texts
sequence | meta
dict | scores
sequence | avg_score
float64 0
1
| num_sents
int64 1
126k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Right Wing Leftovers - 7/9/13\n\nWhile ranting about rapper/actor Mos Def, Glenn Beck calls President Obama a \"ridiculous piece of garbage.\"",
"\n\nJames Dobson says the current \"cause\" for the gay agenda is \"legalized polygamy and lowered age of consent for children.\"",
"\n\nTony Perkins and various Religious Right groups joined several members of Congress today in pressing for the right of members of the military to discriminate against gays under the guise of protecting religious liberty.",
"\n\nAnti-gay activist Michael Brown is launching his own television program.",
"\n\nRep. Louie Gohmert is apparently the third hottest conservative politician, behind Ted Cruz and Allen West. ",
"We couldn't make that up if we tried."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.6938974261283875,
0.021089108660817146,
0.020191615447402,
0.11284594237804413,
0.001021993812173605,
0.0006439647986553609
] | 0.141615 | 6 |
[
"Fresh from Heaven\n\nWe had such a great time on Easter with my son and his family. ",
"We spent some time playing catch with his stepson, Maddex. ",
"It's so amazing to see my son as a father...he learned well from my husband! ",
"Journaling reads, \"Children arrive so fresh from heaven they are born with angel wings. ",
"If we love them completely, they are able to fly.\"",
"\nI scraplifted this layout from Audrey Yeager. ",
"She was published in the March/April 2012 issue of Creating Keepsakes. ",
"I love her design!"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0007425592048093677,
0.005870926659554243,
0.0006636283942498267,
0.0007271437207236886,
0.0007036561146378517,
0.0006335198995657265,
0.0006187098333612084,
0.0006214701570570469
] | 0.001323 | 8 |
[
"/*\n * hostapd / VLAN netlink api\n * Copyright (c) 2012, Michael Braun <michael-dev@fami-braun.de>\n *\n * This software may be distributed under the terms of the BSD license.",
"\n * See README for more details.",
"\n */\n\n#include \"utils/includes.h\"\n#include <netlink/route/link.h>\n#include <netlink/route/link/vlan.h>\n\n#include \"utils/common.h\"\n#include \"vlan_util.h\"\n\n/*\n * Add a vlan interface with name 'vlan_if_name', VLAN ID 'vid' and\n * tagged interface 'if_name'.",
"\n *\n * returns -1 on error\n * returns 1 if the interface already exists\n * returns 0 otherwise\n*/\nint vlan_add(const char *if_name, int vid, const char *vlan_if_name)\n{\n\tint err, ret = -1;\n\tstruct nl_sock *handle = NULL;\n\tstruct rtnl_link *rlink = NULL;\n\tint if_idx = 0;\n\n\twpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, \"VLAN: vlan_add(if_name=%s, vid=%d, \"\n\t\t \"vlan_if_name=%s)\", if_name, vid, vlan_if_name);\n\n\tif ((os_strlen(if_name) + 1) > IFNAMSIZ) {\n\t\twpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, \"VLAN: Interface name too long: '%s'\",\n\t\t\t if_name);\n\t\treturn -1;\n\t}\n\n\tif ((os_strlen(vlan_if_name) + 1) > IFNAMSIZ) {\n\t\twpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, \"VLAN: Interface name too long: '%s'\",\n\t\t\t vlan_if_name);\n\t\treturn -1;\n\t}\n\n\thandle = nl_socket_alloc();\n\tif (!",
"handle) {\n\t\twpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, \"VLAN: failed to open netlink socket\");\n\t\tgoto vlan_add_error;\n\t}\n\n\terr = nl_connect(handle, NETLINK_ROUTE);\n\tif (err < 0) {\n\t\twpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, \"VLAN: failed to connect to netlink: %s\",\n\t\t\t nl_geterror(err));\n\t\tgoto vlan_add_error;\n\t}\n\n\terr = rtnl_link_get_kernel(handle, 0, if_name, &rlink);\n\tif (err < 0) {\n\t\t/* link does not exist */\n\t\twpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, \"VLAN: interface %s does not exist\",\n\t\t\t if_name);\n\t\tgoto vlan_add_error;\n\t}\n\tif_idx = rtnl_link_get_ifindex(rlink);\n\trtnl_link_put(rlink);\n\trlink = NULL;\n\n\terr = rtnl_link_get_kernel(handle, 0, vlan_if_name, &rlink);\n\tif (err >= 0) {\n\t\t/* link does exist */\n\t\trtnl_link_put(rlink);\n\t\trlink = NULL;\n\t\twpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, \"VLAN: interface %s already exists\",\n\t\t\t vlan_if_name);\n\t\tret = 1;\n\t\tgoto vlan_add_error;\n\t}\n\n\trlink = rtnl_link_alloc();\n\tif (!",
"rlink) {\n\t\twpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, \"VLAN: failed to allocate new link\");\n\t\tgoto vlan_add_error;\n\t}\n\n\terr = rtnl_link_set_type(rlink, \"vlan\");\n\tif (err < 0) {\n\t\twpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, \"VLAN: failed to set link type: %s\",\n\t\t\t nl_geterror(err));\n\t\tgoto vlan_add_error;\n\t}\n\n\trtnl_link_set_link(rlink, if_idx);\n\trtnl_link_set_name(rlink, vlan_if_name);\n\n\terr = rtnl_link_vlan_set_id(rlink, vid);\n\tif (err < 0) {\n\t\twpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, \"VLAN: failed to set link vlan id: %s\",\n\t\t\t nl_geterror(err));\n\t\tgoto vlan_add_error;\n\t}\n\n\terr = rtnl_link_add(handle, rlink, NLM_F_CREATE);\n\tif (err < 0) {\n\t\twpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, \"VLAN: failed to create link %s for \"\n\t\t\t \"vlan %d on %s (%d): %s\",\n\t\t\t vlan_if_name, vid, if_name, if_idx,\n\t\t\t nl_geterror(err));\n\t\tgoto vlan_add_error;\n\t}\n\n\tret = 0;\n\nvlan_add_error:\n\tif (rlink)\n\t\trtnl_link_put(rlink);\n\tif (handle)\n\t\tnl_socket_free(handle);\n\treturn ret;\n}\n\n\nint vlan_rem(const char *if_name)\n{\n\tint err, ret = -1;\n\tstruct nl_sock *handle = NULL;\n\tstruct rtnl_link *rlink = NULL;\n\n\twpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, \"VLAN: vlan_rem(if_name=%s)\", if_name);\n\n\thandle = nl_socket_alloc();\n\tif (!",
"handle) {\n\t\twpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, \"VLAN: failed to open netlink socket\");\n\t\tgoto vlan_rem_error;\n\t}\n\n\terr = nl_connect(handle, NETLINK_ROUTE);\n\tif (err < 0) {\n\t\twpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, \"VLAN: failed to connect to netlink: %s\",\n\t\t\t nl_geterror(err));\n\t\tgoto vlan_rem_error;\n\t}\n\n\terr = rtnl_link_get_kernel(handle, 0, if_name, &rlink);\n\tif (err < 0) {\n\t\t/* link does not exist */\n\t\twpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, \"VLAN: interface %s does not exists\",\n\t\t\t if_name);\n\t\tgoto vlan_rem_error;\n\t}\n\n\terr = rtnl_link_delete(handle, rlink);\n\tif (err < 0) {\n\t\twpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, \"VLAN: failed to remove link %s: %s\",\n\t\t\t if_name, nl_geterror(err));\n\t\tgoto vlan_rem_error;\n\t}\n\n\tret = 0;\n\nvlan_rem_error:\n\tif (rlink)\n\t\trtnl_link_put(rlink);\n\tif (handle)\n\t\tnl_socket_free(handle);\n\treturn ret;\n}\n\n\nint vlan_set_name_type(unsigned int name_type)\n{\n\treturn 0;\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0006555254221893847,
0.0005549036432057619,
0.0007169626769609749,
0.0026807624381035566,
0.0026523983106017113,
0.006597402039915323,
0.001533959642983973
] | 0.002199 | 7 |
[
" factors of 1794847?",
"\n757, 2371\nList the prime factors of 5585496.",
"\n2, 3, 7, 33247\nList the prime factors of 1974983.",
"\n1974983\nWhat are the prime factors of 7652058?",
"\n2, 3, 331, 3853\nWhat are the prime factors of 7261796?",
"\n2, 1815449\nWhat are the prime factors of 13410635?",
"\n5, 7, 619\nWhat are the prime factors of 117152?",
"\n2, 7, 523\nWhat are the prime factors of 7417914?",
"\n2, 3, 7, 23, 1097\nWhat are the prime factors of 10183061?",
"\n7, 479, 3037\nList the prime factors of 1109982.",
"\n2, 3, 184997\nWhat are the prime factors of 17906101?",
"\n1789, 10009\nList the prime factors of 143392.",
"\n2, 4481\nWhat are the prime factors of 136665?",
"\n3, 5, 3037\nList the prime factors of 4506519.",
"\n3, 101, 107, 139\nList the prime factors of 896044.",
"\n2, 224011\nWhat are the prime factors of 528705?",
"\n3, 5, 31, 379\nList the prime factors of 93314.",
"\n2, 13, 37, 97\nWhat are the prime factors of 3195089?",
"\n41, 77929\nList the prime factors of 1497196.",
"\n2, 374299\nWhat are the prime factors of 424248?",
"\n2, 3, 11, 1607\nList the prime factors of 36432342.",
"\n2, 3, 224891\nList the prime factors of 2038501.",
"\n43, 47407\nList the prime factors of 226348.",
"\n2, 71, 797\nWhat are the prime factors of 164530?",
"\n2, 5, 16453\nWhat are the prime factors of 672292?",
"\n2, 131, 1283\nList the prime factors of 1072085.",
"\n5, 7, 30631\nWhat are the prime factors of 16991595?",
"\n3, 5, 23, 16417\nWhat are the prime factors of 1539719?",
"\n1539719\nList the prime factors of 7257315.",
"\n3, 5, 13, 37217\nList the prime factors of 521358.",
"\n2, 3, 31, 2803\nWhat are the prime factors of 59117?",
"\n31, 1907\nList the prime factors of 6532997.",
"\n271, 24107\nWhat are the prime factors of 18748713?",
"\n3, 6249571\nList the prime factors of 664636.",
"\n2, 7, 3391\nWhat are the prime factors of 5210493?",
"\n3, 1736831\nWhat are the prime factors of 151248?",
"\n2, 3, 23, 137\nList the prime factors of 1596054.",
"\n2, 3, 266009\nWhat are the prime factors of 104479?",
"\n104479\nList the prime factors of 2369126.",
"\n2, 29, 40847\nWhat are the prime factors of 396542?",
"\n2, 17, 107, 109\nWhat are the prime factors of 2075128?",
"\n2, 11, 23581\nList the prime factors of 5501950.",
"\n2, 5, 110039\nWhat are the prime factors of 38506?",
"\n2, 13, 1481\nWhat are the prime factors of 1067027?",
"\n13, 211, 389\nWhat are the prime factors of 848681?",
"\n848681\nList the prime factors of 12329658.",
"\n2, 3, 11, 17, 37\nList the prime factors of 14539269.",
"\n3, 193, 25111\nWhat are the prime factors of 157949?",
"\n11, 83, 173\nList the prime factors of 64657.",
"\n19, 41, 83\nWhat are the prime factors of 10010716?",
"\n2, 71, 101, 349\nWhat are the prime factors of 8387?",
"\n8387\nList the prime factors of 58232.",
"\n2, 29, 251\nWhat are the prime factors of 2514025?",
"\n5, 227, 443\nList the prime factors of 3628645.",
"\n5, 53, 13693\nList the prime factors of 3252047.",
"\n43, 75629\nList the prime factors of 9702088.",
"\n2, 11, 110251\nWhat are the prime factors of 2189374?",
"\n2, 11, 83, 109\nList the prime factors of 1505693.",
"\n7, 19, 11321\nList the prime factors of 7640911.",
"\n31, 7951\nList the prime factors of 203424.",
"\n2, 3, 13, 163\nWhat are the prime factors of 81402?",
"\n2, 3, 13567\nWhat are the prime factors of 1072010?",
"\n2, 5, 107201\nWhat are the prime factors of 85066?",
"\n2, 42533\nWhat are the prime factors of 5625434?",
"\n2, 2812717\nWhat are the prime factors of 17228148?",
"\n2, 3, 7, 205097\nWhat are the prime factors of 315688?",
"\n2, 39461\nWhat are the prime factors of 245771?",
"\n245771\nList the prime factors of 5444746.",
"\n2, 43, 63311\nWhat are the prime factors of 1780168?",
"\n2, 13, 17117\nList the prime factors of 22881218.",
"\n2, 17, 672977\nWhat are the prime factors of 25513694?",
"\n2, 19, 173, 3881\nWhat are the prime factors of 26170075?",
"\n5, 53, 19751\nWhat are the prime factors of 9184738?",
"\n2, 41, 101, 1109\nWhat are the prime factors of 50185?",
"\n5, 10037\nList the prime factors of 524361.",
"\n3, 277, 631\nList the prime factors of 575206.",
"\n2, 19, 15137\nWhat are the prime factors of 290198?",
"\n2, 41, 3539\nList the prime factors of 370349.",
"\n7, 191, 277\nList the prime factors of 270835.",
"\n5, 54167\nWhat are the prime factors of 4992127?",
"\n7, 23, 101, 307\nWhat are the prime factors of 1852683?",
"\n3, 7, 88223\nWhat are the prime factors of 1818825?",
"\n3, 5, 24251\nWhat are the prime factors of 105520?",
"\n2, 5, 1319\nList the prime factors of 1817147.",
"\n17, 139, 769\nWhat are the prime factors of 66817?",
"\n109, 613\nList the prime factors of 893024.",
"\n2, 11, 43, 59\nList the prime factors of 5297996.",
"\n2, 11, 347\nWhat are the prime factors of 178770?",
"\n2, 3, 5, 59, 101\nWhat are the prime factors of 3735?",
"\n3, 5, 83\nList the prime factors of 1909883.",
"\n1187, 1609\nList the prime factors of 12878014.",
"\n2, 6439007\nList the prime factors of 78439.",
"\n78439\nWhat are the prime factors of 520138?",
"\n2, 139, 1871\nWhat are the prime factors of 733007?",
"\n11, 37, 1801\nList the prime factors of 101074.",
"\n2, 97, 521\nList the prime factors of 9264120.",
"\n2, 3, 5, 77201\nWhat are the prime factors of 19486238?",
"\n2, 9743119\nList the prime factors of 893975.",
"\n5, 35759\nList the prime factors of 672410.",
"\n2, 5, 19, 3539\nList the prime factors of 9240804.",
"\n2, 3, 3169\nWhat are the prime factors of 663890?",
"\n2, 5, 197, 337\nList the prime factors of 37099966.",
"\n2, 23, 806521\nList the prime factors of 2039862.",
"\n2, 3, 11, 31, 997\nList the prime factors of 465973.",
"\n71, 6563\nList the prime factors of 236798.",
"\n2, 118399\nList the prime factors of 3736601.",
"\n11, 30881\nList the prime factors of 174525.",
"\n3, 5, 13, 179\nWhat are the prime factors of 135280?",
"\n2, 5, 19, 89\nWhat are the prime factors of 169208?",
"\n2, 13, 1627\nList the prime factors of 7955666.",
"\n2, 37, 107509\nWhat are the prime factors of 18914031?",
"\n3, 163, 12893\nWhat are the prime factors of 577326?",
"\n2, 3, 96221\nList the prime factors of 5763275.",
"\n5, 7, 32933\nList the prime factors of 120887.",
"\n13, 17, 547\nList the prime factors of 24461794.",
"\n2, 7, 1747271\nWhat are the prime factors of 362209?",
"\n281, 1289\nList the prime factors of 2683079.",
"\n7, 383297\nWhat are the prime factors of 1084574?",
"\n2, 113, 4799\nList the prime factors of 18073292.",
"\n2, 41, 193, 571\nWhat are the prime factors of 25531?",
"\n11, 211\nWhat are the prime factors of 19255?",
"\n5, 3851\nWhat are the prime factors of 741705?",
"\n3, 5, 197, 251\nList the prime factors of 1606965.",
"\n3, 5, 149, 719\nWhat are the prime factors of 10192736?",
"\n2, 318523\nList the prime factors of 487039.",
"\n7, 41, 1697\nList the prime factors of 372823.",
"\n11, 33893\nList the prime factors of 1631904.",
"\n2, 3, 89, 191\nWhat are the prime factors of 6943711?",
"\n6943711\nWhat are the prime factors of 5089934?",
"\n2, 2544967\nList the prime factors of 91317.",
"\n3, 61, 499\nList the prime factors of 604208.",
"\n2, 11, 3433\nList the prime factors of 7326964.",
"\n2, 1831741\nList the prime factors of 1969890.",
"\n2, 3, 5, 13, 5051\nList the prime factors of 35679178.",
"\n2, 17839589\nList the prime factors of 2387588.",
"\n2, 7, 71, 1201\nWhat are the prime factors of 241441?",
"\n241441\nList the prime factors of 15910595.",
"\n5, 23, 31, 4463\nWhat are the prime factors of 307118?",
"\n2, 7, 21937\nList the prime factors of 267452.",
"\n2, 66863\nWhat are the prime factors of 10147187?",
"\n29, 349903\nWhat are the prime factors of 918377?",
"\n37, 24821\nList the prime factors of 1850199.",
"\n3, 13, 47441\nList the prime factors of 845923.",
"\n13, 65071\nList the prime factors of 15377815.",
"\n5, 73, 42131\nList the prime factors of 1139998.",
"\n2, 59, 9661\nWhat are the prime factors of 69263?",
"\n69263\nWhat are the prime factors of 2878619?",
"\n563, 5113\nWhat are the prime factors of 19168?",
"\n2, 599\nList the prime factors of 22373.",
"\n13, 1721\nList the prime factors of 754131.",
"\n3, 7, 35911\nWhat are the prime factors of 94593?",
"\n3, 31531\nWhat are the prime factors of 390035?",
"\n5, 78007\nList the prime factors of 5398403.",
"\n83, 193, 337\nWhat are the prime factors of 2144608?",
"\n2, 29, 2311\nList the prime factors of 539238.",
"\n2, 3, 7, 37, 347\nWhat are the prime factors of 2036933?",
"\n19, 47, 2281\nWhat are the prime factors of 240232?",
"\n2, 30029\nList the prime factors of 103497.",
"\n3, 34499\nWhat are the prime factors of 94877?",
"\n17, 5581\nList the prime factors of 2349150.",
"\n2, 3, 5, 15661\nList the prime factors of 102285.",
"\n3, 5, 2273\nList the prime factors of 838576.",
"\n2, 17, 3083\nWhat are the prime factors of 29514524?",
"\n2, 13, 19, 29873\nList the prime factors of 1158532.",
"\n2, 31, 9343\nWhat are the prime factors of 160139?",
"\n7, 22877\nList the prime factors of 9748665.",
"\n3, 5, 23, 9419\nList the prime factors of 2934038.",
"\n2, 941, 1559\nList the prime factors of 1001624.",
"\n2, 13, 9631\nWhat are the prime factors of 3186120?",
"\n2, 3, 5, 7, 3793\nList t"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
} | [
0.0006656109471805394,
0.0006293401238508523,
0.0006510525709018111,
0.0007878968026489019,
0.0007274678209796548,
0.0007260112906806171,
0.0007737266132608056,
0.0007931669242680073,
0.0008496377849951386,
0.0006725037237629294,
0.000759557296987623,
0.0006257198983803391,
0.0007409802637994289,
0.0006461697048507631,
0.0006446451880037785,
0.0007466161041520536,
0.0006806565215811133,
0.0007316128467209637,
0.0006602797075174749,
0.0007735555991530418,
0.000677297473885119,
0.0006533508421853185,
0.0006455301772803068,
0.0007048393599689007,
0.0007468739640899003,
0.0006311595789156854,
0.0006501054740510881,
0.0007919117342680693,
0.0006759001989848912,
0.0006318655796349049,
0.0007567601860500872,
0.0006396107492037117,
0.0007298318669199944,
0.000639290374238044,
0.0006922127213329077,
0.0007241463172249496,
0.0006190806161612272,
0.0007877526804804802,
0.0006620234926231205,
0.000771350518334657,
0.0007551669841632247,
0.0006269983132369816,
0.0006334676872938871,
0.0007134331972338259,
0.000809639401268214,
0.0006565458024851978,
0.0006654076860286295,
0.0007604006677865982,
0.0006660653161816299,
0.0007830693502910435,
0.0008091588970273733,
0.0006407607579603791,
0.0007837213925085962,
0.0006776836235076189,
0.0006254846812225878,
0.0006635543541051447,
0.0007858546450734138,
0.0006650253781117499,
0.0006422972655855119,
0.0006378033431246877,
0.0007665692828595638,
0.000763134506996721,
0.0007090636645443738,
0.0007475626189261675,
0.0006971744587644935,
0.0008077279780991375,
0.0007762174936942756,
0.000648886663839221,
0.0007648997125215828,
0.0006474874098785222,
0.00081398687325418,
0.0008155785035341978,
0.0007473403820767999,
0.0007559082587249577,
0.0006504829507321119,
0.0006625363603234291,
0.0006937571451999247,
0.000616090779658407,
0.0006289518205448985,
0.0007668147445656359,
0.0007043190998956561,
0.0007418292225338519,
0.0007576982607133687,
0.0006440313882194459,
0.0007721216534264386,
0.0006407131440937519,
0.0007069605635479093,
0.0007012471905909479,
0.0007950091385282576,
0.0006677913479506969,
0.0006329209427349269,
0.0006803468568250537,
0.0007250706548802555,
0.0007318802527152002,
0.0006360693369060755,
0.0006334770005196333,
0.0007886697421781719,
0.0006520135211758316,
0.0006329561583697796,
0.0006672792369499803,
0.0007590333698317409,
0.000650936271995306,
0.0006448574713431299,
0.0007348627550527453,
0.0006780469557270408,
0.0006477164570242167,
0.0006318625528365374,
0.0007992662722244859,
0.0007403524359688163,
0.000656786491163075,
0.0007114377804100513,
0.0008097007521428168,
0.0006628743140026927,
0.0006596579332835972,
0.0006749574677087367,
0.0007431714911945164,
0.0006233910098671913,
0.0007851106347516179,
0.0006700679077766836,
0.0007729992503300309,
0.0007271285285241902,
0.00074918003519997,
0.00068716611713171,
0.0008105159504339099,
0.0006239818758331239,
0.0006189499399624765,
0.0006805089651606977,
0.0008129226043820381,
0.0008472059853374958,
0.0006727370782755315,
0.0006739312666468322,
0.0006573892314918339,
0.0006377623649314046,
0.0006788739701732993,
0.0006944037741050124,
0.0007903572404757142,
0.0006508940714411438,
0.0007328374776989222,
0.0006205078097991645,
0.0007942412630654871,
0.0007814204436726868,
0.0006344845169223845,
0.0006450643413700163,
0.0006868904456496239,
0.0006611694698221982,
0.0007792205433361232,
0.0007293510134331882,
0.0007445385563187301,
0.0006554186111316085,
0.0006063082837499678,
0.0007941009243950248,
0.0006804849253967404,
0.0006748153828084469,
0.000750780338421464,
0.000661053229123354,
0.0008467456791549921,
0.0007598570664413273,
0.0006395165110006928,
0.0007858392200432718,
0.0006739874952472746,
0.0006962316110730171,
0.0006613198202103376,
0.0007354504778049886,
0.0006527792429551482,
0.0007469634292647243,
0.0006637080805376172,
0.000649693887680769,
0.0006559735629707575,
0.0007121171802282333,
0.0013448410900309682
] | 0.000708 | 170 |
[
"About a decade ago I remember an elderly Gentleman at my clinic requesting me to visit a new venture that his son had started after his catering education. ",
"I distinctly remember the pride in the man’s voice when he spoke about his son. ",
"A few days later I had parked my car on the road in a street in T Nagar and the board on a restaurant across the road looked familiar and recollected the name as the one that the gentleman had mentioned. ",
"After our meeting nearby, I dragged my friend to the restaurant and told him that I just wanted to try the place as a courtesy to a nice gentleman. ",
"But the taste of the offerings in the place literally blew us away. ",
"I remember meeting the gentleman's son who looked very very young then and congratulating him on a lovely place. ",
"Since then I had been to the restaurant named ‘Mouthful’ a dozen times till they decided to close it/modify it. ",
"Some of their dishes especially the grilled offerings were outstanding , especially the Rann.",
"\n\nWhen I walked into ‘Coal’ barbeques a new barbeque in Velachery a few days back, I had expected a ‘Barbeque’ restaurant of the same template that ‘Barbeque nation’ had started with live grill on the table followed by Main Course and desserts and had been modified and tweaked by many others.",
"\nThe restaurant located at Velachery was very tastefully done and had a wide range of tasty offerings (which I will describe later), I did have a sense of Dejavu about having seen this somewhere earlier (Barbeque nation, AB and 400F each with their own USPs). ",
"It was only mid way through the meal that the Managing director of the place walked up to us to greet us and I recognized Navaz as the man behind ‘Mouthful’. ",
"I had a long chat with him about the restaurant and his plans for the future and I realized that this young man has an excellent grasp on the market, has clear cut strategies for the restaurant.",
"\n\nMeanwhile about the place…..\n\nA very tastefull and uplifting décor, located on the second floor of the complex with a dedicated entrance on the ground floor and a dedicated lift.",
"\n\nThe concept is ‘Live Grill on the table’ followed by Main Courses and Desserts. ",
"We were also served a couple welcome drinks (though i do not think they are part of the buffet ) Virgin Mojito and a Green Apple Fizz\n\nGreen apple Fizz\n\nVirgin Mojito\n\nThe Live Grills\n\nIt was then time for the parade of the Live grills and the starters served on the table. ",
"which was in itself a very formidable list\n\nON THE GRILL – VEG STARTERS\n\nAssorted Grilled Vegetables\n\nAchaari Mushroom\n\nPaneer Tikka\n\nHoney Drop Brazilian Pineapple\n\nChili Cheese Potatoes\n\nThai Rice Corn Tikki\n\nCrispy Corn Salt & Pepper\n\nChef’s Special Vegetable – (Chili Cauliflower )\n\nON THE GRILL – NON VEG STARTERS\n\nCaribbean Chicken\n\nAngara Fish\n\nChili Garlic Prawns\n\nPunjabi Tangdi Kebab\n\nMutton Sheekh Kebab\n\nChef’s Special Non – Veg –(Fish Amritsar)\n\nSPECIAL STARTERS (Non Grilled)\n\nDahi Kebab\n\nDiliwali Tikki\n\nCheese Corn Lukhmi\n\nGalouti Kebab with Saffron Bread\n\nEvery one of them was brilliant , though my favourites were the pineapple, the Chilli Garlic Prawn and Fish Amritsari.",
"\n\n\nTEPPANYAKI GRILL STATION\n\nThe USP of this place is the Teppanyaki live grill, where you get to chose your ingredients and the seasoning and the accompaniments and your order is done in front of you and delivered to your table !! ",
"The items are listed below and there were a variety of exotic meats which were a definite attraction. ",
"This particular counter was a huge hit and they seem to have got their act together (compared to the experiences of couple of friends who thought that the counter was chaotic on their visit a few days earlier)\n\n(VEG)\n\nAmerican Corn\n\nCottage Cheese\n\nBroccoli\n\nBaby Corn\n\nGreen Peas\n\nZucchini\n\nMushrooms\n\nCauliflower\n\n(NON-VEG)\n\nRabbit\n\nSquids\n\nQuail\n\nTurkey\n\nShrimps\n\nDuck\n\nShark\n\nEggs\n\nThe seasoning\n\nThe teppanyaki Grill\n\nSoups & main Course\nThere were two choices for the soup along with a wide choice of mains\n\nSOUPS\n\nFrench Onion Soup – Veg\n\nHot & Sour Chicken Soup\n\nVEG – MAIN COURSE\n\nKashmiri Pulao\n\nPaneer Butter Masala\n\nAchaari Aloo\n\nDhal Coal BBQ\n\nBhunna Jeera Subz\n\nMethi Makhai Mutter\n\nBhindi Do Pyaaza\n\nSteamed Rice\n\nCurd Rice\n\nNON-VEG – MAIN COURSE\n\nAwaadhi Murgh Biryani\n\nRara Gosht\n\nMurgh Begham Bahar\n\nCrab Masala\n\nAndhra Fish Curry\n\nThe stand out dishes were definitely the Ghosht, Crab masala and the Biryani\n\nThe Chef in Action\n\nCrab masala\n\nDESSERTS\n\nAn unbelievable range of desserts were on offer. ",
"The cold stone ice cream counter seemed to be extremely popular and i asked them to make a 'pan' Icecream which they did to perfection !!",
"\n\nChocolate Truffle Pastry\n\nGreen Apple Pastry (Eggless)\n\nWalnut Pastry\n\nCaramel Custard\n\nMango Shots\n\nChocolate Shots\n\nGajar Ka Halwa\n\nRasmalai\n\nHot Jalebi\n\nRabdi\n\nKesariya Phirnee\n\nGulaab Jamun\n\nCut Fruits\n\nCold Stone Ice Cream\n\nThe standouts were the gajar ka halva, Rasmalai , Rabdi and Hot jalebis\n\nBottomline\n\nI think Coal barbecues has got what it takes to give the patrons in Velachery and OMR areas a wonderful choice in the 'buffet and Live grill' space and will give Babu Ganeshan a run for its money.",
"\nWith my experience previously with the promoters and with what I tasted they have a winner on their hands and their pricing is bang on for the extensive offering. ",
"Definite Value for money.",
"\nLunch on Weekdays/Weekends : 649/749 Nett\nDinner on Weekdays/weekends : 699/749 Nett\nChildren (4 to 9 yrs) : 350 Nett"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0005380051443353295,
0.0005682153278030455,
0.0006243846146389842,
0.000535944476723671,
0.0009275171323679388,
0.0005270108231343329,
0.0006901414017193019,
0.0005527783650904894,
0.000741625321097672,
0.0006152461282908916,
0.0006797887617722154,
0.0005047560553066432,
0.0005494859651662409,
0.0006341154803521931,
0.0007570435991510749,
0.0030558635480701923,
0.0012791448971256614,
0.0005710056284442544,
0.0052016242407262325,
0.0010528097627684474,
0.0010327966883778572,
0.0006403783336281776,
0.0006312311161309481,
0.0008986060274764895
] | 0.000992 | 24 |
[
"1. ",
"Field\nThe invention is in the field of play equipment and particularly teeter totters and merry-go-rounds or turntables.",
"\n2. ",
"State of the Art\nTeeter Totters or seesaws have long been known. ",
"U.S. Design Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"D512,746 and D512,747 show portable teeter totters having a supporting base that can be placed on any flat surface. ",
"Merry-go-rounds or turntables have also been long known and take various forms. ",
"Merry-go-rounds have been constructed as flat discs rotatably mounted on a central shaft which supports the merry-go-round and having handles so users can push the merry-go-round to get it spinning and then jump on to ride. ",
"Other merry-go-rounds have supports extending from a center shaft with seats at the ends of the supports on which users can sit. ",
"Such merry-go-rounds usually have movable handles which users move back and forth to cause rotation of the merry-go-round. ",
"Examples of these are shown in U.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"2,560,703 and 4,982,949. ",
"Similar merry-go-rounds have been available with supports extending at an overhead level with swing type seats hanging from the supports so that a user sits in the swing seats as the merry-go-round rotates. ",
"Examples of this type of merry-go-round is shown in U.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"5,709,606 and 6,319,135.",
"\nThere have also been several embodiments of play equipment which combine the up and down movements of a teeter totter and the rotational movement of a merry-go-round. ",
"U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"1,659,735 shows a teeter totter device mounted by a ball joint to a vertical support post so that ends of the device can move up and down as a teeter totter and the device can also be rotated as a merry-go-round. ",
"Other embodiments of such a combination device are shown in U.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"942,041, 1,502,746, 2,190,795, and 2,835,491.",
"\nWhile play equipment combining the movements of a teeter totter and a merry-go-round are known, there is always a need for new play equipment, particularly equipment that provides new play features, that is easy to assemble and set up, is portable, and/or can be used both outdoors and indoors."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0.0009391900966875255,
0.0008078249520622194,
0.001185585861094296,
0.0028175776824355125,
0.0007288779597729445,
0.0008322071516886353,
0.0006620222702622414,
0.0006646591355092824,
0.0011543306754902005,
0.000773620093241334,
0.0008888946613296866,
0.000828791584353894,
0.0008322071516886353,
0.0007637889357283711,
0.0007076314650475979,
0.0007546778651885688,
0.0008322071516886353,
0.0007519355858676136,
0.0009358154493384063,
0.0010884626535698771,
0.0013785817427560687,
0.001092364196665585,
0.0008459480595774949,
0.0008322071516886353,
0.0011090000625699759,
0.0006894519319757819
] | 0.000958 | 26 |
[
"This is the website for the Sourceforge project, Final Frontier Trader.",
"\n\n\n\nFinal Frontier Trader is a 2D single player space strategy, combat, and trading game. ",
"You pilot a starship which is upgradable. ",
"You can buy, sell, or trade parts and even new starships. ",
"You can even join a fleet for experience in missions and combat.",
"\n\n\n\nDesign documents, found on the project's page, detail more vividly how the game will be designed in its later stages.",
"\n\n\n\nJoin the group and help us make this game a reality! ",
"Email TomT64 to join. ",
"Be sure to mention how you can help, and your username on Sourceforge.",
"\n\n\n\nNEWS:\n\n\n\nAugust 31, 2004 Final Frontier Trader 0.66 released - TomT64 - 23:57 PDT\n\n\n\nFinal Frontier Trader 0.66 is now available at:\n\nhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/fftrader/\n\n\n\nHighlights of 0.66\n\n-------------------\n\n- Added ability to buy more than 1 item of cargo at a time\n\n- Added ability to sell more than 1 item of cargo at a time\n\n- Cargo now restocks and changes prices in each station, if you visit it at least 1 minute after the game loads, and at least 1 minute after each visit\n\n- Stations now have the ability to have shipyards\n\n- Optimized the game a little more\n\n- Made the default zoom 50% instead of 100%\n\n- The makefile is more GNU compliant (I think)\n\n- Logging shows time to load scenarios now\n\n- Removed unnecessary log lines\n\n- Updated the project file for Dev-C++ 4.9.9.0. ",
"Compiling should work immediately after downloading the Dev-C++ dependencies and adding the directories the libraries and includes are in to the compiler's path.",
"\n\n- Fixed bug 952823, \"Pressing ESC during selection screens hangs game\"\n\n- Ammo types for ammo in shops are now defined\n\n- Bullet graphics are now preloaded in each scenario map. ",
"This should reduce or remove lag when ships fire.",
"\n\n- User can now buy weapon bays that have unlimited ammo.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nInstructions are in the README. ",
"Enjoy this release! ",
"April 13, 2004 Final Frontier Trader 0.65 released - TomT64 - 01:49 PST\n\n\n\nFinal Frontier Trader 0.65 is now available at:\n\nhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/fftrader/\n\n\n\nHighlights of 0.65\n\n-------------------\n\nFinal Frontier Trader now has support for multiple scenarios, and has 4 included with the package. ",
"You can now also go to a station to buy or sell cargo, buy cargo and weapon bays, and buy heatseeking missiles with which you can target enemy ships. ",
"You may also buy repairs to your ship if its shields or hull are damaged. ",
"The GUI is also new and improved.",
"\n\n\n\nFor happy Windows users who want to compile with Dev-C++, a project file is included in the source package, and the dependencies required are on the sourceforge project page, precompiled with the proper DLLs necessary for running the game.",
"\n\n\n\nThis release also includes two new command-line options, discussed in the Readme, and a preferences file for controls, so you can use your favorite controls over and over again even if you have to restart the game.",
"\n\n\n\nSee the full Changelog for exact details: http://fftrader.sourceforge.net/CHANGELOG.txt\n\n\n\nInstructions are in the README. ",
"Enjoy this release! ",
"March 8, 2004 Final Frontier Trader 0.64 released - TomT64 - 13:31 PST\n\n\n\nFinal Frontier Trader 0.64 is now available at:\n\nhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/fftrader/\n\n\n\nHighlights of 0.64\n\n-------------------\n\n- The weapon change keys can be changed now\n\n- Fixed a small bug that crashed the game when you tried to change a control to a key that was already in use\n\n- Changed turn delays to be in milliseconds\n\n- Added an AI ship that automatically starts attacking you\n\n- You can be hit by the AI ship, and the right lower display shows your current speed, shields, and hull integrity\n\n- Made it more obvious what happens in menus by replacing \"Cancel\" buttons with \"Back to...\"\n\n- Fixed collision detection bug that would show itself when zoomed out\n\n- Allowed non-starter player ships to be added in the object script\n\n- Added \"shootpoint\" to the FPK Specification\n\n- Added a message that outputs whenever any FPK has an error\n\n- Made warp speed a little more interesting. ",
"It is now an exponentially increasing speed. ",
"Also allowed the engine to overheat, and cause instant game over\n\n\n\n\n\nInstructions are in the README. ",
"Enjoy this release! ",
"February 29, 2004 Final Frontier Trader 0.63 released - TomT64 - 19:52 PST\n\n\n\nFinal Frontier Trader 0.63 is now available at:\n\nhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/fftrader/\n\n\n\nThis is a BIG release, despite the version number. ",
"A lot of changes have been made.",
"\n\n\n\nHighlights of 0.63\n\n-------------------\n\n- Fixed up FPK stuff a bit, now the game really DOES look for the objects file specified using the \"objects\" command in main.fs.",
"\n\n- Added \"slots\" command to FPK Specification.",
"\n\n- Converted many internal char arrays to C++ strings. ",
"This is helping make the game much more stable.",
"\n\n- Fixed a small bug that caused improper image sizes when you zoomed, exited, then started a new game again.",
"\n\n- Moved most initial loading to when New Game is pressed\n\n- Changed Startup screen to a simple splash screen\n\n- Moved Ship selection to New Game\n\n- Added a message that shows up when you destroy all the asteroids\n\n- Added Selectable weapons. ",
"Default keys are / and Right Shift for Previous and Next Weapons, respectively.",
"\n\n- Added command line arguments:\n\n\"-nosmooth\" makes all rotated and zoomed surfaces not smoothed by the bilinear filter. ",
"This may speed up zoom transition, game loading, and moving from sector to sector on lower end machines.",
"\n\n\"-software\" renders everything via software rather than hardware. ",
"Depending on your system, this may speed things up.",
"\n\n\"-fullscreen\" makes the game fullscreen. ",
"Use with \"-software\" if not working properly.",
"\n\n- Previous versions' FPKs will not work with this release\n\n\n\nInstructions are in the README. ",
"Enjoy this release! ",
"February 24, 2004 Final Frontier Trader 0.62 released - TomT64 - 18:41 PST\n\n\n\nFinal Frontier Trader 0.62 is now available at:\n\nhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/fftrader/\n\n\n\nHighlights of 0.62\n\n---------------------\n\n- Fixed some minor bugs, like using keys while paused and a couple of memory cleanup issues\n\n- Added Color selecting to the ship selection screen\n\n- Added some windows which ask you whether or not you want to quit or exit.",
"\n\n- The game now resets all relevant variables for the test flight every time you start a new game\n\n- Added a Status Display\n\n- Since the FPK specification has been updated, old 0.60 or 0.61 addon packs will not work with this version\n\n\n\nInstructions are in the README. ",
"Enjoy this release! ",
"October 20, 2003 Final Frontier Trader 0.61 released - TomT64 - 21:18 PST\n\n\n\nFinal Frontier Trader 0.61 is now available at:\n\nhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/fftrader/\n\n\n\nHighlights of 0.61\n\n---------------------\n\n- Added the ability to load multiple ships, with optional shields, from addon packs via a scripting system\n\n- Since the FPK specification has been updated, old 0.60 addon packs will not work with this version\n\n- Updated the Controls dialog under Options to look nicer\n\n\n\nInstructions are in the README. ",
"Enjoy this release! ",
"October 11, 2003 Final Frontier Trader 0.60 released - TomT64 - 16:37 PST\n\n\n\nFinal Frontier Trader 0.60 is now available at:\n\nhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/fftrader/\n\n\n\nHighlights of 0.60\n\n---------------------\n\n- Added support for Addon Packs, also known as F-Packs (FPK)\n\n- Added the ability to change the controls\n\n- You can start with a different ship if you have a different addon pack\n\n\n\nAny other instructions you may need are listed in the readme. ",
"October 3, 2003 Final Frontier Trader 0.59a released - TomT64 - 21:25 PST\n\n\n\nFinal Frontier Trader 0.59a is now available at:\n\nhttp://sourceforge.net/projects/fftrader/\n\n\n\nThis is the second release of the new engine rewrite, and fixes many bugs.",
"\n\n\n\nHighlights of 0.59a\n\n---------------------\n\n- Fixed many bugs and memory leaks\n\n- Added sounds to shooting and explosions\n\n- Added an explosion animation for a destroyed asteroid\n\n\n\nHighlights of 0.59\n\n---------------------\n\n- Complete engine rewrite of the original\n\n- Added Warp capability (ALT button)\n\n- Added Zooming capability (100%, 75%, and 50%, press x and z)\n\n- SDL_gfx library included to rotate any one image a number of times, and reduce disk space use\n\n- SDL_ttf library included for crossplatform on screen text capability\n\n- The game now will work in Linux, just get the necessary libraries and compile (Makefile included)\n\n\n\nAll controls are detailed inside the game after you click \"New Game\". ",
"October 1, 2003 Final Frontier Trader Release 0.59 - TomT64 - 13:25 PST\n\n\n\nFinal Frontier Trader version 0.59 is a complete engine rewrite of the game. ",
"All controls are explained in game and the game has the following new features:\n\n- Warp\n\n- Zooming (100, 75, and 50%)\n\n- Many of the features that existed in version 0.58\n\nThis promises to be a new start for this game."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.00062621507095173,
0.0008772834553383291,
0.0027858074754476547,
0.0007498811464756727,
0.0005463522393256426,
0.0005340861971490085,
0.0008218332077376544,
0.000755168788600713,
0.0005481400876305997,
0.0006220873328857124,
0.0006049494841136038,
0.0007646274752914906,
0.010389251634478569,
0.001028935075737536,
0.0006604811060242355,
0.001171148382127285,
0.0006056686397641897,
0.005487090442329645,
0.0011684930650517344,
0.0006690529407933354,
0.0006515209097415209,
0.0006082327454350889,
0.000591050018556416,
0.001171148382127285,
0.0011842004023492336,
0.000662014412228018,
0.002072676317766309,
0.001171148382127285,
0.0006101728649809957,
0.0005757723120041192,
0.0007631821208633482,
0.0006144790095277131,
0.0009502957691438496,
0.0006082808249630034,
0.0007435569423250854,
0.0008348706760443747,
0.0006225582910701632,
0.0007979893125593662,
0.0005896801594644785,
0.0007221942651085556,
0.0005571990623138845,
0.0006892353994771838,
0.0006609527627006173,
0.0007304264581762254,
0.001171148382127285,
0.0006564066279679537,
0.0006965803913772106,
0.001171148382127285,
0.0006209354614838958,
0.001171148382127285,
0.0006177079631015658,
0.0006348208407871425,
0.0006925136549398303,
0.0007006106316111982,
0.0005939750699326396
] | 0.001079 | 55 |
[
"Funny Motor Insurance Claims\n\nThe accident happened because I had one eye on the lorry in front, one eye on the pedestrian and the other on the car behind. (",
"Thanks Sharon Burrows)\n\nI started to slow down but the traffic was more stationary than I thought.",
"\n\nI pulled into a lay-by with smoke coming from under the hood. ",
"I realised the car was on fire so took my dog and smothered it with a blanket.",
"\n\nQ: Could either driver have done anything to avoid the accident\nA: Travelled by bus\n\nThe claimant had collided with a cow. ",
"The questions and answers on the claim form were -\nQ: What warning was given by you\nA: Horn.",
"\nQ: What warning was given by the other party\nA: Moo.",
"\n\nI started to turn and it was at this point I noticed a camel and an elephant tethered at the verge. ",
"This distraction caused me to lose concentration and hit a bollard.",
"\n\nOn approach to the traffic lights the car in front suddenly broke.",
"\n\nI was going at about 70 or 80 mph when my girlfriend on the pillion reached over and grabbed my testicles so I lost control.",
"\n\nI didnt think the speed limit applied after midnight\n\nI knew the dog was possessive about the car but I would not have asked her to drive it if I had thought there was any risk.",
"\n\nQ: Do you engage in motorcycling, hunting or any other pastimes of a hazardous nature\nA: I Watch the Lottery Show and listen to Terry Wogan.",
"\n\nFirst car stopped suddenly, second car hit first car and a haggis ran into the rear of second car.",
"\n\nWindscreen broken. ",
"Cause unknown. ",
"Probably Voodoo.",
"\n\nThe car in front hit the pedestrian but he got up so I hit him again\n\nI pulled away from the side of the road, glanced at my mother-in-law and headed over the embankment.",
"\n\nThe other car collided with mine without giving warning of its intention.",
"\n\nI collided with a stationary truck coming the other way\n\nA truck backed through my windshield into my wifes face\n\nA pedestrian hit me and went under my car\n\nIn an attempt to kill a fly, I drove into a telephone pole.",
"\n\nI had been shopping for plants all day and was on my way home. ",
"As I reached an intersection a hedge sprang up obscuring my vision and I did not see the other car.",
"\n\nI was on my way to the doctor with rear end trouble when my universal joint gave way causing me to have an accident.",
"\n\nAn invisible car came out of nowhere, struck my car and vanished.",
"\n\nI was thrown from the car as it left the road. ",
"I was later found in a ditch by some stray cows.",
"\n\nComing home I drove into the wrong house and collided with a tree I dont have.",
"\n\nI thought my window was down, but I found it was up when I put my head through it.",
"\n\nThe guy was all over the road. ",
"I had to swerve a number of times before I hit him.",
"\n\nI had been driving for forty years when I fell asleep at the wheel and had an accident.",
"\n\nAs I approached an intersection a sign suddenly appeared in a place where no stop sign had ever appeared before.",
"\n\nTo avoid hitting the bumper of the car in front I struck a pedestrian.",
"\n\nMy car was legally parked as it backed into another vehicle.",
"\n\nI told the police that I was not injured, but on removing my hat found that I had a fractured skull.",
"\n\nI was sure the old fellow would never make it to the other side of the road when I struck him.",
"\n\nThe pedestrian had no idea which way to run as I ran over him.",
"\n\nI saw a slow moving, sad faced old gentleman as he bounced off the roof of my car.",
"\n\nThe indirect cause of the accident was a little guy in a small car with a big mouth.",
"\n\nThe telephone pole was approaching. ",
"I was attempting to swerve out of the way when I struck the front end.",
"\n\nThe gentleman behind me struck me on the backside. ",
"He then went to rest in a bush with just his rear end showing. \"",
"\n\nI had been learning to drive with power steering. ",
"I turned the wheel to what I thought was enough and found myself in a different direction going the opposite way.",
"\n\nI was backing my car out of the driveway in the usual manner, when it was struck by the other car in the same place it had been struck several times before.",
"\n\nWhen I saw I could not avoid a collision I stepped on the gas and crashed into the other car.",
"\n\nThe accident happened when the right front door of a car came round the corner without giving a signal.",
"\n\nNo one was to blame for the accident but it would never have happened if the other driver had been alert.",
"\n\nI was unable to stop in time and my car crashed into the other vehicle. ",
"The driver and passengers then left immediately for a vacation with injuries.",
"\n\nThe pedestrian ran for the pavement, but I got him.",
"\n\nI saw her look at me twice. ",
"She appeared to be making slow progress when we met on impact.",
"\n\nThe accident occurred when I was attempting to bring my car out of a skid by steering it into the other vehicle.",
"\n\nMy car got hit by a submarine. (",
"The Navy informed the wife of a submariner that the craft was due in port. ",
"She drove to the base to meet her husband and parked at the end of the slip where the sub was to berth. ",
"An inexperienced ensign was conning the sub and it rammed the end of the slip, breaking a section away, causing her car to fall into the water. ",
"The Navy paid the compensation claim. (",
"Thanks Jay Kuivinen)"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0008314676233567297,
0.0005939537659287453,
0.056876398622989655,
0.04457106813788414,
0.25511792302131653,
0.0033571699168533087,
0.0012607865501195192,
0.0014452353352680802,
0.01285453513264656,
0.0009809848852455616,
0.4271582067012787,
0.0007406312506645918,
0.0009834329830482602,
0.1313435584306717,
0.000854341546073556,
0.000733812979888171,
0.016073038801550865,
0.011672764085233212,
0.0009037072886712849,
0.1024874821305275,
0.0007454195874743164,
0.0009321975521743298,
0.021636944264173508,
0.010017300955951214,
0.0041628130711615086,
0.03985920548439026,
0.0014668320072814822,
0.0027315940242260695,
0.005728964693844318,
0.08055348694324493,
0.0013063959777355194,
0.0006754713249392807,
0.0044097681529819965,
0.0009399169939570129,
0.0017374735325574875,
0.03858928382396698,
0.00973850954324007,
0.007977794855833054,
0.21466879546642303,
0.0006567951641045511,
0.029181690886616707,
0.4824473261833191,
0.17205092310905457,
0.0007151393801905215,
0.0008223855984397233,
0.0021790710743516684,
0.012372930534183979,
0.0010865192161872983,
0.0011085030855610967,
0.01871890388429165,
0.0010486231185495853,
0.007615215145051479,
0.0006887961062602699,
0.0005940092960372567,
0.0013196347281336784,
0.04290558025240898,
0.0007336323033086956,
0.0008256920846179128,
0.0022029841784387827,
0.0006304161506704986,
0.0006920685991644859
] | 0.037694 | 61 |
[
"Q:\n\nPHP Array if has more than X values, return last Y values\n\nI have very simple question about PHP. (",
"Please don't -1 first.)",
"\nImagine we have this array : \nArray {\n[1] => Hi\n[3] => Hey\n[5] => You\n[9] => hello\n[13] => yes\n[66] => Test\n[86] => Test2\n[96] => Test3\n}\n\n(it is not SORTed).",
"\nSo , I want 2 things :\n\nFirst, find how many values are in this array (in this one, it is 8);\nSecond, IF it has more than 5 Values, Then Just return 5 First values (as i said it's not sorted in array-numbers , SO , I just want to return 5 First values )\n\nHow can we do it in PHP ?",
"\n(( I am so sorry Because i am SO beginner and can't find solution in other questions ))\n\nA:\n\nNumber of elements: count()\n$n = count($array);\n\nFirst 5 elements: array_slice()\n$new_array = array_slice($array, 0, 5);\n\nA:\n\nTo count the elements you can use count(). ",
"To get only the first five values you can use array_slice().",
"\nif(count($array) > 5) {\n $array = array_slice($array, 0, 5);\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou can use count to count the number of arrays.",
"\nLike this:\n$result = count($array);// if array is variable\n\nand array_slice will be a better idea\narray_slice($array, 0, 5)\n\nfor more detail see this answer:\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/a/3771228/3151394\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0006391365895979106,
0.000629698857665062,
0.0007024294463917613,
0.0006036374252289534,
0.0006670801667496562,
0.0006210053106769919,
0.0009606764069758356,
0.0006336958613246679
] | 0.000682 | 8 |
[
"/*****************************************************************************\n * Test cases for libxlsxwriter.",
"\n *\n * Test to compare output against Excel files.",
"\n *\n * Copyright 2014-2020, John McNamara, jmcnamara@cpan.org\n *\n */\n\n#include \"xlsxwriter.h\"\n\nint main() {\n\n lxw_workbook *workbook = workbook_new(\"test_hyperlink31.xlsx\");\n lxw_worksheet *worksheet = workbook_add_worksheet(workbook, NULL);\n lxw_format *format1 = workbook_add_format(workbook);\n\n format_set_bold(format1);\n\n worksheet_write_string(worksheet, CELL(\"A1\"), \"Test\", format1);\n worksheet_write_url(worksheet, CELL(\"A3\"), \"http://www.python.org/\" , NULL);\n\n return workbook_close(workbook);\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.04777030274271965,
0.0006922113825567067,
0.0006723919068463147
] | 0.016378 | 3 |
[
"Direct injection method for quantitation of delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.",
"\nA highly sensitive and simple method for determining delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in urine was established, using direct injection of urine into a high-performance liquid chromatographic column, with fluorometric detection after post-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA). ",
"The recovery of ALA was about 100% and ALA was completely separated on an ion exchange column (retention time, 38 min). ",
"The detection limit for ALA was 10 pmol (S/N = 2). ",
"The mean levels of urinary ALA of 10 healthy volunteers, 4 patients with acute intermittent porphyria, and 2 workers occupationally exposed to lead were 0.76, 5.25, and 23.54 mg/l, respectively. ",
"Because of its simplicity, the method is considered to be suitable for routine analysis of urinary ALA in the clinical laboratory."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0011426863493397832,
0.0007792583201080561,
0.0006069222581572831,
0.0007275028619915247,
0.0007698304834775627,
0.0008288160315714777
] | 0.000809 | 6 |
[
"Imperial Fist (Darkest Dungeon style) By TheMaestroNoob Watch\n\n468 Favourites 28 Comments 18K Views\n\nI was thinking that it might be a good idea. ",
"Just imagine: Instead of a \"Stress\" scale, you need to look for your \"Pathos\" scale. ",
"If your \"Pathos\" is too high, your enemies will run away with all of their loot, including bosses.",
"\n\nIMAGE DETAILS Image size 1500x1478px 840.49 KB Show More\n\nPublished : May 23, 2017"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0005777122569270432,
0.013725941069424152,
0.12992869317531586,
0.0006330279866233468
] | 0.036216 | 4 |
[
"A novel combination therapy with arsenic trioxide and parthenolide against pancreatic cancer cells.",
"\nTo investigate the anticancer effect and potential mechanism of combination treatment with arsenic trioxide (ATO) and parthenolide (PTL) in human pancreatic cancer cells. ",
"The effects of PTL/ATO on 2 pancreatic carcinoma cell lines, PANC-1 and BxPC-3, were determined by trypan blue exclusion, annexin V/propidium iodide, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole HCl, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated nick-end labeling, flow cytometry, Western blot, and clonogenic assay. ",
