", "\n\nThe logic behind the ruling was obvious—the draft had been a disaster. ", "Although every American man between the age of twenty-one and thirty was supposed to register—some 23 million—three and half million or so never bothered and another three million registered and then treated their draft notice like so much tissue paper and never reported. ", "Draftees were an administrative nightmare to track and enforce enlistment—everything was on paper records and it was nearly impossible to communicate, making service astonishingly easy to avoid; the IRS, created in 1913, was having a similar problem enforcing tax laws. ", "Cheating was massive and pervasive, as was draft dodging. ", "When those who had registered and were exempt due to the fact they were married or had other dependents were included, the draft was coming up way short of American military needs. ", "The \"work or fight\" order essentially ended the exemptions for healthy draftees—except for those with \"essential\" work status.", "\n\nFor the next week, baseball stomped its feet and whined, openly wondering what this meant and publicly pleading with the authorities to somehow find a way to make ballplayers \"essential\" war workers. ", "But the chances of that happening were slim—Ban Johnson's earlier politicking to make major leaguers exempt from the draft had not been forgotten, either by the public or the government, and whining about the war tax levied on ticket sales hadn't helped matters.", "\n\nYet when the details of the ruling were made public a week later on May 23, baseball was given something of a temporary reprieve. ", "The War Department anticipated resistance to the order and released a statement that read \"No ruling as to whether baseball players... come under the regulations regarding idlers or nonessential pursuits will be made until a specific case has been appealed.\" ", "In other words, give it try, baseball. ", "Test the ruling if you want, but if you fail, be prepared for the consequences.", "\n\nEvery owner in the game realized that if the players were considered nonessential that meant the end of the season. ", "Of all the Boston players, only Heinie Wagner, due to his age, was clearly exempt. ", "Frazee was politic, saying, \"Certainly we want to win the war, even if we have to close the ballparks or destroy them... [but] I do not believe the Government proposes to unnecessarily disturb vested interests in legitimate business.\" ", "In other words—of course we want to beat back the Hun, but not at our expense. ", "Frazee was doubly affected by the ruling, which also threatened to shut down the theater, which currently was exempt due to the role it played in the nation's morale. ", "Although he had no plays in production, he owned a number of theaters and no plays meant no rent, just as no baseball meant no ticket sales and no way to pay off mortgages and notes.", "\n\nMost other club owners made similar statements—but not Ban Johnson. ", "He was prepared to protect what remained of his own personal investments in several clubs, put the whole game in mothballs, and go down without a fight. ", "He suggested not only shutting down baseball, but \"all forms of amusements, ball parks, theaters etc.\" ", "The men who owned baseball did not appreciate their fearful leader throwing up the white flag. ", "Frazee, in particular, lost whatever slim affection he might have held for Johnson and now considered him both a fool and an adversary, a position soon adopted by several of his colleagues, most notably Charles Comiskey and Jacob Ruppert. ", "Their wary relationship began to crumble. ", "A slow erosion of Johnson's unmatched power would soon begin.", "\n\nAnd what of Babe Ruth, the emerging crown prince of baseball and suddenly the name on every fan's lips? ", "Well, he was lucky to be alive.", "\n\nHe stayed in the Boston lineup, where he returned to left field, collecting a few hits, hitting no home runs but giving Barrow a heart attack for his erratic outfield play. ", "His strong arm was a force in left and he was okay tracking fly balls, but on several occasions he crashed into the unforgiving wood fence in front of the stands in foul territory, leading the Herald to comment, \"It is a wonder he did not muss up the entire stand by the force of his impact.\" ", "But that is not what brought Ruth nearly to the verdict of St. Peter.", "\n\nMay 19 was a Sunday, and in Boston that meant no baseball on the first real warm day of the year. ", "Ruth, who'd been bothered by a sore throat for a few days, took his wife to Revere Beach, just north of the city, where he cavorted with another 150,000 or so Bostonians along the boardwalk and in the surf, likely quaffing beer and clams the entire time. ", "By the time he got home, his throat was throbbing and his temperature raging, reportedly 104. ", "Scheduled to pitch the next day, he showed up at the ballpark looking like death.", "\n\nHe was clearly too sick to play. ", "The club trainer reportedly took Ruth to a nearby drugstore, where he picked up some silver nitrate, a caustic compound commonly used in the days before antibiotics as an antiseptic. ", "The trainer liberally swabbed Ruth's throat and intended to send him home, but Ruth had a bad reaction. ", "His throat began to swell and as he choked and gagged he was rushed to the Massachusetts Eye and Ear infirmary.", "\n\nThose who saw Ruth carried into the infirmary thought the worst, and rumors swirled around Boston that he had died. ", "Fortunately, a specialist, Dr. George Tobey, was able to reduce the swelling. ", "He ordered Ruth to stay in the hospital and rest until his fever was under control. ", "The newspapers—after some first reported his demise—now wrote that Ruth was suffering from an acute case of tonsillitis.", "\n\nThat may have been true, but it also may have been something more. ", "It hadn't earned the name yet, but Ruth may well have contracted a case of the most deadly pandemic the world has ever seen, the so-called Spanish flu. ", "The sore throat and rapid, high fever were classic early symptoms.", "\n\nThe malady, which likely first appeared in Austria in the spring of 1917, made it to the United States in Haskell County, Kansas, in January of 1918. ", "This first wave of the disease reached the East Coast in March, and in the spring there were sporadic outbreaks throughout the Northeast. ", "The government partially suppressed news so as not to cause panic during wartime.", "\n\nAnd there was reason to panic. ", "In a three-year period approximately one third of the human population became infected, killing 10 to 20 percent of everyone who contracted the flu—perhaps as many as 100 million people worldwide, 6 percent of the human race. ", "The first wave was less virulent and tended to be most dangerous to the very young, the old, and those with weaker immune systems. ", "At the start of the season, nearly a dozen members of the Cleveland Indians were sick, and soon thereafter most of Detroit's pitchers became ill. ", "Younger and healthier subjects, like Babe Ruth and other ballplayers, were usually able to fight off the disease and, significantly, gain some immunity. ", "During the summer, it appeared as if the epidemic had passed. ", "It was a good thing, because the second wave of the disease, a mutation that swept over the United States in the fall, proved to be much deadlier, and for reasons still not fully understood, most dangerous to healthy young adults like Ruth.", "\n\nRuth stayed in the hospital for the next five days, until the following Sunday, much of it with his neck wrapped in ice and Helen by his side, as the swelling went down and his fever finally broke. ", "Ruth was tickled when Dick Hoblitzell and Bill Carrigan sent him flowers; no one had ever sent him flowers before. ", "He got a huge kick out of it and showed them off every time anyone entered his room.", "\n\nHe went to the ballpark the day after his release as the Red Sox hosted Chicago, and after playing .500 ball with Ruth in the hospital, as he sat on the bench still recovering they ripped off four straight wins. ", "But the signs were not good. ", "On Memorial Day, a doubleheader versus Washington drew only 11,000 fans, Ruth returning to the lineup in game two as a pinch hitter. ", "The uncertainty over whether the season would continue played havoc with attendance. ", "A year earlier, the Sox had drawn twice that on Labor Day. ", "It wasn't just that interest was down; simply being able to go to the ballpark was akin to a public acknowledgment that you probably weren't doing your share to support the war. ", "They might as well have posted a sign outside that read \"Welcome Slackers and Draft Dodgers.\"", "\n\nRuth didn't make it back into the regular lineup until June 2, when he took a turn on the mound in Detroit. ", "He was wild, and lost 4–3, but he launched a home run to right field that allegedly landed on Trumbull Avenue, described as both \"the hardest hit ball of the year\" in Detroit and a feat never accomplished before. ", "Even Cobb, the greatest hitter in the game, had never done it. ", "As the Red Sox then split the four-game series with the last-place Tigers, Ruth played the rest of the series in center, as Barrow was afraid he would run into the fence in left.", "\n\nBut the only fence that mattered to Ruth was in right field, as he duplicated his home run three more times, setting a new record with home runs in four straight contests, including one in a no-hitter tossed by Dutch Leonard. ", "Barrow now admitted \"it's almost impossible to keep him out of the game,\" and fans throughout baseball, already thrilled with Ruth, now became enthralled.", "\n\nWith the pennant race and the season entirely up in the air, what Ruth did became more important than who beat who and what place that gained in the standings. ", "For perhaps the first time in baseball history, fans, en masse, were not so much rooting for a team, and following the score, but rooting for an individual player, and following his every action. ", "In Europe, the Allies were bogged down in the trenches, the war proceeding inch by bloody inch. ", "In comparison, Ruth was the precise opposite, all kinetic action and excitement.", "\n\nEven Ruth was getting into the act. ", "Dick Hoblitzell's number had finally come up and he was on the precipice of joining the service, so Barrow moved Stuffy McInnis back to first base and installed Fred Thomas at third. ", "Ruth wasn't happy about that. ", "Playing outfield was boring, and he didn't give a damn what was best for the team. ", "He wanted to play first and complained, \"I get sleepy out there in the field.\"", "\n\nBut there may have been something else at play as well. ", "Ruth's home run explosion in Detroit, giving him seven for the year in only 23 games, may have also marked a turning point in the season, because from that point forward, not only did Ruth's home run production drop, but so did that of the entire league. ", "Of the 95 home runs hit in the American League in 1918, 59 came during the first half of the season, when most teams presumably were still using baseballs manufactured before the war effort commandeered wool and horsehide. ", "By midseason, these inferior baseballs, wound with lower quality wool and covered with hides that would have been discarded before the war, were coming into use, a subpar and less resilient product that rapidly turned soft. ", "Although hitting, in general, was not much affected, home run hitting was. ", "After averaging a home run every three games so far in 1918, Ruth would hit only four more over the remainder of the season.", "\n\nDay by day, which team won and which team lost seemed to matter less and less. ", "While baseball hemmed and hawed and waited around for Washington to make a decision, some players began looking around at other options. ", "There was already a tradition of industrial semipro baseball in many places in the United States, and more than a few players earned more money playing semipro ball than they ever could have in professional baseball, with the added benefit of being able to live in one place and have a cushy job in the postseason. ", "The captains of industry who operated the nation's largest industrial plants liked nothing better than to beat the competition, so at some levels these teams were semipro in name only. ", "Most ballplayers never saw the assembly line.", "\n\nWith the \"work or fight\" order pending, there was a sudden buildup in industrial production, particularly in the steel, textile, and shipbuilding industries. ", "Eager to avoid the war, and afraid that if they waited much longer they might be drafted, major leaguers began to entertain offers from \"essential\" industries that also just happened to sponsor a potent baseball team. ", "The White Sox star outfielder Joe Jackson was already threatening to quit and Red Sox pitcher Dutch Leonard was mulling an offer from the Fore River shipyard in nearby Quincy, Massachusetts. ", "Lacking any real leadership at the top from Ban Johnson, the season was taking on the character of a sinking ship. ", "It was every man for himself and not enough lifeboats.", "\n\nRuth was not an exception, and he led the way in the \"what's in it for me?\" ", "brigade. ", "The Red Sox needed him on the mound—particularly if they lost Leonard or anyone else. ", "Yet after pitching in relief and losing to Cleveland 14–7 on June 7, walking the only two batters he faced, Ruth let Barrow know he didn't want to pitch anymore.", "\n\nHe didn't make a big announcement, and Barrow didn't push back very hard, but Ruth now balked every time Barrow brought it up, first telling the manager that pitching and playing in the field made him too tired. ", "The press didn't make much of it, either. ", "With the Red Sox on the road, there wasn't even a Boston beat writer with the team.", "\n\nThe next day Ruth struck out to end the game, stranding the tying run as he swung for the fences. ", "When Barrow pushed him again about pitching when his turn came up next, Ruth suddenly complained of a sore arm. ", "When that raised eyebrows it suddenly morphed into a sore wrist, one that he decided to treat by wrapping with a leather strop just to make sure everyone noticed, a malady that miraculously disappeared as soon as he lifted a bat or had to make a throw in the outfield.", "\n\nIt didn't sit well with either Barrow or many of his teammates. ", "They recognized that as much as they liked his bat, it was even more valuable when paired with his arm, and if Ruth couldn't pitch, and Leonard went to \"work\" in a shipyard, they would not only have a short pitching staff, but one without any reliable left-handers, leaving them exposed.", "\n\nIt was uncanny, almost even comical, but the uncertainty of the season left Ruth feeling immune. ", "He received little criticism in the Boston press. ", "The fans' preoccupation with whether or not Ruth hit a home run sold newspapers, and in that pre-radio era, when the only way to know what took place at the ballpark was either to attend the game in person or cobble together a full accounting from several papers, Ruth moved newsprint.", "\n\nIt almost didn't matter if he hit a home run or not. ", "Either one paper or another described damn near every swing in excruciating detail. ", "There may never have been a player in baseball history whose pop-ups, fly-outs, foul drives, and grunting misses attracted more press, or apparently never committed an inconsequential act on the field. ", "The newspapers had created a mythic Colossus and now they had to keep feeding the public appetite for it.", "\n\nOver the next few weeks, Ruth got his way, playing left field, first base, and even center, hitting relatively well but not quite to his earlier standard, his home runs much less frequent as the deader ball came into play. ", "The Red Sox stumbled along, playing barely .500 baseball, clinging to a narrow lead of a game or two as New York, Chicago, and Cleveland remained in pursuit, with no team able to get any traction.", "\n\nThe pennant was Boston's for the taking, but the team could not overcome the twin loss of Ruth and Leonard, who last pitched on June 20 and then joined the Fore River team. ", "After a slow start, he'd been Boston's best pitcher over the last month, giving up only a single earned run in his final 32 innings. ", "His departure from Boston's rotation left it in shambles. ", "After Mays, Joe Bush and Sad Sam Jones, Barrow was left flipping coins. ", "Frazee picked up players when he could and even tried to entice former star Ray Collins, now retired, off his Vermont farm, but as more and more players left for jobs or joined the service, everyone was looking for help.", "\n\nThen Ruth made a bad situation even worse. ", "During the brief home stand, he crashed his car into a telephone pole and although he escaped unscathed, it was his fourth or fifth car accident in the past few years and was almost certainly alcohol related. ", "The Red Sox then went into New York and dropped three of four to the Yankees, although Ruth, as was his custom in the Polo Grounds, managed to crack a home run—significantly, in the first inning, before the ball got soft—one the Boston Herald described as a \"tornadic thump\" that caromed off the concrete facade of the upper deck in right field. ", "Although good ole Bob Dunbar, the Herald's faux byline, offered, \"Babe can hit telegraph poles as hard as he hits the horsehide. ", "We love him just the same,\" Barrow didn't share the sentiment.", "\n\nHe didn't just want Ruth to pitch—he needed him to, even after he cracked another home run, his 11th of the year, off Walter Johnson in Washington.", "\n\nEveryone seemed caught up in the hype—at least everyone with a typewriter. ", "Dispatches to soldiers in Europe supplied only the scores—unless Ruth hit a home run. ", "And there was all sorts of wild speculation, or at least speculation that seemed wild at the time. ", "One writer in the Boston American calculated that if Ruth remained in the lineup \"his collection of four-play slams at the end of the campaign would be forty-four.\"", "\n\nEverything came to a head on July 2. ", "After Barrow and Ruth argued about Ruth taking the mound again and Ruth refused, he came to bat in the sixth inning with the Red Sox trailing the Senators 3–0. ", "Washington's Harry Harper was having no trouble as the Red Sox hitters seemed to be going through the motions, and Barrow ordered Ruth to take the first pitch—maybe they could start to tire Harper out, or get a good pitch to hit.", "\n\nBut that was not Ruth. ", "He was already fuming over the way he'd been pitched to recently, as pitchers were beginning to figure out the best way to retire him was to let his aggressiveness work against him. ", "It had worked, too, as over the last month his batting average had tumbled from over .400 to just over .300. ", "He was becoming an \"all or nothing\" hitter, something the savvy gamblers in the stands—and the pitchers—were starting to realize. ", "Ruth ignored Barrow, swung at the first pitch to fall behind, then took a couple more wild swings and walked back to the bench.", "\n\nBarrow let him have it. ", "His patience was gone. \"", "That was a bum play,\" he told Ruth, and Ruth responded by telling Barrow if he called him a bum again, he'd get a punch in the nose, although Ruth likely used a few additional adjectives. ", "Barrow snapped back \"That will cost you $500,\" and Ruth stormed out of the dugout, changed into his street clothes, and after sitting in the stands for a bit left the park, showing up several hours later at his father's saloon in Baltimore, still hot. ", "After the game, Barrow told the press Ruth left the game because of stomach trouble, but no one was fooled for long. ", "Ruth had become a headache.", "\n\nHe had options. ", "As his fame increased so, too, had his opportunities to make money on the side. ", "Johnny Igoe, also a member of the Royal Rooters, Boston's famous group of Red Sox fans made up of equal parts of politicians, gamblers, and businessmen (most of whom were all three), had gained Ruth's confidence in money matters and acted as sort of a de facto agent. ", "He was always alerting him to opportunities to earn a little extra. ", "If Dutch Leonard had found it more lucrative to play shipyard ball than stay in the major leagues, what was Ruth worth?", "\n\nBarrow didn't know it, but Ruth had already been approached by representatives of a shipyard in Chester, Pennsylvania, just south of Philadelphia. ", "He knew enough to send a wire to their manager, Frank Miller, asking what he could get. ", "The shipyard immediately dispatched a representative to Baltimore to work something out. ", "The July 4th holiday was coming up, and if Ruth appeared, a big crowd was guaranteed. ", "The Red Sox would be playing the A's in a doubleheader in Philadelphia at the same time, but with Ruth onboard, the shipyard just might outdraw the major leaguers. ", "While Ruth, technically, could only be paid a shipyard worker's wage, there is little question that some kind of side arrangement was in the works—Ruth was always eager to accept offers of cash. ", "While much would be made of his joyous behavior during public appearances, much of the time those appearances were not quite as spontaneous as they appeared but rather were accompanied by a fat envelope of hundred-dollar bills. ", "It was easy to smile then.", "\n\nEverything was up in the air. ", "Reporters tracked Ruth down in Baltimore while Barrow sent a representative, likely veteran Heinie Wagner, to Baltimore to talk sense to his star. ", "In the meantime, the shipyard began to advertise Ruth's appearance—they planned to have him pitch—and Frazee, never one to take a breach of contract lightly, threatened legal action against the shipyard. ", "After all, he did have Ruth under contract.", "\n\nOver the next twenty-four hours, all parties tried to stake out their position. ", "Ruth's feeling were hurt and he complained that when he didn't take the first pitch, Barrow had called it a \"bum play.... I thought he called me a bum and I threatened to punch him,\" admitting \"I couldn't control myself,\" and complaining that the Red Sox had been mistreating him for weeks and intimating that a boost in salary might make him feel better.", "\n\nFrazee for his part, was ready to sue the shipyard \"for heavy damages,\" and added, \"I think I will win.\" ", "Barrow, for his part, stayed mostly silent, and when he did speak tried not to escalate the confrontation. \"", "He's not here,\" he said of Ruth, \"that's all I know.\"", "\n\nThe Boston papers, while not making a public statement, were not happy, and directed their disaffection at Ruth. ", "Paul Shannon of the Post, probably the leading baseball writer in the city, was blunt: \"Not a single player on the team is in sympathy with him. ", "The Red Sox first and last are disgusted with the actions of a man whom they say had his head inflated with too much advertising and his effectiveness impaired by too much babying.\" ", "To a man, they realized that whatever Ruth gave them at the plate was undercut by what they lost by not having him on the mound, and right now they needed pitching. ", "Besides, the circumstances of the war were tough on everyone. ", "Ruth wasn't special—at least not that special, not yet. ", "What was special was his utter lack of concern for anyone but himself.", "\n\nThere is a long history of ballplayers, even star ballplayers, jumping a team in midseason, usually over a contract issue or some disagreement over discipline, but few instances were more crass or self-centered than Ruth's threat to join the shipyard. ", "While Ruth, personally, would hardly pay a price for the indiscretion, his behavior, like Joe Jackson's earlier threat to play shipyard ball, reinforced the notion among the public that most ballplayers were selfish slackers. ", "During a season in which interest was rapidly dwindling, his actions hardly helped. ", "And as much as they detested his behavior, even his own teammates found it difficult to be angry with Ruth directly; he was so self-focused and unaware it was almost comical. ", "They were just part of the ongoing parade of his life—nameless and almost faceless. ", "All you could do was shake your head half in disgust and half in wonder that he could possibly be so oblivious. ", "The Sporting News later summed it up nicely, describing Ruth as \"only a big boy [who] views things through youthful lens, and is utterly reckless of consequence.\"", "\n\nBut by the time the news reached Boston on July 4th and the headlines were screaming about his departure, Ruth was already back in the fold. ", "He wasn't keen on pitching and had already returned to the team with a promise that things would be worked out.", "\n\nBarrow gave him the silent treatment, as did many of his teammates, who in this instance were finally beginning to hold him accountable, and Ruth sat in game one of the doubleheader, a sloppy 11–9 win over the desultory A's. ", "Ruth nearly walked out again, but between contests he and Barrow had it out and the manager told him bluntly that if he wanted to play he'd have to follow the rules and stop putting himself above the team.", "\n\nRuth had heard similar admonitions after indiscretions at St. Mary's and reacted the way he always did, with boyish petulance and a trembling promise to do better. ", "Installed in center field for game two, he knocked in the tying run but made a weak throw to the plate on a sacrifice fly in the 11th, and the A's won 2–1.", "\n\nThe next day Ruth pitched for the first time in almost a month. ", "He won 4–3 in 10 innings despite coughing up a lead in the ninth. \"", "I like to pitch,\" Ruth later told Baseball Magazine's F. C. Lane, claiming his only objection was that \"pitching keeps you out of so many games,\" although he wondered how many seasons he could do double duty. ", "He would play the rest of the year—somewhere, usually in left field or first base—and eventually take a turn in the regular rotation, and after reminding everyone that \"my wing was a little off,\" Ruth's complaints about a sore arm or wrist soon faded.", "\n\nOver the next few weeks Barrow leaned heavily on Mays, Bush, and Jones and the Red Sox surged, playing their best ball of the year, and Ruth even chipped in with a five-inning shutout. ", "It probably helped that a little over a week later Harry Frazee agreed to adjust Ruth's contract, adding a $1,000 bonus with another $1,000 due if Boston won the pennant. ", "But day by day, what was happening on the field seemed to matter less and less and it seemed more likely there would be no pennant to win in 1918.", "\n\nBan Johnson's bombastic bullying as he tried to convince the powers that be that baseball was essential to the nation's morale was not only getting nowhere but, like Ruth jumping his team on the precipice of a national holiday, was having the opposite of the intended effect. ", "In late June the National Commission sent Crowder a statement making a purely economic argument, claiming the \"work or fight\" order \"will absolutely crush a business that has more than $8,000,000 capital invested,\" and Johnson himself doubled down, whining that baseball had already suffered enough and had paid $300,000 in extra war tax. ", "It was one thing to argue that baseball served a purpose keeping up morale during wartime—it was another to cry poverty. ", "The impression that baseball was concerned only with its own well-being was reinforced.", "\n\nOn July 19, following an appeal in regard to Washington's Eddie Ainsmith, who had been drafted and appealed the ruling that playing ball was not considered \"essential\" to the war effort, Secretary of War Newton Baker, trumping a few local draft board decisions, definitively ruled that \"the work-or-fight regulations include baseball.\" ", "He could not have been any clearer.", "\n\nAnd Ban Johnson could not fall on his sword fast enough. ", "Although nothing in the ruling ordered the major leagues to cease operations, and Baker even inferred that the game could continue, albeit by the \"use of persons not available for essential war service,\" Johnson declared that the season was over \"except for cremation ceremonies.\" ", "He ordered an end to the season after the games of Sunday, July 21, saying, \"We accept the ruling without protest.\"", "\n\nExcept Johnson wasn't a king, and his use of the royal \"we\" was meaningless. ", "He was just one of three members of the National Commission, one leg of a stool that also included chairman August Herrmann and National League president John Tener, both of whom served at the behest of the club owners. ", "And they were none too eager to end the season, particularly Harry Frazee, whose team had opened up a six-game lead in the pennant race—a World Series financial windfall still offered the promise that he might turn a profit, or at least not lose as much money as it appeared. ", "Besides, if they shut down the season, the club owners worried they'd still be liable to fulfill player contracts, leases, and other financial obligations. ", "Ending the season was akin to going bankrupt without the promise of release from debt.", "\n\nAnd while Johnson was clumsy in his relationship with politicians, Frazee was slick. ", "His archives are littered with requests from the rich, the famous, and the powerful asking for tickets and other favors, including some from sportswriters who later claimed to detest him. ", "Front-row tickets or an introduction to a certain young actress bought a lot of goodwill—at least for a while. ", "Frazee called Johnson's order \"not right and not necessary\" and he led a brigade of owners to Washington to plead their case.", "\n\nThis time they ditched the economic argument and wrapped the game in patriotic fervor. ", "In the theater, the show went on, regardless of the war, because Frazee and other theater owners had argued successfully that putting on a play was akin to volunteering to wrap bandages. ", "Led by Frazee and other renegade owners, like Pittsburgh's Barney Dreyfuss, the only Jewish owner in the game, baseball now made a similar appeal. ", "Rather than ask that players be made exempt and classified as \"unessential\" to the war effort, they simply asked that the order be delayed until the end of the season so the American Pastime could fulfill its duty. ", "Frazee even floated the notion of taking the two pennant-winning teams overseas and playing the World Series before the troops in France. ", "Hell, he'd have offered to have benchwarmers knit hats for the troops if that would have helped. ", "In short, the option provided a way for the government to give baseball what it wanted while at the same time giving the public something they could swallow.", "\n\nWheels were greased, arms were twisted, whiskey was drunk, and envelopes may even have been exchanged, but the headlines on July 26 all told the same story: \"BASEBALL GIVEN REPRIEVE.\" ", "Crowder didn't give baseball everything it wanted, but he gave them enough—or at least he gave Frazee enough. ", "The \"work or fight\" order for ballplayers was stayed until September 1. ", "The season could continue, truncated, but at least it gave the game another five weeks to try to make some money.", "\n\nIt was a big win for baseball but an even bigger win for Frazee and several other club owners, most notably Comiskey and Ruppert, who had supported him and found themselves in agreement with Frazee's estimation of Ban Johnson as not just biased against them, but inept. ", "However, that still left the question of the World Series unanswered. ", "Did that have to take place by September 1, or could they play it after the season ended?", "\n\nOnce again, Ban Johnson stepped in it. ", "John Tener proposed to cancel the Series to play as many regular season games as possible, but Johnson favored a plan to end the season on August 20, which would allow the World Series to take place before the September 1 deadline.", "\n\nOnce again, Frazee led the insurrection. ", "He entered into an alliance with several other American League owners and endorsed a National League plan to request permission to play the Series after the regular season. ", "And he went public about the reasons why. \"", "From now on the club owners are going to run the American league,\" he said. \"[", "Johnson] is in great measure responsible for the cloud under which baseball has lain this year. ", "From now on his 'rule-and-ruin' policy is shelved.\"", "\n\nContinued pressure and pleas from Frazee and other owners, agreeing to limit the players' pay and make additional financial contributions to the war effort and other concessions, eventually worked. ", "The War Department extended the deadline to September 15 for the two championship clubs so the World Series could be played.", "\n\nThat wasn't nearly as significant, in the long run, as the rejection of Johnson. ", "It was as if they'd deposed the Kaiser. ", "Frazee had shown not only that baseball didn't need Johnson but it was better off without him, and Frazee didn't mind letting everyone know it. ", "After nearly two decades atop the game, first as president of the insurgent American League, forcing the National League to its knees and into a shotgun marriage, then as the most powerful man on the National Commission, no one had ever successfully crossed Johnson—at least not for long.", "\n\nNow Johnson's position as the most powerful figure in the game was shaken. ", "John Tener resigned from the commission, due in part to the controversy over the Series, and was replaced by John Heydler, who would one day prove less compliant to Johnson's wishes. ", "For the first time, there was open insurrection and talk of a coup, and all of it emanating from one man: Harry Frazee. ", "From that moment onward, the simmering enmity between Frazee and Johnson went from simple dislike and disrespect to something approaching hate. ", "Each was determined to oust the other from baseball, regardless of the consequences. ", "In the end, their personal war would have nearly as big an impact on the game as the real war taking place in the trenches of Europe.", "\n\nThe impact on Babe Ruth would be part of the collateral damage.", "\n\nHijinks and Heroes\n\n\"Babe Ruth tried to win the bat from Whiteman before the latter started for Texas, but there was nothing doing, Whiteman and Ruth used this bat most of the season and it was considered the luckiest piece of wood in the bat pile.", "\n\n—Eddie Hurley, Boston Record\n\nAll the while, as baseball and the War Department debated the future and how everyone could get what they wanted and still save face, for much of July the Red Sox had been getting by with a pitching rotation of Mays, Bush, and Jones, with only the occasional appearance by Ruth or someone else. ", "Buoyed by their yeomanlike work, in one stretch the Sox went 15–3 and opened up a lead on the rest of the league.", "\n\nAlthough the three-man rotation was temporarily effective, it was not sustainable. ", "They continued to win, but toward the end of the month, the staff was showing signs of cracking up. ", "The answer was in the outfield. ", "The Red Sox needed Ruth to start pitching again. ", "Regularly.", "\n\nThis, time, when they asked, he answered affirmatively. ", "The mysterious sore arm and wrist suddenly and miraculously healed. ", "He wasn't being magnanimous, but the combination of the bonus adjustment Frazee made to his contract and the possibility of earning some World Series swag suddenly made pitching a more reasonable proposition. ", "Besides, now that it was settled that the season was going to continue, the shipyard leagues were collapsing as a major league alternative, and Ruth had no other options. ", "For the first time in months, his self-interest and that of the Red Sox were in alignment.", "\n\nHe'd also cooled at the plate. ", "His last home run had come on June 30, and apart from a two-day explosion on July 11 and 12 against the White Sox, when he cracked four doubles and two triples, he was a mere mortal at the plate again. ", "And even that explosion wasn't quite what it appeared—one double was a flare that fell in front of the outfielders and the other three opposite field hits to left against an outfield that was playing him to pull, while one of the triples landed on Duffy's Cliff and another rattled around the right field corner. ", "None were the long drives Ruth had become famous for.", "\n\nIt might have been the deteriorating quality of wool and horsehide, but there is also some evidence that pitchers were starting to figure Ruth out, pitching around him when they could, and it was becoming clear that even though he claimed otherwise, left-handers still gave Ruth trouble. ", "At any rate, as the season went on, Ruth's production dwindled. ", "In August, he would hit .282, with only six extra base hits, all doubles, for a slugging percentage of .359, even worse against lefties. ", "By comparison, in May he'd slugged .837. ", "He went from being Babe Ruth to Heinie Wagner. ", "In the final month of the season, Ruth hit no better than his fellow pitchers. ", "All of a sudden, Ruth, with a bat in his hand, was just another guy.", "\n\nThe headline writers noticed. ", "Ruth's name became less frequently used, and even the game stories, which earlier in the year had breathlessly recounted even his towering fly ball outs, now ignored him unless he really did something. ", "Barrow noticed, too. ", "By the end of the year, when Ruth wasn't pitching, George Whiteman often played left; that left Ruth's bat in the lineup, anyway—the two men shared the same stick. ", "In the course of one short, strange season, Ruth had gone from a pitcher to a position player and then back to being a pitcher. ", "It was as if some great unexplained spell, one that had made Ruth superhuman, a hitter the likes of which baseball had never before seen, had been broken. ", "His 1918 performance is one of the most schizophrenic in the history of baseball, muddied at the start by the war, and made even muddier by the impact the war had on the season. ", "By season's end, it was an open question as to whether Ruth's batting star would remain in the firmament orbit or whether he was some singular comet, never to return.", "\n\nFortunately, he still remembered how to throw. ", "Down the stretch, he was once again one of the best pitchers in baseball and over his last 11 starts he went 9–2 with an ERA under 2.00. ", "With Ruth in the rotation again, everyone else finally got a little rest and the Red Sox held on to their lead atop the American League as the Yankees collapsed and neither the Indians nor the Senators could overcome the slow decimation of their roster over the course of the season. ", "Boston finished 75–51, in first place, two and a half games ahead of the Indians. ", "Frazee's bold confidence coupled with Barrow's grasp of available talent—with a little help by their creative use of Ruth in the field—proved the difference.", "\n\nAfter some further maneuvering, baseball finally received permission from the government to hold a World Series, but that didn't stop the drama. ", "First, the owners figured out a way to screw the players out of the last month of their contracts, agreeing to release all but those playing in the Series, entering into a gentleman's agreement not to sign anyone released by another team. ", "The players were powerless to complain, and baseball argued that a new way to divvy up the postseason money, imposed by the National Commission in the off-season that cut the second, third, and fourth place teams into the bounty, would make up for the loss. ", "That argument was a lie, but the players were mostly kept in the dark and in the confusion of the season's final month, hardly had time to notice.", "\n\nThe Chicago Cubs won the National League and the right to play the Red Sox. ", "Johnson threw down the first salvo of his war with Frazee by announcing that in order to save fuel during wartime, instead of having the teams travel twice between the two cities, as had been traditional, they would do so only once, and the Series would open in Chicago.", "\n\nFrazee howled. ", "While Boston would host four contests if the Series went to seven games, three home games to start gave the Cubs an advantage. ", "It also set up the possibility that if they jumped ahead of the Red Sox either two games to one or three to nothing, that by the time the World Series came to Boston no one would give a damn. ", "Then Boston wouldn't make any money. ", "The Globe rightly called it \"a Johnsonian slap at Frazee,\" and Frazee himself termed it \"an insult to Boston fans,\" but one he was powerless to do anything about. ", "Johnson, for his part, wrapped himself in the flag and took a shot at Frazee's patriotism, saying, \"Someday Frazee will learn that the United States is engaged in a desperate war, the winning of which is the only thing that matters.\" ", "He was speaking of the Great War, but he might as well have been talking about the escalating battle between himself and Frazee.", "\n\nHad the Series taken place a month or so before, when Ruth's name was on the lips of every remaining baseball fan both in America or overseas, there might have been some excitement for what was to come. ", "As it was, despite the fact that Ruth had finished with 11 home runs over the course of his 72 appearances on the field, by the time the Series began on September 5, interest was muted. ", "All the posturing baseball had done over the course of the season, coupled with the perception that the players were money-grubbing, unpatriotic slackers eager to shirk their duty, dimmed interest. ", "Compared to previous years, press coverage was relatively scant and not a single game was close to being a sellout. ", "The Cubs' decision to play at Comiskey Park, with a larger seating capacity, instead of their own field, Cubs Park (better known as Wrigley Field today), was wasted. ", "All they gained were more empty seats.", "\n\nBut the Cubs did worry about Ruth, and the larger dimensions of Comiskey Park, whose fences were 50 to 75 feet more distant than those at Cubs Park, might also have been at play in the decision. ", "Yet despite the presence of Ruth, the Cubs were actually favored in the Series. ", "Two of their top three pitchers, Lefty Tyler and James Hippo Vaughn, were left-handed. ", "Together with right-hander Claude Hendrix, all three had won 19 games or more in the shortened season and the staff ERA was a stingy 2.18. ", "Pre-Series speculation focused on whether the Cubs pitching could keep Ruth's bat quiet, as the press desperately tried to drum up interest in the games and sell a few papers. ", "They hoped that when asked if the Cubs could quiet the battering Babe, everyone would forget that he had been sotto voce for more than a month.", "\n\nAlthough the Cubs led the National League in runs scored, they were still a quintessential Dead Ball Era team, cracking only 21 home runs despite their home park's cozy dimensions; every man in the lineup was adept at playing the small ball style of play that still ruled baseball.", "\n\nUnlike today, most managers kept their choice for starting pitcher a secret until game time, often gauging light, weather conditions, and even the size of the crowd before revealing their selection. ", "Fastballers were favored when the weather was poor and the day was dark, presumably because the darkened ball was harder to pick up, or when it was warm and spectators might remove their coats, revealing a backdrop of white shirts.", "\n\nStill, Ruth caused a stir and may have given Cubs manager Fred Mitchell some pause before the start of the Series. ", "In batting practice, he strode to the plate, causing a ripple to run through the crowd, half either cheering him or razzing him, the rest falling silent and watching intently. ", "Few Cub fans had bothered coming out to Comiskey earlier in the season to see Ruth play against the White Sox. ", "Here was their chance finally to see the great Colossus.", "\n\nRuth thrived in such moments. ", "He loved it when all eyes were upon him. ", "As a boy, he had played for one reason—to get an admiring nod or a \"nice job, George,\" from Brother Matthias or one of the others. ", "Maybe that's why the moment never seemed too large for him. ", "In every at bat of his life, he had always felt as if he had something to prove. ", "He had always wanted to impress, to gain approval. ", "In that regard, none was different from any other, whether it was batting practice or the World Series itself.", "\n\nA strong cross breeze blew across the field from third toward first, billowing out the bunting hanging from the front of the stands and sending the odd bit of paper racing across the field. ", "An over-the-fence home run was unlikely in Comiskey Park anyway, even if the wind was blowing straight out. ", "It was 420 feet to center, 362 down the line in one of the few symmetrical parks in the big leagues.", "\n\nOne of Boston's position players or backup pitchers was on the mound. ", "They knew the kind of pitches Ruth liked and he wasn't shy about telling them either. ", "He rarely used batting practice for anything else other than an excuse to swing as hard and as often as he could. ", "No bunts or smacking the ball the opposite way for him.", "\n\nMassive bat in hand, Ruth took his stance, bat back and peeking over his right shoulder. ", "Over the course of the 1918 and 1919 seasons, he would ever so slowly learn his swing and discover what worked and what didn't. ", "Instead of standing square, his feet equidistant from the plate and spread wide apart, over time Ruth evolved a closed stance, his weight back, his bat rocking back. ", "As the pitcher started his motion, and his weight shifted almost entirely on his back foot, like a rubber band being twisted, building up energy before being let go and simply uncoiling, stepping forward with his right foot and pushing off with his left, first his hips and then his torso and shoulders flying open, the bat lagging behind like the business end of a trebuchet, almost still at first, all his power and strength flowing through his shoulders to his forearms and wrists and hands, and then concentrating down the bat toward the end, the sweet spot sweeping through the strike zone at the point of contact faster and more powerfully than any other player in the game, a seamless dance, almost balletic in its precision.", "\n\nIt all happened in the blink of an eye, the resounding crack announcing success or failure even before the mind registered what had just happened, and that the ball was growing small. ", "On this day, Ruth hit the first pitch he saw through the heart of the crosswind and into the stands in right field.", "\n\nIt was both breathtaking and frightening, but Ruth didn't much seem to care. ", "He'd just watch for a second, maybe grin or yell something out to the pitcher and then beckon him to throw again, as if doing what no one else could do was nothing at all.", "\n\nThe Cubs were watching, too, thankful perhaps that they had made the decision to switch venues. ", "If Ruth could do that in Comiskey, what might he do in Cubs Park, where the fences were 75 feet or so closer to the plate? ", "They didn't want to think about that. ", "But if Chicago manager Fred Mitchell was watching, the blast may have provided confirmation for a decision he had been mulling for days. ", "As often as possible, he planned to pitch Vaughn or Tyler. ", "At least a left-hander had a chance against Ruth. ", "If he got hot, he could wreck a club all by himself, particularly against right-handed pitching.", "\n\nMost observers expected Ruth to play every game in left field and perhaps not pitch at all. ", "In the Boston American, H. W. Lanigan offered that Barrow \"was to keep the Battering Babe Ruth on duty in the left pasture in all the games.\" ", "Ruth expected to play, too, telling the Herald, \"I hope I don't have to sit on the bench a single inning of the Series.\" ", "He'd done that in 1915, appearing in only one game, as a pinch hitter, and hated it.", "\n\nHe had reason to hope he would remain occupied. ", "Almost overlooked was the fact that during the last week of the season, Ruth experienced a personal tragedy: his father died.", "\n\nThe elder Ruth had run a tavern in Baltimore for years while his incorrigible son checked in and out of St. Mary's, but in recent years his fortunes had improved somewhat. ", "After making it in the big leagues, Babe helped out the old man and bought a somewhat better joint on Eutaw Street. ", "The son even stood in behind the bar on occasion to help pull in customers. ", "But the Ruth family's precarious social position was unchanged—they lived in a world where boozing and brawling came with breakfast, just as they had when Babe was growing up.", "\n\nOn the morning of August 25, one day after Babe last pitched and won, he received word that his father had passed away. ", "The situation was both tawdry and sad. ", "Ruth's mother was already dead and his father remarried and was living with his new wife, Martha, and her sister above the tavern. ", "His wife's brother-in-law, who'd recently been charged with statutory rape, showed up uninvited at the bar. ", "So did her brother, a fireman, and the two men soon got into it with one another. ", "George Sr., ", "relaxing upstairs in the family apartment, heard the row, came down to break it up, and eventually stepped outside to brawl with the fireman. ", "He went down hard, and although few reports of the incident line up precisely, he hit his head, probably on the curb, fracturing his skull. ", "He was taken to a hospital but soon died, leaving Ruth an orphan.", "\n\nRuth had missed a few days while attending to the funeral but returned to the team and never spoke of the tragedy publicly. ", "Whether he was distraught, saddened, indifferent, or oblivious is not known. ", "At any rate, it did not seem to affect his performance on the field. ", "Baseball had long been his sanctuary and so it was again. ", "If there was one wound Ruth carried forward in his life from his upbringing, it was his inability to place much trust in family relationships, particularly as a young man.", "\n\nBefore Game 1, with a crowd of just over 19,000 fans in attendance and thousands of seats unsold, Mitchell had both his left-handers, Tyler and Vaughn, go out and warm up, the kind of sleight-of-hand trickery still in vogue. ", "Barrow countered with a man from each side, Ruth, and, oddly enough, Joe Bush, who had won only one of his last seven decisions. ", "Either Mays or Sam Jones would have been more credible, but in those days, teams were loath to have a pitcher take time off before the World Series to set their rotation. ", "Jones had pitched only two days before and on August 30, despite the fact the Red Sox had clinched the pennant, Mays, incredibly, had needlessly pitched both games of a doubleheader. ", "Even then, a pitcher needed some rest.", "\n\nWhen the lineups were announced by way of megaphone, there was little surprise that Ruth was on the mound and George Whiteman was in left field. ", "What was surprising was that Ruth was hitting ninth, because even as he had slumped, Barrow usually hit him third. ", "In fact, in two of his last three pitching appearances, Ruth had hit cleanup and Whiteman, playing left, had batted ninth. ", "But this time, in the first game of the World Series, George Whiteman, he of the .266 batting average with one home run for the season, hit fourth.", "\n\nTogether, he and Ruth—well, mostly Whiteman—made Barrow seem like a savant. ", "Ruth struggled on the mound, bending, but Whiteman, playing left field with abandon, kept him from breaking. ", "He made a running catch with the bases loaded in the first, stopped another rally with another fine running catch with two on in the sixth, and smacked a key hit to move a runner along in the fourth, when Boston scored the only run of the game on a hit-and-run play. ", "Shannon noted in the Post that \"Three times this afternoon Boston's chances would have gone a glimmering\" had it not been for Whiteman's play. ", "He completely took the Cubs, and their fans, out of the game. ", "The Globe reported that the crowd remained almost silent throughout and \"the effect of the war was everywhere.\"", "\n\nNo kidding. ", "Ruth was helpless against the lefty Vaughn, going hitless and striking out twice, but hung on to defeat the punchless Cubs 1–0. ", "Game 1 set the tone for what would turn out to be perhaps the most desultory World Series in history, certainly the worst attended, and unquestionably the lowest scoring. ", "Both teams played as if they were pinned down in the trenches and afraid to show their heads. ", "Only Whiteman stood out.", "\n\nThat likely settled it for Barrow. ", "He went with the hunch and the hot hand. ", "The next day, when Tyler, a lefty, beat Joe Bush 3–1, Whiteman hit cleanup again and knocked in Boston's only run while Ruth, hardly able to remain still, stayed on the bench, even being passed over twice as a pinch hitter. ", "And he stayed there for Game 3 when Mays beat Vaughn 2–1, as Whiteman again hit fourth, scoring one of Boston's two runs and robbing the Cubs' Dode Paskert of a home run. ", "In the entire history of the World Series there has rarely been a stranger lineup decision, and never one that proved to be so effective.", "\n\nThe Cubs were feeling good, and even Chicago fans had started to warm to the Series, as more than 27,000 turned out for the home finale, leading players from both teams to think that they might make some money after all. ", "Traditionally, the players' cut depended on ticket receipts. ", "If the Boston crowd turned out—and the Series went to at least six games—there was a chance to make some dough.", "\n\nBoth teams boarded the same train at 8:00 p.m. for the long, twenty-seven-hour journey to Boston. ", "Although clubs normally frowned upon fraternization, the long trip in such crowded quarters, with players of both teams mingling in the dining and smoking cars, made the admonition seem foolish. ", "Besides, between the fallout from the collapse of the Federal League, causing ownership to cut salaries across the board, growing political awareness due to the war, and the histrionics of the regular season, some of the men realized they had much in common with one another. ", "Perhaps it wasn't so much the Cubs versus the Red Sox, or the AL versus the NL, as it was the players versus the owners.", "\n\nYet there was no players union and, as yet, no organized push to form one. ", "In the 1890s, the cooperative Players League had a brief trial run, but it was underfinanced and then undercut by the more established National League. ", "Although there were periodic attempts by the players to create their own association and work for their mutual benefit, as of yet the players were spread too far apart geographically, and communication too cumbersome for such a group to gain traction.", "\n\nMost player careers lasted only a few short seasons and they took the attitude to make as much as they could as fast as they could and make as few waves as possible. ", "The reserve clause bound them to the team that last signed them. ", "The two major leagues had a virtual monopoly and there was little players could do about it. ", "The average playing wage of just under $3,000 a year was more than double what most men earned at a time when 50 cents an hour seemed like a godsend, and a ballplayer's fame usually provided some additional opportunities to make money during the off-season. ", "It just didn't make sense to cause labor trouble and put that at risk. ", "There was a lot to be said for traveling in style and having your pick of girls in every town while the regular guys were either factory wage slaves or getting trench foot in Europe.", "\n\nBefore the Series, the players had all received a packet of documents from the National Commission. ", "They had paid them little attention, but now as the train chugged through the night and they exchanged shots of rye and smoked cigars, a few players finally had the time to wade through the legalese. ", "What they found lit a simmering fuse, and the flame got hotter on every subsequent page.", "\n\nPrior to 1918, the players' share of Series money had been derived from 60 percent of the gate for the first four games, usually earning each player upward of $3,000 each—not bad for five or ten days' work. ", "The National Commission and club owners took the rest. ", "But before the 1918 season, the owners came up with a new angle. ", "Winning teams had long tried to keep salaries down by arguing that players stood to reap a windfall if they won the Series, and now management tried to implement the onerous notion league-wide. ", "Not only did they cut the players' share to only 55.5 percent of the receipts, but they further decided that only 60 percent of that money would go to the two clubs playing in the Series—the other first division clubs would divvy up the rest. ", "That would allow every club owner in the league to argue that since most players would (or could) receive a postseason bonus, salaries need not rise. ", "Why, in fact, they might even drop.", "\n\nIt was brilliant, particularly because the players had no idea the change had taken place and had no real way to do anything about it—or so the owners thought.", "\n\nBut there was even more. ", "Before the Series started, Ban Johnson decided that each participating player in the Series would also donate 10 percent of his take to war charities.", "\n\nThe players got out their pencils and napkins and started ciphering. ", "It worked like this: In the past, say, a winning share was $3,000. ", "Given the cut in receipts, that now became only $2,763. ", "But since the players now only received 60 percent of that amount, the remainder going to the other first division clubs, the share now became only $1,658. ", "Take away the 10 percent \"donation,\" and now the winning share dropped from $3,000 to only $1,493. ", "In reality, it was even worse than that. ", "Before 1913, the United States had no income tax. ", "Due to the war, tax rates increased dramatically. ", "For incomes above $4,000, a threshold most players in the Series would now breach, the tax rate jumped to 12 percent in 1918.", "\n\nAltogether, that left a player who expected to earn $3,000 only a little more than $1,300. ", "Factor in the small crowds, deduct their final months' salary, and by the time everybody passed around the napkins, they came to realize they would be lucky if they cleared even half of that. ", "They could do the math, and the total players' share through the first four games came to just over $50,000, a sum that, due to the expansive rosters in place for much of the season, meant that between the two teams the money would be split among perhaps as many as fifty players instead of the usual thirty-five or so. ", "They were playing the World Series virtually for free. ", "Meanwhile, the National Commission and the owners were almost unaffected. ", "They still got their dough.", "\n\nThe players weren't idiots. ", "Contrary to most assumptions, many were well educated and aware—Harry Hooper, for instance, had an engineering degree. ", "As the train chugged through the night and the liquor flowed, the mood went from one of dismay to insurrection. ", "Over the course of the following day, even after the alcohol wore off, the players' dissatisfaction ossified. ", "Harry Hooper and Dave Shean of the Red Sox met with the Cubs' Leslie Mann and Bill Killefer to discuss strategy. ", "They were unhappy and planned to do something about it.", "\n\nWell, most of them did. ", "The one player who appeared both oblivious and unconcerned was Ruth. ", "Nowhere over the next few days does his name appear anywhere near the word \"disgruntled,\" and neither does he make any kind of comment whatsoever on the situation.", "\n\nHe probably didn't care and might not even have been aware. ", "After all, compared to the others, he was well paid and Frazee had even given him a bonus after he jumped the team, and another one he qualified for by taking Boston to the pennant. ", "It wasn't that Ruth was selfish, really—he tipped big and gave away money as if it was water—but he was so self-absorbed that he was almost unaware of any desires beyond his own. ", "To his teammates, he was by turns exasperating and frustrating, but they generally did not hold it against him personally; they did, however, blame guys like Barrow and Frazee—mostly Barrow, for letting him get away with it. ", "As for Ruth, it was hard to be upset with someone who was often unable even to recognize that he had done something wrong.", "\n\nIn fact, while many of his teammates and the Cubs were worried about each other, Ruth treated the long trip home like one big party. ", "Even if he was starting to get something of a cold shoulder from other ballplayers, the rest of the passengers on the train thought Ruth was a riot. ", "In addition to his usual carousing, Ruth and teammate Walt Kinney apparently found great sport in taking possession of the other passengers' straw boaters, the latest fashion in hat wear, punching a fist through the top, then placing the hat back on the owner's head. ", "Ruth thought it was hysterical and so did the other passengers—well, most of them.", "\n\nConcerning Ruth and the errors of his ways, one can never be quite sure if what made the papers was what actually happened, a heavily coded description that actually referred to something else, or an utter invention designed to enhance his reputation, draw crowds, and sell papers. ", "So it was on the train trip back to Boston.", "\n\nAccording to some reports, Ruth was simply too exuberant in punching through a straw hat and smacked his left hand into the side wall of the smoking car. ", "Another claimed the train lurched and sent Ruth crashing against a window, breaking it. ", "Another stuck with the lurch story and said that as Ruth grabbed for something to keep his balance, he bent back the third finger of his left hand. ", "Another had him taking a \"playful swing\" at a fellow teammate—Carl Mays? ", "Walt Kinney?—and missing, hitting some immovable object or perhaps even the side of someone's head or jaw. ", "Or perhaps Ruth and a teammate got into an argument over the controversy about the World Series dough; potentially, no player was more influential than Ruth—he'd already proven he could make baseball management kowtow to his wishes. ", "Had he wanted to, he may have been able to stop the Series on a dime.", "\n\nNo matter how he hurt his finger or precisely how it hurt—the words \"bent,\" \"broken,\" \"cut,\" and \"swollen\" were all used—the end result was the same: Boston's best player, the man scheduled to pitch Game 4, had hurt a finger on his pitching hand by doing something he could have and should have avoided doing.", "\n\nBarrow was livid. ", "Had it been anyone else, or had the Red Sox trailed in the Series, there is no telling what he might have done. ", "As it was, he could afford to gamble, and despite the fact that the middle knuckle was swollen and he had lost a chunk of skin, Ruth swore he could still pitch—Boston's trainer swathed the wound with iodine to prevent an infection. ", "Besides, everyone else was so pissed off, Barrow may not have trusted another pitcher. ", "The players were angry enough to consider striking—or if not that, maybe \"arranging\" a few games to make some money on the side. ", "There had been rumors for years of exactly that taking place in the Series nearly every season.", "\n\nAt any rate, the players had already decided that if the commission didn't back down, they had no intention of playing Game 4. ", "By the time their train arrived in Boston just before 11:00 p.m. the next night, the players had decided to approach Johnson and the other commissioners at their hotel, the posh Copley Plaza, the best in the city. ", "So much for cutting back because of the war. ", "The players designated Harry Hooper as their spokesman.", "\n\nOn Monday morning, he requested an audience with the commissioners. ", "The three men agreed, and although they feigned surprise, they had likely heard about the grumbling from their friends in the press corps and had already decided on a strategy. ", "Why fellas, they argued, the National Commission was just a lowly little group that worked for the owners, just like the players. ", "The commission was powerless to change the rules now; that required all sixteen owners to meet, and they were spread out all over the country. ", "They dismissed Hooper with a vague promise to meet again after Game 4.", "\n\nThe sleight of hand took Hooper aback. ", "Before the game, he spread the news and told the players what the commissioners had said. ", "There was still plenty of grumbling but by that time they were all already at the ballpark and fans were starting to show up. ", "There simply wasn't time to take unified action.", "\n\nNo one was very happy about it, and as the players feared it was not the full house they hoped for at Fenway Park. ", "Only 22,000 fans turned out and there were swaths of empty seats scattered around the ballpark. ", "Even Boston's vaunted Royal Rooters, the group of fans and gamblers and politicians led by barkeep Nuf Ced McGreevey who had appeared at every championship since the 1890s, often singing their signature tune \"Tessie,\" were nowhere to be found, an absence that was in no way accidental. ", "They were fed up, too.", "\n\nFor his part, Barrow hedged his bet. ", "During batting practice Ruth's finger seemed to cause him little trouble and he seemed to be swinging the bat well, but pitching was another matter. ", "So in the event he did have to replace Ruth on the mound, he didn't want to burn a pinch hitter in the nine spot in the batting order, where he might be wasted. ", "This time he hit Ruth sixth, although Whiteman remained in left and batting cleanup.", "\n\nRuth took the mound looking as if the world was on his shoulders, the yellowish stain of iodine making it impossible to ignore the swollen finger. ", "The Cubs teed off, getting a base hit and hard line drive in the first before Boston catcher Sam Agnew bailed Ruth out by picking a runner off base. ", "In the second, Ruth gave up another two hits, and in the third, with a runner on second, Ruth picked him off. ", "He was keeping the Cubs from scoring, but he was working hard, pitching from behind, not as sharp as he had been for most of the last month, clearly bothered by his injury.", "\n\nMeanwhile the Red Sox weren't getting much off Tyler, either. ", "Ruth grounded out in his first at bat, but in the fourth, first Shean and then—there's that name again—George Whiteman walked. ", "Ruth came up with two outs. ", "Mitchell got nervous and had Claude Hendrix start to warm up, but it was only a ruse. ", "He had no plans to bring the righty in against Ruth.", "\n\nIn a similar situation today, Ruth would probably have been walked. ", "The man hitting behind him, shortstop Everett Scott, was a singles hitter. ", "But this wasn't the Ruth of the headlines and hyperbole. ", "That guy had been gone for more than a month. ", "Mitchell had Tyler pitch to him.", "\n\nAs Ruth held the bat, fans behind the screen could see him gingerly wrap his yellow finger around the handle. ", "Had Ruth been a traditional batsman who pushed at the ball as much as he swung, the hand would have been a real bother. ", "But Ruth didn't swing that way. ", "In his style of hitting, the back hand, the top hand, did little more than help guide the bat and keep it on course; the front hand, the bottom hand, the only one that really needed to grip the bat tightly, provided the power.", "\n\nReports vary, but according to Shannon, Tyler pitched carefully and missed wide with his first two throws, then traded strikes and balls until the count was full.", "\n\nThe runners took off as Tyler wound and threw a fastball. ", "This time Ruth connected, his right hand sweeping the bat through the ball. ", "As Shannon wrote, \"a report like a rifle shot rang through the park.\"", "\n\nThe ball rose on a line just to the right of center field, where outfielder Max Flack turned and started running. ", "It was a long drive, but although the deepest part of center field, where the flagpole stood, was over 480 feet from the plate, in front of the bleachers the distance was much shorter and the stands were not located quite where they are at present.", "\n\nToday, Ruth's hit, which likely traveled only about 370 or 380 feet in the air, would probably be gathered up by an outfielder and draw no comment. ", "But even though most outfielders played Ruth deeper than they played other players, they still often underestimated his strength; an extraordinary number of his long hits in his first year or two as a hitter didn't split the outfielders, as is often the case, but simply sailed over their heads, catchable had they only been playing deeper. ", "Then again, Ruth was like a teenager batting against ten-year-olds.", "\n\nSo it was again. ", "Flack was reportedly still 50 feet short of the stands when the ball cleared his head, took a bounce, and struck the fence to the right field side of the center field bleachers. ", "Even so, the hit probably should have been scored only a double; a sloppy relay got past the Cub third baseman and as Shannon put it had to be \"rescued\" near the Cub dugout as Ruth chugged into third.", "\n\nNo matter, Boston fans were on their feet as McInnis and Whiteman scored. ", "Ruth had a triple. ", "The Red Sox led 2–0.", "\n\nOver time, the drive would be celebrated out of proportion. ", "It would be Ruth's last big hit in the postseason for the Red Sox, in a game in which he set a pitching record, in a World Series that would be Boston's last world championship for another eighty-six seasons. ", "It also stood out because during the Dead Ball Era few World Series games had ever been decided by a long hit. ", "More often, some error, catch, or act of daring had made the difference. ", "But this was Ruth, and anytime his name was attached to anything, no matter how mundane, it became glorious. ", "So it is with gods among men.", "\n\nOn the mound, his yellow finger standing out on the side of the baseball, Ruth soon started to fade. ", "With each passing inning his control wavered, and only a fine fielding day by Everett Scott, who figured in three double plays and fielded 11 chances without an error, kept the Cubs at bay. ", "In Ruth's next at bat, as he clung to the lead, with a man on, Barrow had him sacrifice, a measure of just how much confidence the manager had in Ruth and just how committed he remained to scientific baseball. ", "Ruth continued to hold the Cubs scoreless, but wobbled and staggered as if he was lurching through the train chasing after straw hats.", "\n\nIt came apart fast. ", "In the eighth, he gave up a walk and then Claude Hendrix, pinch-hitting for Tyler, singled. ", "Ruth next threw a wild pitch, moving both men along.", "\n\nThey stayed there on a ground ball to first, as the infield played close, but the next batter hit a ground ball to second to score one, and then Ruth gave up a single to Leslie Mann to tie the score 2–2.", "\n\nIt didn't gain much attention at the time, but the runs were the first scored off Ruth in 29 innings of World Series pitching. ", "After not pitching in the 1915 Series (in Ruth's three Series in Boston, he appeared in fewer than half the contests), in 1916 after giving up a first inning run he had thrown 14 shutout innings against Brooklyn in his only pitching appearance and in 1918 he had already thrown a shutout against the Cubs. ", "The performance set a new record of 29 innings (since broken by Whitey Ford with 29 ⅔ innings), breaking Christy Mathewson's existing mark of 28. ", "It was significant, but not as impressive as it would later seem over the years, when the lively ball made such a record even harder to achieve.", "\n\nThe game ended quickly. ", "Shufflin' Phil Douglas came on in relief for the Cubs, gave up a single, and when Hooper bunted toward third, Douglas picked up the ball and threw it over the first baseman's head. ", "It bounded off the stands down the line and Wally Schang raced home with the run that gave Boston a 3–2 lead.", "\n\nRuth tried to finish, but he was done. ", "After giving up a single and a walk to start the inning, Barrow called on Joe Bush. ", "With a man on second, he sent Ruth to left—Whiteman was a better fielder, but Ruth had the better arm and had a better chance of cutting down a runner at the plate. ", "Bush only threw a handful of pitches—after a sacrifice, a ground ball to Scott started a game-ending double play, and Boston won, taking a 3–1 lead in the Series.", "\n\nAfter Ruth's relative silence for the past month, his performance—in particular his hit—was praised all out of proportion. ", "Virtually every headline sang his praises and heralded his triumph... with little mention made of the fact that his hijinks aboard the train had nearly cost his team a chance to win and had still likely adversely affected his performance. ", "His mighty bat healed nearly all wounds. ", "That was Ruth, and, increasingly, the way the press treated him; they needed him, baseball needed him, to sell papers and put rear ends in the seats.", "\n\nAnointing anyone else a hero of the game would not have accomplished that. ", "Shannon's breathless account began \"big Babe Ruth's mighty bat wrote another page in the annals of World Series championships yesterday\" and went on from there. ", "He didn't mention another Boston player until eleven paragraphs into the story, another 600 words. ", "With a single hit, Ruth got more ink than any other Boston player had the whole Series.", "\n\nBut all was not well. ", "The players—at least the players not named Ruth—had not forgotten their issues with the National Commission. ", "While most accepted an invitation to attend a play that night, likely secured by Frazee, Hooper and Everett Scott of the Red Sox and Mann and Killefer of the Cubs went to the Copley Plaza looking once again for the three commissioners. ", "They should have gone to the theater. ", "Reports vary, but after what might have been a brief meeting, Johnson, Heydler, and Hermann gave them the dodge, again falling back on the argument that they were just lowly employees of the owners and powerless to act without their direction. ", "Afterward, they probably went to the play. ", "They certainly went to the bar. ", "The four players waited for them until after midnight and then gave up.", "\n\nIt was almost comical, a kind of vaudeville act played out in real life. ", "The commission figured that if they just kept giving the players the runaround, in another day or two the Series would be over and the question would become moot. ", "After all, what could the players do? ", "Go on strike? ", "To the National Commission, the notion was absurd. ", "Players were employees who did what they were told. ", "Period. ", "Attempts to unionize or take any kind of collective action had usually died on the vine. ", "Ruth's \"me first\" attitude was the rule, not the exception.", "\n\nThis time, however, the commission underestimated the players' resolve. ", "The players' delegation returned to the hotel the following morning, but was put off once again. ", "This time the commission told them they could meet after the game.", "\n\nAfter the game? ", "If Boston won, the Series would be over. ", "Good luck finding the National Commission then. ", "With that, Johnson and company retired to the Copley Plaza bar to celebrate breakfast and fuel up for the game. ", "With a scheduled 2:00 p.m. start, that only left four or five hours for libations.", "\n\nThe players took a more sober view. ", "By noon, most of them were at the ballpark and as the rest trickled in, each man soon learned what was going on and began to discuss the matter. ", "A consensus soon emerged. ", "If the commission would not even meet with them, much less meet their demands, well, the answer was simple; they would not play. ", "It was not as if it was going to cost them very much.", "\n\nAs far as it can be determined, the players were united—or at worst, indifferent and willing to go along with the consensus of their teammates. ", "No one openly sided with the commissioners.", "\n\nThe gates at Fenway opened a short time later and a good walk-up crowd turned out, hoping to catch the Red Sox win the world championship. ", "They slowly began filling the stands, expecting to see the players sauntering out, taking batting practice and shagging flies. ", "Instead, all they saw was an empty diamond, as if the off-season had already begun. ", "Before long, word spread that something was happening and that the players were on strike. ", "The long line outside soon scattered, while inside the park the mood turned ugly. ", "If there was no ballgame to cheer, there was still plenty to make noise about.", "\n\nJust before 1:00 p.m., word reached Johnson and the other commissioners in the hotel bar that the players weren't on the field and didn't plan to leave the locker room. ", "The commission was so concerned it took them more than an hour to get to the park. ", "They could have walked faster, but they could barely stand.", "\n\nAt 2:35 p.m., they stumbled and bumbled into the Boston dressing room, where Ruth and his teammates were still sitting around in street clothes as a clutch of sportswriters stood by eager to see the show. ", "Johnson spoke first, blurting out to no one in particular that \"if they concede anything to those—pups, I'm through with baseball,\" although the report in the Boston American made it clear he didn't really refer to the ballplayers as \"pups.\"", "\n\nThe players' delegation, led by Hooper, and the commission, accompanied by a few sportswriters, retired to the umpires' room for a little privacy. ", "Herrmann immediately launched into a soliloquy about how much he had done for the game and Johnson soon chimed in as well.", "\n\nThe players were incredulous. ", "Both men were stone-cold drunk. \"", "I made it possible Harry,\" Johnson blubbered over and over into Hooper's ear, nearly in tears. \"", "I had the stamp of approval put on this series, Harry, I did it, I did it...\"\n\nAnytime the players tried to speak, the commissioners simply responded with more blather, ignoring them even when Hooper said the players would donate all their Series money to war charity, if only the old rules remained in place. ", "It was a matter of principle, he tried to explain, not greed.", "\n\nBut the commission's ear was not just deaf to the players' pleas, they were so drunk they couldn't even hear them over their own blubbering. ", "Herrmann blurted out \"Let's arbitrary this matter\" and then started talking again. ", "Hooper and the others realized their threat was futile. ", "If they didn't play, they'd be blamed. ", "Hooper looked over at the group of reporters who watched, barely able to contain themselves, and said with disgust, \"It is apparent we have no one to talk to.\" ", "He and Mann reported to their clubs that the commissioners were too drunk to talk. ", "The players said the hell with it and decided to play anyway. ", "Mann and Hooper returned to the umpires' room, and after extracting a promise from Johnson that they'd face no punitive actions for the delay, they agreed to take the field.", "\n\nWhile the players dressed, Boston mayor John \"Honey Fitz\" Fitzgerald took command of a megaphone in the stands and announced that the players \"have agreed to play for the sake of the public and the wounded soldiers in the stands.\"", "\n\nThe crowd responded with a resounding chorus of boos. ", "They'd been resentful of the players all year and now, begrudging the fact that the players were trying to wrap the flag around their decision to play, finally had a chance to vent. ", "When the teams trotted out to the field, they were jeered as calls of \"Bolsheveki\" and \"slackers\" echoed over the diamond, as well as, J. C. O'Leary noted in the Globe, \"a lot of other names that would not look nice in print.\"", "\n\nThrough it all, Ed Barrow stuck to his plan. ", "Whiteman played left and batted fourth. ", "As the left-handed Hippo Vaughn made his second start of the series for the Cubs, Ruth sat on the bench. ", "The only time he left it was to coach first base when the Red Sox came to bat.", "\n\nThe Sox managed only five hits as Vaughn shut them out. ", "Meanwhile, his Cub teammates touched Sam Jones for three runs, and would have had more had not George Whiteman continued to play out of his mind and make several more outstanding catches.", "\n\nThe paper the next morning told the story, and although most of the local reportage in regard to the strike was evenhanded, the national press sided with Johnson. ", "The fans weren't in the mood for sympathy, and most backed the commission. ", "In the Boston Post, Arthur Duffey summed up the dismay with the game almost everyone was feeling, writing \"baseball is dead... killed by the greed of owners and players... the wrangling of the players and magnates yesterday over the spoils furnishes a disgusting spectacle... the game just reeks with scandal after scandal.\"", "\n\nThere was a lot of nodding in agreement over morning coffee and little wonder then that the next day only 15,000 fans turned out at Fenway Park for Game 6, most believing they were witnessing that last major league game that would be played in a long time. ", "It was clear that as long as there was war, there would be no baseball, and no one was making plans for 1919.", "\n\nBy now, the players just wanted it to end, too. ", "Who won? ", "Who lost? ", "Who cared? ", "They were playing for free, for nothing. ", "Any victory now would be purely Pyrrhic. ", "Hell, the umpires, each guaranteed $1,000 for working the Series, would probably take home more than the players would.", "\n\nThe fans who did show up were surprisingly enthusiastic. ", "No one was going to spend good money to jeer, so those who did turn out were the few fervent fans who remained—them, and the gamblers. ", "The gamblers always showed up.", "\n\nStill, after playing Game 5 in an hour and forty-two minutes, they played Game 6 as if in a contest to beat that mark. ", "The Cubs played inattentive baseball—two of their three baserunners were picked off. ", "The only player on the field who seemed to give a damn was the least likely hero of all, playing in place of an indifferent Ruth—George Whiteman.", "\n\nIn the third, with two on and two out, he came to bat against Lefty Tyler. ", "For a moment, the Cubs paused and considered walking Whiteman to face McInnis, but in the end decided the career minor leaguer's luck was due to run out. ", "It wasn't. ", "He hit a sinking line drive to right.", "\n\nCubs right fielder Max Flack raced in and tried to catch the ball on his shoetops, but the dipping drive broke through his hands and hit the ground. ", "Mays and Shean raced home, giving Boston a lead it would not relinquish.", "\n\nOf course, it was Whiteman who provided the only remaining drama, launching himself in the air to snag Turner Barber's sharp drive to short right in the eighth. ", "He caught the ball inches from the ground—a remarkable catch given the gloves of the era, and then tumbled head over heels. ", "When he left the game one batter later, and Ruth, making his last World Series appearance in Boston, trotted out to take his place, a late-inning scrub, the crowd reacted with its most genuine outpouring of emotion and affection of the Series, cheering the only player who didn't seem to have a dollar sign on his back, Whiteman. ", "Ruth and the others just watched.", "\n\nIt ended an inning later, with a ground ball to Shean, who made the short toss to McInnis. ", "He held the ball in the air for a minute, and then, as Ed Martin wrote in the Globe, \"Hooper, Ruth, Mays, Shean, Schang, Scott and others did a fade out. ", "Down came the curtain and from out of the stillness that swept over the battleground came a lone voice piping up: Those Red Sox always were a lucky bunch.