"In vivo study was performed in PANC-1 tumor xenografts in nude mice. ",
"The combination of PTL and ATO inhibited the growth of pancreatic tumor cell lines much greater than each agent alone. ",
"The PTL/ATO treatment induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation. ",
"Both of them were inhibited by L-N-acetylcysteine and diphenylene iodonium chloride. ",
"During ATO/PTL-mediated apoptosis, the collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential occurred with cytochrome c release, which was reversed by L-N-acetylcysteine. ",
"The combination treatment significantly reduced tumor growth rates of PANC-1 xenografts compared with those treated with either PTL or ATO alone. ",
"Combination therapy with ATO and PTL has an augmented anticancer effect on pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo, which provides a novel promising approach in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. ",
"The mechanism of growth-suppressive effect of combination therapy was correlated with its ability to induce reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0011498891981318593,
0.0007474443409591913,
0.0007063997909426689,
0.0009841087739914656,
0.0007661536801606417,
0.0006394866504706442,
0.001274938229471445,
0.0009755921200849116,
0.0006710587767884135,
0.0008648150251246989,
0.0006080950843170285
] | 0.000853 | 11 |
[
"# Basic Terminology\n\nThe following terminology is used heavily in this library, documentation, and code comments:\n\n* Topic - feeds of messages in categories\n* Partition - Divides topics, for consumption, load balancing, etc. ",
"Each partition may exist on a separate machine, or the same machine. ",
"Multiple consumers may read from multiple partitions.",
"\n* Offset - A position in a particular topic partition, used on a per-consumer basis\n* Partitioner/Partition Strategy - How data will be distributed within Kafka.",
"\n* Consumer Group - a logical grouping of consumers, used to implement queuing and publish-subscribe semantics, depending on the consumer.",
"\n* Assignment - The topic, partition, and offset a consumer is assgined to\n* Consumer Rebalance - Occurs when consumers come to a consensus on which consumer is consuming which partitions. ",
"Triggered on each addition or removal of both broker nodes and other consumers within the same consumer group.",
"\n* Broker - A node in a Kafka cluster. ",
"These will be specified in your connection parameters when you use a producer, consumer, or other APIs that need to interact with the Kafka cluster.",
"\n* Producer - processes that publishes message.",
"\n* Consumer - process that consumes a message.",
"\n* Producer Record - a message that will be sent by the producer to a topic.",
"\n* Consumer Record - a message that will be returned to a consumer from a topic.",
"\n* Topic Partition - a logical grouping of a topic and any valid partition.",
"\n* Leader - each partition has one server that acts as the leader, and zero or more servers as followers.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0005446476279757917,
0.0006521673058159649,
0.0006270924350246787,
0.0006150215049274266,
0.0005569757777266204,
0.000730405212379992,
0.000564970017876476,
0.0007671454222872853,
0.0005653621046803892,
0.0005833101458847523,
0.0006336584920063615,
0.0005363773670978844,
0.0005404310068115592,
0.0005876460345461965,
0.0007916662725619972,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.000706 | 16 |
[
"Started an Iron Palm Group Here on Bullshido\n\n1) I like kung fu movies\n2) I like moving meditations\n3) I read some threads that Dale Dugas contributed to\n4) I was having some hand problems when doing Muay Thai\n\nI started a group here on Bullshido to discuss all things Iron Palm related. ",
"There has been a thread or two debating the merits of the training, but I thought it would be cool to have a place for practitioners to swap stories etc.",
"\n\nAnyhow, right now I am mostly talking to myself in the group (I'm a psychologist so I'm fine with hearing myself talk all day) but if any other interested parties want to join the group, here's the link\n\nAlcohol use facilitates capillary dilation, which can lead to breaking. ",
"This is why it's barred in any sort of \"smack mah body part against a bag o' beans\" training, lord. ",
"Get off the sauce or you'll just end up with silly red hands and reduced circulation.",
"\n\nI mostly just drink on weekends, and rarely to excess these days. ",
"That was mostly a throw-away joke and I didn't think it was that important. ",
"According to the protocol I am following, you strictly shouldn't engage in sexual activity either, but it was suggested that one \"use common sense\" by keeping in mind that you want to have plenty of energy at the times that you're doing the meditations and hitting the bag.",
"\n\nI mostly just drink on weekends, and rarely to excess these days. ",
"That was mostly a throw-away joke and I didn't think it was that important. ",
"According to the protocol I am following, you strictly shouldn't engage in sexual activity either, but it was suggested that one \"use common sense\" by keeping in mind that you want to have plenty of energy at the times that you're doing the meditations and hitting the bag.",
"\n\nJust follow the protocol and stop making up excuses to avoid doing things that require willpower.",
"\n\nIf I were in that line of work, I would probably start drinking too. ",
"The Iron Palm stuff may come in handy too. ",
"If you have a patient who wines a lot, or gets out of line, a crisp Iron Palm back hand across the face could bring them back to reality."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.001129346084780991,
0.0005092989886179566,
0.0008988355984911323,
0.04135327786207199,
0.6827036738395691,
0.0007924496894702315,
0.0025487644597887993,
0.050118353217840195,
0.0007924496894702315,
0.0025487644597887993,
0.050118353217840195,
0.0017260645981878042,
0.010528624057769775,
0.0005412351456470788,
0.005084989592432976
] | 0.05676 | 15 |
[
"Yes, Manzano started to fall apart after his Olympic silver, and Centro notched several impressive victories over him. ",
"But should those victories be accorded as much weight as the three championship races (U.S. indoor, Oly Trials, Olympics) in which Manzano did beat Centro?",
"\n\nYou can talk about how statistics are important, and you can point to Centro's 4-3 record over Manzano, but those numbers only matter when you put them in their proper context.",
"\n\nNot sure T&FN counts indoor results in terms of the rankings.",
"\n\nHonors won (Manzano), Head to head (Centro), Marks (Centro).",
"\n\nThat's your answer.",
"\n\nHit the submit button below if you want us to review the post.",
"\n\nIf you feel this is urgent or want a reply, email us at letsrun@letsrun.com about the post and please include a link to the thread the post is on and what page number/post on that page it is."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006517936126329005,
0.0006295089260675013,
0.0005191952805034816,
0.0005870719905942678,
0.0005695120780728757,
0.06160588189959526,
0.0006269824225455523,
0.0005930580664426088
] | 0.008223 | 8 |
[
"Q:\n\nHow to make this JavaScript code more efficient?",
"\n\nI am currently adding a class to every 4th div that has a certain class. ",
"However, is there a easy to count them and add it to every 4th div automatically? ",
"Because currently I am doing it like this:\n$(\".item:eq(0)\").addClass('first');\n$(\".item:eq(4)\").addClass('first');\n$(\".item:eq(8)\").addClass('first');\n$(\".item:eq(12)\").addClass('first');\n$(\".item:eq(16)\").addClass('first');\n\nWhich means that if there are 100 of these divs, I would need to have so many of these lines. ",
"Thanks.",
"\n\nA:\n\nCSS has a selector for exactly this scenario:\n$(\".item:nth-child(4n+1)\").addClass('first');\n\nIf they are all siblings, but have other elements interspersed, you can use :nth-of-type instead.",
"\nIf they are not siblings, no selector will help you.",
"\n\nA:\n\nIf the elements all have one parent, and the parent has no other children, you can use nth-child. ",
"If that isn't the case, it will be a bit more complicated. ",
"Something like this may work:\n$('.item').filter(function(idx) {\n return idx % 4 === 0;\n}).addClass('first');\n\nA slightly faster solution, though slightly less intuitive, uses addClass directly:\n$('.item').addClass(function(idx) {\n return idx % 4 === 0 ? '",
"first' : '';\n});\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.000773246749304235,
0.0007156513747759163,
0.0007430376717820764,
0.0007121317321434617,
0.0006072827382013202,
0.0006199001218192279,
0.0008619414293207228,
0.0012876426335424185,
0.0006021396839059889,
0.0008726539672352374,
0.0007649522158317268
] | 0.000778 | 11 |
[
"/*\n *\n * Copyright (c) 2003\n * John Maddock\n *\n * Use, modification and distribution are subject to the \n * Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (",
"See accompanying file \n * LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\n *\n */\n \n /*\n * LOCATION: see http://www.boost.org for most recent version.",
"\n * FILE syntax_type.hpp\n * VERSION see <boost/version.hpp>\n * DESCRIPTION: Declares regular expression synatx type enumerator.",
"\n */\n\n#ifndef BOOST_REGEX_SYNTAX_TYPE_HPP\n#define BOOST_REGEX_SYNTAX_TYPE_HPP\n\nnamespace boost{\nnamespace regex_constants{\n\ntypedef unsigned char syntax_type;\n\n//\n// values chosen are binary compatible with previous version:\n//\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_char = 0;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_open_mark = 1;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_close_mark = 2;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_dollar = 3;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_caret = 4;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_dot = 5;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_star = 6;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_plus = 7;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_question = 8;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_open_set = 9;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_close_set = 10;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_or = 11;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_escape = 12;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_dash = 14;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_open_brace = 15;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_close_brace = 16;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_digit = 17;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_comma = 27;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_equal = 37;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_colon = 36;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_not = 53;\n\n// extensions:\n\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_hash = 13;\nstatic const syntax_type syntax_newline = 26;\n\n// escapes:\n\ntypedef syntax_type escape_syntax_type;\n\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_word_assert = 18;\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_not_word_assert = 19;\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_control_f = 29;\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_control_n = 30;\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_control_r = 31;\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_control_t = 32;\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_control_v = 33;\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_ascii_control = 35;\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_hex = 34;\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_unicode = 0; // not used\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_identity = 0; // not used\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_backref = syntax_digit;\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_decimal = syntax_digit; // not used\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_class = 22; \nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_not_class = 23; \n\n// extensions:\n\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_left_word = 20;\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_right_word = 21;\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_start_buffer = 24; // for \\`\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_end_buffer = 25; // for \\'\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_control_a = 28; // for \\a\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_e = 38; // for \\e\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_E = 47; // for \\Q\\E\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_Q = 48; // for \\Q\\E\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_X = 49; // for \\X\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_C = 50; // for \\C\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_Z = 51; // for \\Z\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_G = 52; // for \\G\n\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_property = 54; // for \\p\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_not_property = 55; // for \\P\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_named_char = 56; // for \\N\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_extended_backref = 57; // for \\g\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_reset_start_mark = 58; // for \\K\nstatic const escape_syntax_type escape_type_line_ending = 59; // for \\R\n\nstatic const escape_syntax_type syntax_max = 60;\n\n}\n}\n\n\n#endif\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0006503620534203947,
0.0005735032027587295,
0.0007548005087301135,
0.0021178859751671553
] | 0.001024 | 4 |
[
"Women in Combat: the Soldiers Speak\n\nDefense Secretary Leon Panetta this past January issued a directive lifting the ban on women for direct combat ground roles. ",
"The controversy over its logic is still swirling, and this administration still has to figure out how to implement it. ",
"American Thinker interviewed military veterans to get their insight on this new order. ",
"Because some of those interviewed still had some connection with the military, they chose to speak anonymously. ",
"Interestingly, the one point everyone could agree on involved including women in a future draft: \"equal opportunity and equal rights go with equal obligations.\" ",
"A former female Army sergeant told American Thinker. \"",
"You cannot have your cake and eat it too. ",
"If women are serving then they should be drafted.\" ",
"Retired commander Darlene Iskra, the first woman commander of a commissioned naval vessel, argues that even if women did not qualify to be placed in direct combat roles there are \"plenty of opportunities for drafted women to serve in positions. ",
"The military is 20% tooth, and 80% tail. ",
"If there is a situation where America's existence is at stake then the issue becomes the obligation of citizenship, not a man obligation.\"",
"\n\nAnother point that many of those interviewed agreed on is that there are certain direct combat roles that should be opened to women because they are more attainable. ",
"A former Army captain notes that local cultural sensitivities in Iraq and Afghanistan have led the services to employ female personnel in missions led by combat units. ",
"A former Navy SEAL concurs since he has served with women interpreters who went out on missions with his unit. ",
"Veteran Marine Mike Liguori, author of The Sandbox: Stories of Human Spirit and War, served side by side in a motor transport unit with females. ",
"Their job was to resupply the front lines and he insists that females did their jobs just as well as the men. ",
"He sees no reason why women cannot have these same positions in a combat environment.",
"\n\nRetired Air Force Colonel Martha McSally, the first woman to fly in combat, told American Thinker that opening up roles \"Is lining up with the reality what is really happening. ",
"Women have come back wounded and have paid the ultimate sacrifice. ",
"In the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars we saw that women were not allowed to be assigned to any direct combat units, but there was not a restriction for them being attached to ground combat units. ",
"Medics and dog handlers, for example, have been attached to infantry units. ",
"Take, for example, Monica Brown, a woman medic who served with a cavalry unit in a remote Pakistan province and was awarded the Silver Star in 2007 for risking her life to shield and treat her wounded comrades. ",
"She was placed in that position because there was no other medic and went out on combat patrols days at a time. ",
"A few days after receiving the award she was pulled out because of the restrictions of women in direct combat roles. ",
"This shows how very confusing, inefficient, and not effective the past policy has been. ",
"The right people should be put in the right job and certain specialties like medics should be open to women completely.\"",
"\n\nThere is also widespread agreement that certain roles, such as Special Forces units, have an extraordinary impact on a person mentally and physically. ",
"Another former SEAL says realistically there is no way a woman can do the job, and it would be insane to \"put a woman in the mix. ",
"When the guys are pissed at each other or want to blow off steam we fist fight. ",
"There is also the reality of living in close quarters and, for example, huddling closely to stay warm when on a mission. ",
"Besides, look at the attrition rate, about 90%, which means most men have failed.\"",
"\n\nThe supporters of the directive argue that all roles should be open to women and allow them to try, even if only one in a thousand can succeed. ",
"However, McSally and Iskra are in agreement with those who do not support Panetta's directive, that standards should not be lowered. ",
"They want standards based on an individual's capability and qualifications, as well as performance.",
"\n\nThis is where the disparity arises. ",
"Bing West, an author and former assistant secretary of defense, believes, \"If the services do not change their standards then this announcement is a cynical, political ploy. ",
"They did it knowing nothing will change. ",
"Approximately 15% of our military are women. ",
"Maybe some Olympic type women will pass, but you will never achieve the proportionality that is currently in the military.\"",
"\n\nBoth a retired Army major and captain refer to a statement by the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Martin Dempsey: \"If we do decide that a particular standard is so high that a woman couldn't make it, the burden is now on the service to come back and explain to the secretary, why is it that high? ",
"Does it really have to be that high?\" ",
"They believe this statement signals that the standards will be lowered since the Obama Administration will not be satisfied with the low number of woman succeeding, especially in direct combat roles. ",
"Both thought that having lower standards is ridiculous since it will certainly affect mission success and American lives. ",
"The major commented, \"The enemy does not lower their standards and the Army is not an equal opportunity employer. ",
"If you are too tall, too fat, or not smart enough you cannot get in.\"",
"\n\nColonel McSally responded that standards were lowered in 2005-2006 to meet the Army's recruitment goals, which included the elimination of the high school qualification requirement and lower aptitude scores. ",
"She and Commander Iskra emphasize that the physical fitness requirements are completely different than job requirements, and standards should be based on the occupation and what it takes to do the job, a neutral standard requirement that is not based on gender.",
"\n\nA retired female Army sergeant says not so fast: it's \"a fact of life is that 99% of the women will not be able to compete with the men. ",
"There are reasons there are no women in the NFL, MLB, and there are separate leagues in basketball. ",
"I don't see people demanding that women play in the NFL or even a less contact sport like baseball.\"",
"\n\nAll those opposing the order think that the female physique has to be taken into consideration. ",
"They wonder how carrying a 100-pound load, a heavy machine gun, or a 23-pound radio will affect women physically when they must carry it for 18 hours per day while climbing up a hill. ",
"Furthermore, can a woman load a 60-pound round from a sitting position if she was to be part of a tank unit? ",
"Since women are biologically different than men they wonder how this wear and tear will affect a women's body and are hoping this will be studied before any final decisions are made regarding the standards.",
"\n\nEveryone interviewed agrees that very few women will be qualified for direct combat and Special Forces units. ",
"Because of that, the Army female sergeant wonders how a woman will feel being the sole female living in the dirt for days on end with men only. ",
"She is sure these women will have \"the additional hurdle of always trying to prove themselves. ",
"I experienced that as a female in the army. ",
"Besides that you always have to fight the battle of being hit on. ",
"Any female will have to be strong and firm emotionally. ",
"I am not talking about the men turning into rapists, but there will definitely be romantic situations that will come up.\"",
"\n\nThe sergeant also says that from her own experiences men act as protectors, which could interfere with the mission success. \"",
"They are type A personalities and the majority of these guys are from the South where they have been raised with the attitude of taking care of the women. ",
"They have that sense of duty and honor. ",
"What happens if a woman is captured; will the enemy rape her to get information out of her fellow soldiers? ",
"What about a woman who becomes pregnant? ",
"They will have to be taken out of the war zone so a unit will have one less body.\"",
"\n\nHer Army male counterparts concur, but also say the recent Air Force sexual misconduct charges shows that there will be sexual harassment and abuse where men will prey on the women. ",
"Colonel McSally and Commander Iskra regard these as age-old arguments. ",
"Their rebuttal is the need to have a strong platoon leader who has the team focused on the mission; good order and discipline must be enforced. ",
"They agree with General Dempsey that by having these restrictions placed on women, men do not consider them as first class warriors, which adds to the potential for sexual harassment and abuse. ",
"They further argue that if there is a culture of protectiveness why is sexual harassment and abuse rampant in the military?",
"\n\nColonel McSally also feels there has always been and will continue to be, \"The culture in the military, which is to protect your buddy by putting yourself in harm's way. ",
"I had to fly an aircraft into enemy territory with a risk of being shot down and potentially captured. ",
"This is not a reason to restrict women, the fact that our enemy will commit war crimes.\"",
"\n\nAll those interviewed agree that the important question is: how will this directive be implemented without lowering standards? ",
"Colonel McSally and Commander Iskra are hoping the implementation is focused on the individual, knowing that not very many women will be qualified, but wanting them to have the chance. ",
"The retired SEALs, Marines, and Army personnel believe that it is realistic to open certain direct combat positions to women, but to close infantry and Special Forces. ",
"What all hope is that those making the implementation decisions will be the ones who have fought on the lines themselves and whose number one priority is to secure the best possible fighting force.",
"\n\nThe author writes for American Thinker. ",
"She has done book reviews, author interviews, and has written a number of national security, political, and foreign policy articles.",
"\n\nDefense Secretary Leon Panetta this past January issued a directive lifting the ban on women for direct combat ground roles. ",
"The controversy over its logic is still swirling, and this administration still has to figure out how to implement it. ",
"American Thinker interviewed military veterans to get their insight on this new order. ",
"Because some of those interviewed still had some connection with the military, they chose to speak anonymously.",
"\n\nInterestingly, the one point everyone could agree on involved including women in a future draft: \"equal opportunity and equal rights go with equal obligations.\" ",
"A former female Army sergeant told American Thinker. \"",
"You cannot have your cake and eat it too. ",
"If women are serving then they should be drafted.\" ",
"Retired commander Darlene Iskra, the first woman commander of a commissioned naval vessel, argues that even if women did not qualify to be placed in direct combat roles there are \"plenty of opportunities for drafted women to serve in positions. ",
"The military is 20% tooth, and 80% tail. ",
"If there is a situation where America's existence is at stake then the issue becomes the obligation of citizenship, not a man obligation.\"",
"\n\nAnother point that many of those interviewed agreed on is that there are certain direct combat roles that should be opened to women because they are more attainable. ",
"A former Army captain notes that local cultural sensitivities in Iraq and Afghanistan have led the services to employ female personnel in missions led by combat units. ",
"A former Navy SEAL concurs since he has served with women interpreters who went out on missions with his unit. ",
"Veteran Marine Mike Liguori, author of The Sandbox: Stories of Human Spirit and War, served side by side in a motor transport unit with females. ",
"Their job was to resupply the front lines and he insists that females did their jobs just as well as the men. ",
"He sees no reason why women cannot have these same positions in a combat environment.",
"\n\nRetired Air Force Colonel Martha McSally, the first woman to fly in combat, told American Thinker that opening up roles \"Is lining up with the reality what is really happening. ",
"Women have come back wounded and have paid the ultimate sacrifice. ",
"In the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars we saw that women were not allowed to be assigned to any direct combat units, but there was not a restriction for them being attached to ground combat units. ",
"Medics and dog handlers, for example, have been attached to infantry units. ",
"Take, for example, Monica Brown, a woman medic who served with a cavalry unit in a remote Pakistan province and was awarded the Silver Star in 2007 for risking her life to shield and treat her wounded comrades. ",
"She was placed in that position because there was no other medic and went out on combat patrols days at a time. ",
"A few days after receiving the award she was pulled out because of the restrictions of women in direct combat roles. ",
"This shows how very confusing, inefficient, and not effective the past policy has been. ",
"The right people should be put in the right job and certain specialties like medics should be open to women completely.\"",
"\n\nThere is also widespread agreement that certain roles, such as Special Forces units, have an extraordinary impact on a person mentally and physically. ",
"Another former SEAL says realistically there is no way a woman can do the job, and it would be insane to \"put a woman in the mix. ",
"When the guys are pissed at each other or want to blow off steam we fist fight. ",
"There is also the reality of living in close quarters and, for example, huddling closely to stay warm when on a mission. ",
"Besides, look at the attrition rate, about 90%, which means most men have failed.\"",
"\n\nThe supporters of the directive argue that all roles should be open to women and allow them to try, even if only one in a thousand can succeed. ",
"However, McSally and Iskra are in agreement with those who do not support Panetta's directive, that standards should not be lowered. ",
"They want standards based on an individual's capability and qualifications, as well as performance.",
"\n\nThis is where the disparity arises. ",
"Bing West, an author and former assistant secretary of defense, believes, \"If the services do not change their standards then this announcement is a cynical, political ploy. ",
"They did it knowing nothing will change. ",
"Approximately 15% of our military are women. ",
"Maybe some Olympic type women will pass, but you will never achieve the proportionality that is currently in the military.\"",
"\n\nBoth a retired Army major and captain refer to a statement by the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Martin Dempsey: \"If we do decide that a particular standard is so high that a woman couldn't make it, the burden is now on the service to come back and explain to the secretary, why is it that high? ",
"Does it really have to be that high?\" ",
"They believe this statement signals that the standards will be lowered since the Obama Administration will not be satisfied with the low number of woman succeeding, especially in direct combat roles. ",
"Both thought that having lower standards is ridiculous since it will certainly affect mission success and American lives. ",
"The major commented, \"The enemy does not lower their standards and the Army is not an equal opportunity employer. ",
"If you are too tall, too fat, or not smart enough you cannot get in.\"",
"\n\nColonel McSally responded that standards were lowered in 2005-2006 to meet the Army's recruitment goals, which included the elimination of the high school qualification requirement and lower aptitude scores. ",
"She and Commander Iskra emphasize that the physical fitness requirements are completely different than job requirements, and standards should be based on the occupation and what it takes to do the job, a neutral standard requirement that is not based on gender.",
"\n\nA retired female Army sergeant says not so fast: it's \"a fact of life is that 99% of the women will not be able to compete with the men. ",
"There are reasons there are no women in the NFL, MLB, and there are separate leagues in basketball. ",
"I don't see people demanding that women play in the NFL or even a less contact sport like baseball.\"",
"\n\nAll those opposing the order think that the female physique has to be taken into consideration. ",
"They wonder how carrying a 100-pound load, a heavy machine gun, or a 23-pound radio will affect women physically when they must carry it for 18 hours per day while climbing up a hill. ",
"Furthermore, can a woman load a 60-pound round from a sitting position if she was to be part of a tank unit? ",
"Since women are biologically different than men they wonder how this wear and tear will affect a women's body and are hoping this will be studied before any final decisions are made regarding the standards.",
"\n\nEveryone interviewed agrees that very few women will be qualified for direct combat and Special Forces units. ",
"Because of that, the Army female sergeant wonders how a woman will feel being the sole female living in the dirt for days on end with men only. ",
"She is sure these women will have \"the additional hurdle of always trying to prove themselves. ",
"I experienced that as a female in the army. ",
"Besides that you always have to fight the battle of being hit on. ",
"Any female will have to be strong and firm emotionally. ",
"I am not talking about the men turning into rapists, but there will definitely be romantic situations that will come up.\"",
"\n\nThe sergeant also says that from her own experiences men act as protectors, which could interfere with the mission success. \"",
"They are type A personalities and the majority of these guys are from the South where they have been raised with the attitude of taking care of the women. ",
"They have that sense of duty and honor. ",
"What happens if a woman is captured; will the enemy rape her to get information out of her fellow soldiers? ",
"What about a woman who becomes pregnant? ",
"They will have to be taken out of the war zone so a unit will have one less body.\"",
"\n\nHer Army male counterparts concur, but also say the recent Air Force sexual misconduct charges shows that there will be sexual harassment and abuse where men will prey on the women. ",
"Colonel McSally and Commander Iskra regard these as age-old arguments. ",
"Their rebuttal is the need to have a strong platoon leader who has the team focused on the mission; good order and discipline must be enforced. ",
"They agree with General Dempsey that by having these restrictions placed on women, men do not consider them as first class warriors, which adds to the potential for sexual harassment and abuse. ",
"They further argue that if there is a culture of protectiveness why is sexual harassment and abuse rampant in the military?",
"\n\nColonel McSally also feels there has always been and will continue to be, \"The culture in the military, which is to protect your buddy by putting yourself in harm's way. ",
"I had to fly an aircraft into enemy territory with a risk of being shot down and potentially captured. ",
"This is not a reason to restrict women, the fact that our enemy will commit war crimes.\"",
"\n\nAll those interviewed agree that the important question is: how will this directive be implemented without lowering standards? ",
"Colonel McSally and Commander Iskra are hoping the implementation is focused on the individual, knowing that not very many women will be qualified, but wanting them to have the chance. ",
"The retired SEALs, Marines, and Army personnel believe that it is realistic to open certain direct combat positions to women, but to close infantry and Special Forces. ",
"What all hope is that those making the implementation decisions will be the ones who have fought on the lines themselves and whose number one priority is to secure the best possible fighting force.",
"\n\nThe author writes for American Thinker. ",
"She has done book reviews, author interviews, and has written a number of national security, political, and foreign policy articles."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0019231425831094384,
0.0005828914581798017,
0.0005917822709307075,
0.0005297773168422282,
0.0006935952114872634,
0.0007782891625538468,
0.008806400001049042,
0.044704850763082504,
0.0007554391049779952,
0.03127240762114525,
0.0007082660449668765,
0.0009051886736415327,
0.0007722699083387852,
0.0006266882410272956,
0.0010916751343756914,
0.013337007723748684,
0.0037465610075742006,
0.0007381386240012944,
0.1797059327363968,
0.0017550187185406685,
0.0007429909892380238,
0.0007207061280496418,
0.0009422083385288715,
0.0010011236881837249,
0.0019367877393960953,
0.06835459917783737,
0.0007361577008850873,
0.0026835903991013765,
0.49373820424079895,
0.0006541041075251997,
0.001278890180401504,
0.0013845914509147406,
0.0006522278999909759,
0.0006474158726632595,
0.0007069564890116453,
0.0009357663802802563,
0.0007900485652498901,
0.1117747575044632,
0.0009576547308824956,
0.0005565544706769288,
0.0008851084276102483,
0.0006410768837668002,
0.001007193815894425,
0.0009090026724152267,
0.7772394418716431,
0.0006258767680265009,
0.0006198529154062271,
0.0022880895994603634,
0.0017380972858518362,
0.006017358507961035,
0.03052918054163456,
0.015347842127084732,
0.007720509544014931,
0.00445931451395154,
0.001031586667522788,
0.024641260504722595,
0.0024767876602709293,
0.0007130572921596467,
0.03647395595908165,
0.003065250813961029,
0.08265756070613861,
0.0005487066810019314,
0.006981425918638706,
0.0005671813269145787,
0.2848382294178009,
0.017061391845345497,
0.002854202641174197,
0.017108291387557983,
0.0012371169868856668,
0.0005831915186718106,
0.012775945477187634,
0.007286732085049152,
0.005088341422379017,
0.06570278108119965,
0.31762537360191345,
0.0006071487441658974,
0.0006320956163108349,
0.0007822104962542653,
0.0007163071422837675,
0.0007032147259451449,
0.000590978772379458,
0.0010373261757194996,
0.0005828914581798017,
0.0005917822709307075,
0.0005297773168422282,
0.0006935952114872634,
0.0007782891625538468,
0.008806400001049042,
0.044704850763082504,
0.0007554391049779952,
0.03127240762114525,
0.0007082660449668765,
0.0009051886736415327,
0.0007722699083387852,
0.0006266882410272956,
0.0010916751343756914,
0.013337007723748684,
0.0037465610075742006,
0.0007381386240012944,
0.1797059327363968,
0.0017550187185406685,
0.0007429909892380238,
0.0007207061280496418,
0.0009422083385288715,
0.0010011236881837249,
0.0019367877393960953,
0.06835459917783737,
0.0007361577008850873,
0.0026835903991013765,
0.49373820424079895,
0.0006541041075251997,
0.001278890180401504,
0.0013845914509147406,
0.0006522278999909759,
0.0006474158726632595,
0.0007069564890116453,
0.0009357663802802563,
0.0007900485652498901,
0.1117747575044632,
0.0009576547308824956,
0.0005565544706769288,
0.0008851084276102483,
0.0006410768837668002,
0.001007193815894425,
0.0009090026724152267,
0.7772394418716431,
0.0006258767680265009,
0.0006198529154062271,
0.0022880895994603634,
0.0017380972858518362,
0.006017358507961035,
0.03052918054163456,
0.015347842127084732,
0.007720509544014931,
0.00445931451395154,
0.001031586667522788,
0.024641260504722595,
0.0024767876602709293,
0.0007130572921596467,
0.03647395595908165,
0.003065250813961029,
0.08265756070613861,
0.0005487066810019314,
0.006981425918638706,
0.0005671813269145787,
0.2848382294178009,
0.017061391845345497,
0.002854202641174197,
0.017108291387557983,
0.0012371169868856668,
0.0005831915186718106,
0.012775945477187634,
0.007286732085049152,
0.005088341422379017,
0.06570278108119965,
0.31762537360191345,
0.0006071487441658974,
0.0006320956163108349,
0.0007822104962542653,
0.0007163071422837675,
0.0007032147259451449,
0.000590978772379458
] | 0.033706 | 162 |
[
"Battle of Nandikadal\n\nREDIRECT Eelam War IV#The conclusion of the war"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.0010667955502867699
] | 0.001067 | 1 |
[
"Traded • Mike Conley Jr. to Jazz for • Grayson Allen • Jae Crowder • Kyle Korver • rights to Darius Bazley • draft pick(s) (first round pick protected top 7, #15-30 in 2020-21, top 6 in 2022, top 3 in 2023, top 1 in 2024, else 2025 second round pick, 2026 second round pick) (?-?) • ",
"traded player exception on 2019-07-06\n\nPICK MAY OR MAY NOT TRANSFER DEPENDING ON JAZZ DRAFT POSITION\n\nTraded • rights to Jarrell Brantley in a 3-team trade with Jazz, Warriors for • 2021 second round pick (from Jazz) (?-?) • ",
"cash considerations (from Jazz) on 2019-06-20\n\nTraded • Derrick Favors to Pelicans for • 2021 second round pick (?-?) • ",
"2023 second round pick (?-?) ",
"on 2019-07-07\n\nTraded • rights to Alen Smailagic to Warriors for • 2021 second round pick (?-?) • ",
"2023 second round pick (?-?) • ",
"cash considerations on 2019-06-20\n\nWizards\n\nJazz Traded • Trey Burke to Wizards for • 2021 second round pick (?-?) ",
"on 2016-07-07\n\nCavaliers Traded • Kyle Korver to Jazz for • Alec Burks • 2020 second round pick (?-?) • ",
"2021 second round pick (?-?) ",
"on 2018-11-29\n\nBucks Traded • Matthew Dellavedova • John Henson • draft pick(s) (first round protected top 14 in 2021 if Bucks send first round pick to Suns in 2019, top 10 in 2022 if Bucks send first round pick to Suns in 2020, top 10 in 2023, top 8 in 2024, else 2024 second round pick, 2025 second round pick) (?-?) • ",
"2021 second round pick (?-?) ",
"in a 3-team trade with Cavaliers, Wizards for • George Hill • Jason Smith • modification of protection on 2020 second round pick previously acquired from Wizards (pick now unprotected) • 2021 second round pick (from Cavaliers) (?-?) • ",
"cash (from Wizards) on 2018-12-07"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0006323553388938308,
0.0005801879451610148,
0.0006693198811262846,
0.0007020800840109587,
0.0006491761305369437,
0.0006684503168798983,
0.0006080715684220195,
0.0005986128817312419,
0.0006890732329338789,
0.0006571521516889334,
0.0006890732329338789,
0.0005724301445297897,
0.000625664193648845
] | 0.000642 | 13 |
[
"MILLER’S WALK PLATE SMITH, RAYS WIN IN 11\n\nBrad Miller came to the plate in the 11th inning with the bases loaded and two out. ",
"He worked the count full and drew a walk to score Mallex Smith and give the Rays a 3-2 victory.",
"\n\nThe win gives the Rays their first winning home stand of 2017, something they were unable to do last season until August 6. ",
"It was also the first Rays walk-off win since August 24, 2016 against the Boston Red Sox.",
"\n\nErasmo Ramirez picks up the win (1-0, 0.00 ERA) for the Rays who improve to 4-2. ",
"Casey Lawrence (0-1, 13.50 ERA), making his major league debut, picks up the loss.",
"\n\nGetting To Extras:\n\nAaron Sanchez and Chris Archer each worked deep into the game. ",
"Archer worked to two outs in the seventh and Sanchez worked seven. ",
"Both outings were greatly needed as the two teams bullpens combined to deliver 238 pitches on Friday night.",
"\n\nCorey Dickerson singled home Derek Norris in the second inning to give the Rays the 1-0 lead. ",
"The Blue Jays tied the game in the top of the 7th on a 2-out Troy Tulowitzki single and took the lead in the top of the eighth on a 2-out Josh Donaldson single. ",
"The Rays answered back in the bottom of the eighth on a Steven Souza single to tie the game at 2-2.",
"\n\nDespite the solid start by both pitchers the bullpens played a prominent role as the game remained tied into extra innings.",
"\n\nIntentional Walk Side Effect:\n\nMallex Smith led off the bottom of the 11th with a double. ",
"Blue Jays manager John Gibbons elected to intentionally walk both Corey Dickerson and Kevin Kiermaier. ",
"With the new rule the four pitches are not required, and both players immediately took their bases.",
"\n\nThis sped up the game, not just in saving a few seconds, but Evan Longoria was not quite prepared to hit. ",
"Neither was Brad Miller who stepped in the tunnel to watch video of Lawrence. ",
"He was told that Longo was up and raced to the on-deck circle.",
"\n\nMiller ended up drawing the walk to give the Rays the walk-off win. ",
"It was his first career walk-off plate appearances. ",
"It was also his third walk of the game tying a career high.",
"\n\nSmith’s Big Night, Scores Winning Run\n\nMallex Smith ended the night reaching base all five times he came to the plate. ",
"He finished the night 2-for-2 with a double and a trio of walks. ",
"He also came home to cross home plate with the winning run after Brad Miller walked in the bottom of the 11th.",
"\n\n“Get on base. ",
"I kept my approach very simple for the whole game. ",
"Get on base and when I get on you know, run like the wind. ",
"I kept the same approach all day whether it’s a seasoned vet or a new guy you know. ",
"I just genuinely wanted to get on base.”",
"\n\nFor Starters, Archie Trending In The Right Direction:\n\nLast season the first inning was a treacherous spot for Chris Archer. ",
"In 33 starts he posted a 6.82 ERA (25-ER/33-IP) and the opposition hit .273/.386/.402 (36-for-132).",
"\n\nOn Opening Day he held the New York Yankees hitless (walked one) and retired the Blue Jays in order striking out a pair.",
"\n\nArchie And The Jays:\n\nChris Archer entered tonight’s start with a lifetime mark of 6-4 with a 3.23 ERA (41-ER/114.1-IP) spanning 19 career appearances (all starts).",
"\n\nHe finished the game delivering 7 2/3 innings allowing a pair of runs on five hits while striking out eight and walking three. ",
"Two of the three walks came around to score. ",
"He threw 114 pitches with 72 for strikes.",
"\n\nHe had yielded two runs or fewer in six straight starts against the Jays and in 11 of his last 12.",
"\n\nOn the win Archer said, “It shows a lot about our team. ",
"Last night we had to put up a ton of runs to win. ",
"Tonight we had to really pitch and play great defense and score timely runs so it shows the dynamic of our team.”",
"\n\nRays’ ‘Pen:\n\nTommy Hunter entered with runners at first and second and two out in the eighth inning and struck out Jose Bautista looking on three pitches.",
"\n\nAlex Colome kept the game tied after working a scoreless ninth.",
"\n\nXavier Cedeno recorded one out in the 10th, but walked the leadoff hitter and departed with a man in scoring position.",
"\n\nErasmo Ramirez worked 1 2/3 innings to pick up the win. ",
"He did so on just 17 pitches, 12 for strikes.",
"\n\nCash On Rays Win:\n\n“That’s two in a row. ",
"Two games that we’ve won and had a tough time finding ways to win. ",
"We found a way to win tonight. ",
"That was an outstanding pitching performance by Arch and their guy. ",
"It was fun to watch early on if your’re a fan of good pitching. ",
"That was electric stuff. ",
"Location, everything was going on. ",
"Two good lineups. ",
"Just excited that we were able to pull it off.”",
"\n\nNothing New For Sanchez:\n\nAaron Sanchez delivered seven strong innings allowing just one run on four hits while striking out six and walking three.",
"\n\nThe outing, his first of the year, picks up where he left last year when he led the AL in ERA (3.00). ",
"He allowed one run or less in 15 of his 30 starts last season. ",
"Also, in 2016 he went 8-0 with a 2.66 ERA against AL East competition.",
"\n\nHome Sweet Home:\n\nLast season the Rays had a 36-45 record at Tropicana Field. ",
"Remarkably, it wasn’t until August 6th before they clinched their first winning homestand.",
"\n\nThey also struggled against the AL East posting a miserable 32-44 mark. ",
"The only team in the East that they had a winning mark against was the Toronto Blue Jays (11-8).",
"\n\nAccess A Ray:\n\nPrior to the game, Mallex Smith spoke to about 30-students from the Tampa Junior League. ",
"Tickets, food, and transportation were provided by the Rays.",
"\n\nOdo Ready To Take On Jays:\n\nThe Rays finish their homestand against the Jays on Sunday afternoon and will send Jake Odorizzi (0-1, 6.00 ERA) up against Marco Estrada (0-0, 3.00 ERA)."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0013748836936429143,
0.013655216433107853,
0.0007512311567552388,
0.0023523755371570587,
0.0009695852058939636,
0.0013071027351543307,
0.0005845788400620222,
0.0007998228538781404,
0.003105873940512538,
0.004388892557471991,
0.0010840941686183214,
0.0015036823460832238,
0.0016314976383000612,
0.0010800260351970792,
0.0011714965803548694,
0.000896274228580296,
0.0010516323382034898,
0.0008615542901679873,
0.0007599935634061694,
0.0012330167228356004,
0.00318707968108356,
0.0009657964110374451,
0.0036261759232729673,
0.001040840521454811,
0.0011038519442081451,
0.01918613910675049,
0.0005964924930594862,
0.053319480270147324,
0.0006508168298751116,
0.0007558196084573865,
0.0005579949356615543,
0.0016048194374889135,
0.0021208832040429115,
0.0008042798144742846,
0.0045770565047860146,
0.0008089214679785073,
0.0026234337128698826,
0.0009343249839730561,
0.0005736305611208081,
0.001479415106587112,
0.0006861005094833672,
0.0010050476994365454,
0.0008950530900619924,
0.0008641350432299078,
0.001013323781080544,
0.0009642370860092342,
0.0010982549283653498,
0.0007279033306986094,
0.000845622387714684,
0.0005524836597032845,
0.0006162055651657283,
0.0012991719413548708,
0.0006089812959544361,
0.000675791990943253,
0.0005896071088500321,
0.0018628175603225827,
0.0008180852164514363,
0.001304685603827238,
0.0009641864453442395,
0.0008709676330909133,
0.0007351800450123847,
0.003528382396325469,
0.0008388805435970426,
0.0006421161233447492,
0.0006342421402223408,
0.001543180551379919
] | 0.002534 | 66 |
[
"Jimmy Burke\n\nJimmy Burke is the name of:\nJames Burke (gangster) (1931–1996), Irish-American gangster\nJimmy Burke (baseball) (1874–1942), American baseball player\n\nSee also\nJim Burke (disambiguation)\nJames Burke (disambiguation)"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.0009238164057023823
] | 0.000924 | 1 |
[
"Bjørn Kjos, CEO of Norwegian, said in a press release: \"I'm delighted to build upon our popular USA flights and give leisure and business customers more affordable access to Singapore and the Asia-Pacific like never before.",
"\n\n\"The 787 Dreamliner has the range to allow us to expand our long-haul services to other parts of the world while keeping fares affordable for all.",
"\n\n\"This is just the start of Norwegian's UK expansion into new markets as we will continue connecting destinations where fares have been too high for too long.\""
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0005734141450375319,
0.0006264466792345047,
0.0005793868913315237
] | 0.000593 | 3 |
[
"California Supreme Court Grants Review of Black Sky Capital v. Cobb\n\nThere is a big ticket item for asset-based lenders in California, and particularly for lenders holding more than one deed of trust on the same property. ",
"On September 27, 2017, the California Supreme Court granted review of Black Sky Capital, LLC v. Cobb (2017) 12 Cal.",
"App.5th 887 (“Black Sky“) and is now poised to answer the following question:\n\nDoes Code of Civil Procedure section 580d permit a creditor that holds both a senior lien and a junior lien on the same parcel of real property arising from separate loans to seek a money judgment on the junior lien after the creditor foreclosed on the senior lien and purchased the property at a nonjudicial foreclosure sale?",
"\n\nFor decades now, California courts have answered this question in the negative, citing the equitable rule created in the case of Simon v. Superior Court (1992) 4 Cal.",
"App.4th 63 (“Simon“). ",
"The Simon rule provided creditors with a bright-line prohibition: if the lender holds separate notes secured by senior and junior deeds of trust, then the lender is barred from collecting anything on the “sold-out” junior debt after it nonjudicially forecloses on its senior deed of trust. ",
"By contrast, where the senior and junior lenders are different entities, the “sold-out junior” whose lien is extinguished by the unrelated senior’s foreclosure may freely sue the borrower on its (now unsecured) loan, obtain a money judgment, and collect its debt by execution on the borrower’s other assets.",
"\n\nThe Simon rule is based upon a perceived need to prevent lenders from opting-out of California’s antideficiency scheme, and in particular Code of Civil Procedure section 580d, which prevents a lender from collecting a deficiency after nonjudicial foreclosure of the deed of trust securing the debt. ",
"The Simon court reasoned that the purpose (if not the text) of section 580d would be subverted if a lender could simply structure one loan into two loans secured by separate trust deeds. ",
"Notably, the Simon rule is quite broad, applying to situations regardless of the lender’s actual motives in structuring the original loan. ",
"In other words, under Simon‘s rule, the lender’s intent (to evade antideficiency legislation or not) is simply not relevant and, under Simon, even a lender with demonstrably legitimate reasons for structuring a loan with two separate notes and two trust deeds would be barred from collecting its sold-out junior debt. ",
"This is concerning, since so-called “piggyback” refinancing transactions, where junior and senior liens are created at the same time, are rather common.",
"\n\nIn June of 2017, the California Court of Appeal published Black Sky, a case which rejected Simon‘s holding and found that nothing in section 580d prevents any sold-out junior from collecting its debt. ",
"In Black Sky, a bank loaned about $10 million to two individual borrowers secured by a deed of trust on a parcel of commercial real property. ",
"Two years later, the same bank loaned another $1.5 million to the same borrower, secured by a second deed of trust on the same property. ",
"The bank later assigned both the notes and deeds of trust to Black Sky. ",
"The borrowers defaulted, and Black Sky nonjudicially foreclosed on the senior lien and acquired the property for a $7.5 million credit bid. ",
"Black Sky then sued the borrowers for on the sold-out junior debt. ",
"The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the borrowers—citing Simon‘s rule: that section 580d prevents a lender from collecting its sold-out junior debt after the same lender forecloses on its senior deed of trust. ",
"Black Sky appealed.",
"\n\nOn appeal, the Court of Appeal reversed the trial court, finding that section 580d did not apply. (",
"Black Sky Capital, LLC v. Cobb (2017) 12 Cal.",
"App.5th 887, 897 [“By using the singular throughout the statute, the Legislature unambiguously indicated that section 580d applies to a single deed of trust; it does not apply to multiple deeds of trust, even if they are secured by the same property… It makes no difference whether the junior lienholder is the same entity or a different entity as the senior lienholder.”].)",
"\n\nAssuming the California Supreme Court addresses the Simon vs. Black Sky interpretations of section 580d head-on, lenders will finally be provided with certainty on what has, to date, been a murky landscape for lenders trying to protect themselves in strategically structuring financing transactions. ",
"We will be monitoring the progress of the Black Sky appeal as it progresses in the California Supreme Court, and will provide an immediate update once a substantive decision is rendered."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006150610861368477,
0.000667945365421474,
0.0007770616794005036,
0.0006020576693117619,
0.0006678594509139657,
0.0007058113114908338,
0.0011537887621670961,
0.0008397895144298673,
0.0006417566328309476,
0.0006139816832728684,
0.000718988012522459,
0.0020581677090376616,
0.000795777712482959,
0.0008537474786862731,
0.0006535212160088122,
0.0008848074357956648,
0.0008017680374905467,
0.0077586411498487,
0.0007893223082646728,
0.0008254038402810693,
0.0007340189768001437,
0.000662248523440212,
0.0006836978136561811,
0.0006056795828044415,
0.0005261944024823606
] | 0.001065 | 25 |
[
"Size limit kept me from making some stuff but oh well. ",
"Anyway it finally begins. ",
"Enjoy!"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0009088065125979483,
0.0006547465454787016,
0.0010163075057789683
] | 0.00086 | 3 |
[
"One More Time: Here Are 4.6 Billion Reasons to Support Bike Infrastructure\n\nCyclists may only account for 1 percent of all trips taken in the U.S., but that’s still good enough to save the American people a total of $4.6 billion per year, according to research recently released by the League of American Bicyclists, the Sierra Club, and the National Council of La Raza. ",
"The announcement coincided with National Bike to Work Day, observed last Friday as part of Bike Month.",
"\n\nIt gets even better, as a recent article in Forbes pointed out:\n\nThe average annual operating cost of a bicycle is $308, compared to $8,220 for the average car, and if American drivers replaced just one four-mile car trip with a bike each week for the entire year, it would save more than two billion gallons of gas, for a total savings of $7.3 billion a year, based on $4 a gallon for gas.",
"\n\nThe Forbes story made it into our headline stack on Monday, but as congressional Republicans seem poised to make another run at eliminating the Transportation Enhancements program (a major source of funds for bike infrastructure), the numbers bear repeating.",
"\n\nEspecially these numbers: Biking and walking put together make up 12 percent of trips, but bike-ped funding accounts for less than two percent of transportation spending. ",
"Furthermore, though the U.S. had 40 percent more bicycle commuters in 2010 than in 2000, efforts persist to gut what few bike-ped programs remain in favor of increased highway spending.",
"\n\nAnd yet, here’s a list of bicycling facts that have emerged (or re-emerged) in recent research:\n\nBike path and trail projects create more jobs per million dollars spent than highway projects.",
"\n\nBuilding bike paths and trails encourages more people to ride more often.",
"\n\nCycling is not a purely urban phenomenon.",
"\n\nAdd to that the knowledge that transportation is overtaking housing as the single largest household expenditure in America, especially among low-income households, and it should be a no-brainer: Funding bike-ped infrastructure is a bargain.",
"\n\nThat’s what makes it so hard to take seriously the argument, trotted out repeatedly by the likes of apparent heir to the T&I chair Bill Shuster, that programs like TE or Safe Routes to School don’t have a sufficient federal interest to be included in the surface transportation reauthorization bill. ",
"As far as I can tell, investing in cycling serves at least three different federal interests: Controlling health care costs (by promoting good health), reducing the deficit (by ensuring that federal investment generates the maximum economic activity possible), and reducing dependence on oil imports (duh).",
"\n\nIf it’s not a federal concern, then whose is it? ",
"Is it local communities, who would be given more control over bike-ped funding under new rules proposed in the Senate’s two-year transportation bill? ",
"Apparently not, since those very same rules are the ones some House Republicans find objectionable.",
"\n\nWhy else oppose federal investment in bicycle infrastructure — because the founding fathers had never heard of bicycles? (",
"That sure doesn’t bode well for the Federal Aviation Administration.) ",
"Back at the TRB Annual Meeting in January, Shuster pointed to the post roads clause in Article I of the U.S. Constitution as the justification for a tradition of federal surface transportation spending that dates back to the Cumberland Road (1806) and the Gallatin Plan (1808).",
"\n\nHowever, the irony seems lost on Shuster that at its inception, the Cumberland Road (now U.S. Highway 40) was almost literally a road to nowhere, and that all transportation was at that point non-motorized. ",
"Couldn’t one argue that the true “strict constructionist” approach would be for the federal government to only support non-motorized travel?",
"\n\nWhatever their reasoning, opponents of bike/ped funding — vested though they may be in the status quo — probably can’t hold up forever against the cold, hard cash that stands to be saved by millions of Americans deciding to ride a bike."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0006113516865298152,
0.0006052652606740594,
0.0006574055296368897,
0.0005905271973460913,
0.0006062401225790381,
0.0009086736245080829,
0.0008061040425673127,
0.0005866309511475265,
0.0007304936298169196,
0.0009815252851694822,
0.0010045570088550448,
0.0005830864538438618,
0.0008070313488133252,
0.0006191038992255926,
0.001539534656330943,
0.0006438862765207887,
0.0006718362565152347,
0.0006288394797593355,
0.0009000147692859173,
0.000669871224090457,
0.0010786965722218156
] | 0.000773 | 21 |
[
"Impact of childhood chronic illnesses on siblings: a literature review.",
"\nChildhood illness can have a significant impact on families, particularly on the ill child's siblings. ",
"There is a dearth of published literature focusing on the needs of siblings of ill children. ",
"This literature review aims to provide an overview of the current healthcare literature in relation to the impact of childhood chronic illness or disability on siblings. ",
"A literature review was undertaken by searching the databases CINAHL, PsycINFO, ProQuest and Cochrane Library for relevant articles in English using the search terms: 'siblings', 'chronic illness', 'disability', 'cancer', 'sibling relations', 'sibling adjustment', 'coping', 'family-centred care', 'sibling interventions', 'camps', 'autism', 'Down's syndrome'. ",
"Seventeen research studies in total were reviewed. ",
"This review focuses on three sibling groups related to children suffering from autism, cancer and Down's syndrome, and are discussed under the following headings: sibling adjustment; family functioning and sibling's coping resources; and intervention programmes. ",
"The literature revealed that siblings of children with Down's syndrome were well adjusted to living with their brother or sister. ",
"However, there was conflicting information on the adjustment of siblings of children with cancer and autism. ",
"An awareness of the harmful effect that living with childhood illness and disability can have on some siblings is essential to enable healthcare professionals to provide supportive interventions to protect siblings' physical and emotional wellbeing."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0007475315942429006,
0.003914774861186743,
0.0014659460866823792,
0.0006236533517949283,
0.0006222607917152345,
0.0005532375071197748,
0.0007467541145160794,
0.0008221089374274015,
0.0023532037157565355,
0.0007680924609303474
] | 0.001262 | 10 |
[
"List of solar eclipses in the 27th century\n\nThis is a list of solar eclipses that will occur in the 27th century. ",
"During the period 2601 to 2700 there will be 227 solar eclipses of which 77 will be partial, 81 will be annular (three non-central), 64 will be total, and 5 will be hybrids. ",
"The greatest number of eclipses in one year will be four, in 7 different years: 2615, 2633, 2644, 2662, 2680, 2691, and 2698. ",
" One month, October 2684, will have two eclipses.",
"\n\nReferences\n\n+27"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.0006764166173525155,
0.0006812766077928245,
0.0006444246973842382,
0.0006553998682647943,
0.0006534658023156226
] | 0.000662 | 5 |
[
"Responsible Innovation in Geoengineering\n\nAbout the book\n\nExperiments in geoengineering – intentionally manipulating the Earth’s climate to reduce global warming – have become the focus of a vital debate about responsible science and innovation. ",
"Drawing on three years of sociological research working with scientists on one of the world’s first major geoengineering projects, this book examines the politics of experimentation. ",
"Geoengineering provides a test case for rethinking the responsibilities of scientists and asking how science can take better care of the futures that it helps bring about.",
"\n\nThis book gives students, researchers and the general reader interested in the place of science in contemporary society a compelling framework for future thinking and discussion.",
"\n\nReviews\n\n“How should society react when the technological imagination seizes on the Earth itself as an experimental system? ",
"In this graceful critique of magical thinking, Stilgoe dissects the moves by which some came to see geoengineering as a project that not only can be done but must be done. ",
"An essential addition to the renewed debate on climate change, the book invites citizens and policy makers to think again about expert claims of inevitability, and to retake the future as a space for ethical and democratic imagining.”",
"\n\nSheila Jasanoff, Harvard Kennedy School, USA\n\n“Climate Engineering is a challenging subject to approach. ",
"One must be walk the line between normalisation of what, to many, appears unthinkable and a manifesto for despair and inaction opposite the very real threat of climate change. ",
"This book struggles admirably with this tension: what it is like to work on an idea you hope never happens, and how could you ever control it? ",
"Stilgoe has been afforded access to the scientists working in this difficult arena, building trust and detailing our, and his, struggle to come to terms with the enormity of the problem. ",
"If you want to be inspired to wrestle with the intellectual challenges of how one might govern climate engineering technologies there may never be a better and more timely read than this.”",
"\n\nMatt Watson, University of Bristol, UK\n\n“To geoengineer or not to geoengineer the climate will be one of the defining science and environment policy questions of the next fifty years. ",
"In ‘Experiment Earth’, Jack Stilgoe provides an indispensable guide to the theories, politics and personalities which have shaped this emerging debate. ",
"With his unique perspective on the controversial SPICE project and the internal machinations of the Royal Society, Stilgoe digs beneath more superficial media coverage, to understand geoengineering as an experimental site for new approaches to the governance of technology and innovation. ",
"Entertaining, informative and insightful, this book should be read by all those who care about the future of science, democracy and the environment.”",
"\n\nJames Wilsdon, University of Sussex, UK\n\n“Experiment Earth is a book that is urgently needed. ",
"As human development becomes ever-more interwoven with the evolution of climate, Stilgoe asks a profound question: ‘What does it mean to take responsibility for global climate?’ ",
"His answer is more than about climate and science, and more than about geoengineering technologies. ",
"It is about how we see ourselves as responsible human beings, exercising power, creativity and judgement in the world, whilst remaining accountable to each other.”"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006177615141496062,
0.0006091975374147296,
0.0005791771109215915,
0.0005455815116874874,
0.0006205885438248515,
0.00170223624445498,
0.0005660777096636593,
0.0005895441281609237,
0.0009659274946898222,
0.0007193270139396191,
0.0007112580933608115,
0.0005911588086746633,
0.0006788509781472385,
0.0007658518152311444,
0.0010713546071201563,
0.0006282523390837014,
0.0006055557751096785,
0.0007257491233758628,
0.0006942005711607635,
0.0005952669307589531
] | 0.000729 | 20 |
[
"How many quarts of oil does a 5.7 liter V8 take?",
"\n\n5 quarts if you have a 305 or 350 engine. ",
"6 quarts if you have a newer style 4.8 liter, 5.3 liter, or 6.0 liter v8 engine.",
"\n\nSemantic Tags:\n\nFull-size vehicles\n\nA full-size car is a marketing term used in North America for an automobile larger than a mid-size car. ",
"In the United States, the EPA uses the term \"large car\" to denote full-size cars.",
"\n\nV8 engine\n\nA V8 engine is a V engine with eight cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two banks of four cylinders, in most cases set at a right angle to each other but sometimes at a narrower angle, with all eight pistons driving a common crankshaft.",
"\n\nIn its simplest form, it is basically two straight-4 engines sharing a common crankshaft. ",
"However, this simple configuration, with a single-plane crankshaft, has the same secondary dynamic imbalance problems as two straight-4s, resulting in vibrations in large engine displacements. ",
"As a result, since the 1920s most V8s have used the somewhat more complex crossplane crankshaft with heavy counterweights to eliminate the vibrations. ",
"This results in an engine which is smoother than a V6, while being considerably less expensive than a V12 engine. ",
"Most racing V8s continue to use the single plane crankshaft because it allows faster acceleration and more efficient exhaust system designs.",
"\n\nMuscle cars\n\nMuscle car is a term used to refer to a variety of high-performance automobiles. ",
"The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines muscle cars as \"any of a group of American-made 2-door sports coupes with powerful engines designed for high-performance driving.\" ",
"A large V8 engine is fitted in a 2-door, rear wheel drive, family-style mid-size or full-size car designed for four or more passengers. ",
"Sold at an affordable price, muscle cars are intended for mainly street use and occasional drag racing. ",
"They are distinct from two-seat sports cars and expensive 2+2 GTs intended for high-speed touring and road racing. ",
"Developed simultaneously in their own markets, muscle cars also emerged from manufacturers in Australia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and elsewhere. ",
"Also, it is widely believed by today's generation that the Nissan GTR is a muscle car.",
"\n\nPickup trucks\n\nA pickup truck, often simply referred to as a pickup or pick-up, is a light motor vehicle with an open-top, rear cargo area (bed).",
"\n\nIn North America, the term pickup is used for light trucks with a lighter duty chassis and factory built, integrated bed, as well as for coupé utility vehicles, often based on a personal car chassis, but also often on a special dedicated chassis for such use.",
"\n\nMid-size cars\n\nA mid-size car (occasionally referred to as an intermediate) is the North American/Australian standard for an automobile with a size equal to or greater than that of a compact. ",
"In Europe mid-sizers are referred to as D-segment or large family cars.",
"\n\nThe automobile that defined this size in the United States was the Rambler Six that was introduced in 1956, although it was called \"compact\" car at that time. ",
"The mid-size class then grew out of the compacts of the early-1960s. ",
"For example, the Ford Fairlane was referred to at its introduction in 1962 as a compact intermediate because it was barely bigger than its close relative, the Falcon. ",
"General Motors' first entries in the class, such as the Oldsmobile F-85, Pontiac Tempest, and Buick Special were not mechanically related to the compact Chevrolet Corvair, but were similar in size.",
"\n\nDisaster Accident\n\nA disaster is a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. ",
"A disaster can be ostensively defined as any tragic event stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. ",
"It is a phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of people.",
"\n\nIn contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. ",
"These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. ",
"Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions.",
"\n\nHospitality Recreation\n\nHospitality is the relationship between the guest and the host, or the act or practice of being hospitable. ",
"This includes the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers.",
"\n\nThe word hospitality derives from the Latin hospes, meaning \"host\", \"guest\", or \"stranger\". ",
"Hospes is formed from hostis, which means \"stranger\" or \"enemy\" (the latter being where terms like \"hostile\" derive).",
"\n\nV8TransportPrivate transportSedansoil\n\nNews:\n\nFor die-hard fans of oil-based paint, meanwhile, there are still ways to get hold of it, even in the East Coast states that limit its sales. ",
"There are exceptions in the regulations allowing the paint to be sold in quarts ... s per liter. ",
"Many of the ...\n\nA 10mm-narrower crankcase and smaller sump drop oil capacity to five quarts ... Just take a look at the Hammer from behind or—even better—from slightly to the right side of the rear. ",
"The thing is 10 inches wide, putting many car tires to shame!",
"\n\nAt 85 degrees, those freezing to death, in a strange ... A kilocalorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one liter of water one degree Celsius. ",
"Since a quart of hot soup at 140 degrees offers about 30 kilocalories, the patient ...\n\nCardiff 1 1 2 Liter Equals How Many Quarts does using cruise control really save gas new motorcycle oil. ",
"ESTEPONA cost of car repairs vs ... This way, it might take a little longer to get the money, but I could get TWO guitars instead of one.",
"\n\nFrom there, the original Jim Hall/Troutman-Barnes Chaparral drifted, as all old racecars do ... hand turns. ",
"I take one more lap just to make sure what it's doing and head into the pits. ",
"We talk it over and decide to add another quart of oil (it's a ..."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0009757162188179791,
0.000672539637889713,
0.0007038090843707323,
0.0006577207241207361,
0.0005895638023503125,
0.0007715254905633628,
0.0007573362090624869,
0.0007390131358988583,
0.0006865168106742203,
0.0009246533736586571,
0.0006701713427901268,
0.0007778068538755178,
0.0007327983039431274,
0.000713270390406251,
0.0010090743890032172,
0.0012572752311825752,
0.0006114096031524241,
0.0009138023015111685,
0.0007852217531763017,
0.000584735709708184,
0.0007178884698078036,
0.0008543997537344694,
0.0006435500108636916,
0.000779300753492862,
0.0006114618154242635,
0.0006764930440112948,
0.0016192495822906494,
0.0007397434674203396,
0.01794600486755371,
0.0006513831322081387,
0.0006110347458161414,
0.0006384730222634971,
0.0006360787083394825,
0.0006492838147096336,
0.0006844834424555302,
0.0010975290788337588,
0.0009573937859386206,
0.0006844455492682755,
0.0016572554595768452,
0.09622356295585632,
0.027041826397180557,
0.001038509770296514,
0.0006445920444093645,
0.0007409502868540585,
0.0015498400898650289,
0.0006545393844135106
] | 0.003832 | 46 |
[
"# Copyright 2014 Google Inc. All rights reserved.",
"\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.",
"\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.",
"\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.",
"\n\n\"\"\"\nTests for module plot.py. ",
"Module matplotlib is not required as it's mocked accordingly.",
"\n\"\"\"\n\n\nfrom __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function\n\nfrom datetime import datetime, timedelta\n\nimport mock\nimport pandas as pd\nimport pytest\nfrom numpy.testing import assert_array_equal\nfrom pandas import Timestamp\n\nimport causalimpact.plot as plot\nfrom causalimpact import CausalImpact\n\n\ndef test_plot_original_panel(rand_data, pre_int_period, post_int_period, monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(rand_data, pre_int_period, post_int_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['original'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args_list\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n\n assert_array_equal(pd.concat([ci.pre_data.iloc[llb:, 0], ci.post_data.iloc[:, 0]]),\n ax_args[0][0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][0][1] == 'k'\n assert ax_args[0][1] == {'label': 'y'}\n\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['preds'], ax_args[1][0][0])\n assert ax_args[1][0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1][1] == {'label': 'Predicted'}\n\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(ci.pre_period[1], c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['preds'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['preds_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['preds_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_original_panel_gap_data(rand_data, pre_int_gap_period,\n post_int_gap_period, monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(rand_data, pre_int_gap_period, post_int_gap_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['original'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args_list\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n\n assert_array_equal(pd.concat([ci.pre_data.iloc[llb:, 0], ci.post_data.iloc[:, 0]]),\n ax_args[0][0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][0][1] == 'k'\n assert ax_args[0][1] == {'label': 'y'}\n\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['preds'], ax_args[1][0][0])\n assert ax_args[1][0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1][1] == {'label': 'Predicted'}\n\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(ci.pre_period[1], c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['preds'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['preds_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['preds_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_original_panel_date_index(date_rand_data, pre_str_period, post_str_period,\n monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(date_rand_data, pre_str_period, post_str_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['original'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args_list\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n\n assert_array_equal(ci.data.iloc[llb:, 0], ax_args[0][0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][0][1] == 'k'\n assert ax_args[0][1] == {'label': 'y'}\n\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['preds'], ax_args[1][0][0])\n assert ax_args[1][0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1][1] == {'label': 'Predicted'}\n\n date_ = datetime.strptime(ci.post_period[0], \"%Y%m%d\")\n date_ = date_ + timedelta(days=-1)\n date_ = Timestamp(date_.strftime(\"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S\"))\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(date_, c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['preds'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['preds_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['preds_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_original_panel_gap_date_index(date_rand_data, pre_str_gap_period,\n post_str_gap_period, monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(date_rand_data, pre_str_gap_period, post_str_gap_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['original'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args_list\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n\n assert_array_equal(pd.concat([ci.pre_data.iloc[llb:, 0], ci.post_data.iloc[:, 0]]),\n ax_args[0][0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][0][1] == 'k'\n assert ax_args[0][1] == {'label': 'y'}\n\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['preds'], ax_args[1][0][0])\n assert ax_args[1][0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1][1] == {'label': 'Predicted'}\n\n date_ = datetime.strptime(ci.pre_period[1], \"%Y%m%d\")\n date_ = Timestamp(date_.strftime(\"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S\"))\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(date_, c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['preds'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['preds_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['preds_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_original_panel_date_index_no_freq(date_rand_data, pre_str_period,\n post_str_period, monkeypatch):\n dd = date_rand_data.copy()\n dd.drop(dd.index[10:20])\n ci = CausalImpact(dd, pre_str_period, post_str_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['original'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args_list\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n\n assert_array_equal(ci.data.iloc[llb:, 0], ax_args[0][0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][0][1] == 'k'\n assert ax_args[0][1] == {'label': 'y'}\n\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['preds'], ax_args[1][0][0])\n assert ax_args[1][0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1][1] == {'label': 'Predicted'}\n\n date_ = datetime.strptime(ci.post_period[0], \"%Y%m%d\")\n date_ = date_ + timedelta(days=-1)\n date_ = Timestamp(date_.strftime(\"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S\"))\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(date_, c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['preds'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['preds_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['preds_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_pointwise_panel(rand_data, pre_int_period, post_int_period, monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(rand_data, pre_int_period, post_int_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['pointwise'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1, sharex=ax_mock)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['point_effects'], ax_args[0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1] == {'label': 'Point Effects'}\n\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(ci.post_period[0] - 1, c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['point_effects'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['point_effects_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['point_effects_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.axhline.assert_called_with(y=0, color='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_pointwise_panel_gap_data(rand_data, pre_int_gap_period,\n post_int_gap_period, monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(rand_data, pre_int_gap_period, post_int_gap_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['pointwise'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1, sharex=ax_mock)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['point_effects'], ax_args[0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1] == {'label': 'Point Effects'}\n\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(ci.pre_period[1], c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['point_effects'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['point_effects_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['point_effects_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.axhline.assert_called_with(y=0, color='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_pointwise_panel_date_index(date_rand_data, pre_str_period, post_str_period,\n monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(date_rand_data, pre_str_period, post_str_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['pointwise'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1, sharex=ax_mock)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['point_effects'], ax_args[0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1] == {'label': 'Point Effects'}\n\n date_ = datetime.strptime(ci.post_period[0], \"%Y%m%d\")\n date_ = date_ + timedelta(days=-1)\n date_ = Timestamp(date_.strftime(\"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S\"))\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(date_, c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['point_effects'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['point_effects_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['point_effects_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.axhline.assert_called_with(y=0, color='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_pointwise_panel_gap_date_index(date_rand_data, pre_str_gap_period,\n post_str_gap_period, monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(date_rand_data, pre_str_gap_period, post_str_gap_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['pointwise'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1, sharex=ax_mock)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['point_effects'], ax_args[0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1] == {'label': 'Point Effects'}\n\n date_ = datetime.strptime(ci.pre_period[1], \"%Y%m%d\")\n date_ = Timestamp(date_.strftime(\"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S\"))\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(date_, c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['point_effects'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['point_effects_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['point_effects_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.axhline.assert_called_with(y=0, color='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_pointwise_panel_date_index_no_freq(date_rand_data, pre_str_period,\n post_str_period, monkeypatch):\n dd = date_rand_data.copy()\n dd.drop(dd.index[10:20])\n ci = CausalImpact(date_rand_data, pre_str_period, post_str_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['pointwise'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1, sharex=ax_mock)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['point_effects'], ax_args[0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1] == {'label': 'Point Effects'}\n\n date_ = datetime.strptime(ci.post_period[0], \"%Y%m%d\")\n date_ = date_ + timedelta(days=-1)\n date_ = Timestamp(date_.strftime(\"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S\"))\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(date_, c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['point_effects'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['point_effects_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['point_effects_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.axhline.assert_called_with(y=0, color='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_cumulative_panel(rand_data, pre_int_period, post_int_period, monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(rand_data, pre_int_period, post_int_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['cumulative'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1, sharex=ax_mock)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['post_cum_effects'], ax_args[0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1] == {'label': 'Cumulative Effect'}\n\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(ci.post_period[0] - 1, c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['post_cum_effects'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['post_cum_effects_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['post_cum_effects_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.axhline.assert_called_with(y=0, color='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_cumulative_panel_gap_data(rand_data, pre_int_gap_period,\n post_int_gap_period, monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(rand_data, pre_int_gap_period, post_int_gap_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['cumulative'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1, sharex=ax_mock)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['post_cum_effects'], ax_args[0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1] == {'label': 'Cumulative Effect'}\n\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(ci.pre_period[1], c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['post_cum_effects'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['post_cum_effects_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['post_cum_effects_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.axhline.assert_called_with(y=0, color='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_cumulative_panel_date_index(date_rand_data, pre_str_period, post_str_period,\n monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(date_rand_data, pre_str_period, post_str_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['cumulative'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1, sharex=ax_mock)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['post_cum_effects'], ax_args[0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1] == {'label': 'Cumulative Effect'}\n\n date_ = datetime.strptime(ci.pre_period[1], \"%Y%m%d\")\n date_ = Timestamp(date_.strftime(\"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S\"))\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(date_, c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['post_cum_effects'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['post_cum_effects_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['post_cum_effects_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.axhline.assert_called_with(y=0, color='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_cumulative_panel_gap_date_index(date_rand_data, pre_str_gap_period,\n post_str_gap_period, monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(date_rand_data, pre_str_gap_period, post_str_gap_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['cumulative'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1, sharex=ax_mock)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['post_cum_effects'], ax_args[0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1] == {'label': 'Cumulative Effect'}\n\n date_ = datetime.strptime(ci.pre_period[1], \"%Y%m%d\")\n date_ = Timestamp(date_.strftime(\"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S\"))\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(date_, c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['post_cum_effects'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['post_cum_effects_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['post_cum_effects_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.axhline.assert_called_with(y=0, color='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_cumulative_panel_date_index_no_freq(date_rand_data, pre_str_period,\n post_str_period, monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(date_rand_data, pre_str_period, post_str_period)\n dd = date_rand_data.copy()\n dd.drop(dd.index[10:20])\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['cumulative'])\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(15, 12))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(1, 1, 1, sharex=ax_mock)\n ax_args = ax_mock.plot.call_args\n\n llb = ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn\n inferences = ci.inferences.iloc[llb:, :]\n\n assert_array_equal(inferences['post_cum_effects'], ax_args[0][0])\n assert ax_args[0][1] == 'b--'\n assert ax_args[1] == {'label': 'Cumulative Effect'}\n\n date_ = datetime.strptime(ci.post_period[0], \"%Y%m%d\")\n date_ = date_ + timedelta(days=-1)\n date_ = Timestamp(date_.strftime(\"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S\"))\n ax_mock.axvline.assert_called_with(date_, c='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_args = ax_mock.fill_between.call_args_list[0]\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][0], inferences['post_cum_effects'].index)\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][1], inferences['post_cum_effects_lower'])\n assert_array_equal(ax_args[0][2], inferences['post_cum_effects_upper'])\n assert ax_args[1] == {'facecolor': 'blue', 'interpolate': True, 'alpha': 0.25}\n\n ax_mock.axhline.assert_called_with(y=0, color='k', linestyle='--')\n\n ax_mock.grid.assert_called_with(True, linestyle='--')\n ax_mock.legend.assert_called()\n\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_multi_panels(rand_data, pre_int_period, post_int_period, monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(rand_data, pre_int_period, post_int_period)\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n ax_mock.get_xticklabels.return_value = 'xticklabels'\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci.plot(panels=['original', 'pointwise'], figsize=(10, 10))\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(10, 10))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(2, 1, 1)\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(2, 1, 2, sharex=ax_mock)\n plotter_mock.setp.assert_called_once_with('xticklabels', visible=False)\n assert ax_mock.plot.call_count == 3\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n\n ax_mock.reset_mock()\n plot_mock.reset_mock()\n plot_mock.reset_mock()\n\n ci.plot(panels=['original', 'cumulative'], figsize=(10, 10))\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(10, 10))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(2, 1, 1)\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(2, 1, 2, sharex=ax_mock)\n plotter_mock.setp.assert_called_once_with('xticklabels', visible=False)\n assert ax_mock.plot.call_count == 3\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n\n ax_mock.reset_mock()\n plot_mock.reset_mock()\n plot_mock.reset_mock()\n\n ci.plot(panels=['pointwise', 'cumulative'], figsize=(10, 10))\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(10, 10))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(2, 1, 1, sharex=ax_mock)\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(2, 1, 2, sharex=ax_mock)\n plotter_mock.setp.assert_called_once_with('xticklabels', visible=False)\n assert ax_mock.plot.call_count == 2\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n\n ax_mock.reset_mock()\n plot_mock.reset_mock()\n plot_mock.reset_mock()\n\n ci.plot(panels=['pointwise', 'cumulative', 'original'], figsize=(10, 10))\n plot_mock.assert_called_once()\n plotter_mock.figure.assert_called_with(figsize=(10, 10))\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(3, 1, 1)\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(3, 1, 2, sharex=ax_mock)\n plotter_mock.subplot.assert_any_call(3, 1, 3, sharex=ax_mock)\n plotter_mock.setp.assert_called_with('xticklabels', visible=False)\n assert ax_mock.plot.call_count == 4\n plotter_mock.show.assert_called_once()\n fig_mock.text.assert_called_once_with(\n 0.1,\n 0.01,\n ('Note: The first 1 observations were removed due to approximate diffuse '\n 'initialization.'),",
"\n fontsize='large'\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_raises_when_not_initialized(rand_data, pre_int_period, post_int_period,\n monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(rand_data, pre_int_period, post_int_period)\n ci.summary_data = None\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):\n ci.plot()\n\n\ndef test_plot_raises_wrong_input_panel(rand_data, pre_int_period, post_int_period,\n monkeypatch):\n ci = CausalImpact(rand_data, pre_int_period, post_int_period)\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:\n ci.plot(panels=['test'])\n assert str(excinfo.value) == (\n '\"test\" is not a valid panel. ",
"Valid panels are: '\n '\"original\", \"pointwise\", \"cumulative\".'",
"\n )\n\n\ndef test_plot_with_no_llb(rand_data, pre_int_period, post_int_period, monkeypatch):\n ax_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.subplot.return_value = ax_mock\n plot_mock = mock.",
"Mock(return_value=plotter_mock)\n fig_mock = mock.",
"Mock()\n plotter_mock.figure.return_value = fig_mock\n monkeypatch.setattr(plot.",
"Plot, '_get_plotter', plot_mock)\n\n ci = CausalImpact(rand_data, pre_int_period, post_int_period)\n ci.trained_model.filter_results.loglikelihood_burn = 0\n ci.plot()\n fig_mock.text.assert_not_called()\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.000653360562864691,
0.0005865358980372548,
0.0005523215513676405,
0.0005652986001223326,
0.0007267599576152861,
0.0011045407736673951,
0.0017258164007216692,
0.006176105700433254,
0.007641790900379419,
0.002935766940936446,
0.005205625668168068,
0.0019436122383922338,
0.0008333315490745008,
0.006176105700433254,
0.007641790900379419,
0.002935766940936446,
0.005205625668168068,
0.0019436122383922338,
0.0009275409393012524,
0.006176105700433254,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.0020325882360339165,
0.0008837953791953623,
0.006176105700433254,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.00184157385956496,
0.001129617216065526,
0.006176105700433254,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.0020325882360339165,
0.0008027388830669224,
0.006176105700433254,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.0016698804683983326,
0.0008165645413100719,
0.006176105700433254,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.0017308193491771817,
0.0008821405353955925,
0.006176105700433254,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.0017599327256903052,
0.0008252354455180466,
0.006176105700433254,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.0017280294559895992,
0.001210949383676052,
0.006176105700433254,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.0017599327256903052,
0.000807784148491919,
0.006176105700433254,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.002251132857054472,
0.0008233108092099428,
0.006176105700433254,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.00223932066000998,
0.0009088307851925492,
0.006176105700433254,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.0023130211047828197,
0.0008728955872356892,
0.006176105700433254,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.0023130211047828197,
0.0011355862952768803,
0.006176105700433254,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.0019652440678328276,
0.0008207227801904082,
0.005117925815284252,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.010460459627211094,
0.0008631417877040803,
0.002052150433883071,
0.005205625668168068,
0.0008655354613438249,
0.002052150433883071,
0.005205625668168068,
0.0008367849513888359,
0.0005829908768646419,
0.0010066383983939886,
0.006176105700433254,
0.00533330300822854,
0.004351782612502575,
0.01219536829739809,
0.0009804617147892714
] | 0.004681 | 116 |
[
"$149.00\n\nSOLD OUT\n\nThe Lemmy II Motörhead Rock Iconz statue is a limited-edition collectible. ",
"Created by KnuckleBonz, this statue of Lemmy is hand-painted and numbered and come with a certificate of authenticity printed on the base of each collectible statue. ",
"Only 3000 are created.",
"\n\nIn this collectible, Lemmy is depicted singing up into his microphone in an iconic stance. ",
"The statue stands approximately 9” tall and is officially licensed through Motörhead. ",
"KnuckleBonz creates hi-end music collectibles that feature the most legendary and highly influential artists in rock music."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0012075601844117045,
0.0010278383269906044,
0.0008602520683780313,
0.0008332263678312302,
0.0008985097520053387,
0.0015900802100077271
] | 0.00107 | 6 |
[
"According to prolific GTA tipster, Funmw2 aka @TezFunz2, the forthcoming DLC will be released as part of the Christmas update along the lines of Lowriders DLC which included necessary game content for the Halloween update. ",
"The tipster also suggests the idea of adding a new Slasher adversary mode in North Yankton with the release of Lowriders 2 aka Christmas update.",
"\n\nWith the recent leaks, R* might create another update for christmas.. A new Slasher adversary mode in North yankton would be great !",
"\n\nRockstar is expected to turn on the Tunables feature for unlocking the hidden content for the next DLC sometime after releasing the second instalment of Lowiders update. ",
"In other words, we could see the integration of two DLCs into one update as was the case with Halloween game files being included with the Lowrider DLC.",
"\n\nMoving on to the most probable release dates for the Lowriders 2 update, Ross hints at an early or mid-December release. ",
"The Festive Surprise 3.0 aka Christmas DLC is expected to release soon after the second DLC release for Lowriders, which is likely to introduce a couple of new cars, masks and T-Shirts along with a bunch of new feature additions such as Snow, Christmas tree and tunable or customisable apartments in GTA Online.",
"\n\nRoss concludes that Rockstar will not only save time and resources by merging two DLCs into one, it will also enable the game maker to unleash more DLC content in short time and with lesser effort."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0007676617242395878,
0.0007954145548865199,
0.0017792984144762158,
0.0008155914256349206,
0.000608841422945261,
0.00056626764126122,
0.0006667131092399359,
0.0008334543090313673
] | 0.000854 | 8 |
[
"A common method to kinetically resolve alcohols is by acylation, either enzymatic or non-enzymatic[@b1]. ",
"Conversely, non-enzymatic kinetic resolution through catalytic alcohol silylation had been unknown until a decade ago ([Fig. ",
"1a](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"})[@b2][@b3][@b4]. ",
"Part of the attractiveness of this transformation lies in rendering an often-used alcohol protection enantioselective. ",
"The 'obvious\\' strategy of achieving this goal is by the design of chiral imidazole-based catalysts for chlorosilane activation, that is, an asymmetric version of the original Corey--Venkateswarlu protocol[@b5]. ",
"It was Hoveyda and Snapper[@b6][@b7][@b8][@b9][@b10] and, later, Tan[@b11][@b12][@b13][@b14][@b15] to introduce such catalysts that enable the kinetic resolution[@b7][@b9][@b12][@b15] and, likewise, desymmetrization[@b6][@b8][@b10][@b11][@b13][@b14] of 1,2-diol motifs but not monools (Strategy 1). ",
"Inspired by an early contribution by Ishikawa[@b16], Wiskur used isourea-based catalysts to kinetically resolve cyclic monools with decent success (Strategy 1 and [Fig. ",
"1b](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"})[@b17][@b18][@b19][@b20][@b21]. ",
"Just recently, Song[@b22] presented a broadly applicable solution to the long-standing challenge of resolving simple alcohols, typically 1-phenylethan-1-ol derivatives, by Brønsted-acid catalysis (Strategy 2 and [Fig. ",
"1b](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Desymmetrization of selected 1,2-diols was also demonstrated[@b22][@b23].",
"\n\nOur laboratory had approached the problem from a different angle. ",
"We had used Cu--H catalysis to couple alcohols and hydrosilanes with release of dihydrogen (Strategy 3 and [Fig. ",
"2a](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"})[@b24][@b25]. ",
"The resulting silyl ether is usually considered waste in the catalytic generation of copper(I) hydride-reducing agents. ",
"At that time, we had chosen the dehydrogenative Si--O coupling because it allowed us to employ silicon-stereogenic hydrosilanes as resolving reagents ([Fig. ",
"2b](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Unlike chlorosilanes, these react without racemization with hydroxy groups. ",
"By this, we accomplished the reagent-controlled kinetic resolution of alcohols with an achiral monodentate phosphine ligand at the copper(I) atom[@b26][@b27][@b28][@b29][@b30]. ",
"We were later able to turn this kinetic resolution into a catalyst-controlled process with a chiral monodentate ligand and achiral hydrosilanes[@b31]. ",
"However, both transformations required alcohols with pending donors (TS1 and TS2, [Fig. ",
"2c](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), making two-point binding of the substrate the salient feature of these coupling reactions. ",
"All subsequent attempts to extend this methodology to monools had failed for years[@b32][@b33] until we discovered that a chiral bidentate ligand together with trialkylsilanes having long aliphatic chains lead to high selectivity factors (TS3, [Fig. ",
"2c](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"We disclose here the Cu--H-catalysed enantioselective silylation of structurally non-biased alcohols, including synthetically useful allylic alcohols, with both a commercially available catalyst and hydrosilane.",
"\n\nResults\n=======\n\nCatalyst identification and optimization\n----------------------------------------\n\nAn extensive screening of chiral ligands finally culminated in the identification of commercial (*R*,*R*)-Ph-BPE \\[**L1**, 1,2-bis((2*R*,5*R*)-2,5-diphenylphospholano)ethane\\] as a superior ligand in the catalytic asymmetric Si--O coupling of 1-phenylethan-1-ol and structurally related congeners (see [Supplementary Table 1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} for the complete ligand survey)[@b32][@b34][@b35][@b36][@b37]. ",
"Systematic variation of the copper(I) source, base and solvent did not reveal any evidence of a trend, and these data are collected in [Supplementary Tables 2--4](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ",
"The CuCl--NaO^*t*^Bu system in toluene was subsequently used in the further optimization of the model reaction **1a**→**3a**/**1a** ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"The selectivity factor was low with Ph~3~SiH (**2a**, *s*=2.96, entry 1) but at least moderate with MePh~2~SiH and Me~2~PhSiH (**2b**, *s*=5.52, entry 2 and **2c**, *s*=6.33, entry 3). ",
"However, any steric and electronic modification of the aryl groups in these diarylmethyl- and aryldimethylsilanes had little effect (*s*≈5 and *s*≈6, respectively), if at all resulting in less reactive hydrosilanes (see [Supplementary Table 5](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} for the collection of tested hydrosilanes). ",