\"", "\n\nSomehow, Boston had its fourth World Series in the past seven seasons, something no other team had done, and with three virtually different ball clubs—only Hooper remained from the 1912 club, and of the regulars, only Hooper, Ruth, Scott, and Mays from 1916. ", "At the final out, a carrier pigeon was released to deliver news of Boston's 2–1 victory to the soldiers stationed at Camp Devens, some thirty-five miles northwest of Boston. ", "For many there, it was the last good news they'd ever receive.", "\n\nAfter a summer in some kind of remittance, the Spanish influenza was roaring back. ", "There was a big outbreak in Chicago at the end of the summer, and circumstantial evidence suggests that those who made their way to Boston from Chicago for the World Series might have hastened the fall outbreak in Boston.", "\n\nAt Fort Devens, where thousands of soldiers lived in close proximity to one another, the pandemic that fall was particularly devastating, killing more than 700. ", "Less than a month after the Series, baseball was the last thing anyone was thinking about. ", "Death hung over Boston like a pall. ", "In all likelihood, had the 1918 season been played to a full schedule, due to the pandemic a 1918 World Series would never have been played at all. ", "By October, the city was in a panic and large gatherings of people rare. ", "As it was, at least two members of the local sporting press fell victim to the disease anyway, the Globe's Ed Martin and the Record's Harry Casey. ", "Their reports on the World Series would be among the last they would ever file.", "\n\nFortunately, the disease infected no Boston or Chicago players. ", "They scattered as soon as the Series ended, the Sox earning $1,102.51 each and the losing Cubs $679.09, a touch more than they anticipated a few days earlier, but still only about a third of what players had earned in recent World Series. ", "But that wasn't the worst of it. ", "Despite promising they'd take no punitive action against the players for the threatened strike, the National Commission refused to issue the players' Series medallions, the equivalent of today's ring. ", "Despite petitions from a number of players, most notably Harry Hooper, for the next seventy-five years every baseball commissioner through Fay Vincent upheld the decision. ", "Even a plea from Whiteman, who pled \"I have never asked for anything in my life\" and included a canceled check, proving he'd made his 10 percent donation to the war charities, was ignored. ", "Not until 1993, when there was no official commissioner to say no, was the decision rescinded and the medallions belatedly awarded to the ancestors of the members of the 1918 Red Sox, including George Whiteman's ninety-four-year-old sister-in-law, and Babe Ruth's adopted daughter, Julia. ", "By then, every player on either team was long dead.", "\n\nAlthough history would later remember it as Boston's last world championship of the century, and for Ruth's record-setting pitching performance, in truth the only player anyone much talked about afterward was Whiteman. ", "Compared to everyone else, the quiet, humble minor leaguer appeared almost saintly.", "\n\nRuth had a pretty good year personally, although in the end his overall value to the team in 1918, despite his histrionics at the plate, was offset by his diminished performance on the mound. ", "According to most modern metrics, in terms of wins he was actually less valuable to the Red Sox in 1918 than he had been in 1917. ", "When one factored in the disruptions he caused—jumping the team, balking at pitching—perhaps even less so. ", "According to the numbers, the most valuable player in the league, for the fifth time in seven seasons—was pitcher Walter Johnson. ", "Still, Ruth's stalwart pitching performance down the stretch had saved the season for the Sox—and, in some respects, his standing. ", "Had Boston not won the pennant, Ruth may well have taken the blame and earned a reputation even he may have found difficult to shake.", "\n\nBut Ruth and everyone else learned one enduring lesson in 1918: home runs made news, made money, and made everyone overlook bad behavior. ", "Remember, even after jumping the club, it was he, Ruth, who had gotten a new contract and a midseason raise, not anyone else. ", "That didn't go unnoticed by the other Boston players.", "\n\nAfter the Series, Ruth briefly returned to his gentleman's farm in Sudbury, and with the help of the press participated in photo ops that showed him chopping wood, feeding chickens, and standing next to his wife, the picture of domestic bliss. ", "This fall, however, he postponed the usual postseason fare of barnstorming and partying. ", "In addition to the pandemic, there was still that pesky \"work or fight\" order and players were no more eager to fight than they had been during the regular season.", "\n\nRuth could have easily found \"essential\" work around Boston, but instead he soon made a beeline to Charles Schwab's Bethlehem Steel plant in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, to secure a spot on the giant steel company's baseball team, joining White Sox outfielder Joe Jackson, Indians pitcher Stan Coveleski, and Cardinals infielder Rogers Hornsby. ", "After all, there was still another month or two of decent weather and good money to be made down there, where the flu had abated. ", "And if the war continued into the spring of 1919, the only place Ruth or many other major leaguers would be able to continue to play baseball would be in one of the larger industrial leagues. ", "The big money for that wasn't in Boston, whose factories were smaller, but farther down the Atlantic seaboard, where the plants producing raw materials were closer together, employed tens of thousands, and whose owners liked to one-up each other.", "\n\nRuth didn't do much work for Bethlehem—he might never have even seen a single piece of steel. ", "One Bethlehem employee later recalled that Ruth was given the makework job of \"blueprint messenger,\" telling writer William Ecenbarger that \"the whole gang of them [the ballplayers] was draft dodgers. ", "They were supposed to be working for the war, but they didn't do any work. ", "All they did was play baseball. ", "Babe Ruth used to show up at the plant for an hour before practice. ", "He'd be wearing fancy trousers, silk shirts and patent-leather shoes. ", "He'd just walk around talking to people about baseball. ", "There wasn't anything essential about what he was doing.\" ", "In this, Ruth was not unique. ", "As much as baseball and other professional sports like to wrap themselves in the flag today, the truth is, that with few exceptions professional athletes and leagues have little tangible to brag about when it comes to patriotism, unless it happens to intersect with profit.", "\n\nRecords are incomplete, but Ruth played, at most, only a handful of games in late September and early October before turning up back in Baltimore. ", "He might have had another touch of flu or simply returned home to deal with his late father's affairs. ", "At any rate, no one was trying to track him down and force him to \"work or fight.\"", "\n\nThen, the war ended. ", "A German offensive in the spring had stalled and an Allied counterattack in August pushed the Germans back and eventually made it clear that they could not win the war. ", "In September, various Axis smaller powers began to stand down and sign an armistice, leaving Germany isolated. ", "In early November, they finally capitulated. ", "The worst war in the history of humankind to that point, killing 16 million and injuring more than 20 million more, lurched to an end on November 11, 1918.", "\n\nWhen the world awoke the next day, it was utterly changed.", "\n\nOut of Left Field\n\n\"Ruth made a grave mistake when he gave up pitching. ", "Working once a week he might have lasted a long time and become a great star.\"", "\n\n—Tris Speaker\n\nBy the spring of 1919, America was a different place. ", "Thousands of doughboys marched home both world-weary and now more worldly than before. ", "Meanwhile, back home, the massive industrial effort that Americans put into the war changed almost everything. ", "Women had entered the workforce and now their calls to vote gained traction. ", "Airplanes flying overhead suddenly became commonplace. ", "The world had gotten smaller overnight. ", "The Victorian Era was dead. ", "After years of nothing but death and destruction, Americans, particularly young Americans, wanted to forget, have fun, and cut loose.", "\n\nBabe Ruth was the right guy at the right time, the symbolic leader of the party soon to get under way, the uncrowned King of what soon would become the Roaring Twenties.", "\n\nOnce the war was over, it didn't take baseball—and Ruth—long to start looking forward to 1919. ", "Frazee and the other men who owned the game had taken a financial hit in 1918. ", "Although the Red Sox had been the third biggest draw in the league, attendance, despite Ruth's prowess with a bat, had still tumbled by almost a quarter of a million fans from 1917. ", "Now, no longer hamstrung by trying to make it appear that they supported the war effort while in reality acting in their own self-interest, all Frazee and the others wanted to do was make some money. ", "So did the players. ", "And so did Ruth.", "\n\nJohnny Igoe, his financial counselor back in Boston, had his ear and while Ruth went through with the charade of being a steelworker, Igoe had been fielding offers. ", "Not that he was particularly well qualified to do so, because he had little more than Ruth's trust and shared desire for cash to offer. ", "Once he latched on to Ruth, he held on for as long as he could.", "\n\nNevertheless, Ruth was one of the few players who came out of the 1918 season in better shape than he went in—not at the waistline, but in earning potential. ", "The press had touted him beyond proportion for his performance and by the end of the year Ruth, whether he deserved it or not, was the best-known player in the game. ", "For those eager to forget the war and everything that went with it, he was also suddenly one of the most beloved. ", "Ty Cobb? ", "Joe Jackson? ", "Walter Johnson? ", "They were old news. ", "Babe Ruth? ", "In the parlance of the day, where new words were being coined every week, Ruth was \"copacetic,\" the cat's meow.", "\n\nIgoe and Ruth—or at least Igoe—sensed a change in the air and decided it was time to make a grab for more. ", "If Frazee had been willing to up Ruth's salary in midseason after he'd jumped the club, they figured that now, after another World Series win and with life returning to normal, he might be good for another fat raise. ", "All sorts of people were reaching out to Ruth with crazy offers of one kind or another—boxing, vaudeville, and anything else you could conceivably charge admission to—and at the same time shysters of all stripes were approaching Ruth determined to separate him from all that hard-earned cash. ", "Not that he actually had much—he still usually spent it as soon as he got it, and sometimes even before. ", "Ballplayers weren't paid in the off-season and Ruth was likely already feeling the pinch.", "\n\nAnd the men who ran baseball weren't helping matters much. ", "Once more, they cowered before the future. ", "Instead of returning to business as usual after the war, they chose to act conservatively and tried to get rich by pinching pennies and saving dimes instead of chasing after dollars.", "\n\nWell, most of them. ", "After helping to save the season and then winning the Series, Frazee was feeling expansive. ", "There was a rumor he was looking to sell the Red Sox. ", "His asking price was a million dollars, and if he got it the New York Giants were reportedly available and Frazee wanted to put together a group to buy them, a notion that made Ban Johnson recoil in horror. ", "To him, the only thing worse than having Frazee in baseball at all would be having him as an owner of a National League team in New York.", "\n\nBut behind the scenes—or, actually, not too far behind the scenes at all—Frazee, sensing weakness in Johnson, was sounding out other owners about dumping the National Commission altogether. ", "He favored a single commissioner, someone more independent, who wouldn't be beholden to a single team or league. ", "Johnson, if not already thoroughly corrupt, was at least compromised by personal relationships with so many club owners. ", "Increasingly, he seemed to be basing decisions not on what was right, or what was wrong, or what was legal, or fair, or best for the game. ", "Instead, his calculation usually started with himself: Was it good for Ban Johnson? ", "And then he asked who else would benefit, a friend or a foe? ", "Since the World Series, he'd already made one decision, to withhold the world championship medallions, clearly made for reasons other than moral courage. ", "When Frazee found out, he thought the Red Sox were being singled out for persecution.", "\n\nThey were, and when Johnson found out that Frazee was trying to build a consensus among owners and was even sounding out ex-president William Howard Taft about becoming the first commissioner of baseball—and when that news ended up on the front page of the New York Times—the only war baseball was worried about now was between Frazee and Johnson. ", "Only Archduke Ferdinand had been so bold, and although a number of owners agreed with Frazee's approach, few were willing to make their position public. ", "The Sporting News, which acted as a mouthpiece for the National Commission, breathlessly headlined a story on Frazee's attempted coup: \"Looks Like He's Playing Lone Hand.\" ", "Just before the owners met for their annual meeting in early December, Frazee made it clear that he wasn't backing down, saying he'd rather \"lose the World Champion Red Sox\" than continue kowtowing to Johnson. ", "Frazee may not have meant it, but that was precisely the result Johnson hoped to see happen.", "\n\nAt Johnson's behest, and in a play to increase profits in the upcoming season, major league baseball reduced rosters from 25 players per club in 1918 to only 21 in 1919, and then the teams conspired among each other to suppress salaries, effectively placing a limit on team payrolls, higher for those teams with already big payrolls in larger markets. ", "As Jacob Ruppert of the Yankees noted, \"The players can sign at the salaries noted or not at all.\" ", "That was all fine and well, and even Frazee had no problem with that, although when Frazee proposed to pay players a small sum during spring training, the other owners shot down the notion as tantamount to socialism.", "\n\nThe next decision, however, was mind-boggling. ", "After playing an abbreviated schedule of only 126 games in 1918 and taking a financial hit, Johnson doubled down and decided that instead of returning to normal as fast as possible like the rest of American society, baseball would behave as if the Hun was still lurking over the horizon. ", "Instead of playing the usual 154-game season that had been in place since 1904, they would play only 140 games in 1919, and wait until April 20 to start playing. ", "They then further complicated matters by deciding on an abbreviated spring training schedule that wouldn't begin until late March, losing out on a couple of extra weeks of free publicity that the newspapers pumped out each spring that got fans excited about the upcoming season.", "\n\nBy way of explanation, Johnson offered that the reason for doing so was to \"eliminate the evil of playing double-headers\" and to avoid early spring rainouts. ", "It was like waiting to plant corn until the 4th of July to avoid frost.", "\n\nTo a guy like Frazee, it was insane. ", "The Red Sox were defending champions, and with a host of talented players due to return from the service, they seemed well positioned to race to the top and rake in the cash. ", "In theatrical terms, now baseball was closing the balcony and banning the matinee. ", "For the second year in a row, it was as if baseball didn't want to make money... or at least it didn't want the Red Sox to make any.", "\n\nBoston was not the only team that believed it was a target. ", "In New York, the Yankees were finally out from under the odious impact of the blue laws and in 1919 would finally be able to play baseball on Sundays. ", "Cutting back on the season likely cost them a couple of huge dates. ", "The Yankees' co-owner, Cap Huston, called it a \"foolish piece of legislation\" and was joined in opposition by not only Frazee, but by Charles Comiskey of the White Sox, who also backed Frazee's plan for a single commissioner, and the Giants were known to be displeased with Johnson as well. ", "There had always been a bit of friction between the two leagues, but now there was also a fissure beginning to show that ran horizontally, potentially splitting the American League in two camps and sending hairline fractures into the NL. ", "Ever so slowly, the Red Sox, Yankees, and White Sox were lining up against Johnson and looking for support from other owners.", "\n\nThey hadn't forgotten that it was syndicated baseball and resulting favoritism that had infected the National League and eroded the public's trust in the 1890s, opening the door for Johnson's upstart American League. ", "They had long suspected that was taking place again, that Johnson had invested personally in one or more ball clubs, that the onetime insurgent had adopted the same tactics he'd once railed against.", "\n\nFrazee and Johnson didn't even speak during the meeting, but as soon as it broke up neither man could hold his tongue. ", "Johnson fired the first shot, saying he had uncovered \"Certified information... that gambling existed at Fenway Park\" and claiming that gave him the right to terminate Frazee's tenure as owner.", "\n\nGambling at Fenway Park? ", "Why there was green grass and infield clay and peanuts being sold in the stands, too, just as there was at every major league ballpark in the country. ", "If not for gambling, the game wouldn't have survived the 1918 season: the only fans who had turned out in close to their previous numbers were the gamblers, who cared only about the action the game provided, and nothing else. ", "It was a low blow, but Johnson had made his intentions and his strategy clear. ", "In public, he would stake out the moral high ground and try to slur the Red Sox, while in private he'd get down on the floor and dig at the foundations.", "\n\nFrazee saw it for what it was, \"a war of extermination on the part of Mr. Johnson,\" with him and the Red Sox franchise Johnson's \"particular target,\" a threatened species he hoped to hasten toward extinction. ", "Johnson naively hoped Frazee would walk off in a huff and sell the Sox, but he underestimated both Frazee's resolve and his acumen. ", "Frazee knew he was sitting on a valuable property and was in no mood to sell. ", "Besides, he really couldn't. ", "Although Frazee owned the Sox, and acted as such, his power was mostly on paper. ", "He still owed notes to Joseph Lannin, and although few people outside the Red Sox knew it, once those notes were paid Frazee still wouldn't own the team completely free and clear. ", "The Taylor family not only still owned the ballpark, but still retained some stock in the club, as did several of their cronies. ", "Although it wouldn't become clear for some time, the tangled ownership situation would make it almost impossible for Frazee to sell the team for several more years. ", "He wasn't going to be forced out; Johnson would have to take the team, and the legality of that, despite Johnson's threat over gambling, was untenable.", "\n\nOver the next few months, the war between the two men would escalate. ", "The result would leave Ruth as something of a refugee, another spoil of war.", "\n\nFor now Ruth was either oblivious, unconcerned, or both. ", "Just as the player strike during the Series hadn't been his business, neither was the war between Johnson and Frazee. ", "He installed Helen back at the farm in Sudbury and went on his merry way spending most of his time in Baltimore, Boston, and New York. ", "He returned to the farm for ever briefer intervals as Mrs. Ruth became more and more accustomed to having the same kind of relationship with her husband as his Red Sox roommates; increasingly, she, too, was rooming with little more than his suitcase, all dirty laundry and cigar stubs. ", "Ruth made most of his headlines in the off-season grousing about his contract and indicating that he was after a new one.", "\n\nIt wasn't long after the war that players who had been in the service or had left for war work began returning to the fold. ", "At first, this apparently made a windfall for the Red Sox. ", "They were already world champions, and compared to the competition the deepest team in baseball. ", "Their returning veterans, such as outfielder Duffy Lewis, Jack Barry, and pitchers Ernie Shore and Dutch Leonard, promised to make them even better. ", "Although Leonard had helped for a time in 1918 before taking a shipyard job, the Sox had gone the whole year without the help of Lewis and Shore. ", "Lewis, a valuable outfielder and productive hitter, already had left a lasting legacy in Fenway Park, the earthen retaining wall before the left field wall, called \"Duffy's Cliff\" after his ability to scale the embankment to catch balls hit over his head. ", "A potent hitter, along with Speaker and Hooper he'd been a part of what once was considered the best outfield in baseball, and a rare successful pull hitter at a time when that ability was not much appreciated. ", "Shore, bought by Boston from Baltimore along with Ruth in 1914, had since proven to be a valuable pitcher, winning 58 games in four seasons. ", "In 1917, he was credited with a perfect game after relieving Ruth when the starting pitcher was thrown from the game after walking the first hitter. ", "Both Shore and Lewis had spent the 1918 season in the Navy, mostly playing baseball, Shore in Boston and Lewis in his native California.", "\n\nBoston's windfall, however, didn't have a silver lining. ", "With rosters reduced and the gentleman's agreement in regard to a salary cap (generally somewhere between $60,000 and $100,000, depending on the team), Frazee couldn't keep the men—if he did, he'd either blow past the cap and earn the wrath of his peers, including Comiskey and Ruppert, his two new best friends, or he wouldn't have enough money to pay anyone else, particularly Ruth. ", "He couldn't afford to anyway—he needed to recoup his losses as much as the next guy did. ", "It was almost as if the rules were put in place solely to prevent the Red Sox becoming a dynasty after the war.", "\n\nGiven the enmity between Johnson and Frazee, that might not have been far from the truth. ", "Frazee had outmaneuvered every owner in baseball in 1918—now, thought Johnson, was the time to put the Red Sox back in their place.", "\n\nAnd there was yet one more ugly little factor to consider. ", "Among the men who owned baseball teams it was widely believed that Frazee, likely due to his ties to the New York theater, was Jewish. ", "There were still occasional veiled references in the press to the \"mystery of his religion,\" and that Frazee was \"too New York.\" ", "Frazee was not Jewish, but the lie was widely believed and Jewish owners were still not welcome in the game. ", "It hurt Frazee and it stung. ", "The single best-preserved document in his entire archive collection is a pristine copy of Henry Ford's anti-Semitic broadsheet, the Dearborn Independent, dated September 10, 1921. ", "An article entitled \"How the Jews Degraded Baseball\" presents Frazee as a Jew, using much of Johnson's original argument against letting him in the league as evidence:\n\nA few years ago the owners of the American League entered into a gentleman's agreement not to sell their holdings at any time without first consulting all the other owners. ", "The name of a prospective purchaser was to be submitted and considered, and the deal was to wait upon the approval of all the owners in the league. ", "In the face of that fact many people wonder how Harry Frazee became owner of the Boston American club. ", "It is very simply explained: the agreement was not observed in Boston's case, and thus another club was placed under the smothering influences of the \"chosen race.\" ", "The story is worth telling.", "\n\nFrazee, like so many of his kind, was in the \"show business,\" a manager of burlesque companies. ", "Then he saw a chance in sport.", "\n\nRegardless, the decision to make trades to rid the team of surplus players—at least how to structure the deals—was never Frazee's alone. ", "Although Barrow would later try to parse his role during his tenure with the Red Sox—decisions well received by history were his, while those that were not were Frazee's—and try to claim credit all out of proportion for Ruth's success, it wasn't Frazee who decided who to take on in trades; it was Barrow. ", "So on December 18, Boston traded Lewis, Leonard, and Shore to the New York Yankees for Ray Caldwell, Frank Gilhooley, Slim Love, Roxy Walters, and what was variously reported as between $10,000 and $15,000. ", "Most observers thought the Yankees, whose manager, Miller Huggins, pushed for the deal, got the upper hand. ", "History, however, would not be so harsh. ", "Both Lewis and Shore would be out of the major leagues in two years, and the deal would prove to be incidental to the success of either team.", "\n\nCompared to Frazee, Ruppert was in a stronger financial position, both personally and in terms of his ball club. ", "His wealth dated back three generations, and even with two teams (three if one included Brooklyn), the New York market was easily the largest in baseball. ", "Sunday baseball promised a windfall and the Yankee payroll was bigger than Boston's, which gave Ruppert more flexibility. ", "But in December of 1917, a constitutional amendment to ban the sale of alcohol passed Congress, and by the final days of 1918 it was becoming clear that it would be ratified by the requisite three fourths of the states and soon become law. ", "For Ruppert, whose fortune flowed from his brewery and had a near stranglehold on beer sales in New York, Prohibition was not good news. ", "He had to transition, and transition quickly, making baseball, not beer brewing, his main business. ", "The end of the blue laws was a help, and the Yankees had challenged for the pennant in 1918 before fading. ", "In order to compete with the Giants, make some money, and get out of an onerous lease situation at the Polo Grounds, he needed a winning team, a big draw, so he could make some money and build his own ballpark.", "\n\nMaking a trade with Boston helped both teams, and had the added benefit of strengthening their alliance as they did battle with Johnson. ", "Although the deal would later be characterized as the first example of some nefarious plot by Frazee to strengthen the Yankees on Boston's behalf (and some later observers would misinterpret the trade and mistakenly conclude that the Yankees paid $15,000 per player), that's not the case. ", "Although the deal was further complicated when Leonard refused to report and was sent to Detroit, the Red Sox got some value back, both in cash and, potentially, in Caldwell, a talented frontline pitcher, albeit one with a drinking problem. ", "Besides, Frazee had to lower his payroll. ", "Interestingly enough, at this time the assumption was that Ruth would still be a pitcher in 1919. ", "With a roster of only 21 men, his ability to do double duty might be even more valuable to the team—and necessary—than it had been in 1918.", "\n\nOver the next few weeks, Boston's smoldering fire sale continued, as the Red Sox shed more returnees and worked a trade with Detroit to fill a hole at third base, picking up Ossie Vitt (and including Leonard in the deal). ", "But as the new year reached into spring, Ruth began reaching out for more green. ", "He let it be known he wanted a raise—and a big one. ", "And by the way, he didn't want to pitch anymore.", "\n\nIn other words, he wanted more for less... yet the Red Sox had already made moves for the upcoming season under the assumption Ruth would be pitching—Barrow said publicly \"he will probably pitch and pinch-hit. ", "One thing I'm convinced of, Ruth will play only one position. ", "He will not be switched from first to left field then back to the box. ", "He will not be worked that way again.\" ", "Had that not been the case, the club might have found a way to keep either Shore or Leonard. ", "In late January, Frazee and Barrow were still talking about acquiring another outfielder—someone cheaper than Lewis, presumably, to play left field. ", "A rare analytical feature in the Globe by Mel Webb made no mention of using Ruth solely as an outfielder, referring to him as a \"remarkable asset... as pitcher, first baseman and outfielder, as well as a fence buster.\" ", "Had Ruth not tailed off so badly the previous August, he might have been viewed as more of a hitter than pitcher, but that was not yet the case. ", "In any event, in regard to Ruth, the Red Sox were keeping their options open.", "\n\nRuth, however, had other ideas, and he was never more unpredictable than when he thought for himself, or when someone had his ear. ", "Ruth, although not unintelligent, was not particularly well educated or discriminating in his thinking. ", "He often acted more on enthusiasm and emotion than on analysis.", "\n\nFirst, there was the matter of money. ", "After earning $7,500 in 1918, under the advice of Igoe, for 1919 Ruth wanted either a one-year deal for $15,000 in 1919—or a three-year deal for $10,000 a year. ", "And that was just to play outfield. \"", "I'll win more games playing in the outfield than I will pitching,\" he told the press. ", "That wasn't true under any analysis, either the kind made then or now, but it made good copy, and once Ruth got an idea in his head, it was hard to turn him around.", "\n\nPurely in terms of money, it was a strange request. ", "If Ruth really thought he was worth $15,000 a year, why offer a longer-term discount? ", "Because if he did think he was worth $15,000 for a single season, or could get it, he'd likely be asking for even more in subsequent seasons. ", "Ruth wasn't the kind of guy who much worried about his financial security.", "\n\nFrazee saw it for what it was, and what he saw in the theater all the time, a negotiating ploy—by asking for $15,000, Ruth revealed that he really wanted $10,000. ", "He probably wasn't really interested in a three-year deal, either. ", "That was designed to scare Frazee into offering Ruth $10,000 or so for a single year. ", "Multiyear deals were rare at the time, and given recent events, who in their right mind would make such an arrangement? ", "What if the flu came back?", "\n\nThere was no rush for the Red Sox. ", "Ruth had few alternatives and wasn't known for his patience. ", "Boston let him wait.", "\n\nOver the next two months Ruth made occasional forays into Boston to talk contract and have some fun, then zoomed all over New England. ", "All it took was a few days cooped up in Sudbury to get him fired up for a road trip. ", "He spent a great deal of time in Meredith, New Hampshire, a resort town on Lake Winnipesaukee, where he cavorted with local schoolgirls and even broke up a fight between rowdies at a dance he attended with his wife. ", "But Ruth may have found more to his favor in Meredith than the music. ", "He'd return to the town for a number of years, and there are persistent rumors that the reason was that Ruth had fathered a child, a boy, with a local girl, and kept it secret the rest of his life.", "\n\nIn 1921, he and Helen would adopt an infant, Dorothy, and his second wife, Claire, had a child of her own, Julia, whom Ruth also adopted. ", "Helen allegedly had several miscarriages, but Ruth never admitted to fathering a child. ", "Given his extracurricular activities, that means Ruth was somehow incapable of being a father, incredibly lucky, or discreet.", "\n\nThe notion that Ruth had a son is not as far-fetched as it sounds. ", "Respectable young women of the era were often spirited away to have out-of-wedlock children anonymously in special homes designed to protect their identity and virtue. ", "Infants were then either taken at birth for adoption or their parentage laundered, appearing in the care of relatives or cooperative friends, a foundling left on a doorstop or presented as an orphan of some distant relative never talked about before or since. ", "For the rich and powerful, it was even easier to accomplish. ", "There is some evidence, for instance, that Red Sox owner Tom Yawkey's adopted daughter was, in fact, his own by another woman. ", "Some believe the same was true of Ruth's first child, Dorothy, that she was the result of one of Ruth's affairs, then later \"adopted\" by him.", "\n\nThe prospect that Ruth might have had a son is tantalizing. ", "The Ruth line ended with Babe and his sister, and the notion that Babe Ruth's DNA might be floating around leaves one wondering if there might be some ballplayer one day bearing Ruth's ancestral abilities. ", "If so, it's probably best for the boy's parentage to stay a secret. ", "Imagine the burden of being Babe Ruth's son?", "\n\nIn between trips, Igoe tried to float ideas that Ruth had other financial options—after all, as part of a cost-cutting measure, every player in the majors was given his release in 1918. ", "Theoretically, Ruth could sign to do anything for anyone, although the baseball magnates all agreed not to poach players from one another. ", "Ruth's only leverage came from offers outside baseball, but in this, he and Igoe were hardly sophisticated. ", "They tried to trump up the notion that Ruth might give up the game for boxing, something made about as much sense as John L. Sullivan taking a turn on the pitcher's mound, and there was even a story that Ruth was thinking of putting his money and his talents into \"roller polo,\" an early version of roller hockey, or play baseball in some industrial league.", "\n\nNone was realistic, and didn't worry the Red Sox in the least. ", "In truth, Ruth had no other options, no ballplayer did, really, at least not any that were very realistic or would pay him anything close to what he could make playing in the major leagues. ", "If Ruth wanted to play baseball, he would either play for the Red Sox or not play at all. ", "The size of his contract would depend only on how much Boston could spend under the unofficial cap without drawing the ire of the other clubs, and how much either man would respond to public pressure to get a contract worked out.", "\n\nWell into March, the local papers were still referring to Ruth as a pitcher, but as the off-season continued, the idea that he was only an outfielder began ossifying in Ruth's brain. ", "Just months after leading the Red Sox to victory in the World Series and winning two ballgames and setting a World Series record for consecutive scoreless innings, based on 11 productive swings of the bat and the resulting roars of the crowd, Ruth decided to change the course of his career entirely. ", "It wasn't inspired by a sore arm or a bad knee or anything else. ", "Ruth just fell in love with the idea of hitting home runs, with the feeling that coursed through his body when he got ahold of one.", "\n\nThere is something to be said for that. ", "Hitting a baseball square and then watching it go over a fence is almost transcendent. ", "Once experienced, it is never forgotten. ", "Pitching, for all the power and authority one can feel while blowing a fastball past a hitter, doesn't offer the same return. ", "Its joys are primarily cumulative. ", "Of all sports, the feeling that comes from hitting a home run is singular, and in baseball, particularly hitting, which includes so much inherent failure, so much that is dependent on the ball finding space between fielders, only the smacking of a long home run, which renders everyone else on the field irrelevant, seems to justify all the previous disappointments.", "\n\nOne can imagine how Ruth must have felt when he hit his first over-the-fence home run at St. Mary's, a place where he was confined and almost every moment of his day regulated and controlled. ", "But when he hit a home run... well, it left the yard, and it never came back. ", "That's the feeling he wanted, that's what he was chasing, and every subsequent home run was Ruth's pursuit for that sense of freedom, of that ephemeral possibility, once again. ", "Even better, when you hit a home run, everybody loves you for it. ", "What can possibly feel better to an unloved young boy than that?", "\n\nRuth's preference was all fine and well, but the Red Sox weren't about personal experience; they were about making money, and that meant winning ballgames. ", "Ever since the end of the World Series, the Red Sox had assumed that Ruth was going to pitch in 1919. ", "Barrow had penciled in a rotation of Ruth, Mays, Sam Jones, and then either Joe Bush, Ray Caldwell, or young phenom Herb Pennock—two bona fide stars and one front-liner, leaving him to choose his fourth starter from between a couple of veterans and one of the best pitching prospects in the game, Pennock—an eventual Hall of Famer. ", "That's why they'd been able to shed Shore and Leonard and stay under the artificial payroll cap. ", "But if Ruth didn't pitch, that changed the equation and felt a lot less secure.", "\n\nMany of the Red Sox set sail from Boston on March 18 for Jacksonville, where they would then disembark and travel by train across the state to Tampa, where they planned to hold spring training. ", "Local government there, eager for a tourist attraction, subsidized their travel to entice them to the area, and even planned to subsidize a visit by the New York Giants so the Red Sox and Giants could play some exhibitions. ", "Tampa was already gaining a reputation as a winter home to snowbirds, those who could afford to flee the cold of the Northeast, and they were eager to pay to see some baseball. ", "You couldn't spend every day at the beach.", "\n\nWhile his teammates sailed south, Ruth lagged behind and met with Frazee in New York, where the owner held court with a number of Boston players still seeking contracts for 1919. ", "He'd been offering Ruth $7,500—half of what he asked for. ", "Ruth balked, but he wanted to go to Florida, too. ", "That, coupled with his impatience, caused Ruth to accept when Frazee agreed to Ruth's request for a three-year deal at $10,000 a year. ", "Although some reports indicated it was only $9,000 annually, that may have been just to make Frazee look good. ", "With that business taken care of Ruth hopped on the train to Florida and joined teammates a few days later.", "\n\nIn agreeing to Ruth's proposal for a long-term deal, Frazee may already have been looking ahead. ", "The big snafu in every trade of the era was always the ballplayer's contract. ", "Most were single-year deals and teams hated making trades only to have their new player, making the logical assumption that his new team must think highly of his abilities, immediately ask for more money. ", "With Ruth under contract for three years, if he were traded, the other team would know exactly what he would cost them.", "\n\nRuth may have been under contract, but he was not under control. ", "He'd enjoyed the off-season and was heavy, twenty or thirty pounds over his usual weight, and neither his arm nor his legs were in shape to pitch. ", "That may have been intentional on his part. ", "By showing up coated in a nice layer of fat, that pretty much guaranteed that Barrow, by way of punishment more than plan, would use Ruth in the field in an effort to get him to lose a few pounds, at least early on. ", "Sure enough, on March 24, when the team held its first workout at Plant Field, a ballfield laid out in the infield of a racetrack that also served as the home of the Florida State Fair, Ruth took part in Barrow's double sessions, working out both on the mound and in the outfield.", "\n\nAlthough the Florida weather made it in many ways preferable to Hot Springs, Plant Field was an odd place to play, not even a real ballpark. ", "The diamond was laid out in front of the track grandstand, facing the backstretch. ", "Although the \"fence\" in center field was the track rail on the opposite side of the course, elsewhere there was a ramshackle barrier, leaving some room between the fence and the rest of the track rail. ", "Ruth wowed spectators with several long drives that first day, but all fell well short of the ballpark fence, not to mention the more distant rail.", "\n\nThat should have been no surprise. ", "In the spring of 1919, major league teams were likely still using baseballs manufactured the previous season featuring subpar wool and horsehide, the deadest of dead balls. ", "Better quality baseball wouldn't be available until later in the season, and during spring training the Red Sox might have even been using worn balls left over from 1918. ", "Hitting those would have been like trying to hit a lead-filled beanbag.", "\n\nThe fans of course, knew nothing about this and didn't care. ", "Having heard and read about Ruth's exploits from the previous year, they were already speculating as to whether or Ruth or anyone else could hit a baseball over either the fence or the rail—and this was a racetrack, where wagering was customary. ", "The infield at the standard half-mile racing track was only 400 feet across. ", "Given that home plate was sited at the edge of the racetrack, a drive to dead center needed to travel just a bit less than 400 feet to clear the rail. ", "It was much farther down the lines, but had the field been centered on the track infield, the rail would have been more than 500 feet away.", "\n\nBut that's not how the diamond was laid out. ", "The grandstand overlooked the finish line near the end of the home stretch, which made the rail in right field much closer than that in left. ", "Although it is impossible to determine precisely from period photographs, in right field the distance to the rail may have been as short as only 475 feet or so—still a long drive, but not quite as long as one might initially think. ", "The configuration of the field and the fences would figure prominently into Ruth's story that spring.", "\n\nRuth got off to a quick start in intra-squad games that began almost immediately. ", "Tellingly, when Ruth played the field it was for the squad referred to as \"Babe's Busters,\" the scrubs, and not the regulars. ", "He entertained crowds with his long hitting, but didn't hit anything close to the rail. ", "But he also pitched against Boston's regular lineup, a sign that Barrow still viewed him as a pitcher first. ", "Stuffy McInnis was still the first baseman. ", "There was, however, a hole in left field. ", "When everyone returned from the war, George Whiteman, the hero of the '18 Series, was deemed expendable. ", "Although he went on to set a record for the most games ever played in the minor leagues and would remain active for another decade, he never appeared in the big leagues again. ", "Veteran Del Gainer, back from the war, seemed to be Barrow's early choice to stand before Duffy's Cliff.", "\n\nBut in Boston's first exhibition game against the Giants on April 3, that all changed. ", "For Ruth, it may well have been the most important home run of his career, at least to that point.", "\n\nIt rained a bit earlier in the day, but by afternoon the skies had cleared and the sun shone bright and hot. ", "In racing terms, that left the field dry and fast. ", "The evangelist Billy Sunday, a former ballplayer himself, was on hand to throw out the first pitch. ", "More than 6,000 fans, a huge crowd for a city of 50,000, turned out for the game.", "\n\nAfter a scoreless first, Ruth, batting fourth and playing left field after pitching the day before in a practice game, led off the second inning versus the Giants' Ivy Leaguer, pitcher \"Columbia\" George Smith. ", "With the count 3-and-1, Ruth \"leaned on it\" as the Boston Post reported, and sent a drive to deep right center field. ", "New York right fielder Ross Youngs started back but soon pulled up.", "\n\nIt was one of those hits that got small fast. ", "The ball landed far over the temporary fence in right, then bounced and kept going. ", "Ruth trotted around the bases as the huge crowd, who filled the grandstand and pushed up against the fence, gave him a rousing ovation. ", "This is what they had all come out to see, and what the papers had been promising all week. ", "While the Boston and New York papers more or less put the drive in context, in Tampa it was another matter. ", "The next morning the headline in the Tampa Tribune screamed \"Ruth Drives Giants to Defeat and Makes 'Em Drink B' Gads!\"", "\n\nPerhaps no single Ruthian home run apart from his called shot against the Chicago Cubs has been written about more, yet at the time it was struck, the home run caused little special comment. ", "Not that it wasn't hit a long way—it was. ", "The Globe's Mel Webb announced it would have cleared the fence in front of the bleachers at Fenway Park—that meant a drive of about 400 feet, at least, and worthy of attention, but he didn't go overboard. ", "And in the Post Shannon noted that it was the mightiest home run swat that Tampa fans had ever witnessed, writing that it \"fell far beyond the race track fence,\" whatever that was, leaving it unclear whether he meant the temporary fence or the track rail. ", "But like Ruth's called shot, the lore around the home run would overshadow the hit itself. ", "Most reports at the time stated the ball landed in front of the rail, but that was slowly inflated, the ball later described as landing on the track itself, and sometimes even clearing the opposite side.", "\n\nGiven the size of the crowd, it's unlikely that the press, sitting in the grandstand boxes near the base of the stands, actually got a good view of the hit. ", "And although there were reportedly a dozen movie cameramen on hand because of the presence of Billy Sunday, none apparently trained their lens on Ruth and captured the blast. ", "Had they done so, that would have been the end of it.", "\n\nIn regard to Ruth, the beginning of a story rarely matches the end, and over time, more and more details about the exhibition game home run emerged. ", "Years later, in his own ghostwritten autobiography, Ed Barrow wrote, \"After the game, Youngs marked as nearly as he could the spot the ball landed. ", "Melvin Webb, baseball writer for the Boston Globe, got a surveyor's tape and measured it. ", "It measured 579 feet.\"", "\n\nSince then, the accepted, measured distance became 508 feet on the fly and 579 to the ball's final resting place. ", "There's even a historical marker in place today, marking the spot on the campus of the University of Tampa. ", "Yet some still insist the ball traveled closer to the second figure on the fly and rolled to a distance of more than 600 feet.", "\n\nInterestingly enough, Webb himself never adopted the figure, at least not in his reports at the time, which calls the whole thing into question. ", "After first just describing the hit by saying it would have made Fenway's right field bleachers, a week later he referred to it in the Globe as a \"550-foot homer.\" ", "In subsequent references in 1919 he never put another number on it.", "\n\nOver time, the home run—hit in an exhibition game on a substandard field—would often be referred to as the longest in baseball history—which is, frankly, absurd. ", "Given the conditions of the day, even if a brand-new baseball were in play, such a drive was near to impossible. ", "And given the configuration of the field, and the fact that observers were estimating both landing points, the veracity of the numbers is even more debatable. ", "Let's not forget that Youngs didn't chase the ball and certainly didn't jump over the fence after it. ", "Then again, there is no record of the atmospheric conditions that day—wind, temperature, and humidity can significantly boost the carry of a baseball. ", "If a gale of 30 mph or so were blowing the right direction or a rogue gust arrived from the heavens, and it was both hot and humid, a perfectly struck baseball could conceivably travel 50 or 60 feet farther in the air than would otherwise be possible, turning a drive of 400-plus feet into one closer to 500. ", "If that is the case, then perhaps—perhaps—the accepted distance is reasonably accurate. ", "After all, the Giants' John McGraw reportedly later said \"it was the longest ball I ever saw.\" ", "And it so excited representatives of the nearby city of St. Petersburg that they changed their plans to try to entice the Giants to train across the bay in their city. ", "Instead, they targeted the Red Sox.", "\n\nStill, while it is theoretically possible for Ruth's drive to have traveled 500 feet or so in the air, it is important to understand that even with the lively ball, under optimal conditions, it is extremely rare for a home run to travel so far—the laws of physics just don't allow it. ", "Using the standard ball from 1918, it would be even less likely. ", "As an aside, it's interesting to note that virtually all of Ruth's really, really long home runs always occur in places where measurements are virtually impossible, over fences and rooftops, and landing in lawns and on streets. ", "Yet when he played in a place where his blast could be easily measured, say to dead center field in the Polo Grounds, he conveniently never hit one there.", "\n\nBut it's possible Ruth didn't hit a standard ball that day in Tampa. ", "This was Boston's first exhibition game of the year, and the first time a major league team had trained in Tampa since 1914, and the city was eager to develop the area as a spring training mecca. ", "Speculation over whether Ruth could hit the ball to the track had been appearing in newspapers almost daily, almost as if someone knew something in advance.", "\n\nCould Ruth have been given some help to hit the home run, perhaps with a special, more lively baseball, in the hope of generating some publicity? ", "It was, after all, only an exhibition. ", "A long home run would help everyone, so why not slip a special ball into play when Ruth came to bat? ", "And given the way Ruth would perform in the next few weeks, if it worked at that game at Tampa, then why not during the remainder of the exhibition season? ", "A special, more resilient and livelier ball had been manufactured during the war for use by the troops overseas. ", "Even though the Reach company made the official ball, there was no one to check or who even cared what ball they used in exhibition games. ", "Every baseball manufacturer made baseballs any way they wanted, and some were undoubtedly livelier than the \"official\" ball.", "\n\nAlthough the home run ball itself allegedly exists, signed by Barrow and Ruth and given to Billy Sunday, there is no way to ascertain whether that is actually the ball in question. ", "While the possible use of a special livelier ball is purely circumstantial, and speculative, it is certainly possible. ", "Yet one thing is certain: over the remainder of the exhibition schedule and, in particular, as the Red Sox barnstormed northward, Ruth put on a home run performance unmatched at any point in his career. ", "Something was going on.", "\n\nSo much of what Ruth did and who he was is wrapped in so much mythology that it is often impossible to wade through to hard facts. ", "Take, for example, his bats, which, according to the source and stage of his career, have been variously described as weighing between 40 and 54 ounces and were long assumed by many to be the reason he hit such long home runs, just as corked bats presumably make it easier. ", "Yet physics tells us that it is not the weight of the bat that matters as much as does bat speed, and that it is simply not possible to swing a bat as heavy as those used by Ruth fast enough to hit such monstrous home runs as he is credited.", "\n\nAccidental or not, no matter how far the ball was hit, it served its purpose for everyone, but for no one more than Ruth himself. ", "For one, after hitting that first home run, it kept him on the field for the remaining exhibitions. ", "The resulting press, not just in Boston but in New York where the Giants' spring performance was of less interest than Ruth's, raised his profile even higher in the city where he performed like he did nowhere else and where—what a coincidence!—the Red Sox opened the 1919 season against the Yankees at the Polo Grounds. ", "No fewer than eleven New York sportswriters traveled to Tampa with the Giants, and Ruth's hit gave them all something to write home about. ", "Barrow even later credited the blast as the determining factor in his decision to turn Ruth into a hitter. ", "As Boston played its way toward New England, something that first started to take place during the 1918 season continued. ", "Until that time, the vast majority of fans reserved their allegiance to a team first, and a city or a region, not an individual player. ", "Oh, they loved their stars, such as the Tigers' Cobb, the White Sox' Joe Jackson, but only a few players had been truly transcendent, their personal popularity spilling over the borders and crossing the competitive lines, an object of affection more important than a team. ", "Christy Mathewson of the Giants had been one such figure, not only a fabulous pitcher but, with more than a little help from the press, a beloved symbol of all that was good in the game, the kind of player mothers and fathers held up as an example to their children. ", "It was something of a lie—Mathewson was never quite the milquetoast he was made out to be—but even fans who rooted against the Giants had worshipped him. ", "Pirate shortstop Honus Wagner earned a similar reputation, but lacked Mathewson's publicity machine.", "\n\nRuth was rapidly becoming another such transcendent figure. ", "Fans cared more about him than the team he played on, and outside Boston and Baltimore, his peccadilloes were less well known and the myth of the big overgrown boy was easier to manufacture and sell. ", "For the first time, the myth of Ruth was beginning to usurp the reality. ", "And unlike Mathewson, Ruth played every day. ", "On most mornings, baseball fans checked the scores of eight games, four in each league. ", "Ruth's performance at bat—\"Did he hit another homer?\"—gave them one more thing to check each day.", "\n\nThe Red Sox looked good during the exhibitions, winning four of six games from the Giants as Ruth batted a robust .381, but Barrow continued to worry over his pitching staff. ", "Mays and Joe Bush each nursed sore arms, and Ruth was still not in shape to pitch—Webb noted, \"Babe doesn't feel right yet and is keeping away from the slab altogether.\" ", "It didn't hurt him at the plate, however, as in almost every exhibition game he cracked a homer and references to the blast in Tampa kept growing a nose, long blasts ever more described in terms of how close they came to matching the legendary racetrack home run.", "\n\nHis spring performance peaked in Baltimore, where Harry Frazee joined the team and the Red Sox played Ruth's old Orioles club in two exhibition games. ", "Once again, Ruth pushed the boundaries of believability.", "\n\nThey played at Baltimore's Terrapin Park, which had been the home of Baltimore's Federal League team. ", "Although the dimensions are not known precisely, the outfield was long and narrow, deep in center field ending in a point. ", "But it was a short poke down either foul line, and in exhibitions overflow crowds routinely lined the outfield in front of the stands, possibly making the dimensions even more cozy.", "\n\nA good crowd turned out to see their hometown hero on April 18 and Ruth did not disappoint. ", "He came to bat six times. ", "He walked twice. ", "And on the four other occasions, including his last three at bats, he hit a home run. ", "One may have benefited from the close crowd, a rather routine fly that turned into a home run, but the other three were legitimate, at least in terms of clearing the existing fence. ", "Shannon noted the next day, \"The Red Sox are a great ball team, but there are two pairs of Red Sox, and only one Babe Ruth.\"", "\n\nOnce again, it was a performance that tested the borders of belief, made even more remarkable by the fact that it was a cool day. ", "Over the last couple of exhibitions, Ruth was 7-for-8 with five home runs and two singles.", "\n\nIt got better the next day. ", "In his first two times up here he homered again, giving him five consecutive home runs and making him 9-for-10 with seven home runs over his last four games, something hard enough to do in batting practice when he knew what was coming, not to mention in game conditions, even against minor leaguers. ", "The Sox romped over the Orioles, winning 12–3 and 16–2—a not unexpected outcome given that the Orioles had barely practiced that spring due to poor weather. ", "It's doubtful their pitchers were even throwing full speed by then.", "\n\nRuth's first home run in the second game is the drive that calls the veracity of the blasts into question. ", "The best estimate of the distance to the fence in dead center is about 450 feet. ", "Ruth's blast reportedly not only cleared the fence but the street behind it and then landed on the roof of a house. ", "Webb called it the \"next longest wallop to his 550-foot drive in Tampa.\" ", "That Ruth was the most powerful hitter in the game at the time is unquestioned. ", "That he could hit home runs in six of eight at bats over the course of two games, including five in a row... raises some doubts. ", "The evidence, once again, is circumstantial, but it is not unthinkable that Ruth might have benefited from a juiced-up ball with a nod and a wink from everyone involved, not only the Orioles, but also the press and even Harry Frazee. ", "After all, the old theater adage \"give the people what they want\" still held true. ", "His home runs made a lot of newsboys and sports editors happy. \"", "Ruth Hits Home Run\" sold almost as many papers as \"Yanks Have Hun on the Run\" once had.", "\n\nWhat is also certain, however, is the impact the performance had in New York, where in less than a week the Red Sox would open the season. ", "Baseball was worried how fans would react to players they had considered slackers only a few short months before, and anything that could distract them from that had value. ", "The timing of Ruth's performance could not have been more fortuitous.", "\n\nStill, despite what he would later say, Barrow considered Ruth primarily a pitcher. ", "After another exhibition in Jersey City, where Ruth hit like a mere mortal, the press noted that he'd worked out on the mound before the game and was even in the running to get the ball on Opening Day if Barrow chose to start a left-hander and weather conditions favored his selection. ", "When Ruth wasn't pitching, Barrow expected to keep him in the lineup somewhere, but he also indicated that might not be a permanent decision. ", "He'd seen Ruth enough to know that his batting prowess ran hot and cold. ", "Right now he was not only hot, but the number one topic of conversation throughout baseball. ", "Although fans were over the moon about Ruth, many longtime observers were still skeptical. ", "John McGraw, who had a chance to watch him up close, thought that if Ruth played regularly he would \"hit into a hundred double plays.\"", "\n\nRebellion and Revolution\n\n\"As a batter, Ruth is an accident. ", "He never plays inside baseball at the plate. ", "He goes up trying to take a swing on every strike, a style that would cause any other player to be benched. ", "He either knocks home runs or strikes out.\"", "\n\n—Jack Doyle, baseball scout, Chicago Cubs\n\nThirty thousand fans packed the Polo Grounds on Opening Day, nearly four times the number that had turned out for the Yankees' opener a year before, and three times the number that greeted the Yankees and Red Sox on the first day of the 1917 season, when Ruth had pitched. ", "This time he was in left field, and seeded fourth in the batting order.", "\n\nMany in the baseball world favored the Red Sox to take another pennant. ", "After all, despite the off-season deals, they still had a wealth of talent. ", "Most figured their stiffest competition to come from Cleveland, or perhaps Washington, where Walter Johnson made even a bad club dangerous.", "\n\nBut the Yankees were making a move. ", "The addition of Shore and Lewis from Boston was significant. ", "Ruppert, not Huston, was taking over, the dominant party in the partnership, and he applied the same principles to running his ball club that had served his beer business so well. ", "Ruppert's beer, led by the signature brew Knickerbocker, was more or less synonymous with New York, a branding strategy ahead of its time and one that, when combined with his political connections at Tammany Hall, of which the ex-congressman was a member in good standing, gave him an obvious edge over the competition.", "\n\nHe knew the value of an established name, and to that point, in baseball terms the Giants owned New York, with the Yankees and the Brooklyn team running a distant second. ", "And if there was anything approaching \"America's Team\" at the time, a ball club nearly as popular on the road as they were at home, it was the Giants. ", "They benefited from the contrasting personalities and public image of their two biggest stars—the recently retired Mathewson and their combative manager McGraw, who between them gave every fan someone to root for. ", "But Mathewson was no longer active and McGraw was getting old. ", "Although the Giants had won a pennant in 1917, they were in transition and not quite the juggernaut of years past. ", "Ruppert sensed that he and the Yankees had a brief window to wrest New York out of their control—or at least make it a two-team town.", "\n\nBut they had to prove it on the field first, and as yet the Yankees didn't have what it took. ", "The offense was fine—sportswriters later coined the term \"Murderer's Row\" to describe the 1919 lineup, which included Frank \"Home Run\" Baker, but the pitching was thin.", "\n\nHarry Hooper opened the game for Boston with a single off veteran starter George Mogridge, but Jack Barry botched a bunt and Hooper was forced out at second. ", "Barry then moved over on a wild pitch and was still standing on second when Ruth came up with two out.", "\n\nThe crowd buzzed; this was who they wanted to see, in just this situation—who cared if the Yankees fell behind? ", "Ruth had always hit well in the Polo Grounds. ", "He'd later note that it wasn't just the dimensions of the park that he favored but the hitting background. ", "It didn't hurt that the prevailing winds, swirling down from Coogan's Bluff, often seemed to give the ball a push and keep it in the air.", "\n\nRuth took a cut at a pitch by Mogridge and lashed the ball to center field, where his old teammate Duffy Lewis was making his debut for New York. ", "It went for a home run, a matter future biographers would make good use of when citing the hit, along with Ruth's blasts in Baltimore, as definitive proof for Barrow and everyone else that Ruth's future was holding a bat, and not a ball.", "\n\nWhat many failed to note, however, is that Ruth's hit didn't even make it over Lewis's head. ", "At contact, the outfielder started charging in after the hard hit, a sinking line drive. ", "Then, as one paper reported, the ball \"struck a hard spot on the turf [and] took a wicked hop over Duffy's shoulder.\" ", "In other words, it hit the ground in front of him, little more than 200 feet from home plate, and then bounced over his head. ", "Lewis's momentum carried him a few more steps in toward the infield as the ball bounded toward no-man's-land deep in center field. ", "Jack Barry saw the miscue and trotted home easily, but Ruth, still carrying more weight than at any time in his career to this point, had a more difficult time. ", "He was forced to run, and run hard. ", "Sammy Vick, the right fielder, finally chased the ball down and threw it in, but by that time Ruth had crossed the plate standing up.", "\n\nThe official scorer could have given Lewis an error for overrunning the ball, but he hadn't touched it. ", "Besides, now everyone got to put Ruth's name and home run together in a sentence or two, and in a headline. ", "It worked for everybody and allowed the boyos in the press box an excuse to mention that a few days before Ruth had said that he planned to take aim on the home run record in 1919. ", "Whether he had actually said so mattered very little, and in regard to Ruth, it's virtually impossible to verify anything he said, particularly early in his career. ", "He cursed like a wharf rat and his language alone made every sportswriter a fabulist.", "\n\nRegardless, the hit set the tone. ", "The Red Sox romped to a 10–0 win and Ruth, who chipped in a single later in the game, was cheered madly every time he swung the bat. ", "The Yankees looked forward to big crowds for the next two games of the opening series, as did Boston. ", "As visitors, the Red Sox took about 20 percent of the gate. ", "But by the following day the weather turned, causing the next two contests to be canceled, first due to the rain and then the cold that sent snow flurries skidding through the streets.", "\n\nAfter Ruth spent several days trying to swallow Manhattan whole, the Sox headed south to Washington, and Ruth, who'd had the Mrs. in tow in New York, sent her home and set himself free. ", "He hadn't had quite as much fun in Manhattan as he hoped, but in Washington he had plenty of cronies to run with from his days in Baltimore and at St. Mary's.", "\n\nIt was Sunday when they next played, and another big crowd turned out. ", "Harry Frazee must have looked on mournfully. ", "With no Sunday baseball in Boston, in terms of attendance he was already starting out behind.", "\n\nThe game unfolded much like the opener in New York—the Red Sox jumped out to a first inning lead—this time Ruth getting on by way of an infield error—and then rolled to an 8–0 win behind Sam Jones. ", "Ruth found the headlines yet again, this time with a sixth inning triple after the Red Sox already had already built a big lead. ", "And once again, he had some help. ", "This time Washington center fielder Clyde Milan gave Ruth the assist, along with the official scorer, as he misplayed Ruth's routine fly ball. ", "The Babe chipped in with two more extra base hits the next day off Walter Johnson as the Sox won their third straight 6–5, but Ruth's hits were of the garden variety, hard grounders and liners that skipped past outfielders. ", "Walter Johnson, not Ruth, hit the longest drive of the game, a fly out to center field.", "\n\nNo one yet knew it, but Ruth was out of power, at least for a while. ", "After the first three games of the season, with a home run, two triples, and a double to his credit, he appeared to be the greatest hitter in the game—and with an OPS (on base plus slugging percentage) of 1.467 and a slugging percentage of 1.000, by any measure he was (if one overlooked the bad bounce and the misplay). ", "And the Red Sox looked like the class of the league.", "\n\nBut only for three games. ", "Following that third game, with Helen shuttered up back in the big house in Sudbury, Ruth went out, just as he had the night before. ", "And when Ruth went out—he went out and stayed out.", "\n\nHe was gone almost twelve hours, likely all the way back to Baltimore, although no one really knows. ", "Barrow, who thought Ruth had the ragged look of a night owl earlier that day, supposedly sat in the lobby waiting to see when he would return. ", "Getting madder by the minute, Barrow waited until 4:00 a.m. before storming off to bed.", "\n\nWhen he saw Ruth at the park the next day, Barrow didn't say anything. ", "As it would soon become clear, after fourteen years between stints as major league manager, both the game and the players had changed and Barrow was ill equipped to deal with either. ", "His skill was in putting together a roster and knowing whom to call when he needed to fill a gap. ", "Essentially, Harry Hooper managed the ball club on the field. ", "Barrow had been adequate during the 1918 season—with so many marginal players on the roster, no one—except for Ruth and Leonard, really—had crossed him. ", "But in his second season, the players started to tune him out. ", "Hooper was the guy they listened to, went to for advice, and looked to provide strategy. ", "Barrow was like the school principal who came in at the end of the day, glanced at the grade book, and then took credit for the student's performance. ", "He didn't really know how to handle the players, particularly Ruth, who already had done as he pleased for a full year under Barrow, even received a raise for it, and saw no reason to change now. ", "The fact that Barrow had him room with coach Dan Howley had no impact on him whatsoever. ", "But such open insubordination made Barrow look bad, and now was costing him what little respect he had with veteran players.", "\n\nRuth looked ragged and went hitless the next day, a 4–2 Boston loss, their first of the season. ", "Then he skipped out of the locker room and was off to look for more trouble.", "\n\nBarrow figured he'd be late again—after all, the manager hadn't said anything the night before—but Barrow didn't want to wait—or face the consequences of a confrontation with Ruth, who was certain to come in drunk as he was to take a big swing at the plate. ", "And when Ruth drank, while he was usually garrulous, in the wee hours he could get a little wild and a lot belligerent. ", "You didn't want to be around Ruth when he was drunk and his temper was set off.", "\n\nIt's a measure of Ruth's enduring power that so few of his biographers have ever uttered the word alcoholic in the same sentence as the name Babe Ruth, because that's almost certainly what he was. ", "Few of his hijinks weren't accompanied by either some highballs or pitchers of beer, and his pattern of bad behavior followed by quickly forgotten apologies, late-night car accidents, and rash decision making all point in that direction—in neon. ", "But the character of the Babe that would soon be built would all but inoculate him from the charge and certainly inoculate him from the responsibility of his actions. ", "Other guys who got drunk every night were lushes; Ruth got drunk every night and it was just a bad boy stealing a sip from a jar in the cupboard.", "\n\nThis time, Barrow paid the night porter to keep an eye out and told him to come tell him when Ruth came in. ", "The knock on his door came at 6:00 a.m. and Barrow quickly dressed and went to Ruth's room. ", "He found his star dressed and in bed, the covers pulled over his head, supposedly holding a lit pipe in his hand. ", "Confronted about smoking in bed, fully clothed, according to Barrow's ghostwritten biography, Ruth allegedly sputtered some excuse about how smoking was \"relaxing.\" ", "Disgusted, the manager only shook his head and told Ruth he'd see him at the ballpark, leaving the impression of punishment hanging in the air.", "\n\nThe more Ruth thought about that, the madder he got, and by the time he got to the ballpark, he was ready to explode. ", "He sat in the locker room venting to his teammates, who likely egged him on—watching Ruth get mad, as long as you weren't the one he was getting mad at, was great sport. ", "It was easy to get him worked up. ", "The more he talked the louder and more profane he got, and by the time Barrow walked into the locker room, Ruth had worked himself into a lather.", "\n\nNow he had to act. ", "If he didn't, he'd lose face with the boys. ", "So Ruth rebelled. ", "He called Barrow a \"son of a bitch\" and told him if he ever came checking on him again, he'd punch him on the nose—or a series of much more colorful words to that effect.", "\n\nBarrow cleared the room and invited Ruth to stay and fight. ", "A former boxer, Barrow could handle himself—or thought he could. ", "Called out, for once Ruth backed down. ", "At his size he could have broken his manager in half, and he left the clubhouse and joined his teammates on the field. ", "When Ruth came in to the bench, Barrow told Ruth he was suspended. ", "It was the first time the Red Sox were facing a left-hander that season, so Barrow was probably planning to sit Ruth anyway.", "\n\nThe Sox won, and after the game came one of the most famous moments of Ruth's career, the most famous in Barrow's biography, and a set piece for the great Ruth mythology, the one that converted every indiscretion into the innocent act of an impetuous child. ", "As the train chugged out of Washington, a chagrined Ruth went to his manager as if he was going to confession at St. Mary's and apologized.", "\n\nBarrow did everything but tousle his hair and get him a warm glass of milk before sending the little scamp to bed. ", "The two soon reached an agreement. ", "Barrow would end the suspension but thereafter Ruth agreed to leave a note for Barrow every night telling him exactly when he came in. ", "It allowed both men to save face—at least Barrow got Ruth to agree to something. ", "But Ruth was more or less given license to carouse—and in only a few weeks there would be press reports referencing Barrow's continued dismay over the frequency of Ruth's \"extracurricular\" activities. ", "For all Barrow knew, he could have been sleeping in an opium den every night. ", "Most importantly, however, it got Ruth back into the lineup. ", "A player earning $10,000 wasn't worth a dime to anybody sitting on the bench.", "\n\nYet given the way Ruth played over the next month, things might not have been as copacetic as the boys' biographies would have one believe. ", "Almost immediately after that meeting, Frazee, Ruth, and Barrow had another one, and they told Ruth he'd better be ready to pitch, because that's what he was going to be doing. ", "Ruth more or less returned to the rotation, playing the outfield or occasionally first base between appearances.", "\n\nUnfortunately, for the next month he also started hitting like a pitcher, who usually batted last in the lineup because there was no place lower. ", "But Barrow stubbornly kept Ruth in the middle of the order. ", "And in the meantime, the Red Sox slumped and slid, falling from second place, only one game out of first, to as low as sixth, and as many as 10 games out of first place. ", "And although teams have come from 10 games back early in the season to win a pennant, few of them have successfully vaulted five other ball clubs. ", "Remember, the season was already truncated to only 140 games, leaving Boston even fewer games than normal to recover. ", "The end result? ", "The Red Sox were out of it early, and although nobody dared utter it at the time, Ruth bore much of the responsibility for that.", "\n\nAfter his hot start, from April 26 through May 26 he hit a paltry .180 with only four extra base hits—including one home run, as the Red Sox went 5–11. ", "To be fair, although he struggled on the mound giving up 13 hits and walking eight in one 11-inning relief appearance, he did pitch and win three of those ballgames. ", "But at the plate he was pathetic, nearly the worst hitter in the lineup as he played the worst baseball of his major league career. ", "By the time Ruth hit his next home run on May 30 and really started hitting again, the Red Sox were essentially finished for the 1919 season. ", "To win the pennant they would have had to play more than .700 baseball for the remainder of the year, a pace only seven teams have ever maintained over the course of the season, a list that includes the vaunted 1927 Yankees. ", "The 1919 Sox, even with Ruth, weren't '27 Yankees.", "\n\nEven worse—at least for Harry Frazee—was that Boston's poor performance early in the season killed fan interest in the team. ", "With four world championships in seven seasons, Sox fans were spoiled. ", "They didn't care to come out to the ballpark to see a loser. ", "So while the attendance for other major league franchises rebounded in 1919—on average, more than doubling, meeting or even exceeding prewar levels—that was not the case for the Red Sox. ", "After a good start at the gate—the club drew over 50,000 fans in their first home stand over six games—as the team slumped on the road and returned to Boston well below .500, so did attendance. ", "The combination of a losing team and the lack of Sunday baseball suddenly left Boston at a huge disadvantage. ", "While pennant contenders Detroit, New York, Chicago, and Cleveland all either set attendance records in 1919 or threatened to, the Red Sox lagged behind. ", "Oh, they got some bounce from the end of the war, increasing attendance from 249,000 in 1918 to 417,000 in 1919, but that worked out to only another 2,000 fans a game, still an average of less than 6,000 a day. ", "Meanwhile, teams like the White Sox, Yankees, Tigers, and Indians—all contenders in 1919—averaged nearly twice that. ", "It was hard to compete.", "\n\nSo what happened? ", "Why did Ruth stop hitting? ", "Well, he was carrying some extra pounds, but throughout the month of May, there was no indication that he was injured—the only damage he'd suffered was to his feelings. ", "And it wasn't the burden of both pitching and playing in the field that bothered him either—he usually hit better when pitching. ", "And while it is possible that the physical rigors of pitching and playing every day wore on him, it is interesting that at virtually every other level of baseball, from Little League through college and in adult baseball and semipro baseball, it is not uncommon for some position players to also serve as pitchers and vice versa. ", "Only in professional baseball, where pitching arms are treated like cut glass, do pitchers have a single mission, and the reason for that is as much due to economics and tradition as it is to physical health or fatigue. ", "If a pitcher gets hurt running the bases, the manager, not the player, takes the hit.", "\n\nThe truth probably lay somewhere between his attitude... and the baseball. ", "Ruth had made his preference clear—he didn't want to pitch anymore, he just wanted to play in the field and hit. ", "Given his self-regard and self-centered, immature nature, it's not beyond the realm of belief that Ruth might have moped his way through the month giving less than his best effort. ", "There were also occasional instances when the press intimated he might not have been giving his all in the outfield, and he made several poor throws, previously never a problem for the strong-armed Ruth. ", "He was a brooding little boy, eating his spinach but making it clear he didn't like it and ruining the meal for everyone.", "\n\nAnd then there was the baseball. ", "Anecdotally, there's every indication that at the start of the 1919 season the old war-issue baseballs with the bad yarn and subpar horsehide were still in use. ", "After teeing off on what might have been a different ball in the spring, the same swings Ruth took during the regular season simply weren't yielding the same results—and the pitching was better, too. ", "There has to be some explanation—including his performance over the final two months of the 1918 season; in the last three months of regular season major league competition, Ruth had been just an average hitter. ", "Over nearly 300 plate appearances, he had hit only two home runs, only one over a fence. ", "That coincides nicely with when the subpar ball was first put into play and when, presumably the postwar ball, now wrapped tighter, made of better materials, and suddenly more lively—began to be used. ", "Toward the end of May, it appeared that Ruth the \"fearsome slugger\" was running on reputation alone. ", "The Babe had gone bust.", "\n\nThe fans noticed. ", "In one mid-month contest, Chicago spitballer Eddie Cicotte toyed with him, making him look so bad as he struck him out twice in a 1–0 shutout that Chicago fans stood and jeered, laughing at his inept swings as he both missed badly and then awkwardly stumbled from the effort. ", "A lot of wise guys around baseball looked at each other knowingly and nodded their heads: Ruth couldn't keep it up—they'd been right all along. ", "As a hitter, Ruth was a flash in the pan, and now it appeared as if he'd fallen off as a pitcher as well. ", "Ever since he'd entered the league, he'd been warned that his lifestyle would eventually catch up with him. ", "Maybe that's what was happening now.", "\n\nThen, just when it looked as if he might never awaken, be begun to stir. ", "By then it was already too late for the Red Sox, the damage to their pennant dream and their financial well-being already done. ", "Ruth crushed his second home run of the season in St. Louis on May 20, a long blast in Sportsman's Park that cleared the right field fence and landed on Grand Avenue, and over the last few days of May he started to heat up again. ", "Although his power remained sporadic through the next month, giving him six home runs halfway through the season, at least he was finally getting a few base hits. ", "Perhaps that new ball was becoming more commonly used.", "\n\nToo little too late, at least in the standings. ", "The Red Sox struggled to play .500 baseball. ", "And when Ruth started hitting in June, everyone else stopped. ", "When Boston fell to the Yankees at the Polo Grounds 7–4 on June 30, the Red Sox were in sixth place, 24–31, and already trailed first place New York by 12 games.", "\n\nThe only people making real money off Ruth were the Yankees—fans turned out in droves to see their club take three of five from Boston. ", "Over the course of three days, including doubleheaders on Saturday and Monday, more than 70,000 swarmed over the Polo Grounds to see their first place club—and Ruth. ", "He was making his first appearance in New York since Opening Day, and fans there remembered what he had done then. ", "He didn't disappoint, driving what was called \"the longest fly ever caught\" at the ballpark in game one, backing Sammy Vick up again the fence in the deepest corner of left center, then about 450 feet from the plate, hitting a ball over the roof in right field in the second game—just foul—and then blasting a grand slam off Bob Shawkey in the first game of the final doubleheader. ", "But it mattered not, as the Red Sox still lost the game. ", "It was that kind of year.", "\n\nThe knives were coming out in Boston, where the same sportswriters that had been predicting that Ruth would set a home run record were now moaning that Ruth might never set the home run record for a season, making Ruth a victim of their own overly enthusiastic hyperbole. ", "To this point in Ruth's career, he had hit only 27 home runs as a major leaguer, 17 since the beginning of the 1918 season. ", "Fully one-third of those had been hit against the Yankees, eight at the Polo Grounds. ", "So far only two—two—of his career home runs had been hit at Fenway Park. ", "It was a small sample size, to be sure, but at this juncture, only in New York, at the Polo Grounds, did Ruth even remotely resemble the hitter he would soon become, or player we see him as today. ", "In real time, Ruth's 1919 season had been a dismal failure; he hadn't come close to earning his salary, his reputation far outstripping his performance.", "\n\nNow that it really didn't matter anymore, in a lost season, Ruth started getting really hot. ", "With the season essentially over, Frazee and Barrow finally acquiesced to his wishes and his complaints about a bum knee he had wrenched in early June, and relieved him of mound duty. ", "Over the final three months of the season, he would pitch only seven times.", "\n\nIt made no difference, because when he did pitch, he wasn't the pitcher who had once been one of the best in the game. ", "He lacked control, was often hit hard, and rarely struck anyone out. ", "He was still a battler, but he wasn't anything special, depending on his curveball to get batters out. ", "Less than a year before, he had still been, arguably, a star, a World Series record setter. ", "Now he wasn't even the best pitcher on the Red Sox staff. ", "Herb Pennock, Sam Jones, and Carl Mays all had been more dependable and productive.", "\n\nThis time, instead of leaving for the shipyards, the Red Sox players were simply looking to jump ship. ", "The mood on the team turned turpentine as they all took Ruth's lead and it became every man for himself. ", "Ruth, clearly, didn't have to follow the rules, so no one else felt they did either. ", "Now that Ruth wasn't pitching anymore, it was clear that Boston was throwing in the towel. ", "What little camaraderie that remained on the team soon turned sour.", "\n\nA brief four-game win streak over the A's gave some hope of a turnaround, but on July 5, despite two Ruth home runs, the Sox dropped a doubleheader and began another skid. ", "So far, since Opening Day, Ruth had homered in only two Boston victories. ", "The rest of his blasts had been wasted.", "\n\nThe Red Sox weren't just losing, they were playing poorly and it wore on everyone. ", "Pitcher Carl Mays, frustrated by nonsupport, threw a ball into the stands at a fan who was heckling him. ", "Ban Johnson jumped to fine him $100, and when he refused to pay, Mays was briefly suspended—the Red Sox eventually paid his fine. ", "His loss, coupled with Ruth's removal from the rotation, left the Red Sox seriously undermanned. ", "The Red Sox went into St. Louis and even dropped three in a row to the St. Louis Browns, Ruth costing Boston one game when he botched an easy fly ball. ", "The Browns had long been also-rans in the American League, but it appeared the Red Sox were ready to give St. Louis some competition in that regard.", "\n\nEverything came to a head in Chicago on July 13, setting off a series of events that, as much as anything else did, eventually led to Ruth's exit from Boston. ", "And that's important to realize: it was not one reason alone or one single event that led to the selling of the Babe. ", "It was a confluence of events, circumstances, coincidences, accidents, and fate. ", "This portion of the story all started with a simple ground ball—Ruth wasn't even involved but standing in left field hundreds of feet away.", "\n\nWith Mays back on the mound for Boston after the suspension, and one out in the first inning, Chicago's star second baseman, Eddie Collins, singled. ", "The next batter hit a double play grounder to Boston second baseman Red Shannon. ", "Yet instead of throwing to second, or even to first, Shannon inexplicably held the ball and both runners were safe.", "\n\nPerhaps he lost track of the number of outs and froze with indecision, or just couldn't get a grip on the baseball, but afterward, Carl Mays became unglued. ", "Arguably the best pitcher in baseball history not to be a member of the Hall of Fame, since joining the Red Sox in 1915 he'd won more than 70 ballgames, his unique, underhanded \"submarine\" delivery proving almost unhittable when he was hitting his spots. ", "But as a personality, he was just as much a cipher.", "\n\nReserved and remote from his teammates, Mays was a loner, dark and dour, a player the other Red Sox considered an odd duck, arrogant, suspicious, and standoffish, someone who exuded the attitude that he felt he was smarter and better than his peers. ", "Socially awkward, yet supremely confident in his ability as a pitcher, Mays didn't think twice about openly criticizing his teammates when they made mistakes, then wondered why they didn't care for him. ", "One noted that he had the disposition of a man living under the spell of a \"permanent toothache.