"We then found that linear alkyl substituents instead of the methyl group(s) dramatically improved the selectivity factor, reaching promising *s* values of 10.0 with **2d** (entry 4) and 10.6 with **2e** (entry 5). ",
"This prompted us to (re-)investigate trialkylsilanes as coupling partners. ",
"We had initially excluded these from the present study because of their lack of reactivity in our earlier catalyst-controlled kinetic resolution of donor-functionalized alcohols[@b31]. ",
"To our delight, trialkylsilanes **2f**--**2i** consistently yielded selectivity factors above 10 (entries 6--9), and the best value was obtained for **2h** with *n*-butyl groups (*s*=14.3, entry 8). ",
"Branching close to the silicon atom as in **2j**--**2l** was detrimental (entries 10--12), and *tert*-butyl substituents were generally not accepted (not shown). ",
"Bn~3~SiH performed also well (**2m**, *s*=11.6, entry 13) but was inferior to ^*n*^Bu~3~SiH (**2h**, cf. ",
"entry 8). ",
"Reactions were routinely run for 18 h to achieve synthetically useful conversions. ",
"To boost the reactivity[@b28], we tested cyclic and, hence, more Lewis-acidic hydrosilane **2n** but the enormous reactivity gain was at the expense of selectivity (*s*=3.51, entry 14). ",
"Also, alkoxy-substituted hydrosilanes, such as (EtO)~3~SiH (**2o**), reacted rapidly yet without any asymmetric induction (entry 15). ",
"Cognate ligands (*S*,*S*)-Me-BPE (**L2**) and (*R*,*R*)-^*i*^Pr-BPE (**L3**) with different R groups either led to a catalytically inactive copper(I) complex (entry 16) or a clearly lower *s* value (entry 17) with ^*n*^Bu~3~SiH (**2h**) (cf. ",
"entry 8).",
"\n\nScope and limitations\n---------------------\n\nWe continued by exploring the substrate scope with this readily accessible catalytic set-up (CuCl/**L1**--NaO^*t*^Bu and ^*n*^Bu~3~SiH, [Figs 3](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [4](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"An analysis of the steric effects in 1-phenylethan-1-ol derivatives showed that monosubstitution of the aryl group in any of the three available positions with methyl groups is not significantly influencing the reaction outcome; selectivity factors for **1b**--**e** were in the same range, just slightly better in the case of the *ortho*-substituted substrate ([Fig. ",
"3b](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Additional methyl substitution as in **1f** and **1g** generally had little effect but selectivity factors increased substantially with CF~3~ (as in **1h**) or OMe (as in **1i**) instead of the methyl groups. ",
"The substituent effect was dramatic for substrates with both *ortho* positions occupied; selectivity factors for **1j** and **1k** were exceedingly high ([Fig. ",
"3b](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"When increasing the size of the alkyl group at the carbinol carbon atom, Me (**1a**/**1b**)\\<Et (**1l**)\\<Bn (**1m**)\\<^*i*^Pr (**1n**), the selectivity factor collapses (12.2/14.6\\>11.6\\>9.93\\>\\>3.00) while maintaining sufficient reactivity; this effect is also seen for mesityl-substituted **1o** but 81.4 is still an excellent *s* value (highlighted by grey ovals, [Fig. ",
"3b](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Both β- and α-naphthyl-substituted derivatives **1p** and **1q** fit into the observed selectivity pattern ([Fig. ",
"3b](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The selectivity factors for the acyclic benzylic alcohols **1a**--**q** were uniformly lower than those obtained with Song\\'s Brønsted-acid catalyst (Strategy 2, [Fig. ",
"1](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"})[@b22]. ",
"Conversely, cyclic substrates **1r**--**w** not reported by Song[@b22] afforded synthetically valuable selectivity factors independent of the ring size, **1r**--**t**, and with excellent functional-group tolerance, **1u**--**w** ([Fig. ",
"3c](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Our results compare favourably with those described by Wiskur for the same class of compounds using chlorosilanes (Strategy 1, [Fig. ",
"1](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"})[@b17].",
"\n\nWe also investigated the resolution of isomerically pure 2-phenylcyclohexan-1-ols *trans*-**4** and *cis*-**4** with reasonable success ([Fig. ",
"3d](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Various types of these compounds had been subject of a dedicated study by Wiskur (Strategy 1, [Fig. ",
"1](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"})[@b21], and Wiskur found that, from an isomeric mixture of **4**, the isourea-based catalyst preferentially selects the *trans* over the *cis* relative configuration in the kinetic resolution of **4**. ",
"Our catalytic system showed the same preference in the individual experiments. ",
"Both kinetic resolutions were slow, reaching useful conversion after several days only for *trans*-**4**. ",
"The selectivity factor was markedly higher than that achieved by Wiskur[@b21] (*s*=29.1 versus *s*=10).",
"\n\nWhile both acyclic[@b22] and cyclic[@b17] benzylic alcohols had been resolved by other catalytic methods before, just one example of an acyclic allylic alcohol, (*E*)-1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-ol, was described[@b22]. ",
"Allylic alcohols are however ubiquitous synthetic building blocks and, as such, particularly attractive substrates. ",
"Without making any changes to our catalytic set-up, allylic alcohols were equally amenable to this enantioselective alcohol silylation but underwent competing partial alkene reduction[@b38]. ",
"This issue was overcome by the substoichiometric addition of a sacrificial, more reactive alkene, styrene[@b39][@b40] ([Fig. ",
"4a](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"With this measure, representative allylic alcohols **6a**--**d** were resolved with excellent selectivity factors ([Fig. ",
"4b](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Cyclic systems with exo- and endocyclic double bonds, **6e** and **6f** as well as **8**, participated in this kinetic resolution with superb efficiency (*s*\\>55, [Fig. ",
"4c](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The functional-group tolerance was expanded further by a vinylic bromide (as in **6c**). ",
"For comparison, we subjected purely aliphatic alcohol **10** to the standard protocol, and the selectivity factor (*s*=9.62, [Fig. ",
"4d](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) was lower than those obtained for allylic alcohol **6d** (*s*=14.4, [Fig. ",
"4b](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and benzylic alcohol **1b** (*s*=14.6, [Fig. ",
"3b](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"This indicates that the π system attached to the carbinol carbon atom is important for enantiomer discrimination by the catalyst.",
"\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nWe have disclosed here that the commercially available CuCl/(*R*,*R*)-Ph-BPE--NaO^*t*^Bu catalyst system allows for the kinetic resolution of alcohols by enantioselective Si--O coupling. ",
"The choice of the hydrosilane coupling partner is crucial as high selectivity factors have only been achieved with trialkylsilanes, and commercial ^*n*^Bu~3~SiH was used throughout this study. ",
"This easy-to-apply catalyst--hydrosilane combination kinetically resolves a broad range of structurally unbiased benzylic and allylic alcohols, reaching synthetically useful selectivity factors for cyclic benzylic (*s*≤40.1, [Fig. ",
"3c](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and various allylic alcohols (*s*≤159, [Fig. ",
"4b,c](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"It must be emphasized here that the inaccuracy of the analytical tools to measure conversion and enantiomeric purity leads to imprecise selectivity factors, particularly for *s*\\>50 (refs [@b27], [@b41]). ",
"Hence, the reported values are not exact but rather an approximation of the order of magnitude. ",
"While the present protocol is limited to secondary alcohols, we will now tackle the most difficult class of alcohols in this chemistry, tertiary alcohols[@b28].",
"\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nGeneral\n-------\n\n[Supplementary Figs 1--122](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} for the HPLC traces, [Supplementary Figs 123--256](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} for the NMR spectra and [Supplementary Methods](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} with full experimental details, and the characterization of compounds are given in the [Supplementary Information](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.",
"\n\nData availability\n-----------------\n\nThe authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its [Supplementary Information](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} file.",
"\n\nAdditional information\n======================\n\n**How to cite this article:** Dong, X. *et al*. ",
"Broad-spectrum kinetic resolution of alcohols enabled by Cu--H-catalysed dehydrogenative coupling with hydrosilanes. *",
"Nat. ",
"Commun.* **",
"8,** 15547 doi: 10.1038/ncomms15547 (2017).",
"\n\n**Publisher\\'s note**: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.",
"\n\nSupplementary Material {#S1}\n======================\n\n###### Supplementary Information\n\nSupplementary figures, supplementary tables, supplementary methods and supplementary references.",
"\n\nX.D. thanks the China Scholarship Council for a predoctoral fellowship (2014--2018). ",
"A.W. was in part supported by the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie through a predoctoral fellowship (2008--2010). ",
"M.O. is indebted to the Einstein Foundation (Berlin) for an endowed professorship.",
"\n\nThe authors declare no competing financial interests.",
"\n\n**Author contributions** X.D. and M.O. conceived and designed the experiments and discussed the results. ",
"X.D. performed the experiments and analysed the data, and A.W. contributed to the ligand identification. ",
"M.O. wrote the paper.",
"\n\n{#f1}\n\n{#f2}\n\n{#f3}\n\n{#f4}\n\n###### Optimization of hydrosilane and ligand structures in the catalytic asymmetric Si-O coupling.",
"\n\n![](",
"ncomms15547-t1)\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | [
0.0006929159862920642,
0.0006102118641138077,
0.0007065018871799111,
0.0007839230820536613,
0.000688543077558279,
0.0008128444314934313,
0.0005923990975134075,
0.0006954133859835565,
0.0006006374023854733,
0.0006176457973197103,
0.000668846070766449,
0.0005987646873109043,
0.0008699403842911124,
0.0006804661243222654,
0.009408686310052872,
0.0007011683192104101,
0.0006480328738689423,
0.0012922172900289297,
0.000691507535520941,
0.0005894211353734136,
0.0005802169907838106,
0.0005719842156395316,
0.0006931104580871761,
0.0006538432789966464,
0.0007760548614896834,
0.0006639893399551511,
0.0005477058002725244,
0.0007058362825773656,
0.0008846134296618402,
0.0006398957339115441,
0.000663415587041527,
0.0006154364091344178,
0.0005461442051455379,
0.002983696758747101,
0.000656061340123415,
0.004998123273253441,
0.0007167519652284682,
0.0006512697436846793,
0.0006272096070460975,
0.0007697175606153905,
0.002772719832137227,
0.0007167519652284682,
0.0013398253358900547,
0.00071069406112656,
0.0006514840060845017,
0.0012928692158311605,
0.0011178889544680715,
0.0006514840060845017,
0.0008333438308909535,
0.0006514840060845017,
0.0006725220009684563,
0.0006514840060845017,
0.0008747339597903192,
0.0006532412371598184,
0.0006968001835048199,
0.0006578978500328958,
0.0006604238878935575,
0.0006501677562482655,
0.0007400019094347954,
0.0006396649987436831,
0.0006238552159629762,
0.0005930702318437397,
0.0005638531874865294,
0.0007487136754207313,
0.000628841866273433,
0.0007178378291428089,
0.0007890455890446901,
0.0007864269427955151,
0.0017562654102221131,
0.0006316930521279573,
0.00059180345851928,
0.0006513414555229247,
0.000759021146222949,
0.0006569858524017036,
0.0006436205585487187,
0.0007100130314938724,
0.0010163539554923773,
0.0012256474001333117,
0.0006514840060845017,
0.0006434182287193835,
0.0006844136514700949,
0.0006600772030651569,
0.0006318679661490023,
0.0007035012822598219,
0.000669275876134634,
0.0005636589485220611,
0.0006148606771603227,
0.0005939331604167819,
0.0005975355161353946,
0.0005903116543777287,
0.0007683160365559161,
0.0007329495856538415,
0.0010318151907995343,
0.0013925039675086737,
0.000763501797337085,
0.0005859073135070503,
0.0007060034549795091,
0.000539971690159291,
0.0005945479497313499,
0.0005518452962860465,
0.000607431516982615,
0.0005989681812934577,
0.0005853206384927034,
0.0006606794777326286,
0.0019055769080296159,
0.0008368139970116317,
0.0006286989082582295,
0.0006633946904912591,
0.0008390924776904285,
0.0007558455690741539,
0.0007868882967159152,
0.0009313966729678214,
0.002194877015426755,
0.0031996897887438536,
0.0016948370030149817,
0.0007010290864855051,
0.0008659166633151472,
0.0010184581624343991,
0.0007708280463702977,
0.0012735376367345452,
0.0007707428303547204
] | 0.000927 | 121 |
[
"A cruise company has said that one of its liners was shot at and rammed by a Venezuelan navy vessel, which ended up sinking after the clash in the Caribbean.",
"\n\nVenezuelan President Nicolás Maduro accused the captain of the RCGS Resolute cruise ship, which sails under a Portuguese flag, of “terrorism and piracy” by deliberating ramming the offshore patrol vessel.",
"\n\nThe bizarre incident occurred a day before President Donald Trump announced he was deploying more US Navy warships and aircraft to the Caribbean to stop “corrupt actors” like President Maduro exploiting the coronavirus pandemic to smuggle narcotics.",
"\n\nAccording to the Hamburg-based Columbia Cruise Services (CCS), the Resolute was idling in international waters off the uninhabited Venezuelan island of La Tortuga, with the 32-member crew performing maintenance work and no passengers on board.",
"\n\nThe CCS says the Venezuelan Naiguatá patrol vessel approached after midnight, radioing the captain to question the Resolute’s presence and ordering him to sail to Puerto Moreno on the island of Margarita.",
"\n\nThe statement says the Resolute’s captain asked for confirmation of the order as Margarita constituted a major deviation from the cruise ship’s planned route towards Curaçao.",
"\n\nCCS says that at this point “gun shots were fired and, shortly thereafter, the navy vessel approached the starboard side […] and purposely collided with the RCGS Resolute”.",
"\n\nThe company’s version is that Resolute’s “ice-strengthened bulbous bow” resisted the navy vessel’s ramming to the point that the latter’s hull was damaged, but Venezuela’s president insisted the cruise ship had been the aggressor.",
"\n\nAccording to Caracas, the 44 crew on board the Naiguatá patrol vessel were saved by Venezuelan rescue services in the early hours of Tuesday morning.",
"\n\nCCS claimed its offers to help were not accepted.",
"\n\n“The Portuguese vessel that rammed ours is eight times bigger,” Mr Maduro said.",
"\n\n“It is as if a heavyweight boxer grabbed hold of a boy learning to box and hit him.”",
"\n\nThe incident was described as “unfortunate” by Portugal’s foreign minister, Augusto Santos Silva, after Venezuela registered a complaint with Portugal’s embassy in Caracas.",
"\n\nRelations have been strained between Lisbon and Caracas recently, after Venezuela suspended TAP Air Portugal flights in February after accusing the uncle of opposition leader Juan Guaído of transporting explosives into the country on a TAP flight."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0006965810898691416,
0.0012669904390349984,
0.0008016832289285958,
0.0007137606153264642,
0.0007123425020836294,
0.0006770022446289659,
0.000866411835886538,
0.001438594190403819,
0.0006218143389560282,
0.0006396103999577463,
0.0010642051929607987,
0.018983706831932068,
0.0006589711410924792,
0.0005712549900636077
] | 0.002122 | 14 |
[
"Cathedral of St. Bartholomew (Plzeň)\n\nThe cathedral of St. Bartholomew (originally the church of St. Bartholomew) is a Gothic church located on the Main Square in Plzeň, Czech Republic. ",
"It was probably established together with the city around the year 1295. ",
"The church became a cathedral in 1993, when the Pilsner diocese was created. ",
"It was included on the list of National cultural monuments of the Czech Republic in 1995.",
"\n\nThe History of the church/cathedral\nThe church of St. Bartholomew was established probably simultaneously with the city of Plzen around the year 1295. ",
"Originally, it was only an affiliated branch of the Church of All Saints in Malice, which is a part of the Roudná neighbourhood (Roudná is a part of the statutory city of Pilsen and is located in the northern neighborhood in the middle of the city in the urban district Pilsen, Czech Republic). ",
"The patron of both churches was the Czech king; in 1310 the king Henry of Bohemia (1265-1335) bestowed the patronal right upon the Teutonic Order. ",
"However, the same year, the king was banished from the Czech country and the Order didn't dare to take hold of their right. ",
"The Teutonic Order finally enforced this right from John of Bohemia (1296-1346) in 1322. ",
"However, next problem arose with the conflict over a presbytery with the Church of All Saints, resulting in favour of the Teutonic Order in 1342. ",
"The takeover of the clergy houses therefore probably became the motive for the initiation of the church construction. ",
"The Teutonic Order remained its patron until 1546, when the city of Pilsen got the abovementioned patronal right. ",
"The Diecese of Pilsner was established by John Paul II on 31 May 1993, and then the parish church became a cathedral, the urban church of the bishop.",
"\n\nThe Origin of the church\nThe exact date of the start of its construction is not known, but the oldest extant allusion comes from the year 1307, when the townsman Wolfram Zwinillinger bequeathed the malt and drying factory to St. Bartholomew with the condition of serving a church mass on behalf of his soul. ",
"Therefore, it could be estimated that the church could have been established approximately around the same year as the city of Pilsner - shortly after 1295. ",
"However, it is not known where it stood. ",
"The placement of the church on a public market place was a very unusual solution. ",
"The construction of the church started with the presbytery after 1342. ",
"The presbytery seems shorter in comparison to usual proportions of a typical presbytery. ",
"This is caused by its partial destruction during the construction of the nave and side aisles. ",
"The presbytery reached up to the first pair of pillars in the nave and therefore the size of the presbytery had to be adjusted. ",
"The pillars were supposed to be shorter, which was changed after the 1360s, mainly because the presbytery was enlarged.",
"\nThe main nave and side aisles were being constructed since approximately 1375. ",
"First, the double-tower frontage was established and then it continued towards the already standing presbytery. ",
"The plan was to build two towers, the northern and the southern, out of which the southern was never finished.",
"\nThe sacristy was constructed on the northern side of the presbytery together with the tower. ",
"The walls of the nave and side aisles were fully built until the beginning of the Hussite Wars (around the 1420s). ",
"The height of the northern tower did not exceed the height of the cornice. ",
"The church was roofed only with a frame shaped into a tall tent roof, with a tower for smaller bells. ",
"This enabled the usage of the church even before it was finished.",
"\n\nThe Era after Hussite Wars\nThe construction of the church continued after the Hussite Wars. ",
"The side portals were built up at the beginning of the 15th century. ",
"After 1476, the nave and side aisles were roofed with net vaults on circular supports. ",
"The architect, who was probably Mister Erhard Bauer from Eichstätt (15. ",
"Century in Eichstätt - 1493) changed the original plan because the pillars were designed to be cornered. ",
"At this time, the construction of the southern tower was already being dropped out, because it was against the aesthetic opinions of the era. ",
"Subsequently, the nave and side aisles were roofed with a tented roof, culminating into a small tower, which was just a little smaller than the future northern tower (it was still under construction at the time).",
"\nThe Sternberg Chapel, an important part of the church, was added to the southern part of the presbytery in the 1470s and 1480s. ",
"It was supposed to serve as a funerary chapel of the family. ",
"The author was Hans Spiess (died 1503), working for the king Vladislav II. ",
"on a close castle Krivoklat at the time. ",
"In 1472 (1220 - 1287) was buried in the church, probably in the just finished chapel. ",
"In the same year, the ante-room was added to the southern portal with the details of the decoration consistent with the decoration of the chapel.",
"\nA vast fire destroyed Plzen in 1525 and the roof frame of the church burned down. ",
"Subsequently, in 1528, the tent roof was replaced with a saddle roof, which remained until today. ",
"The northern ante-room was added in first third of the 16th century, in a little less decorative manner than the Sternberg Chapel and southern ante-room. ",
"The Renaissance dormers were built in 1580.",
"\n\n18th century until today\n\n19th century\nIn the second half of the 18th century, the organ-loft was extended. ",
"On February 6, 1835, a thunderbolt caused a fire on the northern tower. ",
"Two years later, the tower was newly roofed under the supervision of the builder Frantisek Filous (*1799-1869) – it was only a simplified copy of the original post-gothic roof.",
"\nIn 1870, as a result of a windstorm, the eastern gable fell down onto the presbytery and the Sternberg Chapel - it threw off the dome together with the keystone. ",
"The reconstruction lead the architect Josef Mocker (1835-1899) in 1879-1883 – he was a specialist for the purist reconstructions and influenced Czech gothic purism with his work in the 2nd half of the 19th century. ",
"Beside the repair of the presbytery vault, he replaced the main old baroque altar with a new one, designed by himself, which was typical for the era. ",
"He removed old renaissance dormers from the roofs and more than 24 mostly baroque altars from the interior.",
"\n\n20th century\nIn 1914 – 1920 a vast restoration of the church and the Sternberg Chapel took place under supervision of the architect Kamil Hilbert (1869-1933), who was also responsible for finishing the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague. ",
"The last reconstruction of the church up till now happened in 1987. ",
"The project for static securing of the church and the tower and also the repair of the roof cloak was made by the architect Šantavý.",
"\n\nThe Location and Architectural Description of the Cathedral\n\nThe Location\nThe church is located on the northern side of the square, which is quite an unusual placing with regard to the era. ",
"In most of the planned established cities (not only in the western Czech Republic) the church was placed outside the square, next to the city rampart. ",
"The main reason for this was a much calmer and quieter atmosphere than the city market.",
"\n\nArchitectural Description\n\nGeneral Description\nThe temple is designed as a hall church with main nave and two side aisles, with four bays and a two-tower bays on the western side. ",
"On the west is located the presbytery with two dome bays, closed on a polygonal with five sides of a dodecagon. ",
"The church is accessible with the main entrance in the western frontage, and with two side entrances with ante-rooms on the northern and southern side of the church. ",
"The sacristy is connected to the presbytery on the north, together with a palatal depository. ",
"On the southern side from the presbytery is situated the Sternberg Chapel.",
"\nThe cathedral is 58 m long, 30 m wide and 25 m tall. ",
"The church tower is 103 m tall and it is the tallest church tower in the Czech Republic.",
"\n\nExterior\nThe lining materials of the cathedral are hewn sandstone blocks, originating from the stone quarries to the north from the historical core. ",
"The masonry is encircled by a plinth around the whole perimeter and ends with a moulding in the upper part.",
"\nThe western frontage was originally established as a two-tower one. ",
"The towers were supposed to be supported by vigorous pillars, reaching up to the cornices of both towers. ",
"Ultimately, this happened only on the realized northern tower. ",
"In case of the unfinished southern tower, the pillars are ending right under the cornice carrying the roof, in contrast to the supporting pillars of the walls, which are terminating a little lower. ",
"In the floor plan, the pillars are graduated once, in the height of 16 m. On the southern tower are represented the same palatal cornices found on the northern tower. ",
"The ground windows are pointed and windows in the upper floors are rectangular. ",
"The windows next to the bell stool are again pointed. ",
"Above them, the clock is located.",
"\n\nIn the middle part of the western frontage is located a Gothic spiky portal with a glass tympanum, the outer archivolt of the portal is encircled by crockets, culminating in a finial. ",
"The linings of the portal were used for placing the statues of Virgin Mary and John the Evangelist, who together with Christ on the cross created the group “Crucifixion”. ",
"Between the portal and the floor cornice is located the niche with the baroque statue of the Saint Bartholomew. ",
"Above the portal there is a pointed window with a neo-gothic tracery. ",
"The simple gable on the middle nave can also be included into the western frontage.",
"\n\nOn the side frontages, northern and southern, we can find only slight differences – they are very similar to the other frontages. ",
"On the western corner, there are supporting pillars of the tower and the frontages are then divided into five fields by other pillars. ",
"The first field next to the western corner is solved in the same manner as the western two-tower frontage. ",
"The other fields contain pointed windows, which are divided into four parts in the second and fifth field, similar for both frontages. ",
"In the third field on the southern side there is a seven-part window. ",
"On the northern side, there is a six-part window. ",
"In the fourth field, the number of parts is again different – on the south the window is a four-part one, on the north a two-part one. ",
"In the linings of all the windows we can find deep cavettos. ",
"The traceries are mostly Rayonnant, Spherical and Cloverleafed.",
"\n\nAlthough the side portals are nowadays located in the interior of the ante-rooms, they were originally designed as the parts of the frontage, and that is why it is important to describe them together with the frontages. ",
"The southern portal is richer than the northern one, because it used to be opened into a greater area of the square. ",
"Therefore, the decorativeness of this part was much more important. ",
"The individual rods of the pointed lining jut out of small plinths. ",
"The lining continuously continues into a square bordering. ",
"Crocket is used as a decoration for both archivolts and the bordering. ",
"The northern portal is designed in a very similar manner.",
"\n\nBoth portals were provided with ante-rooms between 15th and 16th century. ",
"The ante-room in the southern part of the church has a pentagonal floor-plan with a pinnacle on the corner, decorated with an effigy on the bottom (probably the self-portrait of the builder Hans Spiess). ",
"The visitor enters the ante room through two pointed portals with linings shaped into torus and cavettos. ",
"Above the square door openings there are lintels. ",
"On the walls of the ante-room there is a segmentation similar to the one used on the Sternberg Chapel. ",
"The ante-room on the northern side has a rectangular floor plan reaching slightly over the border of the pillars. ",
"The entrances have profiled linings, whose rods jut out of plinths. ",
"Above the cornice there is an attic, whose battlement shape enables water runoff. ",
"The ante-room is roofed with a shed roof with a gable dormer.",
"\n\nThe presbytery of the church is quite small in comparison to the size of the church. ",
"Its masonry is encircled by a plinth culminating into a window-sill cornice. ",
"The windows of the presbytery are divided into two parts, except for the axial window, which is a three-part one. ",
"Their traceries are quite similar, the main motif is a spherical triangle, for example in case of the middle window decorated with double or triple leaves. ",
"Two windows on the north and one window on the south are walled. ",
"In case of the southern window, this happened due to the adjustment of the connection of the presbytery with the nave, which was extended beyond the original plan. ",
"The pillars of the presbytery are smaller than pillars in the other parts of the cathedral. ",
"They are triple and the shed roofs on the tops have little gables. ",
"We can see decorations in shape of shields with German knight's signs on them.",
"\n\nThe northern part of the presbytery is connected to a sacristy with the multi-storey depository. ",
"It is covered with a shed roof, the parts are divided by a window-sill cornice. ",
"In the corner between the nave and the presbytery there is a tube coming out of the sacristy, with a spiral staircase inside leading to an attic above the presbytery. ",
"The windows on the northern side are not placed above each other, and the reason for this is a different solution for the vaults in the interior. ",
"The outer entrance is decorated with a small portico in neo-gothic style. ",
"On the eastern side there is a two-part pointed window for each of the two floors.",
"\n\nThere is the Sternberg Chapel on the southern side of the presbytery, closed with three sides. ",
"In the corners there are supporting pillars, and between them, in each of the three fields are placed windows. ",
"Above the window-sill cornice, the pillars are decorated with triangular gables culminating in pinnacles. ",
"The traceries of the windows have similar Rayonnant motives. ",
"The chapel is covered with a hipped roof.",
"\n\nInterior\n\nThe presbytery is sectionalized by linear pear-shaped beam supports continuously merging into a baldachin vault. ",
"The entrance into the presbytery is provided with an arch of triumph, taller than the presbytery itself. ",
"The difference of heights is solved with a plane with representation of Jesus Christ as the judge at the Last Judgement. ",
"Into the sacristy and chapel lead two neo-gothic portals with linings shaped into pointed arch with crockets on the outer part and finial on the top. ",
"The vaults are decorated with paintings by Karl Jobst from 1883.",
"\n\nThe planned double-tower frontage is represented in the interior by massive pillars with cross profiles, turned into the main nave with pointed half-pillars. ",
"The vault under the southern tower is solved with a simple four-pointed star with middle cross ribs. ",
"The entrance space is vaulted with a four-pointed star vault complemented with a diagonal cross with pear-shaped supports.",
"\n\nThe inner space of the naves is encircled with a window-sill cornice around the perimeter, which continue into cylindrical supports with cantilevers on top. ",
"From there on, vault supports are passing up. ",
"In the southern aisle on the eastern wall, there is the pointed entrance portal into the Sternberg Chapel. ",
"The windows along the aisles, four on every side of the church, have a distinctive cylindrical profile in the linings.",
"\n\nThe vault of the nave is supported with cylindrical pillars standing on a circular plinth. ",
"There are probably located the foundations of the original pillars with square profiles under these pillars, similar to the shape of the arch of triumph's supports’ feet, suggesting the same architectural concept. ",
"The pillars under the tower also show a later change of the vaulting plan, since the jugs of the vault ribs show the original plan of using the cross vault. ",
"They use a tracery vault, therefore these ribs had to be additionally turned and duplicated.",
"\n\nOn the western side of the aisles in the space between the towers id located a church-gallery, in the height of approximately 8 m. By the end of the 16th century it was enlarged with the help of the vault bars supported with cross pillars. ",
"Other adjustments were then made in the 1760s, when the church-gallery was extended into the space of the nave.",
"\n\nThe sacristy is located on the ground floor, in the area of the extension to the northern part of the presbytery. ",
"It has a rectangular floor plan and includes two fields of vaulting. ",
"In the bigger field there is a star net vault, in the smaller there is a simple cross vault. ",
"The vault ribs have a similar pear-shaped profile. ",
"In the south-western corner of the sacristy there is a spiral staircase, leading to the depository above the sacristy.",
"\n\nThe depository originally functioned as an almarium, later as a tracery for the storage of valuable liturgical objects. ",
"The space is vaulted with two fields of cross vaulting. ",
"According to certain inaccuracies, we can tell that they were probably constructed for different spaces. ",
"Into the space of the depository they were inserted additionally. ",
"The ribs have a pear-shaped profile again.",
"\n\nThe staircase continues to the attic space above the presbytery. ",
"According to the contemporary artwork, we can deduce that this part of the staircase was added around the time of reconstructions in 1879-1883, which is also visible on a slight different shape of this staircase than the one leading from the sacristy to the depository.",
"\n\nThe Description of the Decorations\nThe most valuable decoration of the church is the argillite sculpture of the Pilsner Madonna (from around 1390) in the middle of the main pseudo-gothic altar designed by the architect Josef Mocker. ",
"An extraordinary work of gothic woodcraft is also a monumental group of statues \"The Calvary\" from the 1460s. ",
"There is an entrance from the main nave to the late gothic Sternberg Chapel in the right part of the church, where also the Czech Altar is located – an Art Nouveau work of the carver Jan Kastner. ",
"In the church, we can also find colourful stained glass windows, such as the window with Calvary motive by pilsner painter Josef Mandl, or works by other influential artists.",
"\n\nCuriosities\nThe 27th chapel of the holy Saint Vithus Journey from Prague to Boleslav was dedicated to the Pilsen Madonna. ",
"This chapel was founded in the years 1674-1690. ",
"The donator of this chapel was Adolf Vratislav, the imperial count von Sternberg, the highest provincial judge. ",
"On Monday, November 17, 2014 the great tower of the cathedral obtained its bells again, except for one originally molten in the Netherlands for a contribution of a bell maker from Zbraslav, Rudolf Manoušek junior.",
"\n\nThe Sternberg Chapel\nAt the beginning of the 16th century the Sternberg Chapel was added to the already existing Cathedral of St. Bartholomew in Pilsner. ",
"Its construction took place mainly due to certain power-influenced events. ",
"The noble Sternberg family chose this place as the family's eternal rest place.",
"\n\nThe Builders and the Owners\nUnfortunately, the time of beginning of its construction and the name of its builder are unknown. ",
"However, one possible author is considered to be Hans Spiess, who at that time worked for the king Vladislaus II. ",
"in the near castle Křivoklat. ",
"A source from the year 1472 is implying this information, since it says that at the time Jaroslav von Sternberg (son of Ladislav von Sternberg) was buried in the castle – quite possibly in the just finished chapel.",
"\nDue to its architectural details, it is possible to deduce the work of the builder of the Saint Vithus Cathedral, the architect Kamil Hilbert, who supervised the restoration of the church in the years 1914-1920. ",
"He also set the era after the year 1510 as the most probable time of the origin of this monument, which also agrees with former messages about the lives of the Sternberg family in Zelena Hora and broader Pilsner country.",
"\nArt-historical analysis of the chapel also shows that the builder was not the well/known Czech builder Benedikt Rejt; the dimensional curiosities of the chapel rather indicate the neighboring Luzice area. ",
"There, in the city of Zwickau, is located a cathedral built in the same era as the Sternberg Chapel, which shows eye-catching similarities between those two cathedrals. ",
"Therefore, there comes an assumption, that its builder was a man from Luzice. ",
"And because not only Ladislav von Sternberg, but also his predecessors had close relations to Lužice, it is possible, that the chapel builder took hold of a proficient in the area, where he had the best contacts and possibilities.",
"\nThe builder chose for the cathedral a place showing the best conditions. ",
"It is the corner, originating from the meeting of the broad, right nave of the church with the presbytery. ",
"It is turned to a silent and sunny southern part, promising a quiet atmosphere for the eternal rest of the family.",
"\n\nExterior\nThe tall construction of the cathedral dictated the additional building to be slender and – the technical possibilities of the late Gothic were so extensive that it passed this condition very easily. ",
"Massive stone walls were skillfully hidden by the builder by the beginning of the 16th century, so that they receded completely to the background.",
"\nAn unusual decoration of the bottom part is worth noticing – it is “paneled” around its entire width, which means that it is covered with carved Gothic tracery. ",
"Above this part under the windows and around the whole perimeter is located a massive ledge. ",
"From this ledge there are growing triangular pinnacles lying on supporting pillars. ",
"There are four pinnacles for each of the pillars – on the sides is one bigger pinnacle, two smaller in front, which converge at an acute angle. ",
"Large pinnacles are decorated with tracery – one with a circular eight-pointed star – the Sternberg sign. ",
"On the edges and in corners are added to the pillars slender pinnacles.",
"\nIn the uppermost part the pillars slightly recede, the decoration is the same, just a bit simpler. ",
"They do not terminate with pinnacles, but with a skew deck called counter, over which grow to a considerable height massive pinnacles. ",
"They also protrude above the main cornice of the chapel and their weight is helping to increase the resistance of the pillars, into which converge arch ribs of the stone vault.",
"\nOn the southeast wall above the window is located in the left corner stone sign of the Sternberg family in a decorative canopy, also terminating in a pinnacle.",
"\nThe windows are quite wide, decorated with diverse and truly rich traceries with Rayonnant motives and each of them divided by two rods.",
"\nThe roof has not been preserved in its original form. ",
"Before the reconstruction it was only an “emergency” roof – shed roof. ",
"Today, it is a new tent slate roof, which fully applies the slender contour of the chapel. ",
"The rafter construction is mostly cock-lofted, and as for the material, pine wood was used.",
"\n\nInterior\nThe vault of the Sternberg chapel is designed into an eight-pointed star, which was to be found on the shield of the Sternberg family. ",
"7 suspended ribs are coming out of the star. ",
"They are connected deep beneath the vault with a decorative stud with figural motives, where again we can see the Sternberg sign. ",
"The belonging of the chapel was therefore properly emphasized.",
"\nOn the southern wall near the floor tiles are located various niches. ",
"One of them, a wide and doubled one is a so-called sedilia – the seat for the priest. ",
"A wide segmented arched niche to the right was originally closed with a grating and served as a depository of worship utensils. ",
"Similarly narrow, tall and tapered side niche was used for special items – e.g. candles.",
"\nThe original entrance to the chapel was in the north and it was possible to enter directly to the right nave of the church. ",
"In the 18th century there were two altars in the church, one on each side – the altar of St. Barbara and St. Catherine.",
"\nOn the eastern side of the chapel stood the main altar on a stone Gothic-profiled table, still preserved today. ",
"Wooden architecture that was once depicted on it unfortunately disappeared. ",
"Since the beginning of the 17th century, i.e. since the reconstruction of the chapel by Ladislav von Sternberg, there were two other altars next to the main one, which however did not lie on stone tables; they were made fully of wood. ",
"These altars were not built next to the walls, they were touching them on the sides, so that one stood slightly in front of the main altar and next to the northern wall. ",
"Second, inversely, on the opposite side, the right side to the south wall.",
"\nAfter the restoration in the early 17th century the chapel only had painting decoration. ",
"The counting of paintings first occurred in 1765. ",
"At that time, on the epistle side hung Holy Family in black framework and underneath another painting of Our Lady of Sorrows. ",
"On the gospel side (left) was located a large painting of Saint Joseph on his deathbed, next to which stood Jesus and Mary with angels. ",
"At the entrance was hung a painting of Saint Rosalia.",
"\nSince the beginning of the 18th century were in the chapel also stored sculptures used in religious processions. ",
"Next to the main altar were located large sculptures of the Virgin Mary with Jesus and Saint Sebastian the martyr. ",
"Elsewhere are stored statues of the Immaculate Conception, St. Adalbert, bishop and martyr and St. Isidore. ",
"There was also a large sculpture of 12 Apostles, composed of three parts.",
"\nSubstantial parts of the church murals were preserved until today. ",
"They are the Lobkowicz and Sternberg signs with the relevant inscriptions, which decorate the northern wall. ",
"Then there remained several figures of the Saints on the western and southern wall, which show the original dedication of the chapel. ",
"There is the Virgin Mary, St. Vaclav and St. Barbara. ",
"The paintings are life-size, however they are faded and neglected and are waiting for a thorough restoration.",
"\n\nGallery\n\nBibliography\n SOUKUP, Jan. Katedrála svatého Bartoloměje v Plzni. ",
"Plzeň : Agentura David a Jakub s.r.o., ",
"2012. ",
"176 s.\n MENCL, Václav. ",
"Česká architektura doby lucemburské. ",
"Praha 1948\n KOTRBA, Viktor: Architektura. ",
"Katalog architektury. ",
"In: PEŠINA Jaroslav (red.): ",
"České umění gotické 1350-1420. ",
"Praha 1970, s. 56-111.",
"\n POCHE, Emanuel. ",
"Umělecké památky Čech 3. ",
"Praha : Academia, 1980. ",
"540 s.\n LÍBAL, Dobroslav. ",
"Gotická architektura. ",
"In: Dějiny českého výtvarného umění I/1. ",
"Praha 1984, s. 144-215.",
"\n LÍBAL, Dobroslav. ",
"Katalog gotické architektury v České republice do husitských válek. ",
"Praha : Unicornis, 2001.",
"\n LÁBEK, Ladislav. ",
"Šternberská kaple v Plzni. ",
"Plzeň : Kroužek přátel starožistností, 1924. ",
"56 s.\n\nExternal links\n\n History of the cathedral\n http://www.turisturaj.cz/en\n http://eng.katedralaplzen.org\n https://web.archive.org/web/20140709003554/http://photo.czechtourism.com/photo/1792\n\nBartholomew\nCategory:13th-century Roman Catholic church buildings\nCategory:Churches completed in 1295\nCategory:Churches in Plzeň\nCategory:Gothic Revival architecture in the Czech Republic\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Plzeň\nCategory:Tourist attractions in the Plzeň Region\nCategory:National Cultural Monuments of the Czech Republic"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.0007843108614906669,
0.000559935811907053,
0.000612900941632688,
0.0008310790872201324,
0.0005981497815810144,
0.0006985148647800088,
0.0007633853820152581,
0.0008395850309170783,
0.0008246541838161647,
0.0010953189339488745,
0.0006229253485798836,
0.0011150557547807693,
0.0006908982177264988,
0.0010031764395534992,
0.0005920175462961197,
0.0006235743057914078,
0.0006501522148028016,
0.0006227425183169544,
0.0007951637380756438,
0.0006354076904244721,
0.0007881359197199345,
0.0006019755965098739,
0.0006370813935063779,
0.0009520007879473269,
0.000941699487157166,
0.00110224774107337,
0.0010477552423253655,
0.000643543025944382,
0.0006497257854789495,
0.0006807213649153709,
0.0010423408821225166,
0.000582400185521692,
0.0006427933112718165,
0.0007141981623135507,
0.0006816298700869083,
0.0006509297527372837,
0.0005916223744861782,
0.0007394333952106535,
0.0006546931690536439,
0.0006397137185558677,
0.0007243233849294484,
0.0006611248245462775,
0.0006481495802290738,
0.027114108204841614,
0.0006785165751352906,
0.0008291564881801605,
0.0010841380571946502,
0.0007546623819507658,
0.0010297534754499793,
0.0006489902152679861,
0.0006972511764615774,
0.000760087335947901,
0.000690351938828826,
0.0009229857823811471,
0.0005741387140005827,
0.0008109693881124258,
0.0005937729147262871,
0.0005344775854609907,
0.0006343472632579505,
0.0005678260931745172,
0.0006279504159465432,
0.0007852909038774669,
0.0007968784193508327,
0.0008972539217211306,
0.0008217596332542598,
0.0008453263435512781,
0.000892229494638741,
0.0005837270291522145,
0.0006692110910080373,
0.0008348265546374023,
0.0005671572871506214,
0.0006118798046372831,
0.000640206562820822,
0.0005944770528003573,
0.000912051706109196,
0.0009555821307003498,
0.0006893786485306919,
0.00318977702409029,
0.0014417849015444517,
0.0005765776732005179,
0.001023240271024406,
0.0007041713688522577,
0.0006291182362474501,
0.0007190463365986943,
0.0006906892522238195,
0.0007736060651950538,
0.000718889117706567,
0.0007946255500428379,
0.0007161265821196139,
0.0010860669426620007,
0.0006915312842465937,
0.0005994373350404203,
0.0006397871766239405,
0.0005725250812247396,
0.0007724465103819966,
0.0006153800641186535,
0.012873820960521698,
0.0006732582114636898,
0.0005790926516056061,
0.0009531588293612003,
0.001083088805899024,
0.0008221450261771679,
0.0007228542817756534,
0.0006516473367810249,
0.0008531980565749109,
0.0005959501140750945,
0.0028764132875949144,
0.0007138929213397205,
0.0006961848121136427,
0.0008387607522308826,
0.0006749696331098676,
0.0010497096227481961,
0.0006864991155453026,
0.0007258172845467925,
0.001111891120672226,
0.0006171297281980515,
0.000872537144459784,
0.0008004721603356302,
0.001060739392414689,
0.0006325343856588006,
0.0008633359102532268,
0.0007889042608439922,
0.0008617677958682179,
0.0006557576125487685,
0.0006300275563262403,
0.0008056662627495825,
0.0016869916580617428,
0.0006473051616922021,
0.0007877463358454406,
0.0006403218721970916,
0.0018454486271366477,
0.0007096728077158332,
0.0008440670790150762,
0.0005800314829684794,
0.0006330958567559719,
0.0006966610671952367,
0.000562460336368531,
0.0006954945274628699,
0.000653100258205086,
0.000707710103597492,
0.0005654944689013064,
0.0005719836917705834,
0.0005802302621304989,
0.0006933572585694492,
0.0006184988305903971,
0.00095647934358567,
0.0006249719299376011,
0.000598500482738018,
0.000604986387770623,
0.00099076796323061,
0.0006062082829885185,
0.000645716383587569,
0.0005833132308907807,
0.0006481952732428908,
0.0006120821926742792,
0.0006078065489418805,
0.0005606437334790826,
0.0007366387289948761,
0.0006392203504219651,
0.0007228046888485551,
0.0006046284106560051,
0.000805181625764817,
0.000589702045544982,
0.001197216333821416,
0.000619084108620882,
0.0006812912179157138,
0.0005600060103461146,
0.0007809321396052837,
0.0005730559350922704,
0.0005709692486561835,
0.000968251726590097,
0.0006352456985041499,
0.0005259238532744348,
0.0006749372114427388,
0.0006150529370643198,
0.0006040046573616564,
0.000611372641287744,
0.0005612580571323633,
0.0005395279731601477,
0.0009557033190503716,
0.0007219100371003151,
0.0005827719578519464,
0.0005998219130560756,
0.0007477392791770399,
0.0006836981629021466,
0.0006405123276636004,
0.0006451682420447469,
0.000970359134953469,
0.0005744252703152597,
0.0006014852551743388,
0.0010707102483138442,
0.0006450468208640814,
0.000653472903650254,
0.0008357386686839163,
0.0007505660760216415,
0.0011564051965251565,
0.0006589580443687737,
0.005589641630649567,
0.0006064905901439488,
0.0007802039035595953,
0.0006221793009899557,
0.0005572930676862597,
0.0006406413740478456,
0.0025730284396559,
0.0007873763097450137,
0.0007267409819178283,
0.0007049952982924879,
0.0006820146227255464,
0.0006648646667599678,
0.0006104643107391894,
0.0006719364318996668,
0.0008394374744966626,
0.0018386301817372441,
0.0006157849566079676,
0.000581862055696547,
0.0010578647488728166,
0.0007922585937194526,
0.0008180314325727522,
0.0005934349028393626,
0.0009351251064799726,
0.0006226214463822544,
0.0005908021703362465,
0.0006039243307895958,
0.0008742689969949424,
0.0005850635352544487,
0.0010045062517747283,
0.0007321425364352763,
0.0029506483115255833,
0.000833200931083411,
0.0008188870269805193,
0.001138295978307724,
0.005818453151732683,
0.0008364979294128716,
0.0010207536397501826,
0.0006640320061706007,
0.01601841114461422,
0.0008118380792438984,
0.0010054268641397357,
0.013045097701251507,
0.0007455417653545737,
0.0008579771383665502,
0.0051824483089149,
0.002964778570458293,
0.0008306815871037543,
0.0010732586961239576,
0.03113749250769615,
0.0007770060910843313,
0.0007379722665064037,
0.05720481276512146,
0.0010249678744003177,
0.0006303401314653456
] | 0.001462 | 251 |
[
"Paulys not answering the phone. ",
"Levi goes over to see him doing a photo shoot with a sexy MILF without him. ",
"Levi plans on fucking this hottie doing the modeling. ",
"Levi gives Rio the hardcore action she needed along with a mouth filling facial."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.001107651274651289,
0.015121743083000183,
0.9933587908744812,
0.024421250447630882
] | 0.258502 | 4 |
[
"Many airport directors at smaller airports have expressed concern about or opposition to the large section in the House FAA reauthorization bill that would convert the agency’s Air Traffic Organization (ATO) into a separate nonprofit corporation, funded by fees charged to airlines for ATC services and governed by a board nominated by key aviation stakeholders. ",
"Some airport directors, joined by small-city mayors and rural-state legislators, have written to members of the House and Senate opposing this proposed change, implying that the status quo is better for small airports than what the House bill calls for.",
"\n\nThese concerns are based on at least five propositions, as articulated by the Alliance for Aviation Across America (AAAA):\n\nThe change means privatization of the ATC system.",
"\n\nThe governing board would be dominated by the big airlines.",
"\n\nThe corporation would be profit-and-loss oriented, like a for-profit company, and might therefore close down or not approve new contract towers.",
"\n\nATC user fees are equivalent to taxation, and would apply to private planes and business jets, raising their cost of flying and hence the extent of their flying.",
"\n\nThe airspace itself would be turned over to the corporation, which would make decisions that best serve the major airlines.",
"\n\nIf those propositions were true, I would oppose the House bill, rather than supporting it. ",
"But in fact, every one of those propositions is false, as you can easily see by reading the actual text of HR.2997, the AIRR Act, which is significantly improved from last year’s version. ",
"Title II of the bill defines in detail the American Air Navigation Services Corporation. ",
"Going directly to the five points above, a fair reading of Title II makes clear the following:\n\nFirst, what is proposed is not “privatization,” which in U.S. parlance means either contracting out a government service to a for-profit company (as FAA did last decade via a contract with Lockheed Martin to modernize and operate Flight Service Stations) or selling a state-owned enterprise to private investors. ",
"Instead, the bill calls for reorganizing the existing ATO by moving it out of FAA and incorporating it as a nonprofit company, removing its funding from aviation taxes appropriated each year by Congress and authorizing it instead to charge ATC fees (as all other ATC providers do worldwide), and changing its governance to a corporate board of directors nominated by all the principal aviation stakeholders, including airports and general aviation. ",
"Regulation of the ATO would remain with FAA and DOT.",
"\n\nSecond, of 13 board members, only one would be nominated by the major airlines’ trade group A4A—a big change from last year. ",
"Another would be nominated by the Regional Airline Association (whose members provide nearly all the airline service at smaller airports) and a third by the Cargo Airline Association. ",
"Two seats would be nominated by unions—one by the controllers’ union and the other by pilots’ unions. ",
"General and business aviation would nominate two seats, and airports would nominate one. ",
"The federal government would also nominate two board members. ",
"Thus, the “big airlines” would have just one out of 13 stakeholder board members. ",
"How could this possibly be “dominance”?",
"\n\nThird, as a nonprofit corporation governed by a cross-section of the aviation industry, the revamped ATO must take into account all aspects of aviation. ",
"But the House bill does not leave this to chance. ",
"Chapter 907 of the bill spells out that no user can be denied access to airspace, that access to public-use airspace not be reduced, and that the contract tower program be maintained—and all of these provisions are to be enforced by the Secretary of Transportation.",
"\n\nFourth, due to concerns about user fees expressed by business and general aviation, the bill prohibits by law the imposition of any ATC user fees on any category of business aviation or general aviation. ",
"The company’s board could not change this. ",
"The only way it could be changed is if Congress were to someday change the law—which is highly unlikely as long as there are robust GA Caucuses in both the House and Senate.",
"\n\nFinally, the bill makes clear that only the operation of the ATC system—not ownership of the airspace—would change if the bill becomes law. ",
"The airspace would remain public, shared by civil and military aviation, as it is in the more than 60 other countries with self-funded ATC corporations.",
"\n\nIn short, AAAA has been propagating a false and misleading description of ATC reform, presenting this as far worse than the status quo for smaller airports and their communities. ",
"That’s unfortunate, since I believe the status quo is worse for smaller airports than the likely future with a nonprofit ATC corporation along the lines in the AIRR Act.",
"\n\nAs I wrote in the July issue of this newsletter, the FAA has imposed a moratorium on contract tower approvals since the 2013 federal budget sequester. ",
"Given the pressure on FAA to prioritize its limited budget to advance a handful of NextGen programs, there is no relief in sight for lifting this moratorium, despite a growing list of qualified applicants for contract towers.",
"\n\nMoreover, the best hope for more airports to get contract towers is an increase in the benefit/cost ratio, so that more airports could qualify. ",
"An innovation that increases the benefits (by improving surveillance at night and in bad weather) and reduces both operating and construction costs is Remote Towers. ",
"Yet FAA has no funding program to advance Remote Towers. ",
"By contrast, the self-funded ATC corporations in Europe have remote towers in service in Scandinavia and within a year or two of certification in a number of other countries, including Germany, Hungary, and Ireland. ",
"ATC corporations can issue revenue bonds (as airport do) to finance modernization programs, which FAA cannot do.",
"\n\nOne more point: Under the AIRR Act, airport grants under AIP would be funded by a dedicated excise tax, protected from cutbacks like those that occurred during the 2013 budget sequestration.",
"\n\nATC reform will be a major issue in Congress this fall. ",
"Aviation supporters in small cities and rural states should look more carefully at this important subject, and separate propaganda from reality.",
"\n\nOver the years, outside researchers, such as the National Academy of Sciences (2008) have criticized TSA’s large program of Behavior Detection Officers (BDOs) trained to spot suspicious behaviors of air travelers in airport terminals. ",
"The general thrust of the critiques was that there was no serious research demonstrating that minimally trained officers using a memorized list of 96 suspicious factors could add significant value by detecting threats to aviation. ",
"TSA’s only reported evidence was data on referrals by BDOs to law enforcement. ",
"But the Government Accountability Office and others pointed out that essentially none of those referrals were for threats to aviation security: they were mostly things like being in the country illegally or being in possession of illegal drugs.",
"\n\nPublic criticism and pressure from some members of Congress, especially Rep. Bennie Thompson (D, MS), the Ranking Member of the House Homeland Security Committee, eventually led to some changes. ",
"Between 2013 and 2016 TSA downsized the program from 3,131 BDOs to 2,393. ",
"And in April of this year, TSA reported that all BDOs had been re-designated as Transportation Security Officers and assigned to doing their behavior-spotting at checkpoints, rather than wandering around terminals. ",
"The agency also reduced the list of memorized behaviors from 94 to 36.",
"\n\nBut when TSA recently claimed that it had identified 178 sources that showed behavior detection works, Rep. Thompson asked GAO to evaluate those sources and “assess the extent to which TSA has valid evidence demonstrating that the specific indicators in its revised list can be used to identify passengers who pose a threat to aviation security.”",
"\n\nThe new report, GAO-17-608R, is titled “TSA Does Not Have Valid Evidence Supporting Most of the Revised Behavioral Indicators Used in its Behavior Detection Activities.” ",
"I could stop there, but you should see what a flimsy basis TSA used to justify this ongoing program.",
"\n\nFirst, here is a breakdown of the sources TSA provided. ",
"Of the 178 documents: 137 are news or opinion pieces, not studies; 21 are reviews of studies, which themselves cannot be verified. ",
"That left only 20 that are original research, which GAO had two social scientists evaluate for (1) reliability and validity of data and methods, and (2) the applicability of the research to the behavior indicators TSA now uses, which it claims the studies support.",
"\n\nThe 20 studies themselves did not support 28 of the 36 currently used behavioral indicators. ",
"There was one source (out of the 20 studies) for each of 7 indicators, and two sources of evidence to support 1 indicator. ",
"Thus, there was a bit of support for 8 of the 36 indicators, and based only on some of the 20 actual studies, out of the 178 sources TSA cited.",
"\n\nHow did TSA respond to the GAO report? ",
"Via its usual defenses: behavior detection is “just one layer of security” and besides, some of the BDO referrals to law enforcement lead to arrests (but not for being threats to aviation security). ",
"For this, general taxpayers and air travelers remain on the hook for $186 million per year.",
"\n\nAfter all this, you might expect GAO to recommend that the BDO program be terminated—and if checkpoints are still short of screeners (as they were last year), at least some of the 2,393 current BDOs could be re-assigned to screening duty. ",
"But GAO this time made no recommendations, merely reminding Rep. Thompson that “TSA should continue to limit funding for the agency’s behavior detection activities until TSA can provide valid evidence that demonstrates that behavioral indicators can be used to identify passengers who may pose a threat to aviation security.” ",
"This is very disappointing.",
"\n\nAs major airlines consolidated over the past decade or more, adverse consequences have hit many airports. ",
"Consolidation meant fewer large hubs were needed by the now-larger American, Delta, and United, so former hubs like Pittsburgh and Cincinnati shrank dramatically, while the remaining large hubs grew by 10% from 2007 through 2017. ",
"But airline service declined over that same period by 6% at medium hubs, 12% at small hubs, and 15% at non-hubs. ",
"How are airports in the latter three groups coping?",
"\n\nCincinnati and Pittsburgh have moved aggressively to remake themselves. ",
"Delta’s major cuts in 2010 at Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Airport yielded two nearly-empty terminals and high landing fees that deterred new entry. ",
"So airport management tore down those two terminals and used some of the savings to improve services in the remaining one. ",
"They also invited more air cargo operators to invest in facilities on or adjacent to airport property, and reduced landing fees to attract low-cost carriers (LCCs). ",
"The results, per a July 26thWall Street Journal article, include new airline service from Allegiant, Frontier, and Southwest, growth in non-airline revenue from 49% of the airport’s total in 2013 to 62% so far this year. ",
"And cargo operations now account for 56% of landed weight, thanks to expanded operations by DHL and Amazon.",
"\n\nPittsburgh, whose U.S. Airways hub was eliminated in 2004, is following a similar recovery path. ",
"More than 25 of the airport’s 75 gates are unused, and the airport authority is debating facility downsizing options—including the possibility of closing its huge landside building or eliminating one of the two buildings comprising the midfield terminal. ",
"Meanwhile, reduced landing fees and aggressive marketing efforts have led to new airline service from major carriers and LCCs alike. ",
"Southwest now has a large presence at PIT, and more recently Allegiant, Frontier, JetBlue, and Spirit have launched service there, along with European LCCs Condor and Wow Air. ",
"PIT’s June 2017 passenger volume was nearly 833,000—the highest in a decade.",
"\n\nSimilar reinvention efforts are under way at former major hubs in Cleveland, Memphis, and St. Louis, each depending considerably on new service from LCCs.",
"\n\nLCCs have also played a large role in Baltimore-Washington International Airport (BWI) surpassing Washington Reagan and Washington Dulles Airports in passenger volume this year. ",
"Southwest was the initial key to BWI’s growth, lured by low landing fees and later by improvements to the terminal. ",
"More recent entrants include Allegiant, JetBlue, and Spirit, along with overseas carriers British Airways, Norwegian, and Wow Air.",
"\n\nNew entry by lower-cost carriers also offers new hope for secondary airports in major markets, such as Long Beach, Phoenix-Mesa Gateway, and Stewart, north of New York City. ",
"Long Beach last year was able to increase the number of daily flights permitted under its noise ordinance to 50 from the former limit of 41. ",
"Southwest took advantage, competing with LGB’s primary carrier, JetBlue. ",
"The result was that in first-half 2017, passenger volume was up by 47% compared with 2016.",
"\n\nPhoenix-Mesa Gateway has struggled to establish itself as an alternative to Phoenix Sky Harbor (an American hub). ",
"Gateway’s largest air carrier is Allegiant, which recently announced new routes to Indianapolis and St. Louis. ",
"But with Allegiant focused primarily on leisure travel, Gateway is seeking a business-focused carrier such as United Express that would link to one or more major hubs such as Denver and Chicago.",
"\n\nSeveral secondary airports in the Northeast are hoping that this year’s entry by long-haul LCC Norwegian Air will reposition them as better alternatives to major hubs. ",
"The airline this summer began offering service to an array of European cities from Hartford, Providence, and Stewart (in Newburgh, NY). ",
"Destinations include Belfast, Bergen, Cork, Dublin, Edinburgh, and Shannon—most are offered between two and five times per week. ",
"The average cost per passenger at the three secondary airports is significantly lower than at Boston Logan and New York JFK.",
"\n\nThe good news for U.S. airports is that the U.S. market is still one of largely open entry—and that offers a way forward for airports (and their passengers) that have lost service due to mergers among major airlines.",
"\n\nBack in March, the White House budget outline for the Department of Homeland Security announced the goal of ensuring that “the cost of government [aviation security] services is not subsidized by taxpayers who do not directly benefit from those programs.” ",
"In principle, I agree with that point (though others argue that aviation security should be viewed as the same kind of public good as national defense, and paid for by all taxpayers). ",
"But the means chosen in the budget outline was an increase in the Passenger Security Fee (which is added onto each airline ticket).",
"\n\nAirlines rightly objected to this, on the grounds that when Congress last increased that fee in 2014 (from $2.50 per enplanement and maximum of $5 per one-way trip) to $5.60 per one-way trip, it diverted $1.3 billion per year of the revenue to federal deficit reduction. ",
"So that part of this “user tax” became a general tax, pure and simple. ",
"And that is inconsistent with the Administration’s goal. ",
"On the principle of first do no harm, the most pressing reform is to end that transfer to the general fund and dedicate that $1.3 billion toward TSA’s screening operations that are intended to benefit air travelers.",
"\n\nThis concern has resonated with a number of House members knowledgeable about aviation and security. ",
"In May, Reps. ",
"Peter DeFazio (D, OR), Bennie Thompson (D, MS), and Bonnie Watson Coleman (D, NJ) introduced HR. ",
"2514 that would require all proceeds from the existing Passenger Security Fee to be devoted to TSA. ",
"More recently, in mid-July the House Appropriations Committee 2018 spending measure for the Department of Homeland Security rejected the Administration’s proposed increase in the Security Fee, but failed to mandate that the $1.3 billion be redirected to TSA rather than deficit reduction.",
"\n\nIn the United States, ever since the Reagan Administration, small airports have had the option of obtaining a lower-cost control tower via the FAA’s Federal Contract Tower program. ",
"But the airports don’t get to choose their contract operator; it is chosen for them by FAA.",
"\n\nThe situation in Europe is different. ",
"As I’ve written previously, control towers in the U.K. have long been “contestable.” ",
"That means the airport is the decision-making entity: it can either provide tower services itself (meeting national government standards) or contract with any certified control tower provider. ",
"In recent years, that model has spread to at least four other European countries.",
"\n\nThe most recent report on this phenomenon comes from a research consortium called Compair (which stands for competition in air traffic management), funded by the E.U.’s SESAR program. ",
"A Compair workshop in Madrid earlier this year (reported on by Aviation Advocacy’s blog) offered a current status report on control tower competition and some findings on the benefits.",
"\n\nAs of the first of this year, Compair reported the following:\n\nSweden\n\n17 towers contracted to new operators\n\nGermany\n\n14 towers contracted to new operators\n\nSpain\n\n12 towers contracted to new operators\n\nU.K.\n\n11 towers, with 3 to newcomers and 8 renegotiated with incumbent\n\nNorway\n\n1 tower about to be contracted to newcomer\n\nThe main research findings on tower competition, as summarized by Aviation Advocacy, are as follows:\n\nCompetition led to reduced tower costs of up to 50%.",
"\n\nCompetition encourages use of new technology to improve service or reduce costs.",
"\n\nPrivatized airports are the main drivers of tower competition.",
"\n\nCompetition can lead to lower-cost renewal of incumbent tower services.",
"\n\nAn effective competitive process requires that all competitors have access to all relevant information.",
"\n\nOne other useful finding was that how tower services are paid for makes a big difference. ",
"If the country’s ATC provider charges the airport directly for tower services, then the airport has a strong incentive to seek competitive bids. ",
"But if the charges for the tower are embedded in the ATC fees charged to airlines, they will have less of an incentive to seek competition for any particular tower, especially in Europe where most airlines operate in many different countries, dealing with many ATC providers.",
"\n\nMembers of Congress and various consumer groups have complained that the mergers which led to only four “major” airlines—American, Delta, Southwest, and United—have produced a kind of shared monopoly of airline service. ",
"If that is true, the results should be visible in higher air fares and reduced competition. ",
"But recent research findings call into question whether this is really happening.",
"\n\nFirst across my desk was a June 2017 study by economists Daniel Kasper and Darin Lee, of CompassLexecon, an economics consulting firm. ",
"Though it was commissioned by trade group Airlines for America (A4A), the study is based on data from U.S. DOT. ",
"Here are some of its principal findings:\n\nThe average number of competitors on U.S. domestic city-pairs has continued increasing, growing from 3.3 in 2000 to 3.5 in 2016.",
"\n\nInflation-adjusted ticket prices are at or near historical lows, over the period 1990 through 2016.",
"\n\nSmaller airlines have been growing much faster than the four major airlines, as measured by available seat-miles. ",
"From 2011 through 2017, ASM growth was 3% for American/Delta/United, 21% for Southwest, 53% for JetBlue, 65% for Alaska/Virgin, and 111% for ultra-LCCs (Allegiant, Frontier, and Spirit).",
"\n\nDomestic origin & destination (O&D) passengers have more options to choose a carrier other than American/Delta/United; other choices were available to 65% of passengers in 2000 and to 88% of them in 2016.",
"\n\nThe four largest airlines (including Southwest) are competing vigorously at each others’ hubs or focus cities.",
"\n\nI was surprised by many of these findings, but they appear to be solidly based on U.S. DOT data.",
"\n\nAnother report crossed my desk in August. ",
"A new study from the Darden School of Business at the University of Virginia found that despite Southwest becoming a “major” carrier, the “Southwest Effect”—its lower fares leading to lower average fares in new markets it enters—is still a viable force. ",
"UVA’s Alan R. Beckenstein and aviation consultant Brian M. Campbell researched 109 daily nonstop markets that Southwest entered between 2012 and 2015 (years largely after the consolidation that produced today’s huge American, Delta, and United). ",
"They found that the weighted average fare reduction in these markets after Southwest entered was 15%, and the average traffic increase was 28%. ",
"The authors note that many of these markets had been served previously by Southwest’s one-stop service, which had already brought down average fares between those city-pairs. ",
"The fact that Southwest going to nonstop service brought further market fare reductions and increases in passenger volume is a dramatic demonstration that the Southwest effect remains potent.",
"\n\nKansas City Gets Four Bids for New $1 Billion Terminal. ",
"Four companies submitted qualifications to design, build, and finance a new single terminal to replace the current multiple terminals at Kansas City International Airport. ",
"And all four submitted proposals by the August 10th due date. ",
"Assuming the selection committee selects a winner, and that the City Council approves the deal, the last hurdle will be a citywide vote on November 7th. ",
"Many locals favor retaining the existing multi-terminal design, in which they can park close to the terminal they will use.",
"\n\nWestchester, NY Gets Three Privatization Proposals. ",
"Three consortia in August submitted proposals for a long-term lease of Westchester County Airport under the federal Airport Privatization Pilot Program. ",
"They are led by (1) Ferrovial and Star America, (2) Macquarie Airports, and (3) Oaktree Capital Management and Connor Capital. ",
"After the county’s Airport Task Force recommends a winner, the deal will go to the county Board of Legislators, where approval requires 12 of the 17 members.",
"\n\nUnited Plans Service at Paine Field. ",
"Following up on a previous announcement by Alaska Airlines, United Airlines in mid-August announced that it, too, will serve Paine Field in the northern suburbs of Seattle, once the new privately financed terminal by Propeller Airports opens in 2018. ",
"United plans to serve Denver and San Francisco, important United hubs. ",
"A last lawsuit against commercial service at Paine Field was dismissed by the Washington Supreme Court in mid-July.",
"\n\n$1.8 Billion Denver Terminal P3 Approved. ",
"In mid-August, the Denver City Council voted 10-2 to approve a 34-year public-private partnership to revamp and operate the central terminal at Denver International Airport. ",
"The lead private partner for the deal is Ferrovial Airports, a major shareholder in privatized London Heathrow Airport. ",
"The project will relocate TSA security functions and greatly expand space devoted to revenue-producing shops and restaurants.",
"\n\nPFC Increase Making Progress in U.S. Senate. ",
"Two recent votes in the Senate would increase the federal cap on local airport passenger facility charges (PFCs) to $8.50 at the originating airport, from the current $4.50, unchanged since 2000. ",
"The increase was first included in the Senate Commerce Committee’s FAA reauthorization bill, which has not yet reached the Senate floor. ",
"Subsequently, the Senate Appropriations Committee included the PFC increase in its FY 2018 transportation and housing appropriations bill.",
"\n\nAirport Privatization Continues in Japan. ",
"Vinci Airports, teamed with Orix Corporation and Kansai Airports, was awarded a 42-year concession for Kobe Airport in July. ",
"The first two companies in 2016 won a 44-year concession for Kansai and Osaka International Airports; henceforth, all three of these airports will be operated and managed as a unit. ",
"In August, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism announced plans to privatize seven airports in Hokkaido, in northern Japan.",
"\n\nGatwick Airport Argues for a Second Runway. ",
"After years of study, last year the U.K. government decided that “the” runway addition to serve Southeastern England would be at London Heathrow, not at Gatwick. ",
"That process is moving forward, but London Gatwick has not given up. ",
"Now that it has handled a record 45 million passengers in the 12 months ending June 30th, it has renewed its call for permission to finance and build a second runway. ",
"CEO Stewart Wingate points out that Gatwick is the only one of the top 20 airports by passenger growth with a single runway. “",
"We continue to offer the U.K. a financeable and deliverable second runway scheme which we stand ready to deliver, should the Government give us the go-ahead,” he said.",
"\n\nSydney Airport Seeks More LCC Service. ",
"Unlike many major hub airports, which seem dominated by a single major airline, privatized Sydney International sees a bright future in serving long-haul low-cost carriers. ",
"It is already served by four LCCs: AirAsia X, Cebu Pacific, Jetstar, and Scoot. ",
"Aviation Daily (Aug. 21, 2017) reported that Sydney is actively seeking additional long-haul LCC service. ",
"The airport hosts 44 airlines, with service to 94 international destinations.",
"\n\nTSA PreCheck Tops 5 Million Members. ",
"The Transportation Security Administration announced in July that more than 5 million air travelers have enrolled in the PreCheck program since its first application center opened in December 2013. ",
"There are now over 390 such centers, though only 44 are at airport locations.",
"\n\nPort Authority Begins $10 Billion JFK Redevelopment. ",
"On July 25th, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey released a request for proposals for preliminary engineering and design services on the planned $10 billion revamp of Kennedy International Airport. ",
"The program will include redeveloping or replacing older terminals, improving connections among the terminals, and upgrading the AirTrain transit system. ",
"The majority of the projects are expected to be privately financed, similar to the terminal replacement project under way at La Guardia Airport. ",
"New York State has separately committed $1.5 billion to increase capacity on the heavily congested Van Wyck Expressway serving JFK.",
"\n\nLAX Issues RFP for P3 People Mover Project. ",
"In the first of several major projects that comprise its Landside Access Modernization Program (LAMP), Los Angeles World Airports on August 1st released its RFP for the Automated People Mover to the three-prequalified teams seeking to design, build, finance, operate, and maintain the system. ",
"Technical proposals are due in November and financial proposals in December.",
"\n\nBechtel Wins Contract for London City Airport Expansion. ",
"Investor-owned London City Airport last month selected Bechtel Corporation for its $477 million expansion project. ",
"The project includes adding a full-length taxiway alongside the single runway, adding seven new aircraft parking stands, and expanding facilities in the terminal. ",
"The expansion will allow for 6.5 million annual passengers and 111,000 flight movements per year.",
"\n\nNew Report on Ft. ",
"Lauderdale Airport Shooting: Even Worse. ",
"The county government’s own review of the January shooting that was followed by mass panic and the complete evacuation and shut-down of the airport, reveals that response to the situation was even worse than depicted in a previous report from the County Sheriff’s Office. ",
"The 82-page consultant’s report, released in August, cites a complete lack of coordination between airport and law enforcement officials that failed to prevent or to cope with the panic spread by people using social media to spread false claims of additional shooting in all four terminals.",
"\n\nAtlantia Buys Stake on Bologna Airport. ",
"Italy’s largest toll road company, Atlantia, which also owns the largest share of Rome’s airports, has acquired 29% of the Bologna Airport for $194 million. ",
"Atlantia is now Bologna’s second-largest shareholder, after the Bologna Chamber of Commerce, which owns 37.5%.",
"\n\n“Critics assert that public-private partnerships enrich investors at taxpayers’ expense, are more expensive and less accountable, lead to public bailouts, and do little to help rural areas. ",
"But this ignores strong evidence to the contrary in states like Pennsylvania, New York, Florida, Colorado, North Dakota, and California. . . . ",
"LaGuardia Airport, often mocked for its antiquated facilities, is today completely overhauling its central terminal, thanks to a public-private partnership Almost 80 percent of the $8 billion design and construction costs will be paid for by private financing and existing passenger fees. ",
"The risk of cost overruns or construction delays is transferred from the Port Authority to a private consortium.”",
"\n—Mary E. Peters and Samara Barend, New York Times, July 17, 2017\n\n“It’s no surprise that ACI-North America hopes to sever its reliance on the government. ‘",
"We must act immediately to get Washington out of the way and eliminate the outdated federal restrictions that hold America’s airports back,’ wrote ACI-NA President Kevin Burke in their report. ‘",
"By giving airports the ability to meet their local infrastructure needs without relying on federal tax dollars, airports will be well-positioned to maintain their leadership in the global aviation system.’ ",
"Quite. ",
"The global aviation system of the 1960s, he means. ",
"From no-user-fee Air Traffic Management, hopefully ‘revolutionized’ by bringing it into the 1980s, to command-and-control management of state-owned airports, the U.S. is no shining light on the hill. ",
"Unless that hill is in, say, Venezuela.”",
"\n—Andrew Charlton, “Funding Airport Infrastructure: A Global View,” Aviation Intelligence Reporter, Summer 2017\n\n“Americans for Fair Skies, a lobbying arm of Delta Air Lines, has launched the most desperate and silly anti-Open Skies argument yet. ",
"It claims Gulf carrier competition puts U.S. national security at risk by endangering the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) program. ",
"They argue that because Gulf carriers compete head-to-head with the Big Three in a grand total of two markets—New York-Milan and Newark-Athens—lost international share is such a threat that the Big Three will be unable to maintain their widebody fleet in support of the national military need for supplemental airlift. ",
"You cannot make this stuff up!”",
"\n—Kevin Mitchell, “Desperation in the Air: The Anti-Open Skies Crowd’s Silly CRAF Argument,” Business Travel Coalition, June 5, 2017"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0005859598168171942,
0.0005580111755989492,
0.0005440229433588684,
0.0006835866952314973,
0.0007642319542355835,
0.0006153436843305826,
0.0005693918210454285,
0.0007369318627752364,
0.0005978947156108916,
0.0005668179364874959,
0.0005397807690314949,
0.000723219767678529,
0.0006454040994867682,
0.0005654777633026242,
0.0005708253011107445,
0.0007032438879832625,
0.0006128793465904891,
0.000634122989140451,
0.000614144082646817,
0.012991666793823242,
0.0005738356267102063,
0.0006708237342536449,
0.0006072196993045509,
0.0006020880537107587,
0.0006903960602357984,
0.0006439774297177792,
0.0005951945786364377,
0.0005282827187329531,
0.0007123234099708498,
0.0006902434397488832,
0.0005715605220757425,
0.0006413793889805675,
0.0005672237602993846,
0.0006390339694917202,
0.000656432006508112,
0.0005528269102796912,
0.0006501637399196625,
0.0006349941832013428,
0.0011546656023710966,
0.0005727173993363976,
0.0005584945902228355,
0.0006695345509797335,
0.0007348455837927759,
0.0007768890936858952,
0.0006343998829834163,
0.0009562032646499574,
0.0007123780669644475,
0.000675520917866379,
0.0006290075252763927,
0.0006172585999593139,
0.0005966477328911424,
0.0005775032914243639,
0.0005923299468122423,
0.0006521623581647873,
0.0006675838958472013,
0.0005591963417828083,
0.0005682754563167691,
0.0006622772198170424,
0.0006213179440237582,
0.0006183022051118314,
0.0007261002319864929,
0.0007025981321930885,
0.0006385301821865141,
0.0005953506333753467,
0.0006330150063149631,
0.0006119853933341801,
0.0006543691270053387,
0.0005914935027249157,
0.0005969196790829301,
0.0005775550380349159,
0.0006204725941643119,
0.0005749691626988351,
0.0005568563938140869,
0.0006211826112121344,
0.0007968639256432652,
0.0005933240172453225,
0.0006840155692771077,
0.000836083956528455,
0.0005915369256399572,
0.0005908450111746788,
0.0006359053659252822,
0.0006525531061924994,
0.00061576790176332,
0.0006642076768912375,
0.0007793363183736801,
0.0006198371993377805,
0.0005763958324678242,
0.000634673866443336,
0.0005801832303404808,
0.0005984488525427878,
0.0005820029182359576,
0.0005519928527064621,
0.0006319462554529309,
0.000576459220610559,
0.0006214331369847059,
0.000592546712141484,
0.0005903271376155317,
0.0006176228635013103,
0.0014781469944864511,
0.0007908108527772129,
0.0006941874162293971,
0.0005504615255631506,
0.0008039710228331387,
0.0007110429578460753,
0.0006452970555983484,
0.0005876569193787873,
0.000583058106712997,
0.0005930860061198473,
0.0005732952267862856,
0.0006062770262360573,
0.0005692621343769133,
0.0005805134424008429,
0.0005571029614657164,
0.0005431576864793897,
0.0005589120555669069,
0.0006169560365378857,
0.000688623811583966,
0.0006073284894227982,
0.0005293674767017365,
0.0006073076510801911,
0.0005297543248161674,
0.00056467205286026,
0.0006478636641986668,
0.0005892169428989291,
0.0005922630080021918,
0.0006168633699417114,
0.0005620891461148858,
0.0005481737316586077,
0.0006613878649659455,
0.000582376669626683,
0.0006416737451218069,
0.000546937866602093,
0.0005835737683810294,
0.0005535181262530386,
0.0006409907946363091,
0.0006081092869862914,
0.0006007490446791053,
0.0005885728751309216,
0.0005836104974150658,
0.00057377660414204,
0.001057470915839076,
0.0006013310048729181,
0.0006261339294724166,
0.0005775913596153259,
0.0005677068256773055,
0.0007199369720183313,
0.0005774383898824453,
0.0005970661295577884,
0.0005626184865832329,
0.0008951443014666438,
0.0006785974837839603,
0.0006244277465157211,
0.0008989491034299135,
0.0006362670101225376,
0.0005878821830265224,
0.0006165577215142548,
0.0006853998638689518,
0.000750661944039166,
0.0005822745151817799,
0.0005972656654193997,
0.000565846567042172,
0.0005542250000871718,
0.0005776415346190333,
0.000547486066352576,
0.0005694073042832315,
0.0005938343820162117,
0.0005573664093390107,
0.000614291348028928,
0.0005541822174564004,
0.0006511614774353802,
0.000594664947129786,
0.0005825170665048063,
0.0007872468559071422,
0.0007088599377311766,
0.0005963609437458217,
0.0006130706751719117,
0.0012957858853042126,
0.0005680082831531763,
0.0005658773006871343,
0.0010961388470605016,
0.0005532535724341869,
0.0006170577253215015,
0.0005491364863701165,
0.0007966714911162853,
0.0006826862809248269,
0.0005944190197624266,
0.0005956871318630874,
0.0006854920065961778,
0.0005859639495611191,
0.0006134409341029823,
0.0005783568485639989,
0.0006882948218844831,
0.0015353959752246737,
0.000711715139914304,
0.0006253994652070105,
0.0006916465936228633,
0.0006183862569741905,
0.0006592614809051156,
0.0006937059224583209,
0.0006679288344457746,
0.0006546891527250409,
0.0006068482180126011,
0.0007333484827540815,
0.0010393377160653472,
0.0005659061716869473,
0.0009918994037434459,
0.0006623343797400594,
0.0009034678805619478,
0.0007629494066350162,
0.03509688749909401,
0.0009091079700738192,
0.0007009382243268192,
0.0009419162524864078,
0.0012950696982443333
] | 0.000875 | 214 |
[
"Aristotle and the necessity of scientific knowledge Lucas Angioni, University of Campinas (This is a translation, made by myself, of the paper to be published in Portuguese in the journal Discurso, 2020, in honour of the late professor Oswaldo Porchat. ",
"Please find a Warning about the Translation at the end of this file.) ",
"Abstract: I discuss what Aristotle was trying to encode when he said that the object of scientific knowledge is necessary, or that what we know (scientifically) cannot be otherwise etc. ",
"The paper is meant as a continuation of previous papers-orientated towards a book on the Posterior Analytics-and thus does not discuss in much detail key passages, as the very definition of scientific knowledge in APo I.2, or passages from APo I.4 and I.6 (for these, I refer to my previous papers). ",
"This paper is mainly focused on Aristotle's references to his notion of scientific knowledge both in other passages from the APo and in other treatises. ",
"I intend to show that there is a progressive, intrinsic relation between the two requirements by which scientific knowledge is defined. ",
"It is not true that each of these requirements stems from a different source. ",
"The Causal-Explanatory requirements gives Aristotle the general heading. ",
"Then, the Necessity Requirement ranges over the explanatory relation between explanans and explanandum and thereby specifies what sort of cause is sctricly required for having scientific knowledge of a given explanandum. ",
"Now, Aristotle was also concerned with the necessary truth of the elemental predications that constitute a demonstration. ",
"My claim that the Necessity Requirement ranges over the explanatory relation does not ignore that concern, and does not deny it. ",
"My claim is that Aristotle's main focus, and main concern, consists in stressing that the explanatory factor to be captured in scientific knowledge of a given explanandum is such that cannot be otherwise. ",
"Keywords: Demonstration. ",
"Necessity. ",
"Causality. ",
"Essencialism. ",
"Explanation. ",
"Predication. ",
"We can surely attribute to Aristotle the thesis that the object of scientific knowledge is necessary, as well as the thesis that, in order to attain scientific knowledge of a given object, one must know that that object is necessary. ",
"Indeed, formulated on this level of generality, those theses seem to capture what Aristotle has said. ",
"However, what do those theses mean exactly? ",
"If one should paraphrase and develop them, how should they be paraphrased and developed with exegetical correctness? ",
"Let me start with the passage in which Aristotle defines scientific knowledge in the Posterior Analytics (henceforth, APo), which runs as follows: T1: \"We think we have knowledge of something simpliciter [i] (and not in the sophistical way, incidentally), [ii] when we think we know of the cause because of which the explanandum holds that it is its cause, [iii] and also that it is not possible for it to be otherwise\" (71b9–12, Barnes's translation modified). ",
"Page of 1 56 In this paper, I will not address section (i) of T1, let alone what is meant by the contrast between knowing something simpliciter and knowing something in a sophistical way, on the basis of a concomitant factor. ",
"I take T1 to be defining the specific notion of scientific knowledge, 1 instead of aiming at the general notion of knowledge. ",
"Sections (ii)-(iii) of the passage advances two requirements in the definiens: scientific knowledge of X depends on knowing the cause of X -and Aristotle emphasizes that what is at stake is to know that that cause is the cause of X-, and depends on knowing that \"this\" cannot be otherwise. ",
"The first requirement is reasonably clear. ",
"But the second requirement raises two crucial questions: first, what exactly the pronoun \"this\" retrieves; secondly, what does Aristotle exactly mean in stating that this cannot be otherwise. ",
"Since these two questions are crucial for my purposes, my next step consists in examining the second requirement in more detail. ",
"2. ",
"Examining the issue: Scientific knowledge of X (whatever X happens to be) requires these two conditions: A. Knowing the cause on the basis of which X is; B. Knowing that this is necessary (i.e., cannot be otherwise). (",
"Henceforth, in order to make the references easier, I will employ the expressions \"Requirement A\" and \"Requirement B\" respectively to refer to these conditions advanced in T1.) ",
"Requirement B is so generic that there is a bunch of interpretative options. ",
"Now, generality does not imply falsity. ",
"It is certainly true that you have eaten food in the lunch today. ",
"However, if someone wants to know exactly what it is that you have eaten (think of a doctor, or a nutritionist), it is not enlightening to answer in that way, \"I have eaten food\" (or \"I have eaten hot food\" etc.). ",
"Similarly, an exact exegesis of Aristotle's text must ascertain what is exactly meant with Requirement B. Most interpretations take the pronoun \"this\" at 71b12 as referring to \"pragma\" in Aristotle's text. ",
"But \"pragma\" can be taken in many ways: it can be taken with the force of 'object' in an 2 abstract and vague way (as opposed to proposition, and covering items so distinct from each other However, the examination of T16 will lead me to say something about this contrast in T1.1 See Philoponus 20.29; Ross 1949, p. 507; Porchat 2001, p. 35; Barnes 1993, p. 90-91; McKirahan, 1992, p. 23; 2 Pellegrin, 2005, p. 67; Mignucci 2007, p. 151; Bronstein 2016, p. 36, 51. ",
"It is doubtful what exactly Philoponus has understood (cf. ",
"20.29-30-4). ",
"Page of 2 56 as a natural kind, the Sun, the triangle or god); or it can be taken with the force of 'proposition' or 'state of affairs', or, in better words and to simplify the point, it can be taken as what is exactly encoded in the conclusion of a demonstrative syllogism (cf. ",
"71b17-19). ",
"On the light of this, there are two important options to understand Requirement B (let me call these options 'B1' and 'B2'): B1. ",
"Knowing that the object is necessary (i.e., cannot be otherwise). ",
"In this case, requirement B turns out to be equivalent to the condition of knowing that a given object of scientific knowledge is necessary in the sense that it exists eternally and does not change its characteristics over time-for instance, knowing that the abstract object named 'triangle' is eternally as it is, without changing its characteristics over time. ",
"B2. ",
"Knowing that the proposition in question is necessary (-is always true and can never become false). ",
"In this case, requirement B turns out to be equivalent to the condition of knowing that the proposition in question is necessarily true. ",
"Option B2 is seductive, but-as almost all admit-a little bit embarassing. ",
"As I will explore in section 5.1.2, there are robust reasons to consider it an embarass, but let me start with the reason accepted by (almost) everyone, which is this: for Aristotle himself, such a requirement will only be satisfied in a few domains (say, mathematics, cosmology and theology), but will not be satisfied exactly in those domains (e.g., biology) in which Aristotle himself has conducted his most successful scientific investigations. ",
"Given this embarass, most scholars believe that B2 deserves a charitative interpretation, which ends up in the following, attenuated option: 3 B2*. ",
"knowing that the proposition in question is necessarily true or (in the domains in which necessity fails) true for the most part. ",
"See Ferejohn 2013, p. 82; Bronstein 2016, p. 36, n29; Mignucci 2007, p. 238; Barnes 1993, p. 92, 192. ",
"Indeed, 3 there is some plausible justification for applying the principle of caritativeness. ",
"But see further ahead the distinction between the questions Q1 and Q2. ",
"Mignucci 1981 has argued in favour of taking the 'for the most part' propositions as equivalent to necessary (and eternal) propositions. ",
"Against this, see Judson 1991, p. 87-89. ",
"Page of 3 56 Before discussing B2*, let me note that there is still a different option for interpreting Aristotle's point. ",
"The pronoun \"this\" (\"τοῦτο\", 71b12) can be taken as referring to the previous sentence in Aristotle's text, namely, \"that [its cause] is the cause of that\" (in Greek, ὅτι ἐκείνου αἰτία ἐστι, where \"ἐκείνου\" refers to \"pragma\"). ",
"In this case, what Aristotle is trying to encode in 4 Requirement B is something different from the previous options: what cannot be otherwise is the explanatory relation between the explanandum and its explanans-i.e., the relation between the cause and the state of affairs it explains. ",
"However, this move still results in a generic option, for the nature of the relation that cannot be otherwise can still be specified in many different ways. ",
"To avoid confusion, I say in advance that I will argue for option B5 below. ",
"But a careful consideration of the available options is in order, even if just for the sake of exhausting the possible scenarios. ",
"Thus, I examine step by step other possible options for taking the referent of the pronoun \"τοῦτο\" as the relation between pragma and cause. ",
"Thus, the following options (B3-B5) can still be conceived: B3. ",
"knowing that the relation between the cause and its pragma cannot be otherwise in the (logical) sense that it is a relation of necessary consequence. ",
"In other words: given the cause as the content of the premises (in a scientific syllogism or whatever), the conclusion that expresses the pragma follows necessarily. ",
"B4. ",
"knowing that the relation between the cause and its pragma cannot be otherwise in the (metaphysical) sense that, if the cause obtains (as an objective state of affairs in the world), it is not possible for the pragma (of which that cause is the cause) to fail in obtaining. ",
"In other words, this option B4 takes the cause as an item that necessitates the occurrence of the pragma from a metaphysical standpoint. ",
"Objecting that \"τοῦτο\" can only refer to \"πρᾶγμα\" for (supposed) \"grammatical reasons\" is so wrong that I am 4 surprised to find this objection regularly in scholarly discussions. ",
"Pronouns can take up whole sentences or propositions-not only in Greek, but in English and many other languages. ",
"If a list of cases in Aristotle is needed (to my surprise), see An. ",
"Post. ",
"94a33; Top. ",
"101b2; Gen. An. ",
"716a7, 13; 735a18; 744a11; 747a32; 758b19; 786b19; 732a16; 766a34; 768b12; 783a14; 784b14. ",
"For discussion of this point in T1, see Angioni 2009a, p. 67, n14; 2012a, p. 44, n72. ",
"To my knowledge, the only scholar to have flirted with this option-but in a footnote, almost as an aside-was Lloyd 1981, p. 157, n2. ",
"Page of 4 56 B5. ",
"knowing that the relation between the cause and its pragma cannot be otherwise in the (explanatory) sense that it is exactly that cause (not any other cause) that appropriately explains the pragma in question (but not a different pragma). ",
"In this case, the relation between the cause and its pragma is not being highlighted as a relation of logical consequence (even if it involves, indeed, a relation of logical consequence), nor as a relation of metaphysical necessitation (even if it is, indeed, a relation of this sort). ",
"Of course, option B5 has corollaries in the domains of logic and metaphysics. ",
"But B5 takes Aristotle to be focusing in an explanatory requirement. ",
"In order to have scientific knowledge of a given pragma, what is required is the knowledge of this, appropriate cause (not any other cause). ",
"5 3. ",
"Two Distinct Questions: It is of utmost importance for my purposes to insist in the distinction between two different questions. ",
"Henceforth, these two questions will be referred to as Q1 and Q2 respectively: Q1. ",
"What propositions, from those involved in B1-B5, are taken as true by Aristotle in the Posterior Analytics (or even in his work as a whole)? ",
"Q2. ",
"Which one-among those propositions involved in B1-B5-the definition of scientific knowledge in 71b9-12 (T1) is meant to encode and express? ",
"To make the distinction clearer, let us take B1. ",
"One question is Q1: \"is it true for Aristotle that the object of scientific knowledge must be something that necessarily exists?\". ",
"Another question is Q2: \"does the requirement that the object of scientific knowledge must be something that necessarily exists correspond to what Aristotle has exactly meant to encode in T1?\". ",
"Let us take B3, in turn. ",
"One question is Q1: \"is it true for Aristotle that the logical relation between explanans and explanandum is a relation of necessary consequence?\". ",
"Another question is Q2: \"does the requirement that the logical relation between explanans and explanandum be a relation of necessary consequence correspond to what Aristotle has exactly meant to encode in T1?\". ",
"Perhaps the sentence \"ὅτι ἐκείνου αἰτία ἐστι\" (which is what the pronoun \"this\" refers to) might be translated in a 5 more enlightening way: \"that it is of this that the cause is the cause\". ",
"I thank Adam Crager, Tim Clarke and Ben Morison for discussions that helped me to clarify the point. ",
"See Ribeiro 2014, p. 147-152, 156. ",
"Page of 5 56 Now, a conflation between questions Q1 and Q2 can be a disaster for the exegesis of Aristotle's text. ",
"The two questions are distinct from each other, even if related to each other in important ways. ",
"It is clear that any definiens must have true content-at least, a content that Aristotle himself takes to be true. ",
"Thus, it is clear that any positive answer for Q2 must entail a positive answer for Q1. ",
"But-importantly-not vice-versa. ",
"The two questions are really distinct from each other. ",
"For any definiendum X, its definition need not encapsulate all that is true about X. For instance, the definition of human being need not contain every truth about human beings, and does not even need to state that human beings are mammals, or animals capable of smiling etc. ",
"The situation is not different, when the X to be defined is scientific knowledge (as it is in T1). ",
"This is important because, in saying that being mammal need not be included in the definition of human being, one is not thereby denying that human beings are mammals. ",
"In the same way, in denying that (e.g.) B3 is not included in the definition of scientific knowledge, one is not thereby denying that B3 is (or might be) true for Aristotle. ",
"On the light of these distinctions, I give a preliminary map for the ensuing discussion. ",
"Let me start with Q1, which must be cashed out in terms of asking whether Aristotle has indeed considered B1-B5 as conditions for scientific knowledge. ",
"For the traditional interpretation, Aristotle takes as true requirements B1, B2 (as well as B2*, which follows from B2), B3 and, perhaps, B4. ",
"Actually, there can be more subtleties about B4, which I will not discuss. ",
"My 6 purpose in this paper consists in stressing that traditional interpretations have not even dreamed of B5 as an option-not even in the domain of question Q1. ",
"On my part, I stress that, in the domain of question Q1, conditions B3, B4 and B5 are taken as true by Aristotle, but B1 and B2 are false. ",
"Given that discussing B1 is not important for my purposes here, I stress that B2 is, stricly speaking, false and should be replaced with B2*. ",
"So much for question Q1. ",
"Let us now consider question Q2, which focuses strictly on what Aristotle has encoded in the definition of scientific knowledge in T1. ",
"Almost all scholars think that Requirement B in T1 must be understood in terms of B2 or (on the light of other texts) B2*. ",
"On my part, I argue that Requirement B must be understood in terms of B5. ",
"What Aristotle has attempted to encode in his definition of scientific knowledge in T1 was a requirement about explanatory adequacy. ",
"For instance: material causes, or even some final causes, do not satisfy B4.6 Page of 6 56 However, before developing my answer to question Q2, I stress two points of utmost importance to understand what exactly I am proposing. ",
"First, confusion about the exact nature of what is being defined in 71b9-12 (T1) might raise resistance against B5-as an answer to either Q1 or Q2. ",
"Many scholars believe that what Aristotle wants to define in T1 is scientific understanding, as \"understanding\" is taken in some contemporary epistemological discussions, namely, as the mastery over a body of propositions systematized as a scientific discipline. ",