\" ", "They appreciated him for his talent—Mays had proven himself in the World Series, but he didn't really have a friend on the team—or in the game. ", "He may well have been the most disliked man in the major leagues—and this was before he became notorious for throwing the only pitch in major league history to kill a man when in 1920 he threw the pitch that sent Indians shortstop Ray Chapman to the grave.", "\n\nAfter Shannon's miscue, Mays stomped around the mound, making his displeasure obvious. ", "Shannon had erred, to be sure, but no player ever likes being shown up on the field. ", "Angry, Mays began to throw harder. ", "That was a mistake. ", "When he was right, his submarine pitch dropped to the batter's ankles and resulted in ground ball after ground ball. ", "But when he got angry and overthrew, the ball stayed up, and straight, and was easy to hit. ", "The White Sox jumped on him and scored four runs Mays felt he didn't deserve to give up.", "\n\nIt got no better in the second inning. ", "With two out, Eddie Collins hit another ground ball, this time to first. ", "Stuffy McInnis bumbled the ball, and now Collins was safe.", "\n\nMays saw red once again. ", "To him, it almost looked like McInnis had misplayed the ball on purpose, and in his mind he thought that maybe Shannon had, too. ", "In fact, maybe his teammates had been sandbagging him for weeks, maybe it was all on purpose, and maybe they wanted him to fail... that's the way Mays's mind was working.", "\n\nHe threw another pitch and Collins took off for second. ", "Boston catcher Wally Schang received the pitch, sprang to his feet, and threw toward second.", "\n\nMays, already turning to look at the play, took the ball behind his ear, hitting him solid then ricocheting away. ", "It didn't look like an accident. ", "At least Mays didn't think it was, and his teammates were fed up with him anyway. ", "Maybe Schang did hit him on purpose.", "\n\nMays finished the inning, but when he got to the bench he just kept going, right into the clubhouse. ", "Another player reported that he was sitting with his head in his hands, distraught and weeping. ", "Barrow sent in another pitcher and by the end of the game, a 14–9 Boston loss, Mays was gone, already on a train back to Boston.", "\n\nOver time it would come out that he was bothered by more than dissatisfaction with the indifferent play of his teammates—his wife was ill, they had been arguing, and their off-season home had recently burned down, something Mays thought had been done on purpose. ", "There were also rumors that Chicago had been trying to trade for him. ", "The combination of on-field frustration and off-field problems had sent Mays into a deep depression, something baseball was ill equipped to deal with at the time. ", "Every year, several players would simply disappear from major league rosters due to \"mania,\" \"exhaustion,\" \"tobacco poisoning,\" or other euphemisms for emotional and metal ailments, some never to return.", "\n\nOver his last three starts Mays had pitched well but had lost by shutout three straight times, dropping his record to 5–11, which in an era that valued wins more than anything else was likely to cost him money at contract time. ", "This further unsettled the already unsettled pitcher. ", "Being struck by Schang's throw apparently pushed him over the edge.", "\n\nBack in Boston the next day, Mays said he intended to go fishing and explained, \"I'll never pitch another ball for the Red Sox.... I believe the team ought to be up there fighting for the lead right now but there is not a chance of that the way things are being handled.\" ", "The local scribes let that linger, and none of Mays's teammates, including Ruth, either came to his defense or waved good-bye. ", "Even the press, which usually sided with management, was strangely quiet and even tacitly supportive of his decision. ", "A headline in the Boston Post put it this way: \"Mays Refuses to Ride Longer on the Broken Donkey.\" ", "The implication was clear: Who could blame him?", "\n\nJumping the team was a big deal but hardly unprecedented. ", "After all, Ruth had jumped just a year before and after a few days had returned and even scored a raise. ", "There was no reason for either Frazee or Barrow to think this would end any differently. ", "And in the event Mays didn't return, well, he could always be traded. ", "Even if he were nuts, as long as he could pitch he'd still be attractive to a contender. ", "A team would put up with just about anything from a pitcher as long as he pitched winning ball—Ruth himself was proof of that.", "\n\nBut jumping the team was a big deal to Ban Johnson. ", "The acrimony between him and Frazee hadn't gone away but was simply simmering under the surface. ", "When the ball club paid Mays's fine a few weeks before, Johnson hadn't been pleased—he'd fined Mays, after all, not the team—but he had stayed silent. ", "Now, however, he saw an opportunity to use his power and put Frazee in his place. ", "Maybe he could piss him off enough to make him think about giving up on the game and selling out. ", "Johnson knew the Red Sox were hurting at the gate compared to other clubs and this might be just enough to provide the final push. ", "Then he might be rid of Frazee for good.", "\n\nMays was a valuable commodity, worth plenty to a contending team in a pennant race, and Frazee was in position to reap a windfall and not face much local criticism for getting rid of a problem. ", "If he was able to sell Mays for a good price, it would go a long way toward keeping him going, and help turn a profit. ", "Besides, although no one yet knew it, Johnson still owned a piece of the Indians, and if Mays was going anywhere, he wanted to steer him to Cleveland. ", "The Indians were in third place and trailed the White Sox, who had surged into first ahead of New York, by only five games. ", "Mays could be a difference maker.", "\n\nAfraid Frazee might sell off Mays to either the Yankees or White Sox first, Johnson acted in his own self-interest. ", "He ordered the Red Sox to suspend Mays indefinitely.", "\n\nHe might as well have asked Frazee to dress the Red Sox in drag and put them in one of his shows. ", "The owner had long ago lost all respect for Johnson and saw through the ploy.", "\n\nThen he did something that really angered Johnson. ", "He ignored him. ", "Instead of suspending Mays, he acted as if Johnson didn't exist, as if he had no power or authority at all, and began entertaining offers for his missing pitcher. ", "Although Frazee spent a lot of time in Boston, he lived in New York and he and Jacob Ruppert had grown close. ", "Along with Charles Comiskey, all three were serving a one-year term on the American League's board of directors. ", "Frazee not only had Ruppert's office phone number in his address book but Ruppert's private line and home phone, as well. ", "He knew the Yankees would be in the market for the pitcher, but wasn't going to give them any kind of sweetheart deal.", "\n\nFor now, he planned to hold his cards close to the vest, dangle Mays in front of all interested parties, and see the price go up. ", "Ruth hadn't been suspended when he jumped the team in 1918—how was this any different?", "\n\nIn the meantime, the Babe played on as if blissfully unaware that anything at all was happening. ", "He might not even have noticed that Mays was gone. ", "The worse the Red Sox played, and the further they fell behind in the pennant race, the better he hit and the happier he was. ", "There was no moping after a loss from Ruth.", "\n\nHe felt no compulsion anymore whatsoever to give a nod to scientific baseball and take a pitch, hit behind the runner, or drop the occasional sacrifice. ", "Now he was free to swing from his heels, and that's exactly what he did. ", "The weather had warmed and all of a sudden—was it the ball? ", "The fact he didn't have to think but could just swing? ", "Or that the Red Sox were out of the race and in games that didn't matter opposing pitchers were less cautious? ", "All of a sudden, home runs began flying off his bat. ", "Headlines like \"Ruth Home Run Only Consolation\" became commonplace as his blasts came ever more frequently and Boston fans began to focus solely on that, and not on the performance of the team. ", "And with each subsequent home run, fans in other cities followed suit.", "\n\nBut Ruth wasn't let entirely off the hook—and neither was Ed Barrow. ", "As Frazee and Johnson squared off and Carl Mays dug for worms and baited hooks on the banks of some stream, the sports editor of the Boston Post, Howard Reynolds, weighed in with a rare byline. ", "On Sunday, July 21, the front page of Post's Sporting Section screamed out \"Barrow Responsible for Red Sox Downward Slide.\" ", "In a scathing report, Reynolds analyzed Barrow's moves since the end of the 1918 season and found fault with every one, writing, \"The real reason of the tumble from the top to a place near the bottom of the American League is Ed Barrow.\" ", "Not only were his personnel decisions at fault—nearly every man the Red Sox either let go or traded seemed to play like a star when they faced Boston—but the Mays incident exposed his real weakness. ", "Citing the earlier \"Ruth dust-up,\" Reynolds cautioned not to blame Frazee, but that \"Under him [Barrow] there is no discipline in the Red Sox ranks, the players have no respect for Barrow because they know he does not know baseball.... No one gives a rap for his manager as long as he does not tack on the fines, and the way things are breaking now he does not dare do too much of that. ", "Off the field the players do as they please. ", "There are no hours.\"", "\n\nIt was clear whom he was referring to. ", "Ruth might have been writing Barrow a mash note every night telling him when he pulled down the covers, but it wasn't slowing him down, keeping him sober, or helping him stay in shape or win ballgames. ", "Thus far, the occasional home run, while exciting for the fans, hadn't offset his indifferent play on the field and his abandonment of the pitcher's mound. ", "The other Red Sox saw through the charade of the nightly note as special treatment for a player they didn't think had earned it or deserved it. ", "They didn't really blame Ruth—hell, they'd have taken advantage of the situation, too—but they didn't like the way they had to follow rules and he didn't.", "\n\nAnd Ruth wasn't just disruptive in Boston. ", "On July 18 in Cleveland, the Indians erupted for four eighth-inning runs to break a tie and take a 7–3 lead into the ninth. ", "To close out the game, Indians manager Lee Fohl inserted frontline pitcher Elmer Myers into the game to secure the win despite the fact that he'd just pitched a complete game two days before. ", "The Indians needed mound help—that's why they were so interested in Mays.", "\n\nHowever, Myers didn't have it, and gave up a walk, a double, a ground ball, and another walk, as Boston scored one and now had the bases loaded. ", "With Ruth due up, Fohl got nervous. ", "He called on another pitcher, Fritz Coumbe, a left-hander, to counteract Ruth, giving him the admonition to keep the ball low. ", "A hit wouldn't lose the game, but a home run would. ", "There was only one problem. ", "Coumbe hadn't pitched in two months.", "\n\nIt showed. \"", "Coumbe put everything he had on his first offering,\" wrote a Cleveland reporter, \"and Ruth put every ounce of his strength into a terrific swing,\" but missed, spinning out of the batter's box with the effort. ", "Then \"Fritz apparently forgot that making fast ones out of slow ones is a Ruth specialty.\" ", "Ruth turned on the change-up and launched it over the right field screen and onto a house on the opposite side of the street for a grand slam. ", "Cleveland, fighting for a pennant, lost a game it should have won.", "\n\nAnd Lee Fohl lost his job. ", "The Cleveland papers excoriated him and by the time the team took the field the next day, he'd said the hell with it and quit. ", "Tris Speaker took his place. ", "Ruth made his old teammate look like a genius in his first game as manager, this time striking out with a chance to tie the game and end the contest.", "\n\nFrazee and Johnson continued to spar over Mays. ", "Almost every day the press reported that yet another team had made Frazee an offer for the pitcher or that a previous offer had been increased. ", "The White Sox reportedly offered Frazee first $25,000, then $50,000.", "\n\nThe Boston owner liked this game; he just sat back and watched the price go up and up. ", "Johnson, in turn, sent a telegram to every team in the league telling them not to make a deal because Mays was going to be punished.", "\n\nJust as Johnson had earlier expressed faux outrage over the gambling in the Boston stands, he now claimed that George Hildebrand, the home plate umpire in Chicago when Mays jumped the team, said he had been told by other Boston players that Mays had been planning to desert the team for weeks and force a trade. ", "If Johnson suspended Mays over that, he would have to suspend just about every player on the Boston roster. ", "The atmosphere was so poor that everyone was hoping to leave.", "\n\nThe Yankees came to Boston on July 24 and Ruppert and Huston tagged along to talk trade with Frazee. ", "In addition to the offer of $50,000 in cash from the White Sox, the Indians, Tigers, and Senators had all made bids, primarily offering Frazee players. ", "He considered the deals, but wanted more in return than they were willing to offer. ", "Besides, he didn't want to increase his payroll.", "\n\nIt was no accident that the decision came down to the Yankees and the White Sox, the other two teams aligned with Frazee against Johnson and the two clubs most willing to ignore his admonitions against acquiring Mays. ", "Comiskey still wanted to make a straight cash deal, but Ruppert was so eager to win now that he put together a package of $40,000 plus promising and affordable young pitchers Allen Russell and Bob McGraw. ", "Frazee and Barrow were already rebuilding and had just purchased eighteen-year-old Baltimore schoolboy Waite Hoyt. ", "Paired with Herb Pennock, the new charges made it appear as if Boston had the makings of another top-notch pitching staff in the waiting, and money was always useful—Frazee had already said he hoped to invest much of it in another pitcher. ", "He didn't, but a month later he did outbid every other team in baseball for the player considered the best prospect in the game, Joe Wilhoit, who after failing in several earlier big league trials, had just set a record with a 69-game hitting streak for Wichita in the Western League and was suddenly a hot commodity. ", "Unfortunately, he flamed out—and was much older than the Red Sox or anyone else thought—but the move is an indication of Frazee's financial health at the time. ", "He wasn't sitting on his money.", "\n\nThere was also one more indication of that. ", "A year before, Ruppert had supposedly bid as much as $150,000 for Ruth. ", "Later reports would claim that now he wanted $200,000 for Ruth and Mays in a package deal.", "\n\nThe offer was breathtaking, three times more than any other transaction to date, yet Frazee had still said no. ", "In fact, in addition to running the Red Sox, although Frazee had once said he intended to stay out of the producing business for a while, he never really did. ", "That was a spigot that was almost impossible to turn off, even if he wanted to—there were shows in production and contracts to be filled.", "\n\nAt the time he'd bought the Red Sox he was already managing a bona fide big-ticket hit, Nothing but the Truth, which ran in New York for 332 performances, closing in the summer of 1917. ", "By the end of 1918, with the end of the war in sight, Frazee produced the musical Ladies First, which captured crowds surging back into the theater after the end of the war and it ran for 164 performances. ", "Keep in mind that New York theaters seated upward of 1,000 people. ", "Frazee could get nearly as many people to see a play in a season as to see the Red Sox in Fenway. ", "Any show that ran for 100 performances was a hit, with every subsequent performance almost pure profit. ", "Failed shows shut down quickly before they could lose much money.", "\n\nNow he was in the process of getting another play together, this one entitled My Lady Friends. ", "In addition, even after buying the Sox, Frazee had retained his interest and ownership in several theaters and other businesses. ", "Although the economy had suffered during the war, in the end Frazee's theater interests hadn't suffered very much; he'd protected his assets and received rent for the theaters anyway, regardless of how well somebody else's shows did in them, and two of the three shows he produced at the time were hits. ", "In fact, there are indications in his archives that during this time he funneled money earned from the Cort Theatre in Chicago to help support the Red Sox.", "\n\nWith the war over and the influenza epidemic a horrible memory, people were starting to stream back to the theater. ", "As yet there was no radio, and the only mass forms of entertainment were confined to live music, vaudeville, baseball, boxing, and the movies, and only in the theater could the entertainment of vaudeville and the drama of the silent movies be paired with the music of an orchestra. ", "Broadway was about to enter a Golden Age, something Frazee already sensed, and people began attending shows with the frequency they do movies today.", "\n\nAlthough Frazee was not exactly Max Bialystock, the character played by Zero Mostel in the Mel Brooks movie The Producers who fleeced investors for profit, he was a shrewd businessman.", "\n\nJust as his tax records in his archive show that Frazee held on to the sentiment that taxes were for people who couldn't figure out a way to avoid them—and as his archives show, he could, Frazee was just as circumspect about the financial worth of his productions. ", "In his tax records, wherever he had a big year, there are inevitably big losses written off, usually in the form of creditors who could no longer be located. ", "It is much the same with his theatrical records. ", "Few plays show a profit on paper, no matter how long they ran or how many people went to see them. ", "It is almost comical. ", "When the house increases and his plays draw big crowds, there are big expenses, just high enough to keep the show in the red. ", "And when the house is down, miraculously, those expenses disappear, yet time and time again the plays just come short of showing a profit.", "\n\nThis is not to say they did not earn money, for the theater started the tradition of what is known today as \"Hollywood bookkeeping,\" creative accounting designed to keep payouts to investors as low as possible, making vast profits look like something else, funneling receipts to shadow vendors and the like, something extraordinarily easy to do in businesses such as baseball or the theater where people paid cash for tickets every single day. ", "Like many of his peers in both the theater and in baseball, Frazee knew how to cook the books to his liking. ", "At any rate, Frazee was clearly in no desperate need for cash, and turned down the package deal for Ruth and Mays. ", "Now New York focused only on Mays.", "\n\nVery quietly, the Yankees and had been secretly been reaching out to the pitcher, checking on his health and making sure he'd report if they made a deal. ", "He said he would, that his troubles were behind him. ", "On July 30, Frazee, Ruppert, and Huston shook hands and it was done; for $40,000, Mays was a member of the Yankees. ", "When he found out, Ban Johnson almost had a stroke.", "\n\nNever before had his authority been so openly and brazenly not just challenged but blatantly ignored. ", "Fighting him was bad enough, but this was insurrection, acting as if he didn't matter. ", "Buying a team without permission was offense number one. ", "Working behind his back in 1918 and calling for a single commissioner was unforgivable. ", "But this, this thing, this was something else entirely.", "\n\nJohnson sent a wire to Boston telling them to indefinitely suspend Mays. ", "Frazee immediately sent one back to Johnson telling him where to get off and then started talking to reporters.", "\n\n\"This action of Johnson's is a joke,\" he said. \"", "Evidently he is still trying to run the Boston club or make things unpleasant for its management. ", "However, on this occasion big Ban has been a little late. ", "I am no longer concerned in Mays' fate as a pitcher. ", "He is the property of New York.\" ", "Frazee went on to send a few more digs Johnson's way, chiding him for \"Just waking up to what is going on.\" ", "After all, his negotiations with Ruppert were hardly a secret: the newspapers reported them daily. ", "As the Tribune noted a few days later, \"war to the knife has been declared in the American League.\" ", "Frazee was in the middle of it and it would take everything he had to keep from being mortally wounded, but neither would Johnson escape the blade. ", "Knife fights are rarely tidy.", "\n\nAnd Ruth was likely already a part of that battle, or at least Frazee had to think he might yet be. ", "The Yankees has already shown some interest in him, and they'd just dropped $40,000 on a player everyone hated and might be mentally unbalanced and had just jumped his team. ", "He had to wonder now how much they would pay for Ruth, his other problem child. ", "Sure, he was starting to hit, when it didn't matter, but Ruth had already cost him plenty. ", "There was no way he was going to earn it back, not in 1919, and perhaps not ever. ", "Over the course of two seasons, Ruth had been a tease, with brief periods of explosive power followed by long droughts. ", "Who was to say it wouldn't happen again? ", "There might be an opportunity to sell high.", "\n\nBut for now, Ruppert and Huston went to court in New York. ", "They had more influence there than Johnson had, and, pending a hearing, easily got an injunction that restrained Johnson from ordering a suspension, banning Mays from pitching, or anything else. ", "Mays entered the New York rotation and Russell entered Boston's. ", "Johnson fumed, his ire toward Frazee and Ruppert increasing by the day.", "\n\nOblivious to it all, Ruth only saw pitches coming over the fat part of the plate, long fly balls dropping over the fence, and pretty girls and parties waiting for him wherever he went. ", "A home run surge at the end of July gave him seven for the month and all of a sudden, Socks Seybold's American League record of 16 home runs, set in 1902, seemed within reach.", "\n\nOf course, it wasn't quite what it appeared. ", "Seybold, a left-handed hitter for the A's, had benefited from playing at Philadelphia's home field, Columbia Park, where it was only 280 feet down the line and 323 in the right field power alley, far shallower than Fenway or any other American League park Ruth played in. ", "Nevertheless, a record was a record, even a relatively obscure one at the time, and it gave sportswriters, bored with the Red Sox and with the court battle between the Yankees and Johnson, something else to write about.", "\n\nIt helped filled the stands, too. ", "When the White Sox came into town on August 2 for a Saturday doubleheader, the combination of the league leader, fine weather, and Ruth's assault on the record brought out a surprisingly big crowd of more than 30,000. ", "For the first time all year, Ruth was earning his keep.", "\n\nThat was fine with Frazee, because on August 1 he entered into negotiations to purchase Fenway Park from the Fenway Realty Group, a holding company created by the Taylor family. ", "When they had sold the Red Sox to Joseph Lannin, they had retained ownership of the park, which they had just built, allowing them to see a nice return from the ball club well into the future. ", "Frazee paid $30,000 a year in rent.", "\n\nBut the Taylors didn't own all the stock in the holding company. ", "Lannin and a few of their business cronies owned some shares, too. ", "Given the open war that erupted between Frazee and Johnson, Frazee had some fear that Fenway could fall into unfriendly hands and that the terms of his lease could be changed to make ownership of the Red Sox untenable. ", "In addition, he was already in a spat with Lannin over payment on a note worth $262,000 due in November. ", "Buying Fenway Park could solve several problems at once. ", "Back in March, General Taylor and John Taylor had already told Frazee they were looking to get out of the ballpark business and terminate the trust. ", "Frazee, who owned 150 shares, had balked at the time, but now, given the changing political situation, he was agreeable to move in that direction.", "\n\nConveniently enough for Frazee, Ruth picked the long home stand to go into another prolonged home run drought, one that kept the crowds coming out day after day, wondering if this was the day he would snap out of it and set the record. ", "On August 9, 24,000 fans turned out at Fenway for another doubleheader, this time against St. Louis. ", "They didn't go away completely disappointed, as Ruth tripled to the bleachers in dead center field, the place where it seemed all his long drives had been going the entire home stand. ", "It almost seemed like he did didn't want to homer—when the Sox played out of town Sunday exhibitions, which they often did due to Boston's blue laws, Ruth suddenly seemed able to pull the ball and almost homer at will.", "\n\nNot so at Fenway. ", "Then again, pitchers had gotten smarter. ", "As Ruth warmed up over the course of the summer, they pitched him more and more carefully, keeping the ball away, giving him nothing to pull, often satisfied by holding him to a base on balls. ", "After walking only 31 times through June, over the last three months of the season he'd be put on base 70 more times. ", "In fact, during the seventh inning of the final game of the home stand versus the Browns, with the game scoreless, the bases loaded, and Ruth at bat, St. Louis pitcher Allan Sothoron intentionally walked Ruth—forcing home a run that eventually proved to be the game winner in Boston's 1–0 victory.", "\n\nFor whatever reason, once Boston hit the road, Ruth's home run power miraculously returned. ", "He didn't waste time, homering on August 14 in Chicago off Erskine Mayer, the ball clearing the right field wall and landing in an adjacent soccer field. ", "The Red Sox' Babe, and not the A's Socks, was now the official American League home run record holder.", "\n\nThe next target was Gavvy Cravath's National League mark of 24, set in 1915 with the Phillies. ", "Like Seybold, that record, too, had been set with a little help, for the Baker Bowl was one of the smallest parks in baseball, and Cravath hit 19 of his 24 home runs there. ", "Still, it gave Ruth and the fans something else to look forward to, and in Boston that was all they had.", "\n\nNow that someone was hitting home runs with regularity for the first time ever, everything about the hit was a potential record. ", "Fans were enthralled. ", "How far, how many times in a game, in a season, in a league, for a team, in a park, off a left-hander, off a right-hander, to center field, to left, to right, into the stands, into the bleachers, over the roof, almost anything you could think of in any combination potentially created a record... it was almost endless. ", "All because of Ruth, fans and sportswriters alike began keeping track of ever more arcane marks. ", "And as virtually the first practitioner of his craft, almost every Ruth home run was a potential record setter of one kind or another. ", "It was almost as if he'd invented the hit.", "\n\nFrom this point of his career onward, it seemed as if Ruth either set a record or broke a record hardly anyone had ever even known existed before. ", "Consider this: before Ruth, baseball's all-time career home run leader was Roger Connor with 138, set during a career that lasted from 1880 to 1897, beginning when the ball was still thrown underhanded, but in general, his mark wasn't given much credence. ", "In the so-called modern era, post-1901, the all-time record was held by Cravath with 118. ", "Ruth broke Cravath's mark in 1921, and every single home run he hit thereafter, 596 of them, for a total of 714, set another all-time record. ", "It was a similar situation with nearly every other possible home run record as well. ", "There's nothing else like it in the history of professional sports. ", "All of a sudden, relieved of the burden of pitching and trying to win, and able to focus on hitting for the first time, Ruth could not be stopped. ", "For whatever reason, home runs rained down like raindrops, but the new, improved baseball and another road trip, where he took aim at fences more to his liking than those at Fenway Park, didn't hurt.", "\n\nOne day after Ruth set the modern American League record, the Red Sox went into St. Louis and Ruth cracked two more. ", "Then it was on to Cleveland, where he failed to homer but still managed a long triple, as outfielders seemed to deny reality and reason and kept playing him in too close. ", "A fair number of Ruth's other long hits, doubles and triples, were catchable but floated over the heads of fielders still unwilling to admit he could knock the ball over their heads.", "\n\nIt all took off. ", "In a matter of a few weeks, Ruth had become bigger than the game. ", "In fact, it seemed as if he was changing the game incrementally every day. ", "Baseball was both powerless to stop it and didn't want to. ", "In the finale in Cleveland on August 22, Ruth took exception to a strike called by his old nemesis, umpire Brick Owens, whom he'd famously punched back in the first inning of a game in 1917 when he didn't like the arbiter's calls and was ejected and then suspended. ", "That was the famous game Ernie Shore came on in relief and pitched perfect baseball thereafter.", "\n\nThis time, Ruth wanted to take another crack at Owens. ", "After the call, he stepped out of the batter's box and turned toward Owens, cursing him out and making sure everyone in the ballpark knew it. ", "Owens listened, heard the magic word or two or three, and tossed Ruth from the game.", "\n\nThe Babe exploded, rushing the umpire and pulling his fist back to hit him again. ", "Before he could unleash the punch, however, players from both teams got between the two men and true violence was averted.", "\n\nHad it been anyone else, the player would have been fined and suspended. ", "Ban Johnson had done that before, and Ruth had to know that another altercation with Owens might prove costly. ", "But this wasn't just any old player, not anymore. ", "This was Ruth, the Babe, and Johnson may not have wanted to risk another legal battle or the ensuing public relations fiasco a Ruth suspension would inspire. ", "Besides, he'd just helped fill up the Cleveland ballpark and Johnson had a piece of the Indians. ", "Ruth was making everyone money. ", "It was a measure of Ruth's power that Johnson laid off, for suspending Ruth would have also struck at Frazee.", "\n\nYet Johnson did nothing. ", "The message was clear: Babe Ruth was bigger than the game.", "\n\nIt was as if once Ruth realized that, he was even more inspired. ", "The Red Sox went to Detroit and Ruth started hitting as he had while barnstorming back to Boston in the spring, cracking four home runs in three days. ", "Ty Who? ", "In the papers, Ruth and the word \"another\" seemed to appear in every other sentence. ", "With 23 home runs, he was poised to knock Cravath and his modern N.L. and major league mark off the pedestal.", "\n\nBut once he did that, what then would fans have to look forward to the rest of the year? ", "Unlike today, batting records, apart from batting average were almost unknown in 1919, and given the evolving nature of the games and it organization, there was little consensus as to what an actual record in a category truly was. ", "Now sportswriters scurried through clip files and record books and soon unearthed two more marks to take aim at, Buck Freeman's 25 home runs hit with Washington in 1899, which was widely considered the NL record in its own right prior to 1901, and Ned Williamson's obscure mark of 27 struck with Chicago back in 1884. ", "Both records had been given mighty assists from fences set at friendly distances, particularly Williamson's, but were home runs nevertheless. ", "Ruth's pursuit gave all such records new currency and introduced them to a new generation. ", "Every home run Ruth hit made baseball history come to life again.", "\n\nAs the Globe noted when the Red Sox returned home, \"there will be some big crowds out and many will go simply on the chance of seeing 'Babe' Ruth add to his already long string of home runs.\" ", "Ruth was suddenly such big news that when other players homered sportswriters scrambled to squeeze in a Ruth reference either in the story or the headline. ", "After the White Sox' Eddie Collins hit a home run to beat St. Louis, one headline termed it a \"Babe Ruth Act,\" as if Ruth had a trademark on home runs and others now had to give him credit when they encroached on his territory.", "\n\nRuth cooperated with the daily drama and failed to break Cravath's modern N.L. record on the road, building the anticipation in his adopted home city. ", "As if afraid the recent Ruth fetish might end before they could do anything about it, the Red Sox labored to take full advantage of the frenzy. ", "When the Red Sox returned home, although already assured of a good Labor Day crowd, they announced that Ruth would be on display during the doubleheader, not just to try to match and break Cravath's record, but that he would pitch as well. ", "Given the way things were going, fans had to wonder if he would throw a no-hitter just for the hell of it.", "\n\nThe Sox didn't need Ruth to pitch; the pennant race had been over for months and it really didn't matter who took the mound for Boston anymore, but for the moment, the name Ruth attached to almost anything made money and if having Ruth pitch guaranteed a sellout, Ruth would pitch. ", "If selling peanuts had done the trick, they'd have had him do that, too. ", "As one newspaper noted clearly, the 30,000 fans in Boston that day were \"lured by the reputation of Boston's home run king,\" and nothing else. ", "Ruth, at last, was starting to pay for that big contract.", "\n\nAnd maybe there was one more reason. ", "It's not beyond the realm of possibility that the Red Sox had already have been thinking about trading Ruth, and wanted to showcase him and prove that, yes, he could still pitch, too. ", "That would make him even more valuable. ", "The prospect of a slugging starting pitcher turned outfielder on his off days was tantalizing, if not to Ruth, then to everyone else.", "\n\nIt was obvious: Ruth was now the reason for the season. ", "In the National League, the Cincinnati Reds surprised everyone and, after hanging around for much of the year, surged away from the field in August and by September locked up the National League title, stripping the pennant race of real drama as only the Giants retained even a distant hope of catching up, one they would not fulfill. ", "And in the American League, the White Sox caught the Yankees in early July and then held the lead like a plow horse plodding forward, increasing it in small increments. ", "By September, they were already taking money on a Chicago-Cincinnati World Series.", "\n\nRuth immensely enjoyed the attention, which he found made him more popular than ever before. ", "He responded to the spotlight, the almost orphaned and abandoned little boy finally getting his due, grinning widely, tipping his hat and waving at the crowd at every opportunity.", "\n\nHe started game one of the doubleheader, and after barely pitching for the past few months apart from a few emergency appearances after the Mays sale, energized by the crowd, Ruth threw what would become the last really good game of his career. ", "The crowd screamed at every pitch, a throng so vast that not only did they fill the stands, but they also filled the spaces under it. ", "For the 1912 World Series, the Red Sox had added several rows of box seats in front of the grandstand, which stopped several feet above the playing field. ", "Beneath the original seating area had been a space about three feet high, open to the concourses underneath the stands, separated from the field by only a wire fence. ", "In the 1912 season, during the famous pitching duel between Joe Wood and Walter Johnson, before the new box seats were built, the crowd had pushed their way into this cramped space to watch the game from virtually ground level. ", "Late in the 1919 season, as the Red Sox played on the road, work crews tore the new seats out, which were now warped and rotten. ", "That was becoming a problem almost everywhere at Fenway. ", "Except for the center field bleachers, the right field pavilion down the first base line, and the main grandstand, the rest of the park, more than 10,000 seats hastily constructed of wood just before the 1912 World Series, was falling apart, increasingly dangerous to use.", "\n\nThe deconstruction once again revealed the space beneath the stands. ", "Ruth proved such a draw, and the crowd so enormous, that now boys and young men looked at the empty space and saw a viewpoint much preferable to their own tickets in the upper reaches of the stands. ", "The result was that when Ruth took the mound, he did not only see the stands stacked with people, he also saw a horde of fans under the stands, from the ground up, packed with a new generation of worshippers who considered him both their peer and hero, faces pressed against the fence and stacked atop one another like cordwood.", "\n\nIn most instances, such an overflow crowd would have caused the Red Sox to string ropes in the distant reaches of the outfield in right, and center, and in front of Duffy's Cliff, and allow fans to stand on the slope itself. ", "Tiered like a stand of bleachers, it was possible for ten or twelve rows of fans to stand and see over each other's heads. ", "But on this day, either caught unprepared by the first such crowd in years, or aware of the historical nature of the day, the Red Sox allowed no one on the field and instead crammed the overflow into the aisles, creating thousands of extra standing room seats and forcing fans in the stands to stay in their places for virtually the entire game. ", "There would be no cheap home runs over the ropes on this day. ", "If Ruth—or anyone else—hit a home run, it would be earned.", "\n\nWith the crowd hanging on every pitch, Ruth seemed to toy with the Senators, allowing his share of hits and bending, but not breaking, apparently able to summon the old magic at will to keep Washington from scoring. ", "After all, a year before Ruth had been the choice to start the most important games of the season. ", "So it was again, albeit with something else entirely at stake.", "\n\nWhenever Ruth came to bat, the crowd roared on each pitch, surging back and forth in great undulating waves as a stumble on one side of the park flowed through to the other as shoulder pressed shoulder and each head jockeyed for a view. ", "Like a master showman, Ruth seemed to tease the crowd, slamming a third-inning triple to center to drive in a run and send the crowd into a frenzy, a ball that had no chance of leaving the field but was hit so hard it seemed to promise better things to come, and then coming around to score the second run to stake himself to a 2–0 lead. ", "A later single gave the crowd something else to admire, and after giving up a lone run in the seventh, Boston took the first game 2–1, Ruth scattering 11 hits for the win, and figuring in every Red Sox score. ", "It was a glimpse of what had been for a brief time in 1918, a player dominant on both the mound and at bat, valuable beyond any measure of any player either before or since.", "\n\nBut Ruth had still not accomplished what the crowd craved, and in game two he took his place in left field as Russell, acquired in the Mays deal, pitched for the Red Sox. ", "Although later held up as an example of the \"rape\" of the Red Sox by the nefarious Yankees, the deal had actually worked out well for the Sox, at least over the remainder of the 1919 season. ", "After going to New York, Mays went 9–3 for the Yankees, who collapsed in the second half and fell out of the race. ", "Russell, for Boston, went 10–4 for his new club, in many ways outperforming the player he was dealt for, easily pitching the best stretch of baseball in his career. ", "As author Steve Steinberg's research later ascertained, that would prove to be a pattern in the deals between Boston and New York over the next few seasons: they were usually equitable at the time they were made, and Boston received value in return. ", "But history is written by the victors, and since the Yankees went on to become a dynasty, the deals now appear to tilt dramatically in New York's favor, although by most measures the numbers tell a different story. ", "Only a few deals would be truly one-sided, and even those mostly made sense at the time.", "\n\nOn this day no one cared about Russell; it was Ruth's stage and he was learning to command it like no one else, feeding off the attention that eluded him as he grew up on the streets of Baltimore.", "\n\nThe game was close as Russell and the Senators' Jim Shaw each kept the crowd on their feet. ", "The score was tied at one apiece when Ruth came to bat in the seventh with teammate Braggo Roth on base. ", "Shaw tried to slip one past Ruth on a 2–2 count. ", "As the Globe noted, \"the ball never got by.\"", "\n\nRuth turned on the pitch and hit it on a line, some 20 feet fair, down the right field line, not a towering shot that inspired awe, but a bullet that seemed both fearsome and dangerous. ", "It burrowed into the crowd just a few feet over the fence and disappeared. ", "Ruth had tied Cravath.", "\n\nNow the crowd really went off, the ovation described as lasting nearly ten minutes, straw hats spinning down onto the field thrown by exuberant fans.", "\n\nA young boy—it was always a young boy—vaulted over the barrier from the stands down the third base line and raced toward Ruth, reaching him after he crossed the plate. ", "In Ruth's era, that was not a sign of danger but of devotion. ", "Rarely has there been a player both so adored and so approachable. ", "The big man bent over the youngster so he could hear what he was saying, and then the youth passed him something that Ruth accepted. ", "What it was is lost to history. ", "What it represented was the scepter of royalty. ", "Ruth was now anointed the Home Run King, a crown he retains to this day. ", "Although others have usurped many of his numbers, no one has ever approached his sovereign status. ", "They kept cheering after the game resumed, reminiscent according to some of the way the crowd at Harvard and Yale tried to out-cheer each other at football games, as the fans in left and right battled to make more noise than each other. ", "But this was not for one team over another, but one man over mortality.", "\n\nThe game did not matter. ", "The blast gave Boston a lead they would not relinquish and the Red Sox won 4–1. ", "Wrote Boston sportswriter James O'Leary, \"It is not often that man has an opportunity to perform so well in the presence of so large a crowd and when he has the opportunity he rarely has the ability to deliver the goods.\" ", "That was the player Ruth was becoming, someone who suddenly seemed able to dial up such performances on command.", "\n\nNow it was on to the lesser records, those once obscure but now made famous by Ruth's approach. ", "A few fans had been aware of Seybold's American League mark, and once that was bettered, Cravath's National League and modern major league mark gained currency. ", "Now fans learned of Freeman, a name their fathers or grandfathers remembered from a generation before, and his mark of 25 home runs.", "\n\nThe Red Sox salivated at the prospect of the crowd that would turn out the next three days to see Boston play the Yankees—er, make that Ruth confront history. ", "It was not unthinkable to expect another 20,000 or 30,000 fans for each game, a windfall that would put Frazee in what was then termed the clover, rolling in a field of rich green cash. ", "In one week, he could sell as many tickets as he had in the last two months. ", "And with a couple weeks left in the season...\n\nIt was a time unlike any other in baseball history, an apparently once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for record after record to tumble all at once like dominoes. ", "That is something that in the entire history of the game would happen only a handful of times—DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak in 1941, and 1998's now tainted battle between enhanced home run totals of Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa. ", "For fans, it was one of those \"have to be there\" moments, worthy of retelling for the rest of your life.", "\n\nRuth was game, and so were the fans. ", "But the weather was not. ", "Over the next three days, it rained and it rained and it rained. ", "As it did, the fortunes that Frazee hoped to reap spun down the drain, waterlogged, sodden, and lost for all time, perhaps $100,000 worth of receipts. ", "With them may well have gone any chance for Ruth to remain in Boston.", "\n\nBoston went to Philadelphia, where A's fans, saddled with a losing team as Connie Mack chose to lose on purpose and save money, were not quite as enthusiastic, but Ruth still responded. ", "As the Red Sox warmed up before the game, a fan got Ruth's attention and asked him if it was easy to hit home runs. ", "Thus challenged, and feeling invincible, Ruth stepped to the plate, beckoned for a pitch, and hit the first one he saw over the fence and onto the front porch of a house on 20th Street.", "\n\nAt least that's what the paper said. ", "Increasingly, it was becoming ever more difficult to separate reality from hyperbole. ", "But then again, when he came to bat for the second time that day, he sent the first pitch he saw in a similar direction to match Freeman's mark, then nearly added another later in the game when he a hit a drive that caromed of the top of the wall and ricocheted back for a double. ", "Then, as if exhausted from circling the bases, he added three singles. ", "The first report in the Globe didn't even mention the score. ", "The headline only read \"Babe Ruth Equals Home Run Record.\" ", "The final was 15–7, Boston, and for much of the rest of the season whether or not Ruth hit a home run meant more to the headline writers that anything else.", "\n\nFreeman, who had played in Boston after Washington, was magnanimous and later admitted, \"I could never hit like Ruth.\" ", "He also noted that he believed hitters of his era \"would be helpless against the spitter and some of the other deliveries pitchers now use.\"", "\n\nThe only other baseball news was coming from the courts in New York. ", "Over there, the whole sordid little story of how baseball ran and operated behind the scenes was slowly being exposed. ", "By entering into a legal war with the Yankees over the Mays deal, Johnson left himself open for legal discovery and what was being revealed stank. ", "Forced to testify under oath, Johnson's long-rumored financial interest in the Cleveland Indians was exposed as fact, as was his desire to have purchased the Red Sox himself from Joseph Lannin after the 1916 season, one thwarted by Frazee. ", "No wonder he had chosen his target. ", "It was further revealed that when the Mays deal was made, Johnson, acting on behalf of the National Commission, communicated in secret with five American League club owners, freezing out what the press began referring to as the \"Insurrectos\"—the Red Sox, Yankees, and White Sox.", "\n\nJohnson was in over his head. ", "He thought he was connected, but in the New York courts he couldn't match Ruppert's and Frazee's political and personal power. ", "The Yankees' attorney excoriated Johnson in front of New York Supreme Court judge Robert Wagner, a crony of Frazee (and later his divorce lawyer), and Wagner let him talk, then publicly called Johnson a czar and dictator.", "\n\nThey were hardly disinterested parties, but the Insurrectos charged that it was now clear that Johnson, for years, had \"the entire league under his domination.\" ", "Those he favored reaped the benefits in the form of favorable trades and other favors. ", "Those he did not—the Yankees, Red Sox under Frazee, and now the White Sox as well—usually got the short end. ", "Increasingly, everything the Red Sox, the Yankees, and, to a lesser degree, the White Sox did, had to take Johnson into account. ", "He was cornered now, and although weakened and publicly humiliated, he was still dangerous. ", "The man who \"never forgets an enemy,\" now had three who felt the same way about him. ", "Ruppert publicly called for Johnson to be \"put out of baseball,\" and the Insurrectos worked behind the scenes to garner support from other owners.", "\n\nFor now, however, very little broke through the stranglehold Ruth held over the attention of the nation's baseball fans. ", "He was revolutionizing the game. ", "After playing Washington, Boston went into New York, and with the attention of the entire city focused upon him, Ruth rose to the occasion once again. ", "In the eighth inning of the first game of a doubleheader, he hit a curveball to the deepest part of the right field stands and passed Freeman with home run number 26. ", "It hit an empty seat back and rattled around the upper reaches as fans scrambled for the ball.", "\n\nThe guy that got it managed to get Ruth's attention between innings. ", "The King made his way back onto the field and the fan threw the record-setting ball back to its rightful owner. ", "As one writer noted, Ruth now owned two of baseball's most impressive records, the home run mark, for individual achievement, and the scoreless innings pitched mark in the World Series, perhaps the ultimate team mark. ", "Even the fact that the doubleheader was played was a sign of Ruth's power. ", "Johnson had not authorized the second game of the contest, a makeup of one of the Boston rainouts. ", "The Yankees were so eager to insure a big crowd and cash in on Ruth they didn't even bother to ask permission.", "\n\nThat was all that mattered now—cashing in on Ruth. ", "Frazee announced that on September 20, the first game of Boston's final home stand, the Red Sox would honor Ruth with his own day, yet another ploy to milk the Babe for everything he was worth. ", "Now the press started to make ready mention of Ned Williamson's 1884 mark of 27 home runs, providing Ruth yet another target, one more reason for fans to continue coming out to the ballpark.", "\n\nAs if to sustain the drama, for the next eleven days Ruth hit only ground balls, line drives, and flies that fell short of the fence, increasing anticipation every day and suddenly making Williamson's record, which no baseball fan had even heard of a few months before, the most famous in the game. ", "No one cared about the circumstances in which it was set.", "\n\nWhat's nearly as interesting as what Ruth was doing was what the press wasn't reporting on, which is everything else in his life. ", "It's not as if Ruth's home run binge coincided with a turnaround in his personal behavior, his sobriety, sexual abstinence, diet, or vocabulary. ", "Oh no, he was still the same coarse, self-obsessed, unrestrained human animal as he had always been. ", "But now Ruth was royalty, protected by his people—the press. ", "They had as much at stake in him as anyone, including Frazee.", "\n\nNow, apart from the rare, occasional, veiled allusion, the public was shielded from the whispered gossip of the streets. ", "As long as Ruth retained his throne—which he would do for the rest of his life—this other Babe Ruth would rarely be seen. ", "Like Christy Mathewson, whose All-American image was belied by his love of gambling and a few other pursuits never brought up publicly, Ruth would benefit from the same protection. ", "Today, he'd be splashed over Deadspin or TMZ like a sour bucket of paint. ", "In 1919, his life was already being rewritten for the pages of Boy's Life. ", "In only a few short months, the transformation of Ruth as both a player and a public figure was remarkable. ", "It needed only the finishing touches to elevate him from the mortal sphere to one inhabited only by the gods, but that was soon to come.", "\n\nFrazee and the Red Sox pulled out all the stops for Ruth's big day. ", "The Catholic fraternal charitable group the Knights of Columbus agreed to sponsor the festivities. ", "Ruth likely hadn't seen the inside of a church for some time and by now had a list of sins to confess that that would embarrass a whole seminary of priests, but it didn't matter. ", "There was a special song, \"Look at Him Now,\" written by South Boston songmeister Jack O'Brien and sung by Dorchester tenor Billy Timmins, cash awards and cigars, flag raisings, and anything else they could think of. ", "Hell, Ruth might even hit a home run.", "\n\nNo one went home disappointed. ", "This time 31,000 fans packed already aging Fenway as the bleacher seats, reinforced before the game, sagged and groaned under the weight of the crowd, and the prose ran a gaudy purple. ", "The Globe's James O'Leary, rapidly supplanting Webb and Shannon as Ruth's private press agent, wrote, \"Rome may have been made to howl for some particular or sundry reasons in the long, long ago, but the efforts of the Roman populace were only murmurs compared to the vocal explosion... of 31,000 fans at Fenway Park.... Nothing like this demonstration was ever heard at Rome or Elsewhere.\" ", "The day unfolded as if scripted.", "\n\nRuth started the first game on the mound with perhaps as many as 5,000 fans standing behind ropes in the outfield—special ground rules in effect to make sure no home run would be cheapened. ", "Boston scored three, first inning runs—Ruth walked—but after the White Sox tied the score in the sixth Ruth was relieved and moved to left field. ", "The score stayed tied until the ninth... and up came Ruth.", "\n\nSo far, Chicago's Cy Williams had mastered Ruth, the left-hander pitching Ruth carefully, knowing that his best chance came to get him out came from keeping the ball away from the pull hitter. ", "If Ruth had made any change over the course of the 1919 season, it was that he had become more adept at pulling the ball. ", "Yet at Fenway, that wasn't as effective; he'd only homered in Fenway eight times in 250-some plate appearances in 1919, as too many long drives, if not hard down the line, died in deep right, about where the bullpens sit today.", "\n\nThis time however, Ruth reached out toward a fast one going wide of the plate. ", "He got the fat part on it, and lifted the ball not to right, but to left, toward the middle of the wall atop Duffy's Cliff. ", "It first passed over the head of White Sox left fielder Joe Jackson—as a hitter a pure afterthought in Ruth's shadow—then the crowd crammed onto Duffy's Cliff, and then, as heads turned up to watch, over the top of the wall, just to the center field side of the clock perched atop the fence above the scoreboard. ", "Then, according to the press (although none could really see it from the press box), the ball sailed over Lansdowne Street and into the window of a building across the street.", "\n\nIt won the game, it tied Williamson's record, it capped Ruth's career in Boston, and it provided an exclamation point to the season. ", "The stands fairly exploded, not with the sounds of the crowd at the Roman Colosseum cheering the death of a slave thrown to the lions, but worshipping an emperor taking over before an adoring public, Ruth dutifully doffing his cap as he toured the bases. ", "More recent Red Sox lore counts Ted Williams's home run in his final major league at bat as the most dramatic in Fenway Park history, or perhaps Fisk's home run in 1975, but neither had anything on the drama the 31,000 fans in Fenway on September 20, 1919, had just witnessed. ", "If was as if Ruth could will himself to hit a home run on demand. ", "No one had ever seen anything like it.", "\n\nThen came the ceremonies. ", "Ruth and his wife gathered at home plate and received tribute. ", "Mrs. Ruth received a traveling bag—she'd soon need it—while Ruth accepted $600 worth of bonds from the Knights of Columbus. ", "Then, as the two were surrounded by photographers and cameramen, ritual was made of the presentation to Ruth of the bat that tied the record. ", "More ceremony followed, as Ruth magnanimously gave it back to a delegation from the Liberty Loan Newsboy Association, which planned to auction it off to support \"Scotty's Newsboy Fund,\" a charity honoring a fifteen-year-old Boston newsboy who had enlisted and then given up his life in France.", "\n\nInterestingly enough, who wasn't involved in the ceremony was almost as interesting as who was. ", "Harry Frazee later claimed to have given Ruth a cut of the proceedings that day—$5,000—but he stayed out of the way and watched from his box. ", "Generally, whenever a player had a \"day\" his teammates chipped in and made some kind of presentation, or at the very least were involved in the ceremonies. ", "Not on this occasion. ", "Tellingly, Ruth's teammates only watched. ", "He received no gifts from them.", "\n\nIt was in all ways and every way Ruth's day, and his alone. ", "He didn't limit his contribution to the home run; he also tumbled into the crowd and nearly made a remarkable catch, threw out a runner at the plate, and in game two hit what many fans thought was home run number 28 when he rocketed a ball into the crowd in right, only to have the umpire rule that since it didn't make the fence, it would only be a double. ", "The crowd howled and a \"Sergeant of the Military Guard\" even went out and took statements from witnesses, which he later tried to present to umpire Billy Evans. ", "The arbiter told him, none too politely, to \"attend to your police duties and leave the umpiring to me.\"", "\n\nA day marked by the spectacular ended quietly. ", "When Allen Russell retired Buck Weaver to end game two, the Red Sox escaped with a doubleheader sweep. ", "Ruth trotted off the field to applause, but no one, as yet, had an inkling it would be the last time he'd appear at Fenway Park wearing a Red Sox uniform.", "\n\nOf course, the very next day, when the frenzy for Ruth was highest, the Red Sox played... in Bristol, Connecticut. ", "It was a Sunday and once again the Sox lost a potential big crowd to the blue laws. ", "Frazee had done what he could to compensate, scheduling exhibitions in the hinterlands as much as possible, taking the same approach he did with his Broadway shows, but it wasn't very lucrative and the players resented the travel. ", "Taking into account the cost of sending the whole team back and forth several hundred miles to play before what was usually only 5,000 fans or so, it didn't compare to the 30,000 suddenly eager to jostle their way into Fenway to see Ruth.", "\n\nIt was almost as if everyone sensed that something special was taking place, something that was only a once-in-a-lifetime occurrence, and something bigger than Babe Ruth alone. ", "At the precise time the country was changing, everything picking up the pace and becoming more modern, faster, quicker, bigger, and flashier, baseball was keeping up with the times and evolving from a game in which victory was wrung out like a snake coiled around a rat, a slow squeeze of defeat, to a sudden strike. ", "It wasn't trench warfare anymore; it was a revolution. ", "The air force had been called in and Ruth, the deadliest of aces, was leading the way by showing the awesome power contained in the home run, dropping bombs into the crowd.", "\n\nAnd he wasn't the only one, either. ", "The new ball was having its impact all around baseball as every hitter in the league was affected by a ball that traveled a little better, that rewarded a big swing with a big result. ", "Home runs and offense were up almost everywhere. ", "In 1917, the last full season of major league ball, clubs had combined for 335 home runs. ", "In 1918, due to a combination of the war and the baseball, the total slipped to 235. ", "In 1919, however, led by Ruth, clubs combined for 447 home runs in only a 140 game season, and the arc of their frequency more or less matched Ruth's, a relative handful in April and May and then a deluge later in the year as the new ball, and, to a new degree, a new approach took hold.", "\n\nPerhaps the biggest impact had yet to be seen in the major leagues but was apparent everywhere on the sandlots and the other places where boys still played baseball from dawn until dusk. ", "They didn't imagine themselves to be Cobb, or Jackson, slashing out singles and committing acts of daring on the bases. ", "They were Ruth, grabbing the bat at the end and swinging for all it was worth, as enamored of Ruth and what he could do as Ruth himself had once been of Brother Matthias, dreaming of one day doing what had then seemed almost superhuman.", "\n\nIn a few short years, the first of those boys and young men who were now dreaming of being Babe Ruth would enter professional baseball and complete the revolution he had started from the bottom up. ", "In only a handful of years the game would almost be unrecognizable, the impact of the home run as dramatic on the sport of baseball as the forward pass in football, or the jump shot in basketball. ", "Transformative is simply not a strong enough word. ", "Ruth didn't transform the sport; it remade itself in his image.", "\n\nWith only a week left in the season it was Ruth who dominated the headlines, not the upcoming World Series, the only drama remaining whether Ruth would actually hit one more home run and make the record entirely his own. ", "By now, that seemed almost preordained.", "\n\nAnd as if the baseball gods were listening, they sent Ruth and the Red Sox to New York, the capital of the world, to demonstrate that he conquered all he saw. ", "In the second game of a doubleheader on September 24, with Yankee fireballer Bob Shawkey helping to provide the fuel, Ruth added an explosive exclamation point to the season. ", "Once again, it came in the ninth. ", "The Red Sox trailed 1–0, and on Shawkey's second pitch, Ruth struck.", "\n\nBat hit ball and sent it up, up, and out, over the roof of the grandstand in right, leaving the park between the fourth and fifth flags that adorned the roof and then onto little Manhattan Field, a local park in the Polo Grounds' shadow. ", "The consensus was that it was the longest home run ever hit at the ballpark. ", "It tied the game, and although the Red Sox eventually lost in 13 innings, no one cared. ", "The major league single season home run record, regardless of league or era, was Ruth's and Ruth's alone: 28 home runs. ", "There were no others to break.", "\n\nNow it was as if Ruth stood back, looked around, and asked if there was possibly any other kind of record he might set with his next home run. ", "The Red Sox went from New York to Washington, where Ruth hadn't hit a home run all season long, the only place he hadn't done so. ", "No major leaguer had ever hit a home run in the same season in every park in the league.", "\n\nRuth got it over early this time in ho-hum fashion, in the third inning driving the ball only four or five feet over the right field fence, this time not breaking up a ballgame or crashing through a porch or a window, just a plain old, garden-variety home run. ", "Yet even that was special in its own way. ", "Only a few short years before, every home run hit anywhere over the fence had been the cause of wonder, an anomaly that seemed both a bit magical and accidental at the same time. ", "Now, Ruth had made it both spectacular and commonplace. ", "The notion that there could be \"just\" an average home run had once been unthinkable, but not anymore.", "\n\nThirty was a nice round number, but on the last day of the season Ruth sat on his laurels—sort of. ", "Actually, at the peak of his popularity, he jumped the club, walking out on his teammates, stiffing the fans, and giving everybody who cared about him a big fat raspberry. ", "Right when every eye on the game was trained on him, Ruth told everyone where to get off and thought only of himself. ", "He had been offered a pretty good payday to play an exhibition in Baltimore, so he left. ", "Frazee later lumped it in with his midseason shipyard vacation in 1918 as another example if Ruth's me-first attitude.", "\n\nEither way, the move was both ballsy and selfish. ", "By playing for another team, Ruth was breaking his contract, and had the Red Sox chose to, they could have caused trouble for him, and so could have Ban Johnson. ", "But for the time being, Ruth was more powerful than all of them put together. ", "He pretty much did what he pleased, and on the last day of the season, on what would have been his final day in a Boston uniform, he ditched everybody, missing a chance to hit home run number 30 to play with a bunch of strangers for money.", "\n\nThat says a lot about just who Ruth was at the time. ", "Nothing was ever enough for him, his appetite in all things never sated, and apart from women and food, nothing drove Ruth like money. ", "For the chance to make a dollar, he'd risk his reputation. ", "Maybe it was insecurity, maybe it was greed, maybe it was childhood poverty, maybe it was ignorance, or maybe it was genius, but there was little Ruth wouldn't do for a check.", "\n\nFor the record, Ruth finished the season with a 9–5 record on the mound, a record better than the way he pitched. ", "At the plate, however, he recorded numbers not yet seen, finishing with a record 29 home runs, and also leading the league in runs with 103, and RBI, with 113, while batting .322, with an OPS of 1.114 and a cumulative WAR, as pitcher and hitter, of 10.2. ", "History tells us that WAR mark was second in the AL only to Walter Johnson of the Senators, who was still proving that pitching was perhaps more valuable than hitting.", "\n\nIt has become something of a cliché to say that had there been an MVP award in 1919, Ruth would have won in a rout, but that's not true, not if one paid attention. ", "The frenzy of record setting in the season's final few weeks masked a thousand ills. ", "The Red Sox finished sixth, 20½ games behind pennant-winning Chicago, far out of the money, and after April, in which they went 4–1, only in September did the ball club have a winning record. ", "Although the big crowds of the final month of the season helped the bottom line, a contending club for an entire season would have proven even more lucrative.", "\n\nRuth had an amazing season—of that there is no doubt and no question. ", "But it was also aggravating. ", "His was an individual accomplishment, with virtually all his production coming after the Red Sox were buried, and long after it could have made a difference in their season. ", "Moreover, it was his failures, early on, that caused the Red Sox so much trouble and strife. ", "If one is going to credit Ruth with the remarkable, it cannot come at the expense of reality, and the truth of the 1919 season is that for all his achievements, Ruth also cost his team a chance at winning another pennant.", "\n\nNow perhaps that was necessary, an unavoidable consequence of the transformative nature of his game, but when viewed through the lens of exactly where Ruth and the Red Sox were at the end of the 1919 season, before anyone knew what was about to come, it is a not insignificant piece of the puzzle that was still Babe Ruth. ", "Over the past two years, across nine months of regular season play, Ruth had been a spectacular and extraordinary hitter for perhaps four months—six weeks in 1918 and then the last half of 1919. ", "The rest of the time, he had been a troublesome and problematic player of almost average ability, someone who had shown he would leave in a moment's notice for a chance to make a penny more, team be damned.", "\n\nBabe Ruth was being pulled in two directions, one way by his immense talent, and another way by his various appetites, the dimensions of each not yet known.", "\n\nIt was not yet possible to see which Babe Ruth was to come.", "\n\nThe Insurrectos\n\n\"A rabbit didn't have to think to know what to do to dodge a dog.... The same kind of instinct told Babe Ruth what to do and where to be.\"", "\n\n—Yankee outfielder Sammy Vick\n\nThe regular season may have been over, but for Ruth, the off-season was nearly as important and just getting under way. ", "His name was on every tongue. ", "He had been well-known before, a phenomenon in Boston and a familiar name in baseball, but this was something else again. ", "He was crossing over, like only a handful of athletes before him—the boxer John L. Sullivan, perhaps, into the realm of celebrity, famous far beyond his field. ", "People who didn't give a damn about baseball swooned when they heard Ruth was in the room and craned their necks to get a good look.", "\n\nIt was time to cash in. ", "Ruth and Johnny Igoe, still his de facto manager, were overwhelmed but knew enough to try to cash the checks as quickly as possible. ", "The Spanish flu made it clear that nothing was for certain and anything could happen, and as the Roaring Twenties came into focus, an increasingly fickle public warmed to a celebrity and then forget about them just as fast, moving on to the next big thing at a dizzying rate. ", "He or she who hesitated left cash on the table.", "\n\nRuth first embarked on a New England tour with the \"Red Sox Independents,\" a team featuring himself and other locals, such as Gloucester's Stuffy McInnis and Dave Shean of Winchester. ", "They were supplemented by some lesser talents, minor leaguers and good amateur players, but occasionally by major leaguers such as New York pitcher Bob Shawkey, willing to play a little more baseball for a few dollars to support Ruth in a starring role. ", "The club toured New England—Sanford, Maine; Rutland, Vermont; Beverly, Massachusetts; and others. ", "For most New England fans, the World Series taking place in Cincinnati and Chicago was just another set of games, and with no real way to follow it apart from the newspaper, a set of games in which they had no stake.", "\n\nRuth and his squad were the better draw, and the barnstorming series was almost as lucrative for the players as the real World Series. ", "Such exhibition tours alerted the players to the amount of money that was really in the game—when they didn't have to share with management, they didn't have much problem earning big money. ", "Ruth often cleared $500 a game while barnstorming. ", "Most of the time, he satisfied the crowd with a long home run, likely often helped by a side arrangement with the opposing pitcher to make sure Ruth had a chance and received at least a few pitches to his liking. ", "In fact, when he didn't hit a home run, such as in Troy, New York, it produced a headline. ", "No local barnstorming tour to date had ever been more successful. ", "One Boston writer made note of the \"barrels of shekels\" the ballplayers were earning and further mentioned that Ruth was such a draw that \"if the warm weather continues, he can book many more engagements.\"", "\n\nThe success of the tour likely played a role in Ruth's next move. ", "He was increasingly dissatisfied with his pay. ", "The three-year deal he had signed before the 1919 season, even though it had been his suggestion, now seemed like a con. ", "He wanted a new deal, and told the press he thought he was worth $5,000 more a year, $15,000.", "\n\nFor the time being, Frazee rolled his eyes. ", "He was used to this by now: Ruth could wait. ", "He had more pressing matters.", "\n\nThe knives were out between him and Johnson. ", "After the league president's humiliation in court in New York, his had been withdrawn, but Johnson could only sharpen the edge. ", "He had Frazee in his sights and fully intended to back him up against the wall and watch him squirm as he slowly stuck the blade into his chest—at least that's what he dreamed. ", "But Frazee would prove to be an elusive and worthy adversary. ", "A lot was happening behind the scenes as each man tried to outmaneuver the other, extract revenge, and survive. ", "There were wheels within wheels and the advantage would change week to week and even day by day as each built alliances and jockeyed for position.", "\n\nIn a sense, the Red Sox were the target of a very unfriendly takeover attempt. ", "Everything Johnson did in regard to Frazee was designed to remove him from the game. ", "And everything Frazee did was designed to keep control of his team and remove Johnson from office. ", "Ruth was just a piece of the property, a pawn in a series of decisions made partially for baseball reasons, partially for political reasons, and partially for financial reasons. ", "One thing can be said for certain—no single reason, no single fact, and no single condition led to the sale of Ruth. ", "To argue otherwise is to deny the reality of the time in favor of the rose-colored glasses of hindsight.", "\n\nThe complexity of the causes has long defied analysis and led many observers to try to reduce the Ruth deal to the simplest possible terms, ending their most elementary and misleading calculation within the conclusion: that Frazee was broke and simply \"needed the money,\" that he \"raped\" the franchise due to greed, ineptitude, and dishonesty. ", "The truth is more complicated, but tells a far better and richer story, but one that also happens to be built from facts.", "\n\nIn the simplest possible terms, in the fall of 1919, Frazee's situation was this: He owned the Red Sox but had yet to pay off all his notes to previous owner Joseph Lannin. ", "The team had been purchased on something like the installment plan, and Frazee owed Lannin $262,000 in November of 1919. ", "He did not own Fenway Park—yet. ", "The Taylor family, who owned the Boston Globe, had once owned the Sox and built Fenway Park before selling the club to Lannin. ", "They retained ownership of the park, charging Frazee $30,000 a year for a facility that was rapidly deteriorating—the Taylors' own paper reported at the end of the season that the bleachers needed to be torn down and \"many of the present seats are in bad shape.\" ", "Lannin, too, owned shares of the Fenway stock, as did some of the Taylors' business cronies, and no one was eager to spend their own money to fix up the park. ", "In an ideal world, Frazee wanted to own both Fenway Park and the Red Sox outright. ", "If he did, he would be protected from the reach of Ban Johnson. ", "But he did not, and until he did, he was at risk. ", "He was afraid that Lannin might sell his shares of Fenway, that they would fall into Johnson's hands, and that might force him to sell at an inopportune time, costing him hundreds of thousands of dollars.", "\n\nJohnson's state of affairs at the time was one almost purely about retaining his own power. ", "Frazee, Ruppert, and Comiskey had all aligned against him, believing that Johnson, acting in his own self-interest, had damaged the value of their franchises and cost them all money. ", "Johnson's goal was to force either Frazee or Ruppert to sell his team, which would enable Johnson to retain control, protect his own investments in the game, and, most importantly, retain his power.", "\n\nRuppert, on the other hand, had some cash, for the Yankees turned a profit in 1919, but with Prohibition on the horizon, he was was worried about the future. ", "He, too, was in an onerous ballpark situation, paying exorbitant rent to the Giants for the use of the Polo Grounds. ", "His lease ran only through the 1920 season and he, too, was worried about losing a place to play.", "\n\nAnd then there was Joseph Lannin. ", "He was in financial trouble, which is the only reason he had agreed to structure the deal with Frazee the way it had been in the first place, having invested heavily in real estate whose value suffered during the war. ", "He was depending on the payment from Frazee because he was already mortgaged to the hilt to other debtors and had entered into several financial agreements for which he now lacked capital—he needed Frazee's money to buy his way out of debt.", "\n\nThe overall situation was this: Frazee needed to keep his team and oust Johnson, Johnson needed to force Frazee to sell to keep his power, Ruppert needed Frazee's support to find a way to keep his team, and Joe Lannin needed his $262,000.", "\n\nAnd the Babe? ", "All he wanted was more dough and he was more than willing to break his contract in order to do it. ", "Over the next three months, each of these figures would spend enormous amounts of energy and no small sum of money trying to get what they wanted, complicated by the fact that while they were all rich in their own way, none had the ready cash to fully realize their plans. ", "Yet, rather incredibly, in the end, most of them would get what they wanted. ", "Only Ban Johnson and a generation of Red Sox fans who were later sold a bill of goods about the history of their team to excuse the failures of the next generation of management, rather than the truth, would be left holding the bag. ", "Boston would go eighty-six seasons between championships as a result.", "\n\nAs soon as the season ended, there were rumors that the Red Sox had suitors looking to buy the team—there were every year, as the battle with Johnson was common knowledge. ", "Most were either hoping to pick up the club on the cheap or just looking for a little publicity—the race driver Barney Oldfield was supposedly part of one bid with former player Frank Chance. ", "They reportedly offered $500,000, less than the purchase price of the club, a bid that might have been made at the behest of Johnson. ", "To no one's surprise, Frazee turned them down. ", "He had made it clear in the past that although in theory he wasn't averse to selling the Red Sox, he would only do so if he got a price that would recoup his investment, plus a good deal more.", "\n\nIn fact, however, it is unlikely that Frazee could have sold the team at this time even if he wanted to, or even if he had to. ", "There were too many fingers in the pie, and too many strings attached.", "\n\nIn early November, several events taking place almost simultaneously threatened to cause a crisis. ", "For one, Joseph Lannin's note became due on November 1, and he wanted his money from Frazee. ", "At the same time, Frazee, Ruppert, and Comiskey, all serving their one-year term as the American League board of directors, called a special meeting with the other owners. ", "Detroit, likely acting on Johnson's behalf, protested that since Mays should have been suspended, the games he pitched should not count in the standings and that the Tigers, who finished fourth behind New York, should have finished third and therefore deserved the third place share of Series money won by the Yankees. ", "And by the way, the second game of that doubleheader against the Yankees near the end of the year? ", "That shouldn't count either.", "\n\nBy opening a probe, it allowed Comiskey, Ruppert, and Frazee to do a little more investigating and relitigate everything. ", "And although they couldn't act on their own, as a board they could pursue investigations and inquiries and then set the agenda with the other league owners, and Detroit's complaint gave them an excuse to do just that. ", "They hoped to accumulate enough evidence of Johnson's poor leadership to entice one of the other club owners to jump ship and join them, creating a quorum that could lead to Johnson's ouster. ", "But that was a tough challenge.", "\n\nThere was a lot more money at stake than there had been in 1918. ", "In the 1919 Series, in something of a surprise, the Cincinnati Reds, significant underdogs, had knocked off the Chicago White Sox. ", "A best-of-nine affair designed to milk as much money from the public as possible, the Series went eight games, the Reds winning five games to three, with the winning club taking home $5,207 per man, and the losing White Sox $3,254, about five times more than the Red Sox and Cubs had received a year before. ", "The three runners-up who finished second, third, and fourth, also earned a nice chunk.", "\n\nIt had not been a particularly memorable Series—at least not yet—and although there were rumors of a possible fix, well, there were similar rumors after every postseason series and had been since the first World Series in 1903. ", "But this time, the fix was in, at least for a few games, the plot actually hatched in the shadow of Fenway Park by notorious Boston gambler Joseph \"Sport\" Sullivan when he set everything in motion in a meeting with the White Sox' Chick Gandil at the Hotel Buckminster. ", "Sullivan, well known in Boston gambling circles, had been hanging around baseball in Boston for almost two decades, a man everybody in Boston knew. ", "Although he'd been arrested numerous times, he was often still sought out by Boston newspapers to give odds on the World Series. ", "Sullivan was familiar to every Red Sox player of the era—he liked to have an edge, and if a conversation with a player revealed an injury or something else of significance unknown to the public, all the better. ", "He had to know Ruth, even if Ruth did not know him by name. ", "Sullivan reportedly cleared $50,000 on the World Series he helped fix. ", "And while it would later become a baseball cliché to say that Babe Ruth saved baseball after the scandal, that's not true. ", "By the time the scandal came to light, Ruth, the lively ball, and the home run had already saved it.", "\n\nBy the end of the month, however, no one was talking about the World Series anymore in any capacity. ", "New York Supreme Court justice Robert Wagner ruled on Johnson's attempt to block the Yankees from using Mays. ", "He issued a permanent injunction barring him from doing so and further found that Johnson \"did not evince a desire to do equity to all parties concerned.\"", "\n\nThe ruling cut Johnson off at the knees, something that esteemed baseball historian David Voigt accurately called \"a blow from which he would never recover.\" ", "For the first time since forcing his way into major league baseball, Johnson had lost an important battle and seen his authority legally diminished. ", "He would take a while to fall, and was still far from defenseless and still capable of throwing a few damaging haymakers, but the ruling marked the beginning of the end.", "\n\nAnd he blamed Frazee for it all. ", "The battle lines were drawn more sharply than ever, with revenge his only remaining option. ", "With more than a month until the annual league meeting, there was plenty of time to make plans for that.", "\n\nAnd what of the Babe, now that the season was over? ", "As usual, he was out in pursuit of two things, money and personal pleasure.", "\n\nHis first order of business was money. ", "Any added fun along the way was simply a side benefit. ", "After the barnstorming season ended, he stayed in Boston to attend a dinner sponsored by the Knights of Columbus. ", "The group showered him with gifts, including a diamond ring worth $500, in the hope Ruth might one day return the favor to the group or the Church in the form of some fat checks. ", "Then he and Johnny Igoe traveled to California. ", "Until recently, it had been sort of standard fare for baseball's flavor of the month, a recent World Series hero or batting champion, to tour the hinterlands of vaudeville usually embarrassing himself by singing a few songs and then taking questions or reciting a stilted script while miming his recent achievements on the diamond before a painted backdrop. ", "It wasn't high art, but it was a way to earn some extra money and give fans outside the major league cities a chance to see their heroes in the flesh.", "\n\nBut this was a new age. ", "Ruth was the hottest commodity in the game and in the wake of the war, the film industry was really starting to take off. ", "Over the last decade, the industry had abandoned the nickelodeons that showed relatively simple shorts to an industry that now produced full-blown extravaganzas shown in some of the largest theaters. ", "Production had started to move from New York to Hollywood. ", "There was big money to be made and Ruth had some offers. ", "Who needed vaudeville?", "\n\nHe wasn't asked to appear in any extravaganza, however. ", "Shorts and lighter fare still made up a substantial part of the film industry, and just as newspapers learned that the name Ruth in a headline or on the lips of a newsboy could sell papers, Hollywood understood that Ruth's name on a marquee would draw a crowd. ", "That he wasn't leading man material was clear, as film seems to emphasize the worst features of his face, but that didn't matter—Hollywood wanted his name, not an actor. ", "While Ruth dreamed of the silver screen, he and Igoe also overestimated his value, asking $10,000 per picture. ", "A lot of meetings turned into \"don't call us, we'll call you\" affairs. ", "Meanwhile, Ruth went back to playing ball in exhibitions with other major leaguers. ", "Although Pacific Coast League baseball was popular, Californians still turned out to see major leaguers when they had a chance, and it was a lucrative market for barnstorming.", "\n\nRuth joined major leaguers Buck Weaver of the White Sox, the Phillies' Irish Meusel (older brother of Bob), and some members of the PCL Vernon Tigers and toured the coast. ", "Ruth alone received a guarantee of $500 a game—coupled with the barnstorming trip in New England, Ruth had already earned nearly his regular 1919 salary. ", "He had to ask himself why he wasn't worth that much in the majors.", "\n\nRuth, reported The Sporting News, \"was played up like a movie actor,\" on the tour. ", "He even arrived in San Francisco ahead of the rest of the team and held court at the ballpark, demonstrating his prowess by taking batting practice and knocking six balls over the fence in a matter of minutes. ", "One correspondent noted, \"During the entire season of 1919 Coast League players did not put six balls over the same fence.\"", "\n\nAlthough fans warmed to Ruth, the press wasn't quite as smitten. \"", "Ruth is a big, good natured boy,\" wrote one reporter, \"and he is unquestionably a marvelous ballplayer. ", "But he could endear himself a little more to those he comes in contact with by the cultivating of a trifling of modesty.... . ", "We may appreciate just how big a person Babe is, but we'd appreciate it more if somebody other than the Babe told us about it.\" ", "Ruth, asked about Ty Cobb, had responded dismissively. \"", "Cobb, he gets 'em [hits] beating out bunts and the scorers help him out. ", "He gets 50 to 75 hits every year he isn't entitled to.... I have to hit 'em and hit 'em a mile to get my hits.\"", "\n\nOnce Ruth and Igoe saw that Ruth was just as big in California as he was east of St. Louis, their eyes grew big. \"", "I feel I made a bad move last year when I signed a three-year contract to play for $30,000,\" said Ruth. ", "In all likelihood, Ruth was already out of money and probably borrowing against the future of the contract and spending his barnstorming money as fast as it came in. ", "After earlier saying that he wanted a raise to $15,000 a year, now Ruth upped the ante to $20,000.", "\n\nOn November 3, he went public. \"", "Frazee knows what I want and unless he meets my demands I will not play with the Boston club next year,\" he said to a reporter, Igoe likely moving his mouth from behind the curtain. \"", "I'm signed up for two more seasons but I deserve more money and I will not play unless I get it.\" ", "He and Igoe even brought up the possibility of boxing again, floating a report that said Ruth was in training for a potential bout with Jack Dempsey, which was about as likely as Jack Dempsey taking over for Ruth in the outfield. ", "Still, it underscored Ruth's desire for a bigger contract—and, perhaps, to leave Boston altogether. ", "He certainly wasn't begging to stay, but spoke only of his desire for more money, and he seemed willing to go almost anywhere—and any length—to get it.", "\n\nAlthough Ruth had no legal leverage—he was under contract to Boston for two more years—Frazee had to be concerned. ", "Ruth had held out for more money in 1918, gotten it, jumped the team and been given a raise, then been given a new contract and still moped his way through the first half of the season, and according to some reports had been given a bonus of $5,000 by Frazee on Babe Ruth Day. ", "Now he wanted more. ", "First $15,000, then $20,000. ", "When would it end? ", "Actors signed contracts and when they left a show, you got a new actor. ", "Was any amount enough to keep Ruth happy?", "\n\nFrazee and Barrow may well have started to wonder just how much Ruth was worth to them, as opposed to what he was worth to others. ", "Five cities in baseball supported two teams—New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, and Boston; and of those markets, Boston was the smallest. ", "The Red Sox already had a tough time making money with the Braves only a few trolley stops away. ", "The Red Sox payroll hovered around $80,000 a year—and wouldn't substantially increase, compared to the other clubs, for another fifteen years. ", "If they gave Ruth $20,000, that would leave only about $60,000 to spread among everyone else—about $3,000 each, guaranteeing a thoroughly disgruntled club. ", "The Sox were further hamstrung by the blue laws; Boston and Philadelphia were the only two cities in the league where playing on Sunday was still banned, and other cities were adding more Sunday dates every year. ", "It was already hard to compete and getting harder all the time.", "\n\nAs Frazee sat pondering the upcoming season, he had to keep coming back to the same thought: How could he afford to keep paying Ruth? ", "Would he ever be able to draw enough fans to support a player who was already demanding nearly a quarter of his payroll? ", "And if he played hardball and held him to his contract, given Ruth's petulant nature, he might just start swinging with his eyes closed. ", "Frazee had to wonder whether it was even worth keeping an unhappy Babe Ruth.", "\n\nIt mattered not to Ruth. ", "His loyalty was to himself, not the Red Sox. ", "A hometown discount was as foreign to him as turning in before midnight or leaving half a steak on a plate.", "\n\nThe owners' meeting to discuss the Mays case settled nothing except to bring up a series of festering complaints against Johnson by his adversaries, and for Johnson to demand loyalty for those who remained aligned with him, and ossify the position of everyone involved. ", "Try as they might, Frazee, Comiskey, and Ruppert, the three Insurrectos, could not gain a fourth in their alliance and the league remained divided, the Insurrectos on one side, and the \"Loyal Five\" on the other. ", "Ruppert correctly assumed that Detroit was acting on Johnson's behalf and made a countercharge that the Tigers didn't have any problem with Mays until they fell behind the Yankees in the standings. ", "After all, they even made a bid for him and then accepted the protection of the court injunction. ", "The Insurrectos voted to formally award third place money to New York and asked that the Yankees receive their share from the National Commission. ", "When the commission ignored them, as The Sporting News noted with a sigh, \"Then presumably there will be another lawsuit.\"", "\n\nFor now, apart from public posturing, everything was tabled until the official league meeting in December. ", "The Insurrectos weren't backing down, but behind the scenes they were concerned. ", "They looked at one another and decided they had the nucleus of a pretty good league, and started making noise about breaking off and forming their own circuit. ", "Press reports claimed they had the backing of big money from investors Edsel Ford in Detroit, Harry Sinclair of Sinclair Oil in Pittsburgh, and others in Cleveland, Baltimore, and Montreal, and they hoped to poach a few other existing teams from the National League as well. ", "The Sporting News dismissively termed the notion \"the Pipe Dream League.\"", "\n\nEach was worried about his own survival, for this battle with Johnson was a game of chicken that was certain to cost someone everything. ", "The Yankees, despite Ruppert's wealth, were still as vulnerable as the Red Sox, perhaps even more so due to their ballpark situation, beholden to the Giants, continuing to pay approximately $60,000 a year in rent. ", "They tried to negotiate a long-term lease, but the Giants, blanching at having to share those new lucrative Sunday dates, were ready to let the lease run out after the 1920 season and let the Yankees worry about the Yankees.", "\n\nJohnson saw opportunity. ", "Behind the scenes, he tried to gain control of the lease, which he could then use to force new ownership on the Yankees; they'd either have to sell or have no place to play. ", "As a measure of his desperation, Johnson was even ready to do business with the Giants. ", "To gain their cooperation, he was offering to make owner Horace Stoneham president of the National League. ", "It was all veiled threats and conspiracies, strong-arming and posturing, lawyers and lawsuits... mostly over money.", "\n\nThe pressures on everyone, both politically and financially, increased by the day. ", "Lannin wanted his money, unintentionally—or perhaps with a little nudge from Johnson—helping his cause by putting the squeeze on. ", "Frazee however, likely had the money—or most of it, or could have raised it in any number of ways. ", "His real estate holdings alone were easily worth well over a million dollars, he had a standing offer to sell film rights to an earlier production, A Good Bad Woman, for nearly $10,000, and he had enough money to launch a new play—My Lady Friends was scheduled to open in early December. ", "Less than a month later he would receive lucrative offers to take the play overseas. ", "He was also preparing to buy the Harris Theatre in New York and had already turned down Ruppert's $200,000 offer for Ruth and Mays. ", "These were hardly the actions of a man on the verge of financial collapse.", "\n\nThe main reason he wasn't paying—or at least the reason he offered publicly—was due to a dispute over who was responsible for payments resulting from a lawsuit filed against baseball by the Federal League. ", "When Frazee bought the Red Sox, Lannin was supposed to be responsible for all existing debt. ", "Although the league collapsed, it had won in the courts and been paid off, only to appeal and have the judgment increased. ", "Frazee had paid, but now wanted to deduct those costs—more than $50,000—from what he owed Lannin. ", "The question was whether this was an existing debt. ", "Lannin didn't think so, and was threatening to put a lien on Frazee and force him to come up with the cash at auction. ", "The two eventually filed suit against one another, to the absolute delight of a gaggle of attorneys on each side, none of which were eager to make anything happen too quickly.", "\n\nOver the next month, everyone involved was paying lawyers and plotting their next move. ", "For the time being, Frazee had Lannin held at bay. ", "As lawyers for both men negotiated, Frazee and Lannin had agreed to an extension of the November 1 deadline to pay off the notes, first to December 4, then to January 15. ", "Lannin was not really in a position to hold a gun too close to Frazee's head to pay. ", "He'd made an offer on some property based on the assumption he'd be paid, and was also committed to making an investment in the Mercedes automobile company. ", "In the meantime, Frazee was having Fenway Park appraised in anticipation of making an offer to buy everyone out.", "\n\nBy the end of November, the notion that Ruth might be traded or sold was one of the worst-kept secrets in baseball. ", "Sportswriters weren't stupid and kept asking Frazee if Ruth was on the market. ", "He kept denying that he was, but at the same time, Frazee had made it clear that there were always offers too good to ignore, telling the press that the only player he wouldn't consider trading was Harry Hooper. ", "With the official American League meeting scheduled for New York on December 10, everybody in baseball knew that would inspire a time of intense horse-trading, just as the Winter Meetings inspire a similar frenzy today. ", "Then, as now, speculation often centered around the biggest and most controversial figures in the game. ", "Ruth fulfilled both definitions.", "\n\nIn early December, just before what promised to be the most tempestuous meeting in the history of the game, Christy Mathewson penned a syndicated story \"Big Baseball Trades Due\" on what deals fans might expect to take place during the off-season. ", "Mathewson, the rare player who actually wrote many of the articles that carried his byline—or at the very least, wrote an early version of them—dropped a widely broadcasted hint. ", "He wrote, \"This week will see some of the biggest trades pulled off in baseball for years, I know of one of very large dimensions almost certain to go through; it should startle the followers of baseball.\"", "\n\nHmm, that's an odd way to put it. ", "What could he possibly mean by \"very large dimensions\"? ", "The Sporting News was even less circumspect. ", "It offered that Ruth \"had been analyzing the celebrated Mays case and has arrived at the conclusion that a contract is not binding.\" ", "The article went on to say that there was some indication that \"Babe has picked his club, ala [sic] Mays, that he too would join the Yankees.\" ", "Remember, he'd already been barnstorming with Bob Shawkey and Bob Meusel's brother. ", "He knew what was happening in New York.", "\n\nIt wasn't only Mays doing the picking, either. ", "Owners in other cities, particularly Clark Griffith in Washington, learned that talk about trading for Ruth generally received a welcome reception in the press, and more or less pushed everything else away for a few days and guaranteed positive coverage. ", "Such was the power of the Home Run King—he could make the other team look good even when he didn't play for them.", "\n\nThe magnates gathered in New York on December 10. ", "By then, Frazee, Ruppert, and Comiskey had to know their plot to oust Johnson would collapse; they'd failed to get any of the Loyal Five to join them, and were now almost powerless to do anything. ", "At the start of the meeting, the three were ousted from the board of directors, which meant they could no longer set the agenda for the remainder of the meeting. ", "Had they been able to, they planned to present a case arguing that Johnson was not fit to remain in his position, that his long-term contract as American League president was illegal and in violation of league bylaws, that his personal financial interest in ball clubs in the league was the equivalent of syndicate baseball, and that he had, for years, acted unfairly. ", "It was all true, but it was also now meaningless without the votes. ", "In the end, they hoped to convince the other owners to oust Johnson and move toward naming a single commissioner of baseball, one elected by all the clubs, and prohibit the commissioner's office from having a financial interest in any clubs, serving only for the betterment of all. ", "It was a bold, forward-thinking proposal, one that baseball eventually would adopt, but one for which the Insurrectos themselves would rarely be credited.", "\n\nDetroit owner Frank Navin was named league vice president, leaving the Insurrectos thoroughly out in the cold. ", "Unable to entice any team from either league to join them, their quixotic quest for a third major league simply faded away. ", "Now that Johnson had exerted his control, he suspended the rest of the meeting until February. ", "To fill the time, everybody filed another round of lawsuits.", "\n\nIn their one substantive act, the owners voted to ban the spitball, later expanding the ban to all sorts of other trick pitches, like the shine ball and emery ball. ", "For the first time since the spitball had first been developed nearly twenty years earlier, beginning in 1920 batters would only have to worry about breaking balls, fastballs, change-ups, and the rare knuckler. ", "Although spitballers were grandfathered in, everybody else had to learn to get by with their real stuff. ", "That meant almost every pitcher in the league would have to adjust. ", "For Ruth, it was an early present. ", "A lot of pitchers who had given him trouble before now had to take the mound missing a few bullets. ", "Ruth's value only went up.", "\n\nAll the Insurrectos could do now was talk, mostly to one another, about what to do next. ", "They'd been at this long enough to have some contingencies already in the works, plans C and D in case plans A and B didn't work. ", "And there is every indication this is the time the Red Sox finally decided Ruth was available for acquisition as part of that contingency. ", "But this would be no Carl Mays scenario, in which they'd hold some kind of public auction. ", "By this time, Frazee knew who the serious players were, who had the money, and, more importantly, who he could trust. ", "That was a very short list that included only the White Sox and Yankees.", "\n\nBut really, why trade Ruth at all? ", "The answer to that lies not so much in the financial aspect of the deal as it does the political and the personal.", "\n\nFor Sale\n\n\"The owner who trades or sells a star player must expect criticism. ", "It is the law of the game.\"", "\n\n—Harry Frazee\n\nSo why was Ruth traded? ", "If Frazee didn't need the money after all, like everyone has long assumed, then why not keep him? ", "What had changed? ", "These questions vexed and distracted historians for decades. ", "But in a sense, these were the wrong questions to ask, or at least it was wrong to think that the answer to the second question fully answered the first. ", "The logic behind the selling of the Babe is not bound up in a single reason any more than the secrets of Ruth's success as a batter. ", "The answer lies in the complicated confluence of events.", "\n\nDid Frazee really need the money? ", "Well, who didn't? ", "But to men and women of means, wealth doesn't mean the same thing it does to you or me, who feel anxious when the credit card bill is more than the figure in the checking account. ", "To the one percent, a pile of cash in the bank is not nearly as important as the ability to get access to cash when needed. ", "Frazee had both cash and access to cash, just not enough to do everything he wanted at the time, which was pay off Lannin, buy Fenway Park outright, and purchase the Harris Theatre. ", "That building, which had cost a half million dollars when it opened in 1902, had done nothing but make money for its owners ever since.", "\n\nWas the sale made out of financial desperation? ", "Hardly. ", "My Lady Friends had just opened to great reviews and was making $3,000 a week. ", "Any financial problems he was having were of a temporary nature, a cash flow problem only because he had plans bigger than his bank account. ", "Adding in his various legal battles, or potential legal battles, with Johnson, and cash was always a good thing to have. ", "But, significantly, right up to the time of the sale, Frazee still did business as usual, and that did not materially change once the Ruth deal was made. ", "He neither went on a spree nor acted particularly frugally. ", "What has been missed is that the financial aspect of the deal was not entirely a question of Frazee's personal finances, but that of the Boston franchise, and its future value.", "\n\nStill, had there not been the political situation to consider, or real and serious questions about Ruth, both as a ballplayer and a person, it is extremely doubtful any deal would have been made, or if it had been, that it would have been structured as it eventually was. ", "Had there not been political considerations, Ruth may have commanded an even higher cash price. ", "And had there not been questions about Ruth's talent and his character, perhaps he may not have been sold at all. ", "Ultimately, the sale of Ruth to the Yankees was an elaborate package wrapped in a complicated bow that, once consummated in a secure knot, took care of any number of loose ends, particularly for the owners of the Red Sox and Yankees.", "\n\nTellingly, Frazee first rejected an entreaty from Comiskey, who reportedly offered him left-handed hitting outfielder Joe Jackson and $60,000 for Ruth. ", "At first blush, the offer might have appeared tempting. ", "Sixty thousand dollars was a lot of money, and Jackson's career batting average was nearly .360. ", "Together with Ty Cobb, George Sisler, Tris Speaker—and Ruth—he was considered one of the greatest hitters in the game. ", "Earlier in his career, with Cleveland, Jackson hit as high as .408. ", "If Frazee wanted both cash and value back in exchange for Ruth, Jackson seemed to fit the bill.", "\n\nOr did he? ", "Joe Jackson was thirty years old. ", "In both 1915 and 1917 he had hit barely .300, and had never played particularly well in Fenway Park, where the left-handed hitter, like Ruth, showed less power than elsewhere and owned a batting average nearly 50 points lower than his career mark. ", "There may not have been a statistician on the payroll, but Boston pitchers had to be aware of that. ", "Furthermore, Jackson's slashing, Dead Ball Era approach to hitting wasn't likely to result in many home runs or extra base hits. ", "And Jackson would be costly to keep. ", "Comiskey, a notorious skinflint, had kept Jackson as more or less an indentured servant and he'd been earning only $6,000 a season, but he was certain to ask for more from Frazee.", "\n\nThere was also the Black Sox scandal, the one that eventually would lead to Jackson's lifetime banishment from baseball. ", "Although Jackson's level of involvement is still debated today, he eventually paid the price and was suspended for life. ", "Precisely how many whispers were taking place in the late fall of 1919 is uncertain, but it's likely Frazee would have heard something by then. ", "Remember, Frazee had strong business ties in Chicago, and Sport Sullivan was well known in Boston. ", "If guys like the sportswriter Ring Lardner, who'd been dropping hints about a fix into his stories during the Series, thought something funny was going on, Frazee had to have heard the rumors as well. ", "And with Johnson already breathing down his neck about gambling at Fenway Park, the last thing he needed was to acquire a player who might be wrapped up in that.", "\n\nHe turned Comiskey down. ", "Taking the player and the money just didn't make much sense. ", "Eventually, much of the money would have to be paid to Jackson in salary, and Joe Jackson wasn't going to make the Red Sox a pennant contender anyway—as a hitter, even Ruth hadn't done that. ", "And if he didn't play well, the Red Sox would be stuck with an underperforming and perhaps tainted star, one who would prove to be a constant reminder, if Ruth succeeded elsewhere, of what might have been.", "\n\nStill, Comiskey's offer, which some have questioned in regard to its veracity, is likely true. ", "In order to cut a deal with the Yankees, the Red Sox needed another suitor, or else they'd have had little leverage. ", "Fortunately for Frazee, the Giants were in pursuit of St. Louis Cardinals infielder Rogers Hornsby and reportedly offered the Cardinals $70,000 and four players for the future star, who had yet to fulfill his immense potential. ", "If Hornsby was worth more than $70,000 based on potential alone, what about Ruth? ", "Moreover, the fact that the Giants were in the market so aggressively had to be a concern to Ruppert. ", "He was still trying to catch up to his rivals and could not afford to fall further behind.", "\n\nThe question of whether Ruth would have succeeded elsewhere is another question that has rarely been asked about the sale, but had to be the foremost question in the mind of not only Frazee, but also Ruppert. ", "The way each man may have factored that calculation may well have been the deciding factor behind the eventual sale.", "\n\nThis demonstrates the degree to which \"the Babe,\" the player that Ruth had yet to become, has overwhelmed and overshadowed the player he was at the time. ", "When one looks at Ruth's baseball biography today, the notion that one could doubt his future at the time seems insane. ", "But coming off the 1919 season, even after setting a record, that was not the case. ", "One, as previously noted, Ruth's offense had blown hot and cold over the last two seasons, hitting streaks sandwiched between slumps. ", "He'd hit better when it didn't matter than when it did, he showed absolutely no loyalty to his team, and had proved to be a disruptive presence in the clubhouse. ", "There was no guarantee his prowess at the plate would continue—and given his lifestyle, he showed every sign of being a fast-burning candle. ", "There were already signs his body was starting to betray him; he'd had arm trouble, the wrenched knee he'd suffered in June was a cause of some concern, and he had already put on a great deal of weight. ", "Ruth had already gone from lean and rangy to solid to stout. ", "How far behind were just plain pudgy and then fat?", "\n\nHis performance in 1919 had also been so far outside the norm over the last months of the year, how reasonable was it to think that it would continue? ", "Could it? ", "Had he already reached some imaginary ceiling for hitting home runs that couldn't possibly be reached again or sustained? ", "Jack Chesbro won 41 games in 1904 and no one had come close to that mark since. ", "That sort of thing is common in baseball. ", "Remember, 1918 World Series hero George Whiteman was already back in the minor leagues, and it was only normal to wonder whether Ruth's unexpected, unprecedented explosion could be repeated.", "\n\nThrough 1919, Ruth had hit 49 career home runs, but only 11 in Fenway Park. ", "There, he hadn't often been BABE RUTH—at least not yet, and not for a sustained period. ", "There is every indication, in fact, that had Ruth stayed in Boston and played the bulk of his career in Fenway Park, while he still would have been a record-setting home run hitter for his time, it might have impacted his career home run totals by as much as 25 percent. ", "There's a big difference between 714 home runs and 530 or so. ", "The ballpark, with its distant right field fence, simply did not suit him.", "\n\nAnd what if the Red Sox kept Ruth and he deteriorated, got hurt, or became just another guy—after all, even Gavvy Cravath never came close to hitting 24 home runs again. ", "Ruppert had already indicated he'd pay as much as $150,000.00 for Ruth. ", "A wrenched knee, a broken wrist, a car wreck, a case of syphilis, or some scandal could move the decimal point on that number several places to the left and make Ruth worth far less. ", "From Boston's perspective, Ruth might never be worth more. ", "To suggest that ANYONE knew he would become the legendary Babe is utter fantasy. ", "In fact, while there are those who believed he could become the greatest player in the game, or already was, no one dared put any kind of number on that.", "\n\nOr if Boston was wrong and Ruth sustained his high level of production or even got better, Frazee might also have wondered how he could ever afford to keep paying him. ", "Remember, he was hamstrung by the Boston market, competition from the Braves, a ballpark that he did not own, and the increasingly onerous handicap of not being able to play baseball on Sunday, costing the team perhaps one third of its potential gate. ", "Under any calculation, it was hard to see the Red Sox of the era drawing much more than 600,000 or so fans a year. ", "Had Ruth stayed in Boston and still become BABE RUTH, would the team have been able to pay him what he was worth? ", "What would the team do if he hit 40 or 50 home runs and asked for half of the proceeds? ", "Surround him with refugees from Boston's semipro Park League who all hit .200 and finish last every year? ", "That would be like keeping a hit play in Boston's 500-seat Beacon Theatre instead of taking it to one of New York's 1,200-seat venues; it just made no sense. ", "In fact, it would not be until after World War II, when the Red Sox, with Ted Williams, annually challenged the Yankees for the pennant, that the club would finally draw in excess of one million fans, something the Yankees became the first team to do in 1920.", "\n\nBoston was a great baseball town, and a rabid one, but a small one, and relatively frugal. ", "Roughly speaking, teams of the era could afford a payroll of perhaps 20 percent of the receipts from their attendance. ", "Just as small market teams today are forced to sell off high-priced talent to wealthier clubs, that's likely what would have happened in Boston. ", "In a sense, it's no accident Ruth ended up in New York; it was just economics.", "\n\nAnd there was still one more factor. ", "The recent battle with Johnson had been sparked over Frazee's refusal to suspend a player who jumped the club. ", "The Red Sox and the Insurrectos had prevailed on that, but only because they had all been on the league's three-man board of directors, which allowed them to set the agenda and stretch out the battle until the season had ended, making the question of whether Mays could play moot until the court ruling.", "\n\nMeanwhile, jumping the team was becoming something of an annual occurrence for Ruth, only now the Insurrectos no longer controlled the board; Johnson and the Loyal Five did. ", "If Ruth jumped the team, what would happen now? ", "He was already claiming that his contract was meaningless, the ultimate challenge to professional baseball. ", "Would Johnson force a suspension, and this time, would one be upheld? ", "How much would that cost? ", "Sending Ruth elsewhere was a way to avoid an almost certain migraine.", "\n\nRuppert and the Yankees may have shared some of Frazee's baseball concerns, but they were viewing Ruth more through the lens of his performance at the Polo Grounds, where he was already BABE RUTH and mostly had been for the last two years. ", "They may have been concerned about other issues, but Ruppert, from the time he had made his first offer for Ruth more than a year earlier, had already set those concerns aside. ", "He had little choice. ", "To make it in New York, to topple the Giants, to get his own ballpark, and make enough money to offset the losses the brewery would suffer from Prohibition, he either had to take a chance or sell the club, admit defeat, and do something else with the rest of his money. ", "He could afford to take a chance and acquiring Ruth was the best option he had to build another fortune. ", "Besides, he wasn't going to fail; he was a Ruppert.", "\n\nYankees manager Miller Huggins had already given the deal his blessing. ", "When asked by Ruppert what he needed to win a pennant in 1919, Huggins had answered bluntly \"Get me Ruth.\" ", "He'd seen what Ruth had done in the Polo Grounds, and since taking over as New York manager Huggins had witnessed the birth of the power game. ", "His Yankees were already one of the most potent teams in baseball, and Ruth would only help.", "\n\nHe also knew that if he had Ruth, that meant no one else did. ", "Even if Ruth didn't turn out to be as dynamic as hoped, if nothing else Huggins wouldn't have to worry about playing against him 22 times a year. ", "That's a part of every trade; it's not only what it does for your club but what it does to another. ", "Decades later, when the Yankees acquired Mike Torrez and Luis Tiant as free agents, taking them from the Red Sox was as much a part of their thinking as adding them to the Yankee roster.", "\n\nOnce the Red Sox and Yankees agreed in principle to a deal, they now had to decide how to make that happen, how to structure it to serve the needs of both teams and their owners. ", "Frazee wanted to take advantage of Ruppert's eagerness and willingness to take a risk and get a good return, one that would also help extract him from his current difficulty with Lannin yet still leave his ball club intact, firmly in his control and well positioned to ward off any attacks by Johnson. ", "Ruppert, too, wanted Ruth at almost any cost, and he, too, wanted help against Johnson. ", "Although the Insurrectos had lost out, they knew they'd wounded Johnson and neither man thought for a minute that Johnson would forget that or was through with them. ", "And since both Frazee and Ruppert planned on remaining in the American League, neither man was done trying to get rid of Johnson. ", "They'd lost a major skirmish at the league meeting, but both were ready to go forward and fight again another day.", "\n\nIt's useful to consider what might have happened had the two men not made the deal, a question rarely asked, at least in its full dimension. ", "The assumption is often that Ruth would have gone on to hit another 665 home runs for them, and creating a dynasty in the Hub while leaving the Yankees as a second-rate franchise. ", "While that is certainly a possibility, given the events of the 1918 and 1919, and Ruth's recent behavior, there were other, more likely scenarios. ", "Ruth may well have held out well into the spring, then been traded away in anger or jumped the club and causing some kind of protracted legal battle, one that might have cost Frazee his ball club, or sent Ruth to Detroit, or Cleveland. ", "In any case, the entire history of the game may well have been changed. ", "But a scenario that simply supplants a Boston dynasty for one in New York might be the most far-fetched and unrealistic of all, a false equivalency. ", "There were simply too many moving parts, and history is rarely so tidy.", "\n\nWhen the two men started talking seriously about the deal, it quickly became primarily a financial discussion. ", "Much has been made of Ed Barrow's later, ghostwritten assertion that when Frazee asked him if there were any Yankees players he wanted in exchange for Ruth, and he responded that \"losing Ruth is bad enough, but don't make it tougher on me by making me show off a lot of ten-cent ballplayers that we got in exchange for him. ", "There's nobody on that ball club I want.\" ", "If that's true, Barrow was either deluded or already secretly on the Yankee payroll. ", "The 1919 Yankees were better at nearly every position than the 1919 Red Sox and had a number of valuable players who remained productive for several years to come. ", "Pitcher Bob Shawkey was already a star and would put up a WAR of 7.8 and win 20 games in 1920, while first baseman Wally Pipp and second baseman Del Pratt were probably the best two players at their positions in the league, and rookie outfielder Bob Meusel, just purchased from the Pacific Coast League where he hit .337 for Vernon, was one of the best prospects in the game. ", "Any team in baseball would have taken any of them in any kind of deal, and would have been a fool not to. ", "It is also interesting that Barrow frames the deal only in terms of himself, saying \"don't make it tougher on me\" while evincing no concern about either the Boston fans or the performance of the team. ", "If anyone was acting in his own self-interest, it was Barrow.", "\n\nSo who was the bigger fool? ", "Frazee for asking for Barrow's advice, or Barrow, his baseball man? ", "Despite later writing his own revisionist history of events, let's not forget that Barrow initially wanted to keep Ruth on the mound, that his management of the team had been widely and publicly criticized, that he'd taken a world champion into sixth place, and that his failure to rein Ruth in had played a huge part in the demise of the 1919 Sox. ", "Barrow didn't become a genius until he followed Ruth to New York a few years later. ", "There, armed with the money Ruppert made off Ruth, Barrow suddenly got a whole lot smarter. ", "Barrow, acting as the team's general manager, was usually able to outbid every other team for young talent and spend his way out from behind mistakes. ", "That's long been the Yankee way, and it started with Ed Barrow.", "\n\nAlthough Ruppert had offered $150,000 or perhaps even more for Ruth in the past, that number wasn't on the table any longer. ", "Prohibition was scheduled to go into effect on January 17, 1920, and he may not have been as eager to part with as much cash as he had been a year or so before. ", "In fact, the way the deal was eventually structured, as a cash payment of $25,000 and a series of $25,000 notes, totaling $100,000, indicates that Ruppert had a bit of a cash flow problem himself. ", "If he lost his lease on the Polo Grounds, he had to be able to move fast.", "\n\nRegardless of whether they cut a deal or not, Frazee was moving forward anyway in the event the deal fell through. ", "On December 15, he made a formal offer to the Taylors to buy out their shares of Fenway Park for $150,000—$25,000 in cash and three notes payable at one-year intervals. ", "If the Taylors had accepted, that would have given Frazee control of Fenway Park and therefore leverage against Lannin—he would not have needed the mortgage, and may have considered keeping Ruth. ", "But the Taylors turned him down.", "\n\nThe more Ruppert and Frazee talked, the more likely that each realized that one of their problems boiled down to the ballpark issue—neither man owned their own park, and both faced a situation in which they could potentially end up with a team that had no place to play, something that would have forced a franchise sale or the mother of all legal battles. ", "If Frazee didn't pay off Lannin soon, Lannin was threatening to auction off his shares of Fenway. ", "Since the Taylors wouldn't sell, that likely would have put Fenway out of Frazee's reach forever, leaving him to pay rent in a park that was already falling down, making it even more difficult to make money, and hurting the value of the franchise in any subsequent sale.", "\n\nA Ruth deal offered both men a path out. ", "As they batted ideas back and forth, a plan began to take shape that could solve all problems—those of the ballpark, the war against Johnson, and each man's cash flow issues. ", "A series of \"what ifs?\" ", "slowly started turning into \"why nots?\"", "\n\nWhat if the Yankees bought Ruth outright, not for $150,000, but for somewhat less—say $100,000? ", "Ruppert would have his player, his draw in New York, Frazee would be rid of a problem and have some cash. ", "It was a risk, but one that helped each man—Ruth might either thrive or fail, and the Red Sox already knew it was as possible to lose with Ruth as it was to win. ", "And then, to make up the difference, what if New York offered Boston a side deal some months later, like... provide a mortgage a little while later, if needed, on Fenway Park? ", "According to information in Frazee's archives, they had already been discussing the mortgage as early as October as an entirely separate item, but now the changing situation with Johnson upped the ante.", "\n\nWhy not just fold it all together into one package? ", "That way Frazee could pay off Lannin and acquire Fenway, further inoculating him from Johnson's wrath. ", "Then—and this was the genius of the deal, really—even if the Giants canceled the Yankees' Polo Grounds lease after the 1920 season or Johnson somehow got his hands on it and tried to use the ballpark issue to force Ruppert into a sale... Well, the Yankees had a ballpark, Fenway Park. ", "That, in turn, would at least give them some leverage with the Giants. ", "Boston could even waive their territorial rights and allow the Yankees to play in Boston: Welcome back, Babe. ", "While that would undoubtedly result in a legal battle that would make the current knife fight look like a series of paper cuts, it was a potential possibility.", "\n\nIt was ambitious, bold, audacious, and ingenious, a triple-bank shot off the rail, perhaps the most inspired baseball transaction ever. ", "If it worked, and Ruth played at least reasonably well in New York, everyone won—but Johnson. ", "And if it didn't work, and Ruth bombed, well Ruppert was \"only\" out $100,000, plus whatever he paid Ruth. ", "That was far better than losing his team. ", "Frazee only lost if Ruth became superhuman.", "\n\nFor years, few observers ever really factored in the benefit that holding the mortgage provided the Yankees, but it's beyond the realm of belief to think they just so happened to take out a mortgage on Fenway Park at the precise time their own lease on a place to play was being threatened. ", "That was no accident, and there is evidence to that effect in Frazee's archives. ", "After the deal was made, one of Frazee's attorneys, Thomas J. Barry, took him to task in a letter, writing that he had been a fool to take the Yankees' terms on the mortgage, that he could have easily gotten far better terms from a bank. \"", "I had in mind that if you did not take Rupert's [sic] money you could get $25,000 more from him on the Ruth deal, and also Wise would not be so technical as the present attorney's, and that we could get our money quicker from him.\" ", "But getting better terms from a bank wouldn't have served all Ruppert's needs and the deal wouldn't have worked. ", "Besides, by eventually taking a mortgage from the Yankees at a higher rate of interest than was commercially available, Frazee would, in effect, be paying the Yankees more than $100,000 for Ruth when one included the mortgage payments... but those interest payments were tax deductible.", "\n\nTheir timing was impeccable—at least for Frazee. ", "He locked in his rate with the Yankees, and beginning that same month the United States economy entered a brief but extreme two-year recession that some economists now refer to as a depression. ", "Within months, credit dried up and commercial credit rates nearly doubled. ", "In the long run, the rate Frazee got from the Yankees actually turned out to be a bargain. ", "Had he waited and then tried to get a loan from a bank, he may not have received one at all. ", "By the time the mortgage was finally executed in May, Frazee's rate was actually lower than what he would have gotten commercially. ", "On almost every financial level, the deal worked. ", "All that was left was for the attorneys to look over everything—and to get Ruth on board.", "\n\nThat was the one potential holdup. ", "Ruppert didn't want to make a deal and then have Ruth balk at agreeing to come to New York or hold out for a new contract and then leave him holding an empty uniform. ", "Five months earlier, the Yankees had made sure that Mays was on board before pulling the trigger on that deal, and they planned to do the same on Ruth. ", "He was as volatile and unpredictable off the field as they hoped he would prove predictable on it, and they didn't want the deal to come as a surprise and have Ruth throw a tantrum. ", "That was a real concern, because while the details were still being worked out, a story in the Boston Post threatened to mess things up. ", "Somebody was talking to Paul Shannon.", "\n\nHe didn't know everything, but he knew enough to know that something was up. ", "The headline on December 20 screamed \"BABE RUTH IN MARKET FOR TRADE.\"", "\n\nAfter saying that neither Frazee nor Barrow wanted to discuss it, Shannon warned Boston fans not to be \"astonished if the burly batter is allowed to pass through.\" ", "He noted that the contract differences between the Red Sox and Ruth were real, and while admitting that Ruth was a talent, he also pointed out that Ruth wasn't always easy to get along with, writing that \"he had hurt morale considerably\" and offering the opinion that Ruth's attitude had \"put a big dent in his popularity in Boston\" and estranged Boston management, \"who are beginning to loop in the burly batter as a second Frankenstein.\"", "\n\nThe story inspired widespread debate on not only Ruth's value, but, given the Giants' recent bid for Hornsby, that of any ballplayer. ", "The top baseball salary at the time was likely Ty Cobb's annual $20,000, a figure it had taken him nearly two decades to reach. ", "Ruth had only played five full seasons, and wanted more than that. ", "In the Globe, Arthur Duffey crowed that no ballplayer was worth that kind of money, not even Ruth. ", "Then, as now, the notion of someone becoming fabulously wealthy just for playing ball offended a certain portion of observers.", "\n\nAll the while, Ruth enjoyed the sunshine and the fine weather in California, soaking up the rays and playing golf. ", "However, he was not completely oblivious to what was taking place. ", "Every day brought more indications that something was up, and baseball's rumor mill has never been particularly discreet. ", "If Ruth didn't hear the whispers, Igoe certainly did. ", "By late December, there were even more veiled references in the press that something was happening. ", "Ruth's future in Boston was the subject of almost daily debate in the local papers.", "\n\nRuppert and Frazee talked and talked, and then finally sent everything off to the attorneys. ", "Although Ruth had yet to be informed or signed on, worried that the news might leak prematurely, they went ahead and closed on the sale. ", "Each had looked at the tax situation, and there were advantages having the deal dated in 1919. ", "If Ruth backed out, they could always just tear it up.", "\n\nThe five-page contract transferring Ruth to the Yankees was dated December 26, 1919, between the Boston American League Baseball Club and the American League Base Ball Club of New York. ", "The price was $100,000—$25,000 cash, plus three promissory notes for $25,000 at 6 percent interest for each, the first payable November 1, 1920, the next two on the same date in 1921 and 1922. ", "Frazee already planned to sell the notes at discount and receive the cash up front, a sign not so much of desperation, but of the way each club was responding to the needs and desires of the other. ", "Putting up only $25,000 in cash kept Ruppert fluid, and Ruppert even made the arrangements with one of his banks so Frazee would not have to wait too long to sell the notes.", "\n\nIt's important to realize that the mortgage on Fenway Park is not specifically mentioned in the document. ", "Apart from the cash and notes, the remainder of the sale price is described as only \"other goods and valuable considerations.\" ", "That's because the mortgage could not be put in place until Frazee actually acquired title to Fenway Park. ", "And it's possible each party still held out some dim hope that, perhaps, that part might not even be necessary, in which case \"other goods and valuable considerations,\" could mean almost anything, including more cash or players. ", "Besides, why mention a mortgage in a deal and watch Ban Johnson, who as member of the National Commission approved all contracts, think of some reason to block it, or otherwise tip him off about their ballpark plans?", "\n\nThe agreement to secure a first mortgage on Fenway Park was actually handled in a separate letter of agreement between Ruppert and Frazee. ", "Although some subsequent biographers have tried to assign a total value of more than $400,000 to the sale, that's not quite the case. ", "Remember, when Frazee sold the Red Sox he eventually paid off the mortgage, and money was sent back to the Yankees with interest. ", "In the end, the deal cost the Yankees \"only\" $100,000 and a temporary loan by way of the mortgage, and Frazee actually ended up receiving even more back in value. ", "His final acquisition of Fenway Park would eventually allow the Red Sox to be sold for somewhat more than if he had not owned the park outright. ", "Land values in Boston skyrocketed in the early 1920s and as purely a real estate deal, Frazee made a pretty good one. ", "Selling Ruth for $100,000 eventually helped him sell the Red Sox for more than $1 million, nearly twice what he initially paid.", "\n\nAnd once and for all, let's put to rest the tired, spurious, hoary old chestnut that proceeds from the sale of Ruth financed Frazee's production of the seminal hit musical No, No, Nanette, the production that more or less created the modern musical comedy, helped usher in the Golden Age of the Broadway musical, and earned Frazee millions. ", "There is simply no thread that connects the Ruth sale and Nanette. ", "Between the sale of Ruth and the creation of Nanette, Frazee produced a number of other successful Broadways shows that ran hundreds of performances and grossed hundreds of thousands of dollars. ", "It's not like Frazee set aside the money from the Ruth sale in some special account, then pulled it out four years later. ", "While it is true that Nanette was based on an earlier show, My Lady Friends, that play was already in production—and a verified hit—at the time of the Ruth sale, years before Frazee ever had the notion of using it as the inspiration for Nanette.", "\n\nThe sale of Ruth eventually helped Frazee purchase Fenway Park free and clear of any mortgage. ", "Nanette was actually financed, at least in part (for theatrical producers generally use other people's money—investors—to bankroll their shows), by the sale of the Boston Red Sox in the summer of 1923 to a syndicate led by Bob Quinn for nearly $1.2 million. ", "That transaction not only took place just prior to the first stages of the production of Nanette, but put nearly ten times the amount of money into Frazee's pocket than the Ruth sale ever did. ", "Selling the Red Sox eventually freed Frazee of what had become a burden, and within a few months allowed him to turn his full attention to the idea of turning My Lady Friends into a musical, an idea that had been percolating for some time. ", "To argue that the Ruth sale financed Nanette is a leap that lacks both facts and logic. ", "It's a fantasy that simply allowed Boston fans to excuse generations of losing baseball, bad management by Frazee's successors, and simplistic, poorly researched, agenda-driven history.", "\n\nNow all somebody had to do was tell Ruth about the deal and convince him that going to New York was a good idea. ", "The job fell to his new manager, New York's Miller Huggins. ", "The former major league infielder retired as a player with the Cardinals after 1916 but managed the club from 1913 through 1917 and was credited with helping make Rogers Hornsby a major leaguer. ", "He took over the Yankees in 1918, not only being in charge on the field, but making most of the personnel decisions as well. ", "A smart baseball man and a good judge of talent, Huggins would eventually receive credit, like Barrow, for keeping Ruth in line in New York.", "\n\nHuggins had the owner's full trust, and, conveniently enough, was already in California, sent there earlier to sign several Yankees, including new acquisition Bob Meusel. ", "He may well have known the Ruth deal was in the works when he left New York. ", "Now they wired Huggins to deliver the news to his new star. ", "While he was on his way, Frazee made his first move post-Ruth, trading for hard-luck left-handed Washington pitcher Harry Harper, a move roundly praised in the Boston press.", "\n\nIt took Huggins several days to make it to Los Angeles and track down Ruth. ", "He reportedly found him playing golf at Griffith Park, and met him in the clubhouse.", "\n\nThe subsequent meeting has been described in almost absurdly apocryphal terms: Huggins introducing himself, Ruth wondering if he'd been traded, then Huggins sagely giving Ruth some fatherly advice about how he would have to behave in New York, with Ruth promising to play his best, before getting around to the real topic of interest: How much was he going to be paid? ", "All they left out was Huggins promising Ruth a new pony.", "\n\nSuch is the power of mythmaking, and the instant Ruth became property of the New York Yankees the mythmaking machine of the city that never sleeps went to work 24/7 to make a man equal to whatever myth it could manufacture. ", "But there are other accounts. ", "According to wire reports, Ruth actually learned of the deal on January 4, likely from an inquisitive reporter, whom Ruth told he had yet to meet with Huggins or even hear from the Yankees at all.", "\n\nAbout the trade, Ruth responded, \"I am not surprised. ", "When I made my demand on the Red Sox for $20,000 a year I had an idea they would choose to sell me rather than pay the increase and I knew the Yankees were the most probable purchasers.\" ", "It seems that maybe the deal may have been something Ruth and Igoe wanted all along, that by asking the exorbitant salary increase they may have hoped to force Frazee's hand, already knowing that New York was the likely destination, the only team that could afford him.", "\n\nWhen Huggins and Ruth did meet and Ruth asked for more money, Huggins told Ruth he couldn't talk specifics but that the Ruppert and Huston were agreeable to working out new contract terms to give Ruth his $20,000. ", "That was all it took. ", "Had Ruth wanted to stop the deal, with his power and influence, he probably could have forced Ruppert and Frazee to tear up that little five-page document. ", "Ban Johnson might have even given him some help, just to stiff Frazee. ", "But he didn't because he didn't want to.", "\n\nRuth agreed to the deal. ", "There is nary a mention that he found it necessary to talk things over with Mrs. Ruth or anyone else, another sign that he likely knew what was coming all along.", "\n\nRuth's time in Boston was over. ", "He would never wear a Red Sox uniform again. ", "George Herman Ruth was no more.", "\n\nHe was Babe Ruth now, and he belonged to the Yankees and, soon, to New York.", "\n\nNow would come the other part of the selling of the Babe. ", "But first, everybody had to sell the sale.", "\n\nWelcome to New York\n\n\"I told you Boston was some town, but this [New York] is the real one. ", "I never seen nothing like it and I been going some since we got here.\"", "\n\n—Ring Lardner, You Know Me Al\n\nThere was, perhaps no better time to be a young man of means coming to New York City. ", "The Roaring Twenties were just getting under way and New York was the epicenter. ", "Over the next decade, no other place would roar as loud and as often. ", "Prohibition was right around the corner, sparking the era of the speakeasy, dresses were creeping up, morals were loosening, and young people were taking over. ", "The city was electrified and suddenly never slept, Broadway was on the precipice of a golden age, the Jazz Age was tuning up, and prosperity was right around the corner. ", "Horses disappeared from the streets, a million cars would be added to the city, and the last great public works building boom was about to get under way, as in the next decade the West Side Highway, the Holland Tunnel, the Triboro and George Washington bridges would all be built or start construction. ", "Buildings with central heat, running water, and indoor toilets were replacing tenements. ", "The nose-to-the-grindstone philosophy of life was being replaced by one that valued leisure and excitement. ", "The middle class was starting to grow. ", "Manhattan supported eleven daily newspapers and Brooklyn had four of its own. ", "Every street corner featured a newsboy screaming out the headlines.", "\n\nOver the next decade, no name would be on their lips more often than that of the Babe, that one name the epitome of the age, larger than life, limitless and over the top all at once. ", "In a city that worshipped personality, celebrity, and oversized everything, the Babe was all of that and more. ", "His roar may well have been the loudest and most sustained of them all. ", "Journalist Westbrook Pegler dubbed it \"the Era of Wonderful Nonsense,\" a time when flagpole sitting and dance marathons and long-distance swimming would soon capture the public's fancy. ", "If there was ever an athlete made for a particular place at a particular time, it was Babe Ruth and New York City in the 1920s. ", "Any account of either the city or the man must include a portrait of the other. ", "The city made Ruth and Ruth helped make the city. ", "They were inseparable, and together, they remade the game.", "\n\nIn January of 1920, Boston and New York could not have been more different, and the reaction to the sale in each place speaks to those differences. ", "Boston, a city that still clung to its self-image as the Hub of American democracy and everything else despite the fact that it had been usurped in almost every category by not only New York but other more vibrant cities such as Philadelphia and Chicago, feigned shock.", "\n\nAfter not having turned out for Ruth like they had in New York, and after Ruth himself had intimated that he would like to be sold or traded, when the deal broke Boston acted as if something had been stolen, the sale a kind of moral affront. ", "It was a blow to the city's self-image, not just as the home of championship baseball—for if one included the Braves, Boston teams had won the crown in five of the last eight seasons—but of everything else. ", "New York had already taken over as the center of American commerce and culture; now this.", "\n\nThe headlines screamed, and no one took it more to heart than Boston's sportswriters, who suddenly realized that over the past year or two Ruth had made their lives a whole lot easier and a whole lot more entertaining. ", "Now that he was gone, well, they had to get to work again, and that wasn't going to be much fun.", "\n\nIt was front page news, bumping Governor Calvin Coolidge's announcement that he would not seek the presidency because \"the presidency must seek the man\" to the side rail. ", "So it was with Ruth. ", "If Boston would not seize him, then New York would.", "\n\nReaction in the Hub was best epitomized by two cartoons, one emblematic of the knee-jerk, emotional reaction to the sale, and the other by those few who bothered at all to try to understand what had taken place, not just over the past few weeks, but the past few years, and not just in Boston, but all baseball. ", "The first, in the Boston Herald, showed Ruth as the latest Boston monument being toppled by an ax-wielding caricature of Frazee, with \"For Sale\" signs posted in front of revered Boston symbols such as the Boston Public Library, Boston Common, and a statue of Paul Revere. ", "A sign in front of Fenway Park read \"House Lots for Sale\" and was captioned, \"Why not finish the job?\"", "\n\nThe second, which appeared in the Boston Post, offered the alternate view. ", "Titled \"The Bull in Frazee's China Shop,\" it showed Ruth, a bull amid shattered glass labeled \"team discipline,\" \"team morale,\" and \"disgruntled players.\" ", "As Frazee desperately held tight to the bull's tail, Jake Ruppert magnanimously held open the door, a bag of cash in hand, saying, \"This way out, Harry.\" ", "But only one day later a third, more evenhanded appraisal appeared in the Herald. ", "This one showed Ruth being dragged away by two cops, Frazee and Barrow, one saying, \"We can't manage him.\" ", "In the background a fan muttered, \"Well, get somebody who can.\"", "\n\nFor most of the Boston press, over the next few days they did the most reporting they had done in months, finally starting to put together the basic framework of Frazee's situation in context, and taking a longer view of Ruth. ", "Some almost seemed astonished finally to realize that the Red Sox had finished sixth with Ruth in 1919. ", "Despite the 1918 world championship, their record over the past two seasons with Ruth more a hitter than a pitcher was 147–133, barely above .500.", "\n\nIn a rarity for the time, some writers actually went out and asked fans and notable baseball figures of the city what they thought about the deal. ", "Baseball insiders like former players Fred Tenney and Hugh Duffy, and ex-manager Bill Carrigan, all supported the deal. ", "Most fans, such as Royal Rooters supreme Mike Nuf Ced McGreevey and Charley Lavis offered the opposite view. \"", "I figure the Red Sox is now practically ruined,\" said Lavis. ", "But the breakdown is telling. ", "Almost to a man, the ex-ballplayers viewed the deal in terms of the team, while the fans, whose love of Ruth had come to replace their love of the Red Sox, usually spoke only of how much they would miss watching the Babe. ", "They hadn't cared that the team had finished sixth. ", "They may not have realized it yet, but they loved the home run more than winning baseball, and for much of the next century that would be their only solace.", "\n\nAlthough history would try to tell a different story, and present the entire city in an uproar, prepared to chase Frazee through the streets and string him up, in reality reaction was split. ", "The Boston Post seemed unable to decide which side to take and stayed more or less neutral, while the Boston Globe (whose owners, the Taylors, stood to benefit financially from the deal) and the Boston Transcript supported the sale. ", "Of the others, the Herald and the American were most critical.", "\n\nAn editorial in the Boston Post managed to capture the scope of the sale better than just about anything else. ", "Admitting that there were reasons that both supported the transaction and argued against it, the editorial also noted, \"this is not the first time Boston has been shocked by the sale of a wonderful player—Cy Young and Tris Speaker went their ways, much to the disgust of the faithful, but the club did not suffer materially. ", "But Ruth is different. ", "He is the class of ballplayer that flashes across the firmament once in a great while and alone brings crowds to the ballpark whether the team is winning or losing.\" ", "Really, for the first time, now that he was gone, it was finally possible to acknowledge Ruth's unique appeal. ", "He was beyond the game, but that had only become apparent toward the end of his Boston reign, and was not yet completely certain.", "\n\nInterestingly enough, no current Boston player made a public comment at the time, nor would one for some months, until long after Ruth had reached success in New York. ", "Like Barrow, players like Harry Hooper would wait until the verdict of history was in before claiming, after the fact, to have been on the right side all along. ", "But their silence at the time is telling. ", "Shannon noted in the Post that \"it is believed that practically every man on the Boston team is pleased at Ruth's sale to New York. ", "Popular as Ruth was, on account of his big-heartedness, the men nevertheless realize that his faults overshadow his good qualities.\" ", "That was Ruth, as teammate, the past two seasons.", "\n\nFrazee didn't remain silent. ", "He knew that if he didn't provide some explanation, others would put words in his mouth. ", "That eventually happened anyway, but it didn't stop him from trying. ", "Besides, Boston was owed an explanation. ", "He released a statement on January 6 to the Boston Post that, without revealing much at all about the financial and political aspects of the deal, which were both not yet complete and litigious, gave his logic for the trade:\n\nRuth had become simply impossible, and the Boston club could no longer put up with his eccentricities. ", "While Ruth without question is the greatest hitter that the game has ever seen, he is likewise one of the most selfish and inconsiderate men that ever wore a baseball uniform., ", "and the baseball public, according to press reports from all over the country, are beginning to wake up to the fact....\n\nSome people may say that the Boston club sold Babe Ruth simply because of the tremendous sum of money handed over by the New York club, but let them listen to a few facts and perhaps they will change their mind. ", "Ruth is a wonderful box-office attraction and he drew many thousands of people to see the Sox play all over the circuit. ", "Had he been possessed of the right disposition, had he been willing to take orders and work for the good of the club like the other men on the team I would never have dared let him go, for he has youth and strength, baseball intelligence, and was a popular idol. ", "But lately this idol has been shattered in the public estimation because of the way in which he has refused to respect his contract and his given word. ", "But I shall enlighten the public some more.", "\n\nTwice within the past two seasons Babe has jumped the club and revolted. ", "He refused to obey the orders of the manager and he finally became so arrogant that discipline in his case was ruined.", "\n\nHe left us in the lurch many times and just because of his abnormal swatting powers and the fact that he had been given such tremendous advertising by the newspapers he obeyed none but his own sweet will. ", "At the end you could not talk to him.... Fans, attracted by the fame of his hitting, went out to Fenway Park unmindful of the steady work of [Stuffy] McInnis, [Harry] Hooper, [Wally] Schang, [Everett] Scott and others who were playing the same steady and brilliant ball, oftentimes handicapped by injuries that should rightfully have kept them out of the lineup. ", "There was no longer any interest in the pennant race. ", "And these same faithful, loyal players really felt it....\n\nHow many games can you point out that he [Ruth] won single-handed and unaided last season? ", "He won some, I will admit, but many a time it has been some other player on the team that contributed the deciding smash. ", "Only Babe's long hit always got the credit. ", "We finished in sixth place in spite of Babe and his 29 home runs. ", "This will bring out, I think, very clearly the fact that one star on a team doesn't make a winning ball club. ", "Cleveland had the great [Nap] Lajoie for years and couldn't win, Detroit has its Ty Cobb and Boston had its Ruth. ", "A team of players working harmoniously together is always to be preferred to that possessing one star who hugs the limelight to himself....\n\nHarmony had departed when Ruth began to swell and I doubt if we could have kept out of the second division this year with Ruth in the lineup. ", "After all, the baseball fans pay to see games won and championships achieved. ", "They soon tire of circus attractions. ", "And this is just what Ruth has become.", "\n\nI might say in conclusion that the New York club was the only outfit in baseball that could have bought Ruth. ", "Had they been willing to trade players, I would have preferred the exchange, but to make a trade for Ruth, Huggins would have had to wreck his ball club. ", "They could not afford to give me the men I wanted.", "\n\nAlthough Frazee would later release a longer, even more nuanced statement to Baseball Magazine, and news about his protracted battle with Johnson provided additional context to his remarks, this would mostly be ignored in Boston, where over time the sale would be viewed through an ever more distorted lens, ever more out of the context of its time. ", "Once Ruth succeeded, once he became THE BABE in New York, none of that really mattered.", "\n\nIn New York, reaction was far different.", "\n\nThere it was all huzzahs and champagne corks and streamers, celebrations and brass bands. ", "The press had been waiting for SOMETHING to happen with Yankee baseball for years, and it never had. ", "They had all spent the last twenty years writing the legend of Giants manager John McGraw over and over again: they were pretty much sick of it, and sick of him. ", "And while Ban Johnson had been promising to \"help\" the Yankees become a competitive team for almost twenty years, apart from 1904, when they lost the pennant to Boston on a wild pitch thrown by Jack Chesbro, that had never happened.", "\n\nIn fact, they even had a name for it, the old \"hoodoo,\" the Yankee jinx, because every time it looked as if the Yankees were about to become a great team, or even a good one, something always happened. ", "Discards from New York became stars in other places, while in New York, stars became discards. ", "Chesbro, the best pitcher in the game in 1904, was out of baseball a few years later, his arm dead. ", "Stars like Frank Chance and Wee Willie Keeler and Kid Elberfeld came to the Yankees only to flame out and fail. ", "And when they did develop a star, like Birdie Cree, who for a time was everything Tris Speaker was and more, something always happened—Cree had his wrist broken by a Walter Johnson fastball and was never the same. ", "Owners Frank Farrell and William Devery were crooks who fleeced their own ball club. ", "For years, the Yankees had been what the St. Louis Browns would later become, an afterthought in their own town, virtually colorless, the beat no sportswriter wanted.", "\n\nNow perhaps it would be different. ", "Now maybe, at last, the Giants had some competition.", "\n\nThe sale was front page news in New York, too, albeit in smaller font, where the reaction ranged from the sober in stodgy papers like the Times and Tribune to the entirely over the top. ", "In the American, Bugs Baer went overboard and noted, none too delicately \"But how that gorilla glanded baby can whamm that Spalding [sic] pebble!... ", "Ruth has stung many a homer at the Polo Grounds, but more in sorrow than in anger. ", "Now everything he slams... will be all velvet.\" ", "Guys like Baer and Westbrook Pegler and Damon Runyon, who later wrote the show Guys and Dolls, bridged the gap between the baseball world and Broadway.", "\n\nIn Boston, that had been a cause of concern about Frazee, but in New York it was accepted, the line between sports and entertainment already blurred, burgeoning celebrity culture an umbrella already covering each pursuit. ", "In Boston, they wrote about baseball in terms of Fenway Park, and what went on in the white lines. ", "In New York, the only borders that mattered were the circulation area, and with guys like Baer already syndicated all over the country, that meant almost everywhere. ", "Ruth hadn't played a second—hell, he hadn't even come to town yet—and just because he was going to play in New York he was already bigger than he ever had been in Boston, or would have been. ", "They had cartoons in the New York papers, too. ", "One in the New York Evening Journal showed him as a Colossus, looking benevolently down on his new city.", "\n\nIn New York, anyway, Yankee players sounded nearly as happy as the press. \"", "We'll sure make life miserable for those pitchers,\" said Ping Bodie to the Tribune. ", "Neither Ruppert nor Huston had to defend the deal. ", "It was the Yankees, after all. ", "They'd never won a pennant, they'd finished third in 1919 but had thoroughly collapsed the second half. ", "In a sense, they were beyond criticism. ", "Anything they did was fine with the press and their fans, as long as they did something.", "\n\nAnd the truth was that Ruth was joining a better team than the Red Sox. ", "The 1919 Yankees were ahead of their time and had led the league in home runs with 45. ", "Even according to the standards of the Dead Ball Era, the 1919 Sox had been rather pathetic. ", "Boston hit only four home runs all year clubbed by someone not named Ruth. ", "No one knew it yet, but that was no way to win anymore.", "\n\nThe only criticism that did come Ruppert's way was concerning the price he paid. ", "Oddly enough, in most reports in each city the price was announced as $125,000, a figure neither party bothered to correct but lingers to this day. ", "Even at that level, criticism was tempered. ", "Big money was everywhere in New York. ", "Millionaires lined Fifth Avenue. ", "In Boston, where the Brahmins on Beacon Hill pinched pennies, a dime left on the street was a sign of ultimate extravagance. ", "In New York, they dropped dollars and never bent to the ground.", "\n\nRuppert needed the good news, too. ", "The same day the Ruth sale hit the papers, a last-ditch effort to produce near beer, a low-alcohol brew of only 2.75 percent, was shot down by the courts. ", "Prohibition was two weeks away. ", "It was now baseball or nothing.", "\n\nThe only caution expressed anywhere, really, came from Grantland Rice, America's best-known sportswriter, whose syndicated column, \"The Sportlight,\" appeared in hundreds of newspapers all across the country. ", "Rice alone bothered to take the time to make even the most rudimentary analysis of Ruth's home runs, and he alone noticed something. ", "Rice noted Ruth's three notable home run lapses in 1919, the first lasting 37 days early in the year when he slumped badly, the second of 16, and another in September, of 12 days. \"", "Just what homerless germ became installed in his batting eye is not known,\" he wrote. \"", "The ways of genius are beyond any cold, scientific analysis.\" ", "The Yankees hoped that observation was true.", "\n\nFor the time being Ruth remained in California and Huggins took his time returning as well. ", "Meanwhile, lacking access to the player or the manager, the New York press focused on where Ruth would play, something that Ruppert and Huston left hanging. ", "Tellingly, they had not abandoned the idea that he might do some pitching—the rotation was a weak spot. ", "In the Tribune, W. J. Macbeth wrote that \"Babe is willing to 'double in the brass,' i.e. take his regular turn in the box when he is not cavorting elsewhere.\" ", "But unless there was a trade or some other transaction, just where that elsewhere would be was of some concern.", "\n\nEven though Barrow gushed to the New York papers that first base was Ruth's natural position, that was out. ", "Wally Pipp was considered one of the better first baseman in the league, both at the bag and at the plate. ", "Left field was a possibility, but not only was that Duffy Lewis's spot, but as Macbeth noted, at the Polo Grounds, \"Left field is a terrific sun field... and orbs as precious as those sported by Mr. Ruth should scarcely be expected to be placed under unnecessary strain.\" ", "Right field was out, he argued \"because unless the fences are moved back... he is likely soon to exercise the ambulances,\" as Ruth was known to forget about fences when playing the outfield. ", "Still, it was crowded out there, with Lewis, center fielder Ping Bodie, Sammy Vick, the rookie Meusel, and now Ruth. ", "But make no mistake: there would be a spot for Ruth somewhere. ", "A giant contract ensured that.", "\n\nBefore Ruth returned east, however, he—or more likely, Igoe or a Boston sportswriter working on their behalf—decided to throw a few bombs Frazee's way. ", "After all, Ruth still hadn't officially signed with the Yankees, despite Huggins indicating that they had come to an agreement. ", "The criticism from Frazee stung, and Igoe was also likely feeling the heat from his Boston friends for helping steer Ruth down to New York Harbor. ", "Thus far, Ruth had stayed rather quiet. ", "He didn't like the way that story in The Sporting News had taken him to task for having such a high opinion of himself.", "\n\nRuth struck back in the papers in both cities, claiming that he had always hustled but \"Frazee is not good enough to own any ball club.\" ", "Ruth apparently forgot about the raises he had gotten after jumping the club, and now complained that he had to buy his wife's ticket on Babe Ruth Day and claimed that all he had received from Frazee was a cigar. ", "He couldn't keep his mouth closed and ended the screed by telling everyone he intended to change his batting style, choke up and go for base hits in 1920 instead of home runs.", "\n\nIt was a telling exchange... and the kind Ruth would soon stop engaging in, more or less. ", "Anytime he got into a public spat in the newspapers, particularly over money, it made Ruth seem small, sometimes even petty, and cut across the image of the boyish, benevolent, freewheeling slugger without a care in the world. ", "In Boston, such back-and-forth exchanges had been part of the reason, anyway, that some had sided with Frazee. ", "When Ruth spoke out, he seemed to see everything through a lens that included only himself, and platitudes about his team and teammates sometimes rang hollow. ", "In New York, he would soon start receiving better advice... and much better press.", "\n\nToday, he'd have shuffled off to New York almost immediately, glad-handing everybody and making sure he got off to a good start with local journalists, but he stayed in California with Igoe for the better part of a month, golfing in the sun. ", "When he came back, he went first to Boston, mostly for the money, making an appearance at a testimonial dinner in his honor and picking up some spare change making small promotional appearances while sniping at Frazee. ", "He and Igoe wanted part of his purchase price from the Yankees—they figured about 10 or 20 percent was about right, another $10,000 or $20,000. ", "But Frazee had no obligation, legal or moral, to give Ruth part of the sale price. ", "He was property. ", "All ballplayers were.", "\n\nWhile Ruth took his time packing, Huggins finally made it back from California, and entertained everyone with tales of Ruth, whom he said he planned to play in right field and that all the talk that Ruth would change his batting style was \"bosh.\" ", "And sadly, one lineup problem soon solved itself. ", "Yankee third baseman Frank \"Home Run\" Baker, who before Ruth had passed for a power hitter in the AL, leading the league in home runs three years in a row while with the A's from 1912 through 1914, never striking more than 12 in a season, announced he would retire from the game. ", "His decision had nothing to do with Ruth, however. ", "His wife contracted scarlet fever and died, and his two infant daughters were ill. ", "Although he eventually reconsidered and returned in 1921, for 1920 that opened up a spot at third base, and Huggins indicated he intended to give Meusel a shot there.", "\n\nMoreover, there remained just one final battle with Johnson. ", "The Yankees filed a suit against him for $500,000, charging that he was trying to drive them from baseball by convincing the Giants to cancel their lease, leading the Insurrectos to reinvigorate the notion of their Pipe Dream League. ", "When the American League meetings resumed on February 10, it was all Sturm und Drang and tumult and shouting. ", "By now, even the Loyal Five were getting weary of Johnson, who seemed unable to keep the league free of litigation. ", "Everyone was exhausted, sick and tired of the whole mess, but the lawsuit was not frivolous and the Yankees had some evidence, enough to force a settlement. ", "Even Johnson's supporters were tired of going to court.", "\n\nOver the course of one very long day and into the night, the various factions pounded out an agreement. ", "Mays was officially reinstated. ", "The Yankees were awarded third place. ", "The league created a two-man \"board of review\" that included Ruppert to dispense fines and penalties, stripping Johnson of significant power. ", "If they couldn't reach a consensus, a judge would decide. ", "In exchange, the Insurrectos agreed to drop all their lawsuits and legal actions against Johnson and the league. ", "The Yankees estimated their battles had cost them $60,000. ", "Frazee was probably on the hook for a similar amount, but the war was all but over. ", "Johnson had been defeated. ", "Before the year was out, he would be rendered almost completely powerless, deposed almost completely.", "\n\nRuth spent the next month settling his affairs in Boston and preparing to come to New York, arriving just a day before the whole club was scheduled to head south for spring training.", "\n\nTo this point, Ruth had come to Manhattan only as a visitor. ", "Now, he was coming as the Home Run King, ready to claim a new capital.", "\n\nNeither New York, Babe Ruth, nor the game of baseball would ever be the same again.", "\n\nThe \"Infant Swatigy\"\n\n\"Everybody interested or connected with baseball in New York has been building castles in the air for the Yankees with Babe Ruth the Foundation. ", "It would be a terrible state of affairs, therefore, if Ruth should fail to come through with the usual home run wallops, would it? ", "But stranger things have happened.\"", "\n\n—The Sporting News\n\nOn February 28, 1920, Babe Ruth arrived in New York for the first time as a member of the New York Yankees.", "\n\nHe breezed into the Yankee offices on 42nd Street all bluster and bravado, handing out cigars, talking a mile a minute, greeting everybody and forgetting who they were a half a second later. ", "Huston and Ruppert, were waiting to meet him, as was Huggins. ", "Ruth would play under the terms of his old contract with the Red Sox, for $10,000 a year, but a side deal consisting of bonuses over the next two years totaling another $20,000 would bring his annual salary up to that amount. ", "After a round of pleasantries, they all took off for Pennsylvania Station, where their train to Jacksonville, Florida, was scheduled to leave at 6:20 p.m.\n\nRuth entered Penn Station the same way he entered the Yankee offices, full of swagger, coat trailing behind him, a porter straining under the weight of his bags, which included his ever-present set of golf clubs, the press and a growing entourage of New Yorkers pressing close and trying to keep up with what was already the most exciting thing in the most exciting city that day. ", "Ruth noticed one thing straight off: this was not Boston. ", "Although he had been to New York, it was different now.", "\n\nHe soon realized that some of the freedoms he'd enjoyed as a member of the Red Sox were no longer available. ", "In Boston, although he'd been somewhat confined by the town, he'd had it easy with the press. ", "They had grown up together, more or less, and Ruth's relationship was pretty free and easy. ", "They asked a few questions, he answered, and that was that.", "\n\nNow, almost every New York paper had someone on the train and everyone wanted to talk and ask questions and then ask the same questions again. ", "He would eventually get used to it, and the New York press would eventually become his greatest protector, but at first it was a little much, like flies buzzing around his head all day. ", "A later account, undoubtedly ghostwritten by one of those same writers, likely Westbrook Pegler, who by the end of the year would write Ruth's 80,000-word autobiography without hardly using a single word Ruth uttered, nevertheless captured some of Ruth's concern. \"", "After we got away for the spring training, I found myself up against something that puzzled me a lot more than Walter Johnson's speed or Eddie Cicotte's snake ball. ", "This was the sport writer. ", "They asked me all kinds of things about my bat and how I held it and how I swung it; they wanted to look at my eyes and one fellow got me to strip off my shirt to give my back muscles the once over. ", "At first I thought they were kidding me, but it didn't do me any good to find out they weren't.\"", "\n\nHe had to get used to it. ", "In New York, everything was bigger, brighter, and more intense. ", "Of course, there were benefits to that, as well. ", "New York was eight times the size of Boston and there was more of everything, women, bootleg liquor, money, and speakeasies. ", "Put it this way: New York already had the biggest ballpark (the Polo Grounds) and tallest building in the world (the fifty-seven-story Woolworth Building). ", "Fenway Park was in shambles and the Custom Tower, less than 500 feet in height, would remain Boston's tallest building until 1964. ", "Culturally, economically, and in every other way imaginable, New York had surpassed Boston. ", "Getting Ruth was just more evidence that was so.", "\n\nStill, Ruth had his usual round of fun on the train ride down, and arrived in Jacksonville on March 1, one of twenty-two Yankees on hand for the start of spring training. ", "The Yankees worked out at Barrs Field, a rather common spring training park, featuring a small grandstand and ringed by a low fence plastered with advertisements, the dimensions of which are not precisely known. ", "Jacksonville itself, while not quite as torrid as Hot Springs, was not exactly a sleepy little town where they rolled up the sidewalks at dusk, either. ", "In the last decade, it had emerged as a popular resort town, easy to reach by boat or train from the Northeast in only a few days. ", "It even served as the winter home for what remained of the silent picture industry on the East Coast.", "\n\nRuth spent relatively little time at the Hotel Burbridge, where the team boarded while in town. ", "Most of the time, his teammates saw him leave in the late afternoon and then didn't see him again until breakfast, although they usually figured out where he'd been pretty quick—the straw hat Ruth wore everywhere but the ballfield hardly rendered him anonymous, and made his more sophisticated teammates, wise to the ways of Manhattan, see him as something of a rube. ", "Helen Ruth was back in Massachusetts and Ruth had yet to work out the same kind of ruse concerning his night hours with Huggins as he had with Barrow. ", "Yet already he was going his own way, a member of the team, but not a part of it like the other guys, already a law unto himself. ", "He just went out and stayed out and nobody bothered to tell him anything different. ", "On the Red Sox, that had eventually caused trouble. ", "On the Yankees, so far nobody said anything\n\nLittle wonder where he went. ", "Jacksonville's Houston Street was notorious for its bordellos, which operated more or less openly from the 1880s into the 1960s—the poet and novelist Stephen Crane's wife, Cora, owned one. ", "And Pablo Beach was where everyone went to catch the sun or spend time in the cabarets. ", "In short, there was plenty of temptation for Ruth and the other Yankees in Jacksonville and the ball club had little trouble convincing them to show up on time. ", "Most raced down as fast as possible.", "\n\nUnfortunately—or fortunately, depending on your perspective—it was cold and damp that spring and except for their time on the field, most players found their pleasures indoors. ", "Of course, by then, liquor was illegal, something the players soon learned just made everyone a little more eager to drink it, and as the really illegal stuff started making the rounds, it was increasingly difficult to tell exactly what you were drinking or how powerful it was.", "\n\nOn Ruth's first day, while most of his teammates went to the ballpark, Ruth ignored the cold winds and went golfing instead—why get off on the right foot? ", "He was part of a threesome with teammates Bob Shawkey and Del Pratt, as a trio of pitchers, Ernie Shore, Hank Thormahlen, and George Mogridge, tagged along to keep score and carry the bags... as did a few members of the press. ", "Ruth must have been surprised the next day to see his golf game so closely scrutinized, written about more in a single day with the Yankees than it had been over the course of his whole career in Boston. ", "Bill Hanna of the New York Tribune noted that Ruth \"has a long drive but is not the phenomenal driver he is in baseball\" and added that \"inaccuracy handicapped him.\" ", "He even made mention of Ruth's attire—\"white flannels and a thin silk shirt\"—and added, \"The Babe has a new silk shirt for every day of the week.\"", "\n\nAnd that's who he was now in New York: the Babe. ", "Not George, not \"Babe\" Ruth, but more often simply the Babe.", "\n\nLater that night at the hotel and at the ballpark the next day, he officially met many of his teammates, garrulous outfielder Ping Bodie taking him around. ", "Of course, he had played against most of them, and with guys like Shore and Mays, so it wasn't as if he was walking into alien territory. ", "Besides, once he got to the ballpark, Ruth always felt at home.", "\n\nHe pulled on the Yankee pinstripes for the first time on the afternoon of March 2, skipping the optional morning workout so as not to set a dangerous precedent of being on time. ", "Wrote Damon Runyon of the New York American, \"the first official motion\" of Huggins \"was to flatwheel around the behemoth,\" and get a good look at his new prize. ", "The same could be said of the press. ", "Over the course of spring training, they, too, \"flatwheeled\" around Ruth. ", "He was the main reason they were there; as Runyon later explained to readers, they wrote so much about Ruth because \"all our life we have been so poor and Babe cost so much that even to talk about him gives us a wealthy feeling.\" ", "Guys like Bugs Baer, assigned that spring to cover the Giants, who were training in Gainesville, felt left out. ", "Being around Ruth meant a party was never far off.", "\n\nHe took batting practice, and everyone crowded around to watch. ", "In fact, it can probably be said with some certainty that more people saw Babe Ruth bat in person during his career than any other ballplayer ever, for in Ruth's time batting practice usually took place in public before crowds with the gates already open, unlike today when more teams take batting practice out of the public eye. ", "Anytime Ruth held a bat in his hand, almost everyone stopped to watch.", "\n\nOn this day, however, as one paper reported, \"he hit them rather high than far,\" failing to reach the fence, or as Runyon put it, \"There was no excessive Babe Ruthing during the afternoon.\" ", "Then again, Ruth was using his spring training bat, all 54 ounces of it, preferring the workout provided by the extra weight. ", "He then enthusiastically took fielding practice, yelling at Bodie, who was slapping him infield grounders to \"Hit 'em harder, hit 'em harder!\"", "\n\nThis was to be no repeat of spring in Tampa, where Ruth hit everything but the oranges on the trees. ", "He began like it was the regular season and stopped hitting from the start. ", "A lot of Yankees were finding the fences to their liking—even Carl Mays was knocking them out—and in 1920 everybody seemed to notice a difference in the ball. ", "Old Cy Young, winner of 511 games and only retired a decade, made the rounds that spring and later noted, \"When I had a chance to take a gander at that lively ball shortly before the '20 season began, my first thoughts were that I was sure glad I was retired.