"In this picture, Requirements A and B are taken as 7 conditions that anyone must satisfy to be considered an expert mastering a given discipline (e.g., a geometer). ",
"Now, I believe that Aristotle is also interested in such questions as what determines an expertise, what makes a body of propositions a scientific discipline etc. ",
"However, his exact focus in T1 is different. ",
"Aristotle is defining, in T1, what it is to have scientific knowledge of each thing, namely, of a given explanandum in a given domain. (",
"More on this below). ",
"Requirements A and B state conditions that must be satisfied to have scientific knowledge of a given explanandum within a given discipline (e.g., to have scientific knowledge of 2R as an attribute of triangles). ",
"It is important to stress that the two questions implied in the last paragraph are indeed different questions-even if they are intrinsically inter-related. ",
"We may ask: (1) \"when [i.e., on what conditions] has a geometer attained the ultimate explanation of a given theorem?\", ",
"but this is different from asking: (2) \"when [i.e., on what conditions] has someone attained full mastery over the discipline as a whole?\". ",
"Of course, having scientific knowledge of a given theorem requires some mastery of the discipline, as well as, conversely, having full mastery over the discipline as a whole requires sistematic knowledge of a significant number of theorems. ",
"However, even so, specific requirements applying to the first question are different from specific requirements applying to the second question. ",
"As we know, being different from does not imply being independent from. ",
"8 Now, my contention is that-although Aristotle is concerned with both questions at large-what Aristotle is attempting to define in T1 is the former question, namely, what it is to have scientific knowledge of a specific explanandum within a given discipline. ",
"Now, resistance against B5 might stem See Burnyeat 1981; Burnyeat 2011, p. 19; Lesher 2001. ",
"On \"systematic knowledge\", see Charlton 1992, p. 1; 7 Broadie & Rowe 2002, p. 365. ",
"For discussion, see Bronstein 2016, p. 36. ",
"For instance: the requirement that the terms of an appropriate demonstration be coextensive with each other 8 applies to having scientific knowledge of a given explanandum (as I argued for in Angioni 2018, p. 178-182), but does not apply indifferently to every proposition that constitutes a discipline -for in this discipline there will be several other items, such as \"application arguments\" (borrowing the terminology from McKirahan 1992, p. 177-187), and several other propositions, in which the terms need not be coextensive. ",
"Page of 7 56 from the opinion that it is a requirement too strong (or even inadequate) for scientific knowledge taken as the full mastery over a discipline. ",
"If Aristotle's requirement is taken in this way, the resistance will be on the right track, for the full mastery over a discipline requires mastering over several propositions and deductive procedures that go beyond the causes which are exactly appropriate to each explanandum. ",
"However, B5 is not a requirement for knowing every item involved in the systematic mastery of a discipline. ",
"B5 is a requirement for the scientific knowledge of a given explanandum-for this is what Aristotle targets in T1: scientific knowledge of a given, specific explanandum within a discipline. ",
"Second, my claim in favour of B5 sometimes finds resistance because one precipitately believe that B5 implies getting rid of B2 and B2*, as if I were claiming that B2* itself is a false requirement. ",
"To be clear: I reject requirement B2 as false-and in this I am not alone. ",
"However, 9 my claim in favour of B5 (which I take to satisfy both questions Q1 and Q2) is far from being incompatible with accepting B2* as a satisfactory answer for Q1, which is tantamount to saying that the propositional content of B2* is itself true, even if it is not what Aristotle is expressing in T1. ",
"Thus, for Aristotle, having scientific knowledge of a given proposition (taken as an explanandum within a given discipline) surely involves knowing that the proposition at stake is true necessarily or for the most part. ",
"However, the crucial difficulty consists in ascertaining whether Aristotle's definition of scientific knowledge in T1 (71b9-12) is expressing B2* or not. ",
"I insist, therefore, in the distinction between questions Q1 and Q2. ",
"For it is perfectly possible for a given thesis, as B2*, to be true on Aristotle's eyes but not to have been expressed in T1-as it is perfectly possible that what delivers a positive answer to Q1 does not deliver a positive answer to Q2. ",
"At last, I stress that B5, far from being incompatible with B2* in general, can even be taken as entailing B2*. ",
"B5 ranges over the explanatory relation between explanans and explanandum. ",
"Now, once this is settled, it is possible to ask what requirements apply to the elemental propositions that express respectively the explanans and the explanandum-or, in other words, what requirements apply to each of the predications themselves (premises and conclusions) that constitute a demonstration. ",
"Thus, one can ask: must the propositions expressing the explanans and the explanandum be themselves necessarily true or at least true for the most part? ",
"Even if we answer \"yes\", and I do, this answer does not prove that B2* is the correct answer for question Q2. ",
"See Barnes 1993, p. 92-93; Ferejohn 2013, p. 82; Bronstein 2016, p. 36, n29.9 Page of 8 56 The correct answer for Q2 is B5, which entails B2* as a correct answer for Q1, and this has naturally misled readers. ",
"4. ",
"The necessity requirement as explanatory appropriateness (B5): I start now the discussion of Q2: among the propositions involved in B1-B5 (i.e., among the five options to understand the requirement B in T1), which of them is the target of the definition of scientific knowledge? ",
"Or, in other words: which of them is the definition of scientific knowledge in T1 meant to encode? ",
"Options B1, B2, B3 and B4 can surely be discarded as answers for question Q2-they have been considered in my survey only to map the terrain in an exhaustive way. ",
"Indeed, B1 implies B2 or even collapses into B2 at least in the domain of question Q2. ",
"For, in the domain of scientific knowledge, propositions that define an object X or ascribe characteristics to the object X play the most important role, so that the proposition that X exists can be taken somehow as a background presupposition. ",
"Furthermore, X's existence is treated from the standpoint of 10 scientific knowledge mainly (or exclusively) when analysed in terms of a characteristic attribute occurring in a given subject-for instance, thunder's existence is treated in terms of a certain kind of noise occurring in the clouds. ",
"Consequently, sentences such as \"X necessarily exists\" collapse-and should be carefully analysed-into predicative sentences, like \"P necessarily holds of S\", \"P necessarily holds of X\" or \"X necessarily holds of S\". ",
"11 B3 can also be discarded. ",
"Aristotle surely requires that the relation between the cause and its pragma be expressed as a sound syllogistic deduction, in which true premises expressing the causal relations entail the truth of the conclusion. ",
"However, this requirement (about the expression of the logical necessity) is not what he has encoded in T1. ",
"As we know, Aristotle is far from reducing the notion of scientific knowledge (and, more particularly, the notion of scientific demonstration) to the notion of sound deduction. ",
"12 On presuppositions in the domain of a scientific discipline, cf. ",
"76b16-19.10 See 89b37ss. ",
"I need not go into details. ",
"I have dealt with this issue in Angioni 2014b, p. 86-88. ",
"See Almeida 2017. ",
"I 11 disagree with the interpretation that take the hypotheseis (defined in 72a18-24) as existence statement of the form \"S exists\". ",
"For discussion, see Gomez-Lobo 1977, Charles 2000, p. 197-220, and Barnes 1996. ",
"For discussion, see Angioni 2014b, p. 64-68. ",
"Among other passages, the most intuitive to clarify this point is 12 Posterior Analytics 78a26-b4. ",
"I will allude to B3 again when discussing T14. ",
"Page of 9 56 B4 can also be easily discarded as an answer for question Q2. ",
"Aristotle surely believes that the cause (at least in some important domains) is so that metaphysically necessitates the occurrence of its pragma. ",
"Nonetheless, he was not targeting this point in T1. ",
"Strictly speaking, Aristotle is committed to a stronger thesis: that the cause and its pragma are metaphysically correlated, and that their linguistic expressions (properly elaborated) are coextensive or coentailing (cf. ",
"78b13-28, II.16, 98a35ss.). ",
"Even so, Aristotle is far from reducing the notion of an 13 appropriate cause to the condition of mutually entailing its pragma. ",
"It results that, in order to map the answers to question Q2, the most important point is the following: whereas traditional interpretations believe that the definition in T1 expresses the Requirements A and B2 (or B2*) , I argue that the definition in T1 expresses Requirements A 14 and B5. ",
"However, I stress the importance of the distinction between Q1 and Q2. ",
"Thus, my claim that the definition in T1 expresses Requirements A and B5 as answers to Q2 is perfectly compatible with accepting that B2* is true in the range of Q1. ",
"Thus, I stress that my interpretation takes B2* itself as true: scientific knowledge of X requires knowing propositions about X that are necessarily or for the most part true, and requires (more strongly) knowing that propositions about X are true necessarily or for the most part. ",
"However, even so, B2* is not part of the content expressed by Aristotle in his definition of scientific knowledge in T1. ",
"The definition advances Requirement B5, which concerns the explanatory appropriateness of the cause to be selected as explanatory factor. ",
"Now, my reader might be annoyed with the fact that I have so far avoided the (presumed) \"strong evidence\" that favours the traditional interpretation in terms of B2 or B2*-the evidence presumably found at the beginning of APo I.4 (73a21-24) and chapter I.6 as a whole. ",
"I have discussed most of those key passages elsewhere. ",
"This present paper is mostly concerned with 15 addressing other passages in which Aristotle refers to his notion of scientific knowledge, besides those in the APo which presumably favours options B2 and B2*. ",
"Even so, I will explain how I understand those key passages that seem to favour the traditional interpretation (Section 5.a.1) For details, see Angioni 2018, p. 163-177; Zuppolini 2018b, p. 230-240.13 See, e.g., Barnes 1993, p. 90-91; McKirahan 1992, p. 22-23; Mignucci 2007, p. 151, 162-3; Ferejohn 2013, p. 82; 14 Bronstein 2016, p. 36, 43; Mendelsohn 2019, p. 102-3. ",
"See Angioni 2014a; Angioni 2016, p. 100-102; Angioni 2013a, p. 262ss.; ",
"Angioni 2019.15 Page of 10 56 5. ",
"Aristotle's own references to his notion of scientific knowledge: Aristotle's treatises, the APo included, have several references to his definition of scientific knowledge. ",
"Do these references (or allusions) favour one of the options for understanding Requirement B in T1? ",
"The underlying issue (from the previous section of this paper) consists in identifying what requirements have been exactly encoded in Aristotle's definition of scientific knowledge-i.e., question Q2, but not question Q1. ",
"On this light, the new issue I have just formulated amounts to examining how Aristotle's own references to his definition of scientific knowledge contribute to answer question Q2. ",
"First, I will argue that Aristotle's references to his definition of scientific knowledge within the APo confirm the interpretation in terms of B5. ",
"These references are divided into two groups: on the one hand, those that appear to refer to B2 (or B2*), but, on closer examination, show that the notion of explanatory appropriateness is at stake and thereby favour the interpretation in terms of B5; on the other hand, those that explicitly refer to Requirement A with no allusion to Requirement B at all. ",
"I will be brief about the first group of these references, for I have dealt with them in previous papers-and, unfortunately, a detailed discussion of chapter I.6 as a whole does not fit this paper (I would need fifty pages more!). ",
"Secondly, I will highlight a fact about Aristotle's references outside the APo and discuss its significance. ",
"The fact is that several (or even most) references to Aristotle's notion of scientific knowledge as officially defined in T1 does not mention Requirement B, but only refers to Requirement A. There are two important exceptions, which are usually employed as evidence for the traditional interpretation: Ethica Nicomachea VI.1-3, Metaphysics VII.15. ",
"Now, it would be too 16 long to examine the Metaphysics passage in this paper, for a satisfactory tracking of the argument (which is a discussion against some version of the Theory of Forms) would lead us far away. ",
"Besides, and most importantly, all Aristotle says in Metaphysics VII.15 involves the distinction between scientific knowledge and opinion in such a way that can receive the same treatment as APo I.33. ",
"The distinction appears to hinge on a modal difference, as if the object of scientific knowledge were necessary predications and as if the object of opinion were restricted to contingent things. ",
"Now, I have already developed my view about the distinction between scientific Actually, the passages I am concerned with (1139a6-8, b18-35) belong to the common books of Nicomachean and 16 Eudemian Ethics. ",
"But it is immaterial to my purposes here to discuss whether these passages originally belong to the Nicomachean or to the Eudemian Ethics. ",
"Just to make references easier, I will refer to them as Ethica Nicomachea VI, but nothing important hinges on that conventional way of referring to the passage. ",
"Page of 11 56 knowledge and opinion in APo I.33. ",
"Since I believe that Metaphysics VII.15 can be treated in the same way as APo I.33, I will not discuss it in this paper. ",
"17 5.a) Aristotle's references to his notion of scientific knowledge within the Posterior Analytics: 5.a.1) What might seem evidence for B2* (or B2) confirms B5: In APo I.4, 73a21-24, Aristotle resumes what I have labelled Requirement B: \"that of which there is scientific knowledge simpliciter cannot be otherwise\" (see a similar sentence in 71b15-16), and a few lines further ahead, he concludes: T2: \"what is known with demonstrative knowledge is necessary. ",
"Demonstrative is the knowledge we have by having demonstrations. ",
"Thus, a demonstration is a syllogism that depends on [or proceed from] necessary items\". (",
"73a22-24) The first sentence of T2 is as general and vague as the formulation found in T1. ",
"The traditional interpretation has been precipitate in taken T2 as decisive evidence for understanding T1 in terms of B2. ",
"Option B2 relies on the assumption that \"what is known with demonstrative 18 knowledge\" refers exclusively to the conclusion of a demonstration. ",
"Thus, T2 is taken to be reasoning from the \"definitional\" fact that the conclusion must be necessarily true (in terms of B2) to the result that the premises must also be necessarily true. ",
"Besides other problems-such as the clash with Aristotle's theory of modal syllogisms, as well as the same false results that stems from T4 (which I will explore below)- this interpretation of T2 is problematic because it takes its assumption as being the only option. ",
"But it is not. ",
"Now, the important question is this: what does the expression \"what is known with demonstrative knowledge\" refer to? ",
"Predications playing the role of conclusion are far from being the only option. ",
"What we know, when we acquire demonstrative knowledge of the 2R theorem (or of the lunar eclipse), is a highly complex explanatory relation between the explanandum and the explanans, which Aristotle wants to be See Angioni 2019, Angioni 2013a, p. 262-4. ",
"For different views on I.33, see Fine 2010; Moss & Schwab (2019); 17 Morison (forth.); ",
"Peramatzis (forth.). ",
"See Filopono 57.22-29, 58.18-19; Barnes 1993, p. 110-11; Barnes 1993b, p. 230; McKirahan 1992, p. 81-83; 18 Mignucci 2007, p.162-3. ",
"See also Ferejohn 2013, p. 82, in favour of B2*. ",
"Ross 1949, p. 526 is neuter on this, for he repeats Aristotle's words with the same vagueness and generality. ",
"Porchat 2001, p. 137, seems to embrace B1 e B2 at once. ",
"Page of 12 56 parsed as a relation between the conclusion and the premises of the demonstrative syllogism. ",
"19 Thus, merely necessary predications (in which the predicative tie is necessarily true) are far from being thereby qualified for the role of \"necessary items on which demonstrative knowledge depends\". ",
"The necessary items (i.e., principles) on which demonstrative knowledge depends are premises that, being true necessarily or for the most part, are here called \"necessary\" in terms of B5: they are the necessary ones for the most appropriate explanation of the explanandum in question. ",
"The fact that being necessary in terms of B5 requires predications that are necessary or for the most part true in terms of B2* does not modify the story. ",
"Further ahead in the APo, chapter I.6 is completely devoted to exploring the thesis announced in I.4 (T2), namely, that \"demonstration is a syllogism that depends on [or proceeds from] necessary items\". ",
"The two most important passages are the following: T3: \"Given that demonstrative knowledge depends on [or proceeds from] necessary principles, and given that necessary are the attributes that apply to the things [sc. ",
"the explananda] in themselves [...], it is clear that a demonstrative syllogism depends on [or proceeds from] items of this kind; for everything applies either in this way or on the basis of a concomitant factor, but concomitant factors are not necessary\" (74b5-13). ",
"T4: \"If something has been demonstrated, it is not possible for it to be otherwise; therefore, the syllogism must proceed from necessary [items], for from true [items] you can deduce without demonstrating, but from necessary [items] you cannot deduce without demonstrating-this is precisely the mark of demonstration\". (",
"74b14-18). ",
"There are two main reasons why it is embarassing to understand the Necessity Requirement in T1 in terms of B2. ",
"The first reason-which is actually less important-is that, by Requirement B2, only a few disciplines, such as mathematics, cosmology and theology, will deserve the title of \"scientific knowledge\", whereas the disciplines which Aristotle himself has developed, like several branches of biology, will not deserve that title. ",
"The traditional interpretation tries to get rid of this trouble through a speculative hypothesis that has no textual evidence, namely, that Aristotle would have changed his mind when developing his explorations I have developed this view with more details in Angioni 2019, p. 173-5, 191-5.19 Page of 13 56 in the field of biology etc., ",
"leaving aside the exaggerated requirements found in the APo. (",
"The 20 only presumed evidence for this fictitious narrative is APo I.30, which I will discuss further ahead). ",
"Much more important is the second reason why it is embarassing to understand the Necessity Requirement in T1 in terms B2-for the second reason also affects B2*, which is the traditional way of dealing with the difficulty involved in the first reason. ",
"If understood in terms of B2, passage T4 would be saying that any sound deduction with necessary propositions (e.g., any sound Barbara-syllogism with premises and conclusion necessarily true) would count as a demonstration. ",
"Understood in terms of condition B2*, passage T4 would be saying that any sound deduction with propositions that are true (at least) for the most part would count as a demonstration. ",
"However, there is a significant set of passages with robust evidence against these interpretations, namely, against reducing demonstrations to sound deductions with propositions that are necessarily true or (at least) true for the most part. ",
"In contrast, if T4 be understood in terms of 21 B5, there is a perfect harmony in the way Aristotle conducts his discussion in order to flesh out with more accurate detail what has been briefly encoded in the definition of scientific knowledge in T1. ",
"I will be brief on this point here, because I have already dealt with it in detail. ",
"The robust 22 evidence against the Reduction-and, consequently, against the interpretation of the Necessity Requirement in terms of B2 or B2*-is fundamentally found in chapters I.5 and I.9, in passages that clearly resume the terms in which the definiendum was phrased in T1, namely, \"knowing each thing simpliciter\", which is tantamount to knowing each thing (within a scientific discipline) in the specific way that counts as scientific knowledge. ",
"Thus, in 74a32ff., ",
"Aristotle is clearly concerned with specifying more fine-grained criteria to discern \"when one knows simpliciter\"- This is the style found in LeBlond 1939; there is also a flirt with that suggestion in Barnes 1993, p. 192. ",
"In a 20 different style, see also Smith 2009, p. 60, who believes that T4 works with another definition of demonstration, different from T1. ",
"About the falsity of such a reduction, see Barnes 1993, p. 126; Mignucci 2007, 171; Hankinson 1998, 161; 21 Angioni 2014a, p. 90-92. ",
"The robust set of evidence against that reduction includes the six requirements for the premises in 71b20-32, the insistence on per se predications (73b16-18, 75a29-31), the requirement for principles that are suggenes (75b3-12, 76a8-9, 29-30) and appropriate to their explananda (71b22-23, 72a5-6, 74b25-26, 75b36-40, 76a4-7). ",
"It is surprising that most interpretations (following Ross 1949) do not have any comments on T4 (or have paltry ones, as Philoponus, 84.18-34). ",
"Some suppose that Aristotle has in mind a mysterious equivalence between necessary predication and per se predication (cf. ",
"Barnes 1970, p. 139-140: \"the Posterior Analytics states that holding 'in itself ' and holding necessarily are equivalent (A 74b5-12)\". ",
"But this trick is far from solving the problem, as I have shown in Angioni 2016, p. 156-63, and Angioni 2019, p. 200-2. ",
"I discussed this issue focused on T4 in Angioni 2014a and Angioni 2019, p. 175-191. ",
"See also Angioni 2016, p. 22 100-102; Angioni 2012a, p. 44-47. ",
"Page of 14 56 more particularly, \"when one knows simpliciter why the attibute 2R is attributed to that to which it is properly attributed\". ",
"There is an important motive for Aristotle to be concerned with refining these criteria. ",
"Sometimes an attempted demonstration which fails at delivering \"knowledge simpliciter\" gets unnoticed as the failure it is. ",
"Such an attempted demonstration satisfies some important conditions (being, for instance, a sound deduction of its conclusion) but do not demonstrate in the most appropriate way what was targeted as demonstrandum (74a4-6). ",
"In chapter I.9, 76a26-30, Aristotle comes back to the same issue: T5: \"It is difficult to tell whether you have [scientific] knowledge of something or not, for it is difficult to tell whether or not our knowledge of something proceeds from its principles-and this is what it is to know something. ",
"We think we have scientific knowledge of something if we possess a syllogism from some true and primary items, but this is not so\" (76a26-30). ",
"T5 is the final section of chapter I.9, in which Aristotle has discussed more fine-grained criteria to tell when (i.e., on what conditions) do we really have scientific knowledge of a given explanandum. ",
"In the beginning of the chapter, he has said: \"it is not possible to demonstrate each thing unless from the principles of each one [...]\" (75a37-38). ",
"The requirement of demonstrating each thing from the principles of each one (qua each one is exactly itself) is exactly the same requirement of explanatory appropriateness which, in T1, is encoded in the conditions A and B5 (and, besides, is expanded into the six requirements for the premises, cf. ",
"71b22-23). ",
"Further ahead in the same chapter I.9, the reference to T1 is even more explicit: \"We have scientific knowledge of each thing not on the basis of a concomitant factor when we know it on the basis of that in virtue of which it is [what it is], from the principles of that thing qua itself \" (76a4-6). ",
"All the passages from I.5 and I.9 I have been considering are extremely dense. ",
"Now, all of 23 them make clear Aristotle's concern with specifying in a more fine-grained way the conditions to tell that one has attained scientific knowledge of a given explanandum X-and Aristotle's target Unfortunately, these passages have not received the attention they deserve. ",
"Chapter I.5 has had a better luck, with 23 Ferejohn 2013 and Hasper 2006. ",
"The commentaries on I.9 found in Barnes 1993 amount to less than three pages (p. 134-7), and there is no specific discussion for T5 (76a26-30), which is a passage of utmost importance. ",
"The same happened with Ross 1949, p. 535-7, who, besides, has erroneously taken I.9 as a mere warning against the metabasis eis ello genos (about the metabasis, see Steinkrüger 2018). ",
"No passage from I.5 and I.9 is devoted to a full examination in McKirahan 1992, nor in Bronstein 2016 (who at least says something on 76a4-6 in note 21, p. 56). ",
"Page of 15 56 is not limited to the more general conditions to tell that someone is an expert in a given domain. ",
"Aristotle's strategies to satisfy that concern have several fronts. ",
"He insists that the terms in an appropriate demonstration must be coextensive with each other (74a1-3), but he also insists in intensional aspects stemming from the notion of per se predication (73b26-39; 74a25-32). ",
"He 24 identifies the risk of erroneous understanding of some of the six requirements he has laid down in 71b20-33, as the requirement of selecting primary and indemonstrable premises (75b37-40, 76a26-30). ",
"Now, the crucial point for the more fine-grained specification of this requirement 25 consists in the notion of explanatory appropriateness: the cause or principle to attain the scientific demonstration of X must take X exactly as being X (or qua X). ",
"One might say that Aristotle seems concentrated on the condition A when refining these requirements. ",
"But I argue that his effort in refining his requirements paying attention to the notion of explanatory appropriateness, in T3-T4 (as well as other passages from I.5-6 and I.9), is better understood as an effort to clarify how the Necessity Requirement in T1 must be taken. ",
"26 And it is especially T4 that confirms that Requirement B must be understood in terms of B5, namely, in terms of explanatory appropriateness. ",
"Option B5 says that the cause to be selected in the scientific demonstration of X is such that it could not have been a different one. ",
"What must be selected in the scientific demonstration of X is that cause which, taking X exactly as X, explains in the most appropriate way why X is what it is. ",
"For this reason, that cause may receive the title of \"necessary principle\", namely, the principle that is explanatory necessary for the scientific explanation of X-the principle that could not have been a different one. ",
"Taken in this way, T4 does not generate any false, embarassing claim, but delivers instead a claim that is perfectly consistent with many passages from the APo. ",
"27 See Angioni 2016, p. 95-102; Ferejohn 2013, p. 81-90; Hasper 2006; Zuppolini 2018a, p. 129-132.24 On this point, see Angioni 2012a, p. 42-52. ",
"For a different view, ver Ferejohn 2013, p. 72-74.25 See Angioni 2014a, Angioni 2016, p. 100-102. ",
"Moreover, my interpretation allows us to take T1 as a programme 26 that ties together most of the discussions actually found in the following chapters. ",
"Thus, discussions about the per se attributes (I.4-6), coextensiveness between the terms in the demonstrative syllogism (I.4-5, I.13), necessary principles (I.6), metabasis eis allo genos (I.7), explanatory inadequacy of too generic principles that apply in common to different explananda (I.9), primary causes (I.13)-all this can be understood as a fine-grained cashing out of the Requirements A and B. For the other interpretations, the relations between many of those discussions is much more obscure, sometimes are taken to be rhapsodic. ",
"Ferejohn 2013, p. 65-66, 72, has acknowleged the lack of relation, but he attempts to mitigate it by proposing a division of work between I.1-3 (general conditions for any epistemology) and I.4 onwards (Aristotle's specific philosophy of science). ",
"See references on note 21.27 Page of 16 56 Thus, in saying that scientific demonstrations depend on \"necessary principles\" in T3 (74b5-6), Aristotle is not saying that scientific demonstrations stem from necessary predications (i.e., predications in which the predicative tie necessarily holds)-even if it is true to say that the proposition playing the role of explanatory principle for a given conclusion is, itself, necessarily true. ",
"What Aristotle encodes in the expression \"necessary principles\" in 74b5-6 (T3) is the claim that a scientific demonstration depends on a proposition that (being itself necessarily true or at least true for the most part) is the principle which is explanatorily necessary, i.e., the principle required to explain in the most appropriate way why X is as it is. ",
"The adjective \"necessary\" in 74b5-6 (T3), which ranges over the noun \"principle\", takes the principle exactly as a principle and tells something about its explanatory power. ",
"Something similar happens with the occurrences of the adjective \"necessary\" (with no noun explicitly attached to it) in T2 and T4. ",
"Thus, when Aristotle says that a scientific demonstration depends on (or proceeds from) \"necessary items\", his focus is not to encode the condition that a demonstration must proceed from premises that are necessarily true (or at least true for the most part)-even if this condition is true in itself, for, as I have emphasised, B2* delivers a positive answer for the question Q1. ",
"What Aristotle expresses, in T2 and T4, is the claim that a scientific demonstration depends on (and stems from) premises that turn out to be the principles without which the fully appropriate explanation of the explanandum in question is not attained. ",
"28 The points made in the previous paragraphs must be emphasised to discuss a crucial text, APo I.30, which supposedly would give support for taking the Necessity Requirement in T1 in terms of B2*. ",
"I stress, again, the importance of the distinction between the questions Q1 and Q2. ",
"The thesis that Aristotle advances in I.30, and which is confirmed in many other passages, is that \"there is no scientific (or demonstrative) knowledge of what happens by chance\" (87b19). ",
"29 Aristotle's argument is simple: \"what happens by chance is not either necessary or for the most part, but is what happens apart from these two; demonstration, however, is about one of these two\" (87b20-22). ",
"It is also true that, further ahead in I.30, modal terminology seems to be applied exactly to the predicative relations encoded in each sentence of a demonstration, instead of applying to the explanatory relation between premises and conclusion. ",
"The text reads thus: For details, see Angioni 2019, p. 179-191; Angioni 2014a, p. 91-103; Angioni 2016, p. 100-102; Angioni, 2012a p. 28 44-47. ",
"Cf. ",
"Metaphysics 1027a19-26; Physics 197a8-21. ",
"For excellent discussion, see Judson 1991.29 Page of 17 56 \"every syllogism proceeds from necessary premises, or from 'for the most part' premises; if the premises are necessary, the conclusion is necessary too; but, if the premises are 'for the most part', the conclusion will be of this kind too\" (87b22-5, my italics). ",
"Now, this passage gives support in favour of option B2* only in the domain of question Q1 -but not in the domain of question Q2. ",
"Thus, it is true that, for Aristotle, scientific knowledge requires knowing that the propositions at stake are true necessarily or for the most part. ",
"30 However, this does not prove that the Necessity Requirement in the definition of scientific knowledge in T1 must be understood in terms of B2*. ",
"As I have already argued, if the Necessity Requirement were understood in terms of B2 in T3-T4, Aristotle would be embracing a thesis that he himself takes to be false and, besides, is inconsistent with a significant part of the discussions developed in the APo-namely, the thesis that any sound deduction with necessarily true propositions would count as a scientific demonstration. ",
"This trouble would not be solved if 31 B2 gets replaced with B2*. ",
"Strictly speaking, B2* would deliver a thesis even more bizarre in T4, namely, the thesis that any sound deduction with 'quasi-necessary' propositions (i.e., propositions that are true for the most part, but not necessarily) would count as a scientific demonstration. ",
"32 Thus, the distinction between questions Q1 and Q2 is fundamental to understand Aristotle's theory of scientific knowledge. ",
"It is surely true that, for Aristotle, \"every scientific knowledge is about that which holds necessarily or that which holds for the most part\" (1027a20-21). ",
"This amounts to saying that the proposition underlying B2* is true - B2* delivers a positive answer to question Q1. ",
"However, question Q2 is a different one. ",
"What matters in Q2 is to discern whether B2* corresponds to the requirement encoded in the definition of scientific knowledge in T1. ",
"And the answer, in this case, is negative. ",
"Aristotle's references to the notion of scientific knowledge in important passages (e.g., T3-T5) show that the definition of scientific knowledge in T1 works with two requirements focused in the notion of explanation: Cf. ",
"Metaphysics VI.2, 1027a19-21. ",
"I could have included the passage 1027a19-24 in this paper. ",
"However, this will 30 take me too long, for the expression \"συμβεβηκός\" is being used differently from what is found in T1. ",
"I have dealt with these issues elsewhere (cf. ",
"Angioni 2016, p. 91-100). ",
"See references on note 21.31 Furthermore, my interpretation explains Aristotle's attitude in I.30 in a better way. ",
"On the traditional 32 interpretation, the purpose of I.30 would be exactly to correct B2 in terms of B2*. ",
"However, it would be surprising if Aristotle had made such a correction with no announcement or preparation-and Aristotle was fully aware of the possibility of having his words wrongly understood, see Incessu Animalium 709b20-23. ",
"On my interpretation, Aristotle is not changing his mind; he is only warning us that the \"necessity\" terminology, which has been applied to explanatory relations, is now being applied to the premises themselves (as predicative ties). ",
"Page of 18 56 Requirement A requires knowing that the cause of the explanandum X is in fact its cause; Requirement B, understood in terms of B5, requires acknowledging that the fact that this cause is the cause of X cannot be otherwise. ",
"Strictly speaking, Aristotle's efforts in clarifying the conditions on which we attain scientific knowledge of a given explanandum X are efforts to clarify how Requirement B must be understood. ",
"5.a.2) Other passages from the Posterior Analytics: I stress that, in two crucial passages from the APo, Aristotle refers to the notion of scientific knowledge without making any allusion to the notion of necessity as taken by the traditional interpretation (i.e., in terms of B2 or B2*). ",
"Thus, in APo I.14, we read the following: T6: \"Among the figures, it is the first that most provides knowledge. ",
"For it is through the first figure that mathematical sciences (like arithmetic, geometry and optics) and all the others conduct the investigation of the why. ",
"The syllogism of the why runs in this figure either in all cases, or for the most part and in most cases. ",
"Consequently, it is also the first figure that most provides knowledge, given that the most decisive for having knowledge is to identify the why\" (79a16-24, my translation). ",
"This passage involves several difficulties. ",
"But only one point concerns me now-a point 33 that applies to other passages too. ",
"If both requirements, Requirement A and Requirement B, are equally important in the definition of scientific knowledge in T1, then we must expect T6 to refer to the latter too. ",
"If Requirement B should be understood in terms of B2 or B2*, Aristotle could have said: \"the most decisive for having knowledge is, besides identifying the why, knowing that the propositions in question are necessarily true (or true for the most part)\". ",
"But he did not say that. ",
"He has highlighted that \"the most decisive for having knowledge is to identify the why\". ",
"One might argue that Aristotle has not retrieved Requirement B in T6 because his subject -a comparison between the syllogistic figures-does not depend on it. ",
"It could be so. ",
"But the lack of any reference or allusion to Requirement B in T6 can be explained in a much more satisfactory way if Requirement B is understood in terms of B5. ",
"For, given that B5 requires the For detailed discussion, see Mendell 1998. ",
"See also Barnes 1969, p. 144; McKirahan 1992, p. 150.33 Page of 19 56 full explanatory appropriateness of the cause in relation to its pragma, we can say that B5 is giving us more specific conditions to cash out Requirement A. The definition of scientific knowledge in T1 starts with Requirement A: it requires knowing the cause and the why. ",
"But this is not enough, for one must capture the cause that is the primary or most appropriate one. ",
"In this picture, it is completely understandable that Aristotle refers to the notion of scientific knowledge in the summarized and abbreviated way found in T6. ",
"My point is that, if Requirement B is understood in terms of B5, an explicit reference to the specific kind of cause able to explain its explanandum in the most appropriate way can be absent in contexts in which it does not matter-in contexts in which a generic description is enough. ",
"This is what happens in T6: Aristotle retrieves the notion of scientific knowledge by means of a generic description that is enough for his purposes in the context-much in the way we do when we say, e.g., that craft is a capacity, full stop. ",
"Besides, other passages make explicit reference to the notion of primary cause, which retrieves Requirement B understood in terms of B5, as I will now explore. ",
"34 In fact, if Requirement B is understood in terms of B2 or B2*, it will result in a condition completely different from Requirement A, a second condition that is extrinsically added to Requirement A. Thus, if Aristotle's definition of scientific knowledge works with two different requirements, blended together with no inner connection between them (as suggested in Barnes 1993, p. 92), the omission of one of them turns out to be more difficult to explain. ",
"More particularly, the lack of reference to Requirement B2 (or B2*) in passages such as T6 turns out to be more difficult to explain-even more difficult if, as Barnes (1993, p. 92) has suggested, mathematics were more concerned with necessity than with explanatoriness. ",
"In APo II.11, we read thus: T7: \"Given that we think we have scientific knowledge when we know the cause, and the causes are four [...]; all them are displayed through a middle term\" (94a20-24). ",
"Moreover, several uses of \"τὸ αἴτιον\" and \"τὸ διότι\" in Aristotle's works are such that the definite article \"τό\" plays 34 the role of pointing out \"the cause\", namely, that cause which is the one required for the fully appropriate explanation (even with no adjectives attached to the term). ",
"In 78b15, \"τὸ αἴτιον\" is retriving \"τὸ πρῶτον αἴτιον\" mentioned in 78b3-4 (cf. ",
"Angioni 2018, p. 164). ",
"Something similar occurs in Metaphysics VII.17: in 1041b7, we find \"τὸ αἴτιον\", but in 1041b28 it becomes clear that Aristotle was talking about the αἴτιον πρῶτον. ",
"In 194b19-20 (which will be discussed below as T11), \"the why\" is taken as equivalent to \"primary cause\". ",
"See also 75a35, 93a4, 413a20. ",
"Page of 20 56 If both requirements, Requirement A and Requirement B, are equally important in the definition of scientific knowledge in T1, and if the Requirement B must be understood in terms of B2 or B2*, then we must expect Aristotle to make an explicit reference to it in T7. ",
"Again, the lack of explicit reference to Requirement B is easily explainable if we take it in terms of B5. ",
"For, in this case, Requirement B-far from being a completely different requirement, concurrently added to Requirement A-turns out to be a specification that clarifies in a more fine-grained way the conditions on which knowledge of the cause (satisfying Requirement A) delivers scientific knowledge. ",
"I am aware that my argument concerning T7 has a possible weakness, if taken in isolation. ",
"One might object-correctly, in a way-that the lack of explicit reference to Requirement B in T7 is easily explainable by the fact that T7 is stricly concerned with specifying the four kinds of causes, as a further refinement of Requirement A. So, the lack of reference to the Necessity Requirement in T7 hardly proves anything about the definition of scientific knowledge in T1. ",
"However, the reason for including T7 in my present list is that T7 repeats a pattern found in many other passages in which Aristotle makes reference to his definition of scientific knowledge. ",
"Thus, T7, isolated in itself, would never be able to give robust evidence for my claim, but it has its importance even so, for it is on a piece with other passages outside the APo in which Aristotle refers to the notion of scientific knowledge. ",
"With two important exceptions-Metaphysics VII.15 and Ethica Nicomachea VI.1-3, the latter of which will be discussed below-all these passages do not have any explicit reference to Requirement B, and most of them make explicit reference to Requirement A. Aristotle's phrasing in most of those passages seems to imply that having scientific knowledge of a given explanandum X can be briefly summarised in one single characteristic: knowing the cause (or the primary cause) by which X is what it is. ",
"I intend to show that those passages, far from abandoning Requirement B as found in T1, can be much more satisfactorily understood in terms of B5. ",
"35 A supposedly recalcitrant case, which seems to count in favour of the traditional interpretation, will be discussed later with more detail-Ethica Nicomachea VI.1-3. ",
"Before examining it, I offer a survey of other passages. ",
"I still add 71b30-31, as well as this passage from I.24: \"if a demonstration is a syllogism that shows the cause and 35 the why, and if the universal is more of a cause (...); therefore, also the universal demonstration is better, for it is, most of all, of the cause and of the why\" (85b23-27). ",
"But my list of passages is large enough-and I would take me too long to argue that the passage from I.24 must be taken serioulsy in many aspects. ",
"Page of 21 56 5.b) Beyond the Posterior Analytics: 5.b.1) No mention of Requirement B: I start with two passages from the Organon. ",
"At the beginning of the Topics, Aristotle clarifies what he is calling \"demonstration\" in this way: T8: \"A syllogism is a demonstration when it proceeds from true and primary [premises], or from [premises] such that the principle for knowing them is attained by means of true and primary [premises]\". (",
"100a27-29, my translation) In order to clarify what he is calling \"demonstration\", Aristotle does not resume any of the requirements that define scientific knowledge in T1-neither Requirement A nor Requirement B. Given that \"demonstration\" is several times employed for the kind of argument that expresses scientific knowledge, it would be likely for Aristotle to resume those requirements. ",
"However, the 36 differences between T1 and T8 need not be exaggerated, for they can be well explained from the different concerns that predominate in each context. ",
"T1 belongs to a treatise devoted to explore what scientific knowledge consists in. ",
"Accordingly, T1 defines exactly the central notion Aristotle will be dealing with along the treatise. ",
"In contrast, T8 belongs to a treatise meant to be a kind of practical guide for dialectical reasoning. ",
"Furthermore, T8 does not define a central notion, but an auxiliary notion-a foil which will allow the reader to grasp the central notion in the Topics, i.e., the notion of dialectical argument, with more distinctness. ",
"One might argue that the notion of primary premises includes some implicit allusion to the requirements that characterise scientific knowledge in the APo. ",
"The adjective \"primary\" (πρῶτον) is employed in a more generic way in several passages (cf. ",
"71b21, 76a29), but in 72a5-6 it is associated with the notion of appropriate principles, which, from what has been said in 71b20-32, involves the notion of explanatory appropriateness. ",
"However, this line of arguments is not 37 promising. ",
"For, right in the next passage from the Topics, Aristotle elucidates what he means with the conjunction of the adjectives \"true\" and \"primary\", and what he says is this: \"true and The noun \"ἀπόδειξις\" (as well as the verb \"ἀποδείκνυμι\") is used in many ways in Aristotle (cf. ",
"Rhetorics 1355a5, 36 1396a33, 1403a15, 1417b21, 23, 1418a5; Poetics, 1450a7; 1450b11; 1456a37). ",
"See Barnes 1969, p. 138. ",
"But there is no doubt that, in T8, \"ἀπόδειξις\" is used with the force also found in APo I.2. ",
"For details, see Angioni 2012a, p. 12-23, 49-51.37 Page of 22 56 primary are the items that are trustworthy in virtue of themselves but not due to something else\" (100a30-b19). ",
"Now, this elucidation is far from being crystal clear, but one thing is certain- and is enough for my discussion. ",
"Aristotle does not associate the term \"primary\", in T8, to any characteristic that could be linked to the Causal Requirement in T1. ",
"Aristotle is employing \"primary\" in an epistemological way: the attitude and cognitive state of the person developing an argument is the rationale for calling a premise \"primary\" in this way. ",
"When Aristotle adds, a little further ahead, that \"for the demonstrative principles, one need not ask the why\" (100b19-20), he is not focusing on the explanatory power these principles would have for this or that explanandum; he is focusing instead on the fact that they bring by themselves the conviction about their truth, without requiring any further justification. ",
"Aristotle has good reasons to 38 employ the terms in this way in the Topics. ",
"For his aim is to characterize the kind of argument (namely, dialectical argument) in which the premises taken by the disputants are not taken because they seem true to them (even when they are indeed true), but because they are endoxa, namely, well accepted or acceptable to some group of people that turns out to be relevant for the dispute. ",
"The most important item, for an argument to be dialectical, is this status of the 39 premises. ",
"Within the limits of the dialectical dispute, the credentials of the premises stem from their being accepted or acceptable to some groups of people. ",
"Dialectical arguments are 40 confined within these limits-and this also gives Aristotle good reason to omit any reference to Requirement A in T8. (",
"Had Aristotle referred to Requirement A in T8, his definition of dialectical argument could have implied, erroneously, that dialectical arguments, in contrast with demonstrations, could never engage in discussions about explanations or explanatory opinions.) ",
"Besides, if Requirement B in T1 were to be understood in terms of B2 or B2*, the lack of reference to it in T8 would have been more surprising, for B2 or B2* would have given Aristotle an excellent foil to elaborate the contrast with dialectical arguments. ",
"We could have said then: \"on the one hand, a syllogism is demonstrative when one knows that its propositions are necessarily true, whereas, on the other hand, a syllogism is dialectical when the propositions are I disagree with Barnes 1981, p. 48: \"the analysis of primitiveness at 100b18-21 implies [...] explanatoriness [...] 38 and appropriateness is said to follow from explanatoriness\". ",
"For details about this discussion, see Rapp 2018, p. 113-119; Frede 2012, p. 213-4; Smith 1997, p. xxiii, Mendonça 39 2014, p. 192-194; Mendonça 2015, p. 84-90. ",
"For a different view, see Reinhardt 2015. ",
"And this is why dialectical contenders can embrace (in different moments of the debate) contrary theses, whereas 40 demonstration can only take what is true, on the basis of its being true (cf. ",
"72a9-11). ",
"Page of 23 56 assumed only because they are well accepted (or acceptable)\". ",
"Now, it is true that Aristotle's not 41 having adopted this route in T8 does not prove anything about T1. ",
"But even so T8 adds some weight on my side, taken together with other passages in which Aristotle alludes to his notion of scientific knowledge or scientific demonstration. ",
"Another important passage in the Organon is found in the Sophistical Refutations. ",
"Demonstrations, taken as expressions of scientific knowledge, are presented under the description of \"didactic arguments\": 42 T9: \"Didactic arguments are those which deduce from the principles appropriate to each lesson, but not from the opinions of the answerer\" (165b1-3, my translation). ",
"43 As in the beginning of the Topics, it is clear that Aristotle's concern is to highlight the contrast between different kind of arguments by means of the epistemic attitudes of those who are employing the arguments. ",
"But, differently from the Topics, the reference to appropriate principles in T9 connects with the notion of explanatory appropriateness as characterised in the APo (71b23, 72a5-6)-and it is uncontroversially clear that the notion of explanatory appropriateness presupposes Requirement A. In contrast, T9 does not make any allusion to Requirement B understood in terms of B2 (or B2*). ",
"Now, if my interpretation is right, the notion of appropriate principles can be understood as packing together both Requirements, A and B5. ",
"Besides these passages from the Organon, there are relevant passages from the Physics and the Metaphysics in which Aristotle refers to his notion of scientific knowledge as defined in T1. ",
"We read the following in the beginning of the Physics: Intepretations of dialectic that understand endoxon as \"probable\" would be even more tempted to take the contrast 41 in modal terms (for criticisms of these interpretations, see Smith 1997, p. xxiii, Brunschwig 2002, p. 113-114; Barnes 1980, p. 498-502). ",
"Those interpretations would have even more difficulty in explaining the lack of reference to Requirement B in T8. ",
"Further ahead after T9, Aristotle makes it clear that he is talking about scientific demonstrations: \"we have already 42 spoken about demonstrative arguments in the Analytics\" (165b8-9). ",
"See Barnes 1969, p. 140; Barnes 1981, p. 44; Hasper 2013, p. 289-291; Fait 2007, p. 105. ",
"I disagree with those who take \"ἑκάστου μαθήματος\" in 165b1 as \"of each discipline\". \"",