\" ", "Of course, under the new rules the ball was also dry and pitchers were no longer allowed to scuff it, cut it, sand it, shine it, or do anything else that made it dart erratically over the plate.", "\n\nThey weren't doing much of that in batting practice, anyway, but it didn't matter much to Ruth. ", "Regardless what they threw to him, he wasn't hitting it. ", "In the first intra-squad game, the Yannigans vs. the Regulars, Ruth came up twice with men on base and Mogridge, a back-of-the-rotation starter hardly known for his strikeout ability, got Ruth both times on curveballs and he popped up in a third at bat. ", "Not to worry, cautioned the press, \"The Babe simply isn't in slugging trim.\"", "\n\nRuth started to press. ", "Two days later, on March 12, in another contest against the Yannigans, only one day before their spring opener against Brooklyn, who also trained in Jacksonville, Ruth had another bad day. ", "The ball club even brought out what one special correspondent termed \"a bagful of Babe's own special fence wrecking brand of ordnance.\" ", "Presumably, they were referring to a new bag of balls, but perhaps there actually were juiced balls made just for Ruth to crack home runs and entertain crowds. ", "On this day, it didn't matter, as all Ruth could do was pop up.", "\n\nHe was getting frustrated and tossed his bat into the weeds. ", "It showed in the field, too, as he threw to the wrong base. ", "Sniffed the Times, \"his fielding is decidedly good but his batting continues to be poor.\" ", "When people were making more of Ruth's fielding rather than his hitting, something was wrong. ", "Huggins, afraid of putting him in proximity to any kind of wall or fence, was trying him out in center field. ", "Although Ruth ran well for his size, he hardly had the speed for the position.", "\n\nLargely, however, the press held back. ", "They weren't down there to rip Ruth before the season started. ", "That wasn't going to do anyone any good. ", "But the truth was that Ruth was terrible thus far. ", "He hadn't even hit a home run in batting practice. ", "A year earlier, against live pitching, he'd hit seven in 10 at bats.", "\n\nHis slump continued when the Yankees started playing exhibitions, first with Brooklyn, and then in Miami, where they met the Cincinnati Reds, the newly crowned champions of the baseball. ", "The Yankees returned to Jacksonville feeling pretty good, rapping the Reds 9–0 on March 16 behind five innings of shutout ball from Bob Shawkey—one of those \"10-cent\" players Barrow wasn't interested in, then coming from behind to beat them again 7–4.", "\n\nWell, everyone was feeling good but Ruth. ", "He went hitless in the first game, \"his swings cutting the air with a mighty swish,\" according to one report, and showed up for game two clearly under the weather, which meant under the lingering influence of some good Cuban rum currently flooding the city. ", "He did manage a hit in the second game, his double starting the Yankee rally, but it was hardly the kind of hit the Colonels were playing $20,000 for, a hard ground ball that caromed off the shins of Reds first baseman Jake Daubert and then into no-man's-land in center field. ", "Ruppert was none too pleased with Ruth's headache and promised the Yankees would never play another game in Miami.", "\n\nIt was seventeen long days, and hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of batting practice swings before Ruth finally broke through. ", "Even then, it came not in a game, but in practice, against a pitcher, Mario De Vitalis, on a brief tryout with the Yankees, someone who not only never made the major leagues, but pitched only two seasons in the minors. ", "And, oh yeah, the wind was blowing so hard that Huggins canceled an intra-squad game scheduled for the afternoon.", "\n\nNevertheless, the papers finally had something to trumpet, and Ruth's home run, hit to dead center field where it allegedly landed 50 feet beyond a fence 428 feet from home plate, led everybody's coverage. ", "The Times even said, \"Ruth figures it's the second hardest he ever hit,\" comparing it to his \"550 foot\" blast in Tampa.", "\n\nDamon Runyon could hardly contain himself... or find the words, writing \"What a swat it was. ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "My! ", "Plumb over.\" ", "For the record, a blast worthy of 18 \"Mys.\" ", "Had it landed atop the fence in right field, wobbled a bit, and then dropped over due to a housefly giving it a push he'd have been no less enthusiastic. ", "It's what the people wanted.", "\n\nBut Ruth still wasn't happy. ", "He wasn't right and he knew it. ", "One day later the Yankees played the Robins in an exhibition. ", "Ruth managed a single and even stole a base, but he also struck out twice, this time against real pitching.", "\n\nOut in the left field bleachers, a fan had been letting Ruth have it all afternoon, calling him, in the newspaper's delicate euphemism, \"a big piece of cheese,\" likely referring to something with a more striking odor. ", "He was particularly brutal after the last strikeout, and when the Yankees came in to bat in the ninth inning, Ruth decided he'd had enough.", "\n\nHe stalked down the line toward his tormentor, matching him word for word, and when the fan challenged Ruth to come into the stands, Ruth vaulted over the barricade and started after him. ", "As he did, his nemesis pulled a knife.", "\n\nErnie Shore, sitting in street clothes in the stands nearby, jumped to Ruth's defense and quickly got between Ruth and the knife. ", "The situation rapidly defused, but if not for Shore's quick thinking, Ruth could have gotten hurt.", "\n\nIt was just the kind of thing that had worried Frazee, that worried everyone invested in Ruth. ", "Could he keep himself under control? ", "Huston watched the whole thing, and after the game was none too pleased. \"", "That kind of stuff has to be stopped right away,\" he said. \"", "If criticism down here gets under Ruth's skin what will he do in the big league parks?\"", "\n\nRuth left March just as he entered it, all lamb and no lion. ", "So far, he had been a colossal bust. ", "When the Yankees first arrived in town, every fence board and light pole was plastered with notices of Ruth's arrival, an invitation to come out to the park and see \"the Home Run King.\" ", "By April, those posters were tattered and no one was bothering to replace them. ", "Jacksonville fans had turned out in droves for the first games, but with only a few days remaining before the Yankees broke camp to spend the better part of two weeks barnstorming north, enthusiasm had damped considerably.", "\n\nIt was April Fool's Day before Ruth hit another home run. ", "Fans had to be reminded that it wasn't a joke, but had really happened, as the Yankees beat Brooklyn 6–2 in their seventh meeting of the spring.", "\n\nThey were still settling into their seats when Ruth came up in the first with a man on third. ", "Al Mamaux threw a ball shoulder high and as William Macbeth described it, \"he leaned against it.... There was the usual sharp crack of the bat, the usual hurtling of the ball, the usual craning of the necks.\" ", "It was a home run, what the papers called the first in a game ever hit at Barrs Field.", "\n\nHi Myers, Brooklyn's center fielder, cooperated. ", "When he reached the place at the fence where the ball passed over, he scratched a Big X in the wood, as Runyon noted, at \"The approximate point of exodus of the pill,\" to commemorate Ruth's blast. ", "As if inspired, Ruth played his best ball of the spring the rest of the game, making two fine running catches. ", "The New York Daily News breathlessly announced, \"all doubt as to whether batterin' behemoth Babe Ruth has lost his batting eye was dispelled today.\" ", "Speculation immediately centered on whether the ball would have made the center field bleachers at the Polo Grounds, but no one at the time was certain exactly how far from home that was—the Times said 385 feet, and estimated Ruth's drive at 415.", "\n\nYou could almost hear the relief. ", "The Daily News, only one year old and the latest arrival on the street in New York's newspaper wars, had bet heavily on Ruth. ", "The tabloid didn't just want him to succeed; like Ruppert, they needed him to. ", "In a first, and as a measure of the impact Ruth was expected to have on circulation, they had assigned a single reporter, Marshall Hunt, to cover Ruth. ", "He was the beat, the ballplayer, and not his team. ", "Hunt was to write about Ruth, and only Ruth, every day. ", "That had never happened before, and hardly ever since, a situation more akin to the recent assignments of some Japanese reporters covering stars like Ichiro Suzuki and Hideki Matsui. ", "There was the full expectation that more people would be interested in the Babe than they would be in the Yankees.", "\n\nThat was starting to appear to be the case. ", "Although the Yankees were playing well, \"the old hoodoo\" had also taken hold. ", "Baker was gone, and he was soon joined by infielder Chick Fewster, who was beaned and fractured his skull. ", "Players were beginning to notice that not only did the new ball travel farther, but when it hit you now, it really stung. ", "Bob Meusel was looking pretty good at third, and hitting better than any man on the team, including Ruth, but all was not well on the good ship Yankee. ", "There was almost an insurrection.", "\n\nSecond baseman Del Pratt took offense at the distribution of third place money from the year before, which had finally been released by the National Commission and earned each veteran of 1919 another 450 some odd dollars. ", "He had learned that several nonplayers and a few players he felt undeserving had been awarded shares, and Pratt got everyone all riled up about it. ", "The Colonels eventually reached into their own pockets to make up the difference, each player getting an additional $37, but so much for team camaraderie. ", "Ruth, once again, stayed out of it. ", "He was new to the team, it wasn't his battle, and he stuck his neck out for no one but himself.", "\n\nEveryone hoped the hit would prove to be the finger pulled from the dike that sparked the deluge; the press was getting a little tired of having to make things up about Ruth. ", "Unfortunately, that wasn't the case. ", "The home runs that had come so easily just a few months before, in 1919, were now somehow out of reach. ", "When Ruth came to bat, it was as if all the fences had been moved back.", "\n\nThe Yankees broke camp on April 4, leaving Jacksonville by train with the Robins, as the two clubs planned to play their way north, with two dates in South Carolina, one each in North Carolina and Virginia, then spending a weekend in Brooklyn before the Yankees opened the season in Philadelphia against the A's. ", "Perhaps Ruth would get hot on the way, just as he had in Baltimore the previous year.", "\n\nHe did and he didn't. ", "By the time the games started, the tickets were already sold and what Ruth did didn't matter much to the Robins, who were likely a little tired of all the attention Ruth and the Yankees were getting, whether Ruth hit a home run or not, and they pitched around him when they could. ", "But sometimes they missed.", "\n\nIn Winston-Salem, North Carolina, hometown of Ernie Shore, the two teams squared off on a temporary field tucked onto a fairgrounds, a racehorse track beyond the outfield, far in distance. ", "Nearly 6,000 fans turned out for the game, and before it even started the umpires decided the overflow crowd required a special set of ground rules. ", "Since there was no fence, any ball hit into the crowd strung behind the ropes would be a ground rule double. ", "It wouldn't matter how far Ruth hit one; a ball hit half a mile would only count as a double.", "\n\nHe didn't do it all at once, but cumulatively, he came close. ", "Amid a swirling wind kicking up dust devils in the infield, Ruth hit one the Tribune described as \"so far over the heads of the people in left center it cleared both fences of the half-mile race track.\" ", "Ernie Shore's cousin, K. E. Shore, promised to mark it off the next day, but the estimate was almost 600 feet. ", "Later in the game Ruth hit another, shorter blast for another double that still would have made the stands at the Polo Grounds, and then in the ninth inning hit one even farther down the line in right, only to have the umpire call it foul, which sent the crowd howling. ", "The press didn't hold back: \"BABE RUTH ROBBED OF TRIO OF HOMERS,\" read the headline, although they wisely neglected to mention the wind. ", "Why ruin a good story? ", "Besides, both clubs would be in New York in a few days and there were still tickets to sell there.", "\n\nAfter one more game, in Lynchburg, Virginia, accented by a Ruth triple, the teams made it to Brooklyn. ", "There was a time when you could have made a lot of money on a bet that asked the question \"Where in New York did Babe Ruth play his first game as a Yankee?\" ", "The answer isn't Yankee Stadium, which did not yet exist, or the Polo Grounds, but Brooklyn's Ebbets Field in the first of two exhibition games on April 11, 1920.", "\n\nNow that Ruth was in New York, the struggles that the newspapers had done their best to bury were forgotten. ", "In the Tribune, Bill McGeehan warned baseball that given the \"war between the Yankees and Ban Johnson,\" the rumors of scandal percolating about the 1919 World Series, and the \"spirit of Bolshevism\" among the players, the health of the game was at stake.", "\n\nThe solution was already in town. ", "No less an authority than the New York Times beat the drum for Ruth. ", "In an un-bylined opinion piece entitled \"Baseball Park, a Stronghold of Free Speech,\" the author concluded:\n\nThe paper chronicles every move of Babe Ruth. ", "The public reads that he is a big overgrown irresponsible boy. ", "The sporting page tells us just what an odd duck he is. ", "He pokes the ball harder and further than any of the sluggers of bygone days. ", "Naturally there are any number of men who would willingly pass up an important business engagement to get a peek at an individual so important. ", "What better excuse for taking the afternoon off? ", "That is what many a man is looking for on hot afternoons in Summer.", "\n\nIn Brooklyn, anyway, a capacity crowd decided \"Why wait till summer?\" ", "and a raucous 15,000 jammed the ballpark to see Ruth. ", "No one else even mattered.", "\n\nFrom the start, Ruth had their full attention, first in the form of raspberries and insults as they gave a Brooklyn welcome to the big star. ", "He hit fourth, played center field, and came up in the first with Roger Peckinpaugh on second base, facing pitcher Sherry Smith. ", "The crowd howled, half hoping to see Ruth bust one out, and lacking that, at least strike out. ", "That's the way it was with Ruth, all or nothing, and anything in between, be it a ground ball, a single, or a triple, somehow seemed a disappointment.", "\n\nThis time he disappointed, lofting a routine fly ball to right field, only this being Ruth, the routine often became something else again. ", "Amid the howling of the crowd, neither outfielder Hi Myers nor Bernie Neis could hear the other calling for the ball. ", "Both played spectator and watched the ball drop for a single as Ruth laughed his way to first. ", "Later in the game, as the Yankees rolled to an 11–0 win, Ruth tripled off the wall in deep left center, and walked twice. ", "Nevertheless, he received the biggest cheer, termed a \"joyous moment\" in one account, when he struck out.", "\n\nBut the big news came with two out in the ninth. ", "Hi Myers rolled a slow ground ball to Del Pratt at second base. ", "He bent to field it, missed, and by the time he looked up, half of Brooklyn was on the diamond.", "\n\nAssuming the game was over, much of the crowd vaulted onto the field. ", "Most of them made their way toward Ruth.", "\n\nHe wasn't in any danger. ", "They just wanted to see him up close, hear him talk, slap his back, walk the same earth and breathe the same air he did. ", "For a moment, the umpires tried to clear the field, but it was impossible, the fans weren't leaving until Ruth did. ", "After a short consultation with Huggins and Brooklyn manager Will Robinson, they called the game.", "\n\nThey managed to finish the next one the following day—this time Ruth only managed a single—and then the Yankees prepared to leave for Philadelphia. ", "Ruth had been a little overwhelmed by the move to New York, but not so much that he hadn't managed to improve his lodgings. ", "In Boston, he kept a reasonably sized apartment on Commonwealth Avenue, close enough to Fenway he could walk. ", "In New York, he secured an eight-room apartment at the luxurious residential Hotel Ansonia on the Upper West Side, on Broadway between 73rd and 74th Streets.", "\n\nFor Ruth, only a few years removed from the dormitory at St. Mary's, it was quite a step up. ", "The Beaux Arts building featured a Parisian mansard roof, once had a rooftop farm, and was the first air-conditioned building in New York, turrets reaching to the sky on every corner. ", "He wasn't the only ballplayer in the building, either. ", "The White Sox' Chick Gandil kept a place there, as well. ", "And it was only a quick drive to the Polo Grounds, although there were beginning to be so many cars in New York there was no such thing as a quick drive anymore, but Ruth couldn't risk the subway. ", "In the daytime, he was impossible to miss. ", "At night, he could move around more or less anonymously, but in the daylight it was already hard for him and getting harder.", "\n\nHe was only twenty-five years old, but it seemed as if he had been around almost forever. ", "It was as if the entire sport, the entire nation had been waiting for him and hadn't even realized it until he'd shown up.", "\n\nHe was unmistakable. ", "Like no one else. ", "And he hadn't even played an official game yet as a Yankee.", "\n\nA New Day\n\n\"You've probably heard the good news by now, but if you haven't here's our lay: Babe Ruth went on a batting spree in Harlem Hollow.\"", "\n\n—Damon Runyon, New York American\n\nRuth had little time to settle in to New York before boarding the train with his teammates for Philadelphia. ", "Once they arrived, things did not quite go as planned.", "\n\nIt was cold in Philadelphia and chilly, but sunny. ", "Still, 12,000 fans turned out for Opening Day to watch their ball club, which had finished last in 1919 and was little better in 1920. ", "Most of the crowd abandoned the grandstand for the bleachers before the game even if they paid for more expensive seats. ", "Part of the reason was the sun, which made it warmer out there than huddled in the shade of the stands, but the other reason was Ruth. ", "From the bleachers you could see him up close, and there was always the chance he would hit one in your lap. ", "It wasn't until Ruth and the lively ball, after all, that it made any sense for young boys to bring their gloves to ballgames. ", "Ruth debuted for the Yankees playing center field and hitting fourth.", "\n\nEverything started out swell. ", "During batting practice, he dropped three balls over the fence as if on command and fans looked forward to more of the same once the game began.", "\n\nThey got it in the first inning, not off the bat of Ruth but the hitter that preceded him, Wally Pipp. ", "If Ruth was having a hard time finding his range with the lively baseball, the same could not be said of many of his teammates and others in the league.", "\n\nThey had all noticed—it was hard not to. ", "The ball jumped off the bat in ways it never had, or at least in ways they had not noticed until the second half of the 1919 season. ", "Now everyone was starting to realize this was a permanent change, and not just due to the vagaries of manufacturing after the war. ", "Once Ruth got going, there would be no turning back.", "\n\nIt wasn't just the home run that Ruth was popularizing. ", "He was also taking the stigma out of the strikeout. ", "Even before the pitching distance settled in at 60 feet, 6 inches and pitchers started throwing overhand, the strikeout had been considered the ultimate embarrassment, the batting equivalent of tripping over a base or throwing the ball over the backstop, something to be avoided at almost any cost. ", "Guys like Joe Jackson, Ty Cobb, and others took pride on keeping their strikeouts down to only 20 or 30 a season. ", "It was considered better to ground out, pop out, or fall prostrate over the plate and fake a heart attack than strike out.", "\n\nNot anymore. ", "Fans found Ruth's strikeouts exciting—and he didn't much care if he struck out, either. ", "Ruth figured it was all part of the process, one that might result in a home run the next time. ", "Every swing and miss resulted in a correction in the following at bat.", "\n\nNo one paid closer attention to that than Ruth's Yankee teammates. ", "He was conducting a clinic in a new way of hitting every time he picked up the bat. ", "Not worrying about strikeouts gave them license to swing and swing hard. ", "And they did. ", "As a team, even without Ruth's contribution, their strikeouts would skyrocket in 1920, but so would their power and number of long hits. ", "The same would hold true for almost every other team.", "\n\nThe crowd buzzed as Pipp toured the bases, and it buzzed some more when Ruth stepped in, but he could only manage a sharp single. ", "His next time up, he again drew the biggest cheer of the day with—what else?—a strikeout. ", "Entering the eighth inning the score was tied 1–1 as Shawkey of the Yankees and the A's Scott Perry were each on their game.", "\n\nThen Shawkey wobbled, giving up a couple of base hits. ", "One runner was cut down at home, but with two outs Joe Dugan lifted a fly ball to center field.", "\n\n\"The situation,\" offered the Daily News the next day, \"was much like the climax of a novel for school boys in which a college hero catches the ball and by a phenomenal heave chucks the pellet home and then by a series of clever plays the college nine is terribly defeated.\" ", "But that didn't happen. ", "Ruth circled under the ball... and dropped it. ", "Both runners scored and Ruth cost the Yankees a win in his very first official appearance as the A's held on 3–1.", "\n\nIt didn't help when Ruth followed that performance by striking out three times the next day. \"", "The crowd went wild,\" reported the Tribune. \"", "To see the prince of all sluggers breeze three times is something hostile fans has hardly dared hope for.\" ", "In Philadelphia, they knew they wouldn't have much more to cheer about. ", "To top it off, before the game Ruth had been called to the plate and awarded a small brown derby hat before he then went out and completed the \"hat trick.\" ", "Some start.", "\n\nSo far, the Babe was hardly worth the ballyhoo, but largely the poison pens in the press held their tongues. ", "It rained the next two days, giving Ruth a reprieve, and he may have been heartened to return to Boston, where the Red Sox, according to tradition, celebrated Patriots' Day, a local holiday commemorating the battles of Lexington and Concord, with a doubleheader and the Boston Marathon. ", "Frazee made it a split admission affair, one in the morning before the marathoners ran through nearby Governor's Square, and another in the afternoon. ", "Frazee wasn't about to miss the opportunity to take advantage of two potentially big crowds.", "\n\nSo far, the Red Sox were feeling pretty good about themselves, having opened the season with two wins over Washington, even hanging a loss on Walter Johnson. ", "And Frazee was feeling pretty good, too. ", "Ruth's rough spring had changed some minds in the local press, Johnson appeared defeated, and so far all the financial arrangements he hoped to make were moving along nicely. ", "My Lady Friends was nearing the end of its run but had grossed several hundred thousand dollars and earned Frazee a profit of at least $25,000—the exact figure is only known because the playwright later sued Frazee, charging he hadn't received his fair share. ", "Frazee was moving forward on the purchase of the Harris Theatre, and on March 8, he and Lannin had settled their suits against each other. ", "Before that, Lannin had slapped a lien on Frazee's holdings, which for a time even prevented him from making trades, but they'd now come to an agreement, allowing Frazee to move forward with his plans to take title to Fenway and then take out the mortgage from Ruppert. ", "In turn, Frazee had dropped his counterclaim over the indebtedness stemming from the Federal League suit. ", "Everything was rosy. ", "If Ruth came close to fulfilling his expectations for Ruppert, everyone would be happy.", "\n\nA huge crowd was expected for Ruth's return. ", "It was a holiday, and after all the hand-wringing over how much Ruth would be missed, there was every reason to expect the park to fill up twice. ", "The Marathon, of course, was an attraction, but it would still be possible to watch the morning game, dash out to watch the leaders plod and wheeze their way to the finish, and go back to Fenway and see Ruth a second time.", "\n\nThat's why it was a surprise when the morning crowd was so sparse. ", "By game time, only 6,000 or so fans filled the stands. ", "Some might have been put off by the early hours or the prospect of double admission, but the limits of the Boston market were also made clear: there just were not enough fans in Boston, and that was something even Ruth's popularity could not completely counteract.", "\n\nThen the game started and the Red Sox, as best described by Macbeth, \"took the Yankees—Babe Ruth and all—by the scruff of the neck and the seat of the trousers and tossed them right overboard like so many English tea chests.\" ", "In the Globe, Mel Webb took another view, noting that the Yankees, including ex-Sox Mays, Ruth, Lewis, and Shore, \"neither conquered nor celebrated.\" ", "Ruth received a nice hand from the crowd, but Waite Hoyt shut down the Yankees almost entirely.", "\n\nRuth knocked out two inconsequential hits, both of which would have been outs for any other player. ", "In the past, outfielders had stubbornly played Ruth too shallow. ", "Now they did the opposite. ", "Harry Hooper, in right field for Boston, stood almost with his back to the fence and caught each ball on the first bounce. ", "Had another player been at bat, Hooper would have been closer in and caught each for a fly ball out.", "\n\nThat's part of the reason Ruth's batting average soared. ", "Given the gloves outfielders used at the time, running catches almost always required the use of two hands. ", "It was almost impossible to make a one-handed catch over your head. ", "So when Ruth came to bat, outfielders were beginning to play him deep, far enough back if he hit one over their heads it would leave the park. ", "That left plenty of room in front for short flies and liners to find the ground for base hits. ", "No other player in baseball at the time had so much open space to work with, and Ruth took advantage of every square inch.", "\n\nThe crowd was bigger in the afternoon, as a near sellout variously described as between 22,000 and 28,000, fresh off watching Peter Trivoulides cross the finish line in Copley Square seconds under two and half hours, spun through the turnstiles. ", "Still, total turnout for the day was 20,000 or so below expectations. ", "The Yankees played as if anxious to leave and dropped game two as well, highlighted by the reception the Fenway crowd gave Carl Mays. ", "He was hissed and booed as a turncoat and quitter in what was described as the roughest reception an opposing player had ever received. ", "When he left the mound, he derisively tipped his cap.", "\n\nThey treated Ruth much better. ", "Each time he came to bat, fans allowed to stand up against the fence in center field scrambled back into the stands in fear of being struck by a batted ball. ", "They need not have bothered, as all he collected was another pointless hit.", "\n\nIt got no better for the Yankees the next day. ", "They dropped their third in a row to their Boston cousins, as this time Pennock kept them down. ", "Once again the crowd was small, only 5,800. ", "So much for Ruth as a drawing card in his old hometown. ", "He went hitless and failed to make solid contact, breaking his back, wrote Webb, \"chasing Pennock's slow rounders.\" ", "As if to rub it in, Ruth's replacement in left field for Boston, Mike Menosky, acquired in the Harper deal, collected three hits and knocked in the game-winner in the ninth. ", "The final game of the set was rained out, and the Yankees left for their home opener at the Polo Grounds in seventh place, 1–4, while the Red Sox led the American League. ", "Frazee might have been disappointed in the crowds—only about 40,000 for the three games—but the on-field results, at least, delivered a measure of joy.", "\n\nBack in New York, everyone acted as if the Yankees had simply been playing an extended exhibition schedule and now the real season was about to begin. ", "The papers expressed some concern over the Yankees, who just weren't playing well. ", "While noting that Ruth had yet to homer, there was no real concern over the slugger—yet.", "\n\nIt was a fine, sunny, warm day in New York on the morning of April 22, the sky a cloudless blue for Ruth's official debut in New York as a Yankee. ", "Expecting a big crowd, the gates at the Polo Grounds were unlocked at 12:30 for the 3:30 start, all the better to give the fans as much time as possible to gawk at Ruth and munch on overpriced peanuts.", "\n\nThere was perhaps no ballpark more beautiful on Opening Day than the Polo Grounds, at the time the largest, most spacious, and most ornate ballpark on the country. ", "The immense, double-decked concrete and steel grandstand, rebuilt after a fire burned down the original in 1911, stood before the rocky outcrop of Coogan's Bluff, the double-decked grandstand beginning halfway between the left field fence and the infield, wrapping around the playing area all the way to the right field corner. ", "In the outfield, expansive stands of bleachers enclosed the field entirely. ", "At intervals atop the grandstand were flags, and the second deck hung almost directly over the lower deck, giving the entire place something of a Globe Theatre feel and allowing fans to look nearly straight down upon the field. ", "It was 279 feet to the fence down the left field line and only 258 feet in right, but unless one hit the ball directly down the line, there were few cheap home runs at the Polo Grounds, for the fence angled sharply back and it was some 455 feet to the asymmetrical barrier in the deepest part of center field.", "\n\nThe facade of the upper deck was decorated in an ornate, bas relief, decorative frieze, and topped by carved eagles, while the lower deck facade featured eight shields, each one different from the other, representing the eight teams in the National League. ", "The field boxes were even modeled after the royal boxes at the Roman Colosseum. ", "With seating capacity of nearly 40,000, it was potentially the most lucrative ballpark in the world.", "\n\nIt also made a place like Fenway Park look like a dump. ", "On this day, it was even more magnificent, as bunting draped the stands, the sky overhead was a rich blue, and the entire field was bathed in sunshine, the grass an electric spring green. ", "For the opposition, it could be an intimidating place to play, but it had never bothered Ruth. ", "Now it was his home and all he needed to do to be installed as emperor was to hit some home runs. ", "He shone in the sun as he stood in the outfield warming up before the game, impossible to miss, every eye riveted on him.", "\n\nHis long hits while barnstorming through the Carolinas had quelled any rampant anxiety over his bat, but everybody would clearly feel better if he started knocking a few out, even in batting practice. ", "Because if anyone had been paying close attention, since the start of spring training Ruth had seen thousands of pitches in batting practice and hundreds in game situations. ", "He had hit a few home runs, and hit a few balls long, but with nothing like the frequency he had shown the last half of the 1919 season.", "\n\nSo what was it? ", "Well, with Ruth one can never be too certain, since whatever took place off the field usually stayed buried beneath bromides and other obfuscations, but it may have been as simple as he might have been feeling some pressure. ", "After all, he did have to move and had to take care of all the myriad changes in his life that required, while at the same time adjusting to new teammates and a level of scrutiny he had never before experienced. ", "Don't forget, until this point, his offensive performance had been an unexpected bonus. ", "Now, for the first time, he was expected to produce, expected to hit home runs, a very different situation. ", "There's a tendency to treat Ruth, as a person, as either a complete simpleton or someone utterly blind to his situation, and there are certainly elements of each in his character. ", "But he was also human.", "\n\nAnd let's not forget one thing more. ", "Ruth was playing a new position, center field, one that required more of him than either left field or first base ever had. ", "He was not a natural outfielder. ", "At St. Mary's he usually caught while not pitching—and as a professional, to this point, he had played only about a hundred games in the outfield. ", "Center field, given the ballparks of the era, presented a real challenge. ", "Play too deep, and balls dropped in; play too shallow, and if they went over your head they rolled forever. ", "It was easy to look bad and Ruth had struggled. ", "He wouldn't have been the first ballplayer to let his fielding concerns trouble him at the plate, or vice versa. ", "It may not have been any one thing that caused him to struggle, but a combination.", "\n\nRuth was a major investment—and a risk—and the Yankees were not stupid. ", "They hedged their bets and as soon as he was acquired had taken out a $150,000 insurance policy, payable if he was injured off the field and unable to play. ", "The only things that could mess that up was if Ruth broke a leg running the bases, got beaned, or ran into a fence.", "\n\nThe crowd started arriving early, and for a time it appeared as if the park would fill, but it was a weekday, after all, and despite Ruth, the Yankees were playing the A's, nearly the worst team in the game. ", "At full capacity, nearly 40,000 fans could squeeze inside, but on this day the crowd was closer to 25,000, still a good turnout, but not every seat was filled.", "\n\nMost wanted to see one thing, and one thing only, and that was a home run off the bat of Ruth, something of which he was surely aware, and probably feeling some pressure to produce, particularly after the debacle in Boston. ", "The press wouldn't play patty-cake with him forever. ", "Although Ruth's success was in everyone's self-interest, that could turn rather quickly. ", "If one writer got out the needle the others were certain to take a few stabs themselves.", "\n\nRuth stepped in for batting practice against pitcher Rip Collins and tried his best to please the crowd. ", "They cheered wildly as he waved his bat at the pitcher, screaming for Ruth to kill the ball, to murder one, making as loud a racket as they ever had in a game.", "\n\nCollins threw and Ruth took a big swing, missing, grunting out loud and twisting completely around. ", "Then he dropped the bat and grabbed at his right side. ", "He gingerly walked behind the batting screen, and the pain brought him to one knee. ", "His teammates rushed to his side and lifted him up, holding the big man and helping him walk to the bench. ", "Doc Woods, the Yankee trainer, dashed over and worked on Ruth's side for a few minutes, trying to massage away whatever ailment bothered him. ", "After a time, Ruth stood, grabbed his bat, and slowly walked back to the batting cage.", "\n\nHe took one swing, missed, then turned around and slowly walked back to the bench.", "\n\nAs the Times noted, \"the old hoodoo that has pursued the Yankees for ever so many years was again on deck and picked out the shining mark, Babe Ruth, for a target.\" ", "Something had pulled loose in his rib cage, affecting his follow-through, and as it did Ruth had also wrenched his troublesome left knee.", "\n\nHe insisted he could play, and as game time approached, Woods wrapped him in tape as best he could. ", "The Yankees didn't try to stop him from taking the field, even as he limped and grimaced around the dugout. ", "In fact, they may well have asked him to play in spite of the pain. ", "After all, if it was a serious injury, they couldn't file an insurance claim on anything that happened on the field. ", "Better to have him play through and then take a convenient tumble down a set of stairs.", "\n\nHe made it out to center field and through an uneventful top half of the first, but in the bottom half of the inning, shortstop Roger Peckinpaugh walked, and Wally Pipp, taking advantage of the better pitches he saw hitting in front of Ruth, doubled him home. ", "Up stepped Ruth with one out.", "\n\nMost of the crowd was still oblivious to what taken place, or if they were not, had been heartened by his appearance in the field. ", "An enormous roar surged through the stands.", "\n\nIt wasn't quite fair. ", "The A's Rollie Naylor could have rolled the ball to the plate and Ruth would have been just as helpless. ", "He swung hard at the first pitch, apparently figuring that if he had only one swing he night as well get as much out if it as possible, but he went down to one knee after taking the cut, and then had to hobble out of the batter's box, bent at the waist for a moment, before stepping in again.", "\n\nWhat followed was another swing, this time far more feeble, but one that once again caused him to step from the box as a wave of pain swept over his body. ", "One more swing sent him back to the bench with a strikeout in his first official home at bat for the Yankees.", "\n\nThis time the crowd cheered only in sympathy, for it was clear something was wrong. ", "In between innings, he trudged off the field to the clubhouse as the announcement \"Gleich takes Ruth's place\" echoed through the ballpark, the highlight of a very brief career for the new center fielder Frank Gleich. ", "New York went on to win 8–6, but the only news that mattered was Ruth.", "\n\nIt soon got worse. ", "While the Yankees and the \"Apathetics,\" as some members of the press called them, were rained out the following day, the Yankees sent Ruth to see the club physician. ", "He examined Ruth, X-rayed him, and the club announced that he had strained a muscle near the eleventh rib on his right side. ", "He would, said the doctor, be out of the lineup for as many as ten days. \"", "In this regard,\" wrote Bill McGeehan, \"it will not only be painful but serious to the gate receipts.\" ", "Ruth would recover, but with the Yankees scheduled to be at home another ten days for one of only eight home stands of the season, that had the potential of taking quite a hit out of the bottom line.", "\n\nBut this was 1920. ", "Medical treatment options were limited, but not nonexistent, and not completely ineffective. ", "Team trainers were reasonably adept in the use of liniments and rubdowns, and one can imagine that Doc Woods soon got to work on him. ", "They knew how to tape joints and muscles as well as to help prevent against sprains or aggravating existing injuries.", "\n\nAnd there were always drugs. ", "Not until the enforcement of the Harrison Act in the 1920s was there any real regulation of what drugs could be administered by doctors. ", "All sorts of medications now banned were still widely available, including most narcotics, and there was little concern about either the long- or the short-term impact of their use. ", "A surprising number of ballplayers before 1920 ended up addicted to opiates, most due to treatment of chronic pain from arm and leg injuries.", "\n\nWhatever the miracle was, a drug, a massage, a piece of tape, or something else altogether, Ruth surprised everyone when he returned to service only two days later against Washington, pinch-hitting and smacking a long flyout to center field. ", "New York won, and afterward Ruth reported happily, \"I swung as hard as I ever swung in my life and didn't feel the least twinge of pain.\" ", "Perhaps some old scar tissue had just broken loose. ", "Regardless, the Yankees were happy to have him back. ", "Without Ruth in the lineup you could sit wherever you wanted in the Polo Grounds—there were more than 30,000 empty seats.", "\n\nHe returned to the starting lineup on April 29, collecting single hits in the last two games of the month. ", "But in his absence, Miller Huggins made a subtle change. ", "To this point of the season, Ruth—when he was healthy—had played center, Duffy Lewis left, and Sammy Vick right field. ", "When Ruth returned from the pulled muscle, Huggins installed Ping Bodie in center and shifted Ruth to right. ", "Whether it was done to save his legs and keep pressure off his knee, or just because he was more comfortable in right (with the least amount of ground to cover in the Polo Grounds) is uncertain. ", "Huggins didn't reveal his thinking. ", "Whatever the reason, Ruth would primarily remain a right fielder for the rest of his career.", "\n\nThe switch would coincide with a deluge. ", "The Red Sox were coming to New York for five games. ", "By the time they left, it would be a different season, and a different game.", "\n\nMaking the Sale\n\n\"Was there ever a guy like Ruth? ", "As a matter of fact, there was never even a good imitation... he came to New York and took the cover off the siege gun.\"", "\n\n—Sportswriter John Kieran\n\nEntering May, Ruth's season and that of the Yankees was at a crossroads. ", "Ruth was hitting .226 in nine games with only a single extra base hit and one walk. ", "The only record he was pursuing was the strikeout mark. ", "With eight in 32 plate appearances, he was on pace to strike out more than 130 times for the season. ", "To date, no one had ever approached 100. ", "In nearly 600 appearances in 1919, Joe Jackson had struck out only 10 times and only 234 times for his entire career. ", "Strikeouts were okay only if they were countered by home runs.", "\n\nIt was even worse than that. ", "The Yankees were only 4–6, still in sixth place. ", "Boston? ", "Minus Ruth, they were a stellar 9–2. ", "The press was referring to them as the \"Ruthless\" Red Sox, fully aware of the irony the name entailed. ", "If there was truly a \"Ruthless\" team thus far, it had been the Yankees. ", "So far, Ruth had been a hit only at the box office, but if he didn't start banging the ball soon, one had to wonder how long that would last.", "\n\nFor Ruth, the 1920 season was shaping up as a repeat of 1919, only this time he was wearing pinstripes. ", "Once more, his slow start threatened to bury his team in the pennant race early, risking that whatever he did later in the season, no matter how spectacular, might be diminished. ", "He had been given a pass on that in 1919, but if the same thing happened in 1920 it was unlikely to go unnoticed a second time. ", "That was the problem with all the press in New York. ", "When they were on your side, it was grand, but they could also gang up on you. ", "More than one Yankee manager had felt their wrath.", "\n\nAlthough the Yankee–Red Sox rivalry was not as pronounced as it would later become, each team already considered the other its main rival. ", "The Ruth sale put an accent on that, at least in the minds of the fans. ", "For Boston, coming into New York in first place was a familiar feeling. ", "Since the founding of the American League the Red Sox, despite lacking the resources of New York City, had been the team the Yankees one day hoped to be, a champion and near annual contender. ", "So far, nothing had much seemed to change.", "\n\nIn game one, on April 30, it appeared as if that would hold. ", "Before a sizable weekday crowd of 8,000 who turned out despite intermittent showers, the Red Sox tried their best to put their foot on the Yankees' neck. ", "After all, a five-game sweep would virtually ruin New York, and put them in the same position the Red Sox had been a year ago, likely too far back to climb into the race.", "\n\nRuth did his best to prevent that in the first inning, cracking a single to knock in a run and give the Yankees the lead, but that was to be his only hit of the day. ", "Waite Hoyt settled down and Boston went to 10–2 for the season with a 4–2 win, as the Yankees fell to 4–7.", "\n\nThe only other notable occurrence came every time Ruth ran out to right field, and every time he ran back in. ", "In only his third appearance in the position at the Polo Grounds, fans packed the right field bleachers to get as close as possible, a disproportionate number compared to the rest of the stands. ", "Every time Ruth ran out to take his position, they cheered and applauded madly. ", "And every time he left them, they cheered again. ", "The same thing happened when he stepped out of the dugout, or into the batter's box, or scratched his nose. ", "He hadn't even done anything yet and was getting twenty or more standing ovations a day. ", "One writer termed it \"The Babe Ruth roar.... Down as far as 125th Street [in] Harlem folks can now tell when Ruth comes to bat. ", "The roar shakes the whole vicinity. ", "The fans roar for Babe to hit 'em and when he misses fire they roar because he didn't.\" ", "In this game, it was more the latter than the former.", "\n\nShawkey, the Yankees' ace, took the mound the next day, May Day. ", "Thus far, although he'd pitched well, he was 0–3—the Yanks had scored more than three runs only once all season. ", "Offense was up everywhere, it seemed, other than in the Polo Grounds. ", "Those Ruthless Red Sox, in contrast, were scoring runs at a frightening rate. ", "So far, they had been held to three runs or under only three times. ", "The rest of the time, they were clubbing teams to death like defenseless rabbits, and giving ammunition to those who still favored the scientific approach.", "\n\nThis, time, however, Shawkey was sharp from the start. ", "The only question was whether the Yankees could take advantage. ", "They scored one in the first—Ruth reached on a force-out, moved around to third, and then, on a ground ball to Everett Scott, Ruth deked his old shortstop into thinking he was staying at third, then timed Scott's throw to first perfectly, taking off for home and beating Stuffy McInnis's throw to the plate. ", "Although Ruth was never quite the ballplayer who \"never made a mistake on the field\" as the hyperbole later suggested, he was a smart player, surprisingly quick for his size—particularly before he ate his way through half of Manhattan—and he knew baseball. ", "Hundreds of games played at St. Mary's had developed his instincts beyond his years. ", "If anything, Ruth was sometimes too aggressive on the bases, overestimating both his speed and his ability to surprise.", "\n\nHe did it again in the fourth. ", "Ruth rapped a hard liner between McInnis and first base, the ball passing the bag fair, then it hit the ground, then skipped to the wall, where it caromed off the concrete base and sent Harry Hooper racing after as Ruth pulled into second for a double. ", "He wisely moved to third on an infield out and then, after Pratt grounded to second, Ruth timed a dash home again. ", "It was closer this time, but he made a splendid fall-away slide, his foot sweeping across the plate as the catcher spun and reached out to make the tag. ", "The Yankees led 2–0, and so far it was all due to Ruth.", "\n\nSomething was building, you could tell. ", "If he had been bothered by any lingering discomfort from the pulled muscle, the slides proved either he was healed, or the injury taped, or somehow masked over. ", "Ruth was feeling no pain.", "\n\nPipp struck out Pennock to lead off the sixth, bringing up Ruth, who was greeted with the now customary histrionics, this time even a little louder due to his performance in the first half of the game.", "\n\nPennock threw one pitch and a sound like no other rocketed through the park. ", "The ball went up and up and toward right field.", "\n\nWhat happened next released a deluge of adjectives and adverbs from the New York press, verbiage they'd been sitting on since the first week of January. ", "Now that they had a chance to use it, they didn't stop.", "\n\nThe embellishment prize went to George Daley, writing under the pseudonym \"Monitor\" in the New York World:\n\nRuth strolled to the plate, decided it was time to OPEN THE SEASON and sunk his war club into the first ball Pennock tried to pass over the plate.", "\n\nThere came a burst of thunder sound: that ball, oh, where was it? ", "Why clear OVER the right field roof of Brush Stadium [the Polo Grounds] and dropping into the greensward of old Manhattan Field around the junction of Eighth Avenue and 156th Street—the longest drive they say EVER seen on the P.G. and longer even that the tremendous wallop that gave Babe his twenty-ninth homer last September.", "\n\nEyes were strained in the watching of the spheroid's flight; throats were strained in acclaiming its all-fired bigness, and hands were strained in a riot of applause to the hitter thereof as he ambled around the bases and, lifting his cap, disappeared into the dugout.", "\n\nWhew. ", "What he meant was it left the field between the third and fourth flagpole atop the roof in right field and landed in the park next door, only the third ball ever to leave the yard, as Ruth joined himself and Joe Jackson as the only prior practitioners. ", "To be fair, the ball was driven about 400 feet when it left the field, although no one could say with any certainty whether it struck the top of the roof or sailed cleanly over it. ", "The grandstand roof was some sixty feet above the field, but its front edge, where the ball passed over, only a bit more than 300 feet from home. ", "Regardless, it was still, in the parlance of the day, \"a prodigious blast\" and \"fierce clout,\" absolutely \"lambasted,\" one that \"flitted out of the park,\" \"a bomb.\"", "\n\nIt also gave the Yankees a 3–0 lead. ", "A moment later, while the fans were still cheering, Duffy Lewis, up next, duplicated the feat, although in much more mortal fashion, smacking a home run into the left field bleachers.", "\n\nThat occurrence, back-to-back home runs, was so rare no one could recall it happening before. ", "Two consecutive home runs? ", "Both OVER the fence? ", "The lively ball needed no more proof.", "\n\nRuth's home run, his first as a Yankee, was the one he needed most. ", "Now the dam was broken, now everything he was supposed to be, he suddenly was, now the pressure was off and the game was fun again. ", "Now he was, unquestionably and everlastingly, the Babe. ", "The remainder of his career fell beneath the shadow of what was to come.", "\n\nAfter the game, a 6–0 Yankee win, the press noted that it was Ruth's 50th career home run. ", "Heck, Ty Cobb, who had been playing since 1905, only had 67 career home runs. ", "Home Run Baker had just 80. ", "Ruth already had 50. ", "He had hit only one home run as a Yankee and the press was already setting goals and targets. ", "They would do so for most of the next fifteen years. ", "Hardly anyone even mentioned that the victory might prove a turnaround for the team. ", "The Babe was all and everything.", "\n\nIn case no one had noticed, the next day Ruth did it again, as the Times noted, \"At what was known in the old days as an opportune time.\" ", "In his first two times up, he collected a \"mighty\" strikeout (they all were \"mighty\" now) and then lofted a \"near home run\" (just about any deep fly ball) before coming up in the sixth with two on and the Yankees trailing 1–0.", "\n\nAfter a swinging strike and a foul tip off Sam Jones, his former teammate tried to sneak one past... and failed. ", "This was no blast over the roof but a drive down the line. ", "But even that wasn't special enough. ", "It was described as \"the lowest and fastest home run drive uncoiled in the Harlem park in years,\" maybe the shortest of Ruth's career, sneaking over the fence and into the upper deck just fair of the iron foul pole, 258 feet away.", "\n\nIt didn't matter to the fans, 25,000 of whom filled the park, the second home Sunday date of the year, bringing the Sabbath total to more than 50,000. ", "As Ruth rounded the bases, they climbed on the dugout roof and tossed papers and hats onto the field. ", "There were even reports of celebrations emanating from the apartment windows of buildings on Coogan's Bluff. ", "Even the Polo Grounds stage wasn't big enough for Ruth.", "\n\nThe countdown began the next day. ", "The Times noted, \"Babe needs only twenty-eight more homers to beat the big record he set last season. ", "At the rate of one a day that mark won't last long.\" ", "They weren't trying to be funny. ", "And oh yeah, the Yankees won again, 7–1.", "\n\nAs if exhausted, Ruth went hitless the next two days, but then again, Boston pitchers were getting wise. ", "The two clubs split the last two games of the series, and New York stayed out of the cemetery by taking three of five from Boston and pulling into fourth place.", "\n\nRuth's struggles weren't quite over, however, as the Yankees went on the road and Ruth, perhaps a little homer happy, seemed to press. ", "After doubling twice off Walter Johnson in Washington to start the road trip, he went hitless in his next four games and his batting average dropped to .210. ", "But it was only a temporary lull. ", "When the Yankees returned to the Polo Grounds on May 11, so did the Babe. ", "It was September 1919 all over again, not only for Ruth, but increasingly for a lot of other guys, too.", "\n\nOn May 11 against Chicago, Ruth came up in the first and belted the ball into the right field bleachers at the Polo Grounds, only the second ball ever hit there. ", "In the third, he banged one off the center field fence, 430 some feet away, and only the fact that Chicago center fielder Happy Felsch was playing halfway to the Bronx kept Ruth from circling the bases—he settled for a triple. ", "In the fifth, he smacked a second home run into the upper grandstand in right. ", "Ruth accounted for five of New York's six runs in the 6–5 win.", "\n\nRoger Peckinpaugh, who hit a home run into the left field bleachers, accounted for the other and Chicago scored when Happy Felsch did the same thing. ", "Although neither hit was as far as any of Ruth's shots, they were each more than 300 feet. ", "For the day, Ruth and his other home run companions accounted for more than a quarter mile of hits and four home runs.", "\n\nThat was the kind of thing that just didn't happen—or at least, hadn't happened, except by some fluke in some bandbox. ", "These were all legitimate home runs. ", "If there was any question that baseball had entered a new, lively ball era, that question was answered.", "\n\nIt wasn't just the ball either, or that pitchers were no longer allowed to scuff it. ", "In the Polo Grounds, in particular, the large crowds made it increasingly difficult to retrieve foul balls hit into the stands, still a common practice in some parks, and with fewer players just trying to make contact, but swinging freely, more and more balls were being fouled off and lost. ", "That meant a new ball had to be put in play ten, fifteen, even twenty times a game. ", "Only a few years before, games sometimes went from beginning to end with only a couple of balls. ", "Not anymore.", "\n\nThe baseballs were not just harder and livelier. ", "Now that they weren't being spit on with tobacco juice and rubbed into the ground, they were brighter, whiter, and easier to see. ", "The age-old practice of selecting a pitcher due to lighting conditions passed without notice. ", "Hitters for the first time could actually see the seams on the ball, and get that split-second tipoff whether the pitch was a breaking ball or a fastball.", "\n\nPitchers hated using the new balls. ", "They were often slick, and hard to grip. ", "With the dead ball, savvy pitchers knew how to raise the seams and/or scuff the surface to help their breaking pitches. ", "Forced to use a brand-new or nearly new baseball all the time, a lot of pitchers discovered their breaking ball wasn't as good as they thought it was. ", "The hitters found that out, too. ", "They saw a lot more hanging curveballs and a lot more straight fastballs. ", "Speed, rather than movement, was suddenly at a premium. ", "A lot of pitchers didn't have enough on the ball.", "\n\nThe runs came in bunches, and so did the home runs and other long hits. ", "The next day the Yankees pounded Chicago 14–8, the kind of score that used to happen to a team only a couple times a year, but now seemed to take place every week. ", "Asked one paper after the game, \"Naturally the question arises 'was Ruth at bat all the time?'\" ", "He wasn't, but his style of play was, and he still hit a home run—into the second deck in right field again. ", "Ho-hum. ", "So did the Yankees' Aaron Ward. ", "A new promotion gave Ruth a new pair of socks after every homer. ", "Before long, he'd be wearing a new pair after every game.", "\n\nAfter Ruth singled later in the game a reporter offered that \"it is a good thing there is no home run hitters union for if there was Ruth would probably be heavily fined for such a puny hit.\" ", "But the fans seemed little bored. ", "After Ruth's last hit, with the Yankees leading 14–5, the crowd started to clear out. ", "If Ruth wasn't going to bat again, why stay?", "\n\nRuth was thrown out of the next contest for arguing a call, but the Yankee pitcher, Jack Quinn, picked up the cudgel and hit a home run before 25,000 fans. ", "The 2–0 win—the players must have been exhausted from running the bases the day before—lifted the Yankee record to 12–11. ", "They'd never fall under .500 for the rest of the year. ", "Unlike the 1919 Red Sox, there would be no burying this team.", "\n\nEven when they lost, they won, or at least Ruppert and Huston did. ", "The first place Indians came into town on Sunday, and the fine weather, Babe Ruth, a four-game Yankees winning streak, and the novelty of Sunday baseball brought out nearly every fan in the five boroughs and even a few more than that. ", "But really, it was mostly Ruth. ", "Apart from Sunday baseball, all those other things had happened before and there had never been a crowd like this.", "\n\nThe first game drew what was then the largest crowd in the history of the Polo Grounds, and the largest in the history of New York, which meant the largest in the history of baseball, or pretty close to it, the tenant Yankees far outdrawing their landlord. ", "By 2:30 there were more than 38,000 fans inside the ballpark and the game was still an hour off. ", "They locked the gates and in the next hour between 10,000 and 15,000 blocked the streets, looking for a way in. ", "Late-arriving sportswriters showed their credentials and were then told to scale a fence to get inside. ", "Worried club officials feared that if they opened a gate to let them in they might never get it closed again.", "\n\nHad Ruth blasted a home run, the ballpark might have fallen apart. ", "He didn't, contributing only a ninth inning double, but by then the Indians, who scored five first inning runs, had the game in hand. ", "That actually worked out pretty well for the Yankee coffers. ", "After the Indians jumped out to the big lead, enough fans left the park early that the Yanks were able to reopen the gates and let several thousand more fans pay for the privilege of wedging themselves inside. ", "Official attendance may have only been 38,500, but the club sold well over 40,000 tickets.", "\n\nAlthough Ruth only had five home runs, the newspapers breathlessly reported that he was ahead of his record pace in 1919, when to this point in that season he had hit only one. ", "But Ruth wasn't doing himself any favors. ", "He pulled something over the weekend and had to sit out the next four ballgames. ", "Or maybe he was sick. ", "The papers couldn't decide and the sportswriters either didn't ask or didn't care. ", "He could have been in a car wreck, been punched in the nose, or lost in a suburban bedroom. ", "Whatever. ", "He didn't play again until the following Sunday against the Browns, when another huge crowd of almost 30,000 turned out. ", "Never before in the history of baseball had a team seen such crowds. ", "It was as if every day was the World Series and it was only mid-May.\n\n\"Babe Ruth Makes Sick Ball Game Well\" read one headline later. ", "He returned with \"violent health\" and in the sixth inning, with the Yankees trailing 2–1, Ruth ended it with yet another blast onto the grandstand roof, causing a storm of straw hats to rain down on the field. ", "Then the Browns' Baby Doll Jacobson hit a long home run as well, giving headline writers some fun fitting Babe and Baby Doll into the same head. ", "Ruth inspired everyone.", "\n\nScientific baseball was starting to disappear, the Great Plains bison of baseball. ", "In the last full season, 1917, American League teams had combined for 1,268 stolen bases and 1,731 sacrifice hits as they scratched out an average of 3.6 runs a game per team, while hitting only 133 home runs. ", "In 1920, they would steal only 751 bases and complete 1,624 sacrifices while averaging an additional run per game and hitting 369 home runs. ", "Ever so slowly, teams were learning to wait for the home run. ", "In this, the Yankees were several years ahead of their competition.", "\n\nRuth finished the month in a flourish. ", "After collecting the Yankees' only two hits in a loss to the Tigers on May 24, he homered in the final two games of the home stand, first putting the Tigers under with a first inning home run, then adding an exclamation point with an eighth inning blast in game two, both Yankee victories.", "\n\nWith the team scheduled to embark on a short, four-game road trip to Boston, the crowd at the Polo Grounds acted as if they might die of longing before Ruth returned. ", "Everything he did solicited cheers, and everyone was running out of ways to say it, but Ruth was the most amazing thing that had ever happened in the game. ", "One paper offered that the opposition needed three extra outfielders, one in the stands, another on the roof, and a third parked outside, just to have a chance. ", "When Ruth hit his second home run, he doffed his cap at least a dozen times between home plate and the dugout. ", "In the papers Ty Cobb, heretofore the greatest player in the game, got nary a mention. ", "It was as if he didn't exist. ", "Ruth eclipsed everyone else.", "\n\nThere was never any love lost between the two men, each emblematic of a different age and style, as Ruth's earlier statement to The Sporting News indicated. ", "But Ruth recognized both Cobb's talent and his personality. ", "Of the Tiger outfielder, Ruth reportedly once said \"Cobb is a prick. ", "But he sure can hit. ", "God Almighty, that man can hit.\" ", "Cobb was less forgiving. ", "He thought Ruth was black, a rather common belief both among Southerners (as well as in the African American community, which claimed him as their own), and as a result Cobb generally dismissed his talents. ", "He couldn't stand it that Ruth was now considered the game's greatest. ", "That had long been Cobb's place, but no more.", "\n\nRuth and the Yankees capped off the month with the trip to Boston, but Ruppert and Huston must have already been over the moon. ", "In 22 home dates at the Polo Grounds, the Yankees had already drawn nearly a quarter of a million fans, what the Philadelphia A's would draw all season. ", "In ticket sales alone, conservatively, the ball club had grossed somewhere above $300,000. ", "That was already enough to cover their payroll, to pay Ruth, to pay their rent to the Giants, and put some money in the bank. ", "In addition, they still had another 50 home games to play. ", "Baseball was suddenly more lucrative than beer had ever been.", "\n\nThe triple bank shot had worked. ", "Everything fell into place. ", "Johnson had been all but defeated. ", "Ruth had made the Yankees a financial success. ", "On March 31, Frazee purchased the Harris Theatre. ", "On May 3, he signed a purchase and sale agreement to acquire Fenway Park and simultaneously settled his debt with Lannin. ", "On May 22, just as the mortgage with Ruppert was being executed, the Giants, outmaneuvered, suddenly decided to extend the Yankees' lease another year. ", "On May 25, at long last, the mortgage on Fenway from the Yankees closed. ", "The only residual effect of the war would be a continuing chill between the Insurrectos and the Loyal Five. ", "Over the next three years, the Insurrectos would be frozen out by the rest of the league, forced to trade almost exclusively with one another. ", "The Sox and Yankees would complete seven trades during that time, and although some would use the deals as evidence that Frazee was giving the Yankees a gift, when one considers the deals in context, and compares the players' values and WAR at the time of the deals, most were equitable.", "\n\nThe Red Sox, unfortunately, would soon take on the Yankees' hoodoo. ", "The Yankees went into Boston on Thursday, May 27, for four games, culminating in a doubleheader on Saturday. ", "Babe Ruth was not just the biggest name in baseball, but just about the biggest name in the country. ", "Although Boston had cooled after their quick start, at 21–9 the Ruthless Red Sox still led the American League, with the Yankees five games back, in fourth place, 17–15. ", "Maybe the Red Sox really didn't need Ruth.", "\n\nTheir fans didn't. ", "If Frazee had thought Ruth's return to Boston would mean a sellout crowd every time he played, he was disappointed, as Fenway wasn't even half full for the Thursday contest. ", "They missed a gem.", "\n\nRuth was magnificent, cracking two home runs. ", "One, a no-doubter to deep right field left Harry Hooper frozen, still as a statue, hands on his knees as the ball carried over his head. ", "The second went to deep left center, where it struck the top of the left field wall out toward the flagpole and then bounced over Lansdowne Street. ", "The crowd cheered Boston—except when Ruth came to bat, and New York knocked the Red Sox out of first place with a 6–1 win.", "\n\nThey hit them on their way down the next day, too, before another 10,000 fans, as Ruth remained silent with only a single to show for his effort. ", "It was another cheap hit, as the papers noted that had the outfield not been playing so deep, the ball would have easily been caught.", "\n\nFinally, on Saturday, Fenway Park was full, so full that the crowd stood behind ropes in the outfield as nearly 30,000 fans turned out for the doubleheader. ", "Although the crowds to see Ruth were somewhat disappointing, for the season they would still account for about 130,000, or nearly one third of Boston's gate.", "\n\nRuth did not disappoint. ", "Now, it seemed he never did. ", "The Yankees swept both games and Ruth knocked another home run, this one to left, 20 feet above the clock atop the wall.", "\n\nAnd if that were not enough, another record crowd followed Ruth to the ballpark on Memorial Day back at the Polo Grounds. ", "The Colonels did not mess around, turning the doubleheader against Washington into a split admission, one game in the morning and the other in the afternoon. ", "Ruth went hitless in the first contest before 11,000 fans as the Yankees won anyway. ", "Instead, Ruth waited until the stands were packed with nearly another 40,000 in the afternoon contest before he provided an exclamation point to the most amazing month a home run hitter had ever had to that point in the entire history of baseball.", "\n\nThe Senators took a lead, then called on the great Walter Johnson to hold it. ", "He couldn't and New York tied the game in the sixth. ", "The game entered the eighth with the score still knotted 7–7.", "\n\nPerhaps the greatest pitcher in the game, Johnson was finding it hard to adjust to the new ball, and he was scuffling for the first time since he had been a teenager. ", "Although only thirty-two, he had already thrown more than 4,000 innings and some 50,000 pitches in the major leagues. ", "Whatever the reason, for the first time in more than a decade he was almost human.", "\n\nPeck led off the inning with a triple. ", "Then Meusel rattled one around the outfield for another three-bagger to put the Yankees up by a run. ", "That brought up Ruth.", "\n\nThe past and future of the game stood 60 feet, 6 inches from one another, the game's two greatest stars, one on the way up and the other one just beginning a slow descent down. ", "The crowd fell silent, knowing they were seeing something they might never see again.", "\n\nThe man who had already given them a season's worth of memories in only two short months came through again. ", "Ruth ripped the pitch, which rode a wave of cheers, deep to right, where it crashed off the facade atop the upper deck, his 12th home run of the season, and 12th of the month, another new record falling before him. ", "The Polo Grounds almost came apart, the 50,000 fans to watch baseball there in one day a record, too.", "\n\nMy God, it was only MAY. ", "Summer had yet to come. ", "What might Ruth do then?", "\n\nThe Babe\n\n\"A Modern Goliath of the bludgeon is Ruth.... He has become a national curiosity and the sight-seeing pilgrims who daily flock into Manhattan are as anxious to rest eyes upon him as they are to peek at the Woolworth building or the bungalows of the impressively rich on Fifth Avenue.\"", "\n\n—New York Times\n\nBy the time the calendar turned to June, it had all changed. ", "Ruth had fulfilled all expectations and then some. ", "Whatever questions or hesitations about his talents, they had been answered by a month-long performance that saw his batting average soar above .300, and his profile challenge that of any statue or monument in the nation's capital. ", "This time his offensive explosion coincided with victory for his team. ", "The Yankees went 19–8 in May, rising from sixth place to second, as Ruth hit .329 for the month with 12 home runs and 26 RBI, all of which resulted in an OPS of 1.384. ", "He wasn't striking out as much anymore either, whiffing only 12 times while walking 18. ", "It was already one of the greatest offensive months by any player in baseball history, but Ruth wasn't even warmed up yet.", "\n\nTrue to form, he was already cashing in, but he wasn't so much seeking out a fortune as simply reaching out and grabbing cash as opportunities came his way like batting practice fastballs. ", "Whatever he was selling, America was buying.", "\n\nHe hadn't been in New York a month before the United News Service gave Ruth his own ghostwritten column, likely penned by Marshall Hunt, in the Daily News. ", "And by the end of May, as record after record began to fall before him, Ruth began to receive invites and entreaties from New York's upper crust, all curious and eager to see just what this Ruth fellow was about, the ultimate drawing card of drawing cards. ", "They invited him to parties and viewed him like a specimen from another planet. ", "Even other celebrities, movie stars and singers and dancers and actors, wanted to meet him. ", "Politicians wanted to be seen with him, and everyone wanted an autograph: enterprising fans figured out that if they sent Ruth a check for any amount, he would cash it. ", "Upon return, the endorsed checks for 50 cents or a dollar became family heirlooms.", "\n\nRuth didn't mind, the food was good, the liquor top-notch, and the women better dressed but just as accommodating as ever. ", "It was different than it was in Boston, where the Brahmins, ever so class-conscious, rarely deigned to look his way or even acknowledge the existence of life beyond the Back Bay and west of Massachusetts Avenue. ", "Ruth would soon learn, just as Harry Frazee had in reverse fashion, that unlike Boston, New York was a meritocracy. ", "What you could do was more important than who you were. ", "Money and fame mattered more than breeding and upbringing and where you went to school.", "\n\nIn New York, the upper crust didn't just invite Ruth out, they often came to him. ", "Many evenings he didn't even bother to go out at all but held court in his suite at the Ansonia as dozens of newfound friends and admirers drank his liquor, ate his sandwiches, and fought for his attention. ", "Even the press was welcome inside, a measure of the ease he felt being himself in their presence. ", "The only one not enjoying everything was Mrs. Ruth, who was often left alone in a corner. ", "The Babe was on an elevator going up fast and there just wasn't room for her on the car.", "\n\nIt helped that Ruth could, to a degree, play and look the part. ", "In Boston, he had favored straw hats; in New York he wore a stylish driving cap, a camel hair coat, a brand-new silk shirt every day of the week, had his shoes polished, drove a sleek Packard, and smoked expensive cigars. ", "Among the high and mighty Ruth's crude manner and off-color way of speaking were considered deliciously scandalous, something one had to witness in person, an experience to collect like a rare orchid.", "\n\nWith fame, came fortune and opportunity. ", "His longtime advisor, Johnny Igoe, now way over his head, began to lose his grip on Ruth. ", "He didn't belong to anyone anymore: he belonged to the world.", "\n\nFrom the start, Ruth began to separate himself from his teammates. ", "On the field, he was a central part, a key figure, the first straw that stirred the drink, but that ended outside the lines. ", "Before summer began, he stopped taking a roommate on the road, and although the Yankees paid for the players' food and hotel at the rate of $7 a day, Ruth already had higher standards, greater needs, and special dispensation. ", "He took care of himself, usually paying for and staying in suites alone rather than splitting a room with another player. ", "Eventually, he even had a private phone line installed next to his locker at the Polo Grounds. ", "He was special, different.", "\n\nOf course, the public knew little of this. ", "He was presented to them as a big, guileless, overgrown kid. ", "In Boston, where Ruth ran with the rabble, his exploits, for better or worse, were also better known; if he was drunk in an alley the night before, everybody knew it by noon the next day. ", "In New York, it was different. ", "In New York, a celebrity could still have privacy, protected by a cooperative press and culture built around discretion.", "\n\nNo one could get enough of him, and on June 1, after four games in three days and another doubleheader scheduled the next day, the pitching staff was stressed so the Yankees pressed Ruth into service on the mound against Washington.", "\n\nHe didn't tell the Yankees no. ", "The day was all Ruth, his full game on display. ", "Despite some rust—apart from fooling around on the sidelines Ruth hadn't pitched since September—after giving up two first inning runs Ruth settled down and followed with three innings of shutout ball. ", "By then, the Yankees led 12–2. ", "At the plate, in the first inning Ruth, batting cleanup, hit what was described as \"a ball so high it broke all the altitude records in baseball,\" that fell just shy of the fence. ", "He later legged out a base hit and cracked a double in the eventual 14–7 Yankee win.", "\n\nThe growing cacophony for all things Ruth only increased the next day, when Ruth followed with what might have been his greatest day in the major leagues to date, something that now seemed to be happening once or twice a week. ", "In a doubleheader versus Washington, he slammed three home runs, giving him 15 for the season, and as the Times noted, \"He is hitting them harder and sending them farther every day.\" ", "That was probably true, for as spring gave way to summer increases in temperature and humidity combine to make the ball carry, the warm air and moisture increasing lift. ", "There was open speculation that it was only a matter of time until he homered to dead center field in the Polo Grounds, where no one had gone before, or even come close, except for Ruth.", "\n\nThe Yankees split the doubleheader, but first place now seemed only a matter of time, a collateral outcome of Ruth's prodigious slugging. ", "But he wasn't the only one getting the job done. ", "Ruth's home runs were only three of eight struck that day, including three by the Senators. ", "The press called it a \"home run epidemic.\" ", "Over a seven-game stretch in late May and early June, the Yankees as a team collected 92 hits, 39 for extra bases, and averaged 13 hits and nine runs a game. ", "A few years before that would have been almost a month's work.", "\n\nThe offensive explosion was even the subject of a column by Grantland Rice, who did not often take much of an analytical view. ", "He concluded that \"the amazing growth of home runs this season is due to a brace of combinations,\" citing a \"ball made up of better ammunition\" due to \"better wool,\" and a late spring that he believed left pitchers behind the hitters. ", "The acerbic and cynical Ring Lardner provided an alternate view, writing, \"the masterminds that control baseball say to themselves that if it is the home run the public wants to see, give them home runs. ", "So they fixed up a ball that if you don't miss it entirely it will clear the fence, and the result is that the ballplayer that used to specialize in humpback liners to the pitcher is now amongst our leading sluggers.\"", "\n\nWhatever the reason, the results were undeniable and Lardner's comments telling. ", "Baseball's old guard may have looked at the power surge with suspicion, but they also realized there was no stopping it. ", "The public—a different public from what filled the ballparks before the war, much younger and enamored with all things new—had already voted with their feet and spun through the turnstiles at a dizzying rate. ", "Although baseball would go through some pains to get the Reach company to claim the ball had not been purposely doctored, at the same time they also never asked the company to go back to their old way of doing things. ", "Reach wouldn't have done so anyway—they were in the business of selling baseballs, after all, and Ruth was helping them sell more than ever before. ", "Baseball was expanding again. ", "There were already seven new minor leagues in 1920, and from the sandlots through the schools everybody was playing baseball. ", "Ruth and the home run were the reason. ", "The game was not going to turn the clock back—or the ball—under any circumstance. ", "Even old fans like Lardner, who found the new game crude and lacking the managerial strategy of scientific ball, recognized that. ", "Going back to the old ball would be like abandoning the automobile for the horse and buggy, or giving up electric lights for coal oil lamps.", "\n\nThe Yankees kept up their impressive performance at the plate even as Ruth took a brief break from hitting home runs, going homerless in seven straight games, but it hardly mattered as he hit almost .500 and the Yankees scored more than 10 runs four different times. ", "The only thing that seemed able to slow Ruth down were the New York police—he picked up his second speeding ticket, and the press took some delight in delivering a mild scold that just made Ruth seem like even more of a scamp.", "\n\nAlthough he still got his hits, Ruth might have been bothered by something else. ", "At nearly every at bat now, a newsreel film photographer risked death from foul balls by setting up just off the plate to record Ruth's swings.", "\n\nAt least Ruth thought it was for the newsreels. ", "A few months later, a film would be released called Babe Ruth \"Over the Fence,\" a collection of his greatest swings spliced together with shots of the Polo Grounds crowd going apoplectic and Ruth touring the bases. ", "Ruth knew nothing about it, and the Babe ended up suing on the grounds that the film violated his civil rights. ", "What he was really mad about was that filmmaker Raoul Walsh had already offered him $10,000 to cooperate in a documentary on hitting, and the guerrilla film stole their thunder. ", "Ruth eventually lost the suit, Over the Fence was lost to history, and the other film, unfortunately, never made. ", "But this would hardly be Ruth's only experience with a movie camera.", "\n\nThe business of Babe Ruth was already in full swing and expanding. ", "Although no one used the term at the time, Babe Ruth was a brand unlike any other. ", "The whole business of celebrity endorsements, at least the way we look at celebrity endorsements today, was in its infancy, but the growth of popular culture, making movie stars and athletes famous beyond their business, was just taking hold. ", "Ballplayers had long endorsed tobacco products and the like, but this was different. ", "Babe Ruth's name on just about anything sold. ", "All you needed was a photo of Ruth, some ad-agency-produced copy, a facsimile autograph, and voilà, instant sales.", "\n\nIt wasn't like Ruth had an army of lawyers vetting his offers. ", "They usually weren't called in until after the fact. ", "He sometimes signed away his rights for relatively nothing, and at other times, companies just used his name and image without permission, leaving it to Ruth to track them down and file a complaint. ", "It was impossible to keep up.", "\n\nRuth also became an author—at least gullible young boys would believe he had. ", "The A. L. Burt Company signed Ruth up and then hired some long-forgotten scribe to put words to Ruth's pen, the result being a children's novel, The Home Run Kid: or How Pep Pindar Won His Title. ", "It wasn't Ruth's first foray into the literary arts. ", "Ghostwritten copy was already being produced under his name in the papers, and over the years Ruth would \"write\" hundreds of articles and dozens of books, including no fewer than four autobiographies. ", "No player of his era was more prolific.", "\n\nOr more frustrating for biographers, for Ruth never even read much of the material, much less write it or vet it for accuracy. ", "That was all done by sportswriters, produced under a filter to turn out a good \"yarn,\" and virtually useless in terms of history. ", "Ruth wasn't a journal keeper or much of a letter writer, either. ", "Most of the statements attributed to him are as spurious as the fake Ruth signatures that still flood the memorabilia market. ", "Truth is, no one much knows what Ruth believed or thought or said about much of anything, and what little we do know has filtered down through anecdotes and a scant few oral histories. ", "But there is no denying what he did on the field.", "\n\nThere, his life could be quantified and measured. ", "Now that Ruth was on his way, the daily watch became all about numbers. ", "He was halfway to a new home run record, and every subsequent home run Ruth hit in 1920 came with a number attached to it. ", "Even though the Yankees were challenging for their first pennant, their place in the standings usually took second billing to Ruth's home runs. ", "That's just the way it was.", "\n\nAs the Yankees danced around first place, even taking possession of it all by themselves for a few hours on June 6, Ruth finally hit home run number 16 against the Tigers on June 11. ", "But a few days later the team suffered a blow when Duffy Lewis went down with a knee injury. ", "Yankee pennant hopes took a hit as they lost three of four to Cleveland, Ruth keying the lone win in a 14–0 victory with home run 17. ", "The press wondered if it was the old hoodoo coming back again.", "\n\nNow it was already showing in Boston and affecting the Red Sox. ", "The Red Sox, after being the class of the league for two months, were collapsing. ", "The reason, primarily, was injuries. ", "Outfielder Tim Hendryx had been leading the league in hitting for much of the first two months, but went down with a leg injury and the Sox didn't have the depth to adjust. ", "Waite Hoyt tore a groin muscle so badly he needed surgery, Allen Russell suffered an aneurysm, and Harry Hooper was hospitalized with an abscess in his leg. ", "The Ruthless Red Sox were suddenly less a whole lot more often, and it showed. ", "They would not challenge for the pennant in 1920, and over the next several seasons would follow a similar pattern, a quick start leading to optimism in the local press, then injuries, accidents, and collapse.", "\n\nA few days later, it almost looked as if the Yankees might suffer the same fate and become \"Ruthless\" themselves. ", "The Babe was on first base in Chicago when Bob Meusel ripped one to Buck Weaver, playing shortstop. ", "Weaver raced to second to force Ruth and threw to first in one motion.", "\n\nThe Babe didn't get down, and first the ball and then Weaver's fist hit him above the left eye. ", "Ruth went down, falling over the bag, losing consciousness for a moment before he came to, clearly dazed, the swelling already starting to show. ", "He tried to continue but left the game an inning later. ", "He was back in the lineup the next afternoon, but Ruth had been lucky. ", "Another half inch lower and the ball would have struck him flush in the eye. ", "He wouldn't have been the first promising hitter to lose his career to being struck by a ball.", "\n\nFor all the power he displayed at the plate, Ruth was rarely targeted by opposing pitchers. ", "For one, he had good instincts and was adept at avoiding being struck, but he also pulled off the plate as he swung. ", "He was also respected. ", "Every player in baseball knew that Ruth made them money, and no one went head-hunting with Ruth at the plate. ", "Over the course of his career, he would only be struck by a pitch 43 times. ", "In 1927, when he set the home run record with 60, he was not hit by a single pitch.", "\n\nThe club returned to New York at the end of the 15-game road trip, which the papers called the most successful of all time, by any team, ever, in terms of attendance. ", "More than 200,000 fans had turned out to see Ruth, and a couple of thousand more to actually see their own home team. ", "That's just the way it was. ", "On the way back to New York, the Yankees even got off the train and played an exhibition in Columbus, Ohio, that drew 7,000 more. ", "For such contests, Ruppert and the Yankees demanded—and received—85 percent of the gate, of which the players received not a single dime. ", "All Ruth did was hit six out during batting practice, one more in the game, steal two bases, double, and walk twice.", "\n\nBack in the Polo Grounds, Boston came to town, and Ruth seemed to save some of his best for his old team, diminished as they were. ", "As the Yankees took three of four, Ruth added a triple and two more home runs, bringing his total for the season up to an astounding 23. ", "He was already approaching his 1919 standard, and the season was only half over.", "\n\nEarlier, Grantland Rice had speculated that Ruth might hit 40 for the season. ", "Now speculation increased to 50, an overwhelming amount as shocking then to think about as 100 home runs is today. ", "Bookmakers loved it. ", "The only time they had been able to take bets on individual achievements before were when pitchers like Walter Johnson, Joe Wood, or Rube Marquard had long winning streaks, but this was different. ", "How many home runs Ruth would hit was a question it would take the rest of the year to answer. ", "The bookies set 50 as a target for Ruth, one they believed was just a bit higher than he was likely to reach and started laying odds. ", "Every fan in the game put a couple dollars down, and some put down five figures.", "\n\nRuth was surprising everyone. ", "Never in his wildest dreams had Ruppert imagined this. ", "He would have been happy if Ruth had hit 25 home runs and hit .300—that still would have been spectacular. ", "Now, it was almost as if he had bought two players instead of one.", "\n\nWith only his own record for Ruth to chase, the writers scurried back to the record books and now came up with another mark for Ruth to take aim at, the professional baseball record of 45 home runs set by Perry Worden of Minneapolis in the Western League in 1895, assisted by another little bandbox of a park. ", "It wasn't much of a record, but it served its purpose, and they soon uncovered several other minor leaguers who had struck more than 30 home runs as well. ", "However, this year Ruth did not need anyone else to set a goal. ", "He was taking care of that all by himself.", "\n\nRuth's home run bat took a rest when the team went back on the road, but he kept hitting, the fence being his only impediment. ", "The Yankees kept winning, running a winning streak to nine games and taking over first place as Ruth's batting average climbed above .380 behind only Joe Jackson and tied for second with the Browns' George Sisler.", "\n\nIncreasingly, Ruth went his own way. ", "The Yankees, figuring if it wasn't broken, it didn't need to be fixed, put few restrictions on his behavior. ", "On the East Coast, Ruth usually didn't even bother traveling with his teammates anymore. ", "Instead, he drove his Packard, taking great delight in racing from town to town faster than the team, usually smoking a cigar and talking a mile a minute with whomever he decided to bring along.", "\n\nEarly one morning in July, just after midnight, Ruth, the Mrs.—or at least someone the press said was the Mrs.—outfielder Frank Gleich, and Yankee coach Charlie O'Leary were in rural Pennsylvania, just outside Wawa, on their way back to New York. ", "Ruth later claimed that another car cut in front of them, causing him to run off the road, his car flipping over in a ditch. ", "Everyone was banged up—Mrs. Ruth in particular, apparently—and O'Leary temporarily knocked out. ", "Ruth was fine, but at least one newspaper reported that he had been killed. ", "The Colonels drew a deep breath and requested that Ruth travel by train the rest of the year. ", "By this time, the $150,000 insurance policy was woefully inadequate, Ruth was already worth a great deal more. ", "With every home run, his value kept going up.", "\n\nBack in New York, Ruth found his home run swing again. ", "Whatever had once caused it to evaporate for weeks or months at a time was no longer an issue. ", "Now, his droughts rarely lasted a week, and he homered in three straight games against the Tigers in mid-month to lift his season total to 27. ", "The Times noted he showed no favorites and had struck nearly the same number off lefties as he had righties. ", "The last against Detroit, in a 5–4 loss, was notable because it was Ruth's first home run of the year in the Polo Grounds to land in the lower deck. ", "Every other home run had either been into the second deck or onto and over the roof, or into the more distant bleachers. ", "W. O. McGeehan couldn't resist, and wryly noted, \"There was some speculation as to whether or not the Infant Swatigy is starting to lose his sock. ", "It might be that they have taken some of the kangaroo wool out of the league baseball, or that there is a falling off in the quality of the thoroughbred horsehide... or it might be that The Babe stuck one in the lower stands by way of variety.\"", "\n\nWith Ruth only three home runs away from a new major league record, crowds over the next few days were immense. ", "Everyone knew that three home runs in a game for Ruth was not impossible. ", "The way things were going, it almost seemed inevitable.", "\n\nOn July 13, a Tuesday, the Yankees scheduled a doubleheader with the Browns to account for an earlier rainout. ", "The crowd started arriving at noon \"lured by the prospect of seeing The Babe equal his home run record,\" according to the Tribune. ", "They kept coming until an official record of 38,823 had paid admission. ", "Those were holiday numbers. ", "This was a weekday, at a time when workmen still worked ten- or twelve-hour days and even bankers rarely got off before 3:00 p.m. Suffice to say there was not much work accomplished in Manhattan that day, except in the counting room at the Polo Grounds. ", "Ruth didn't hit any home runs, but he did provide all the entertainment in the sweep, striking out five times and giving all 38,823 fans another record to talk about—no one had ever struck out five times in one day before. ", "He couldn't even fail like anyone else.", "\n\nHe made up for it the following day, hitting a home run before \"only\" 15,000 fans on a Wednesday, as those who'd played hooky the day before returned to work. ", "He tied the record the next day, hitting a game winner off the facade in the 11th to send another 10,000 fans home happy on a damp and rainy day that led many to think the game would be rained out.", "\n\nNow that a new record was on deck, the big crowds turned even larger, and the Colonels didn't much care how quickly Ruth broke the mark. ", "He had another 60 games to try, about half in New York. ", "Ruth accommodated them as best as he could by waiting four days, long enough to draw another 100,000 fans into the Polo Grounds, but by now he hit home runs like others found pennies on the sidewalk, by accident. ", "He could hardly help himself.", "\n\nRuth went homerless in the first game of the doubleheader against the White Sox on July 20, but ended the drama in the fourth inning of game two off Dickey Kerr. ", "With the count 2–2, Kerr tried a curve and Ruth tried his usual strategy. ", "He swung hard, and knocked the ball just into the stands in deep right field, not his longest of the year by any measure, but longer than anyone else's knock. \"", "Idols are made of Clay,\" wrote Arthur Robinson in the New York American, \"and heroes of dust, but the huge bulk of Babe Ruth was covered with the mud of a rain-soaked field... [when] he put his massive shoulder behind a terrific swing.\"", "\n\nAs fans fought for the ball in the bleachers, the crowd did what it could to rise to the occasion and out-cheer every other cheer Ruth had received in 1920, what Marshall Hunt in the Daily News termed \"an ovation befitting a King.\" ", "Ruth responded by trying to out-doff himself. ", "After doffing his cap as he wound his way round the bases, and doffing his cap after crossing the plate, Ruth, running out of responses, bowed down to the crowd, sending them into even more hysterics. ", "And just in case anyone had blinked on the first one, in the ninth he dropped number 31 into the stands. ", "After the game, a black youngster allegedly appeared in the clubhouse with the ball, asking only for the privilege of shaking Ruth's hand in return. ", "Ruth not only accommodated but according to Robinson in the American, \"The Babe smiled, shook the little fellow's hand, patted him on the back and gave him a season pass for the rest of the Yankee games.\"", "\n\nThe record was his, and henceforth so was history, because that, as much as anything else, is what Ruth and the home runs gave to baseball in 1920: its history. ", "As the professional game evolved over the better part of four decades through the last half of the nineteenth century, the game, the rules, and the conditions under which it was played changed so much and so often that statistical records, beyond who finished first, had little meaning. ", "But as the twentieth century dawned, and the major leagues came to be represented by two stable leagues, the basic rules remaining intact, that had changed. ", "Ruth, by his remarkable performance, caused everyone to look back and realize, perhaps for the first time, that baseball had a history, that it was possible to compare earlier apples with today's oranges. ", "The numbers of the game became a way for games past to live again, and for players not to disappear into history, but emerge from it, to remain significant and valued long after they last appeared on the field. ", "To a degree, this had never happened before. ", "Ruth just wasn't the game's present and its future, but he was also the bearer of its past.", "\n\nThere was talk afterward that the home run had earned Ruth a movie deal worth $100,000. ", "It may not have been tied to the record, and it wasn't worth $100,000, but in the wake of the new mark Ruth did agree to appear in a silent feature. ", "He would soon start filming his dramatic debut, Headin' Home.", "\n\nDirected by Lawrence Windom, the \"screenplay\" was penned by the Daily News's Bugs Baer, and, ironically, the movie may have been partially financed by the notorious gambler Abe Atell, who would soon be implicated in the Black Sox scandal. ", "The film was a vaguely biographical treatment of Ruth's own life, depicting the slugger as a country boy with a home run bat who can't get a spot on his local team until he hits a towering home run and then finds fame, fortune, and a girl playing in New York. ", "If ever anyone needed evidence of the emerging Ruth myth, Headin' Home is it, Ruth's personal biography scrubbed and polished. ", "Filming was scheduled to get under way in August.", "\n\nNow it was all easy pickings for Ruth, gravy ladled on more gravy, every subsequent home run a record. ", "And now, for the first time, really, they started to lose a little of their shine, what had once seemed so spectacular now a little commonplace, at least in the way the newspapermen reacted. ", "Ruth added four more home runs over the remainder of the home stand the next week to lift his total to 35, as fans kept turning out in record numbers, nearly 65,000 for a split doubleheader on another Tuesday, then 25,000 for games on Wednesday and Thursday and Friday before culminating in two more full houses over the weekend. ", "It didn't hurt that the Yankees were playing mostly winning ball, and that every win or loss seemed to dance them in or out of first place. ", "The Giants were playing well, too, and although they weren't drawing as well as the Yankees, with emerging stars like George \"High Pockets\" Kelly and Frankie Frisch, they were having a pretty good season, battling Brooklyn for first place. ", "New York was the center of the baseball universe.", "\n\nStill, the crowds that came out for Ruth were stupefying. ", "For the Saturday game against Cleveland, it wasn't just the 40,000 fans who made it inside the Polo Grounds, there were reported to be another 40,000 who poured out of the subways and failed to get in. ", "And that didn't include the thousands more who wanted to be there who probably figured they'd have no chance of getting a ticket and stayed home. ", "You either had to be there, hear about in the tavern later that night, or read about it in papers. ", "There was, as yet, no radio.", "\n\nIn his column in the Tribune, Bill McGeehan took note, writing, \"It looks very much like a baseball park with a capacity of 100,000 will have to be built in the near future, for New York, at any rate.\" ", "He also noted that Ruppert and Huston \"displayed considerable acumen,\" buying the Yankees when they were \"a joke,\" then taking the \"biggest gamble\" of all on Ruth. ", "It had all paid off.", "\n\nRuth went on the team's next western road trip like a conquering hero, greeted with glee everywhere, drawing enormous crowds and sending them home happy in St. Louis, Chicago, and Detroit, hitting home runs in all three cities, failing only in Cleveland. ", "He returned to New York with 41 home runs.", "\n\nThe only notable change had come in Detroit. ", "After batting fourth for the entire year in Detroit, Huggins moved Ruth up a spot in the batting order. ", "Part of the reason was because Bob Meusel, the rookie who was developing into a fearsome hitter in his own right, was in the midst of a slump. ", "Lewis had been batting fifth behind Ruth, but now that he was hurt, the opposition had taken to walking Ruth rather than pitch to him. ", "In one game against Boston, Sam Jones walked him four times. ", "Ruth hated the intentional walk, and there was more than one call for the practice to be banned, although just how that could be enforced was never quite clear. ", "Batting Ruth third allowed Del Pratt, a dangerous hitter, to bat behind the Babe.", "\n\nHuggins indicated it was just a temporary move, but it became permanent. ", "Ruth would primarily hit third for the remainder of his Yankee career—even when paired with Lou Gehrig, Ruth hit third and Gehrig batted cleanup. ", "Not only did it place Ruth in the most productive spot in the lineup, it also meant the one player in the majors most likely to hit a home run batted in the first inning of every game, giving the Yankees a fair chance at an early lead. ", "It also kept the other team from pitching around him quite as much. ", "When they did, they were more likely to pay a price.", "\n\nThe Yankees retuned to New York and opened a home stand against Cleveland on August 16. ", "Trailing the Indians by only half a game, the three-game series was perhaps the most important the Yankees had played since facing Boston at the tail end of the 1904 season with the pennant on the line. ", "A sweep could give the Yankees both first place and some margin for error in the race. ", "If they were swept, however, their pennant hopes would likely pass.", "\n\nNew York lost the first game 4–3, Ruth contributing only a single hit. ", "But the game would go down in baseball history as the most tragic ever played. ", "Leading off the fifth inning against Carl Mays, Cleveland shortstop Ray Chapman crouched over the plate. ", "Mays threw, the pitch sailed up and in, he heard a crack, saw the ball bouncing back, and thinking it had struck Chapman's bat, fielded the ball and threw to first. ", "Only then did he and everyone else realize that the sound had not come from the ball hitting the bat, but from striking Chapman's skull. ", "The pitch had hit him on the left side of the head and the batter now lay half conscious in the batter's box.", "\n\nAlthough Chapman managed to stand, he had to be helped from the field and then collapsed again and was rushed to the hospital. ", "The pitch had caused a three-and-a-half-inch depressed fracture of his skull. ", "Chapman underwent emergency surgery, but died the next day, the only death caused by an on-field injury in the history of major league baseball.", "\n\nMays, roundly hated by the baseball community, would take the brunt of the blame, as players charged that he both beaned Chapman on purpose, threw an illegal pitch, or both. ", "Despite some calls to have him banned for the game—Ban Johnson blurted that he couldn't see how Mays could possibly pitch again—others came to the pitcher's defense. ", "His catcher, Muddy Ruel, said he thought Chapman lost the pitch and that he never moved to get out of the way.", "\n\nThe Yankees backed their pitcher—this was a pennant race, after all. ", "And Mays, while not unaffected, pitched a week later. ", "Ruth, however, was apparently not indifferent. ", "He never made a public comment about the tragedy or about whether he thought the pitch was intentional. ", "Every batter knew they were taking a chance stepping in the box. ", "That's just the way the game was played. ", "But the incident would still have a major impact on Ruth's career.", "\n\nIt is somewhat surprising that Chapman's death did not spark a debate about the baseball. ", "After all, no one had ever been killed by the old, dead ball. ", "But at this point, the lively ball—or whatever it was—was too well established, and the home run game too lucrative, to change. ", "And it was impossible to gauge how much impact the ball had on the injury.", "\n\nIn the wake of Chapman's death, baseball became even more generous with the use of new baseballs. ", "Over time, any ball that was discolored or scuffed in any way would be removed and a new clean baseball, presumably easier to see and less prone to taking an erratic break on the way to the plate, put into play. ", "Ruth would be the greatest beneficiary of anyone taking a swing at a ball that was easier to see.", "\n\nThe Yankees, perhaps distracted by Chapman's death, scuffled for the next week. ", "In the meantime, however, the show went on. ", "Ruth spent his mornings traveling to a movie studio in Haverstraw, New Jersey, shooting scenes for Headin' Home, often arriving at the ballpark sporting pancake makeup and eyeliner. ", "He'd been paid $15,000 up front and promised another $35,000 and the filmmaker was trying to rush the seventy-one-minute film to completion before the end of the season. ", "Ruth played okay during filming, but he managed only two home runs for the home stand. ", "On the morning of August 22, the crew took over the ballpark, filming the penultimate passage, Ruth at bat cracking the game-winning home run, and then being swarmed by the fans, the staged scene the only one in the whole movie with a shred of truth to it.", "\n\nAfter homering on August 26 for number 44, however, Ruth was out of the lineup. ", "The official story was that he'd been stung by something during filming, and that his wrist had become infected. ", "But the Tribune implied something a bit less innocent, calling the malady the \"Jersey Jiggers,\" which they termed a form of \"dry hydrophobia,\" which may have been a veiled reference to something alcohol-related. ", "Ruth was hospitalized, and supposedly had tissue removed. ", "That sent local gamblers into a panic. ", "A lot of money had been put down betting that Ruth would break the home run barrier of 50.", "\n\nWhile Ruth sat out, his legal battles over the earlier film headed to the courts, a series of injunctions and countersuits and counter-injunctions. ", "Ruth eventually lost on all counts, the attorneys for both parties the only individuals making any real money out of it.", "\n\nIt was a bad time for Ruth to be out of the lineup. ", "By the time he returned, although the Yankees had slipped back into first place, they hadn't really been playing well. ", "With Ruth, they might have opened up a lead over Cleveland, but they didn't. ", "The Indians then began playing inspired baseball and the White Sox weren't giving up, either. ", "There was some grousing among Ruth's teammates who thought he should have been in the lineup, but where the Yankees finished was now third on the club's list of priorities, behind Ruth's home run count and the attendance. ", "Still, the World Series held out the promise of even more money for everyone.", "\n\nOr did it? ", "In the National League, the Robins were the surprise of the league and had opened up ground on the Giants. ", "As lucrative as a World Series between the Yankees and Robins might have been, Ebbets Field lacked the capacity of the Polo Grounds, and the Yankees' real rival was the Giants, and always had been. ", "If Brooklyn took the pennant, and the Yankees finished behind either Cleveland or Chicago, that would leave both the Yanks and the Giants available for a city series, a once common postseason exhibition between two teams from the same city. ", "They often charged World Series prices, and on the local level were often bigger than the World Series, particularly among gamblers. ", "Ruth was already a bigger attraction than the Robins, World Series or not, and a city series between the Giants and Yankees, with every game played in the Polo Grounds before 40,000 fans, could draw nearly 300,000, far more lucrative for either club than the World Series, where the take had to be split among the National Commission and the second, third, and fourth place teams. ", "It was almost as if the Yankees didn't need to win—there would be a big payday anyway.", "\n\nRuth returned to duty two days before Labor Day in Boston, guaranteeing Frazee a big crowd for the Saturday doubleheader. ", "He homered twice, calming the gamblers worried about losing their rolls, and the Yankees took two of three. ", "Although Ruth was pitched around for much of the next ten days, walking 20 times, the Yankees won 10 of 12 to not only stay in the race, but pull ahead, as they took two of three from the Indians in Cleveland and swept Detroit, Ruth chipping in three more home runs to bring his season total to 49, then hitting two more in an exhibition in Toledo on September 15. ", "The Yankees might well have done better to rest, however, because they went into Chicago on September 16 with the pennant on the line.", "\n\nThe first game came down to Ruth, or at least that is how everyone saw it afterward. ", "The White Sox jumped out to a 4–0 lead, but in the sixth the Yankees pushed across two, bringing Ruth to the plate with two out, two on, and Dickey Kerr on the mound. ", "He worked the count to 2-2. ", "A home run would put the Yankees up by a run.", "\n\nThey weren't so easy to hit when they really mattered. ", "Ruth took a called third strike. ", "The White Sox rolled to an 8–3 win and dropped the Yankees out of first place as Cleveland won to take first.", "\n\nThe Yankees never made it back to the top. ", "Ruth went hitless the next day in a 6–4 loss and then New York made it three in a row, being blown out 15–9 after falling behind 8–0 in the first two innings. ", "The White Sox passed the Yankees, now in third place, trailing by three games with only 10 left to play, and Ruth homerless since striking number 49.", "\n\nNevertheless, he was still attracting a crowd in New York. ", "Headin' Home was finished, and promoter Tex Rickard, owner of Madison Square Garden, paid $35,000 for exclusive rights to debut the film. ", "The Garden wasn't meant to be a movie theater, but Rickard figured Ruth was worth it. ", "He had to overhaul and redecorate to accommodate the picture, draping thousands of yards of fabric over the windows, and due to the size of the room, had to have a special movie screen made, 35 feet by 27 feet, then the biggest in the world, to show the film. ", "With a seating capacity of almost 10,000, and the appetite for Ruth ravenous, he thought he would print money.", "\n\nUnfortunately, Headin' Home was no Intolerance. ", "It was a predictable, wooden set piece. ", "Ruth was serviceable but hardly a Valentino, who in another year would make the ladies swoon. ", "As one critic put it, \"The story is ridiculous.... He [Ruth] and he alone makes it worth five minutes of anybody's time.\" ", "Ouch. ", "Today, the main interest in the film is the brief footage it shows of Ruth batting in the Polo Grounds, swinging his bat. ", "It's thrilling to see.", "\n\nThe Yankees weren't going to win the pennant and Ruth was never going to become a film star. ", "That was obvious. ", "Now it was all about the numbers.", "\n\nWithout the pressure of the pennant race, Ruth seemed able to relax again. ", "The Yankees returned home on September 24 for a doubleheader versus Washington and Ruth still proved a draw, pulling nearly 30,000 fans to see the real thing. ", "He didn't disappoint, cracking home run number 50 in game one and 51 in game two. ", "The Times called him \"the greatest pickler the world has ever known.\"", "\n\nThe gamblers called him something else. ", "As the New York Sun reported, \"more money than Babe Ruth's salary, a good deal more... changed hands yesterday. ", "The bet for Ruth to hit 50 was one of the liveliest betting propositions of the year.\" ", "The paper reported that although \"a majority of baseball fans\" had not thought Ruth would make the mark, many gamblers did, and some cleared as much as $50,000. ", "And for those keeping track, it was also Ruth's 100th career home run.", "\n\nThe season wasn't quite over yet, but everybody was already in the counting house. ", "The Colonels announced they were ready to throw off the yoke of the Polo Grounds and would soon build their own ballpark. ", "They claimed to be looking at three different sites. ", "Ruth had made it possible. ", "Although construction on Yankee Stadium would not start until 1922, and not be complete until 1923, it would not just be the House that Ruth Built but also the House Built for Ruth, not only bigger than the Polo Grounds but with dimensions that suited the Yankee slugger, not quite as close down the line in right, but much closer and more forgiving in the power alley. ", "It would be his private stage, and a place he would rule even long after he played his last game there.", "\n\nFans poured into the Polo Grounds the last week of the season as if paying tribute, but Ruth played his final game at the Polo Grounds in 1920 on September 26, still stuck at 51 home runs. ", "This time, however, he would not jump his team at the finish. ", "The Yankees went to Philadelphia to end the season, and Ruth played all three games, not that the A's provided much competition or played very hard. ", "He hit home runs 52 and 53 on September 27 in a game that took all of 66 minutes to play, and then finished his slugging in the final inning of the first game of a doubleheader two days later, homering in the ninth to settle on number 54 for the season, 25 more than he or any other human being had hit in 1919.", "\n\nThe Yankees finished third, behind pennant-winning Cleveland and Chicago. ", "In addition to his 54 home runs, Ruth scored a record 158 runs, knocked in 135, and walked 150 times while striking out 80. ", "He hit .376, with a .532 on base percentage, .847 slugging percentage, and modern day OPS of a gaudy 1.379, the last three figures the best single season marks of his career. ", "The Yankees drew a stunning 1,289,422 fans to the Polo Grounds, 300,000 more than the Giants and nearly twice the number of fans any team had ever drawn in a previous season. ", "The Red Sox drew just over 400,000. ", "Five million fans spun through the turnstiles in the American League, almost a million and half more than ever before, about half of the total at games featuring Ruth, as he was clearly the biggest road draw in history.", "\n\nThe Yankees earned a pretax profit of $666,000, as home ticket receipts increased by a half million dollars to $864,830 and road receipts tripled to $273,000. ", "League-wide, the men who owned baseball probably grossed at least an extra $2 million in 1920, all because of Ruth. ", "For that, Ruth was paid $20,000.", "\n\nAnd that wasn't the half of it.", "\n\nThe sale of the Babe to the Yankees not only resulted in selling an entire city on Ruth, but an entire nation, as fans of the sport embraced an entirely new game, played a new way, for a new reason. ", "Just as the Babe would take the title as the King of All Sluggers (or depending on your taste, the Bambino, the Big Bam, the Sultan of Swat, Behemoth of Bust, Maharajah of Mash, Wazir of Wham, Rajah of Rap, or the Caliph of Clout), his signature accomplishment, the home run, was now the one single play that brought fans out to the ballpark. ", "It was what kept them talking about the game and reading the papers afterward, and that lit the fires of the Hot Stove League all winter long.", "\n\nMoreover, he fired the imagination, and expanded the capacity of dreams, of possibilities. ", "After seeing Ruth, all things seemed possible.", "\n\nBabe Ruth had delivered in every possible way.", "\n\nThe Yankees and Giants still wanted to play a city series, salivating at the financial returns, but Ban Johnson still had some pull. ", "And he had not forgotten.", "\n\nWhile Ruth was distracting most of the baseball public, the festering rumors over the 1919 World Series came to a head. ", "A grand jury was convened in Chicago to investigate. ", "One day before the end of the season, on September 28, Joe Jackson and Eddie Cicotte confessed. ", "In another month, indictments would be handed down.", "\n\nBaseball was already nervous. ", "Rumors of scandal were everywhere. ", "National League president John Heydler, speaking for the National Commission, let it be known that the three-man group, including Johnson, would not authorize any plans for a city series between the Yankees and Giants, even one that featured Babe Ruth. ", "They would, he said, block any attempt to hold such a \"money-making scheme.\"", "\nEpilogue:\n\nClosing the Sale\n\nIn every possible way but a pennant, Ruth's first season had been a resounding success. ", "It was already hard to imagine George Ruth before Babe Ruth, Babe Ruth before the Babe, the Yankees, and even New York or the game of baseball before the Babe. ", "He and the sport were now synonymous, the game's history cleaved in two, the Dead Ball Era and the present.", "\n\nRuth was also synonymous with one more thing—money. ", "And since organized baseball would not authorize a city series, Ruth did the next best thing and went barnstorming, putting a team together with his old Boston teammate Wally Schang and Carl Mays, the inclusion of the pitcher a macabre attraction in the wake of Chapman's death. ", "At the same time, while he toured the Northeast and New England, he was \"writing\" an account of the World Series between the Indians and Brooklyn for the newspapers. ", "A minor scandal broke out when one reporter had the audacity to reveal that Ruth, in fact, was nowhere near the World Series, hadn't seen an inning, and was barely following it at all. \"", "Babe is apparently as good a long distance reporter as he is a long distance hitter,\" wrote the Times.", "\n\nThen Ruth ended up back in court—over money. ", "He hadn't received the $35,000 he was still due for Headin' Home and was ticked off. ", "He went to court and sued for the remaining amount. ", "However, he also got some bad advice and had a restraining order taken out prohibiting the showing of the film, which had long since left Madison Square Garden for much more modest theaters.", "\n\nRuth would eventually become a victim of both Hollywood accounting and his own naïveté. ", "Shutting down the picture cut off any possible source of income from the film. ", "Prohibited from showing the film, the company that produced the picture folded, leaving Ruth only a bounced check and a fat legal fee. ", "Outside the batter's box, he was still a rube. ", "Bad advice was proving ever more costly.", "\n\nHe hurt his wrist sliding during a game in Oneonta, New York, and reports suggested he'd broken a small bone, but he still hit a home run. ", "He probably should have sat out the rest of the off-season but the lure of the sun, and the dollar bill, proved too strong. ", "He finished the barnstorming tour, laughed off the story about the broken wrist, and went into business with Giants manager John McGraw, money bringing the rivals together.", "\n\nOnly a year before, McGraw had said that Ruth would hit into \"a hundred double plays.\" ", "That hadn't happened, but he had drawn millions of fans to the ballpark, and that's all McGraw cared about now. ", "He had put together a team to go to Cuba for a month and Ruth came along, the number one draw. ", "He didn't play very well or make much money—well, he did earn $20,000, but he lost it all gambling.", "\n\nIn the meantime, the Black Sox scandal blew wide open. ", "In mid-October eight members of the Chicago White Sox, pitchers Eddie Cicotte and Lefty Williams, third baseman Buck Weaver, infielders Fred McMullin and Swede Risberg, outfielders Joe Jackson and Happy Felsch, and Ruth's neighbor at the Ansonia, Chick Gandil, were indicted by a grand jury for their role in fixing the 1919 World Series. ", "If one included Sport Sullivan, Ruth had more than a passing relationship with at least three of the men, and while no one has ever suggested Ruth had any involvement in the scandal, that had to be of some concern, not only to him, but to Jacob Ruppert and the National Commission. ", "He needed to be careful who he hung around with.", "\n\nWhile it would later become a cliché to say that Ruth saved baseball after the scandal, the truth is he already had. ", "The Black Sox could have been indicted for murder and it wouldn't have made any difference to the future of the game. ", "Fans would have continued to pour into the stands. ", "The game as it had been played in 1919 was already dead. ", "Nobody outside the newspapers and Chicago much cared.", "\n\nHowever, it proved to be the final blow for Ban Johnson. ", "After the season, the owners of the National League and the Insurrectos all met in Chicago to discuss the so-called Lasker plan, floated by Cubs owner Albert Lasker, a proposal to have major league baseball administered by a single, impartial commissioner, or at least one not so obviously and inextricably bound up in the petty politics of the club owners. ", "The plan much resembled the same idea earlier put forth by Harry Frazee, and one that he had long advocated.", "\n\nAnother bitter, tempestuous meeting ensued, followed by backroom arm-twisting, virtual bribery and threats, as Johnson and the Loyal Five resisted as long as possible, but in the end, faced with a threat from the National League and the Insurrectos to break off and form their own league—significantly, taking Ruth with them—they capitulated. ", "The notion of a major league existing apart from Ruth was no longer tenable—that's how big he was. ", "In the end, baseball scrapped the old National Agreement that had governed baseball for decades, and adopted the commissioner system. ", "On November 12, Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis, familiar with the sport through his work on both the Federal League case and the Black Sox scandal, agreed to become the first commissioner of baseball.", "\n\nBan Johnson was finished, a figurehead from here forward, but his league would continue on, in part due to his initial genius at its creation, but moving forward, fueled by the engine of Ruth, the home run, and the game he created. ", "Johnson, totally by chance, had played a major role in that, but not in any way he ever intended or planned. ", "It remains a lasting yet thoroughly accidental legacy. ", "Johnson stayed on as AL president another six years, the bulk of his power gone, resigning because of ill health in 1927 before passing away on March 28, 1931.", "\n\nFrazee had kept his team, and over the next few seasons the Red Sox would repeat their familiar pattern of getting off to a good start, then fading. ", "Frozen out by the Loyal Five, Frazee stubbornly held on and tried to rebuild his ball club, but he simply could not compete with the juggernaut in New York. ", "No one could, at least in the box office or the bank account. ", "The Red Sox, after finishing fifth in 1920 and 1921, then fell to last place. ", "Still, on Frazee's terms, the Ruth sale had been a success and done exactly what he needed it to; he had saved his team, and protected its value. ", "Midway through the 1923 season, he finally sold out, getting $1.2 million—twice what he had paid for the club, from a syndicate led by Bob Quinn. ", "Frazee turned his full attention back to the theater. ", "Opening first in Chicago in 1924, No, No, Nanette became a hit, made it to Broadway in 1925 and then overseas, earning Frazee millions. ", "Unfortunately, he would have only five years to enjoy his success, dying of Bright's disease on June 4, 1929. ", "When he died, no one blamed him for anything.", "\n\nUnder Bob Quinn, the Red Sox sank to the very bottom as their main investor, Palmer Winslow, died, leaving the team underfinanced. ", "In 1933, they were purchased by Tom Yawkey, who spent millions of the team, but under Yawkey and those who ran the franchise in the Yawkey tradition, saddled by mismanagement and institutional racism, the Red Sox failed to win another world championship until 2004. ", "The spurious \"Curse of the Bambino\" would be invented out of whole cloth years later, a way to excuse the continuing failure of the Red Sox under Yawkey, who despite his wallet never won anything apart from a reputation as a bigot. ", "Not until the Yawkey legacy was finally erased did the team manage to accomplish what it had last done in 1918, when Frazee owned the team and Ruth was a pitcher.", "\n\nThe deal worked for Joseph Lannin, too. ", "He got his money from Frazee, made his real estate deal, and continued to find some success as a real estate developer. ", "But on May 15, 1928, he fell—or jumped, or was pushed, no one was ever certain—from a narrow window of the Hotel Granada in Brooklyn, and died at age sixty-two.", "\n\nIt also worked for Jacob Ruppert. ", "His big gamble paid off in every way possible, as Ruth outperformed even the most generous and optimistic expectations. ", "Under Ruppert, the Yankees became a dynasty and Ruppert's legacy became one not built from beer and politics, but baseball. ", "By the time he passed on January 13, 1939, his Yankees had won seven world championships and the Yankees, who Ruppert and Huston purchased for less than a half million dollars, were valued at more than $3 million. ", "And in 2014, he was finally inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.", "\n\nThe game Ruth created reigned. ", "Season by season, more and more players adopted his style of hitting, and in only a few years the old scientific style of baseball became an utter anachronism. ", "New, younger sluggers, who grew up swinging the bat the way Ruth did, and not the way Cobb had, soon began entering the game. ", "Lou Gehrig, Ruth's teammate, a native New Yorker and Columbia graduate, was one of the first and perhaps the best of this new breed. ", "Their success in tandem in the Yankee lineup fully relegated the old style of play to the history books, proof that Ruth was not singularly superhuman—not quite—but that his method and approach could be learned and put into practice by others. ", "As result, major league attendance would maintain the lofty levels it reached in 1920, and never look back, surviving even the Depression and another world war. ", "Everybody would make money off Ruth and his game. ", "By the 1940s, there were no players left who had been active in the Dead Ball Era.", "\n\nAnd Ruth himself? ", "Fifty-four home runs in 1920 would be followed by 59 in 1921, and 60 in 1927. ", "He would play at the highest level for the next decade, setting records too numerous to count. ", "The Yankees would make the World Series for the first time in 1921, win it for the first time in 1923, and win three more titles with Ruth on the roster, becoming baseball's dominant team and most enduring dynasty.", "\n\nOff the field, Ruth remained much the same problematic, self-absorbed, guileless yet occasionally troublesome player he had been in Boston. ", "While making records in New York he'd also suffered from venereal disease, alcoholism, gain a tremendous amount of weight, and suffer from a host of other physical maladies, be suspended by his team several times, reportedly be stabbed and shot at by angry husbands and jilted women, wreck any number of cars, leave his wife, and do all sorts of things that would have brought down any other man in the game... and be celebrated for it.", "\n\nRuth's inherent, candid good nature was part of the reason, but so was the way his talent was inoculated by those around him. ", "Ruth was too big to fail, too important to the game, and as Ruth's career continued, his protectors became more adept. ", "Home runs, it seemed, covered all sins large and small, and Ruth had a great time seeing just how true that was. ", "So did sportswriters, and no one would have a greater influence on Ruth—or, in the end, cover more of his sins with boyish boosterish and often bamboozling goodwill—than a young writer named Christy Walsh. ", "Late in 1920, Walsh met Ruth, and closed the sale for good.", "\n\nAn attorney by trade, Walsh first dabbled in the newspaper business before joining an auto company in advertising. ", "After being fired, he returned to words and had his first big success in 1919, ghostwriting an account of the Indianapolis 500 for world war flying ace Eddie Rickenbacker, splitting the $800 fee. ", "This gave Walsh the germ of an idea; he envisioned his own syndicate of athlete-authors, all backed by a stable of ghostwriters he would pluck from the pages of American newspapers.", "\n\nThere was nothing new about the idea itself—newspapers had featured such stories for years, but putting it all together under a single, organized umbrella, managed by one man, was. ", "Walsh envisioned not just doing a single story with an athlete and then moving on, but—for lack of a better phrase—building a brand.", "\n\nWho better to start with than Ruth? ", "Walsh had briefly met the Babe in 1919, but by the end of the 1920 season, even as it became more and more obvious that Ruth needed some kind of financial help and advisor, Ruth was beginning to use a bit more caution with whom he met and invited to his apartment. ", "Walsh used to wait outside and Ruth repeatedly brushed him off. ", "At the same time, Ruth was besieged by offers for endorsements and investments and business deals of all kinds. ", "He was ill equipped to sort them out and after the debacle with the film, and now the Black Sox scandal, increasingly untrusting.", "\n\nWalsh finally worked a ruse to get an audience with Ruth, making a delivery of beer. ", "Once inside, he got Ruth's ear and peppered him with questions about his business deals. ", "When he discovered Ruth was putting his name to a small, syndicated series of stories for only $5 an article, Walsh told Ruth he could get him at least 500 bucks to put his name on anything.", "\n\nThat got Ruth's attention. ", "Walsh went off with Ruth's tacit permission to act as his agent, and came back the next day with a contract, pushing it through the gated door. ", "Ruth signed it and Walsh left, promising to return with cash. ", "When he did, he produced a more formal document. ", "It promised that Walsh would solicit \"syndicated baseball columns\" ghostwritten \"by qualified sporting writers\" and signed \"By Babe Ruth.\" ", "In return, Walsh indicated \"I agree to pay you Fifty (50) Percent of the gross receipts, a special consideration. ", "My profit and all office and syndicating expenses, including printing, postage etc. ", "will come from the balance.\" ", "Ruth scrawled his name to the contract.", "\n\nWith that signature, the Babe became the first baseball player to sign with an agent. ", "Walsh eventually became his closest friend and most trusted advisor, protecting both his reputation and his bank account.", "\n\nFrom that moment on, the selling of the Babe was a full-fledged business. ", "The modern game—the Babe's game—was now fully in place.", "\n\nBabe Ruth and Boston teammates Ernie Shore, Rube Foster, and Del Gainer, circa 1915. ", "By 1920, Ruth's days as a pitcher for the Red Sox would almost be forgotten. ", "Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division\n\nTheatrical producer and Red Sox owner Harry Frazee (center), the man who sold Babe Ruth... and had good reason to. ", "Stuffy McInnis is to his right; Jack Barry is to his left. ", "Leslie Jones Collection. ", "Courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library\n\nAmerican League founder and President Ban Johnson, rightly referred to as the \"Czar\" of baseball, and a man who \"never forgets an enemy.\" ", "Michael T. \"Nuf Ced\" McGreevey Collection. ", "Courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library\n\nPhiladelphia Athletic owner and manager Connie Mack. ", "Before the 1918 season, Mack dealt several stars to the Red Sox, delivering a pennant to Boston. ", "Michael T. \"Nuf Ced\" McGreevey Collection. ", "Courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library\n\nChicago White Sox owner Charles Comiskey joined Frazee and Ruppert in opposition to Ban Johnson. ", "Michael T. \"Nuf Ced\" McGreevey Collection. ", "Courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library\n\nYankee co-owner Jacob Ruppert, (left), standing next to New York Giants manager John McGraw (center), saw how Ruth performed at the plate in the Polo Grounds and set his sights on the emerging star. ", "With Prohibition on the horizon, the beer baron needed his ballclub to win... and draw fans. ", "Courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library\n\nCatholic religious ceremony at Fenway Park, circa 1919. ", "This photo is perhaps the best view of Fenway Park as Ruth transitioned to the outfield. ", "Built in 1912, by 1919 Fenway already looked worn and tired. ", "It was no Polo Grounds, which featured an inviting right field porch. ", "Boston Sports Temples Collection. ", "Courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library\n\nFenway's left field wall circa 1919. ", "Fenway Park didn't suit Ruth, and not until 1919 did he even begin to use the left field wall to his advantage. ", "Boston Sports Temples Collection. ", "Courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library\n\nHarry Hooper. ", "Ruth's teammate, Red Sox right fielder, and onfield leader. ", "Hooper, not manager Ed Barrow, had the respect of the players. ", "George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division\n\nBabe Ruth with the Red Sox at Fenway Park, 1919. ", "George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division\n\nBabe Ruth, 1921. ", "In New York, Ruth became baseball's most-beloved figure. ", "George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division\n\nWhat was the difference between Boston and New York for Ruth? ", "In New York, he became \"the Babe,\" the man everyone, even President Warren G. Harding, wanted to meet. ", "Leslie Jones Collection. ", "Courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library\nNotes\n\nPlease note that some of the links referenced in this work are no longer active.", "\n\nIntroduction\n\nThere are thousands upon thousands of words credited to Ruth's lips: A particularly good discussion of Ruth and the role his ghostwriters played in his life appears in Kal Wagenheim, Babe Ruth: His Life and Legend (New York: Henry Holt, 1974).", "\n\nPrologue: September 11, 1918\n\nIn the eighth inning of the sixth and final game: Composite details of Game 6 of the 1918 World Series were re-created from several sources, namely game reports dated September 12, 1918, from the following newspapers: Boston Globe, Boston Post, Boston Herald and Journal, Boston American, New York Times, and Chicago Tribune. ", "Also useful were the author's previous accounts of the 1918 World Series: \"1918,\" Boston Magazine, October 1987, pp. ", "141–47; and \"The Last Champions,\" New England Sport, Summer 1993, pp. ", "23–31; and in Richard Johnson and Glenn Stout, Red Sox Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), pp. ", "133–34.", "\n\nBoston's left fielder: George Whiteman's role in the series is discussed in detail in F. C. Lane, \"Hero of the Series,\" Baseball Magazine, November 1918.", "\n\n1. ", "George Herman Ruth\n\n\"I saw a man\": Harry Hooper as quoted by Lawrence Ritter in his oral history, The Glory of Their Times (New York: Macmillan, 1984), p. 137.", "\n\nWhen George Ruth arrived: As explained in the head notes to the Bibliography, in addition to newspaper accounts, three books were of particular help in re-creating the events of 1918 in this and subsequent chapters: Allan Wood's 1918: Babe Ruth and the World Champion Boston Red Sox (New York: Writers Club, 2000); Kerry Keene, Ray Sinibaldi, and David Hickey's The Babe in Red Stockings (Champaign, Ill.: Sagamore, 1997); and Ty Waterman and Mel Springer's The Year the Red Sox Won the World Series (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999).", "\n\nspring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas: Boston's trip to Hot Springs is described from the following: \"Red Sox Take Ozark Trail Today,\" Boston Daily Globe, March 9, 1918; and \"Eibel Fails to Join Red Sox in Albany,\" Boston Daily Globe, March 10, 1918. ", "Other events of spring training are primarily built from press reports in the Boston Globe and Boston Post, March 1918. ", "Useful background on Hot Springs as a spring training site can be found in Tim Gay, Tris Speaker (Guilford, Conn.: Lyons/University of Nebraska, 2007); Paul Zingg, Harry Hooper (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993); and Richard A. Johnson and Glenn Stout, Red Sox Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999).", "\n\nRuth's performance finally earned him a big contract: According to Ruth's contract, his initial salary in 1918 was $5,000. ", "A facsimile appears here: <http://news.yahoo.com/babe-ruth-s-1919-contract-sells-for—1-02-million-at-auction-140200668.html>.", "\n\nHe just wasn't like other players: Average size of war recruits is discussed here: <http://www.tommy1418.com/wwi-facts—figures—myths.html>. ", "Ruth's height and address in Boston appear on his draft card, available here: <http://www.archives.gov/atlanta/wwi-draft/ruth.html>.", "\n\n\"he bends things of metal\": Boston Post, January 12, 1918.", "\n\nHe didn't even use the same bat as other players: Depending on the source, the weight of the bat used by Ruth is usually described as anywhere between 37 ounces and 54 ounces, the 54-ounce bat usually cited as the bat Ruth used in 1918 but only in spring training thereafter. ", "Records held by Louisville Slugger indicate that after 1920 Ruth generally ordered bats between 40 and 47 ounces. ", "See <http://www.ask.com/sports-active-lifestyle/weight-babe-ruth-s-bat-44377e44b466a6d9#>.", "\n\nBatavia Street became so notorious the city later renamed it: Nation's Cities v. 16–17, National League of Cities; American Municipal Association. ", "n.d. ", "p. 17.", "\n\nWith the average yearly household income: Average American income in 1918 is provided by the National Bureau of Labor Statistics: <http://www.bls.gov/opub/uscs/1918-19.pdf>.", "\n\nThe basics of his biography: For basic biographical details in regard to Ruth's early life, see Robert Creamer, Babe: The Legend Comes to Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992); and Wagenheim, Babe Ruth.", "\n\n\"Ruth's power\": Boston Post, January 11, 1918.", "\n\nAfter studying law and working for a newspaper, the young Johnson: Basic background on Ban Johnson, as well as some information in regard to Johnson's war with Frazee, can be found in Eugene Murdock, Ban Johnson: Czar of Baseball (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1982).", "\n\nStill, no one was quite sure how the war would affect the game: Basic background information on the impact of World War I on major league baseball can be found in Harold Seymour, Baseball—The Golden Age (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971).", "\n\nWho was Harry Frazee?: ", "Harry Frazee's basic biography appears in F. C. Lane, \"The Fire Brand of the American League,\" Baseball Magazine, March 1919, p. 676; and \"H. H. Frazee,\" New York Clipper, June 8, 1912, p. 3.", "\n\n\"essentially show business\": Lane, \"The Fire Brand of the American League,\" p. 676.", "\n\nWhy, he even employed black actors: In regard to Frazee's relationship with African Americans, in addition to backing black boxers and hiring black actors, documents in his archive indicate he made substantial donations to Fisk University, the historically black college in Nashville, Tennessee. ", "One letter from Fisk asks for $100,000.", "\n\n\"never forgets an enemy\": Murdock, Ban Johnson.", "\n\n\"the heaviest financial deal\": Boston Herald and Journal, January 11, 1918.", "\n\n\"Well, Ed\": Boston American, February 16, 1918.", "\n\n2. ", "This Means War\n\n\"I'd be the laughingstock\": Creamer, Babe, p. 152.", "\n\n\"'Hal Chase' Ruth\": Boston Globe, March 18, 1918.", "\n\nAlthough it was about 360 feet to the fence: Background on Whittington Park and Hot Springs baseball can be found at <http://www.hotspringsbaseballtrail.com/>.", "\n\n\"He could experiment at the plate\": Creamer, Babe, p. 109.", "\n\n\"This is getting painful\": Boston Globe, March 21, 1918.", "\n\n\"the colossus\": Keene, Sinibaldi, and Hickey, The Babe in Red Stockings, p. 156.", "\n\n\"the right field pavilion\": Boston Post, March 24, 1918.", "\n\n\"disappointed when they don't read\": Keene, Sinibaldi, and Hickey, The Babe in Red Stockings, p. 159.", "\n\n\"There is every reason\": Boston Herald and Journal, April 14, 1918.", "\n\n3. ", "1918\n\n\"He was like a damn animal\": Martin Smelser, The Life That Ruth Built (New York: Quadrangle/New York Times, 1975), p. 76.", "\n\nIn less than a decade, the number of minor leagues: Information on attendance and minor leagues in regard to baseball's popularity appears in Total Baseball (third edition).", "\n\n\"formed by yarn\": David Nemec, The Official Rules of Baseball Illustrated (Boston: Lyons, 2006).", "\n\nHe arrived early: Ruth's usual pregame routine in Boston is discussed in Wood, 1918.", "\n\n\"with a sort of conservation of appreciation apparent\": Boston Globe, April 16, 1918.", "\n\nso-called blue laws were in place: For a discussion of baseball and the blue laws, see <http://www.thebaseballzealot.com/baseball-history/sunday-baseball-the-history-of-blue-laws>. ", "Although Sunday baseball was legalized in New York in 1918 it was not put into effect in the major leagues until the 1920 season.", "\n\n\"colossal southpaw pitcher\": Boston Herald and Journal, April 30, 1918.", "\n\nThe New York Yankees were the most intriguing destination: For background on Yankees history pre-Ruppert, see Richard Johnson and Glenn Stout, Yankees Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003).", "\n\n\"the fear of the Lord\": New York Tribune, May 5, 1918, in Waterman and Springer, The Year the Red Sox Won the World Series, p. 62.", "\n\n\"Babe Ruth Is Hero, Wields Vicious Cudgel\": New York Times, May 5, 1918.", "\n\nhorsehide the leather of choice: Information on the use of horsehide by the U.S. government during World War I can be found in Bernard M. Baruch, American Industry in the War: A Report of the War Industries Board (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921).", "\n\nAlmost overnight, the quality of materials: A good discussion of the changing quality of wool used in baseballs during this period appears in William F. McNeil, The Evolution of Pitching in Major League Baseball (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2006), pp. ", "59, 60. ", "A terrific discussion of the topic appears here: <http://www.baseball-fever.com/showthread.php?31016-Discussion-on-Baseballs-through-the-years>. ", "See also Seymour, Baseball: The Golden Age, p. 423; and <http://www.baseball-reference.com/bullpen/Deadball_Era>. ", "For a discussion of knitting and World War I see http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=5721.", "\n\n\"Ruth Starts Rally, but Red Sox Lose\": Boston Globe, May 7, 1918.", "\n\n\"knocked the back out of the seat\": New York Tribune, May 7, 1918.", "\n\n\"Babe Ruth remains the hitting idol\": Boston Post, May 7, 1918.", "\n\n\"it sailed on and on\": Boston Herald and Journal, May 8, 1918, in Waterman and Springer, The Year the Red Sox Won the World Series, p. 65.", "\n\n\"Ruth is the large rumble\": The Sporting News, May 16, 1918.", "\n\n\"It's lonesome out there\": Boston Herald and Journal, May 11, 1918, in Waterman and Springer, The Year the Red Sox Won the World Series, p. 67.", "\n\n\"There is a world of speculation\": Nick Flately, Boston Record, May 11, 1918, in ibid.", "\n\n\"the most valuable player\": Boston Record, May 13, 1918.", "\n\nFor the next week, baseball stomped its feet and whined: The machinations between major league baseball and the United States War Department in regard to the eligibility of ballplayers for the draft and their possible exemption from the \"work or fight\" order could easily be the subject of a book itself. ", "The author has previously discussed this in detail in Johnson and Stout, Red Sox Century. ", "It also receives a full explication in Seymour, Baseball: The Golden Age. ", "The Sporting News during this period also published dozens of articles on baseball's reactions to the war.", "\n\n\"No ruling as to whether baseball players\": Boston Globe, May 24, 1918, p. 1.", "\n\n\"Certainly we want to win the war\": Ibid.", "\n\n\"all forms of amusements\" Ibid.", "\n\n\"It is a wonder\": Boston Herald and Journal, May 17, 1918.", "\n\n\"the hardest hit ball of the year\": Boston Post, June 3, 1918.", "\n\n\"it's almost impossible to keep him out of the game\": Detroit News, June 1, 1918, in Waterman and Springer, The Year the Red Sox Won the World Series, p. 91.", "\n\n\"I get sleepy out there in the field\": Cleveland Press, June 6, 1918, in ibid., ", "p. 96.", "\n\n\"tornadic thumps\": Boston Herald and Journal, June 26, 1918.", "\n\n\"Babe can hit telegraph poles\": Ibid.", "\n\n\"his collection of four-play slams\": Boston American, July 1, 1918, in Waterman and Springer, The Year the Red Sox Won the World Series, p. 120.", "\n\n\"That was a bum play\": Creamer, Babe, p. 162.", "\n\n\"for heavy damages\": Boston Herald and Journal, July 4, 1918, in Waterman and Springer, The Year the Red Sox Won the World Series, p. 122.", "\n\n\"Not a single player\": Boston Post, July 4, 1918.", "\n\n\"only a big boy\": The Sporting News, July 25, 1918.", "\n\n\"my wing was a little off\": Wood, 1918, p. 182.", "\n\n\"will absolutely crush a business\": Wilmington (Delaware) Morning Star, June 22, 1918.", "\n\n\"the work-or-fight regulations include baseball\": Wood, 1918, p. 186.", "\n\n\"use of persons not available\": Johnson and Stout, Red Sox Century, p. 125.", "\n\n\"not right and not necessary\": Wood, 1918, p. 188.", "\n\n\"BASEBALL GIVEN REPRIEVE\": Boston Globe, July 27, 1918.", "\n\n\"From now on the club owners\": Wood, 1918, p. 201.", "\n\n4. ", "Hijinks and Heroes\n\n\"Babe Ruth tried to win the bat\": Boston Record, September 15, 1918, in Waterman and Springer, The Year the Red Sox Won the World Series, p. 64.", "\n\nFirst, the owners figured out a way to screw the players: The release of the players as a cost-cutting measure is discussed in detail in Wood, 1918, p. 220.", "\n\n\"a Johnsonian slap at Frazee\": Boston Globe, August 26, 1918.", "\n\n\"an insult to Boston fans\": Michael T. Lynch Jr., Harry Frazee, Ban Johnson and the Feud That Nearly Destroyed the American League (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2008), p. 52.", "\n\n\"Someday Frazee will learn\": Chicago Tribune, August 27, 1918.", "\n\nHad the Series taken place a month or so before: For a more detailed discussion of the 1918 World Series, see Glenn Stout, \"1918,\" Boston Magazine, October 1987, pp. ", "141–47; Glenn Stout, \"The Last Champions,\" New England Sport, Summer 1993, pp. ", "23–31; and Johnson and Stout, Red Sox Century, pp. ", "133–134.", "\n\n\"was to keep the Battering Babe Ruth\": Johnson and Stout, Red Sox Century, p. 126.", "\n\n\"I hope I don't have to sit\": Boston Herald and Journal, September 4, 1918.", "\n\nThe situation was both tawdry and sad: A more complete explanation of the fight that resulted in the death of Ruth's father appears in Leigh Montville, The Big Bam: The Life and Times of Babe Ruth (New York: Broadway, 2006), pp. ", "75–76.", "\n\n\"Three times this afternoon\": Johnson and Stout, Red Sox Century, p. 128.", "\n\n\"the effect of the war\": Boston Globe, September 10, 1918.", "\n\n\"big Babe Ruth's mighty bat\": Ibid.", "\n\n\"if they concede anything\": Boston American, September 11, 1918.", "\n\n\"I made it possible Harry\": Ibid.", "\n\n\"have agreed to play\": Johnson and Stout, Red Sox Century, p. 133.", "\n\n\"a lot of other names\": Boston Globe, September 11, 1918.", "\n\n\"baseball is dead\": Boston Post, September 12, 1918.", "\n\n\"Hooper, Ruth, Mays, Shean, Schang, Scott\": Boston Globe, September 12, 1918.", "\n\n\"I have never asked for anything in my life\": Glenn Stout, \"The Last Champions,\" New England Sport, Summer 1993, p. 36.", "\n\n\"the whole gang of them\": William Ecenbarger, \"A Field Where the Babe Was No Hero,\" Chicago Tribune, September 21, 1987.", "\n\n5. ", "Out of Left Field\n\n\"Ruth made a grave mistake\": Robert Redmount, Red Sox Encyclopedia (Darby, Penn.: ", "Diane Publishing, 2002), p. 268.", "\n\nWilliam Howard Taft about becoming the first commissioner of baseball: Johnson and Stout, Red Sox Century, p. 138.", "\n\n\"Looks Like He's Playing Lone Hand\": Ibid.", "\n\n\"The players can sign\": Ibid.", "\n\n\"eliminate the evil of playing double-headers\": Lynch, Harry Frazee, Ban Johnson and the Feud That Nearly Destroyed the American League, p. 66.", "\n\n\"foolish piece of legislation\": Ibid.", "\n\n\"Certified information\": Johnson and Stout, Red Sox Century, p. 138.", "\n\n\"a war of extermination\": Ibid., ", "p. 139.", "\n\nAnd there was yet one more ugly little factor to consider: For a detailed discussion of the belief in baseball that Frazee was Jewish, the anti-Semitic roots of the so-called Curse of the Bambino, and the impact it has since played on the way Frazee is perceived, see Glenn Stout, \"A 'Curse' Born of Hate,\" ESPN.com, October 3, 2004; originally appeared in Boston Baseball, September 2004, reprinted in the Elysian Fields Quarterly, vol. ", "22, no. ", "4, 2005.", "\n\n\"A few years ago\": \"How the Jews Degraded Baseball,\" Dearborn Independent, September 10, 1921.", "\n\nFor a more complete discussion on the impact of the ballpark issue in regard to Fenway Park and the Polo Grounds and on the relationship between Ruppert and Frazee and their two ball clubs, see Glenn Stout, \"When the Yankees Nearly Moved to Boston,\" ESPN.com, July 18, 2002, <http://espn.go.com/mlb/s/2002/0718/1407265.html>.", "\n\n\"I'll win more games playing in the outfield\": Creamer, Babe, p. 187.", "\n\nhe cavorted with local schoolgirls: \"School Girls Take Babe Ruth Coasting,\" Boston Globe, February 4, 1919.", "\n\nbroke up a fight between rowdies: \"Babe Ruth Rebukes Rowdies at Dance,\" Boston Globe, February 9, 1919.", "\n\nputting his money and his talents into \"roller polo\": \"Ruth Now Wants to Buy a Polo Team,\" Boston Globe, March 1, 1919.", "\n\nBy showing up coated in a nice layer of fat: Spring training accounts are a composite made up primarily from daily reports in the Boston Globe and Boston Post, as are descriptions over the course of the season.", "\n\nPlant Field: Information on Plant Field is gleaned primarily from <http://www.tampapix.com/plantfield.htm>; a close examination of period pictures; and author's visit to Tampa in February 2015.", "\n\n\"leaned on it\": Boston Post, April 4, 1918.", "\n\n\"Ruth Drives Giants to Defeat\": Tampa Tribune, April 4, 1919.", "\n\n\"After the game, Youngs marked\": Edward Grant Barrow with James M. Kahn, My Fifty Years in Baseball (New York: Coward-McCann, 1951), p. 101.", "\n\n\"Babe doesn't feel right yet\": Boston Globe, April 14, 1919.", "\n\n\"The Red Sox are a great ball team\": Boston Post, April 19, 1919.", "\n\n\"next longest wallop\": Boston Globe, April 20, 1919.", "\n\n\"hit into a hundred double plays\": Creamer, Babe, p. 190.", "\n\n6. ", "Rebellion and Revolution\n\n\"As a batter, Ruth is an accident\": John E. Dreifort, Baseball History from Outside the Lines: A Reader (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), p. 133.", "\n\n\"struck a hard spot on the turf\": Boston Post, April 24, 1919.", "\n\nWhen he saw Ruth at the park the next day: The description of Ruth's confrontation with Barrow is a composite created from the accounts that appear in Barrow, My Fifty Years in Baseball; Creamer, Babe; and Wagenheim, Babe Ruth.", "\n\n\"the longest fly ever caught\": Boston Globe, July 1, 1919.", "\n\nCarl Mays became unglued: The Carl Mays controversy gets a thorough retelling in Johnson and Stout, Red Sox Century; and Lynch, Harry Frazee, Ban Johnson and the Feud That Nearly Destroyed the American League.", "\n\n\"permanent toothache\": Carl Mays vignette by Allan Wood, <http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/99ca7c89>.", "\n\n\"I'll never pitch another ball\": Lynch, Harry Frazee, Ban Johnson and the Feud That Nearly Destroyed the American League, p. 75.", "\n\n\"Mays Refuses\": Boston Post, July 20, 1919.", "\n\n\"Barrow Responsible for Red Sox Downward Slide,\" Boston Post, July 21, 1919.", "\n\n\"Fritz apparently forgot\": Boston Globe, July 19, 1919. ", "The story was written by an anonymous Cleveland stringer.", "\n\nAnd Lee Fohl lost his job: Untitled story, Boston Globe, July 20, 1919, p. 10.", "\n\nthere were shows in production and contracts to be filled: The Internet Broadway Database, imbd.com, contains detailed information on all of Harry Frazee's Broadway shows, including length of run, dates, theaters, number of performances, and so forth. ", "Even a cursory search for Frazee on the Web site provides ample evidence of his success as a theatrical entrepreneur over nearly three decades.", "\n\n\"This action of Johnson's is a joke\": Johnson and Stout, Red Sox Century, p. 142.", "\n\n\"war to the knife\": New York Tribune, August 1, 1919.", "\n\n\"Babe Ruth Act\": Boston Globe, August 27, 1919.", "\n\n\"lured by the reputation\": Boston Post, September 2, 1919.", "\n\nAlthough later held up as an example of the \"rape\" of the Red Sox: Most of the misinformation and framing of Harry Frazee as a financial failure who purposely \"raped\" the Red Sox for his financial gain can be attributed to the influence of Frederick Lieb's The Boston Red Sox (New York: G. P. Putnam's, 1947). ", "Lieb credits Mel Webb for coining the phrase \"the rape of the Red Sox\" and presents an incomplete and thoroughly one-sided portrait of Frazee that may be colored by Lieb's belief in a variety of fringe, spiritualist religions with anti-Semitic leanings (Lieb authored several books on spiritualism). ", "A more complete version appears on the author's Web site, www.glennstout.net. ", "Interestingly, Frazee's archive incudes a letter from Lieb asking for free tickets for he and his wife to attend a show. ", "Lieb miscasts many of the trades between the Red Sox and Yankees. ", "As demonstrated by subsequent research, including Steve Steinberg's \"The Curse of the... Hurlers?,\" ", "Baseball Research Journal 35, at the time of the trades, most were equitable. ", "Most of the mistruths regarding the Ruth sale received wide distribution in Dan Shaughnessy's discredited The Curse of the Bambino (New York: Dutton, 1990). ", "Later reduced to shorthand by a generation of journalists and self-confessed Red Sox fans eager to preserve franchise myths, an even more misleading account of baseball history emerged.", "\n\n\"the ball never got by\": Boston Globe, September 2, 1919.", "\n\n\"It is not often\": Ibid.", "\n\n\"Babe Ruth Equals Home Run Record\": Boston Globe, September 6, 1919.", "\n\n\"I could never hit like Ruth\": Boston Globe, September 9, 1919.", "\n\n\"put out of baseball\": Lynch, Harry Frazee, Ban Johnson and the Feud That Nearly Destroyed the American League, p. 94.", "\n\n\"Rome may have been\": Boston Globe, September 21, 1919.", "\n\nThen came the ceremonies: Details of the between-game ceremonies for Ruth are described here: \"Detail for Ruth Ceremonies,\" Boston Globe, September 20, 1919.", "\n\n\"attend to your police duties\": Ibid.", "\n\n7. ", "The Insurrectos\n\n\"A rabbit didn't have to think\": Smelser, The Life That Ruth Built, p. 172.", "\n\n\"barrels of shekels\": Boston Globe, October 7, 1919.", "\n\n\"many of the present seats\": Boston Globe, October 24, 1919.", "\n\nthe race driver Barney Oldfield: Lynch, Harry Frazee, Ban Johnson and the Feud That Nearly Destroyed the American League, p. 88.", "\n\n\"did not evince\": Johnson and Stout, Red Sox Century, p. 144.", "\n\n\"a blow from which\": Ibid.", "\n\na dinner sponsored by the Knights of Columbus: Boston Globe, October 15, 1919.", "\n\n\"was played up like a movie actor\" and other quotes and descriptions from Ruth's California trip: \"No Excuse for Not Knowing Babe's IT,\" The Sporting News, November 13, 1919.", "\n\n\"I feel I made a bad move\": Boston Globe, October 25, 1919.", "\n\n\"Frazee knows what I want\": Boston Globe, November 4, 1919.", "\n\n\"Then presumably there will be another lawsuit\": Johnson and Stout, Red Sox Century, p. 211.", "\n\n\"the Pipe Dream League\": The Sporting News, November 13, 1919.", "\n\nFrazee, however, likely had the money: The Harry H. Frazee Collection contains a letter from the theatrical firm Sanger and Jordan dated in January of 1920 asking the price to take My Lady Friends to Europe. ", "Another letter dated November 11, 1919, offers $8,000 for the world motion picture rights to Frazee's production A Good Bad Woman.", "\n\n\"Big Baseball Trades Due\": Boston Globe, December 7, 1919.", "\n\n\"had been analyzing the celebrated Mays case\": The Sporting News, November 27, 1919.", "\n\n8. ", "For Sale\n\nthe Giants were in pursuit of St. Louis Cardinals infielder Rogers Hornsby: In regard to McGraw's $70,000 bid for Rogers Hornsby, see Jonathan Damore, Hornsby: A Biography, (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2004).", "\n\nRuppert had already indicated he'd pay as much as $150,000.00 for Ruth: Lynch, Harry Frazee, Ban Johnson and the Feud That Nearly Destroyed the American League, p. 112.", "\n\n\"losing Ruth is bad enough\": Barrow, My Fifty Years in Baseball, p. 108.", "\n\n\"I had in mind that if you did not take\": Letter dated January 12, 1920, from Thomas J. Barry, Frazee's attorney, to Frazee in the Harry H. Frazee Collection.", "\n\n\"BABE RUTH IN MARKET FOR TRADE\": Boston Post, December 20, 1919.", "\n\nThe five-page contract transferring Ruth to the Yankees: The original sale document detailing the transfer of Ruth from Boston to New York has been widely reproduced. ", "The bulk of the contract is a standard agreement governing such transactions.", "\n\nThe agreement to secure a first mortgage on Fenway Park: The author acquired a copy of the original mortgage document from the Frazee family and is dated May 25, 1920. ", "The Purchase and Sale document for Frazee's acquisition of Fenway Park is in the Harry H. Frazee Collection and is dated May 3, 1920.", "\n\nWhile it is true that Nanette was based on an earlier show, My Lady Friends: First print mention of Frazee's intention to turn My Lady Friends into a musical appears in the New York Clipper on October 25, 1922.", "\n\nThe subsequent meeting: Standard retelling of Ruth's first meeting with Huggins appears in Creamer, Babe, pp. ", "211–13.", "\n\n\"I am not surprised\": New York Tribune, January 5, 1920.", "\n\n9. ", "Welcome to New York\n\n\"I told you Boston was some town\": The Annotated Stories of Ring Lardner (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997), p. 81.", "\n\nreaction to the sale: For more detailed reaction to the trade of Ruth, see Johnson and Stout, Red Sox Century; and Johnson and Stout, Yankees Century.", "\n\n\"For Sale\" cartoon: Boston Herald, January 7, 1920.", "\n\n\"The Bull in Frazee's China Shop\": Cartoon, Boston Post, January 7, 1920.", "\n\n\"We can't manage him\": Cartoon, \"Officer Call a Cop,\" Boston Herald, January 8, 1920.", "\n\n\"I figure the Red Sox is now practically ruined\": Boston American, January 5, 1920.", "\n\n\"this is not the first time\": Boston Post, January 6, 1920.", "\n\n\"it is believed\": Ibid.", "\n\n\"Ruth had become simply impossible\": Ibid.", "\n\nAlthough Frazee would later release: Harry Frazee, \"The Reasons That Led Me to Sell the 'Babe,'\" Baseball Magazine, April 1920, p. 626.", "\n\nIn fact, they even had a name for it, the old \"hoodoo\": The Yankees' long history of jinxes over their first fifteen years known as the \"hoodoo\" is discussed in Johnson and Stout, Yankees Century.", "\n\n\"But how that gorilla glanded baby\": New York American, January 6, 1920.", "\n\nOne in the New York Evening Journal showed him as a Colossus: Cartoon, \"The Catch of the Season,\" New York Evening Journal, January 5, 1920.", "\n\n\"We'll sure make life miserable\": New York Tribune, January 7, 1920.", "\n\n\"Just what homerless germ\": New York Tribune, January 13, 1920.", "\n\n\"Babe is willing\": New York Tribune, January 13, 1920.", "\n\n\"Frazee is not good enough\": New York Times, January 16, 1920.", "\n\n\"bosh\": New York Times, January 23, 1920.", "\n\n10. ", "The \"Infant Swatigy\"\n\n\"Everybody interested or connected\": \"An Awful Thing if Ruth Should Fail,\" The Sporting News, January 12, 1920.", "\n\n\"After we got away for the spring training\": Babe Ruth and William R. Cobb, Playing the Game: My Early Years in Baseball, edited by Paul Dickson, p. 60.", "\n\nJacksonville itself: For background on life in Jacksonville circa 1920, see Ennis Davis and Robert Mann, \"Reclaiming Jacksonville: Stories Behind the River City's Historic Landmarks (Charleston, S.C.: History Press, 2012).", "\n\n\"has a long drive\": New York Herald, March 2, 1920.", "\n\n\"the first official motion\": New York American, March 2, 1920.", "\n\n\"all our life we have been so poor\": New York American, March 3, 1920.", "\n\n\"When I had a chance to take a gander\": McNeil, The Evolution of Pitching in Major League Baseball, p. 60.", "\n\n\"a bagful of Babe's own\": New York Times, March 13, 1920.", "\n\n\"his swings cutting the air\": New York Times, March 17, 1920.", "\n\n\"Ruth figures it's the second hardest\": New York Times, March 20, 1920.", "\n\n\"What a swat it was\": New York American, March 20, 1920.", "\n\n\"a big piece of cheese\": New York Times, March 21, 1920.", "\n\n\"he leaned against it\": New York Tribune, April 2, 1920.", "\n\n\"The approximate point of exodus\": New York American, April 2, 1920.", "\n\n\"all doubt as to whether\": New York Daily News, April 2, 1920.", "\n\nthey had assigned a single reporter, Marshall Hunt, to cover Ruth: Wagenheim, Babe Ruth, includes interviews with Marshall Hunt that shed light on the reporting on Ruth in the era. ", "For more on sportswriting during this period, see Jerome Holtzman, ed., ", "No Cheering in the Press Box (New York: Henry Holt, 1973).", "\n\n\"so far over the heads\": New York Tribune, April 9, 1920.", "\n\n\"BABE RUTH ROBBED OF TRIO OF HOMERS\": New York Times, April 9, 1920.", "\n\n\"war between the Yankees and Ban Johnson\": New York Tribune, April 12, 1920.", "\n\n\"Baseball Park, a Stronghold of Free Speech\": New York Times, April 11, 1920.", "\n\n\"joyous moment\": New York Tribune, April 12, 1920.", "\n\n11. ", "A New Day\n\n\"You've probably heard the good news\": New York American, April 14, 1920.", "\n\nStill, 12,000 fans turned out for Opening Day: Game events of the 1920 season are composites re-created primarily through game reports in the New York Times and the New York Tribune. ", "In general, they are also the most authoritative—reporters James Harrison of the Times and W. O. \"Bill\" McGeehan of the Tribune were two of the most respected beat writers of their era. ", "Reports in other New York papers of this period, while certainly colorful, are sometimes lacking in detail.", "\n\n\"The situation\": New York Daily News, April 15, 1920.", "\n\n\"The crowd went wild\": New York Tribune, April 16, 1920.", "\n\n\"neither conquered nor celebrated\": Boston Globe, April 20, 1920.", "\n\n\"chasing Pennock's slow rounders\": Boston Globe, April 21, 1920.", "\n\n\"the old hoodoo\": New York Times, April 23, 1920.", "\n\n\"In this regard\": New York Tribune, April 24, 1920.", "\n\n\"I swung as hard as I ever swung\": New York Tribune, April 29, 1920.", "\n\n12. ", "Making the Sale\n\n\"The Babe Ruth roar\": New York Times, May 1, 1920.", "\n\n\"Ruth strolled to the plate\": New York World, May 2, 1920.", "\n\n\"At what was known in the old days\": New York Times, May 3, 1920.", "\n\n\"Babe needs only twenty-eight more\": New York Times, May 4, 1920.", "\n\n\"Naturally the question arises\": New York Times, May 13, 1920.", "\n\n\"Babe Ruth Makes Sick Ball Game Well\": New York Tribune, May 24, 1920.", "\n\n\"violent health\": New York Times, May 24, 1920.", "\n\n\"Cobb is a prick\": The earliest reference I could find for this quote cites a \"New York sportswriter,\" in William Curran, Big Sticks: The Phenomenal Decade of Ruth, Gehrig, Cobb, and Hornsby (New York: HarperPerennial, 1991). ", "This underscores the problem with the veracity of Ruth's quotes, for the language would never have been used in a New York newspaper.", "\n\n13. ", "The Babe\n\n\"A Modern Goliath of the bludgeon\": New York Times, June 3, 1920.", "\n\n\"a ball so high\": New York Times, June 2, 1920.", "\n\n\"He is hitting them harder\": New York Times, June 3, 1920.", "\n\n\"the amazing growth of home runs\": New York Tribune, June 4, 1920.", "\n\n\"the masterminds that control baseball\": Richard Bak, Peach: Ty Cobb in His Time and Ours (Sports Media Group, 2005), p. 121.", "\n\n\"There was some speculation\": New York Tribune, July 12, 1920.", "\n\n\"lured by the prospect\": New York Tribune, July 13, 1920.", "\n\n\"Idols are made of Clay\": New York American, July 21, 1920.", "\n\n\"an ovation befitting a King\": New York Daily News, July 21, 1920.", "\n\nThere was talk afterward that the home run had earned Ruth a movie deal: Background information on Ruth's film career and litigation in 1920 is from Reel Baseball: Essays and Interviews on the National Pastime and Hollywood (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2003).", "\n\n\"It looks very much\": New York Tribune, July 26, 1920.", "\n\nBut the game would go down in baseball history: Mike Sowell's The Pitch That Killed (New York: Macmillan, 1989) remains the definitive work on the death of Ray Chapman.", "\n\nHeadin' Home: Several versions of Ruth's film are on YouTube, and the film is also commercially available for purchase. ", "The shots filmed inside the Polo Grounds justify watching the film.", "\n\n\"Jersey Jiggers\": New York Tribune, August 28, 1920.", "\n\n\"the greatest pickler\": New York Times, September 25, 1920.", "\n\nThe Yankees earned a pretax profit: Figures regarding the Yankees' profitability are from Michael Haupert and Kenneth Winter, \"Pay Ball, Estimating the Profitability of the New York Yankees, 1915–1937,\" in Essays in Economic and Business History, 2003.", "\n\n\"money-making scheme\": Lyle Spatz and Steve Steinberg, 1921: The Yankees, the Giants, and the Battle for Baseball Supremacy in New York (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2012), p. 71.", "\n\nEpilogue: Closing the Sale\n\nLate in 1920, Walsh met Ruth: For details of Christy Walsh's meeting with Ruth, see Creamer, Babe; Montville, The Big Bam; and Christy Walsh, Adios to Ghosts (Self-published, 1937).", "\n\nIt promised that Walsh: The quotations from the contract appear from a document described as \"1921 First Partnership Between Babe Ruth & Christy Walsh Signed Document,\" that was made available for auction in 2010.", "\nBibliography\n\nNotes on Sources\n\nAlthough Babe Ruth may be the best known figure in the history of baseball, that does not mean that the details of his biography have been fully explored, or even that what we do know does not still contain questions, gaps, and uncertainties. ", "In fact, Ruth's own outsized personality and accomplishments have, in some areas, served to obscure his biography. ", "Certain aspects of his life—his upbringing, his performance in 1927, his \"called shot,\" and other notable events—have been fully explored, yet others have been almost ignored or overlooked.", "\n\nThe years covered in this book, 1918 through 1920, have nearly been skipped over in many treatments of Ruth as biographers have rushed into the Yankee years at the expense of his final seasons in Boston. ", "For that reason—as well as the author's preference and desire to produce original work—this book is built far more from period newspaper accounts that it is from previous biographies, which were generally only consulted in regard to basic information and time frames.", "\n\nIn most significant instances I have noted important newspaper sources in the text itself, although for variety and ease of reading I have occasionally simply referred to \"a newspaper account\" or \"a reporter,\" but all such direct quotes from previously published sources, including newspapers, are referenced by date and source in these notes. ", "Please note that events of individual games are in many cases composites, re-created with bits of information from a number of sources. ", "Researchers should keep in mind that game reports are generally dated one day after the game in question took place. ", "Due to the vagaries of reporting and the fallibility of game reports at the time, some accounts are often contradictory in specific detail, e.g., one report may refer to a hit as a \"fly ball,\" and another may refer to it as a \"line drive.\" ", "In these instances, I have tried to discern the most trustworthy report and have used my judgment.", "\n\nI have previously written about many of the events in baseball during the 1918, 1919, and 1920 seasons in several other books, namely Red Sox Century, Yankees Century, The Dodgers, and The Cubs, and numerous articles. ", "I have also written extensively about the cultural life of Boston in Fenway 1912 and New York in Young Woman and the Sea (see below for complete citations of these books and others during the research of this volume). ", "I refer the reader to these earlier works when a particular point is more fully explicated there. ", "In instances where the facts and conclusions of this book differ from those of my earlier published work, the reader should depend upon my most recent conclusions. ", "History is cumulative, and this retelling takes advantage of not only my earlier research, but material not available in these earlier works.", "\n\nMajor newspapers consulted for this project, virtually on a daily basis, included the Boston Globe, Boston Post, New York Tribune (the Herald Tribune beginning in 1924), and New York Times. ", "Other newspapers that were the subject of more targeted research include the Boston Herald (in 1918 known as Boston Herald and Journal), Boston American, New York World, New York Daily News, New York Mirror, New York Sun, New York American and New York Evening Journal. ", "I also consulted the weekly Sporting News during this period and the monthly Baseball Magazine. ", "The Boston Globe, New York Tribune, New York Times, and Boston Post are available online, although much of my earlier research from these sources was conducted from microfilm. ", "The other significant newspaper sources cited can only be accessed through microfilm. ", "I generally used files available at the Boston Public Library, New York Public Library, and my own extensive clip files accumulated over the past thirty years during which time I have been writing and publishing sports history, during which I have also made trips to the library at the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. ", "On occasion, other newspaper sources were consulted on newpaperarchives.com and newslibrary.com.", "\n\nThere is also no substantive, comprehensive archival collection in regard to Babe Ruth consisting of personal letters, journals, etc., ", "that allow us to know, definitively, what Ruth thought or believed about many aspects of his career. ", "Generally speaking, Babe Ruth \"collections\" consist primarily of memorabilia. ", "As stated elsewhere, Ruth made very few public statements in regard to the period of his life covered by this volume, and most statements of any kind assigned to Ruth were almost always penned by ghostwriters, often with no input from Ruth whatsoever. ", "The writer of history is left to write about Ruth primarily through his on-field acts and in reflection, through the impressions of others. ", "Fortunately, nearly everyone whose life intersected with Ruth formed an impression. ", "The basic details of Ruth's biography were gleaned from the standard Ruth biographies, most prominently Robert Creamer's Babe: The Legend Comes to Life and Kal Wagenheim's Babe Ruth: His Life and Legend. ", "I found them superior and more useful than either of the other two other substantive Ruth biographies, Martin Smelser's The Life That Ruth Built and Leigh Montville's The Big Bam.", "\n\nIn combination, three books cover the 1918 season rather completely, Allan Wood's 1918, Kerry Keene, Ray Sinibaldi, and David Hickey's The Babe in Red Stockings, and Ty Waterman and Mel Springer's The Year the Red Sox Won the World Series, which is more or less a scrapbook of newspaper clippings. ", "All three were useful. ", "The war between Harry Frazee and Ban Johnson is described in detail in Michael T. Lynch Jr.'s Harry Frazee, Ban Johnson and the Feud That Nearly Destroyed the American League. ", "Previously published literature on the New York Yankees that was particularly helpful includes The Colonel and Hug: The Partnership That Transformed the New York Yankees by Steve Steinberg and Lyle Spatz. ", "Oddly enough, no previous books have been written that take as their direct subject the 1918, 1919, and 1920 seasons, when the Dead Ball Era ended and the Lively Ball Era began. ", "The author also accumulated an extensive clip file on Jacob Ruppert and many principal figures with both the Yankees and the Red Sox while researching Red Sox Century, Yankees Century, and other historical baseball books.", "\n\nThe Harry H. Frazee Collection is part of the Performing Arts Collection held at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas in Austin. ", "The massive collection consists of more than forty linear feet of material—forty-five document boxes, forty-three oversized boxes, and two oversized folders, containing hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of pages of documents. ", "Apparently sold to the university by the family of a Frazee employee (the university considers its provenance confidential), the collection is both critical to an understanding of Frazee and frustrating. ", "As described in the finding aid, the collection \"contains typescript and manuscript plays; actors' sides; scripts and lyric sheets for No, No, Nanette and Yes, Yes, Yvette; telegrams, letters, cards and other correspondence; orchestra parts, orchestrations, and printed music for No No Nanette and Yes Yes Yvette; scrapbooks, booking registers, checkbooks, clippings; financial records of productions; real estate papers, bills, financial and theatrical correspondence, taxes, legal documents, contracts for productions, Longacre Theater construction, etc.; ", "checkbooks; accounts, ledgers, photographs, and other papers relating to Frazee's ownership of the American League Boston Red Sox baseball team, 1916–1923; and miscellaneous oversize materials.