"Μάθημα\" can also be taken 43 as lesson either in the sense of a particular lesson (in which a bunch of theorems are conveyed to the learner) or in the sense of a particular theorem that one learner comes to learn. ",
"I prefer this last option, which makes 165b1 be together with many occurrences of \"ἑκάστου/ ἕκαστον\" (71b9, 75b38, 76a4, 27, 184a12, 194b18-19, 983a25, 996b19) referring to a particular explanandum within a given discipline. ",
"Page of 24 56 T10: \"In all disciplines in which there is systematic knowledge of things with principles, causes, or elements, it arises from a grasp of those: we think we have knowledge of a thing when we have found its primary causes and principles, and followed it back to its elements.\" (",
"184a10-14, Charlton's translation, my italics). ",
"Aristotle's terminology in T10 might mislead some readers to wonder about subtleties involved in the differences of the verbs employed, \"εἰδέναι\", \"ἐπίστασθαι\" and \"γινώσκειν\". ",
"However-subtleties à la Prodicus aside-it is clear that Aristotle resumes his notion of scientific knowledge as defined in T1. ",
"Several passages employ \"εἰδέναι\" and \"ἐπίστασθαι\" as equivalent expressions-not only in the APo but in many other treatises. ",
"If that were not enough, it is 44 Aristotle himself who highlights the equivalence at the beginning of the Physics, if-as I take to be correct-the \"καί\" which connects them in T10 must be taken as epexegetic. ",
"Given this preliminary remark about terminology, note that T10 alludes to the notion of scientific knowledge with a clear reference to Requirement A, but no reference to Requirement B. Having scientific knowledge of a given thing consists in acknowledging its (primary) causes and principles, but there is no allusion to the requirement of knowing that the propositions in question are necessarily true. ",
"One might object that the lack of any reference to Requirement B (taken in terms of B2) is more than natural, for the Physics (and natural science in general) deals with entities subject to change, so that the propositions about those entities are true only for the most part, but not necessarily. ",
"Now, this objection has many weaknesses, but I want to concentrate on one of them. ",
"As we know, the domain of entities subject to change embraces 45 almost all domains in which Aristotle has developed his scientific enterprises. ",
"Given that, why should we insist in (and start with) an interpretation of T1 that delivers a definition of scientific For details about this issue, see Bronstein 2016, p. 18-21; Burnyeat 2011, p. 20-24. ",
"See Barnes 2014, p. 91 44 (although he takes T1 differently): \"Among the different Greek verbs there are indeed differences of nuance or colour and differences in idiom so that in a given context one of the verbs may be more appropriate than the others. ",
"But there are no semantic differences, no differences in sense\". ",
"For instance: it is precipitate to assume that all scientific propositions in the Physics are destined to be true only for the 45 most part. ",
"Actually, this is false. ",
"Physics contains several propositions that Aristotle surely takes as necessarily true, as the propositions involving the chain of change leading to the Primary Mover (Book VIII), the consolidated definitions of infinite, time, place etc., ",
"as well as the thesis that any change requires an underlying subject. ",
"It is important to avoid conflation between the Physics and the treatises on natural sciences. ",
"But even the latter involve propositions that are necessarily true-at least several definitions are necessarily true. ",
"I do not see any evidence to deny that, for Aristotle, the proposition that (e.g.) sheep are blooded animals is necessarily true. ",
"Page of 25 56 knowledge that turns out to be inadequate and incompatible with almost all scientific enterprises developed by Aristotle? ",
"At this juncture, traditional interpretation has its usual stock of tales: Aristotle has changed his mind; the \"Posterior Analytics formalism\" has revealed incompatible with the more flexible notion of scientific knowledge stemming from Aristotle's empirical explorations, and so on. ",
"46 However, there is no textual (or psychographed) evidence for this presumed change of mind. ",
"And the presumed incompatibility between the notion of scientific knowledge found in the APo and the scientific practices found in the biological treatises-an old clichê, very popular in past decades-is only a result of the inability to understand Aristotle's several discussions in their due contexts. ",
"The definition of scientific knowledge in T1 works basically with the same 47 characteristics found in T10. ",
"There is no explicit reference to Requirement B in T10. ",
"However, this lack of reference is not problematic, if Requirement B is understood in terms of B5. ",
"For, in this case, B5 consists in a more fine-grained specification of Requirement A, instead of being a completely different, additional requirement, about the necessary truth of the propositions involved in scientific knowledge. ",
"Thus, having scientific knowledge of X requires knowing what is the cause of X, and-to make the point clearer-requires knowing that this cause is really the cause of X, namely, this cause could never be a different one, for no other cause would explain X in the most appropriate way. ",
"On this perspective, it is clear how the definition of scientific knowledge in T1 was meant to work: Requirement A is, in some way, the main requirement, the one that can be employed as a heading, able to do the job in several contexts in which details are not needed and a generic characterisation is enough. ",
"Requirement B, far from adding a completely different condition, only specifies what kind of cause is required for having scientific knowledge. ",
"Furthermore, it is important to note that T10 does not speak of causes in a generic way, but makes explicit reference to primary causes and primary principles. ",
"The term \"primary\" (\"πρῶτον\") is used in several ways (cf. ",
"71b21, 26; 72a28, b5, 73b40, 74a11-13, 74b25, 75a36, 76a29, 76a32, 76b14), and I have already remarked that, in T8, it has an epistemological connotation that has nothing to do with the notion of explanatory appropriateness. ",
"However, in several contexts- The style is found in LeBlond 1939. ",
"But see also Barnes 1993, p. 92.46 Lennox 2001 is monumental against the alleged incompatibility. ",
"See also Angioni 2009c, p. 65.47 Page of 26 56 some of which will be examined below-the term \"primary\" is used exactly to mark the notion of explanatory appropriateness (cf. ",
"72a4-6) . ",
"Furthermore, applied to \"cause\" (cf. ",
"78a25-6, b4) or \"middle term\" (cf. ",
"99a25) or even with no noun attached to it (cf. ",
"72a31, 74b25), \"primary\" picks up exactly the explanatory factor that delivers the most appropriate explanation. ",
"This being so, we can say that the explicit reference to primary causes and primary principles, in T10, retrieves precisely the Requirement B understood in terms of B5. ",
"48 49 Further ahead in the Physics, we read thus: T11: \"we think we have knowledge of a thing only when we grasp 'the why' [τὸ διὰ τί] about it, and that is to grasp the primary cause\" (194b18-20, Charlton's translation modified, my italics). ",
"Aristotle refers only to Requirement A, but not to Requirement B. Again, my argument could be objected with the same reasoning applicable to T7. ",
"Both in Physics II.3 and in APo II.11, Aristotle is basically concerned with his theory of the Four Causes, so that it is natural for him to refer to the notion of scientific knowledge only through Requirement A, omitting Requirement B. But, in this case, this objection raises a discomfort. ",
"It is true that Aristotle's predominant 50 concern with his theory of the Four Causes might explain the lack of any reference to Requirement B understood in terms of B2 (or B2*). ",
"However, the remark that modern editors put into parenthesis-\"and this [sc. ",
"grasping the why of each thing] is to grasp the primary cause\" (194b19-20)-is not well fitted into the objection's story. ",
"The adjective \"primary\" attached to \"cause\" is commonly used by Aristotle to indicate precisely that cause which, among others, is the most important and the most appropriate for the scientific explanation of a given explanandum. ",
"On my interpretation, Aristotle is perfectly justified in emphasising the notion of 51 primary cause in his reminder that retrieves the notion of scientific knowledge as defined in T1. ",
"Pace Pellegrin 2002, p. 70, n1, and several others who follow the ancient commentators, as Ross 1936, p. 457. ",
"48 I suggest that something similar can be associated with the expression \"up to the elements\" at the end of T10, 49 which can be taken as a way of stressing that the primary causes consist in the essential elements on which something depends to be what it is. ",
"Besides, in 84b22, Aristotle states that the elements of demonstrations are indemonstrable premises (on this, see Crager 2015, p. 52, 92, and a different opinion in Malink 2017, p. 173-186). ",
"There are differences between Physics II.3 and APo II.11 concerning the theory of the Four Causes, but they are 50 irrelevant for my purposes here. ",
"See Angioni 2018, p. 164. ",
"Cf. ",
"note 28. ",
"About T11, it is noteworthy that Ross 1936, p. 512, takes the adjective 51 \"primary\" with the force of \"proximate\", although he has a different opinion about T10. ",
"Page of 27 56 For Requirement B, understood in terms of B5, specifies with more exactness that the cause required for scientific knowledge of each thing is precisely that cause which cannot be a different one-the cause fully appropriate to explain the explanandum in question or, in the terminology with which T11 refers to Requirement B, the primary cause. ",
"Similar to T11 is the passage from the beginning of the Metaphysics which precedes the critical evaluation Aristotle is going to give of his predecessors about the first principles and the highest causes. ",
"This is what we read: T12: \"Given that it is clear that we must come to know the causes that hold as principles (for we state that we know each thing precisely when we think we have spotted its primary cause)\" (983a24-26, my translation, my italics). ",
"Aristotle's reference to his notion of scientific knowledge in T12-as well as in T11-gives central weight to the notion of primary cause. ",
"Now, one might raise the following objection: there is no trace of the notion of primary cause in the official definition of scientific knowledge in T1; in contrast, T12 does not make any reference to the Necessity Requirement (i.e., Requirement B understood in terms of B2); therefore, T12 must be referring to another conception of scientific knowledge, different from the one found in the APo (perhaps developed in a lost treatise etc.). ",
"52 But we should refrain from speculations with no exegetical evidence, especially when a better interpretation is perfectly defensible on the basis of the available evidence. ",
"As I said about T10 and T11, Aristotle's emphasis on the notion of primary cause in his reference to the notion of scientific knowledge (as defined in T1) is perfectly justified. ",
"For Requirement B, understood in terms of B5, only specifies with more exactness what cause is required for having scientific knowledge of each thing. ",
"Requirement A only states the condition of knowing that the cause of the explanandum in question is indeed its cause. ",
"Requirement B specifies (with more exactness) that scientific knowledge requires that cause which cannot be a different one in relation to the explanandum at stake-and, as Aristotle will cash out in the ensuing discussions in the APo, this cause is the cause fully appropriate to explain that explanandum or, in other terms, the primary cause. ",
"Thus, the progression from Requirement A to Requirement B5, as elements in the definiens stated in T1, is analogous to a progression in which we attempted to characterize This style of argument is found in LeBlond 1939. ",
"I should emphasise that \"primary cause\" here has the same force 52 as I attributed to it in T11 (pace Ross 1924, p. 126). ",
"See notes 34 and 50. ",
"Page of 28 56 human beings by saying this: \"a human being is an animal having feet; more precisely, a biped one\". ",
"As we know, the information that human beings are animals that have feet is contained in the information that human beings are biped animals (cf. ",
"Metaphysics 1038a22-23). ",
"The progression from Requirement A to Requirement B5 is a step from a generic heading (\"we need to know the cause\") to a specification that takes the generic heading on its most essential point (\"we need to know, more precisely, that the explanatory connection between that cause and its explanandum cannot be otherwise\"). ",
"Therefore, employing the notion of primary cause to remind the reader about the definition of scientific knowledge has the same basic effect as employing Requirement B understood in terms of B5. ",
"Moreover-as I will explore below-if Requirement A is in a way contained in Requirement B5 (as having feet is contained in biped), it does not need to be explicitly mentioned, as this explains why sometimes Aristotle relies only on Requirement B5 to present his notion of scientific knowledge. ",
"Another passage from the Metaphysics is the following: T13: \"in other cases also (even in those of which there is demonstration) we think we know each thing when we know what it is, e.g. what squaring is, viz. ",
"that it is the finding of a mean; and similarly in all other cases.\" (",
"996b18-22, my translation) This passage should be taken with caution, for several reasons. ",
"First, we need caution because the passage is found in Book III of the Metaphysics, in a context in which Aristotle is developing aporiai concerning the nature and proper task of wisdom taken as the knowledge of the first principles and the highest causes. ",
"The development of aporiai in Metaphysics III sometimes counts with premises that do not correspond to any thesis embraced by Aristotle himself. ",
"Sometimes the premises are theses genuinely accepted by Aristotle, but many times they are only the premises needed for the formulation of the dilemma, giving support and some credibility to one of the sides of the difficulty. ",
"It would take me too long do discuss which is exactly the situation in T13. ",
"Secondly, the example involved in the passage seems to be the geometrical problem of squaring a figure (a circle?)-finding a proof that there is a square the area of which corresponds to the area of a given figure (circle?)-, which is too complex to be satisfactorily discussed within the limits of this paper. ",
"Thirdly, T13 suggests that Aristotle has in mind a 53 For the squaring of a circle, see Mueller 1982, p. 164; Dorion 1995, p. 288; Fait 2007, p. 155; Hasper 2013, p. 53 314-320. ",
"I have dealt with the issue in Angioni 2012b, p. 208-211; Angioni 2016, p. 100. ",
"Page of 29 56 model of demonstration in which the most relevant explanatory role is played by the essence of the attribute to be explained, such that knowing why X obtains (X being an attribute) turns out to be equivalent to knowing what X is. ",
"But, again, the discussion of this point would imply a series 54 of other exegetical issues that would not fit here. ",
"These three reasons ask for caution in the interpretation of T13. ",
"Even so, I submit that the fundamental premise involved in this passage does correspond, in fact, to a thesis accepted by Aristotle. ",
"At a first glance, the thesis does not seem to have any similarity with Requirements A and B found in the definition of scientific knowledge at T1. ",
"However, in Book II of the APo, Aristotle explicitly argues for the thesis that \"the what-it-is is the same as the why-it-is\" (90a14-15) and, further ahead, that \"knowing what-it-is is the same as knowing the cause of being something\" (93a4). ",
"Aristotle proposes an equivalence between knowing the cause why a given 55 subject is of such and such a quality (i.e., has this or that attribute) and knowing what something is (i.e., what the attribute is). ",
"This equivalence consists exactly in the core of the model of demonstration in which the most relevant explanatory role is played by the essence of the attribute to be explained. ",
"And it is this equivalence that allows us to connect T13 to Aristotle's 56 definition of scientific knowledge in T1. ",
"According to T13, having scientific knowledge about the squaring [e.g., of a circle] consists in knowing what that squaring exactly is. ",
"Now-if we follow the model presented in the Book II of the APo (especially in 90a14-15 and 93a4)-knowing what exactly the squaring of the circle is amounts to knowing what is the cause the makes the area of given circle correspond to the area of a square. ",
"This equivalence between knowing the cause and knowing the what-it-is makes it clear that T13 is also relying on the definition of scientific knowledge in T1. ",
"Thus, Requirement A requires knowing the cause by which the circle is squared; Requirement B (understood in terms of B5) requires a further specification, namely, that the cause at stake must be exactly that one which cannot be otherwise, namely, the cause that To use the terminology found in Bronstein 2016, p. 48-50, it is the \"Model 2\" of scientific explanation (or, for 54 Ferejohn 2013, p. 153, the \"causal model\" of demonstration). ",
"For discussion, see Angioni 2014a, p. 103-9; Zuppolini 2018b, p. 231-2. ",
"In 93a4, I prefer the reading \"αἴτιον τοῦ τί ἐστι\" (Bekker), instead of \"αἴτιον τοῦ εἰ ἐστι\" (Ross). ",
"In the expression 55 at stake, \"τί εστι\" is not the typical question for the essence, given that the \"τι\" is not interrogative and actually refers to some non-essential attribute, as occurs in 90a3-4. ",
"For discussion, see Charles 2000, p. 198-213; Goldin 1996, p. 108-134; Bronstein 2016, p. 48-50; Angioni 2014b, 56 p. 103-107; Zuppolini 2016, p. 202-203; Zuppolini 2017, p. 47-60; Zuppolini 2018b, p. 231-2, 243-245; Almeida 2017; Ferejohn 2013, p. 134-147. ",
"Page of 30 56 furnishes the fully appropriate explanation of the squaring by stating what that squaring is and thereby grasping its essence. ",
"57 There is also a passage from Book VI of the Metaphysics, which is very informative: T14: \"in general every science which is ratiocinative or at all involves reasoning deals with causes and principles, either more exact or more simplistic; but all these sciences mark off some particular being-some genus, and inquire into this, but not into being simpliciter nor qua being, nor do they offer any explanation of the what-it-is; but starting from the what-it-is-some making it plain to the senses, others assuming it as a hypothesis-they thus demonstrate, either more necessarily or more flexibly, what is attributed per se to the genus with which they deal.\" (",
"1025b5-13, my translation, modified from Ross'). ",
"This passage is also full of exegetical issues that cannot be discussed in detail in this paper. ",
"I will select some points that are important for my present purposes. ",
"First of all, Aristotle refers to Requirement A, but does not seem to refer to Requirement B. Now, one might argue that the word \"ἐπιστήμη\" in 1025b6 does not refer to the notion of scientific knowledge, but is used with a broader scope. ",
"Indeed, it can be argued that the same word seems to be implied in 1025b21, as that to which the adjectives \"πρακτική\" (\"devoted to action\") and \"ποιητική\" (\"productive\" ou \"devoted to craft production\") are attached, so that the overall context of T14 must be taken as talking about three kinds of knowledge (theoretical, practical and productive) instead of three kinds of sciences in the strict sense of scientific knowledge. ",
"A similar terminological behaviour seems to be found again in 1026a22. ",
"On this picture, one might argue that the lack of reference to Requirement B is fully justified by the fact that \"ἐπιστήμη\" is being used in a more flexible way. ",
"For the Necessity Requirement, understood in terms of B2, does not seem to apply to practical knowledge, nor to the knowledge encoded in technical skills. ",
"It would take me too far to discuss these issues in detail. ",
"It is enough for my purposes to 58 remark a few points. ",
"First, Aristotle's language in T14 mostly corresponds to the jargon employed in the APo-demonstrating the per se attributes (75a29-31, b1-2; 76b11-13) of a given genus I will not discuss the Model 2 of scientific explanation (or demonstration). ",
"For discussion, see Zuppolini 2017, p. 57 181. ",
"To be honest, I believe that Model 2 is strictly speaking the only model, found even in Book I of the APo (see Angioni 2014a, p. 103-107, Angioni 2016, p. 150-152). ",
"For detailed discussion of the epistemic status of practical philosophy in Aristotle, see Karbowski 2019 and Henry 58 2015; for detailed discussion of the epistemic status of craft knowledge, see Aimar & Pavese (manuscript). ",
"Page of 31 56 (74b25, 75a42, 76b12-13), positing hypotheses (72a20-24, 76b23-34) etc. ",
"The terminological similarity is not superficial. ",
"Aristotle seems to be really referring to his notion of demonstrative knowledge, which grasps the causes explaining why, within a determinate domain, a given subject has the attributes that pertain to it in itself. ",
"It is not persuasive to claim that T14 is not making reference to the notion of scientific knowledge as defined in T1 and as developed in the APo as a whole. ",
"After all, Aristotle starts T14 with a clear reference to Requirement A. Furthermore, we should ask why Requirement B was not explicitly referred to in T14. ",
"A reference to Requirement B understood in terms of B2 would suit the passage very well, given that the ultimate aim of the whole chapter consists in presenting the science of being qua being as first philosophy, which deals with eternal beings (cf. ",
"1026a10ff.). ",
"Indeed, the science of being qua being deals with objects that are stricly necessary and, thereby, involves propositions that are necessarily true (instead of being true only for the most part)-either if the object of that science is taken as the first mover (cf. ",
"1026a17) or if its object is taken as being qua being in general (cf. ",
"1026a31-32), which has (e.g.) the characteristic of being convertible with one (cf. ",
"1003b22-25) and the property of not being subject to contradiction (cf. ",
"1005a19ff.). ",
"On this picture, Requirement B would give Aristotle an extraordinary source from which to characterise the science of being qua being in a very informative way. ",
"One might argue that the reference to Requirement B2 is found at the end of the passage, encoded in the expression \"[they demonstrate] either more necessarily or more flexibly\". ",
"However, this very expression-contrary to the expectations raised by a superficial reading- results in evidence against the traditional interpretation. ",
"The adjective \"ἀναγκαιότερον\", in comparative form, refers to something that is more necessary (in some sense of the expression), presumably in contrast with something that, being more flexible or resilient, is less necessary. ",
"However, the comparative form of the adjective does not make any sense if applied to the notion of necessity as understood in B2. ",
"I will dwell on this point for the next paragraphs. ",
"Comparative forms are employed in (at least) two cases, each of which relies on a specific presupposition. ",
"The first cases relies on the presupposition that the attribute being compared in different subjects is really liable to variation in degree in a proper (non-metaphorical) way-as, for instance, in the case in which we say that \"this plate is hotter than this cup\". ",
"The second case, however, presupposes an attribute which, strictly speaking, does not admit variation in degrees, but works as a standard, in comparison to which the comparative forms of the adjective are Page of 32 56 applied to things which, strictly speaking, do not have the attribute in question, but have something that tends to it and can be evaluated in how much it approaches the standard. ",
"This is the case in which one might say, for instance, that \"parrots are more talkative than cats\", or that \"bees are more divine than gnats\". ",
"In this case, there is some connected homonymy between the standard and the things to which the comparative forms are applied. ",
"59 First of all, it is crystal clear that the first case does not apply to the necessity of a predicative tie. ",
"For the necessity in a necessarily true predication is not such that would admit a variation in degree. ",
"It does not make sense to say that the proposition \"2 + 2 = 4\" is more necessary than the proposition \"3 + 3 = 6\", as well as it does not make sense to say that \"humans are animals\" is more necessary than \"horses are animals\". ",
"Besides-as I will explore below-the same is true for two other kinds of necessity, namely, the logical necessity by which conclusions follow from premises in deductions, and the explanatory necessity that, on my proposal, is the target in T1. ",
"Scientific knowledge requires that cause which is the necessary one for the most appropriate explanation, and there will be only one such cause for each explanandum. ",
"Thus, all three usages of \"necessity\" are on the same boat: the necessity of predicative ties, the necessity of logical consequence, and the necessity of the explanatory connections presented in a scientific demonstration. ",
"Therefore, we are left with the second case, in which the application of comparative forms is somehow metaphorical-it relies on the assumption that a given domain of items, even without having the attribute in question (strictly speaking), involves something similar to that attribute, so that the items in the domain can be mutually compared by taking that attribute as a standard. ",
"In this perspective, one might insist that Aristotle's use of comparative forms, in T14, rests on a loose metaphor involving the necessity of predicative ties, as if he meant something like this: \"they demonstrate either necessary propositions, which are true necessarily [= 'the more necessary'], or propositions that are true for the most part [= 'the more flexible and, thereby, less necessary']\"- and this would count in favour of option B2* for Requirement B. However, there is a strong reason against taking those comparative expressions as evidence in favour of B2 or B2*. ",
"The comparative \"ἀναγκαιότερον\" has an adverbial force and modifies the verb \"ἀποδεικνύουσιν\", Thus, strictly speaking, neither parrots nor cats really talk, if talking is stricly understood as employing articulate 59 language to convey thoughts (or something like that). ",
"However, parrots do something similar to talking, so that they can be taken as more talkative than other animals etc. ",
"Page of 33 56 \"demonstrate\" . ",
"Thus, what Aristotle is saying in T14 is not that what is being demonstrated (e.g., the 60 content encoded in the conclusion) admits variation in the degree of necessity. ",
"He is saying, instead, that the way in which the demonstration is produced admits variation in degree. ",
"In this case, it is impossible to refer the comparative adverb to the strictly logical operation made by the demonstration, for, in any demonstration, the logical passage from the premises to the conclusion is a entailment relation that does not admit variation of degree. ",
"The conclusion necessarily follows from the premises in any valid argument and, a fortiori, in any sound deduction, and this relation of logical consequence does not admit variation of degree. ",
"Since every 61 demonstration is a sound deduction (even in the biological disciplines that deal with what is true only for the most part), the comparative \"ἀναγκαιότερον\" in 1025b13 cannot be referring to a supposed variation in degree of the logical entailment of demonstrative conclusions. ",
"For there 62 is no such variation. ",
"However, if Requirement B is understood in terms of B5, the comparative \"ἀναγκαιότερον\" in 1025b13 becomes perfectly intelligible. ",
"The explanatory relevance of a cause or explanatory factor is liable to be evaluated in degrees. ",
"Variation in degree (even if not precisely measured as in quantities) can be applied to the explanatory success of an explanation, but cannot be applied either to the deductive success of a demonstration or to the necessary truth of predications. ",
"If we have two sound deductions, there is no sense in comparing them as to the degree of being successful in entailing their conclusions, in other words, there is no sense in asking which of those conclusions follows more necessarily from its premises. ",
"Similarly, if we have two apodeictic sound deductions (in the sense in which \"apodeictic\" is employed in modal syllogistics), there is no sense in comparing them as to the (supposed) degree of necessity that Cf. ",
"similar expression, with adverbial force, in Rhetoric II.6, 1396a33-b1.60 This also shows that option B3 cannot be correct as an answer to question Q2.61 Perhaps one might think that Aristotle does not take demonstrations in the domain of biology (in which 62 predications are true only for the most part) as valid inferences, and one might insist that this is what he had in mind with \"ἀναγκαιότερον etc.\" ",
"in 1025b13: there is some sort of variation in degree in the logical passage from premises to conclusions. ",
"First of all, if demonstrations with for the most part propositions were not valid, there will be no sense in using the comparative forms to compare them with valid deductions: we would be back to the first case of using comparative forms. ",
"Secondly, Aristotle's discussion in APo I.30 seems to assume that (e.g.) \"every sheep has, for the most part, four legs\" is, indeed, a logical consequence of the premises \"every quadruped has, for the most part, four legs\" and \"every sheep is a quadruped\". ",
"I will not disentangle the details here. ",
"For discussion, see Barnes 1982; Aimar & Pavese (forth.). ",
"Page of 34 56 would apply to their respective conclusions, in other words, there is no sense in asking which of these predications is more necessary than the other. ",
"In contrast, if we have two sound deductions attempting to explain the same explanandum, it makes sense to compare their explanatory success, or, in other words, to ask which pair of premises explains the explanandum with more success. ",
"Even when we do not target the same explanandum, or do not presuppose the same domain, it makes sense to compare the explanatory success of different explanatory attempts, for it makes sense to ask which of them explains its respective explanandum with more appropriateness. ",
"That comparisons of this kind are at stake is suggested by Aristotle's terminology in the beginning of T14, for he speaks of causes or principles that are \"either more exact or more simplistic (or oversimplifying)\" (ἢ ἀκριβεστέρας ἢ ἁπλουστέρας, 1025b7). ",
"Thus, the explanatory success of demonstrations is 63 liable to variation within a proper range. ",
"Demonstrations in general (i.e., demonstrative attempts) can capture either the more exact causes, or causes more generic, or even coarse causes. ",
"And this idea seems to be in harmony with the employment of \"ἐπιστήμη\" in a broader way in the context of T14. ",
"For practical knowledge as well as productive knowledge are by definition involved in explaining their objects, as much as possible, even if they are not on the same level as the most successful theoretical sciences. ",
"Against this solution, one might still object the following. ",
"Even if the explanatory relevance of causes be liable to an evaluation in degrees, the definition of scientific knowledge in T1, in terms of B5, requires that the cause captured in a demonstration be the most relevant of all, namely, that cause which, being fully appropriate to its explanandum, cannot be otherwise. ",
"In other words: the possibility of evaluating the explanatory success of causes by degrees does not imply that the cause to be captured in a scientific demonstration be liable to such a scale. ",
"The objection has a correct element: the cause to be grasped in a scientific demonstration must be the necessary one for the most appropriate explanation, period. ",
"However, my solution does not depend on implying that an evaluation by degrees would apply to the cause that must be the necessary It is common to find Aristotle using the adverb \"simply\" (ἁπλῶς) or cognate expressions to identify a flaw or 63 failure. ",
"In Sophistical Refutations 176a39, \"ἁπλῶς\" is used in opposition to \"διαιρούμενον\": if the subject being discussed is complex and requires distinctions, it is wrong to talk in a simple way (if you do that, you are oversimplifying a complex subject). ",
"Cf. ",
"Generation of Animals 756b17; Metaphysics 987a21; Ethica Nicomachea 1104b25 (to refer to a oversimplifier rival theory), 1137b22 (to refer to the failure of the legislator in grasping details). ",
"Thus, \"ἁπλουστέρας\" in 1025b7-which is clearly in opposition to \"more exact\" or \"more accurate\"-, can be properly translated as \"simplistic\" or \"oversimplifying\". ",
"Page of 35 56 one. ",
"When Aristotle applies the comparative \"more necessarily\" to demonstrations in T14, he does not abandon the idea that the cause to be captured in a scientific demonstration is not liable to degrees in its explanatory appropriateness: it must be the necessary one, period. ",
"But this does not prevent Aristotle from applying comparatives forms according to the second case discussed above. ",
"Thus, he applies the comparatives \"more necessarily\" and \"more flexibly\" to attempted demonstrations which, without bringing the necessary causes, period, are such that have their explanatory success evaluated in degrees-for, even without bringing the necessary causes, they involve the same kind of activity (namely, explaining) that aims at the standard and, therefore, can be evaluated according to the degree in which they approach the standard. ",
"Furthermore, I stress that Aristotle's definition of scientific knowledge in T1 is normative, but not descriptive: Aristotle means that, ultimately and by the highest standard, only counts as scientific knowledge the demonstration that encapsulates the cause which is the necessary one for the most appropriate explanation. ",
"But Aristotle is aware that this norm is far from being satisfied in every attempt. ",
"Passages such as T5 show that Aristotle was perfectly aware of the difficulty in finding, and ascertaining, the exact cause that delivers the most appropriate explanation for each explanandum. ",
"While the standard is not yet fulfilled, he can surely describe scientific disciplines in the actual world as presenting demonstrations (i.e., demonstrative attempts) in which the explanandum in question is explained \"either more necessarily or more flexibly\". ",
"And such a 64 description is even more suited to the context of T14, which covers practical and productive disciplines, besides the theoretical ones. ",
"5.b.2) Supposed evidence in favour of the traditional interpretation (Ethica Nicomachea VI): Some passages are usually appealed to as evidence in favour of the traditional interpretation of the definition of scientific knowledge in T1: Metaphysics VII.15, 1039b27-1040a5; Ethica Nicomachea VI.1, 1139a6-14, VI.3, 1139b18-35. ",
"As I said, I will not discuss the Metaphysics passage. ",
"I will concentrate my discussion on the Nicomachean Ethics passages. ",
"In the probably most famous of them, we read thus: On Aristotle's attitude about the possibility of progress in scientific disciplines, see De Caelo 287b28-288a2 (cf. ",
"64 Metafísica 993b11-19) and my discussion in Angioni 2010. ",
"Page of 36 56 T15: \"What scientific knowledge [episteme] is will be clear from the following-if we need to put exact specifications and do not be carried away by similarities. ",
"We all think that that of which we have scientific knowledge cannot be otherwise. ",
"In contrast, it escapes our notice whether the things which can be otherwise hold or not, when we are not considering them. ",
"Therefore, the object of scientific knowledge is from necessity and, therefore, is eternal, for all things that are simpliciter from necessity are eternal, and eternal things are not liable to generation and corruption\" (1139b18-24, my translation). ",
"65 The belief that T15 is strong evidence for taking Requirement B in terms of B2 (or, still, B1) is precipitate. ",
"The precipitation seems to be favoured by the expressions we normally use in 66 English (or another modern language), such as \"object of scientific knowledge\". ",
"In Greek, we have the verbal adjective \"ἐπιστητόν\", which is very flexible and vague by itself, as well as the equivalent expression Aristotle has employed before, \"that of which we have scientific knowledge\" (ὃ ἐπιστάμεθα). ",
"This is the crucial question we should ask: after all, what is, exactly, the item of which we have scientific knowledge? ",
"For instance, when we acquire scientific knowledge about the lunar eclipse's obtaining due to the interposition of the Earth, what is it, exactly, that we know scientifically? ",
"Three answers are perfectly acceptable at large, and none of them by itself exclude the others. ",
"First, when we get scientific knowledge about the lunar eclipse's holding due to the interposition of the Earth, we can say that what we know scientifically (or that of which we have scientific knowledge) is the lunar eclipse, i.e., a state of affairs with propositional structure. ",
"Secondly, according to a different way of using the same expressions (\"that of which we have scientific knowledge\" [ὃ ἐπιστάμεθα], \"the object of scientific knowledge\" [ἐπιστητόν]), we can say that the object of our scientific knowledge is the Moon. ",
"Thirdly, according to another use of the same expressions, we can say that the object of our scientific knowledge is nothing else except the explanatory connection between the privation of light in the Moon (which we use to call \"lunar eclipse\") and the interposition of the Earth. ",
"This translation is adapted from Angioni 2011b.65 But this is a common belief. ",
"See Barnes 2014, p. 93; Broadie & Rowe 2002, p. 365; Porchat 2001, p. 272-3. ",
"66 Scholars focused on the exegesis of the ethical treatises do not descry the possibility of a different, more fine-grained interpretation of Requirement B-even when they try to bridge the gap between ethics and science, as Henry 2015, p. 179, n18. ",
"For discussion of the gap, see Karbowski 2019, p. 64. ",
"Page of 37 56 Each of the three answers can be adequate in a given context, and each of them responds to different aspects in which we can consider our knowledge. ",
"The first answer seems satisfactory in contexts in which we are concerned with certifying and justifying our cognitive states, or contexts in which we are focused on the propositional content of our knowledge as something different from mere acquaintance with singular objects. ",
"After establishing the appropriate cause of the lunar eclipse, we can say that we know, for sure, that the lunar eclipse is the case: for we have a justification that certifies us about the fact. ",
"On its turn, the second answer can be taken as satisfactory in contexts where the central concern is to map the subject-matters into their proper disciplines. ",
"Thus, saying (or highlighting) that we have scientific knowledge about the Moon is important if we wish to stress that that piece of knowledge belongs to the domain of astronomy but not to any other domain (we know something about the Moon, not about abstract objects), or if we wish to stress that, within the domain of astronomy, we are targeting the Moon, not any other celestial body. ",
"Finally, the third answer seems to be adequate in contexts in which the central concern is the appropriate explanation of a given explanandum. ",
"In this case, what we know is, exactly, the explanatory relation-we know that the appropriate cause of the lunar eclipse is the interposition of the Earth (following the pattern \"we know that this is the cause of that\", found in 71b10-12) or, in other words, we know that it is because the Earth is placed between the Sun and the Moon that the Moon undergoes the specific kind of privation of light that we identify as an eclipse (following the pattern \"we know that it is because of this cause that the predicative tie in the explanandum obtains\"). ",
"None of the three options by itself exclude the others as an acceptable way of describing the object of our knowledge. ",
"The preference for one option over the others can only be determined by contextual factors in each context in which the expression \"object of scientific knowledge\" or similar ones are employed. ",
"I will argue that the correct option for T15 is the third, but, before that, is it important to emphasise that there is more than one option to understand the thesis that the object of scientific knowledge is necessary. ",
"The traditional interpretation is not the only option-and is far from stemming crystal clear from the text. ",
"67 The same treatment holds for other relevant occurrences of \"ἐπιστητόν\" (as in 73a22, 88b30, 982b31-b2, 996b13) 67 or similar expressions (as in 71b15, 74b6). ",
"About \"ἐπιστητόν\" in APo I.33, see Angioni 2013a, p. 257-262, 266; Angioni 2019, p. 173-5, 191-5. ",
"Page of 38 56 One might object that Aristotle's choice of the adjective \"eternal\" favours the traditional interpretation, for the adjective can only be applied, strictly speaking, to objects and (perhaps) to basic truths expressed in predications, but not to explanations, i.e., to explanatory relations between an explanandum and its explanans. ",
"But this objection is fragile. ",
"Aristotle's policies in employing expressions might sound strange to us. ",
"Some adjectives that might seem only appropriate to objects are equally applied to propositions by Aristotle-as the objection itself acknowledges. ",
"Now, once the border between objects and propositions is crossed, we should not be any more surprised by Aristotle's applying \"eternal\" (and similar expressions) to explanatory relations (or to the complex propositions that encode those relations). ",
"Thus, in 75b22 (at least with some codices), the adjective \"eternal\" (ἀΐδιον) is applied to \"conclusion\" (συμπέρασμα). ",
"In Metaphysics 1025a34 (cf. ",
"Generation of Animals 742b28), \"ἀΐδιον\" is 68 applied to the relation between per se attributes and their proper subjects-and I stress that those relations are, exactly, taken as explananda in most demonstrations. ",
"Futhermore, in 75b27, the adjective \"corruptible\" (φθαρτή) is applied to \"proposition\" or \"premise\" (πρότασις), and it is not seldom that Aristotle refers to a necessarily true proposition with the adjective \"ἀκίνητον\", which means \"not liable to change\" (cf. ",
"1052a4-7; 1222b23). ",
"Within a picture like this, there is no surprise in the employment of \"eternal\" to characterise the relation between an explanans and its explanandum-and this employment does not depend on the modal status of the basic predications involved in the explanation. ",
"Strictly speaking, the adverb \"always\" (ἀεί) in 75b34 is directly applied to demonstrations in such a way that suggests that, although particular lunar eclipses are phenomena occurring only many times, the causal-explanatory relation underlying them is eternal-for it holds always. ",
"As we know, it is not always that a sheep is born with four 69 legs. ",
"Nonetheless, this does not prevent the explanatory connection between having four legs (for the most part) and being a blooded animal of such and such a kind from being eternal or necessary. ",
"Furthermore, Aristotle applies the adjective \"eternal\" to causes in Metaphysics 1026a17. ",
"At first, he seems to be talking about the First Mover-an \"object\", at least as this expression is employed as opposed to propositions. ",
"But, as Aristotle applies the same adjective in general to all causes See Angioni 2009a, p. 85-86, for discussion of other reading found in the codices.68 See Angioni 2009a, p. 75-82.69 Page of 39 56 involved in the context, he seems to have in mind the causes or explanatory connections studied in mathematics and natural sciences too. ",
"70 There are many other issues about T15, but the passage that immediately follows it is even more important for my purposes. ",
"This is what we read: T16: \"Furthermore, it is agreed that every scientific knowledge is teachable, and that the object of scientific knowledge is learnable. ",
"As we said in the Analytics, every learning proceeds from items previously known, sometimes by induction, sometimes on the basis of syllogism. ",
"Now, induction too is a principle for universals, whereas syllogisms proceeds from universals. ",
"Therefore, there are principles, from which the syllogism proceeds, of which there is no syllogism. ",
"Therefore, there is induction for them. ",
"Thus, scientific knowledge is a an aptness to demonstrate, and all the things we have additionally stated in the Analytics. ",
"Indeed, one has scientific knowledge when one has a conviction of a given kind, i.e., when the principles are known to him. ",
"For, if the principles were not more known to him than the conclusion, he would only have knowledge on the basis of a concomitant factor.\" (",
"1139b25-35, my translation). ",
"Just some lines earlier, T15 could have given the impression that Aristotle was relying on a different definition of scientific knowledge, in which Requirement B would take center stage and do all the job, with no reference to Requirement A. However, that is a wrong impression. ",
"Now, in T16-which continuously follows after T15-Requirement A recovers its central place and makes it clear that Aristotle resumes his definition of scientific knowledge in T1. ",
"I will highlight four points about T16: (i) Aristotle fully acknowledges the superior authoritativeness of the Analytics for the subject in question, and his acknowledgement makes it clear that his brief characterisation of scientific knowledge in the Nicomachean Ethics only selects some features that are important for his concerns in this context; (ii) the characterisation of scientific knowledge as teachable retrieves, even if indirectly, Requirement A; (iii) the harmony with the definition of scientific knowledge in T1 is clear even from some features that are absent in T1 (or in the Analytics as a whole) and are highlighted in T16 due to the specific concerns in the Ethics; (iv) the Besides, the verb \"passing-away\" (φθείρεσθαι) is applied to \"middle term\" (μέσον) in 74b34. ",
"The argument is 70 obscure and hard to decode (cf. ",
"Barnes 1993, p. 127-8), but what concerns me is that the verb is applied exactly to the term that encodes the explanatory factor (cf. ",
"90a5-14, 75a12-14, 35-37, 76a8-9, 78a31ss.). ",
"Whatever is the detail of the discussion in 74b32-39, Aristotle is presupposing that, at least on normal conditions, the middle term, which expresses the cause, must be eternal, for, if it passed away, there would be no scientific knowledge (presumably of the explanandum in question – πρᾶγμα, 74b33, 36). ",
"Aristotle might be talking about the object itself which comes to work as middle term (thus, the object itself must be eternal). ",
"But I suggest that Aristotle is talking about that object, not in itself, but exactly as the explanatory factor for a given explanandum: the idea is that its explanatory role for that explanandum is eternal (no matter if the object itself is eternal or not). ",
"Page of 40 56 way in which Requirement A is depicted in T16 confirms that the better interpretation of Requirement B is in terms of B5. (",
"i) Aristotle's two explicit references to the Analytics-\"as we said in the Analytics\" (1139b26-27), \"all the things we have additionally stated in the Analytics\" (1139b32-33) -but, most of all, the latter, make it perfectly clear that, for him, the treatise with more authority over the subject \"scientific knowledge\" is not the Nicomachean Ethics, but the Analytics. ",
"It is clear that the discussion in the Ethics only recalls some features, which turn out to be more important for the its concerns, and refers the reader to the Analytics for a more detailed and accurate characterisation of scientific knowledge. ",
"Thus, it should strikes us as surprising and unjustified 71 any exegetical strategy that inverts the situation, I mean, any strategy prone to take the characterisation found in the Ethics as a decisive criterion to decipher what is said in the Analytics. ",
"For it is rather the opposite strategy that should be adopted: it is rather the Analytics that sheds a light on the brief characterisation of scientific knowledge in the Ethics. (",
"ii) In the beginning ot T16, scientific knowledge is characterised as teachable. ",
"In order to note that this characterisation retrieves Requirement A from T1, an important connection is T9 (Sophistical Refutations 165b1-3). ",
"In T9, Aristotle says that \"didactic arguments are those which deduce from the principles appropriate to each lesson\". ",
"Teaching, for Aristotle-or at least in the relevant contexts that concern us here-does not consist in merely transmitting a set of true propositions about a given subject, not even if that set of propositions is articulated on the basis of merely deductive (but not explanatory) relations. ",
"Teaching, for Aristotle, consists in explaining the why, \"from the principles appropriate to each thing\". ",
"This concept of teaching does not come as a surprise for the careful reader. ",
"The same concept is prominent in Metaphysic I.1-2 (982a12-14, 28-30) and other passages (Rhetorics 1355a26; also, in some degree, Sophistical Refutations 184a1-7). ",
"Besides, the context suggests that, in the sentence \"the object of scientific knowledge is learnable\"-in Greek, \"καὶ τὸ ἐπιστητὸν μαθητόν\" (1139b25-26)-the expression \"the object of scientific knowledge\" refers to the explanatory relation between a cause and its pragma. ",
"For the most important thing in learning is to grasp the causes, as well as the most important thing in teaching is to show the explanatory relations. ",
"Thus, I submit that, in this context, the expression Something similar occurs in Ethica Eudemia 1222b37-41.71 Page of 41 56 \"the object of scientific knowledge\" could hardly be taken as referring to the object Moon (taking up my previous examples). ",
"Indeed, that the Moon exists or that the Moon is the referent of the term \"Moon\" are not things to be specifically teached and learned through a scientific discipline; instead, they are basic facts with which we are already acquainted in pre-scientific stages of our knowledge. ",
"But my point in even simpler than that: it is just that it does not make much sense to say that \"I have learned the Moon\". ",
"Similarly, given that teaching involves, precisely, identifying the causes of phenomena which are already encoded in true propositions, it is a natural step to infer that the the object of scientific knowledge (ἐπιστητόν), i.e., that which one learns (τὸ μαθητόν) when a teacher teaches us a discipline, also involves, importantly, the explanations that identify the causes. ",