\" ", "Baseball-related material is confined primarily to one document box. ", "Since the provenance of the collection is uncertain, there is no way to determine if what exists is complete or if it was culled or stripped. ", "For that reason, there is no real way to judge the meaning of the incomplete material that remains. ", "For instance, the collection includes Frazee's income tax \"worksheets,\" but not the returns themselves, ledgers of plays, but not for every production, stock certificates for nearly a dozen corporations created by Frazee, but little information about them. ", "There is hardly any information of a personal nature. ", "Thus it is extremely difficult to reach a definitive conclusion about anything based on the material in the collection, in particular an accurate picture of Frazee's finances, which were never static. ", "For this reason, I have not based my conclusions, particularly in regards to Frazee's finances, solely upon the records found in this collection. ", "Rather, I have used them in context, to inform the circumstantial evidence of Frazee's lifestyle and activities as reported in newspapers, magazines, and other sources over the course of his career.", "\n\nWhile researching this book, I spent four complete days in the Ransom Center and personally viewed the contents of every box apart from those that according to the finding aid included only sheet music and theatrical manuscripts. ", "My conclusions are based on this research, the written evidence in period newspaper accounts, and my own thirty years doing historical sports research. ", "It is particularly frustrating that so little of Frazee's corporate records appear to exist, which would provide a fuller dimension of his business career, but even more so that his baseball records are so incomplete. ", "Frazee owned the Red Sox from 1917 to 1923, and it is extremely difficult to come to any definitive conclusion on that time period based on the contents of one single box consisting of perhaps five hundred assorted pages of documents.", "\n\nThe Eugene C. Murdock Baseball Collection at the Cleveland Public Library contains three scrapbooks apparently maintained by Frazee. ", "Unfortunately, two only contain clippings subsequent to the sale of Ruth and a third was apparently stolen and is now listed as missing. ", "In all likelihood, the bulk of Frazee's other financial records were lost or destroyed after his death and the bulk of his records with the Red Sox, like most of the other early historical records of the team, were apparently discarded during the Fenway Park renovation of 1933 and 1934 after the team was purchased by Thomas A. Yawkey. ", "At the time, corporate records of baseball as a business were little valued, and the memorabilia market had yet to exist.", "\n\nAlthough the Frazee family and heirs retain little original material pertaining to Frazee, the author did have the opportunity to interview Frazee's grandson Harry a number of years ago, and the family has shared a handful of useful documents, among them the sale agreement detailing Harry Frazee's ultimate purchase of Fenway Park in May of 1920.", "\n\nUnless noted otherwise, statistics used throughout have been gleaned from baseball-reference.com. ", "Yearly and league attendance figures are from Total Baseball (third edition). ", "Ballpark information, particularly in terms of dimensions of the major league ballparks mentioned, is from Philip Lowry's Green Cathedrals and ballpark data and drawings maintained at www.andrewclem.com.", "\n\nAll dialogue in this book is taken from a previously published source, and anything that appears in quotation marks is from a written document. ", "Absolutely no dialogue has been created or invented or surmised, but the reader and research should be aware that in regard to Ruth, particularly in the period covered by this book and before, all statements by Ruth himself should be taken with a grain of salt. ", "At this juncture, it is virtually impossible to determine with any certainty whether Ruth actually spoke any of the words now credited to him. ", "Newspaper reporting at the time rarely quoted players directly, and ghostwriters have always found Ruth a tempting subject to embellish.", "\n\nThe author would like to extend special thanks to the research staffs at the Boston Public Library and Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas and researcher Zach Ripple.", "\n\nSelected Books\n\nAlexander, Charles. ", "John McGraw. ", "New York: Viking, 1988.", "\n\n______. ", "Our Game: An American Baseball History. ", "New York: MJF Books, 1991.", "\n\nAntonucci, Thomas J., and Eric Caren. ", "Newspaper Reports About Big League Baseball in the Big Apple: New York Yankees from 1901 to 1964. ", "Verplanck, N.Y.: Historical Briefs, 1995.", "\n\nBarrow, Edward Grant, with James M. Kahn. ", "My Fifty Years in Baseball. ", "New York: Coward-McCann, 1951.", "\n\nBenson, Michael. ", "Ballparks of North America: A Comprehensive Historical Reference to Baseball Grounds, Yards, and Stadiums, 1845 to Present. ", "Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1989.", "\n\nCaren, Eric. ", "New York Extra. ", "Edison, N.J.: Castle, 2000.", "\n\nCreamer, Robert W. Babe: The Legend Comes to Life. ", "New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.", "\n\nDamore, Jonathan. ", "Hornsby: A Biography, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2004.", "\n\nGay, Tim. ", "Tris Speaker: The Rough-and-Tumble Life of a Baseball Legend. ", "Guilford, Conn.: Lyons/University of Nebraska Press, 2007.", "\n\nGinsburg, Daniel E. The Fix Is In: A History of Baseball Gambling and Game Fixing Scandals. ", "Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1995.", "\n\nGutlon, Jerry. ", "It Was Never About The Babe: New York, Skyhorse, 2009\n\nJohnson, Richard, ed., ", "text by Glenn Stout. ", "The Cubs. ", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.", "\n\n______. ", "The Dodgers. ", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004.", "\n\n______. ", "Red Sox Century. ", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999.", "\n\n______. ", "Yankees Century. ", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.", "\n\nJones, David, ed. ", "Deadball Stars of the American League. ", "Dulles, Va.: Potomac, 2006.", "\n\nKeene, Kerry, et al. ", "The Babe in Red Stockings. ", "Champaign, Ill.: Sagamore, 1997.", "\n\nLevitt, Daniel R. Ed Barrow. ", "Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2008\n\nLieb, Frederick. ", "Baseball As I Have Known It. ", "New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1977.", "\n\n______. ", "The Boston Red Sox. ", "New York: G. P. Putnam's, 1947.", "\n\n______. ", "Connie Mack: Grand Old Man of Baseball. ", "New York: G. P. Putnam's, 1945.", "\n\nLowry, Philip. ", "Green Cathedrals. ", "Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1992.", "\n\nLynch, Michael T., Jr. Harry Frazee, Ban Johnson and the Feud That Nearly Destroyed the American League. ", "Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2008.", "\n\nMacht, Norman L. Connie Mack and the Early Years of Baseball. ", "Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007.", "\n\nMack, Connie. ", "My 66 Years in the Big Leagues. ", "Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1950.", "\n\nMcNeil, William F. The Evolution of Pitching in Major League Baseball. ", "Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2006.", "\n\nMontville, Leigh The Big Bam: The Life and Times of Babe Ruth. ", "New York: Broadway, 2006.", "\n\nMurdock, Eugene. ", "Ban Johnson: Czar of Baseball. ", "Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1982.", "\n\nNash, Peter J. Boston's Royal Rooters. ", "Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2005.", "\n\nNeft, David S., and Richard Cohen. ", "The Sports Encyclopedia: Baseball. ", "New York: St. Martin's, 1997.", "\n\nNowlin, Bill, ed. ", "When Boston Still Had the Babe. ", "Burlington, Mass.: Rounder, 2008.", "\n\nRitter, Lawrence. ", "The Glory of Their Times. ", "New York: Macmillan, 1984.", "\n\nSeymour, Harold. ", "Baseball—The Early Years. ", "New York: Oxford University Press, 1960.", "\n\n______. ", "Baseball—The Golden Age. ", "New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.", "\n\nSmelser, Martin. ", "The Life That Ruth Built. ", "New York: Quadrangle/New York Times, 1975.", "\n\nSteinberg, Steven, and Lyle Spatz. ", "The Colonel and Hug: The Partnership That Transformed the New York Yankees. ", "Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015.", "\n\nStout, Glenn. ", "Fenway 1912. ", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011.", "\n\nStout, Glenn, ed. ", "Impossible Dreams: A Red Sox Collection. ", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.", "\n\nStout, Glenn, Young Woman and the Sea. ", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2009.", "\n\nThomas, Henry W. Walter Johnson: Baseball's Big Train. ", "Bison, 1998.", "\n\nThorn, John, and Pete Palmer, eds. ", "Total Baseball. ", "New York: Harper/Perennial; third ed., ", "1993.", "\n\nVoigt, David Q. American Baseball, Volumes I, II, and III. ", "Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983.", "\n\nWagenheim, Kal. ", "Babe Ruth: His Life and Legend. ", "New York: Henry Holt, 1974.", "\n\nWaterman, Ty, and Mel Springer. ", "The Year the Red Sox Won the World Series. ", "Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999.", "\n\nWood, Allan. ", "1918: Babe Ruth and the World Champion Red Sox. ", "New York: Writers Club, 2000.", "\n\nZingg, Paul. ", "Harry Hooper: An American Baseball Life. ", "Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.", "\n\nNotable Articles\n\nLane, F. C. \"Fire Brand of the American League.\" ", "Baseball Magazine, March 1918.", "\n\n______. \"", "Hero of the Series.\" ", "Baseball Magazine, November 1918.", "\n\nSteinberg, Steve. \"", "The Curse of the... Hurlers?\" ", "Baseball Research Journal, Vol. ", "35.", "\n\nStout, Glenn. \"", "1918.\" ", "Boston Magazine, October 1987.", "\n\n______. \"", "A 'Curse' Born of Hate.\" ", "ESPN.com, October 3, 2004. ", "Originally appeared in Boston Baseball, September 2004. ", "Reprinted in Elysian Fields Quarterly, Vol. ", "22, No. ", "4, 2005, <http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/playoffs2004/news/story?page=Curse041005>.", "\n\n______. ", "The Last Champions.\" ", "New England Sports, Summer 1993.", "\n\n______. \"", "When the Yankees Nearly Moved to Boston.\" ", "ESPN.com, July 18, 2002, <http://espn.go.com/mlb/s/2002/0718/1407265.html>.", "\n\nSpecial Collections\n\nGeorge Edward \"Duffy\" Lewis Collection. ", "A scrapbook of items on Red Sox left fielder Lewis. ", "Microtext Department, the Boston Tradition in Sports Collection, Boston Public Library.", "\n\nHarry H. Frazee Collection, Performing Arts Collection held at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas.", "\n\nMichael T. \"Nuf Ced\" McGreevey Collection. ", "Donated by this owner of a Columbus Avenue saloon, this collection consists of more than 170 photographs of professional baseball in Boston and personal scrapbooks from the 1890s to 1912. ", "Originally displayed at McGreevey's tavern, Third Base, the photographs form the largest collection of its kind. ", "The scrapbooks have been microfilmed and are on call number: GV865.M29A3, the Boston Tradition in Sports Collection, Boston Public Library.", "\n\nOnline Resources\n\nBaseballalmanac.com\n\nBaseballfever.com. ", "Researcher Bill Burgess maintains a remarkable archive of biographical information on American baseball and sportswriters on this Web site.", "\n\nBaseball-reference.com\n\nBioproj.sabr.org\n\nRedSox.com\n\nYankees.com\n[Babe Ruth \nHome Run Log](contents.xhtml#c_App)\n\n1915 through 1920\n\nHR #\n\n| |\n\nDATE\n\n| |\n\nTEAM\n\n| |\n\nPITCHER (L/R)\n\n| |\n\nOPPONENT\n\n| |\n\nBALLPARK\n\n---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---\n\n1\n\n| |\n\n05/06/1915\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nJack Warhop (R)\n\n| |\n\nat New York Yankees\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n2\n\n| |\n\n06/02/1915\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nJack Warhop (R)\n\n| |\n\nat New York Yankees\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n3\n\n| |\n\n06/25/1915\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nRay Caldwell (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "New York Yankees\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n4\n\n| |\n\n07/21/1915\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nBill H. James (R)\n\n| |\n\nat St. Louis Browns\n\n| |\n\nSportsman's Park\n\n5\n\n| |\n\n06/09/1916\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nJean Dubuc (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nNavin Field\n\n6\n\n| |\n\n06/12/1916\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nJim Park (R)\n\n| |\n\nat St. Louis Browns\n\n| |\n\nSportsman's Park\n\n7\n\n| |\n\n06/13/1916\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nDave Davenport (R)\n\n| |\n\nat St. Louis Browns\n\n| |\n\nSportsman's Park\n\n8\n\n| |\n\n08/10/1917\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nBill H. James (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n9\n\n| |\n\n09/15/1917\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nEd Monroe (R)\n\n| |\n\nat New York Yankees\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n10\n\n| |\n\n05/04/1918\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nAllan Russell (R)\n\n| |\n\nat New York Yankees\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n11\n\n| |\n\n05/06/1918\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nGeorge Mogridge (L)\n\n| |\n\nat New York Yankees\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n12\n\n| |\n\n05/07/1918\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nWalter Johnson (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Washington Senators\n\n| |\n\nNational Park\n\n13\n\n| |\n\n06/02/1918\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nEric Erickson (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nNavin Field\n\n14\n\n| |\n\n06/03/1918\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nHooks Dauss (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nNavin Field\n\n15\n\n| |\n\n06/04/1918\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nBill H. James (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nNavin Field\n\n16\n\n| |\n\n06/05/1918\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nJohnny Enzmann (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Cleveland Indians\n\n| |\n\nLeague Park\n\n17\n\n| |\n\n06/15/1918\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nTom Rogers (R)\n\n| |\n\nat St. Louis Browns\n\n| |\n\nSportsman's Park\n\n18\n\n| |\n\n06/25/1918\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nAllan Russell (R)\n\n| |\n\nat New York Yankees\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n19\n\n| |\n\n06/28/1918\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nHarry Harper (L)\n\n| |\n\nat Washington Senators\n\n| |\n\nNational Park\n\n20\n\n| |\n\n06/30/1918\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nWalter Johnson (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Washington Senators\n\n| |\n\nNational Park\n\n21\n\n| |\n\n04/23/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nGeorge Mogridge (L)\n\n| |\n\nat New York Yankees\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n22\n\n| |\n\n05/20/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nDave Davenport (R)\n\n| |\n\nat St. Louis Browns\n\n| |\n\nSportsman's Park\n\n23\n\n| |\n\n05/30/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nScott Perry (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Philadelphia Athletics\n\n| |\n\nShibe Park\n\n24\n\n| |\n\n06/07/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nHooks Dauss (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n25\n\n| |\n\n06/17/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nGuy Morton Sr. (", "R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Cleveland Indians\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n26\n\n| |\n\n06/24/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nDick Robertson (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Washington Senators\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n27\n\n| |\n\n06/30/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nBob Shawkey (R)\n\n| |\n\nat New York Yankees\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n28\n\n| |\n\n07/05/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nJing Johnson (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Philadelphia Athletics\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n29\n\n| |\n\n07/05/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nJing Johnson (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Philadelphia Athletics\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n30\n\n| |\n\n07/10/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nUrban Shocker (R)\n\n| |\n\nat St. Louis Browns\n\n| |\n\nSportsman's Park\n\n31\n\n| |\n\n07/12/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nDave Danforth (L)\n\n| |\n\nat Chicago White Sox\n\n| |\n\nComiskey Park\n\n32\n\n| |\n\n07/18/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nHi Jasper (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Cleveland Indians\n\n| |\n\nLeague Park\n\n33\n\n| |\n\n07/18/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nFritz Coumbe (L)\n\n| |\n\nat Cleveland Indians\n\n| |\n\nLeague Park\n\n34\n\n| |\n\n07/21/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nHoward Ehmke (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nNavin Field\n\n35\n\n| |\n\n07/24/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nBob Shawkey (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "New York Yankees\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n36\n\n| |\n\n07/29/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nDutch Leonard (L)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n37\n\n| |\n\n08/14/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nDickie Kerr (L)\n\n| |\n\nat Chicago White Sox\n\n| |\n\nComiskey Park\n\n38\n\n| |\n\n08/16/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nErskine Mayer (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Chicago White Sox\n\n| |\n\nComiskey Park\n\n39\n\n| |\n\n08/17/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nUrban Shocker (R)\n\n| |\n\nat St. Louis Browns\n\n| |\n\nSportsman's Park\n\n40\n\n| |\n\n08/23/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nHooks Dauss (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nNavin Field\n\n41\n\n| |\n\n08/24/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nDoc Ayers (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nNavin Field\n\n42\n\n| |\n\n08/24/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nSlim Love (L)\n\n| |\n\nat Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nNavin Field\n\n43\n\n| |\n\n08/25/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nDutch Leonard (L)\n\n| |\n\nat Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nNavin Field\n\n44\n\n| |\n\n09/01/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nJim Shaw (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Washington Senators\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n45\n\n| |\n\n09/05/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nWynn Noyes (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Philadelphia Athletics\n\n| |\n\nShibe Park\n\n46\n\n| |\n\n09/08/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nHank Thormahlen (L)\n\n| |\n\nat New York Yankees\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n47\n\n| |\n\n09/20/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nLefty Williams (L)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Chicago White Sox\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n48\n\n| |\n\n09/24/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nBob Shawkey (R)\n\n| |\n\nat New York Yankees\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n49\n\n| |\n\n09/27/1919\n\n| |\n\nBOS\n\n| |\n\nRip Jordan (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Washington Senators\n\n| |\n\nNational Park\n\n50\n\n| |\n\n05/01/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nHerb Pennock (L)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Boston Red Sox\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n51\n\n| |\n\n05/02/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nSad Sam Jones (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Boston Red Sox\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n52\n\n| |\n\n05/11/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nRoy Wilkinson (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Chicago White Sox\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n53\n\n| |\n\n05/11/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nDickie Kerr (L)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Chicago White Sox\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n54\n\n| |\n\n05/12/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nLefty Williams (L)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Chicago White Sox\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n55\n\n| |\n\n05/23/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nCarl Weilman (L)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "St. Louis Browns\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n56\n\n| |\n\n05/25/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nDutch Leonard (L)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n57\n\n| |\n\n05/26/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nHooks Dauss (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n58\n\n| |\n\n05/27/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nHarry Harper (L)\n\n| |\n\nat Boston Red Sox\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n59\n\n| |\n\n05/27/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nBenn Karr (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Boston Red Sox\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n60\n\n| |\n\n05/29/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nJoe Bush (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Boston Red Sox\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n61\n\n| |\n\n05/31/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nWalter Johnson (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Washington Senators\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n62\n\n| |\n\n06/02/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nTom Zachary (L)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Washington Senators\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n63\n\n| |\n\n06/02/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nLeon Carlson (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Washington Senators\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n64\n\n| |\n\n06/02/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nBill Snyder (R)\n\n| |\n\ns . ", "Washington Senators\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n65\n\n| |\n\n06/10/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nFrank Okrie (L)\n\n| |\n\nat Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nNavin Field\n\n66\n\n| |\n\n06/13/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nElmer Myers (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Cleveland Indians\n\n| |\n\nLeague Park\n\n67\n\n| |\n\n06/16/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nRed Faber (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Chicago White Sox\n\n| |\n\nComiskey Park\n\n68\n\n| |\n\n06/17/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nLefty Williams (L)\n\n| |\n\nat Chicago White Sox\n\n| |\n\nComiskey Park\n\n69\n\n| |\n\n06/23/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nUrban Shocker (R)\n\n| |\n\nat St. Louis Browns\n\n| |\n\nSportsman's Park\n\n70\n\n| |\n\n06/25/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nHerb Pennock (L)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Boston Red Sox\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n71\n\n| |\n\n06/25/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nHerb Pennock (L)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Boston Red Sox\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n72\n\n| |\n\n06/30/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nLyle Bigbee (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Philadelphia Athletics\n\n| |\n\nShibe Park\n\n73\n\n| |\n\n06/30/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nScott Perry (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Philadelphia Athletics\n\n| |\n\nShibe Park\n\n74\n\n| |\n\n07/09/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nRed Oldham (L)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n75\n\n| |\n\n07/10/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nHooks Dauss (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n76\n\n| |\n\n07/11/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nHoward Ehmke (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n77\n\n| |\n\n07/14/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nDixie Davis (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "St. Louis Browns\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n78\n\n| |\n\n07/15/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nBill Burwell (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "St. Louis Browns\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n79\n\n| |\n\n07/19/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nDickie Kerr (L)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Chicago White Sox\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n80\n\n| |\n\n07/19/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nDickie Kerr (L)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Chicago White Sox\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n81\n\n| |\n\n07/20/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nRed Faber (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Chicago White Sox\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n82\n\n| |\n\n07/23/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nGuy Morton Sr. (", "R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Cleveland Indians\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n83\n\n| |\n\n07/24/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nJim Bagby (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Cleveland Indians\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n84\n\n| |\n\n07/25/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nWaite Hoyt (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Boston Red Sox\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n85\n\n| |\n\n07/30/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nElam Vangilder (R)\n\n| |\n\nat St. Louis Browns\n\n| |\n\nSportsman's Park\n\n86\n\n| |\n\n07/31/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nUrban Shocker (R)\n\n| |\n\nat St. Louis Browns\n\n| |\n\nSportsman's Park\n\n87\n\n| |\n\n08/02/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nLefty Williams (L)\n\n| |\n\nat Chicago White Sox\n\n| |\n\nComiskey Park\n\n88\n\n| |\n\n08/05/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nHoward Ehmke (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nNavin Field\n\n89\n\n| |\n\n08/06/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nHooks Dauss (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nNavin Field\n\n90\n\n| |\n\n08/06/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nHooks Dauss (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nNavin Field\n\n91\n\n| |\n\n08/14/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nJim Shaw (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Washington Senators\n\n| |\n\nGriffith Stadium\n\n92\n\n| |\n\n08/19/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nRay Caldwell (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Cleveland Indians\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n93\n\n| |\n\n08/26/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nDickie Kerr (L)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Chicago White Sox\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n94\n\n| |\n\n09/04/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nSad Sam Jones (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Boston Red Sox\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n95\n\n| |\n\n09/04/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nJoe Bush (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Boston Red Sox\n\n| |\n\nFenway Park\n\n96\n\n| |\n\n09/09/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nStan Coveleski (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Cleveland Indians\n\n| |\n\nLeague Park\n\n97\n\n| |\n\n09/10/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nRay Caldwell (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Cleveland Indians\n\n| |\n\nLeague Park\n\n98\n\n| |\n\n09/13/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nHoward Ehmke (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Detroit Tigers\n\n| |\n\nNavin Field\n\n99\n\n| |\n\n09/24/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nJose Acosta (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Washington Senators\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n100\n\n| |\n\n09/24/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nJim Shaw (R)\n\n| |\n\nvs . ", "Washington Senators\n\n| |\n\nPolo Grounds\n\n101\n\n| |\n\n09/27/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nEddie Rommel (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Philadelphia Athletics\n\n| |\n\nShibe Park\n\n102\n\n| |\n\n09/27/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nEddie Rommel (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Philadelphia Athletics\n\n| |\n\nShibe Park\n\n103\n\n| |\n\n09/29/1920\n\n| |\n\nNYY\n\n| |\n\nDave Keefe (R)\n\n| |\n\nat Philadelphia Athletics\n\n| |\n\nShibe Park\nIndex\n\nThe index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. ", "Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. ", "For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.", "\n\nachievements\n\nCravath record\n\nFreeman record\n\nSeybold record\n\nWilliamson record\n\nWorden record\n\nachievements, of Babe\n\nin 1915 Series\n\nin 1916 Series\n\nin 1918 Series\n\nAL homer record\n\nBabe Ruth Home Run Log of\n\nCravath record topped\n\ndomino effect of\n\nevery homer a record\n\nfame as\n\nFreeman record topped\n\nhistoric month of\n\nJohnson, W., topped as\n\nin pitching\n\nSeybold record topped as\n\nstolen bases as\n\nWilliamson record topped as\n\nWorden record topped as\n\nadored and approachable\n\nagents\n\nCarrigan as\n\nIgoe as\n\nO'Leary as\n\nWalsh as\n\nAL. ", "See American League\n\nalcohol problems, of Babe\n\naccidents from\n\nplaying problems from\n\n\"all or nothing\" hitting\n\nBabe bigger than baseball by\n\nBabe style copied in\n\nAmerican League\n\n1919 Series investigation by\n\n1920 attendance record of\n\n1920 income for\n\nanti-Semitism of\n\nBabe breaks homer record in\n\nBlack Sox scandal of\n\nFrazee, Ruppert, Comiskey board of\n\nhomer in every park of\n\nInsurrectos suing\n\nJohnson, B., demoted by\n\nJohnson, B., legacy in\n\nMays reinstated by\n\nnew pitching rules in\n\nNYY 1919 Series award from\n\nreview board of\n\nsyndicate baseball resulted in\n\nanti-Semitism\n\nattendance\n\n1920 record of\n\ncity series for\n\ndown\n\nas NYY priority\n\nas NYY record against Indians\n\nrecord for 1920 NYY\n\nattention loving\n\nthe Babe or Bambino\n\nRuth, G., Jr., as\n\nRuth, G., Jr., becoming\n\nBabe Ruth Day\n\nbonus on\n\nat Fenway\n\nteammates not supporting\n\nBaer, Bugs\n\non Babe trade\n\nas Headin' Home writer\n\nBaker, Frank (\"Home Run\")\n\nball. ", "See Dead Ball Era; lively ball\n\nball standardization\n\n1919 ball livelier from\n\nrules for\n\nWWI impacting\n\nBaltimore\n\nRed Sox 1919 exhibition in\n\nRuth family in\n\nBaltimore Orioles\n\nBabe bought by\n\nInternational League\n\nRed Sox 1919 exhibition with\n\nBarber, Turner\n\nbarnstorming\n\nafter 1920 season\n\non California PCL\n\nin Cuba\n\nmoney from\n\nwith NYY\n\nRed Sox Independents in\n\nwrist injury from\n\nBarrow, Ed\n\n1918 Series lineup of\n\nBabe arguing with\n\nBabe moved to first by\n\nBabe moved to outfield by\n\nBabe suspended by\n\non Babe Tampa homer\n\non Babe trade\n\nBabe worth pondering\n\nas genius at NYY\n\nas ill-suited for managing\n\nas International League manager\n\npitching needs of\n\nas Red Sox manager\n\nscientific baseball of\n\nslump blamed on\n\nBaseball Magazine\n\nbat\n\ncompetition for\n\nuniqueness of\n\nBethlehem Steel\n\nbigger than baseball\n\nBlack Sox scandal\n\nblue laws\n\ncircumventing\n\nas income limiting\n\nNew York ending\n\nSunday play banned by\n\nBolshevism\n\nduring 1918 Series Game 5\n\namongst players\n\nBoston\n\nBabe move from\n\nBabe rejected by fans in\n\nBabe trade reaction of\n\nbig money outside\n\nblue laws in\n\nfans in\n\nNew York City compared with\n\nnotorious parts of\n\nas Puritan and Catholic\n\nRoyal Rooters in\n\nas small market\n\nSpanish flu in\n\nBoston American\n\nBoston Globe\n\non 1918 Series end\n\non 1918 strike\n\non Babe homer records\n\non Babe Tampa homer\n\nBabe trade support from\n\non Frazee and Johnson, B., feud\n\nMartin of\n\nTaylors owning\n\nWebb of\n\nBoston Herald\n\nBabe trade cartoons of\n\nBabe trade criticism of\n\nBoston Post\n\non Babe Tampa homer\n\nBabe trade cartoon of\n\nBabe trade neutrality of\n\nDuffy on 1918 strike\n\nReynolds blames Barrow\n\nShannon of\n\nBoston Record\n\nBoston Red Sox\n\n$150,000 Ruth offer to\n\n1915 Series of\n\n1916 Series of\n\n1918 Series of\n\n1918 spring training for\n\n1919 Baltimore exhibition of\n\n1919 opening vs. NYY\n\n1919 spring training for\n\nBabe 1919 3-year $30,000 from\n\nBabe and NYY beaten by\n\nBabe antics costly for\n\nBabe in slump with\n\nBabe income at\n\nBabe sold by\n\nBabe trade rumors for\n\nBarrow blamed for slumping\n\nBarrow managing\n\nBush pitcher for\n\ncrowds for Babe and\n\nCurse of the Bambino for\n\nFenway expansion of\n\nFrazee owner of\n\nFrazee selling\n\nHoblitzell first baseman for\n\nhomers no help for\n\nHooper as on-field manager\n\ninjuries hurting\n\nas Insurrecto\n\nLannin sale of\n\nLeonard pitcher for\n\nMays implosion for\n\nMays quitting\n\nMays trade warring\n\nMays traded by\n\nMcInnis traded\n\nNYY better than\n\nNYY hoodoo taken by\n\nNYY profit from Babe and\n\nownership tangle of\n\npitching needs of\n\npublic interest flagging in\n\nQuinn owning\n\nreligion restricting\n\nRussell traded to\n\nRuthless losing\n\nRuthless winning\n\nsalary cap limiting\n\nslumping\n\nsmall market of\n\ntakeover attempt for\n\nYawkey owning\n\nbranding\n\nof Babe\n\nWalsh completing\n\nBressler, Rube\n\nBroadway. ", "See theater\n\nbrooding and slumping\n\nA. L. Burt Company\n\nBush, Joe\n\nCaldwell, Ray\n\nCalifornia\n\nCarrigan, Bill\n\nCasey, Harry\n\nof Boston Record\n\nas Spanish flu victim\n\ncelebrity\n\nChapman, Ray\n\nChester shipyard ball\n\nChicago Cubs\n\n1918 Series of\n\nBarber of\n\nDoyle scout for\n\nLasker owning\n\nMitchell managing\n\nChicago White Sox\n\n1917 Series of\n\n1919 Series losing\n\nCicotte of\n\nComiskey owner of\n\nGandil of\n\nas Insurrecto\n\nJackson of\n\nMays implosion against\n\nSeybold record\n\ntrading for Mays\n\nchildhood\n\nCicotte, Eddie\n\nBlack Sox scandal of\n\nas pitcher\n\nCincinnati Reds\n\ncity series\n\nNational Commission stopping\n\nNYY vs. Giants as\n\nCleveland Indians\n\nBabe and Owens feud in\n\nCoveleski of\n\nin Loyal Five\n\nNYY attendance record with\n\nSpanish flu of\n\nSpeaker of\n\nCobb, Ty\n\nBabe black to\n\nBabe on\n\nas greatest star\n\non hitting of Babe\n\nColossus\n\nComiskey, Charley\n\non AL board\n\nAL suit of\n\nBabe offer of\n\nas Insurrecto\n\nagainst Johnson, B.\n\nWhite Sox owned by\n\nconscription. ", "See military draft\n\nCoveleski, Stan\n\nCravath, Gravy\n\ncriticism\n\nCrowder, Enoch\n\n\"work or fight\" on hold by\n\nWWI draft administrator\n\ncrowd-pleaser\n\nCuba\n\nCubs. ", "See Chicago Cubs\n\nCurse of the Bambino\n\nDead Ball Era\n\n1918 Series in\n\n1918 spring training of\n\nBabe limited by\n\nlively ball countering\n\nas old baseball\n\nWWI impacting\n\ndeaths\n\nof Chapman\n\nof Frazee\n\nof Johnson, B.\n\nof Lannin\n\nof Ruppert\n\nDetroit Tigers\n\nCobb of\n\nin Loyal Five\n\nSpanish flu of\n\nSpeaker of\n\ndisease\n\nalcoholism as\n\nSpanish flu as\n\nvenereal disease as\n\nDoyle, Jack\n\ndraft. ", "See military draft\n\ndrinking problem, of Babe\n\naccidents from\n\nalcoholic with\n\nplaying problems from\n\nDuffey, Arthur\n\ndynasty\n\non NYY\n\nof Red Sox\n\neducation\n\nevolutionary leap\n\nfor baseball\n\nphysique as\n\nexcitement\n\nBabe bigger than baseball for\n\nfrom Babe more than team\n\nexhibition games\n\nfame\n\nfamily\n\nBabe adopting Ruth, D.\n\nBabe adopting Ruth, J.\n\nBaltimore life of\n\nfather dying\n\nlove child rumors of\n\nRuth, H., wife of Babe\n\nFederal League\n\nFenway Park\n\nBabe disliking\n\nBabe Ruth Day at\n\nexpansion of\n\nFrazee purchase and sale of\n\ngambling at\n\nMays booed at\n\nTaylors owners of\n\nfilm\n\nBabe in Hollywood for\n\nOver the Fence as\n\nHeadin' Home as\n\nfinancial issues\n\n$100,000 offer for Babe as\n\nof 1918 Series\n\nof Frazee\n\nof Huston\n\nof NYY\n\nof Ruppert\n\nof Sunday baseball\n\nfirst baseman\n\nFlack, Max\n\nFrazee, Harry\n\n$100,000 offered for Babe to\n\non AL board\n\nAL suit of\n\nanti-Semitism against\n\nBabe 1919 3-year $30,000 from\n\nBabe and Mays offer to\n\nBabe deal structure of\n\nBabe trade explained by\n\nBabe trade path of\n\nBabe trade rumors for\n\nBabe worth pondering\n\nBarrow hired by\n\ndeath of\n\nas \"evil genie\" of Lieb\n\nFenway mortgage of\n\nFenwick purchase and sale by\n\nFenwick purchase talking\n\nfinancial situation of\n\nincome losses of\n\nas Insurrecto\n\nJackson value to\n\nJohnson, B., battling\n\nJohnson, B., insurrection led by\n\nLannin deals of\n\nMays trade battle of\n\nMy Lady Friends of\n\nNational Commission of\n\nNo, No, Nanette of\n\nas Red Sox owner\n\nRed Sox sold by\n\nRuppert close with\n\nsalary cap limiting\n\nTaylors reject offer of\n\nas theater entrepreneur\n\ntrading Babe timing of\n\non \"work or fight\"\n\nFreeman, Buck\n\nhomer record of\n\nas lauding Babe\n\ngambling\n\nin 1919 Series\n\nby Babe\n\nin Cuba\n\nat Fenway\n\nRoyal Rooters in\n\nGandil, Chick\n\nBlack Sox scandal of\n\nof White Sox\n\nghostwriters\n\nfor Babe\n\nfor Cobb\n\nThe Home Run Kid: or How Pep Pindar Won His Title (Ruth) by\n\nGiants. ", "See New York Giants\n\ngodlike\n\nBabe as\n\nBabe predicting homer as\n\ngoliath\n\nthe Great War\n\n1918 Series during\n\nBabe impacted by\n\nbaseball antidote to\n\nbaseball impacted by\n\nDead Ball Era impacted by\n\nending\n\nmilitary draft during\n\n\"work or fight\" draft order in\n\nGriffith, Clark\n\nHeadin' Home\n\nBabe in\n\nHollywood accounting in\n\nlawsuit over\n\nas unsuccessful\n\nWindom directing\n\nheroic\n\nHerrmann, August\n\nof Cincinnati Reds\n\nof National Commission\n\nHeydler, John\n\ncity series stopped by\n\nas replacing Tener\n\nhitting\n\nBabe style copied in\n\nboys copying Babe in\n\nCravath record in\n\nFreeman homer record in\n\nlively ball better for\n\nMatthias at\n\nphysics of\n\nscientific style of\n\nSeybold record in\n\nWAR in\n\nWilliamson record in\n\nWorden record in\n\nhitting, of Babe\n\n1920 records in\n\nAL pitching rules helping\n\nas \"all or nothing\"\n\nbat used in\n\ncomments on\n\nCravath record topped by\n\ndeveloping in\n\ndisliking Fenway for\n\nevery homer a record for\n\nexperimenting with\n\nFreeman record topped by\n\nas greatest ever\n\nhappiest during\n\nhistoric month for\n\nas hitting third\n\nhomers 50–51 as\n\nidol of\n\nagainst Johnson, W.\n\nlefty pitchers as struggle for\n\nMcInnis on\n\nmechanics of\n\nas nearly transcendent\n\nphysics of\n\nPolo Grounds a fit for\n\npublicity on\n\npulling the ball skill in\n\nSeybold record topped by\n\nin slump\n\nwith sore finger\n\nstrikeouts during\n\nswing mechanics in\n\nunique style of\n\nWAR in\n\nWilliamson record topped by\n\nWorden record topped by\n\nHoblitzell, Dick\n\nBabe replacing\n\nas Red Sox first baseman\n\nHollywood\n\naccounting of\n\nBabe visiting\n\nhome run friendly parks\n\nBaker Bowl as\n\nColumbia Park as\n\nFreeman and Williamson records from\n\nWorden record from\n\nThe Home Run Kid: or How Pep Pindar Won His Title (Ruth)\n\nHome Run King\n\nas Babe in Boston\n\nBabe to this day as\n\nas making other teams look good\n\nin Roaring Twenties\n\nhome runs\n\n1917 major league total 335 as\n\n1918 major league total 235 as\n\n1919 major league total 447 as\n\nCaldwell hitting\n\nCravath record in\n\nas defining moment\n\nFreeman homer record in\n\nnovelty of\n\nSeybold AL record of\n\nWilliamson record in\n\nWorden record in\n\nhome runs, major league\n\n1917 total 335 of\n\n1918 total 235 of\n\n1919 total 447 of\n\nhome runs, of Babe career\n\nAL pitching rules helping\n\nBabe Ruth Home Run Log\n\ncareer number 100 in\n\ncareer number 103 in\n\ndefining\n\ndeveloping in\n\nevery homer a record for\n\nas good publicity\n\nas greatest ever\n\nhappiest hitting\n\nas Home Run King\n\nidol of\n\nfrom lively ball\n\nas money earning\n\nas nearly transcendent\n\nas NYY priority\n\npublic interest energized by\n\nas public interest focus\n\npulling the ball skill in\n\nscientific baseball opposite of\n\nsins covered by\n\nstatistics of\n\nhome runs, of Babe season\n\n1920 spring training for\n\n1927 totaled 60 in\n\nAL homer record topped in\n\nAL record topped\n\nBabe Ruth Home Run Log\n\ncomments on\n\nCravath record topped by\n\ndead balls limiting\n\nepidemic of\n\nin every AL park\n\nFenway disliked for\n\nfirst as Yankee for\n\nFreeman record topped by\n\nhappiest hitting\n\nhistoric month for\n\nhomers 50–51 as\n\nLewis misplaying\n\nno help from\n\nnumber 50–51 in\n\nas NYY priority\n\npredicting\n\nas public interest focus\n\nscientific baseball opposite of\n\nSeybold record topped by\n\nstatistics of\n\nin Tampa\n\nWilliamson record topped by\n\nWorden record topped by\n\nhomer. ", "See home runs\n\nhoodoo\n\nin 1920 spring training\n\nRed Sox taking\n\nas Yankee jinx\n\nHooper, Harry\n\nin 1918 strike\n\non gambling\n\nas Red Sox on-field manager\n\nHornsby, Rogers\n\nHot Springs, AR, spring training\n\nHouse that Ruth Build. ", "See Yankee Stadium\n\nHuggins, Miller\n\nBabe batting third for\n\nBabe told about trade by\n\nBabe trade blessed by\n\nas NYY manager\n\nas wanting Babe in right field\n\nHunt, Marshall\n\non Babe besting Worden\n\nas Babe ghostwriter\n\nas Babe-dedicated reporter\n\nHuston, Tillinghast L'Hommedieu (\"Cap Huston\")\n\n1920 income of\n\nAL suit of\n\nas displeased with Johnson, B.\n\nfinancially winning\n\nas Insurrecto\n\nMays trade battle of\n\nMays traded to\n\nMcGeehan on\n\nas NYY owner\n\nYankee Stadium built by\n\nicon status\n\nIgoe, Johnny\n\non 1919 income of Babe\n\nas advisor and friend\n\nwith Babe in California\n\nas defacto agent-manager\n\nincome\n\nof 1918 Series players\n\nin 1919 3-year $30,000\n\nof 1920 AL\n\nof Babe at Red Sox\n\ncelebrity for\n\ncontract adjusted for\n\nfrom Cuba barnstorming\n\nfame opportunity for\n\nFrazee losing\n\nIgoe on\n\nwith NYY 1920–21\n\nPCL good for\n\nof players\n\nplayers against owners over\n\nindustrial semipro ball\n\nBabe at Bethlehem Steel for\n\nBabe interested in\n\nas \"work or fight\" alternative\n\ninjuries\n\nto arm or wrist\n\nChapman death from\n\nto head\n\nto knee\n\npulled muscles\n\nRed Sox hurt by\n\nto rib muscles\n\nas sore finger\n\ninsurance\n\nInsurrectos\n\nAL suit of\n\nas looking for a fourth\n\nPipe Dream League of\n\nas Red Sox, NYY and White Sox\n\nInternational League\n\nJackson, Joe\n\nBlack Sox scandal of\n\nvalue of\n\nJacksonville, FL, spring training\n\nJohnson, Ban\n\nAL demoting\n\nBabe and Owens feud ignored by\n\ncity series stopped by\n\nComiskey against\n\ndeath of\n\non Fenway gambling\n\nFrazee battling\n\nGiants displeased with\n\nHuston displeased with\n\ninsurrection against\n\nlegacy of\n\nMack trades with\n\nMays suspension by\n\nMays trade battle of\n\nof National Commission\n\nNYY suing\n\nRuppert against\n\nsyndicate baseball of\n\ntrade machinations of\n\non \"work or fight\"\n\nJohnson, Walter\n\nas battling Babe\n\nlively ball difficult for\n\nas most valuable player\n\nof Senators\n\nLandis, Kenesaw Mountain\n\nLane, F. C., Baseball Magazine\n\nLannin, Joseph\n\ndeath of\n\nFenwick sale talking\n\nFrazee deals of\n\nas Red Sox owner\n\nLardner, Ring\n\non 1919 Series fix\n\non homers\n\non New York\n\nLasker, Albert\n\nas Cubs owner\n\nLasker plan of\n\nLeonard, Dutch\n\nas Red Sox pitcher\n\nin semipro ball\n\nLewis, Duffy\n\nLieb, Fred\n\nlively ball\n\nBabe homers 50–51 from\n\nBabe homers from\n\nas better for hitters\n\nChapman death from\n\nDead Ball Era countered by\n\nas difficult for Johnson, W.\n\nas jumping off the bat\n\nnew baseball era of\n\nstandards lead to\n\nas worse for pitchers\n\nLoyal Five\n\nMacbeth, W. J.\n\non Babe and NYY defeat\n\non Babe NYY position\n\nMack, Connie\n\nFederal League and\n\nJohnson, B., trades with\n\nas Philadelphia A's owner\n\nMartin, Ed\n\non 1918 Series end\n\nas Spanish flu victim\n\nMathewson, Christy\n\non Babe trade rumors\n\nas pitcher\n\nas transcendent figure\n\nMatthias (brother)\n\nMays, Carl\n\nin 1918 Series\n\nAL reinstating\n\nwith Babe barnstorming\n\nChapman death by\n\nFenway booing\n\nFrazee trading\n\nimplosion of\n\nJohnson, B., trading\n\nRed Sox quit by\n\nsuspension of\n\ntrade war over\n\nas traded to NYY\n\nMcGeehan, Bill\n\non bigger ballpark needs\n\non Infant Swatigy\n\nof New York Tribune\n\non Ruppert and Huston\n\nMcGraw, John\n\non Babe Tampa homer\n\nCuba barnstorm of\n\nas Giants manager\n\nMcInnis, Stuffy\n\nin 1918 Series\n\non Babe swing\n\nas traded to Red Sox\n\nmilitary draft\n\nCrowder of\n\n\"work or fight\" order on\n\nduring WWI\n\nMitchell, Fred\n\nmoney. ", "See income\n\nmovies. ", "See film\n\nMy Lady Friends\n\nmythology\n\nbranding of\n\nas Colossus\n\nevolutionary basis of\n\nas godlike Babe\n\nhard facts contrast with\n\nHeadin' Home as\n\nuseless stories as\n\nnaïveté\n\nNational Baseball Hall of Fame\n\nNational Commission\n\nBlack Sox scandal concerning\n\ncity series stopped by\n\nFrazee restructuring\n\nHeydler of\n\nJohnson, B., on\n\nLandis new head of\n\nLasker plan for\n\none commissioner system for\n\nTener on\n\non \"work or fight\"\n\nNational League 73\n\nBlack Sox scandal of\n\nCravath record in\n\nNew York American\n\non Babe batting spree\n\non Babe besting Worden\n\non Babe magnanimity\n\non Babe trade\n\non spring training Babe\n\non spring training homer\n\nNew York City\n\nBabe a fit in\n\nBabe joins NYY in\n\nBabe moving to\n\nBabe reaction of\n\nBabe thriving in\n\nBabe with upper crust of\n\nbig money in\n\nblue laws end in\n\nBoston compared with\n\nfans in\n\npublicity different in\n\nRoaring Twenties in\n\nNew York Daily News\n\non Babe besting Worden\n\nBabe column in\n\nHunt of\n\non spring training homer\n\nNew York Giants\n\n1917 Series of\n\ncity series of\n\nas displeased with Johnson, B.\n\nmarket stranglehold of\n\nMathewson of\n\nMcGraw managing\n\nPolo Grounds home of\n\nNew York Times\n\non \"the Babe Ruth roar\"\n\non Babe trade\n\nas bullish on Babe\n\non goliath of the bludgeon\n\non mighty strikeouts\n\non National Commission\n\non spring training Babe\n\nNew York Tribune\n\non Babe golf\n\non Babe trade\n\non baseball troubles\n\non bigger ballpark needs\n\non Infant Swatigy\n\nMacbeth of\n\non Ruppert and Huston\n\non spring training homers\n\nNew York Yankees\n\n1919 opening vs. Red Sox\n\n1919 Series award of\n\n1920 attendance record of\n\n1920 income of\n\n1920 spring training of\n\nattendance record against Indians for\n\nBabe bought by\n\nBabe insured for $150,000 by\n\nBabe joining\n\nBabe slump ending\n\nBabe spring training slump for\n\nBabe stolen bases for\n\nBaker retires from\n\nBarrow genius at NYY\n\nas better than Red Sox\n\nCaldwell of\n\ncity series of\n\ndynasty of\n\nfinancial strength of\n\nhistoric month for\n\nhoodoo jinx of\n\nHuggins manager of\n\nincome 1920–21 with\n\nas Insurrecto\n\nJohnson, B., suit of\n\nmarket inferiority of\n\nMays traded to\n\nPezzolo traded to\n\nPolo Grounds used by\n\npriorities of\n\nRed Sox and Babe profiting\n\nRed Sox beating\n\nroad trip success of\n\nRuppert and Huston owners of\n\nRussell pitcher for\n\nRussell traded by\n\nRuthless Red Sox beating\n\nRuthless Red Sox losing\n\nworld championships of\n\nYankee Stadium for\n\nnicknames\n\nthe Babe or Bambino as\n\nColossus as\n\nNL. ", "See National League\n\nNo, No, Nanette\n\nNYY. ", "See New York Yankees\n\nO'Leary, J. C.\n\non 1918 strike\n\non Babe delivering\n\nas Babe press agent\n\non base slugging percentage (OPS)\n\noutfielder\n\nBabe as\n\nBabe erratic as\n\nOver the Fence\n\nas film on Babe swing\n\nlawsuit over\n\nOwens, Brick\n\nowners\n\nanti-Semitism of\n\nas against players\n\nPacific Coast League baseball (PCL)\n\npartyer\n\nPCL. ", "See Pacific Coast League baseball\n\npersonality, of Babe\n\nadored and approachable in\n\nattention loving\n\nBabe trade due to\n\nas bigger than baseball\n\nbrooding and slumping\n\nas crowd-pleaser\n\nas discontent with pitching\n\nas disliking criticism\n\nas distanced from team\n\nas heroic\n\ninstinctive\n\nnaïveté as\n\nas partyer\n\npioneering\n\nas selfish\n\ntalent and appetites of\n\nas thriving in New York\n\nas womanizer\n\nPezzolo, Francesco Stephano (\"Ping Bodie\")\n\non Babe trade\n\nas traded to NYY\n\nPhiladelphia A's\n\nBabe by Bressler of\n\nColumbia Park home of\n\nin Loyal Five\n\nMack owning\n\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n\nBaker Bowl home of\n\nCravath record for\n\nphysique\n\npioneering\n\nPipe Dream League\n\npitcher\n\nin 1918 Series\n\nachievements\n\nBabe discontent as\n\ninjured finger of\n\nlively ball worse for\n\nrecords\n\ntime as\n\nvalue diminished as\n\nPlant Field, Tampa, FL\n\nplayers against owners\n\nPolo Grounds\n\nBabe homer off Lewis at\n\nBabe packing\n\nas baseball field\n\nas fitting Babe\n\npositions played\n\nfirst baseman\n\noutfielder\n\npitcher\n\nProhibition\n\npublic interest\n\nadored and approachable in\n\nas attendance down\n\nBabe bests baseball in\n\nin Babe breaking AL homer record\n\nBabe exciting\n\nas Babe rejected by Boston fans\n\n\"the Babe Ruth roar\" of\n\nin Babe unique hitting style\n\nas baseball antidote to war\n\nas Boston fans missing Babe\n\nas boys copying Babe\n\nhomer focus of\n\nhomers energizing\n\nfrom New York upper crust\n\nin novel home runs\n\nPCL tour big in\n\nPolo Grounds packed from\n\nin Red Sox flagging\n\nin Ruth unprecedented\n\nstrikeout stigma in\n\nin strikeouts\n\nstupefying crowds of\n\nsuccess due to\n\npublicity\n\non 1918 Series\n\non 1918 strike\n\nattention loving\n\non Babe besting Seybold AL record\n\nBabe bests baseball in\n\nas Babe eclipsing everyone\n\non Babe golf\n\non Babe hitting\n\non Babe homer records\n\non Babe pitching\n\nBabe protected by press in\n\non Babe selfishness\n\non Babe trade\n\nas bullish on Babe\n\nas different in New York\n\non goliath of the bludgeon\n\nas good for sportswriters\n\nThe Home Run Kid: or How Pep Pindar Won His Title (Ruth)\n\non homer explosion\n\nhomers as\n\non PCL barnstorming\n\non slumping Red Sox\n\nas trade comments of Babe\n\nQuinn, Bob\n\nracism\n\nrecords\n\nfor attendance\n\ndomino effect of\n\nhomers of Cravath as\n\nhomers of Freeman as\n\nhomers of Seybold as\n\nhomers of Williamson as\n\nof strikeouts\n\nrecords, of Babe\n\n60 homers as\n\nin 1918 season\n\nin 1919 season\n\n1920 records in\n\nCravath record topped as\n\nevery homer as\n\nFreeman record topped as\n\nhighest WAR as\n\nhomer 100 as\n\nhomer 103 as\n\nfor homers\n\nhomers 50–51 as\n\nfor pitching\n\npublicity on\n\nSeybold record topped as\n\nof strikeouts\n\nWilliamson record topped as\n\nWorden record topped as\n\nRed Sox. ", "See Boston Red Sox\n\nRed Sox Independents\n\nReds. ", "See Cincinnati Reds\n\nreligion\n\nReynolds, Howard\n\nRice, Grantland\n\nBabe totals predicted by\n\non Babe trade\n\non homer explosion\n\nRoaring Twenties\n\nBabe king of\n\nin New York City\n\nRobinson, Arthur\n\non Babe besting Worden\n\non Babe magnanimity\n\nRoyal Rooters\n\nRunyon, Damon\n\non Babe batting spree\n\nin New York American\n\nas sportswriter and playwright\n\non spring training homer\n\nRuppert, Jacob\n\n$150,000 Ruth offer of\n\n1920 income of\n\non AL board\n\non AL review board\n\nAL suit of\n\nBabe and Mays offer of\n\nBabe trade needed by\n\nBlack Sox scandal concerning\n\nas connected with Tammany Hall\n\ndeath of\n\nFenway mortgage of\n\nfinancial straits of\n\nfinancial strength of\n\nfinancially winning\n\nFrazee close with\n\nas Insurrecto\n\nJohnson, B., trades with\n\nagainst Johnson, B.\n\nMays trade battle of\n\nMays traded to\n\nMcGeehan on smarts of\n\nin National Baseball Hall of Fame\n\nas NYY owner\n\nProhibition influencing\n\nas trading for Mays\n\nYankee Stadium built by\n\nRussell, Allen\n\nas NYY pitcher\n\ntraded to Red Sox\n\nRuth, Dorothy\n\nRuth, George Herman, Jr. (\"Babe\"). ", "See specific topics\n\nRuth, George Herman, Sr.", "\n\nRuth, Helen\n\nas mostly alone\n\nas wife of Babe\n\nRuth, Julia\n\nsalary cap limits\n\nscientific baseball\n\nBabe abandoning\n\nBarrow committed to\n\nDoyle contrasts Babe with\n\nhomers opposite of\n\nof Ruthless Red Sox\n\nstyle of\n\nself-centered\n\nSenators. ", "See Washington Senators\n\nSeries. ", "See World Series\n\nSeybold, Socks\n\nShannon, Paul\n\nBabe trade leaks from\n\nof Boston Post\n\non Boston team and Babe trade\n\nshipyard leagues. ", "See industrial semipro ball\n\nslugging percentage\n\nslumps\n\nof Babe in spring training\n\nBabe slump ending\n\nfor Red Sox\n\nsmall ball style. ", "See scientific baseball\n\nSpanish flu\n\nSpeaker, Tris\n\nThe Sporting News\n\non Babe\n\non Babe trade rumors\n\non Babe with PCL\n\non National Commission\n\non selfish Babe\n\nVila of\n\nsportswriters\n\nBabe benefiting\n\nprotection from\n\nuseless stories from\n\nspring training\n\nfor 1918 Red Sox\n\nfor 1919 Red Sox\n\nfor 1920 NYY\n\nBabe slump in\n\nhomers during\n\nSt. Louis Browns\n\nSt. Mary's Industrial School for Boys\n\nstatistics\n\non 1920 strikeouts\n\non Babe homers\n\non Babe strikeouts\n\nOPS as\n\nslugging percentage as\n\nWAR as\n\nstrike\n\nstrikeouts\n\n1920 total of\n\nas mighty\n\npopularity of\n\nrecord number of\n\nstigma of\n\nSullivan, Joseph (\"Sport\")\n\nBlack Sox scandal of\n\nas gambler\n\nSunday baseball\n\nbanning\n\nfinancial windfall of\n\nas legalized in New York\n\nswing mechanics\n\nBabe learning\n\nexperimentation with\n\nsyndicate baseball\n\ntalent and appetites\n\nTammany Hall\n\nTampa, FL\n\nBabe homer in\n\nPlant Field in\n\nRed Sox spring training in\n\nTampa Tribune\n\nTaylor, Charles H. and John\n\nas Boston Globe owners\n\nas Fenway Park owners\n\nFenway sale talking\n\nFrazee offer rejected by\n\nteammates\n\nTener, John\n\ntheater\n\nFrazee entrepreneur in\n\nmoney in\n\nMy Lady Friends in\n\nNo, No, Nanette in\n\nas not part of Babe trade\n\nRunyon playwright in\n\ntrading Babe\n\nBabe comments on\n\nBabe told about\n\nBarrow advice on\n\nBoston reacts to\n\nComiskey offering\n\ndeal structure of\n\nFenway mortgage in\n\nFrazee explaining\n\nFrazee path for\n\nHornsby value guage in\n\nHuggins blessing\n\nissues leading to\n\nmarket size issues in\n\nNew York reacts to\n\npublicity on\n\nRed Sox dynasty and\n\nRuppert needing\n\ntheater issues not part of\n\ntiming of\n\ntranscendent\n\nBabe hitting as\n\nMathewson as\n\nUnited News Service\n\nVila, Joe, The Sporting News\n\nWagner, Robert\n\nWalsh, Christy\n\nas Babe agent\n\nas Babe closest friend\n\nwar\n\n1918 Series during\n\nBabe impacted by\n\nbaseball antidote to\n\nbaseball impacted by\n\nDead Ball Era impacted by\n\nmilitary draft during\n\n\"work or fight\" draft order in\n\nWWI ending\n\nWAR (wins above replacement)\n\nfor 1919\n\nBabe highest in\n\nas statistic\n\nWashington Senators\n\ncrowds for Babe playing\n\nGriffith owning\n\nJohnson, W., of\n\nin Loyal Five\n\nWebb, Mel\n\non Babe and NYY defeat\n\non Babe as asset\n\non Babe Baltimore homer\n\non Babe pitching\n\non Babe Tampa homer\n\nWhite Sox. ", "See Chicago White Sox\n\nWhiteman, George\n\nWilliamson, Ned\n\nWindom, Lawrence\n\nwomanizer\n\nWorden, Perry\n\n\"work or fight\" draft order\n\non hold\n\nindustrial semipro ball alternative to\n\nin WWI\n\nWorld Series\n\nof 1913\n\nof 1915\n\nof 1916\n\nof 1917\n\nof 1918\n\nof 1919\n\nof 2004\n\nof NYY\n\nWWI. ", "See the Great War\n\nYankee Stadium\n\nYankees. ", "See New York Yankees\n\nYawkey, Tom\nAbout the Author\n\nGLENN STOUT is the series editor for The Best American Sports Writing and a Casey Award finalist author of such titles as Red Sox Century, Yankees Century, and Fenway 1912. ", "You can sign up for email updates here.", "\n\nALSO BY GLENN STOUT\n\nFenway 1912\n\nYoung Woman and the Sea\n\nNine Months at Ground Zero\nThank you for buying this\n\nSt. Martin's Press ebook.", "\n\nTo receive special offers, bonus content,\n\nand info on new releases and other great reads,\n\nsign up for our newsletters.", "\n\nOr visit us online at\n\nus.macmillan.com/newslettersignup\n\nFor email updates on the author, click here.", "\nContents\n\nTitle Page\n\nCopyright Notice\n\nIntroduction\n\nPrologue: September 11, 1918\n\n1. ", "George Herman Ruth\n\n2. ", "This Means War\n\n3. ", "1918\n\n4. ", "Hijinks and Heroes\n\n5. ", "Out of Left Field\n\n6. ", "Rebellion and Revolution\n\n7. ", "The Insurrectos\n\n8. ", "For Sale\n\n9. ", "Welcome to New York\n\n10. ", "The \"Infant Swatigy\"\n\n11. ", "A New Day\n\n12. ", "Making the Sale\n\n13. ", "The Babe\n\nEpilogue: Closing the Sale\n\nPhotographs\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\nAppendix: Babe Ruth Home Run Log: 1915 Through 1920\n\nIndex\n\nAbout the Author\n\nAlso by Glenn Stout\n\nCopyright\nTHOMAS DUNNE BOOKS.", "\n\nAn imprint of St. Martin's Press.", "\n\nTHE SELLING OF THE BABE. ", "Copyright © 2016 by Glenn Stout. ", "All rights reserved. ", "For information, address St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010.", "\n\nwww.thomasdunnebooks.com\n\nwww.stmartins.com\n\nCover design by Rob Grom\n\nCover photographs: Babe Ruth © Pictorial Press Ltd. / Alamy Stock Photo; sales tag © Andrey Kuzmin / Shutterstock; baseball © Bryan Solomon\n\nTitle page: Babe Ruth with the Red Sox at Fenway Park, 1919. ", "George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.", "\n\nThe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available upon request.", "\n\nISBN 978-1-250-06431-8 (hardcover)\n\nISBN 978-1-4668-7000-0 (e-book)\n\ne-ISBN 9781466870000\n\nOur e-books may be purchased in bulk for promotional, educational, or business use. ", "Please contact the Macmillan Corporate and Premium Sales Department at (800) 221-7945, extension 5442, or by e-mail at MacmillanSpecialMarkets@macmillan.com.", "\n\nFirst Edition: March 2016\n\n## Contents\n\n 1. ", "Title Page\n 2. ", "Copyright Notice\n 3. ", "Introduction\n 4. ", "Prologue: September 11, 1918\n 5. ", "1. ", "George Herman Ruth\n 6. ", "2. ", "This Means War\n 7. ", "3. ", "1918\n 8. ", "4. ", "Hijinks and Heroes\n 9. ", "5. ", "Out of Left Field\n 10. ", "6. ", "Rebellion and Revolution\n 11. ", "7. ", "The Insurrectos\n 12. ", "8. ", "For Sale\n 13. ", "9. ", "Welcome to New York\n 14. ", "10. ", "The \"Infant Swatigy\"\n 15. ", "11. ", "A New Day\n 16. ", "12. ", "Making the Sale\n 17. ", "13. ", "The Babe\n 18. ", "Epilogue: Closing the Sale\n 19. ", "Photographs\n 20. ", "Notes\n 21. ", "Bibliography\n 22. ", "Appendix: Babe Ruth Home Run Log: 1915 Through 1920\n 23. ", "Index\n 24. ", "About the Author\n 25. ", "Also by Glenn Stout\n 26. ", "Newsletter Sign-up\n 27. ", "Copyright\n\n## Guide\n\n 1. ", "Cover\n 2. ", "Table of Contents\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Books3" }

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[ "INTRODUCTION\n============\n\nVarious inherited disorders are caused by mutations in genes for which counterparts with similar function but distinct expression pattern exist. ", "CRISPR-Cas--mediated transcriptional activation (transactivation) of such functionally equivalent genes is one attractive therapeutic strategy to compensate for the function of their mutant counterparts. ", "Different transcriptional activators have been fused to catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) proteins and evaluated regarding their transactivation efficiency. ", "Among the tested candidates, the catalytically inactive dCas9 fused to transcriptional activators (dCas9-VPR) transactivating module shows high efficiency across different species and cell types ([@R1]). ", "However, because of its size (5.8 kb), dCas9-VPR exceeds the genome packaging capacity of recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors, which are currently the gold standard for gene delivery to native tissues and for gene therapy. ", "A previous study provided a proof of principle for reconstitution of split dCas9-VPR using dual rAAVs in vitro and in vivo in wild-type (WT) mice ([@R2]). ", "Nonetheless, the therapeutic potential of this tool has not been evaluated in disease models so far. ", "In particular, the long-term effects, such as efficiency and expression of the transactivated gene as well as the potential adverse effects, remained largely unexplored.", "\n\nInherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) affect several million people worldwide. ", "Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common IRD subtype and primarily affects rod photoreceptors ([@R3]). ", "By contrast, achromatopsia (ACHM) is among the most frequent IRDs affecting the cones ([@R4]). ", "Many genes associated with RP or ACHM encode members of the phototransduction cascade in rods or cones. ", "The key phototransduction molecules in these cells are encoded by distinct yet functionally equivalent genes, and mutations in many of these genes, such as the visual pigments (opsins) or cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels, are associated with different types of blinding disorders. ", "Mutations in the rhodopsin gene (*RHO*) are the leading cause for RP, whereas mutations in the cone CNG channel genes (*CNGA3* and *CNGB3*) are the most frequent cause for ACHM. ", "While rods only express rhodopsin, most mammals including mice express two opsin types in cones, the short wavelength--sensitive S-opsin (*Opn1sw*) and the medium wavelength--sensitive M-opsin (*Opn1mw*). ", "CNG channels are heterotetrameric complexes composed of the channel function defining CNG A and the modulatory CNG B subunit. ", "The native rod CNG channels contain CNGA1 and CNGB1 and their cone counterparts CNGA3 and CNGB3 subunits, respectively. ", "A previous study has shown that rod and cone CNG A subunits can also form functional units with the CNG B subunits from the other photoreceptor type, i.e., CNGA1 with CNGB3 and CNGA3 with CNGB1 ([@R5]). ", "Given the functional similarity between native and chimeric CNG channels, activation of the respective functionally equivalent gene in rods or cones appears an attractive treatment option. ", "Recent work on mouse models has shown that rhodopsin and cone opsins are also functionally equivalent ([@R6]--[@R9]). ", "This suggests that activation of genes encoding for cone opsins in rods could compensate for the defective rhodopsin in the respective animal models.", "\n\nHere, using dCas9-VPR, we were able to efficiently transactivate the *Rho* homolog *Opn1mw* and the rod-specific *Cnga3* homolog *Cnga1* in vitro. ", "Using a dual rAAV vector system for split dCas9-VPR--mediated *Opn1mw* activation in a rhodopsin-deficient mouse model for RP, we also demonstrate that this treatment results in safe and efficient long-term expression, gain in retinal function, and delay of retinal degeneration.", "\n\nRESULTS\n=======\n\nCnga1 and Opn1mw transactivation in transiently transfected 661W and MEF cells\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo test for the feasibility and efficiency of ectopic activation of nonexpressed or poorly expressed genes, we transfected different mouse cell lines with dCas9-VPR in combination with single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) binding to the promoter region of either murine *Cnga1* or *Opn1mw* ([Fig. ", "1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "As the transactivation efficiency can be increased with a growing number of sgRNAs ([@R1]), we used a combination of three sgRNAs for each of the genes. ", "Transactivation of *Cnga1* was addressed in 661W cells, immortalized derivatives of murine cones lacking *Cnga1* expression ([@R10]). ", "As 661W cells express *Opn1mw* endogenously, we used mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells for transactivation of this gene.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nIn 661W cells transiently cotransfected with the dCas9-VPR cassette and *Cnga1*-specific sgRNAs, we observed efficient transactivation of *Cnga1* on the transcript level, which was absent in control cells expressing the *lacZ* sgRNA ([Fig. ", "1B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and fig. ", "S1A). ", "Nevertheless, no Cnga1 protein signal was detectable in cells labeled with a specific antibody under these conditions.", "\n\nWhen addressing the *Opn1mw* transactivation in MEF cells, we detected *Opn1mw* transcript in both naïve and in *lacZ* sgRNA--expressing cells, indicating endogenous expression of *Opn1mw* in this cell line (fig. ", "S1B). ", "The efficiency of dCas9-mediated transactivation is known to correlate negatively with the basal expression level of a given gene ([@R1]). ", "Nevertheless, despite the basal *Opn1mw* expression, a robust transactivation of *Opn1mw* was detectable in MEF cells coexpressing dCas9-VPR and *Opn1mw*-specific sgRNAs ([Fig. ", "1C](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and fig. ", "S1B). ", "A combination of another set of three *Opn1mw* sgRNAs could not further improve the transactivation efficiency (fig. ", "S1, C and D). ", "These results show that, in transiently transfected cells, both *Cnga1* and *Opn1mw* can be efficiently transactivated using dCas9-VPR.", "\n\nTransactivation in cell lines stably expressing inducible dCas9-VPR sgRNA cassettes\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nNext, we analyzed whether Cnga1 protein can be detected in a transfection-independent system. ", "For this, we created 661W and MEF cell lines with stable integration of expression cassettes for doxycycline (DOX)--inducible dCas9-VPR in combination with *Cnga1*, *Opn1mw*, or *lacZ*-specific sgRNAs \\[661W--piggyBac (pb) and MEF-pb, respectively\\]. ", "When analyzing the *Cnga1* transcript in the 661W cells, we detected a DOX concentration--dependent transactivation of this gene. ", "However, robust *Cnga1* transactivation was also present in the absence of DOX, suggesting a leaky activity of the DOX-dependent promoter driving dCas9-VPR expression. ", "Moreover, an increase in *Cnga1* expression was only obtained for the lowest DOX concentration (5 ng/ml), whereas *Cnga1* levels were decreasing with further increase in drug concentration ([Fig. ", "1D](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Thus, when exceeding the optimal DOX concentration, there was an inverse correlation between dCas9-VPR transcript levels and the efficiency of *Cnga1* transactivation ([Fig. ", "1E](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Very similar results were obtained in MEF cells stably expressing the dCas9-VPR cassette and *Opn1mw* sgRNAs, indicating that this effect was gene independent ([Fig. ", "1, F and G](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In contrast to *Cnga1*, there was no apparent *Opn1mw* transactivation in MEFs stably expressing dCas9-VPR and *Opn1mw*-specific sgRNAs in the absence of DOX, which is most likely due to the endogenous basal expression of this gene in this cell line.", "\n\nIn summary, these results suggest that an optimal window for transactivation exists in which sufficient levels of dCas9-VPR protein support maximal levels of gene expression. ", "Upon exceeding the optimal dCas9-VPR levels, there is a gradual decrease in transactivation efficiency.", "\n\nAnalysis of protein expression and function in transactivated cells\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nNext, we assessed the Cnga1 and M-opsin protein expression in the corresponding stable cell lines treated with the optimal DOX concentration. ", "Under these conditions, no evident increase in M-opsin protein expression was detectable when compared to the control cells (fig. ", "S1E). ", "For Cnga1, however, we could detect a robust signal that was absent in the *lacZ* sgRNA--expressing 661W cell line ([Fig. ", "2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To address whether functional channels can be formed from the proteins expressed from the transactivated *Cnga1* locus, we conducted electrophysiological recordings in 661W cells cultured under optimal DOX concentration. ", "In contrast to the *lacZ* control cell line lacking any CNG channel-like responses, several Cnga1 channel--specific characteristics including guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) sensitivity, calcium, and magnesium blockage and outward rectification could be measured upon transactivation of this gene ([Fig. ", "2, B to D](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This indicates that successful transactivation by dCas9-VPR can lead to fully functional Cnga1 channels.", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nCnga1 and Opn1mw transactivation in cells expressing split intein dCas9-VPR\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nOwing to the limited genome packaging capacity of rAAVs, the entire dCas9-VPR cassette cannot be packaged into a single rAAV vector for in vivo delivery. ", "To circumvent this limitation, two recent studies took advantage of the split intein technology to reconstitute (d)Cas9-VPR or its derivatives at the protein level upon codelivery of two separate dual rAAVs, each of which expressing one half of the split *Sp*Cas9 cassette ([@R2], [@R11]). ", "The split intein-mediated reconstitution efficiency is known to depend on the position of the intein integration within the corresponding protein ([@R12]). ", "The aforementioned studies addressed the transactivation of (d)Cas9-VP(R) split either after the amino acid position E573 ([@R11]) or V713 (fig. ", "S1F) ([@R2]). ", "Nevertheless, to our best knowledge, no quantitative or comparative data with respect to the reconstitution efficiency resulting from these two approaches are available so far. ", "As such data would be very helpful to achieve optimal results in vivo, we first set out to compare the reconstitution efficiency for both approaches side-by-side at the protein level. ", "To this end, we transiently cotransfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells with plasmids encoding the *Sp*Cas9 halves intersected after the E573 or V713 position (fig. ", "S1G) and quantified the resulting reconstitution efficiency. ", "We found that the reconstitution efficiency of the *Sp*Cas9 variant split after V713 (56.9 ± 2.1%) was considerably higher than its counterpart split after the E573 position (33.3 ± 2.1%) (fig. ", "S1H).", "\n\nNext, we examined whether the coexpression of split dCas9-V713-VPR fragments also leads to efficient transactivation of *Cnga1* and *Opn1mw* in the respective cells. ", "While the transactivation efficiency for both target genes originating from the split dCas9-VPR was lower than from full-length dCas9-VPR, it still appeared robust and high enough in relation to the respective controls (fig. ", "S1, I and J). ", "Together, we show that dCas9-VPR split after the V713 position can transactivate both *Cnga1 and Opn1mw* in cell culture experiments and was therefore used for the subsequent in vivo experiments.", "\n\nSplit dCas9-VPR efficiently transactivates cone opsins in WT mice\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe next focused on activation of *Opn1mw* in rod photoreceptors to provide an in vivo proof of concept for transactivation of functionally equivalent genes using split dCas9-VPR dual AAVs. ", "For this purpose, we coinjected titer-matched dual rAAVs expressing split dCas9-VPR under control of a human rhodopsin promoter and *Opn1mw-*specific sgRNAs ([Fig. ", "3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Given the high percentage of rods, an activation of *Opn1mw* in this cell type is expected to superimpose the endogenous *Opn1mw* mRNA and protein signal originating from the more sparse cones, which make up only 3% of the total photoreceptor population in mice. ", "For initial experiments, we used WT (+/+) animals subretinally injected on postnatal day 28 (P28) with split dCas9-VPR dual rAAVs. ", "Four weeks after injection, a robust increase in *Opn1mw* transcript levels was observed in eyes coinjected with dual rAAVs compared to saline-injected eyes ([Fig. ", "3B](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This up-regulation of *Opn1mw* transcript was also confirmed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) (fig. ", "S2A). ", "Moreover, we could detect a strong M-opsin signal using an M-opsin--specific antibody in rod photoreceptor outer segments ([Fig. ", "3C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This rod photoreceptor--specific expression of M-opsin was absent in untreated retinas, which only show M-opsin signal in cone photoreceptors ([Fig. ", "3D](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Encouraged by this finding, we addressed whether S-opsin (*Opn1sw*), another *Rho* homolog and potential candidate for transactivation in rhodopsin-deficient mice, can also be transactivated in rods using the same approach. ", "Akin to *Opn1mw*, in retinas expressing split dCas9-VPR dual rAAVs and *Opn1sw*-specific sgRNAs, we could also detect S-Opsin protein in rod outer segments ([Fig. ", "3, E and F](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Notably, there was an evident variability in protein expression of transactivated M-Opsin and S-Opsin from experiment to experiment (fig. ", "S2, B to E).", "\n\n{#F3}\n\nOpn1mw transactivation delays retinal degeneration and improves retinal function in Rho^+/−^ mice\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nNext, we also tested whether *Opn1mw* transactivation is sufficient to ameliorate the RP phenotype in the heterozygous rhodopsin-deficient (Rho^+/−^) RP mouse model ([@R13]). ", "In contrast to Rho^−/−^ mice, which completely lack rod outer segments from birth, heterozygous mice are capable of developing shortened but functional outer segments ([@R13], [@R14]), which is expected to be an important prerequisite for treatments requiring injections at later time points. ", "Rho^+/−^ mice were subretinally injected on P14 with titer-matched dual rAAV vectors expressing the split dCas9-VPR and *Opn1mw* sgRNAs. ", "The contralateral control eye was injected with a NaCl (saline) solution. ", "As Rho^+/−^ mice show a slow course of retinal degeneration ([@R13]), we assessed the effects of our treatment 1 year after injection. ", "Retinal degeneration is accompanied by a reduction of photoreceptors, a condition that can be addressed noninvasively by optical coherence tomography (OCT) measuring the thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL). ", "OCT recordings from eyes expressing split dCas9-VPR and *Opn1mw* sgRNAs revealed an increase in the ONL thickness compared to the contralateral saline-injected eye, suggesting that our treatment is capable of delaying the degeneration ([Fig. ", "4A](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and fig. ", "S2F). ", "Similar results were obtained when comparing the ONL thickness between treated and saline-injected eyes using an independent method based on histological analysis of retinal cryosections (fig. ", "S2G).", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nTo assess beneficial effects of our approach on rod-mediated (scotopic) and cone-mediated (photopic) retinal function, electroretinography (ERG) measurements were performed in dark- and light-adapted Rho^+/−^ mice, respectively ([Fig. ", "4, B to G](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and figs. ", "S3 and S4). ", "The associated statistical analysis has been conducted in two different ways: (i) We performed a multiple comparison test to compare the ERG amplitudes at the different light intensities of all three groups (WT and treated or saline-injected Rho^+/−^ mice; [Fig. ", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and (ii) we made a paired comparison of ERG amplitudes between treated and saline-injected eyes only (fig. ", "S5).", "\n\nIn light-adapted animals, an increase in the a-wave amplitude of dual rAAV--injected eyes at the highest light flash intensity was achieved compared to saline-injected eyes and untreated WT animals ([Fig. ", "4D](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Moreover, when performing a pairwise comparison of the treated eyes to the corresponding saline-injected counterparts only, an increase in photopic a-wave amplitudes could be observed for the two highest flash intensities (fig. ", "S5A). ", "This suggests that under these conditions, M-opsin expressing rods might respond to cone-activating intensities. ", "A slight tendential improvement was also detectable in the photopic b-wave amplitudes in treated eyes at the highest flash intensity ([Fig. ", "4E](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and fig. ", "S5B). ", "When addressing the rod-mediated function in dark-adapted animals, we could measure a slight tendency for improvement of the scotopic a-wave toward WT-like responses ([Fig. ", "4F](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and fig. ", "S5C). ", "In comparison, a robust trend toward an improvement of the scotopic b-wave was observed when comparing the treated eyes to their saline-injected counterparts ([Fig. ", "4G](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and fig. ", "S5D). ", "This trend was more pronounced with increasing light intensities, further supporting the assumption that treated rods expressing M-opsin are capable of responding to cone-activating stimuli. ", "The individual *P* values for all ERG measurements shown in [Fig. ", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"} are summarized in fig. ", "S5E. Conclusively, these data suggest that *Opn1mw* transactivation can ameliorate retinal degeneration and results in partially improved retinal function in the Rho^+/−^ RP mouse model.", "\n\nOpn1mw transactivation reduces apoptosis without inducing gliosis or invasion of immune responsive cells in Rho^+/−^ mice\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn another set of experiments, we also analyzed the expression of M-opsin protein and markers for potential gliosis, apoptosis, or immune response in the retinas of the mice used for OCT and ERG measurements. ", "Analogous to the results obtained in WT mice (cf. [", "Fig. ", "3C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and fig. ", "S2), we found a considerable expression of transactivated M-opsin in the rod outer segments of injected animals, which, however, varied between animals ([Fig. ", "5, A and B](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and figs. ", "S6 and S7). ", "Furthermore, to assess the translational potential of this approach, we examined whether our treatment induced persistent gliosis or immune responses, which would be accompanied by proliferation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)--positive Müller glia or ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1)--positive microglial or mononuclear cells in the retina. ", "Immune labeling of the retinas with these markers revealed no obvious increase in the number of glial, microglial, or mononuclear cells between the different groups in contrast to retinas of rd1 (retinal degeneration 1) mice exhibiting a fast retinal degeneration peaking on P13 ([Fig. ", "5, C to H](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and fig. ", "S8) ([@R15]). ", "To investigate whether photoreceptor degeneration is caused by apoptosis in the Rho^+/−^ mouse model, we conducted a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase--mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay on retinal sections from the treated Rho^+/−^ mice ([Fig. ", "6, A and B](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In this assay, we could detect a low but considerable number of TUNEL-positive cells, indicating that apoptosis is the underlying mechanism for the photoreceptor loss in this mouse model. ", "Moreover, by comparing the number of TUNEL-positive cells per area in the transduced versus untransduced part of the treated retinas, we show that *Opn1mw* transactivation reduces apoptosis ([Fig. ", "6C](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These data further emphasize the beneficial effects of our treatment on photoreceptor survival.", "\n\n{#F5}\n\n{#F6}\n\nCharacterization of untreated Rho^+/−^ mice\n-------------------------------------------\n\nThe interpretation of the results obtained so far was largely based on the comparison of the treated Rho^+/−^ mice to the saline-injected contralateral eye. ", "To address whether the injection of saline might induce some effects on its own, we characterized the retinal degeneration and function, reactive gliosis, recruitment of immune reactive cells, and apoptosis in age-matched (1-year-old) untreated Rho^+/−^ mice and compared these parameters side by side to those obtained from saline-injected control eyes. ", "Except for a very slight decrease in the photopic b-wave amplitude at one single light flash intensity (0.1 cd.s/m^2^) upon saline injection, there were no noticeable differences in any of these parameters between the two groups (fig. ", "S9). ", "The injection of the saline solution thus most likely does not affect the interpretation of our results and the treatment success.", "\n\nDISCUSSION\n==========\n\nIn this study, we provide the first evidence that ectopic transcriptional activation of functionally equivalent genes using split dCas9-VPR can ameliorate a disease phenotype, further expanding the spectrum of possibilities for treatment of genetic disorders. ", "Given that many IRD-linked genes expressed in rods or cones are encoded by functionally equivalent genes, the transactivation approach provides an attractive option for therapy of these diseases for several reasons: (i) Transactivation of functionally equivalent genes can be used for the treatment of large and frequent IRD genes, such as *ABCA4* or *MYO7A,* which cannot be efficiently reconstituted using classical dual AAV vectors. *", "ABCA4* and *MYO7A* belong each to a large protein family with many functionally equivalent partners expressed across different cell types. ", "Some of these partners, e.g., *ABCA1* or *MYO7B*, show a very high structural conservation to *ABCA4* and *MYO7A*, respectively, with at least 50% amino acid identity and 65% amino acid similarity and therefore represent highly attractive candidates for transactivation. (", "ii) A transactivation approach can also be used for therapy of genes with autosomal dominant inheritance, for which gene delivery has to be combined with simultaneous knockout of the diseased allele. ", "Recent studies demonstrated that sgRNAs with shortened spacer lengths (\\<16 bases) repress the catalytic activity of Cas9-VPR ([@R16], [@R17]). ", "A strategy combining catalytically active Cas9-VPR with sgRNAs of shortened spacer lengths for transactivation and with standard sgRNAs (usually 20 bases spacer length) for simultaneous down-regulation of the diseased gene can, e.g., be used for the treatment of the most common rhodopsin P23H gain-of-function mutation but should also be applicable to other mutations in *RHO* or to other genes with autosomal-dominant inheritance. (", "iii) Owing to the possibility of multiplexing in CRISPR-Cas approaches, transactivation could potentially also be used for the treatment of more complex (retinal) diseases, such as those caused by mutations in two or multiple genes ([@R18]--[@R20]). (", "iv) The (d)Cas9-VPR--mediated transactivation approach is mutation independent and thus allows for the treatment of a large number of patients.", "\n\nUsing alternative activation strategies, two recent studies demonstrated that CRISPR-Cas9--based transactivation of structurally and functionally related genes can ameliorate the phenotypes of two different mouse models for muscular dystrophy ([@R21], [@R22]). ", "Additional work is necessary to compare the transactivation efficiency, long-term effects, and safety between these approaches and dCas9-VPR side by side to determine the best treatment strategy for the individual disorders. ", "It also remains to be investigated whether other split position within dCas9-VPR ([@R23]) or other technologies for reconstitution of large coding sequences might further improve the transactivation efficiency and/or the therapeutic outcome of dCas9-VPR--based approaches. ", "Unlike its catalytically active counterpart, dCas9 and its fusion variants do not cause single or double strand breaks at the genomic level. ", "Studies addressing the off-targets of dCas9-VPR at the transcript level revealed that such off-target rates are very low or nondetectable ([@R1], [@R2]), further emphasizing the therapeutic potential of this approach. ", "We demonstrate herein that the split dCas9-VPR technology can induce long-term expression and morphological as well as functional phenotypic changes in an animal model with no apparent adverse effects, such as gliosis or invasion of immune cells. ", "These promising results might therefore help pushing this approach toward first clinical trials. ", "Notably, as in previous retinal gene therapy studies in mice, we could not fully rescue the WT-like retinal function or morphology. ", "One possible reason is that a single subretinal injection with conventional rAAV capsids usually covers only up to one third of the retina, and hence, amplitudes of up to 30% of the WT response could be expected. ", "We suggest that functional or structural improvements can be further increased by developing more potent rAAV vectors, which show pan-retinal expression upon subretinal injection (e.g., due to lateral spreading) or which allow for other more convenient administration routes (e.g., intravitreal injection). ", "In addition, we use a dual rAAV vector approach that requires both vectors to be expressed and reconstituted in the same cell. ", "Accordingly, one would benefit from more efficient dual rAAV vector strategies or techniques to increase the reconstitution efficiency of the split dCas9-VPR.", "\n\nLast, we also provide the first in vitro evidence that transactivation efficiency is inversely correlated with dCas9-VPR expression in a transfection-independent system. ", "It remains to be clarified whether this unexpected dose dependency of dCas9-VPR also occurs in vivo and whether it reflects an inherent property of other catalytically active and inactive Cas9 or other Cas variants. ", "A precise understanding of this correlation could help to further improve and fine-tune the efficiency of these enzymes and might thus also increase the therapeutic outcome of CRISPR-Cas--based approaches.", "\n\nMETHODS\n=======\n\nAnimals\n-------\n\nAll animal procedures were performed with the permission of local authorities (District Government of Upper Bavaria) and in accordance with the German laws on animal welfare (Tierschutzgesetz). ", "Animals were anesthetized via an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (40 mg/kg body weight) and xylazine (20 mg/kg body weight). ", "Euthanasia was performed by cervical dislocation. ", "For all experiments, C57Bl/6J or Rho^+/−^ mice ([@R13]) backcrossed to a C57Bl/6J background for at least eight generations were used.", "\n\nsgRNA design\n------------\n\nThe Eukaryotic Promoter Database (<https://epd.epfl.ch//index.php>) was consulted for the identification of promoter regions ([@R24]). ", "sgRNA sequences in the genomic target region were chosen using the CRISPOR website with 20bp-NGG PAM settings for *Sp*Cas9 ([@R25]) and elimination of sgRNAs with a specificity score ([@R26]) lower than 50. ", "All sgRNA sequences used in this study are shown in table S1.", "\n\nConstruction and cloning of expression plasmids\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nThe Cas9m4-VP64, SP-dCas9-VPR, pSMVP-Cas9N, pSMVP-Cas9C, and pAAV-CMV-Cas9C-VPR plasmids were obtained from Addgene (\\#47319, \\#63798, \\#80934, \\#80939, and \\#80933, respectively). ", "sgRNAs expressed via a U6 promoter were added using standard cloning techniques. ", "Cas9N and Cas9C were rendered catalytically inactive by introducing the D10A and the H840A point mutations via a standard site-directed mutagenesis protocol using the KAPA HiFi HotStart ReadyMix PCR kit (Kapa Biosystems). ", "For the generation of stable cell lines, dCas9-VPR was subcloned into a pb expression vector containing the Tet-On system for DOX-inducible expression of dCas9-VPR. ", "For expression in mouse photoreceptors, the split dCas9-VPR driven by a human rhodopsin promoter and corresponding sgRNAs each driven by a human U6 promoter were subcloned into the pAAV2.1 vector ([@R27]). ", "All transgenes were sequenced before use (Eurofins Genomics).", "\n\nCell culture and transfection\n-----------------------------\n\nThe murine 661W cell line derived from retinal tumors was provided by M. Al-Ubaidi, University of Houston ([@R28]). ", "The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) GlutaMAX medium (ThermoFisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Biochrom) and 1% Anti-Anti (ThermoFisher Scientific) at 37°C and 10% CO~2~. Immortalized MEFs were generated as previously described ([@R29], [@R30]). ", "MEF cells were cultured in DMEM GlutaMAX medium supplemented with 10% FBS (Biochrom) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Biochrom) at 37°C and 5% CO~2~. Transient transfections of 661W and MEF cells were performed using the Xfect Transfection Reagent (Takara Bio) according to the manufacturer's instructions. ", "HEK293 cells were transfected using the standard calcium phosphate technique.", "\n\nGeneration of stable cell lines using pb technology\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nThe stable cell lines were generated using the pb transposon system. ", "Briefly, 661W or MEF cells were cotransfected with the respective dCas9-VPR and sgRNA containing pb vector and a pb transposase expression vector using the Xfect Transfection Reagent (Takara Bio) according to the manufacturer's instructions. ", "Fourty-eight to 72 hours after transfection, cells were selected for successful integration by addition of puromycin dihydrochloride (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific) for approximately 1 week at 4.5 and 1 μg/ml concentration for 661W and MEF cells, respectively. ", "To induce dCas9-VPR expression, DOX hyclate (Sigma-Aldrich) was added directly to the medium.", "\n\nRNA isolation and (quantitative) reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nForty-eight hours after transfection, the cells were harvested and lysed using the mixer mill MM400 (Retsch). ", "RNA was isolated using the RNeasy Plus Mini Kit (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and RNA concentration and purity were determined via the NanoDrop2000 (ThermoFisher Scientific). ", "Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized using the RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (ThermoFisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instructions for up to 1 μg of total RNA. ", "For reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the Herculase II polymerase (Agilent Technologies) was used following the manufacturer's instructions. ", "The quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed on the StepOnePlus Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, ThermoFisher Scientific) using the SYBR Select Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, ThermoFisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instructions. ", "The relative expression levels of *Cnga1* and *Opn1mw* were normalized to the housekeeping gene *Alas* and calculated using the 2^-ΔΔC(T)^ method. ", "All primers used in this study can be found in table S1.", "\n\nRNA isolation and mRNA-seq library preparation and sequencing\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTotal RNA was isolated from retinas using the RNeasy Plus Micro Kit (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer's protocol. ", "For mRNA library production, we used a scaled-up version of the SMARTseq2 protocol. ", "Briefly, from ca. ", "7 to 90 ng of total RNA, mRNA was captured with a mix of 0.5 μl of 20 μM oligo dT primer and 0.5 μl of 20 mM dNTPs, followed by heating to 72°C for 3 min and immediately putting into ice-water bath. ", "Then, in a 10-μl reaction, double-stranded cDNA was generated by adding 2 μl of 5× Superscript II first-strand buffer (ThermoFisher Scientific), 2 μl of 5 M Betaine, 0.6 μl of 100 mM MgCl~2~, 0.5 μl of 100 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 0.4 μl of RNAsin (Promega), 0.5 μl of 20 μM template-switch oligo (20 μM), and 0.5 μl of SuperScript II reverse transcriptase (200 U/μl; ThermoFisher Scientific) and incubation for 90 min at 42°C, followed by 14 cycles (50°C for 2 min, 42°C for 2 min) and heat inactivation (70°C for 15 min). ", "Pre-amplification was performed by addition of 12.5 μl of 2× KAPA HiFi HotStart Ready mix, 0.25 μl of 10 μM IS PCR primers, and 2.25 μl of nuclease-free water in a thermos protocol of 98°C for 3 min, 10 pre-amplification cycles (98°C for 20 s, 67°C for 15 s, 72°C for 6 min), followed by 5 min at 72°C and hold at 4°C. ", "Purification was performed with AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter), and cDNA was quantified with Qubit (ThermoFisher Scientific) and checked for fragment length distribution on an Agilent Bioanalyzer chip. ", "Next, 7 ng of cDNA was fragmented in a 20-μl reaction by incubation with 1 μl of Tn5 enzyme from Illumina Nextera library preparation kit and 10 μl of 2× tagmentation DNA buffer for 10 min at 55°C. ", "Tagmented cDNA was purified with MinElute columns (QIAGEN) and PCR-amplified with NEBNext High-Fidelity 2× PCR Mastermix, 1 μl of each 10 μM Nextera index 1 and Nextera index 2 primer (Illumina) with a thermos protocol of 72°C for 5 min, 98°C for 30 s, 7 cycles (98°C for 10 s, 63°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 1 min), 72°C for 5 min, and hold at 4°C. ", "The final library was purified with AMPure beads, quantified by Qubit, and sequenced for 100 base pairs using a V3 single read flow cell on a HiSeq 2500 (Illumina). ", "The generated data were trimmed for quality and adapter reads with TrimGalore! ", "and then mapped with STAR aligner. ", "Duplicates were marked with the MarkDuplicates function from Picard tools. ", "Reads were summarized with RSEM (RNA-seq by expectation maximization) software, and FPM (fragments per million mapped fragments) count matrix was generated with DESeq2.", "\n\nImmunocytochemistry\n-------------------\n\nFor immunocytochemistry, 661W-pb or MEF-pb cells were seeded onto sterile 12-mm-diameter cover slips coated with poly-[l]{.smallcaps}-lysine hydrobromide (Sigma-Aldrich). ", "After 48 hours of DOX application, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich) and permeabilized for 30 min in 0.3% Triton X-100. ", "Next, the coverslips were incubated with blocking solution (5% ChemiBLOCKER, Merck Millipore). ", "To stain for Cnga1 and *Sp*Cas9 in 661W-pb cells, an anti-Cnga1 mouse monoclonal antibody (1:30; gift from R. Molday) ([@R31]) and the anti-*Sp*Cas9 rabbit polyclonal antibody (1:1000; C15310258, Diagenode) were used, respectively. ", "To stain for M-opsin and *Sp*Cas9 in MEF-pb cells, the anti-opsin red/green (M-opsin) rabbit polyclonal antibody (1:300; AB5405, Merck) and an anti-*Sp*Cas9 mouse monoclonal antibody (1:500; SAB4200751, Sigma-Aldrich) were used, respectively. ", "Hoechst 33342 solution (5 μg/ml; Invitrogen, ThermoFisher Scientific) was used as a nuclear staining. ", "Images were obtained via the Leica TCS SP8 spectral confocal laser scanning microscope (Leica), acquired with the LASX software (Leica), and further processed with the ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health).", "\n\nPatch-clamp measurements\n------------------------\n\nInside-out patches were excised from 661W stable cells that were maintained at a DOX concentration of 5 ng/ml. ", "Currents were recorded using an EPC-10 double patch-clamp amplifier (HEKA Elektronik, Harvard Bioscience) and PatchMaster acquisition software (HEKA Elektronik, Harvard Bioscience). ", "Data were digitized at 20 kHz and filtered at 2.9 kHz. ", "All recordings were obtained at room temperature. ", "The extracellular solution was composed of 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 10 mM Hepes, and 1 mM EGTA (pH 7.4). ", "The intracellular solution contained 140 mM KCl, 5 mM NaCl, 10 mM Hepes, and 1 mM EGTA (pH 7.4). ", "The effect of cGMP was examined by perfusing the patch with extracellular solution supplemented with 300 μM cGMP. ", "To investigate channel blocking, perfusion with a symmetric Ca^2+/^Mg^2+^ solution composed of 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl~2~, 1 mM MgCl~2~, and 10 mM Hepes was performed, followed by perfusion with a cGMP-supplemented Ca^2+^/Mg^2+^ solution as a control. ", "Currents were evoked from a holding potential of 0 mV by applying a 300-ms pulse of −80 mV followed by a 300-ms pulse of 80 mV every 3 s.\n\nTX lysates and Western blot analysis\n------------------------------------\n\nTransiently transfected HEK293 cells were harvested 48 hours after transfection and lysed in TX lysis buffer (0.5% Triton X-100, v/v) using the mixer mill MM400 (Retsch). ", "The lysis buffer was supplemented with cOmplete ULTRA Protease Inhibitor Cocktail tablets (Roche). ", "For Western blotting, 30 μg of the whole-cell protein was incubated in 1× Laemmli sample buffer supplemented with DTT at 72°C for 10 min. ", "The proteins were separated on a 6 to 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel via gel electrophoresis. ", "For immunoblotting, the anti-*Sp*Cas9 antibody (1:1000; C15310258, Diagenode) was used. ", "The relative band intensities were quantified using the ImageLab software (Bio-Rad).", "\n\nrAAV production and subretinal injections\n-----------------------------------------\n\nrAAV vectors containing the N- or C-terminal part of dCas9-VPR and the sgRNA expression cassette were produced using the 2/8YF capsid ([@R32]) as described previously ([@R33], [@R34]). ", "C57Bl/6J mice were injected subretinally at P28 with a single injection (1 μl) of titer-matched rAAVs (total 10^11^ vg/μl), and the retinas were harvested for immunohistochemistry 4 weeks after injection. ", "For 10 Rho^+/−^ mice, one eye was injected via a single injection (1 μl) of titer-matched rAAVs (total 10^11^ vg/μl) on P14. ", "The contralateral eye was control injected with 1 μl of NaCl (saline). ", "Twelve months after injection, ERG and OCT were performed on both eyes of all Rho^+/−^ mice, and all retinas were harvested for immunohistochemistry.", "\n\nElectroretinography\n-------------------\n\nCorneal electroretinograms were recorded from 10 Rho^+/−^ and 10 age-matched C57Bl/6J WT mice using the Celeris full-field ERG system from Diagnosys (model D430). ", "Scotopic and photopic electroretinograms were carried out for each animal. ", "Mice were dark adapted overnight, and scotopic ERG measurements were conducted first under dim red light conditions followed by photopic tests. ", "Pupils were dilated using 1% atropine- and 0.5% tropicamide-containing eye drops (Mydriaticum Stulln, Pharma Stulln GmbH). ", "As contact fluid, hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (Methocel 2%, OmniVision GmbH) was applied on both eyes before placing the light guide electrodes. ", "During the whole protocol, animals were kept warm by the integrated platform heater of the Celeris system. ", "ERG responses were obtained simultaneously from both eyes. ", "For scotopic measurements, single flash recordings were performed at light intensities of 0.003 (blue light, 455 nm), 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 cd.s/m^2^ (all remaining intensities 6500 K white light). ", "Background intensity was 0 cd/m^2^. For photopic measurements, mice were light adapted (3 cd.s/m^2^) for 5 min, and single flash recordings were obtained at light intensities of 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 cd.s/m^2^. The background intensity for all photopic recordings was 9 cd/m^2^. For both, scotopic and photopic assessments, measurements were recorded from 50 ms before stimulus onset to 300 ms poststimulus. ", "Voltage signals were sampled at 1 Hz, and recorded responses were averages of 5 (scotopic) or 10 (photopic) sweeps depending on signal-to-noise ratios. ", "The measurements were analyzed using the provided Espion V6 software from Diagnosys with the a-wave amplitude measured from stimulus onset to the trough of the a-wave and the b-wave amplitude ranging from the trough of the a-wave to the peak of the b-wave.", "\n\nOptical coherence tomography\n----------------------------\n\nRetinal morphology of the Rho^+/−^ mice was assessed with OCT using an adapted Spectralis HRA + OCT system (Heidelberg Engineering) in combination with contact lenses as described previously ([@R35]). ", "Pupils were dilated using 1% atropine- and 0.5% tropicamide-containing eye drops (Mydriaticum Stulln, Pharma Stulln GmbH), and hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (Methocel 2%, OmniVision GmbH) was applied to keep the eyes moist. ", "OCT scans (20 frames per retina) were performed in high-resolution mode with the scanner set to 30° field of view.", "\n\nImmunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy\n--------------------------------------------\n\nRetinas of 13-month-old injected Rho^+/−^ and age-matched WT mice were dissected and processed for immunohistochemistry as described previously ([@R36]). ", "The mouse monoclonal anti--PRPH2 2B7 antibody (1:100; gift from M. Naash) ([@R37]) served as marker for rod and cone outer segments. ", "The guinea pig anti-iba1 antibody (1:100; 234 004, Synaptic Systems) was used to visualize microglia. ", "As marker for potential reactive gliosis served the mouse anti--GFAP-Cy3 antibody (1:1000; C9205, Sigma-Aldrich). ", "Fluorescein isothiocyanate--conjugated lectin from *Arachis hypogaea* \\[peanut agglutinin (PNA)\\] (1:100; L7381, Sigma-Aldrich) was applied to stain cone photoreceptors. ", "To detect cone-specific and activated M-opsin in rod photoreceptors, the rabbit anti-opsin red/green (M-opsin) antibody (1:300; AB5405, Merck) was used. ", "The cell nuclei were visualized with Hoechst 33342 solution. ", "To detect apoptosis, the TUNEL assay was performed using the In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein (11684795910; Roche) according to the manufacturer's instruction. ", "The TUNEL assay was conducted for 8 of 10 injected Rho^+/−^ mice except for mouse \\#7 and \\#8 ([Fig. ", "6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}) as there were no cryosections left to stain from these two mice. ", "Retinal images were obtained via the Leica TCS SP8 spectral confocal laser scanning microscope (Leica), acquired with the LASX software (Leica), and further processed with the ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health). ", "Postmortem analysis of the ONL thickness in stained retinal sections was performed using the ImageJ software. ", "Areas with equal distance to the optic nerve were chosen for analysis. ", "At least three measurements were averaged per retina.", "\n\nStatistics\n----------\n\nAll values are given as means ± SEM. ", "The number of replicates (*n*) and the used statistical tests are indicated in each figure legend for each experiment.", "\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\n###### aba5614_SM.pdf\n\nWe thank B. Noack, J. Koch, and K. Skokann for excellent technical support. ", "We also thank M. Naash for the gift of the peripherin-2 antibody and R. Molday for the gift of the CNGA1 antibody. ", "Moreover, we want to thank M. Al-Ubaidi for the gift of the 661W cells. **", "Funding:** This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, SPP2127 (to E.B., M.B., and S.M.). ", "K.J.V.N. was funded by the BMBF grant (031L0101D) for de.", "NBI and is currently hired by AstraZeneca. ", "This work was also supported, in part, by German Research Foundation Grants SFB 870 B05. **", "Author contributions:** E.B. designed the study and supervised the project with input from S.M. and M.B. S.B. conducted the in vivo experiments including AAV preparation, subretinal injections, OCT, immunohistochemistry, and ERG experiments with contributions from V.S., L.M.R., J.E.W., and K.S.H. V.S. designed and generated the stable cell lines, performed immunocytochemistry, and the molecular biology experiments including sgRNA design, qRT-PCR, and statistical analyses with contributions from S.B. and L.M.R. R.D.R. performed and analyzed the patch-clamp measurements with contributions from C.W.-S. and S.F. G.G. performed the RNA-seq experiment and K.J.V.N. analyzed the RNA-seq data. ", "E.B., V.S., S.B., and L.M.R. wrote the manuscript with contributions from S.M. and M.B. E.B., S.M., M.B., C.W.-S., and J.W. acquired funding. ", "E.B., S.M., M.B., S.B., V.S., and L.M.R. analyzed and discussed the data with input from all authors. **", "Competing interests:** E.B., M.B., and S.M. are authors on a patent application related to this work (no. ", "EP19198830, filed 23 September 2019). ", "The other authors declare that they have no competing interests. **", "Data and materials availability:** All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. ", "Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.", "\n\nSupplementary material for this article is available at <http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/34/eaba5614/DC1>\n\n[View/request a protocol for this paper from *Bio-protocol*](https://en.bio-protocol.org/cjrap.aspx?eid=10.1126/sciadv.aba5614).", "\n\n[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "LONDON — Britain’s leaders said Thursday it would be legal under humanitarian doctrine to launch a military strike against Syria even without authorization from the United Nations Security Council.", "\n\nPrime Minister David Cameron’s office said the legal conditions have been met for taking action against Syria for allegedly launching a chemical attack against civilians in a Damascus suburb last week. ", "The British leader has been at the forefront of calls for action, but his push is likely to be slowed by objections from the opposition Labour Party and a stand-off at the U.N.\n\nCameron’s office released intelligence and legal documents meant to bolster the case that chemical weapons were used by the Syrian government and that retaliation would be justified. ", "The documents were made public in advance of what is likely to be an emotionally charged debate in the British Parliament.", "\n\nIn addition to a legal summary, Downing Street released the Joint Intelligence Committee assessment that concludes it was “highly likely” that the Syrian government was responsible for the chemical weapons attack on Aug. 21 that killed hundreds of civilians.", "\n\nJon Day, chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee, says in the report that assessments indicate the Syrian government had already used chemical weapons on a smaller scale since fighting escalated in 2012.", "\n\n“A clear pattern of regime use has therefore been established,” he said.", "\n\nCameron’s office said “The judgment of the Joint Intelligence Committee is that a chemical weapons attack did occur in Damascus last week; that it is highly likely that the Syrian regime was responsible; that there is some intelligence to suggest regime culpability; and that no opposition group has the capability to conduct a chemical weapons attack on this scale,” said a summary released by Cameron’s office.", "\n\nSyrian officials have denied responsibility for the chemical assault.", "\n\nThe British legal report indicates the basis of Cameron’s assertion that military action against Syria would be permissible under international law even if it is not specifically authorized by the U.N. Security Council.", "\n\nBritain has proposed a resolution to authorize the use of military force, but Russia and China remain firmly opposed and there is no indication of whether it will ever be put to a Security Council vote. ", "British officials did not expect the resolution to be endorsed given the staunch opposition.", "\n\n“The government’s position on the legality of any action makes clear that if action in the U.N. Security Council is blocked, the U.K. would still be permitted, under the doctrine of humanitarian intervention, to take exceptional measures including targeted military intervention in order to alleviate the overwhelming humanitarian suffering in Syria,” the summary states.", "\n\nThis position has been rejected by some legislators who say they can only back the use of force if the Security Council has approved it.", "\n\nThe intelligence committee said there was no credible intelligence to suggest the attack was faked by opposition forces and that no rebel group had the capability for such a large-scale chemical attack.", "\n\nSyrian officials Thursday took the unusual step of writing to British legislators denying any role in the attack. ", "In a letter to his counterpart in London, Jihad Allaham, speaker of the Syrian People’s Assembly, invited British legislators to come to Syria to investigate the attack.", "\n\nHe implored British legislators to oppose the use of force in Thursday’s vote: “We ask you to stop the rush to reckless action,” he said, asserting that a military strike would breach international law.", "\n\nThe opposition Labour Party has indicated it may not support even a watered down version of a resolution on Syria to be debated Thursday afternoon and evening. ", "Cameron has already bowed to Labour Party demands that Parliament be required to vote a second time before any military strike against Syria would be launched.", "\n\nLabour leader Ed Miliband insists that any military actions must be delayed until after the report of a United Nations inspection team is heard.", "\n\nThe inspectors plan to leave Syria Saturday after collecting evidence about the alleged chemical attack." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nShould I maintain a JavaScript file with routes as variables or is it not safe / bad practice?", "\n\nOur team has been working on a website these last months, but we are quite new at web development.", "\nWe have programmed our frontend with vanilla JavaScript, our code handles some common tasks like sending http requests, passing parameters to a form, etc.", "\nSince we have to deal with different endpoints and routes, and often have to switch between two different domains, we decided to put all the routes that are used by our JavaScript code (not used in HTML) in a single file as variables so it would be easier to change them while we were working. ", "An example:\nconst SERVER_ADDRESS = \"http://localhost:5000/\";\n\n// End points\nconst CONTACT_GET_ROUTE = SERVER_ADDRESS + \"contact/getById/\";\nconst CONTACT_GET_LIST_ROUTE = SERVER_ADDRESS + \"contact/list\";\nconst CONTACT_POST_ROUTE = SERVER_ADDRESS + \"contact/post\";\nconst CONTACT_PUT_ROUTE = SERVER_ADDRESS + \"contact/put\";\n\nThis was made only for our comfort, but we are reaching the end of the development process and we are not sure whether we should keep this file or manually replace the routes before obfuscating. ", "Our main concern are security issues, but we are also worried about the possibility of this being considered bad practice. ", "Are we doing the right thing?", "\n\nA:\n\nOur main concern are security issues, but we are also worried about the possibility of this being considered bad practice.", "\n\nThe #1 most important thing in security is to understand your attacker and how they can attack you ... in other words, you want to imagine the most clever and malicious child you can (think Eric Cartman on the TV show South Park), and then think \"what could that child do on my site\".", "\nIf you try that exercise, I think what you will find is ... there is nothing that malicious child can possibly do just by knowing your client's routes. ", " In fact, even if you don't put those routes into variables, if the attacker were to use the browser developer tools they could still see your routes in the Net tab.", "\nSo in short, this is not a security concern. ", " But for a larger understanding of web security, I strongly recommend reading the OWASP Top Ten attacks, because it's essentially the smartest people in web security listing the top ten ways that your site could be attacked (but it's also not a mountain of reading: you just have to understand ten attacks and you're done). ", " It's the stuff on that list that you should worry about first and foremost.", "\nP.S. Keeping routes in variables also not a bad practice either. ", " To the contrary, keeping your code clean and understandable is always a good thing!", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The last time the United States considered the creation of a new military service, there was an extensive debate within the military departments, Congress and the public sphere. ", "Airpower’s great advocates, with names like Billy Mitchell, Hap Arnold, and Tooey Spaatz became established in the collective zeitgeist long before war-time exploits or Air Force base names would inscribe them more permanently to history.", "\n\nThere was an expectation that military members, as public servants and the experts on various forms of warfare, would have a voice in informing the debate. ", "However, the ultimate decision to create an independent air force would be a political one. ", "All service members, constitutionally beholden to civilian control, would then be expected to unquestioningly comply.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nIn light of this history, it is strange that in the space force debate, there is so little dialogue overtly informed by military space professionals. ", "This may stem from any number of legitimate concerns, including the prudent aspiration of the armed forces to remain apolitical. ", "Yet, military members are obligated to the Constitution and bear a statutory responsibility to advise the country’s leadership on the necessities of national defense. ", "Without depending in some part on the knowledge of military space professionals, how can others be expected to make informed decisions?", "\n\nMost of the public discussion to date has been the purview of concerned politicians, late night comics and talented meme creators. ", "While an internal discussion of space organization has been ongoing in military circles for many years, the leading public voice has been the Air Force Association via its public pronouncements. ", "That voice has been decidedly negative toward the notion of an independent space force.", "\n\nRepresentatives of that organization generally make two arguments:\n\nFirst, there is no need for a separate space service because there is no separation between the domains of air and space.", "\n\nSecond, that there should be an independent space service, but just not yet.", "\n\nIt is hard to know what to make of these contradictory arguments, but in any analysis, it must be recognized the Air Force Association is dedicated to promoting airpower, not space power.", "\n\nTo justify an independent Air Force, General Billy Mitchell argued that “Airmen alone can understand the proper employment of airpower.” ", "It is fair to say that military space professionals are similarly unique in their ability to understand and properly employ space power. ", "They particularly understand the full nature of the space battlefield, and the risks to military operations, the economy and the social fabric of society. ", "They are, further aware of adversary capabilities to exploit American dependence on orbital systems. ", "This is why their contribution to the dialog is vital, whatever the outcome.", "\n\nIt is impossible to be an airman without knowing the story of Billy Mitchell. ", "Seen by most airmen as a hero and the philosophical father of the Air Force, Mitchell was an early airpower advocate. ", "He battled in the theater of public discourse to demonstrate the decisive value of airpower and the national need for an independent Air Force.", "\n\nWhile many idolize Mitchell, he also stands as a warning, since his career was marred by court-martial. ", "Mitchell’s court-martial, however, came not from his airpower advocacy, but as a result of his public accusation that the Army and Navy were administering the national defense in an “almost treasonable” fashion following the loss of the airship Shenandoah. ", "This statement was unacceptable in any circumstance and disruptive to good order and discipline.", "\n\nSpace power’s uniformed promoters need not repeat the intemperance of Mitchell in their advocacy. ", "His mistakes were needless, leading to his professional undoing. ", "Yet, his challenging of false assumptions and leadership were vital to building the appreciation of airpower which enabled victory in World War II. ", "Space professionals from all sectors should provide a cogent and articulate voice to the merits of space power to ensure political leaders can make informed judgments about any future military organization.", "\n\nAs the most credible voice on the subject, military space professionals have an obligation to join the public dialogue. ", "Many may consider it disloyal or be concerned that speaking against orthodoxy could be bad for their careers. ", "And they might be right.", "\n\nI received a call from a contract employee on the secretary of the Air Force’s staff (presumably acting on his or her own initiative) who stated that some of my previous work was “off message” and that “I needed to be sure I knew what I was doing.” ", "Colleagues have relayed similar experiences, with one reporting that a wing commander had stated “the only airmen allowed to have an opinion on space force are the Secretary and the Chief of Staff.”", "\n\nIf this subject is off limits, then an order to that effect should be given. ", "But, in point of fact, when asked about the importance of public engagement by personnel, Gen. Goldfein, the Air Force chief of staff said, “\n\nI want our Air Force to be out there and writing and publishing and talking and debating, because these are important issues. ", "These are national issues.”", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nThe only military voices on this topic shouldn’t be the chief and the secretary of the Air Force. ", "While they appropriately represent the official Air Force perspective and advice to the secretary of defense, Congress and the president, neither is a space professional. ", "There would never have been an Air Force if the only military voice in the public discussion of airpower in the 1930s had been Gen. Malin Craig, the Army chief of staff.", "\n\nA lively, dynamic, apolitical, and public dialogue, consistent with good order and discipline, should be encouraged at all levels to ensure that a broad understanding of service equities and domain necessities are publicly understood. ", "Long before there was an Air Force, there was a national appreciation of airpower. ", "The value and risks are no less in space than they were in the air, what is different today is the discourse.", "\n\nLt. ", "Col. ", "Timothy Cox is an Instructor at the Joint Forces Staff College. ", "He has previously served as the chief of the Space Control Division at Headquarters Air Force and commanded an Air Force recruiting squadron. ", "The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Air Force, Department of Defense or the U.S. government.", "\n\nRyan Evans contributed to this piece." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy is it so hard to ask for hardware recommendations on Hardware Recommendations?", "\n\nThis question got closed without feedback and with only 3 views, 5 hours after it was posted.", "\nI tried editing the question several times to get it reopen, even when I wasn't sure what was wrong with it. ", "I tried to word it as \"which hardware device\" instead of \"how do I\" (I originally thought that the buying part was obvious). ", " No reopen happened.", "\nI tried flagging the question, only to found out that the same moderator declined the flag. ", "He did not provided justification as to why it was a technical support request and shifted to unclear what you are asking, but refused to reopen it. ", "He asked for obvious clarifications that implies that he didn't understood the question in any of its revision. ", "I provided such feedback and he ignored it.", "\nWhy moderators that are in doubt, tend to close questions that are on-topic?", "\nHe may could have commented something like 'Is this a question about a purchase decision?' ", "instead of just closing the question. ", "\nI believe moderators should try to step out a little bit and help users fit their questions into the moderators expectations. ", "Specially for a site like HardwareRecs that has ~12 questions per day. ", "\nHere are my justification as per why the question is on-topic.", "\nFrom: Is a scope of \"product recommendations\" + \"pre-purchase inquiries\" agreeable?", "\n\nWhat's our scope? ", "The purpose of this site (as I see it) is to help\n folks in making purchase decisions, whether it is in finding the\n right product given a definitive set of requirements, or (updated)\n to ask what you should consider to help assure your purchase will work\n for you. ", "Fair enough?", "\n\nAlso says:\n\nA sensible scope would be “purchasing decision about computing\n hardware”, or “pre-purchase questions about computing hardware”. ", "This\n includes questions like\n\nDoes this particular model fit this use case? ", "\nWhat model would best fit this use case? ", "\nWhat criteria are important for this use case?", "\nWhat benefit does this characteristic offer? ", "\nIn this class of scenarios, when does this characteristic matter?", "\n\nOr from: What is required for a question to be 'high quality'?", "\n\nA question on Hardware Recommendations has one of two goals:\n\nA request for a product recommendation, OR\nA request for information that will lead to a product decision\n\nMy question is about which \"specification\" should I look for, that allows certain kind of devices to meet my requirements.", "\n\nA:\n\nYour original question:\n\nI got a Samsung S8 with a totally broken screen. ", "Repair cost is at 80% of a brand new one, so eventually I bought a another phone. ", "With a USB-C multiport adapter I can attach an HDMI monitor and USB mouse and keyboard, turning it into an android desktop computer. ", "The problem is: How do I power such setup, so I don't have to unplug the setup to charge the phone every day?", "\n\n\"How do I power X\" just... is asking for technical support. ", "There's no way of looking at it where it's not. ", "So, I closed it.", "\n\nI tried editing the question several times to get it reopen, even when I wasn't sure what was wrong with it. ", "I tried to word it as \"which hardware device\" instead of \"how do I\" (I originally thought that the buying part was obvious). ", "No reopen happened.", "\n\nAnd by \"several times\", I believe you meant \"once\" - with an edit summary of \"reworded for the language police\". ", "I didn't reopen your question at this point because I didn't see it had been edited - closed edited posts are not automatically put back in front of moderators, they're put back in front of the community, which supposedly is there to help close and reopen posts at the relevant points. ", "So, you flagged it.", "\n\nI tried flagging the question, only to found out that the same moderator declined the flag.", "\n\nWho declined a flag is not shown to users at any point. ", "You're guessing here. ", "You happen to be correct, but they do say things about making assumptions.", "\n\nHe did not provided justification as to why it was a technical support request\n\nSee above.", "\n\nand shifted to unclear what you are asking, but refused to reopen it.", "\n\nwhich it had become, for the reasons I pointed out in a comment:\n\"You're looking for... what, exactly? ", "A hub that you can plug into a PC? ", "With a USB-C charge lead for an S8, a USB-A mouse, and... what video outputs? ", "USB-C HDMI isn't a thing - do you mean a USB-C port and an HDMI port? ", "If you can clarify what kind of device you're looking for and specify what outputs it needs to have, we may be able to reopen this question.\"", "\n\nHe asked for obvious clarifications that implies that he didn't understood the question in any of its revision. ", "I provided such feedback and he ignored it.", "\n\nHardly. ", "I asked for some clarifications that were necessary to be able to answer the question, to which you responded by making another edit that didn't actually address the questions I asked - with another caustic summary, I might add.", "\nIn particular, you still haven't addressed what kind of video connection you want. \"", "USB-C video/hdmi out\" isn't clear about what you want - do you want some type of video-over-USB-C? ", "An HDMI connector? ", "USB-C HDMI - which doesn't exist?", "\n\nTL;DR: You went about this the wrong way. ", "Constructive discussion about why and what can be done is always to be preferred. ", "Clarify the question about video outputs, and your question will be at a point where it can be reopened.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Subscribe to this blog\n\nGoogle+ Badge\n\nFollow by Email\n\nTip Jar\n\nAutism Attitude and Everyday Thankful\n\nPagan roots of Christmas\n\nWhy do people talk about the pagan roots of Christmas as if that is something to show how hypocritical Christians are and make us go slinking off in shame? ", "The dominant expression of Christmas in the world is the result of the Christianization of non-Christian customs. ", "What, pray tell, is wrong with that?", "\n\nSeveral hundred years ago the church fathers realised that their converts needed something to do while their non-Christian contemporaries celebrated their various winter festivals. ", "While those around them hoped and prayed to nature and various false gods for the return of light, warmth, and the promise of new life in spring Christians began celebrating the promise of eternal life in the birth of Christ. ", "This, I think, is a marvelous example of the transforming power of Jesus Christ. ", "Even a pagan ritual can be transformed to reveal the truth of God. ", "As more people became Christians they brought with them those aspects of their former lives that pointed to God's truth.", "\n\nWhy get all hot and bothered about Christmas? ", "Anyway, like I said before,\n\nMerry Christmas! ", "May you know first hand the love that made God take on our frail human form and submit himself to death on the cross to pay for our sins.", "\n\nComments\n\nPost a Comment\n\nPopular Posts\n\nYou scored as Evangelical Holiness/Wesleyan. ", "You are an evangelical in the Wesleyan tradition. ", "You believe that God's grace enables you to choose to believe in him, even though you yourself are totally depraved. ", "The gift of the Holy Spirit gives you assurance of your salvation, and he also enables you to live the life of obedience to which God has called us. ", "You are influenced heavly by John Wesley and the Methodists.", "\n\nYes I said cotton balls. ", "Apparently dropping cotton balls outside of an establishment known to be frequented by black people is a hate crime. ", "And here I thought it was at worst littering.", "Arrests Made In Mizzou Cotton Ball Incident: 2 Students Suspended After Their ArrestTwo students have been arrested in connection with the incident where cotton balls were left overnight outside the Gaines/Oldham Black Culture Center on the campus of the University of Missouri-Columbia. ", "Very early Friday morning, someone threw cotton balls outside the Culture Center. ", "The offensive act sparked a town hall meeting on the Campus Monday night. ", "At the meeting, students discussed what to do in response to the racist display. ", "Police investigated the incident as a hate crime. ", "What to do about cotton balls on the sidewalk? ", "Trample them into oblivion or pick them up! ", "All that drama over cotton balls. ", "I'm trying to imagine a mind fragile enough to be offended by cotton balls on the sidewalk. ", "I don't have…\n\nSome random dude on Facebook posted this dreck.", "\n\"For those of you who take adderall & swear you aren't a meth head.\" ", "Alongside a photo of models of the molecular structure of crystal meth and the active ingredient in Adderall. ", "A concerned Facebook friend wanted to know if it was true. #", "nerdspawn to the rescue.", "\n\"The two drugs do have similar chemical structures. ", "However, therapeutic doses of Adderall taken under supervision of a medical professional are no comparison to drug addicts abusing crystal meth. ", "Whoever did this needed to spend more time on their organic chemistry and molecular neuropharmacology. ", "People shouldn't try to equate taking Adderall as prescribed with abusing crystal meth. ", "We need less of this kind of foolishness stigmatizing people and preventing them from getting the help they need.\"", "\nAny questions?" ]

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[ "Eliminate multiple data fetching\n\nWhat changed:\n\n * updateSize renamed to update\n * a `data` variable was introduced\n * data fetching separated from visualization logic\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAPI OAuth Google Integration Access error (origin-mismatch ) for google Calendar\n\nI am intgrating google Calendar with Angular UI Calendar, to get the data of events of google Calendar\nThis is my HTML \n<div ng-controller=\"newCalendarCtrl\">\n<button ng-click=\"handleAuthClick()\">Authorize</button>\n<script src=\"https://apis.google.com/js/client.js\"></script>\n</div>\n\nAnd this is my JS\n angular.module('loginApp').controller('newCalendarCtrl', function ($scope, $log) {\n\n var clientId = '*******'\n //var apiKey = '{API KEY}';\n var scopes = 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/calendar';\n\n function handleAuthResult(authResult) {\n console.log(authResult);\n var authorizeButton = document.getElementById('authorize-button');\n if (authResult && !", "authResult.error) {\n // authorizeButton.style.visibility = 'hidden';\n makeApiCall();\n } else {\n authorizeButton.style.visibility = '';\n authorizeButton.onclick = handleAuthClick;\n }\n }\n\n $scope.handleAuthClick=function (event) {\n gapi.auth.authorize({client_id: clientId, scope: scopes, immediate: false}, handleAuthResult);\n return false;\n }\n\n function makeApiCall() {\n gapi.client.load('calendar', 'v3', function() {\n var request = gapi.client.calendar.calendarList.list();\n request.execute(function(resp){\n $.each( resp.items, function( key, value ) {\n console.log(resp.items[key].id);\n });\n });\n var request1 = gapi.client.calendar.events.list({ \n 'calendarId': 'primary',\n 'timeMin': '2015-12-23T04:26:52.000Z'//Suppose that you want get data after 23 Dec 2014\n }); \n request1.execute(function(resp){\n $.each( resp.items, function( key, value ) {\n console.log(resp.items[key].id);\n });\n });\n });\n } \n\n});\n\nWhen I try to acces the data upon click Authorize Button then it goes to google login and login procedure proceed successfully but when response come then Error message comes on my page origin-mismatch .", "\n\nA:\n\nThe problem is solve .", "\nReplace JAVASCRIPT ORIGINS - https://www.example.com with \nJAVASCRIPT ORIGINS http://localhost:8080\n And if you have your own Domain then replace it with your Domain and be specific of using https or http\n\n" ]

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[ "Home healthcare and client outcomes.", "\nThis study examined the outcome measures of readmission to the hospital and change in functional status/quality of life. ", "Patients were admitted to the hospital most commonly by the 15th visit indicating complications arise soon after home care initiation. ", "Implications for more specific data related to acuity, family support, and outcomes are suggested to develop and evaluate strategies for cost-effective care. ", "The potential for preventing hospitalizations may be diminished due to the cost containment strategies currently used by agencies in response to PPS." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIBM Worklight 6.1 - Getting sporadic BSOD while using Studio\n\nI am using Windows XP Service pack 3. ", "The OS gets restarted (it crashes) when using Worklight.", "\nI don't know what's problem: the system or Eclipse...\nCan any one know please help me to solve this issue?", "\n\nA:\n\nSee this webpage from IBM: \nOperating systems for IBM Worklight 6.1.0\nWindows XP is not a supported version of Windows in Worklight. ", "It may work, it may not work. ", "Either way it is not supported in Worklight 6.0 and above.", "\nThe last version of Worklight that supported XP is Worklight 5.0.6.", "\n\nYou can download previous releases here:\n\n5.0.6.1: http://public.dhe.ibm.com/ibmdl/export/pub/software/mobile-solutions/worklight/iws_update_site_wde.5.0.6.1.zip\n6.0.0.1: http://public.dhe.ibm.com/ibmdl/export/pub/software/mobile-solutions/worklight/iws_update_site_wde.6.0.0.1.zip\n\nNOTE: The downloads above are not the most recent versions of these releases; they are not maintained, and only customers can receive support and ifixes for them. ", "If possible you should upgrade your system and use the latest Developer Edition - 6.1.0.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "TIMES STAFF REPORT\n\nEDEN VALLEY — Tens of thousands of domestic mink were released from Lang Farms early Monday morning, according to the Stearns County Sheriff's Office.", "\n\nThe farm raises mink for pelts and lost an estimated $750,000 in what police referred to as burglary and vandalism.", "\n\nLang Farms is located a couple miles northwest of Eden Valley.", "\n\nOvernight a person or group of people dismantled the exterior fence at the farm and released all the mink from their cages, according to the Sheriff's Office. ", "That's an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 mink.", "\n\nThe mink will not survive in the wild, because they are domesticated. ", "Those that do live could have a negative impact on the native wildlife, according to the statement. ", "Mink are predators, and those released were done so near a wildlife management area and wilderness preservation area.", "\n\n\"If residents see any mink loose in the area, they are asked not to approach them because they may bite,\" according to the Sheriff's statement. \"", "Lang Farms LLC asked that residents call them so that they may be recaptured by experienced mink handlers.\"", "\n\nIf you spot a mink, call the farm: 320-453-4750.", "\n\nIf you have information on the crime, call the Stearns County Sheriff’s Office: 320-251-4240." ]

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[ "Les chances de succès de François Legault sont liées à sa capacité à fédérer des segments de l’électorat très disparates, en opposition même. ", "Tout un défi.", "\n\nLe journaliste Jean-Marc Salvet écrit un court article dans Le Soleil pour insister sur le fait « qu’un autre péquiste joint les rangs de la CAQ ». ", "Il parle ici de Manuel Dionne, un ancien attaché politique du ministre Drainville.", "\n\nSalvet note aussi dans son texte que même si quelques péquistes se joignent à François Legault, c’est du côté du Parti libéral que la récolte est de loin la plus fructueuse pour la CAQ : « Si des péquistes sont passés à la CAQ, on compte cependant depuis quelque temps, chez ses candidats, beaucoup plus d’anciens libéraux ou d’anciens proches du Parti libéral du Québec. »", "\n\nC’est peut-être pour ça que la nouvelle recrue caquiste Manuel Dionne a procédé à un changement que plusieurs internautes ont remarqué, une suppression discrète sur sa bio Twitter du mot « indépendantiste ».", "\n\nJ’en traitais sur mon fil twitter :\n\nLe journaliste @JeanMarcSalvet rapporte ce matin que l'ex bras droit de @drainvillepm Manuel Dionne passe à la CAQ.", "\n\n\n\nPassage obligé pour se complaire à la posture de la #CAQ, Dionne efface discrètement son allégeance indépendantiste des réseaux sociaux...\n\n\n\nCoalition mon oeil. ", "pic.twitter.com/RXrioLPVin — S. E. Fortin (@S_EFortin) 28 juin 2018\n\nLes caquistes aiment bien gloser qu’ils forment une « coalition » pour viser le plus large possible, la réalité c’est que si t’es un indépendantiste, tu devras faire profil bas. ", "Un point c’est tout.", "\n\nC’est que pour aspirer à la victoire, la CAQ doit réussir à chiper assez du vote libéral pour gagner une trentaine de comtés. ", "Ce n’est pas gagné. ", "Et ce peu importe ce que disent les sondages.", "\n\nSuffit que le vernis « nationaliste » ressorte un peu trop pour que la CAQ perde des appuis cruciaux chez certains libéraux qui vacillent.", "\n\nParler des deux côtés de la bouche\n\nLe chroniqueur du Montreal Gazette Don Macpherson s’est récemment livré à une charge virulente contre François Legault, qu’il accuse de cacher ses appuis nationalistes. ", "Selon ce chroniqueur – qui a fait carrière en vociférant contre le nationalisme québécois – Legault parle des deux côtés de la bouche, en fonction de l’auditoire à qui il s’adresse.", "\n\nLe titre de la chronique de Macpherson : « Ce que Legault et la CAQ ne veulent pas que les anglophones entendent ».", "\n\nS’ensuit une charge virulente qui vise, notamment, cette propension qu’aurait François Legault de dire une chose et son contraire :\n\n« Ventriloquists have nothing on the Coalition Avenir Québec. ", "François Legault’s party can talk out of both sides of its mouth at the same time, and in two different languages. »", "\n\n(Traduction : Les ventriloques n’ont rien à envier à la Coalition Avenir Québec. ", "Le parti de François Legault peut parler des deux côtés de la bouche, en même temps, et dans les deux langues [français et anglais].)", "\n\nMacpherson n’est pas né de la dernière pluie. ", "Ce qu’il relève pour faire une telle assertion concernant la CAQ n’est pas banal; le parti de François Legault choisit minutieusement ce qu’il traduit dans son programme et sur les activités du parti.", "\n\nSelon Macpherson, c’est pour que l’électorat anglophone soit tenu dans l’ignorance des positions nationalistes et identitaires de certains de ses ténors. ", "Et il vise ici, surtout, l’ex-animateur de radio (et candidat du PQ en 1973) Gilles Proulx, dont la nièce se présente pour la CAQ.", "\n\nLe chroniqueur du Gazette charrie pas mal quand il dépeint Gilles Proulx tel un « xénophobe identitaire virulent » qui usait de sa tribune pour attiser la haine des francophones envers les minorités. ", "Mais la charge de Macpherson envers Gilles Proulx est si violente qu’elle portera au sein de son large lectorat.", "\n\nMacpherson explique que Proulx n’est pas un simple militant de la CAQ mais qu’il est aussi un orateur invité à de nombreux événements partisans : « Mais toujours dans des comtés loin de Montréal et bien que l’on traite de ces événements et qu’on en fait même la promotion sur la version francophone du site de la CAQ, on s’assure de ne jamais les traduire en anglais pour que ce segment de l’électorat ne soit pas au fait du type de nationalisme que défend Gilles Proulx. »", "\n\nJe peux vous dire que les adversaires de la CAQ prennent des notes. ", "Ô que oui !", "\n\nCe n’est pas la première fois que des journalistes ou chroniqueurs remarquent que François Legault adapte son message (et ses convictions) en fonction de l’auditoire à qui il s’adresse. ", "Si le « nationalisme provincialiste » à la Lesage pogne bien dans certains coins du Québec, je peux vous assurer que Legault, en entrevue à l’antenne où je chronique en Outaouais, s’est gardé bien loin de toute référence à cet aspect quand je l’ai entendu.", "\n\nDe la même façon, le chef de la CAQ tente de tempérer les ardeurs des tenants de la droite fiscale radicale au sein de son parti; au moins le temps des élections. ", "C’est que les Québécois n’auront pas beaucoup d’appétit pour un deuxième cycle de « rigueur budgétaire » à la sauce libérale mais servie sur un plateau caquiste.", "\n\nLe chef de la CAQ ne pourra éternellement continuer à ménager la chèvre et le chou, à taire les velléités nationalistes des uns pour ne pas trop perdre chez ceux qui sont allergiques au nationalisme québécois. ", "À vouloir plaire à tout le monde, Legault risque de déplaire à plusieurs.", "\n\nParlez-en à Tom Mulcair qui s’est brulé, pas à peu près, en jouant à ce jeu-là. ", "Qu’ils étaient donc beaux les sondages pour le NPD, et depuis longtemps. ", "Ce fragile échafaudage n’a pas tenu le difficile test de la campagne électorale...\n\n" ]

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[ "ASHP survey of ambulatory care responsibilities of pharmacists in managed care and integrated health systems--1999.", "\nThe results of a 1999 national survey of the ambulatory care responsibilities of pharmacists in managed care organizations (MCOs) and integrated health systems are reported and compared with the results of a similar survey conducted in 1997. ", "Four hundred MCOs and integrated health systems participated in the telephone survey. ", "The survey elicited data about organizational structure and pharmacist functions in the ambulatory care environment. ", "Survey recipients were asked about 24 specific ambulatory pharmacist functions. ", "The performance of functions was related to five \"enabling\" factors: pharmacists on interdisciplinary teams, automated dispensing systems, integrated electronic medical records, and \"very supportive\" medical staff and senior management. ", "Thirteen functions were reported to be routine activities for more than 50% of the respondents, compared with nine functions in 1997. ", "The top four functions-using pharmacoeconomic data to make formulary decisions, conducting medication management programs, tracking adverse drug reactions, and providing written information with each new prescription-were performed in 75% or more of organizations. ", "Some 15-18% of respondents indicated they would add specialized pharmacy-managed clinics, services to determine patient use of herbal products and dietary supplements, and Internet prescription services within 12 months, suggesting this expansion is likely to continue. ", "Enabling factors supported expansion. ", "Two clusters of functions were identified that related to either population-focused or patient-focused activities, and these were supported differentially by enabling factors. ", "Group-model and staff-model HMOs had the most enabling factors and the greatest scope of pharmacist functions. ", "Independent practice associations had fewer enabling factors and a different mix of pharmacist functions, with an emphasis on population-focused functions, suggesting that a second model of ambulatory care pharmacist activity may be emerging. ", "Ambulatory care functions of pharmacists in integrated health-system settings have expanded broadly since 1997." ]

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[ "News\n\n2017 World Rugby Americas Pacific Challenge\n\nOceania Rugby,\nFri Oct 6, 2017 9:22AM\n\nThe Americas Pacific Challenge 2017 is under way with the “A” team tournament will running from 7-15 October at the Estadio Charrua, in Montevideo.", "\n\nClick HERE for all the tournament news, results, statistics and reports.", "\n\nThe World Rugby Americas Pacific Challenge 2017 will be a round robin, first-past-the-post tournament played across three rounds, contested by Argentina XV, USA Selects, Samoa A, Tonga A, Canada A and hosts, Uruguay A.\n\nThe teams in Pool A will play the teams in Pool B once, with the tournament winner decided by the total number of competition points across the three rounds on 7, 11 and 15 October.", "\n\nPool A consists of Argentina XV, USA Selects and Tonga A while Uruguay A, Samoa A and Canada A make up Pool B.\n\nLast year, Argentina XV won the inaugural World Rugby Americas Pacific Challenge in Montevideo, beating Fiji Warriors 27-26 in a dramatic final." ]

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[ "This is a very exciting week in New Haven as more than 21,000 students prepare to come back to school for a new year of academic excellence. ", "This year we begin valuable changes that will catapult New Haven to becoming the best urban school district in the nation. ", "Change is coming and we want you to be part of it. ", "To learn more about the school change campaign please visit: www.NewHavenSchoolChange.org\n\nSeveral hundred students will be entering brand new school buildings for the first time this week:\n\nBishop Woods First Day of School\n\nStudents at Bishop Woods will settle in to their new building on Quinnipiac Avenue. ", "This $38 million brand new school building is 75,000 square feet replaces the elementary school that was built on the site in 1970. ", "The school, which is the 40th in the Citywide School Construction Program, is adjacent to a bird sanctuary and was designed to visually connect with the woods behind the school. ", "The school houses grades Pre-K through 8th. ", "Notable features: science lab; multi-purpose discovery room; library/media center; varied technology. ", "To celebrate this brand new building, local dignitaries, students, parents, teachers will be present to cut the ribbon and watch the children enter their new school beginning at 8:35 a.m. on Wednesday.", "\n\nMauro Sheridan First Day of School\n\nAt 9:15 a.m. on Wednesday, students, teachers, administrators and parents will cut the ribbon at the front door on Fountain Street and enter this 39th school in the Mayor’s Citywide School Construction Program. ", "This brand new school is a merger of the Vincent Mauro School and the Susan Sheridan School. ", "This $47.5 million, 101,000 square foot school houses grades Pre-K through 8th. ", "Notable features: applied technology lab, video/broadcast lab, science labs, parent resource center, and modern library/media center. ", "An Astronaut will be on hand to lead students in to this NASA Explorer school (visit http://www.nhps.net/sheriden for more info). ", "To celebrate this spectacular building, local dignitaries, students, parents, teachers and members of the Mauro family will be present to cut the ribbon to the new school.", "\n\nBus Safety\n\nAt 3:30 p.m. on Thursday, at the Ross Woodward School, Police Chief James Lewis will board a First Student school bus and give students a lesson on school bus safety and kick-off the back-to-school season with tips on how to make this academic year safer for all children. ", "Student safety is a top priority for the school district and its partners at the New Haven Police Department.", "\n\nFirst Day of Kindergarten at John C. Daniels School\n\nFriday will be the first day of Kindergarten for the “future college grads: Class of 2026”. ", "This day will focus on these future college grads and their parents as they begin the journey to that 2026 accomplishment. ", "Children will enter their new classrooms with pennants from different colleges and will be led by teachers carrying pennants from their own Alma-Maters, instilling in each student the fact that they can and will go to college. ", "This celebration will take place at the Daniels School at 8 a.m. on Friday.", "\n\nMayor’s Night In\n\nOn the first Tuesday of every month, I hold Mayor’s Night In at City Hall. ", "This event is an opportunity for residents to meet with me to discuss you your questions, concerns, and suggestions for our City. ", "I encourage residents to stop by Tuesday, September 1st at 5 p.m.\n\nPolice Department Promotional Ceremony\n\nJoin me on September 2nd at Nathan Hale School to celebrate captain, lieutenant, sergeant and detective promotions. ", "The promotional ceremony will begin at 5 p.m.\n\nIs someone you know interested in receiving the Mayor's Monday Message? ", "To join this list, please send your name and email address to: jmayorga@newhavenct.net. ", "An opportunity may exist down the line to receive messages specific to your neighborhood. ", "For this purpose, in your email, please tell us what ward you live in.", "\n\nThe Mayor's Monday Message list is not shared with any outside groups and is used solely for the purpose of delivering timely information about issues and events in the City from the Mayor's office to your inbox." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan I pass DOM elements to rails render method?", "\n\nI have a comment form on a blog I'm building.", "\nBlog posts are lengthy, so the form is located way off-screen, at the bottom of the page.", "\nIf a comment fails validation, then the user is taken back to the top of the page, but the error messages are displayed way down where the form is.", "\nI'd prefer to have the browser focus on the comments section, when this happens, so that the user can see the validation error messages.", "\nHere's my comments_controller's create action:\ndef create\n @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])\n @comment = @article.comments.build(params[:comment])\n if @comment.save\n redirect_to article_path(@article), notice: \"Thanks for your comment\"\n else\n # is there anyway to pass an id (like #comments) to this render call??", "\n render 'articles/show'\n end\nend\n\nAs you can see, I call render 'articles/show' if validations fail. ", "I was hoping to be able to do something like this though: \nrender 'articles/show', :anchor => '#comments'\n\nIn the ideal world, the code above would render articles#show, and set the viewport focus on the comments section. ", "I know I can pass an anchor when using link_to, but can I do it with render?", "\nIs anything like this possible, or do I need to go with an Ajax solution?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou don't need Ajax - simple jquery should work.", "\nSomething like this (replacing '.error-messages' with your error class):\n$(document).ready(function(){\n\n if ($(.error-messages).length) {\n $('body').animate({scrollTop:$('.error-messages').offset().top})\n }\n\n})\n\nOn page load, if there are any error messages, the page scrolls to the error messages.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nrunning an algorithm without a Main class?", "\n\nI'm learning Java from Introduction to Java Programming 9th ed. ", "by Liang Y. D. and having some difficulty with one of the examples, pertaining to arrays. ", "I would like to execute a sorting procedure with the following:\npublic class SelectionSort \n{\npublic static void selectionSort (double[] list)\n{\n for (int i = 0; i < list.length - 1; i++)\n {\n double currentMin = list[i];\n int currentMinIndex = i;\n\n for (int j = i + 1; j < list.length; j++)\n {\n if (currentMin > list[j])\n {\n currentMin = list[j];\n currentMinIndex = i;\n }\n }\n\n if (currentMinIndex !", "= i)\n {\n list[currentMinIndex] = list[i];\n list[i] = currentMin;\n }\n }\n}\n}\n\nThe problem is that there is no \nMain (String[] args)\n\ninstead we have:\nselectionSort (double[] list)\n\nNow I would like to execute the above by \ndouble[] list = {1, 9, 4.5, 6.6, 5.7, -4.5};\nSelectionSort.selectionSort(list)\n\nor any other combintion, but I keep getting Error: could not find or load main class. ", "Is there a way to execute this in command prompt without loading the main class? ", "\n\nA:\n\nMake a main class.", "\npublic class ArrayTest {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n double[] list = { };\n SelectionSort.selectionSort(list);\n }\n}\n\nNote: \nDo NOT do this. ", "It is bad practice and will not work in newer versions of Java anyways.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "What is really going on in politics? ", "Get our daily email briefing straight to your inbox Sign up Thank you for subscribing We have more newsletters Show me See our privacy notice Invalid Email\n\nBrexiteer Tory Iain Duncan Smith was mocked by the former head of the WTO who mimed a unicorn behind his back in response to claims the Irish border issue could be solved using technology.", "\n\nPascal Lamy accused the former Tory leader of \"total confusion\" over alternative plans for the Irish border.", "\n\nMr Lamy said that the ardent Brexiteer was guilty of “pie in the sky” thinking.", "\n\nMr Duncan Smith claimed that if the UK would “agree to alternative arrangements on the Irish border” that there would be “no fixed border” in Ireland.", "\n\n\"If you want to diverge you have to accept that there will be a border,\" he said.", "\n\nMr Lamy was the Director-General of the World Trade Organization until 1 September 2013 but he also served as the Chief of staff for the President of the European Commission Jacques Delors.", "\n\nEarly today Mr Lamy blamed the Brexit impasse on Theresa May \"rushing in\" to discussions on the terms of the UK's divorce from the EU rather than insisting that they should take place in parallel with trade talks which will take \"years and years\".", "\n\nHe told BBC Radio 4's Today programme: \"My view is that we may have made the wrong choice in deciding that we would negotiate first the Withdrawal Agreement - which is a sort of divorce agreement - and then the rest.\"", "\n\nMrs May's Government initially argued that the issues of withdrawal and future relations should be negotiated together, but swiftly folded in 2016 as Brussels insisted the divorce must be settled first.", "\n\n\"She was in a hurry, she was under huge pressure from Boris Johnson, Brexiters and the rest and she said 'Brexit is Brexit, we will Brexit' and they rushed into this first stage without understanding that this huge unclarity on the next stage would have a big bearing on the discussion,\" said Mr Lamy.", "\n\n(Image: PA)\n\n\"I know full well from experience that negotiating a trade agreement takes years and years, so I understand why they couldn't wait for that in order to Brexit for those of the British public who wanted to Brexit rapidly.\"", "\n\nIt was now time for the EU to offer \"clarity\" on future relations to allay the fears of both Brexiters and Remainers that the UK will be \"cheated\", he said.", "\n\nBoth sides should seek a \"totally open trade relationship\", retaining as much as possible of current arrangements, said Mr Lamy, who led the WTO from 2005-13." ]

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[ "/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n// Name: tests/benchmarks/strings.cpp\n// Purpose: String-related benchmarks\n// Author: Vadim Zeitlin\n// Created: 2008-07-19\n// Copyright: (c) 2008 Vadim Zeitlin <vadim@wxwidgets.org>\n// Licence: wxWindows licence\n/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n\n#include \"wx/string.h\"\n#include \"wx/ffile.h\"\n\n#include \"bench.h\"\n#include \"htmlparser/htmlpars.h\"\n\nstatic const char asciistr[] =\n \"This is just the first line of a very long 7 bit ASCII string\"\n \"This is just the second line of a very long 7 bit ASCII string\"\n \"This is just the third line of a very long 7 bit ASCII string\"\n \"This is just the fourth line of a very long 7 bit ASCII string\"\n \"This is just the fifth line of a very long 7 bit ASCII string\"\n \"This is just the sixth line of a very long 7 bit ASCII string\"\n \"This is just the seventh line of a very long 7 bit ASCII string\"\n \"This is just the eighth line of a very long 7 bit ASCII string\"\n \"This is just the ninth line of a very long 7 bit ASCII string\"\n \"This is just the tenth line of a very long 7 bit ASCII string\"\n ;\n\nstatic const char utf8str[] =\n \"\\xD0\\xA6\\xD0\\xB5\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE\\xD0\\xB5 \\xD1\\x87\\xD0\\xB8\\xD1\\x81\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE 0\"\n \"\\xD0\\xA6\\xD0\\xB5\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE\\xD0\\xB5 \\xD1\\x87\\xD0\\xB8\\xD1\\x81\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE 1\"\n \"\\xD0\\xA6\\xD0\\xB5\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE\\xD0\\xB5 \\xD1\\x87\\xD0\\xB8\\xD1\\x81\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE 2\"\n \"\\xD0\\xA6\\xD0\\xB5\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE\\xD0\\xB5 \\xD1\\x87\\xD0\\xB8\\xD1\\x81\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE 3\"\n \"\\xD0\\xA6\\xD0\\xB5\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE\\xD0\\xB5 \\xD1\\x87\\xD0\\xB8\\xD1\\x81\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE 4\"\n \"\\xD0\\xA6\\xD0\\xB5\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE\\xD0\\xB5 \\xD1\\x87\\xD0\\xB8\\xD1\\x81\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE 5\"\n \"\\xD0\\xA6\\xD0\\xB5\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE\\xD0\\xB5 \\xD1\\x87\\xD0\\xB8\\xD1\\x81\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE 6\"\n \"\\xD0\\xA6\\xD0\\xB5\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE\\xD0\\xB5 \\xD1\\x87\\xD0\\xB8\\xD1\\x81\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE 7\"\n \"\\xD0\\xA6\\xD0\\xB5\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE\\xD0\\xB5 \\xD1\\x87\\xD0\\xB8\\xD1\\x81\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE 8\"\n \"\\xD0\\xA6\\xD0\\xB5\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE\\xD0\\xB5 \\xD1\\x87\\xD0\\xB8\\xD1\\x81\\xD0\\xBB\\xD0\\xBE 9\"\n ;\n\nnamespace\n{\n\nconst wxString& GetTestAsciiString()\n{\n static wxString testString;\n if ( testString.empty() )\n {\n long num = Bench::GetNumericParameter();\n if ( !", "num )\n num = 1;\n\n for ( long n = 0; n < num; n++ )\n testString += wxString::FromAscii(asciistr);\n }\n\n return testString;\n}\n\n} // anonymous namespace\n\n// this is just a baseline\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(Strlen)\n{\n if ( strlen(utf8str) !", "= WXSIZEOF(utf8str) - 1 )\n return false;\n\n if ( strlen(asciistr) !", "= WXSIZEOF(asciistr) - 1 )\n return false;\n\n return true;\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// FromUTF8() benchmarks\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(FromUTF8)\n{\n wxString s = wxString::FromUTF8(utf8str);\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n s = wxString::FromUTF8(asciistr);\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n return true;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(FromUTF8WithNpos)\n{\n wxString s = wxString::FromUTF8(utf8str, wxString::npos);\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n s = wxString::FromUTF8(asciistr, wxString::npos);\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n return true;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(FromUTF8WithLen)\n{\n wxString s = wxString::FromUTF8(utf8str, WXSIZEOF(utf8str));\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n s = wxString::FromUTF8(asciistr, WXSIZEOF(asciistr));\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n return true;\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// FromUTF8Unchecked() benchmarks\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(FromUTF8Unchecked)\n{\n wxString s = wxString::FromUTF8Unchecked(utf8str);\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n s = wxString::FromUTF8Unchecked(asciistr);\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n return true;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(FromUTF8UncheckedWithNpos)\n{\n wxString s = wxString::FromUTF8Unchecked(utf8str, wxString::npos);\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n s = wxString::FromUTF8Unchecked(asciistr, wxString::npos);\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n return true;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(FromUTF8UncheckedWithLen)\n{\n wxString s = wxString::FromUTF8Unchecked(utf8str, WXSIZEOF(utf8str));\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n s = wxString::FromUTF8Unchecked(asciistr, WXSIZEOF(asciistr));\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n return true;\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// FromAscii() benchmarks\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(FromAscii)\n{\n wxString s = wxString::FromAscii(asciistr);\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n return true;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(FromAsciiWithNpos)\n{\n wxString s = wxString::FromAscii(asciistr);\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n return true;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(FromAsciiWithLen)\n{\n wxString s = wxString::FromAscii(asciistr, WXSIZEOF(asciistr));\n if ( s.empty() )\n return false;\n\n return true;\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// simple string iteration\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// baseline\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(ForCString)\n{\n for ( size_t n = 0; n < WXSIZEOF(asciistr); n++ )\n {\n if ( asciistr[n] == '~' )\n return false;\n }\n\n return true;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(ForStringIndex)\n{\n const wxString& s = GetTestAsciiString();\n const size_t len = s.length();\n for ( size_t n = 0; n < len; n++ )\n {\n if ( s[n] == '~' )\n return false;\n }\n\n return true;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(ForStringIter)\n{\n const wxString& s = GetTestAsciiString();\n const wxString::const_iterator end = s.end();\n for ( wxString::const_iterator i = s.begin(); i !", "= end; ++i )\n {\n if ( *i == '~' )\n return false;\n }\n\n return true;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(ForStringRIter)\n{\n const wxString& s = GetTestAsciiString();\n const wxString::const_reverse_iterator rend = s.rend();\n for ( wxString::const_reverse_iterator i = s.rbegin(); i !", "= rend; ++i )\n {\n if ( *i == '~' )\n return false;\n }\n\n return true;\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// wxString::Replace()\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nconst size_t ASCIISTR_LEN = strlen(asciistr);\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(ReplaceLoop)\n{\n wxString str('x', ASCIISTR_LEN);\n for ( size_t n = 0; n < ASCIISTR_LEN; n++ )\n {\n if ( str[n] == 'a' )\n str[n] = 'z';\n }\n\n return str.length() !", "= 0;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(ReplaceNone)\n{\n wxString str('x', ASCIISTR_LEN);\n return str.", "Replace(\"a\", \"z\") == 0;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(ReplaceSome)\n{\n wxString str(asciistr);\n return str.", "Replace(\"7\", \"8\") !", "= 0;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(ReplaceAll)\n{\n wxString str('x', ASCIISTR_LEN);\n return str.", "Replace(\"x\", \"y\") !", "= 0;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(ReplaceLonger)\n{\n wxString str('x', ASCIISTR_LEN);\n return str.", "Replace(\"x\", \"yy\") !", "= 0;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(ReplaceShorter)\n{\n wxString str('x', ASCIISTR_LEN);\n return str.", "Replace(\"xx\", \"y\") !", "= 0;\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// string case conversion\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(Lower)\n{\n return GetTestAsciiString().Lower().length() > 0;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(Upper)\n{\n return GetTestAsciiString().Upper().length() > 0;\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// string comparison\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(StrcmpA)\n{\n const wxString& s = GetTestAsciiString();\n\n return wxCRT_StrcmpA(s.c_str(), s.c_str()) == 0;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(StrcmpW)\n{\n const wxString& s = GetTestAsciiString();\n\n return wxCRT_StrcmpW(s.wc_str(), s.wc_str()) == 0;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(StricmpA)\n{\n const wxString& s = GetTestAsciiString();\n\n return wxCRT_StricmpA(s.c_str(), s.c_str()) == 0;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(StricmpW)\n{\n const wxString& s = GetTestAsciiString();\n\n return wxCRT_StricmpW(s.wc_str(), s.wc_str()) == 0;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(StringCmp)\n{\n const wxString& s = GetTestAsciiString();\n\n return s.Cmp(s) == 0;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(StringCmpNoCase)\n{\n const wxString& s = GetTestAsciiString();\n\n return s.CmpNoCase(s) == 0;\n}\n\n// Also benchmark various native functions under MSW. ", "Surprisingly/annoyingly\n// they sometimes have vastly better performance than alternatives, especially\n// for case-sensitive comparison (see #10375).", "\n#ifdef __WINDOWS__\n\n#include \"wx/msw/wrapwin.h\"\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(MSWlstrcmp)\n{\n const wxString& s = GetTestAsciiString();\n\n return lstrcmp(s.t_str(), s.t_str()) == 0;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(MSWlstrcmpi)\n{\n const wxString& s = GetTestAsciiString();\n\n return lstrcmpi(s.t_str(), s.t_str()) == 0;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(MSWCompareString)\n{\n const wxString& s = GetTestAsciiString();\n\n return ::CompareString\n (\n LOCALE_USER_DEFAULT,\n 0,\n s.t_str(), s.length(),\n s.t_str(), s.length()\n ) == CSTR_EQUAL;\n}\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(MSWCompareStringIgnoreCase)\n{\n const wxString& s = GetTestAsciiString();\n\n return ::CompareString\n (\n LOCALE_USER_DEFAULT,\n NORM_IGNORECASE,\n s.t_str(), s.length(),\n s.t_str(), s.length()\n ) == CSTR_EQUAL;\n}\n\n#endif // __WINDOWS__\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// string buffers: wx[W]CharBuffer\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(CharBuffer)\n{\n wxString str(asciistr);\n\n // NB: wxStrlen() is here to simulate some use of the returned buffer.", "\n // Both mb_str() and wc_str() are used so that this code does something\n // nontrivial in any build.", "\n return wxStrlen(str.mb_str()) == ASCIISTR_LEN &&\n wxStrlen(str.wc_str()) == ASCIISTR_LEN;\n}\n\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// wxString::operator[] - parse large HTML page\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nclass DummyParser : public wx28HtmlParser\n{\npublic:\n virtual wxObject* GetProduct() { return NULL; }\n virtual void AddText(const wxChar*) {}\n};\n\n\nBENCHMARK_FUNC(ParseHTML)\n{\n // static so that construction time is not counted\n static DummyParser parser;\n static wxString html;\n if ( html.empty() )\n {\n wxString html1;\n wxFFile(\"htmltest.html\").ReadAll(&html1, wxConvUTF8);\n\n // this is going to make for some invalid HTML, of course, but it\n // doesn't really matter\n long num = Bench::GetNumericParameter();\n if ( !", "num )\n num = 1;\n\n for ( long n = 0; n < num; n++ )\n html += html1;\n }\n\n parser.", "Parse(html);\n\n return true;\n}\n" ]

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[ "Benedict spoke on the second day of his visit to Lebanon, a country with the largest percentage of Christians in the Middle East. ", "He arrived amid a wave of violent demonstrations over an anti-Islam film across the Muslim world.", "\n\n\"Let us not forget that religious freedom is a fundamental right from which many other rights stem,\" he said, speaking in French to government officials, foreign diplomats and religious leaders at the president palace in Mount Lebanon in the southern suburbs of Beirut.", "\n\nHe held up Lebanon, which is still rebuilding from a devastating 1975-1990 civil war largely fought on sectarian lines, as an example of coexistence for the region.", "\n\nHe said Christians and Muslims in Lebanon share the same space -- at times in the same family -- and asked, \"If it is possible in families why not in entire societies?\" ", "Marriages where husband and wife are from different religious groups are not uncommon in Lebanon.", "\n\nHe said the freedom to practice one's religion \"without danger to life and liberty must be possible to everyone.\"", "\n\nEnthusiastic crowds lined the streets and cheered along the 30-kilometer motorcade route to the palace as Benedict went by in the bullet-proof glass popemobile. ", "Soldiers in horseback rode ahead of the car.", "\n\nAs the pope arrived in the presidential compound, officials released about 20 white doves.", "\n\nJust hours after the pope arrived Friday, violence erupted in northern Lebanon over \"Innocence of Muslims,\" a film that ridicules the Prophet Muhammad, portraying him as a fraud, a womanizer and a child molester.", "\n\nAccording to Lebanese security officials, a crowd angry over the film set fire to a KFC and a Hardee's restaurant in the port city of Tripoli, 50 miles (85 kilometers) north of Beirut, sparking clashes with police. ", "Police then opened fire, killing one of the attackers, the officials said.", "\n\nAt least 25 people were wounded in the melee, including 18 police who were hit with stones and glass. ", "The officials spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to brief the media." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006774071953259408, 0.011334306560456753, 0.0005753287696279585, 0.0005986685282550752, 0.0006134271970950067, 0.0007358645088970661, 0.0009078229195438325, 0.000737420457880944, 0.0013406153302639723, 0.000647329434286803, 0.5364673733711243, 0.0016333985840901732, 0.04350494220852852, 0.005678877700120211, 0.0005801334627903998 ]

[ "Archives | Devin McGinn\n\nIn 2010 “Skinwalker Ranch” gained media attention after experiencing a wide range of unexplained phenomena. ", "Reports ranged from UFO sightings to livestock mutilation, but maybe most notable was the disappearance of ranch owner Hoyt Miller’s eight-year-old son Cody on November 11, 2010. ", "Close to a year later, Modern Defense Enterprises has sent a team of experts to document and investigate the mysterious occurrences, which only escalate upon their arrival. ", "Tensions rise as the team must decide how far they will go to unlock the mysteries of “Skinwalker Ranch.” ", "The group debates whether the answers are worth risking their lives for, or if they should just call off the investigation and leave the ranch—that is, if leaving is actually an option…" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005915515939705074, 0.0007114753825590014, 0.0005646857316605747, 0.0006132219568826258, 0.0008071321062743664 ]