"What do we learn, after all? ",
"We do learn not only that it is true that the Moon undergoes the privation of light identified as an eclipse, but also, and more importantly, that the Moon undergoes that privation of light due to the interposition of the Earth. ",
"Similarly, when we learn geometry, we learn not only that the sentence \"every triangle has 2R\" is a necessary truth; we also learn, and more importantly, that every triangle has 2R because the essence of the items involved is such and such (74a25-32ff.). ",
"The most important item, in what we learn, is the explanatory connection (which, indeed, presupposes and involves the basic propositions related in the explanation). (",
"iii) The characterisation of scientific knowledge in the Ethics works with two other features (besides being teachable) that are not prominent in the Analytics-first, that scientific knowledge is an aptness (ἕξις), i.e., a capacity or competence, consolidated by appropriate training and practice (or, if we prefer the empty and deflated sense that tradition attributes to \"ἕξις\", a state of mind); 72 secondly, that scientific knowledge requires a greater belief or conviction in the principles on which the conclusions depend. ",
"Now, the latter feature is found in the Analytics (72a25-b4), but watered down among several others, and the fact that T16 selects this feature instead of others can be understood from the specific concerns in the Ethics. ",
"For the concern with describing the notion of scientific knowledge in the Ethics is subordinated to the major concern of characterising phronesis as one of the rational virtues by which we are able to attain the truth (cf. ",
"1139b14-18). ",
"In Book II of the Ethics, Aristotle has depicted character virtue as an aptness (ἕξις) belonging to the I defended the interpretation of \"hexis\" (in the Ethics context) as a capability or competence, consolidated by 72 appropriate training, in Angioni 2009b, p.6-9, and Angioni 2011a, p. 307, 319. ",
"Page of 42 56 non-rational part of the soul. ",
"In Book VI, Aristotle keeps the same notion of aptness (ἕξις) to 73 characterise the rational virtues. ",
"Within such a framework, it is natural for him to say that also 74 scientific knowledge is an aptness (ἕξις)-in this case, a consolidated competence to demonstrate, 75 or, in terms of T1, to explain a given explanandum through a causal relation that cannot be otherwise. ",
"Furthermore, the emphasis on an epistemological requirement for scientific knowledge -namely, the greater conviction in the principles on which demonstrations depend-is also natural in the Ethics context. ",
"For, given the main interest in highlighting both differences and similarities between scientific knowledge and phronesis, it is convenient to highlight the epistemological attitudes on which the success of both those competences depends-that is, the success of scientific knowledge in demonstrating and the success of phronesis in guiding our agency and leading to fully virtuous actions (cf. ",
"1139a17-18ff.). ",
"Moreover, the way in which this epistemological requirement is treated in the Analytics refers, again, to Requirement A. For both having a greater conviction in the principles on which depends the conclusion of a demonstration, and having more knowledge of them (or knowing them more), after all, consist in ascertaining that those principles capture the cause (i.e., the appropriate explanatory factor) of what the conclusion encodes (cf. ",
"72a27-32). ",
"It it because the principles capture the cause that appropriately explains the conclusion that we can say that we have more knowledge of them (or know them more) and more conviction in them. ",
"76 (iv) Futhermore, the way in which T16 explicitly justifies the epistemological condition just mentioned (namely, having a greater conviction about the principles on which conclusions depend) also confirms the agreement with T1. ",
"At the end of T16, Aristotle remarks that \"if the principles were not more known to someone than the conclusion, one will have knowledge only on the basis of a concomitant factor [κατὰ συμβεβηκός]\" (1139b34-35). ",
"As I highlighted in my remarks at (iii), what makes someone have \"more knowledge\" of the principles of a demonstration is the acknowledgement that these principles capture the appropriate cause of In both treatises (for book VI is a common book): Ethica Nicomachea 1103b22, 31; 1104b19; 1106a12, 14, 22; b35; 73 Ethica Eudemia 1218b38; 1219a6, 12, 18, 31-33; 1220b29; 1222a6. ",
"Cf. ",
"1140a4, 5, 7, 9, 10; 1140b5, 20.74 Adjectives attached to hexis in 1139a22-23 (cf. ",
"1140a4, 7-10, 20-22; 1140b5, 20-21) refer to the actions and 75 activities for which the hexis in question is an aptness consolidated by exercise and training. ",
"Thus, hexis apodeiktike is a capacity or aptness to demonstrate, and so on. ",
"I argue for this point in Angioni 2012a, p. 37-42. ",
"For discussion of 72a37-b4, see Bronstein 2016, p. 35.76 Page of 43 56 what the conclusion encodes. ",
"Thus, if someone fails at having more knowledge of the principles than of the conclusion, it is (according to 72a27-32) because the premises he has selected as principles do not capture the appropriate cause. ",
"One who fails at having more knowledge of his principles has selected as cause something which, from the explanatory standpoint, is a mere concomitant factor that \"comes together\" with the explanandum without explaining it in the most appropriate way. ",
"Elsewhere, I have explained in detail that \"having knowledge [of a given explanandum] on the basis of a concomitant factor\" (ἐπίστασθαι/ ἐπιστήμη κατὰ συμβεβηκός) means, in the appropriate contexts (such as T1, T16 and 76a4-6, connected to T5), explaining a given explanandum on the basis of a given feature that, even being necessarily true of the subject in question (or even being essential to the subject in question), does not capture what is most important to explain the explanandum in the most appropriate way and, from an explanatory standpoint, only \"accompanies\" or \"comes together\" with the explanandum. ",
"It is precisely this 77 point that is retrieved at the end of T16. ",
"Now, attempting to make sense of T16 without a careful understanding of the Analytics might lead to wrong interpretations, such as the attempt to understand the expression \"κατὰ συμβεβηκός\" as if it ranged over the ascription of knowledge to the knowing person. ",
"This mistake is made easier by translating \"κατὰ συμβεβηκός\" as \"accidentally\". ",
"However, in 1139b35-as well as in the relevant occurrences within the APo, like 71b9, 28, 74b11-12, 76a2, 4, 99a3- \"κατὰ συμβεβηκός\" is used with causal-explanatory force and comments over the explanatory attempt qua explanatory: first, \"κατὰ + accusative\" has a causal-explanatory force in these contexts, and, secondly, \"συμβεβηκός\" refers to items that, from an explanatory standpoint, only come together with (or accompany) the explanandum without capturing the most important factor to explain it in the most appropriate way. ",
"For these reasons, what is exactly encoded in the use of \"κατὰ συμβεβηκός\" in these contexts is much better translated as \"on the basis of a concomitant factor\" or \"on the basis of a concomitant feature\". ",
"My next passage is previous to T16 in the order of Aristotle's text, but it will suit me as the last step in my discussion. ",
"It reads thus: T17: \"Consider that the parts [sc. ",
"of the soul] that possess reason are two: one is that by which we know the kind of beings the principles of which cannot be otherwise; the See Angioni 2016, p. 91-102; Angioni 2012b, p. 209-213; (Angioni 2007, p. 16).77 Page of 44 56 other part is that by which we know the things that can be otherwise.\" (",
"1139a6-8, my 78 translation and italics). ",
"The crucial element in this passage consists in the description of the part of the soul to which belongs scientific knowledge: \"that by which we know the kind of beings the principles of which cannot be otherwise\" (1139a6-8). ",
"Attention: Aristotle has not said \"that by which we know the kind of beings that cannot be otherwise\". ",
"Aristotle's phrasing makes it clear that the point he is concerned with stressing here is, precisely, that the principles of those beings cannot be otherwise. ",
"One can say that those principles cannot be otherwise either because they have an eternal and necessary existence (e.g., in the case in which \"principles\" refers to objects such as god and the celestial spheres, cf. \"",
"eternal causes\" in 1026a17), or because all propositions serving as principles in scientific knowledge are necessarily true propositions. ",
"This is tantamount to taking the Necessity Requirement, in T1 and T17, in terms of B1 and B2 respectively, as the tradition has done. ",
"However, there are many troubles with this kind of interpretation. ",
"First, as I have been arguing, both options (B1 and B2) are insufficient or even erroneous to characterise scientific knowledge. ",
"It would be surprising if Aristotle had selected one of those options-that the propositions are necessary (B2), or that the objects are eternal (B1)-to refer to the notion of scientific knowledge. ",
"Indeed, one might know the definition of triangle, and know that it is a necessarily true proposition, while ignoring how it explains the attribute 2R of every triangle. ",
"It 79 would be absurd to say that one in such a cognitive state has scientific knowledge of the 2R theorem and know the scientific principles as principles. ",
"Besides, as I have already argued with a special focus on T4, if Requirement B is taken according to option B2, it delivers a thesis that is not only false but also embarassing. ",
"Furthermore, there is an issue about Aristotle's motivation for having said exactly what he has said in T17. ",
"Take the domain of geometry, for instance. ",
"Within this domain, all propositions -including the theorems to be demonstrated-cannot be otherwise, if the expression \"cannot be otherwise\" is taken in terms of B2, as equivalent to \"being a necessarily true proposition\". ",
"Being Reading Bekker's text. ",
"Further ahead, I comment the conjecture in Irwin 1999.78 See Bronstein 2016, p. 39.79 Page of 45 56 so, for what reason would Aristotle select exclusively the principles (instead of all propositions) as bearer of the predicate \"cannot be otherwise\"? ",
"80 It is clear that, within the context of the Ethics, the motivation for saying that the principles cannot be otherwise is due to the interest in highlighting that the other part of the soul, which controls agency, deals with things and principles that can be otherwise (cf. ",
"Ethica Eudemia 1222b41-42ss.; ",
"Ethica Nicomachea 1112a21ss.). ",
"This point is made clear in Irwin's translation (\"with the other we study beings whose principles admit of being otherwise\"), which conjectures \"τὰ ὧν ἐνδέχονται\" instead of the options found in the codices in 1139a8 (cf. ",
"Irwin 1999, p. 239). ",
"But, as I will argue below, the intepretation of T17 in terms of B5 allows us to understand Aristotle's motivation in a more satisfactory and coherent way. ",
"But before developing this point, let me address still another trouble. ",
"If T17 is understood according to option B2, it results in a strange anatomy of the rational soul: Aristotle would be saying that, on the one hand, one part of the soul is able to have scientific knowledge of necessary truths (which will include-considering the disciplines as a whole-only mathematics, cosmology and theology) but, on the other hand, another part of the soul is able to have knowledge of nonnecessary truths-and this will lead Aristotle to heap together in the second part of the soul items so diverse as the biological disciplines and our practical knowledge, for both deal with propositions that are true only for the most part. ",
"Now, as Irwin remarks about contingent items, \"in fact not all these states of affairs are matters of rational calculation and deliberation, as 1112a26-b9 makes clear\" (Irwin 1999, p. 239). ",
"Thus, the division of the rational soul in T17 seems to result in an implausible butchering. ",
"One might be tempted to avoid this trouble with smuggling the 'for-the-most-part' truths to the domain of the first part of the soul. ",
"This is what option B2* would do. ",
"One might then say that every natural science, strictly speaking, deals with \"patterns which in individual cases are necessary-unless-something-interferes\". ",
"81 In contrast, the interpretation I propose avoids both the imprecision Irwin has noted and the smuggling in the anatomy of the rational soul. (",
"It has still other exegetical advantages, as I will highlight further ahead). ",
"First of all, let us take for granted that Aristotle's twofold division of See Broadie & Rowe 2002, p. 361: \"things whose principles are necessary are themselves necessary\". ",
"True. ",
"But 80 why does Aristotle put a stress on the principles? ",
"Besides: does Aristotle's main concern range over (i) the necessary character of the things themselves which happen to be principles, (ii) or over the explanatory relation between principles and explananda, (iii) or over both? ",
"Broadie & Rowe 2002, p. 361.81 Page of 46 56 the rational soul in T17 seems to be motivated by the concern of spotting the main differences between scientific knowledge and phronesis and, more importantly, by the concern of highlighting what is most characteristic of phronesis. ",
"Now, on options B2 or B2*, the contrast between the two parts of the soul would only highlight the contingency and voluntariness of actions in a too generic way: it is up to a rational agent to do or not to do Φ, etc. ",
"Now, I do not deny that reminding us about that feature of rational agency (namely, its contingency due to the openness to contraries) can play an important part in Aristotle's discussion about phronesis (in the large context of T17). ",
"My point is that the characterisation of phronesis as a rational virtue that contributes to the full success of moral action will be stronger and more enlightening, if other features of it come to be highlighted. ",
"Now, I submit that the intepretation of Requirement B in terms of B5 will furnish us a picture much more enlightening and coherent about phronesis. ",
"Let φ be a given action, which is in the power of a given agent to do or not to do. ",
"Suppose that φ is a virtuous action at least in its external aspects (e.g., an action that an external observer can describe with the sentence \"she paid her debts\"). ",
"In order to characterise phronesis and its connection with character virtues, one important issue is that there is a series of different reasons why φ can be done: φ can be done by shame (and fear of bad reputation); by fear of the penalty imposed by law; from calculation of the material advantages that would ensue its being done; because a friend has recommended φ-ing (although the agent has not exactly understood why); because the intrinsec moral value of φ has been fully acknowledged, and so on. ",
"Now, all these reasons belong to the set of possible answers to the question: \"what is the cause that has led agent A to do φ?\" ",
"Now, consider that, in such a situation, the following statements are true: (i) φ is contingent, for the agent can indifferently do or not do φ. (",
"i*) the agent's agency itself-as the cause that makes φ occur-can be said to be contingent, in the sense that it can be or indifferently not be the cause that makes φ occur. (",
"In other words, A's agency counts as a contingent principle of the action). (",
"ii) The specific causes (in the domain of A's agency) by which φ can occur are many (i.e., from my previous examples, shame, fear of penalty, respect for a friend's opinion etc.)-in other words, φ can be done from a variety of different principles of action within the agent. ",
"Now, the interpretation of T17 in terms of B2 (or B2*) captures only the statement (i) and its counterpart (i*). ",
"However, statement (ii) seems to have more relevance in the context of T17. ",
"It is clear that virtuous actions virtuously done requires the right cause within the agent (cf. ",
"Page of 47 56 1105a28-33, 1144a13-20). ",
"If phronesis is a rational virtue that (in some way or another) contributes for virtuous actions being virtuously done, it is clear that it contributes in determining the correct cause in the agent. ",
"Thus, in order to highlight the contribution of phronesis for this achievement (namely, virtuous actions virtuously done), it is much more enlightening to highlight statement (ii) than statements (i) and (i*). ",
"In other words, it is much more enlightening in this context to stress that the principles or causes by which φ can be done are many and multifarious than to stress that φ is contingent and that the agent, consequently, is voluntary. ",
"Besides, statements (i) and (i*) seems to follow from statement (ii), but not vice-versa. ",
"It is not my aim to go into details in the controversies about phronesis and its role in controlling moral character. ",
"However, as some might reject the premise that phronesis contributes 82 in determining the correct cause of virtuous actions being virtuously done-i.e., one might say that phronesis has nothing to do with responding to the right motivation and rejecting the wrong ones, like shame, material advantages etc.-I can furnish a different option for taking my central point about T17. ",
"Let us assume the premise that phronesis, which surely involves an excellence in deliberation, contributes to specifying, concretely, what exactly the achievement of a virtuous purpose consists in within a singular circumstance. ",
"Let P be a given moral purpose, which gives 83 a general policy about how the agent must accomplish, virtuously, virtuous actions in each appropriate singular circumstance-for instance, let P corresponds to the purpose of enjoying the pleasures of drinking as I should. ",
"Now, there is a big gap between, on the one hand, P (as a general purpose) and, on the other hand, a particular action of the P-type that fully accomplishes what was encoded in the purpose P. As we know, this gap is due to the indeterminacy of several relevant factors involved in each singular circumstance. ",
"Thus, it is possible for the same moral purpose P to end up becoming more specified purposes, P1 and P2, which are very different from each other-e.g., in the sense that the \"as I should\" clause will be fulfilled in very different ways. ",
"Suppose, thus, that P1 recommeds the agent to drink a little bit more than her usual limit, for the sake of a specific circumstance, whereas P2 recommeds her to drink less than usual, due to different complexities of another circunstances. ",
"Given that it is incumbent on phronesis to evaluate My view on these subjects is found in Angioni 2011a. ",
"For recent discussions, see Lorenz 2009, Coope 2012; Moss 82 2011 and Moss 2014. ",
"The ensuing paragraphs presuppose some theses and discussions that can be tracked in Angioni 2011a. ",
"The word 83 \"purpose\" is my option to translate \"προαίρεσις\". ",
"See Angioni 2011a, p. 310-313. ",
"Page of 48 56 the moral importance of the particular factors involved in each circunstance, it is clear that phronesis will have an important role in settling P1 and P2 as more specific purposes suited to particular circumstances-and those specific purposes turn out to be principles or causes (cf. ",
"1139a31) from which concrete actions that satisfatorily instantiate virtuous actions of type φ proceed. ",
"Now, on either of the two perspectives depicted above-without going into discussion about which of them (if any, or both) is preferable as an intepretation of phronesis and its role in virtuous actions-I stress that the relation between principle and action (i.e., action taken as that of which the principle is a principle) is not a one-to-one relation. ",
"On the contrary. ",
"Things are as statement (ii) has them (with a small reformulation): (ii) The specific causes (in the domain of A's agency) by which φ can occur are many (i.e., shame, fear of penalty, respect for a friend's opinion etc.; ",
"or, in the second scenario, P1, P2...Pn) -in other words, φ can obtain from a variety of different principles of action within the agent. ",
"Thus, the principles of action can be otherwise not only in the generic sense that they can occur or not occur etc., ",
"but also, and more importantly, in the sense that they include a wide range of options. ",
"In the first scenario, Aristotle would be highlighting that an action φ is such that its principles can be multifarious, so that it is incumbent on phronesis to select (or at least to contribute in selecting) the correct principle that will deliver the goods, namely, a virtuous action virtuously done. ",
"In the second scenario, Aristotle would be highlighting that a fully virtuous action of φ-type is such that its principle can be different in a different circumstance, for instance, P1 or P2-each of which will turn out to be appropriate in different circumstances. ",
"Thus, Aristotle's motivation to select, specifically, the principles as bearer of the predicate \"cannot be otherwise\" in T17 turns out to be much more coherent and interesting. ",
"What is going on in T17 is similar to what is found in T4: the expression \"principles\", as subject of the predicate \"cannot be otherwise\", refers to those items that are principles (namely, propositions), but not taken in themselves independently of the explanatory role they play as principles of a given explanandum. ",
"On the contrary: \"principles\", as subject of the predicate \"cannot be otherwise\" in T17, refers to those items exactly as they play the role of explanatory principles for a given explanandum. ",
"In this perspective, saying that the principles cannot be otherwise is far from collapsing into the statement that those principles are themselves necessarily true propositions, or necessary beings. ",
"Even if those principles are, sometimes, necessarily true propositions (as, Page of 49 56 indeed, in mathematics), what Aristotle means to encode in T17 is something different-is the idea that, for each of those principles, the explanatory relation between the principle and its explanandum cannot be otherwise. ",
"Thus-employing \"B\" for the cause and \"AC\" for its explanandum with predicative structure-what cannot be otherwise is B's being the cause of its explanandum AC, for instance, the interposition of the Earth between the Sun and the Moon (B) being the cause of the lunar eclipse (AC). ",
"Thus, the principle of the explanandum lunar eclipse cannot be otherwise: it cannot be a different factor. ",
"84 In contrast, the other part of the rational soul identified in 1139a8 deals with causalexplanatory relations in which that same description cannot be applied. ",
"The principle of an action φ can be otherwise: it can be shame, fear etc. ",
"The principle of a virtuous action virtuously done of φ-type can be otherwise: it can be purpose P1 or purpose P2 etc. ",
"To be sure, most of the elemental propositions involved in those causal-explanatory relations are not even themselves necessarily true. ",
"But this is not the most important point Aristotle highlights in T17. ",
"For, in the domain of natural sciences, elemental propositions are themselves true only for the most part (but not necessarily), but, even so, the explanatory relations cannot be otherwise. ",
"It is only for the most part true that sheep have four legs. ",
"However, this feature of sheep is explained by a more basic property of theirs, such as being a blooded animal with such and such characteristics. ",
"This explanatory relation-between having four legs for the most part and being a blooded animal with such and such characteristics-is such that cannot be otherwise. ",
"Therefore, the principles on the basis of which sheep have, normally (or for the most part), four legs are such that \"they cannot be otherwise\" within this explanatory relation. ",
"Thus, biological sciences can be lodged in the same part of the soul alongside with mathematics-apart from practical knowledge-, with no need of smuggling them. ",
"85 The same holds for the 2R attribute: the principle of the explanandum 2R-belonging-to-its-proper-subject (taken 84 as what it exactly is, cf. ",
"75b38, 76a6) cannot be otherwise. ",
"I am assuming that the kind of cognition properly attributed to the second part of the rational soul (the part that 85 deals with contingent things, the principles of which can be otherwise) is, in the context of T17, pratical knowledge in strict sense: the knowledge that an agent assembles in order to determine what must be done and in order to do it in each concrete circumstance. ",
"It is important to stress that there is a difference between this practical knowledge present in each agent and the philosophical enterprise Aristotle develops in his Ethics. ",
"A significant part of the content of both Ethics can perfectly well be taken as belonging to the first part of the rational soul, together with mathematics and natural sciences. ",
"At the general level which is enough for the theories developed in the Ethics, the explanatory appropriateness of some principles is not so different from what is found in the natural sciences. ",
"For discussion, see Karbowski 2019, Henry 2015, p. 177-188. ",
"Page of 50 56 An action φ (i.e., a virtuous action on its external aspects) is something that Aristotle takes to be contingent: φ can occur or not occur. ",
"Now, φ can be done due to a range of different principles or causes: shame, fear of penalty, or deep acknowledgement of its moral value, etc. ",
"It is only in this last case that φ counts as a full-fledged virtuous action virtuously done. ",
"But the important point Aristotle makes in T17 is that the relation between φ and the principles that can realize φ is such that \"the principles can be otherwise\", and it is incumbent on phronesis to select the correct principle. ",
"A similar story applies in the second scenario I have suggested. ",
"The general purpose on the basis of which the agent acknowledges the intrinsic moral value of actions of φ-type can also be multiplied in a variety of more specific purposes, each of them suited to particular circumstances (think of my previous example about specifying the purpose of enjoying drink pleasures as you should). ",
"In this way too, the principle of a virtuous action of φ-type is such that it can be otherwise: different principles (which have been differently specified, as P1 and P2) can realise an action of φ-type in different circumstances. ",
"Discussions about the voluntariness of actions highlight statement (i), relying on the thesis that actions are themselves contingent items in the world. ",
"Discussions about phronesis also rely on the voluntariness of actions, but remotely, inasmuch as phronesis presupposes rational agency in general. ",
"Now, specific discussions about phronesis as a rational virtue that contributes to virtuous actions being virtuously done-as the discussions found in the broader context of T15-T17- become much more enlightening if focused on statement (ii): the principle of an action φ is such that it can be otherwise in the sense that the causal-explanatory relation between actions and the principles that realise them is open to a wide range of options, and phronesis (in either of the scenarios above offered) is required to select or specify, among the wide range of possible principles, the correct one. ",
"6. ",
"Conclusion: T17 is in perfect harmony with the definition of scientific knowledge in T1 when it emphasises that the principles of scientific knowledge cannot be otherwise. ",
"The Necessity Requirement in T17 must be understood as B5, in terms of explanatory appropriateness. ",
"On this point, T17 is not different from any of the other passages I have considered. ",
"For, in all them, Page of 51 56 Aristotle's reference to his notion of scientific knowledge proves to be in complete harmony with his definition in T1. ",
"Barnes (1993, p. 92) has suggested that the definition of scientific knowledge in T1 was the result of an unhappy juxtaposition of two disconnected parts. ",
"On Barnes's suggestion, Aristotle 86 would have arrived at Requirement A from observing the importance of explanation in natural sciences, and at Requirement B from observing the importance of necessity in mathematics- and would have erroneously lumped them together in a single universal definition for scientific knowledge. ",
"Now, from the examination of the passages selected in this paper, I hope to have shown that, on the contrary, the definition of scientific knowledge in T1 is coherent: it starts with the Explanatory Requirement and moves to a more fine-grained specification about the causalexplanatory relation to be captured. ",
"87 Bibliographical References ACKRILL, John. ",
"1981. \"",
"Aristotle's Theory of Definition: Some Questions on Posterior Analytics II.8-10\", in Berti, E. (ed.), ",
"Aristotle on Science – The Posterior Analytics, Pádua: Antenore, p. 359-384. ",
"AIMAR, Simona & PAVESE, Carlota. \"",
"Techne as a Science for Aristotle\" (manuscrito não-publicado). ",
"ALMEIDA, Wellington D. 2017. \"",
"Notas sobre os conhecimentos do 'o que é' e do 'por que' no livro II dos Segundos Analíticos de Aristóteles\", Dissertatio 46, p. 121-129. ",
"ANGIONI, L. 2007. \"",
"O conhecimento Científico no Livro I dos Segundos Analíticos de Aristóteles\". ",
"Journal of Ancient Philosophy vol. ",
"1, n 2, p. 1-25. ",
"ANGIONI, Lucas. ",
"2009. \"",
"In what sense there is no science of corruptible things: an analysis of Posterior Analytics I 8\". ",
"Cadernos de História e Filosofia da Ciência v. 19, n. 1, pp. ",
"61-87. ",
"ANGIONI, Lucas. ",
"2009b. \"",
"Notas sobre a definição de virtude moral em Aristóteles\", Journal of Ancient Philosophy 3 (1), p. 1-17. ",
"ANGIONI, Lucas. ",
"2009c. ",
"Aristóteles: Física I-II. ",
"Campinas: Editora da Unicamp. ",
"ANGIONI, Lucas. ",
"2010. \"",
"Aristóteles e o progresso da investigação científica: o caso do De Caelo\", Scientiae Studia vol. ",
"8: 3, p. 319-338. ",
"Barnes 1993, p. 92: \"we might surmise that Aristotle, observing the importance of necessity to mathematic 86 sciences and the importance of explanatoriness to the natural sciences, mistakenly concluded that both necessity and explanatoriness must be essential parts of any proper or scientific knowledge\". ",
"I need not discuss the relation between mathematics and causal explanation (see Barnes 1976, p. 280-281). ",
"I thank Fernando Mendonça and Breno Zuppolini for suggestions and comments on previous versions of this 87 paper. ",
"Between the Portuguese original version and this English translation, I have presented part of my arguments in the Aristotle Bash 2019 in UCLA, and again in the 2th Nefah Colloquium in Uberlândia. ",
"I thank Adam Crager, Henry Mendell, Gavin Lawrence, Robert Bolton, Calvin Normore, Ricardo Strobino, Marko Malink, Richard McKirahan, Sukaina Hirji, Brennan McDavid, Joseph Karbowski, Gabriela Rossi and Daniel Devereux for helpful comments or objections. ",
"Page of 52 56 ANGIONI, Lucas. ",
"2011a. \"",
"Phronesis e Virtude do Caráter em Aristóteles: Comentários a Ética a Nicômaco VI\", Dissertatio 34, p. 303-345. ",
"ANGIONI, Lucas. ",
"2011b. \"",
"Aristóteles: Ética a Nicômaco, Livro VI\" (tradução), Dissertatio 34, p. 285-300. ",
"ANGIONI, Lucas. ",
"2012a. \"",
"Os Seis Requisitos das Premissas da Demonstração Científica em Aristóteles. ",
"Segundos Analíticos I 2\" , Manuscrito v. 35, n. 1, p. 7-60. ",
"ANGIONI, Lucas. ",
"2012b. \"",
"Três Tipos de Argumento Sofístico\", Dissertatio 36, p. 187-220. ",
"ANGIONI, Lucas. ",
"2013a. ",
"Knowledge and Opinion about the Same Thing in APo A-33. ",
"Dois Pontos 10.2, p. 255-290. ",
"ANGIONI, Lucas. ",
"2014a. \"",
"Aristotle on Necessary Principles and on Explaining X Through the Essence of X\", Studia Philosophica Estonica 7:2, p. 88-112. ",
"ANGIONI, Lucas. ",
"2014b. \"",
"Demonstração, Silogismo e Causalidade\", in Lógica e Ciência, Campinas: PHI, p. 61-120. ",
"ANGIONI, Lucas. ",
"2016. \"",
"Aristotle's Definition of Scientific Knowledge (APo 71b9-12)\", Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy 19, p. 140-166. ",
"ANGIONI, Lucas. ",
"2018. \"",
"Causality and Coextensiveness in Aristotle's Posterior Analytics 1.13\", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 54, p. 159-185. ",
"BARNES, Jonathan. ",
"1969. \"",
"Aristotle's theory of demonstration\", Phronesis 14, p. 123-152. ",
"BARNES, Jonathan. ",
"1970. \"",
"Property in Aristotle's Topics\", Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 52, p. 136-155. ",
"BARNES, Jonathan. ",
"1976. \"",
"Aristotle, Menaechmus and circular proof \", Classical Quarterly 26, p. 278-292. ",
"BARNES, Jonathan. ",
"1980. \"",
"Aristotle and the method of ethics\", Revue Internationale de Philosophie 133-134, p. 490-511. ",
"BARNES, Jonathan. ",
"1981. \"",
"Proof and the Syllogism\". ",
"In: Berti, E. (ed.). ",
"Aristotle on Science. ",
"Padova: Antenore, p.17-59. ",
"BARNES, Jonathan. ",
"1982. \"",
"Sheep have four legs\". ",
"Proceedings of the World Congress on Aristotle, Ministry of Culture, Athens, vol. ",
"III, p. 113-119. ",
"BARNES, Jonathan. ",
"1993. ",
"Posterior Analytics, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ",
"BARNES, Jonathan. ",
"1993b. \"",
"Aristotle's philosophy of the sciences\", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 11, p. 225-241. ",
"BARNES, Jonathan. ",
"1996. \"",
"Grammar on Aristotle's Terms\", in Frede. ",
"M. & Striker, G. (edd.), ",
"Ratinality in Greek Thought, Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 175-202. ",
"BARNES, Jonathan. ",
"2014. \"",
"Aristotle on knowledge and proof \", in Proof, Knowledge and Scepticism: Essays in Ancient Philosophy III, Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 73-94. ",
"BERTI, Enrico. (",
"ed.). ",
"1981. ",
"Aristotle on Science – The Posterior Analytics. ",
"Padova: Antenore. ",
"BROADIE, S., & ROWE, C. 2002. ",
"Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics. ",
"Oxford: Oxford University Press. ",
"BRONSTEIN, D. 2016. ",
"Aristotle on Knowledge and Learning. ",
"Oxford: Oxford University Press. ",
"Page of 53 56 BRUNSCHWIG. ",
"Jacques. ",
"2002. ",
"Aristote: Topiques, Livres I-IV, Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2 ed. ",
"BURNYEAT, M. F. 1981. ",
"Aristotle on Understanding Knowledge. ",
"In: Berti, E.(ed.). ",
"Aristotle on Science– The Posterior Analytics. ",
"Padova: Antenore, p. 97-140. ",
"BURNYEAT, M. F. 2011. '",
"Episteme', In B. Morison & K. Ierodiakonou, Episteme etc.: ",
"Essays in Honour of Jonathan Barnes, Oxford: OUP, p. 3-29. ",
"CHARLES, David. ",
"2000. ",
"Aristotle on Meaning and Essence. ",
"Oxford: Oxford UP. ",
"CHARLTON, William.1992. ",
"Aristotle's Physics Book I and II. ",
"Oxford, Claredon Press, 2 ed. ",
"COOPE, Ursula. ",
"2012. \"",
"Why does Aristotle Think that Ethical Virtue is Required for Practical Wisdom?\", ",
"Phronesis 57, p. 142-163. ",
"CRAGER, Adam. ",
"2015. ",
"Meta-Logic in Aristotle's Epistemology, PhD Dissertation, Princeton University. ",
"DORION, L-A. 1995. ",
"Les réfutations sofistiques. ",
"Paris/Laval: Vrin. ",
"FAIT, Paolo. ",
"2007. ",
"Aristotele: Le Confutazioni sofistiche, Roma-Bari: Laterza. ",
"FEREJOHN, Michael. ",
"2013. ",
"Formal Causes, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ",
"FINE, Gail. ",
"2010. ",
"Aristotle's Two Worlds: Knowledge and Belief in Posterior Analytics I.33. ",
"Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 110, 323-46. ",
"FREDE, Dorothea. ",
"2012. \"",
"The endoxon mystique: what endoxa are and what they are not\", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 43, p. 185–216. ",
"GOLDIN, Owen. ",
"1996. ",
"Explaining an Eclipse: Aristotle's Posterior Analytics 2.1-10. ",
"Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ",
"GOMEZ-LOBO, Alfonso. ",
"1977. \"",
"Aristotle's Hypotheses and The Euclidean Postulates\", Review of Metaphysics, 30: 3, p. 430-9. ",
"HANKINSON, Robert J. 1998. ",
"Cause and Explanation in Ancient Greek Thought. ",
"Oxford: Oxford UP. ",
"HASPER, P. S. 2006. ",
"Sources of delusion in Analytica Posteriora I 5. ",
"Phronesis 51, 252-284. ",
"HASPER, P. S. 2013. ",
"Between Science and Dialetic: Aristotle's Account of Good and Bad Peirastic Arguments in the Sophistical Refutations. ",
"Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy 15, 286-322. ",
"HENRY, Devin. ",
"2015. \"",
"Holding for the most part: the demonstrability of moral facts\", in Henry, D. & Nielsen, K. M. (edd.), ",
"Bridging the Gap Between Aristotle's Science and Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, p. 169-189. ",
"IRWIN, Terence. ",
"1999. ",
"Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Indianapolis: Hacket, 2 ed. ",
"JUDSON, Lindsay. ",
"1991. \"",
"Chance and 'Always or For the Most Part' in Aristotle\", in Judson, L. (ed.), ",
"Aristotle's Physics, Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 73-99. ",
"KARBOWSKI, Joseph. ",
"2019. ",
"Aristotle's Method in Ethics: Philosophy in Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge UP. ",
"LEBLOND, J. M. 1939. ",
"Logique et métode chez Aristotle. ",
"Paris: Vrin. ",
"LENNOX, James G. 2001. ",
"Aristotle's Philosophy of Biology, Cambridge UP, 2001. ",
"LESHER, James H. 2001. ",
"Aristotle on ἐπιστήμη as understanding. ",
"Ancient Philosophy 21, p. 45-55. ",
"LLOYD, A. C. 1981. ",
"Necessity and Essence in the Posterior Analytics. ",
"In: Berti, E. (ed.). ",
"Aristotle on Science – The Page of 54 56 Posterior Analytics. ",
"Padova: Antenore, 157-171. ",
"LORENZ, Hendrik. ",
"2009. \"",
"Virtue of Character in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics\", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 37, p. 177-212. ",
"MALINK, Marko. ",
"2017. \"",
"Aristotle on Principles as Elements\", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 53, p. 163-213. ",
"MENDELL, Henry. ",
"1998. ",
"Making Sense of Aristotelian Demonstration. ",
"Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 16, p. 161–225. ",
"MENDELSOHN, Joshua. ",
"2019. ",
"Aristotle on the Necessity of What We Know. ",
"PhD Dissertation: University of Chicago. ",
"MENDONÇA, Fernando. ",
"2014. \"",
"A utilidade dos Tópicos em relação aos princípios das ciências\". ",
"In: ANGIONI, Lucas. ",
"Lógica e Ciência em Aristóteles. ",
"Campinas: PHI, p. 287-330. ",
"MENDONÇA, F. 2015. ",
"Os Tópicos e a competência dialética: lógica e linguagem na codificação do debate dialético. ",
"Tese de Doutorado em Filosofia – Departamento de Filosofia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). ",
"Campinas. ",
"McKIRAHAN, Richard. ",
"1992. ",
"Principles and Proofs. ",
"Aristotle's Theory of Demonstrative Science, Princeton: Princeton University Press. ",
"MIGNUCCI, Mario. ",
"1981. \"",
"Hos epi to ply et le nécessaire dans la conception aristotélicienne de la science\", in Berti, E. (ed.), ",
"Aristotle on Science – The Posterior Analytics, Pádua: Editrice Antenore, p. 173-203. ",
"MIGNUCCI, Mario. ",
"2007. ",
"Aristotele Analitici Secondi. ",
"Roma-Bari: Laterza. ",
"MORISON, Benjamin. ",
"Forthcoming. ",
"Aristotle on the distinction between what is understood and what is believed, in Salmieri, G. (ed.), ",
"Knowing and Coming to Know: Essays on Aristotle's Epistemology, Pittsburgh University Press. ",
"MOSS, Jessica, & SCHWAB, Whitney. ",
"2019. \"",
"The Birth of Belief \". ",
"Journal of the History of Philosophy. ",
"MOSS, Jessica. ",
"2011. \"",
"Virtue Makes the Goal Right: Virtue and Phronesis in Aristotle's Ethics\", Phronesis 56, p. 204-261. ",
"MOSS, Jessica. ",
"2014. \"",
"Right Reason in Plato and Aristotle: On the meaning of Logos\", Phronesis 59, p. 181-230. ",
"MUELLER, Ian. ",
"1982. ",
"Aristotle and the Quadrature of the Circle. ",
"In: Kretzmann, N. (ed.). ",
"Infinity and Continuity in Ancient and Medieval Thought. ",
"Cornell: Cornell UP, 146-164. ",
"PELLEGRIN, Pierre. ",
"2002. ",
"Aristote Physique. ",
"Paris: GF Flammarion. ",
"PELLEGRIN, Pierre. ",
"2005. ",
"Aristote Seconds Analytiques. ",
"Paris: GF Flammarion. ",
"PERAMATZIS, Michail. ",
"Forthcoming. ",
"Aristotle on Knowledge & Belief: Posterior Analytics I.33, in Salmieri, G. (ed.), ",
"Knowing and Coming to Know: Essays on Aristotle's Epistemology, Pittsburgh University Press. ",
"PHILOPONUS. ",
"1909. ",
"In: Wallies, M. (ed.). ",
"Aristotelis analytica posteriora commentaria (commentaria in aristotelem graeca vol. ",
"XIII). ",
"Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ",
"PHILOPONUS. ",
"2008. ",
"On Aristotle Posterior Analytics 1.1-8. ",
"Translated by Richard McKirahan. ",
"London: Bloomsbury. ",
"PORCHAT PEREIRA, Oswaldo. ",
"2001. ",
"Ciência e Dialética em Aristóteles, São Paulo, Edunesp. ",
"RAPP, Christof. ",
"2018. \"",
"Aporia and dialectical method in Aristotle\", in Karamanolis, G, & Politis, V. (edd.), ",
"The Aporetic Tradition in Ancient Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, p. 112-136. ",
"Page of 55 56 REINHARDT, Tobias. ",
"2015. \"",
"On Endoxa in Aristotle's Topics\", Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 158, p. 225-246. ",
"RIBEIRO, Francine M. 2014. \"",
"Silogismo e demonstração na concepção de conhecimento científico dos Analíticos de Aristóteles\", in Angioni, L. (ed.), ",
"Lógica e Ciência em Aristóteles, Campinas: PHI, p. 121-160. ",
"ROSS, W. D. 1924. ",
"Aristotle's Metaphysics (2 vols.), ",
"Oxford: Clarendon Press. ",
"ROSS, W. D. 1936. ",
"Aristotle's Physics, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ",
"ROSS, W. D. 1949. ",
"Aristotle's Prior and Posterior Analytics. ",
"Oxford: Oxford UP. ",
"SMITH, Robin. ",
"1997. ",
"Aristotle: Topics, Books I and VIII. ",
"Oxford: Clarendon Press. ",
"SMITH, Robin. ",
"2009. ",
"Aristotle's theory of demonstration. ",
"In: Anagnostopoulos, G. (ed.). ",
"A Companion to Aristotle (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy). ",
"Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 51-65. ",
"STEINKRUGER, Philipp. ",
"2018. \"",
"Aristotle on Kind-Crossing\", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 54, p. 107-158. ",
"ZUPPOLINI, Breno. ",
"2016. \"",
"Aristotle's foundationalism\". ",
"Dissertatio 44, p. 187-211. ",
"ZUPPOLINI, Breno. ",
"2017. \"",
"Book review: David Bronstein, Aristotle on Knowledge and Learning: The Posterior Analytics. ",
"Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016\". ",
"Manuscrito vol. ",
"40, n.4, pp.179-186 ZUPPOLINI, Breno. ",
"2018a. \"",
"Aristotle on Per Se Accidents\", Ancient Philosophy 38: 1, p. 113-135. ",
"ZUPPOLINI, Breno. ",
"2018b. \"",
"Explanation and essence in Posterior Analytics II 16-17\", Archai 24, p. 229-264. ",
"Warning about the translation: I have decided to translate the original paper into English to reach more readers. ",
"I have avoided significant alterations in content. ",
"For, although I do believe that the original paper needs many improvements etc., ",
"the project of translating it and making it available in English is different from the project of revisiting the same subject and revising my former thoughts (which is something that I will surely do-actually, I'm already doing it). ",
"Although I have restrained myself to avoid significant modifications in the original argument, I have adopted very different phrasings in some cases. ",
"Portuguese and English are very different languages, and sometimes what makes sense in a very straightforward way in one language needs to be expanded when translated to the other (or, inversely, what was expressed with more complication in one language can be simplified in the other). ",
"Since this translation has not undergone any professional proof-reading, I ask my reader to be more tolerant with typos and mistakes I have probably left unnoticed. ",
"Page of 56"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PhilPapers"
} | [
0.0005851293681189418,
0.0005533400690183043,
0.0005494545912370086,
0.0005611256347037852,
0.000576384540181607,
0.0005447047296911478,
0.0006038693827576935,
0.0005567253101617098,
0.0006503803306259215,
0.0006091821705922484,
0.0006082269246689975,
0.0006662808591499925,
0.000607747700996697,
0.0008355308091267943,
0.0007617869996465743,
0.0015701326774433255,
0.0007451891433447599,
0.0008346205577254295,
0.0005600861040875316,
0.0006002825684845448,
0.0006529774400405586,
0.0007698062108829618,
0.0005920358235016465,
0.0006285763811320066,
0.0005837862845510244,
0.0006414714152924716,
0.0005562839796766639,
0.0006150754634290934,
0.0005300652701407671,
0.001185585861094296,
0.0006350659532472491,
0.0005518011166714132,
0.000589475326705724,
0.0013477447209879756,
0.000763076648581773,
0.0006606363458558917,
0.0006548002129420638,
0.0007435635779984295,
0.0006120518664829433,
0.0009222336811944842,
0.0006783294375054538,
0.0008843636023811996,
0.0005782036460004747,
0.0006687750574201345,
0.0006463240133598447,
0.0011911222245544195,
0.0006194397574290633,
0.0006682411185465753,
0.0006706780404783785,
0.0005413053440861404,
0.0006452709785662591,
0.0006546473014168441,
0.0007029206026345491,
0.0006636191974394023,
0.0005656122812069952,
0.0006901430897414684,
0.0006247623241506517,
0.000573835102841258,
0.0006310692988336086,
0.0006300804088823497,
0.0005590010550804436,
0.0005501885316334665,
0.0005603909958153963,
0.0006647569825872779,
0.0005930611514486372,
0.0007078216876834631,
0.0007372167310677469,
0.0012344538699835539,
0.0007888978580012918,
0.0009121574112214148,
0.0006168669206090271,
0.0006200888892635703,
0.0005812542513012886,
0.0010607989970594645,
0.0008551331120543182,
0.0008323784568347037,
0.002040680730715394,
0.0005835345364175737,
0.0006153885624371469,
0.0010173739865422249,
0.0007943552918732166,
0.0007185496506281197,
0.0006118465680629015,
0.0006378988036885858,
0.0010070992866531014,
0.0012049054494127631,
0.0005612478707917035,
0.0006343887071125209,
0.0006085162749513984,
0.0009156943997368217,
0.0006513036205433309,
0.0005515458178706467,
0.0006206641555763781,
0.000643549719825387,
0.0008020801469683647,
0.0006331284530460835,
0.0006695954944007099,
0.0005532871000468731,
0.0005263935308903456,
0.000624922220595181,
0.0019564609974622726,
0.0006006314069963992,
0.0007950962753966451,
0.0006496072164736688,
0.0006752164335921407,
0.0006524023483507335,
0.0009265339467674494,
0.0006197320763021708,
0.0006406050524674356,
0.000741979107260704,
0.0005421984242275357,
0.0005664293421432376,
0.000571178738027811,
0.0005577107658609748,
0.0006090390379540622,
0.0006434479146264493,
0.000862519780639559,
0.0008468553423881531,
0.0005794432945549488,
0.000592532567679882,
0.0006074095144867897,
0.0008400335791520774,
0.0005598434945568442,
0.0007563827093690634,
0.0005861871759407222,
0.0005573669332079589,
0.0005619949079118669,
0.000607128837145865,
0.0006452134111896157,
0.0006104049971327186,
0.0005557100521400571,
0.0005461924010887742,
0.0005828241701237857,
0.0005826892447657883,
0.0005497893434949219,
0.000610687187872827,
0.0005962058203294873,
0.000656156160403043,
0.0007901219069026411,
0.0005893371417187154,
0.0005827261484228075,
0.0006044849287718534,
0.0006300116656348109,
0.0006024221074767411,
0.0006310130702331662,
0.00073100789450109,
0.0012672654120251536,
0.0006949806702323258,
0.0008174723479896784,
0.0006215531029738486,
0.0006161694182083011,
0.0006169839180074632,
0.0006631936994381249,
0.0007573665352538228,
0.000713490298949182,
0.0005743406363762915,
0.0006524495547637343,
0.0008017554064281285,
0.0007945153629407287,
0.0012900278670713305,
0.0005750900600105524,
0.0007852988201193511,
0.000546157534699887,
0.0006220001960173249,
0.0005894332425668836,
0.000693826237693429,
0.0010829138336703181,
0.0006427550688385963,
0.0007835388532839715,
0.0006739088566973805,
0.0007001184276305139,
0.0006562042399309576,
0.0007728964556008577,
0.0006110295653343201,
0.0006124693900346756,
0.0006520923925563693,
0.0007634938228875399,
0.0005615812260657549,
0.0005687615484930575,
0.0005456592771224678,
0.0008009033044800162,
0.0006535962456837296,
0.0007670475170016289,
0.0006148245884105563,
0.0006226944387890399,
0.0007971639279276133,
0.0012163330102339387,
0.0005980021669529378,
0.0005543649313040078,
0.0006846113246865571,
0.0006836107932031155,
0.0007597125950269401,
0.0005725228693336248,
0.0006395247764885426,
0.0005234867567196488,
0.0005845463019795716,
0.0006053136894479394,
0.000700001313816756,
0.000977459829300642,
0.0006470857770182192,
0.0006639522616751492,
0.000608636939432472,
0.0005743814399465919,
0.0006039307336322963,
0.0006068308721296489,
0.0005328767583705485,
0.0005261327023617923,
0.0006147571839392185,
0.0005731065175496042,
0.0006254757754504681,
0.0006469825166277587,
0.000590213225223124,
0.0006613374571315944,
0.0005618068971671164,
0.0006807856261730194,
0.0005437678773887455,
0.0006839663255959749,
0.0009138166788034141,
0.0006283571710810065,
0.0007067674887366593,
0.0007006700616329908,
0.0006275147898122668,
0.0006609206320717931,
0.00066526816226542,
0.000704803504049778,
0.0006234953179955482,
0.0008014991180971265,
0.0006056328420527279,
0.0005793115706183016,
0.000813160790130496,
0.0007900063646957278,
0.0007170263561420143,
0.0007989918231032789,
0.0006415322422981262,
0.000668687338475138,
0.0006705479463562369,
0.0006278073415160179,
0.0006518436130136251,
0.0005637591239064932,
0.0005902844131924212,
0.0006501816678792238,
0.0006284670671448112,
0.0008849456207826734,
0.0006364377331919968,
0.0006526090437546372,
0.0006197220063768327,
0.0006014737882651389,
0.0005821515806019306,
0.0005926628364250064,
0.0005925373989157379,
0.0005975651438347995,
0.00056860112817958,
0.000618034740909934,
0.0005411575548350811,
0.0006370704504661262,
0.0009287233115173876,
0.0006473544635809958,
0.0006291790632531047,
0.0017734406283125281,
0.0006907504284754395,
0.000600114930421114,
0.0006470371154136956,
0.0006217307527549565,
0.0007202313281595707,
0.0005632102838717401,
0.000632850918918848,
0.0006849222118034959,
0.0005314648151397705,
0.0011941833654418588,
0.0006169292610138655,
0.0006480464362539351,
0.0005671718390658498,
0.0006629709387198091,
0.000565188645850867,
0.0006050809752196074,
0.0008774101152084768,
0.0005683667259290814,
0.0010563672985881567,
0.0007129920413717628,
0.0005872045876458287,
0.0005877375951968133,
0.0007342169992625713,
0.0006571405101567507,
0.0006259644869714975,
0.0005661564646288753,
0.0005742267821915448,
0.0006253529572859406,
0.0006216125912033021,
0.0005564737948589027,
0.0005767187103629112,
0.0005861560930497944,
0.0005902084521949291,
0.0005802213563583791,
0.0005803104140795767,
0.0006536775617860258,
0.0006582505884580314,
0.0005911382031626999,
0.0005512076313607395,
0.0006726094870828092,
0.0006262073293328285,
0.0005799717619083822,
0.000605445820838213,
0.0005779300699941814,
0.0005886724684387445,
0.0006074682460166514,
0.0006566575029864907,
0.0005582423182204366,
0.0005627391510643065,
0.0006635584286414087,
0.0006061253952793777,
0.0006044471519999206,
0.0005928218015469611,
0.0007784119225107133,
0.0006834069499745965,
0.0005497086094692349,
0.0006269089644774795,
0.0006134730647318065,
0.0006678313948214054,
0.0005959751433692873,
0.0009461697190999985,
0.0006422293372452259,
0.0006579423206858337,
0.0005800171056762338,
0.0006811603670939803,
0.0006332126213237643,
0.0006527586956508458,
0.0007556568598374724,
0.0006042416207492352,
0.0007317372946999967,
0.0005749099655076861,
0.0006245244876481593,
0.0005607136990875006,
0.0007144701085053384,
0.0005499247927218676,
0.0007010300178080797,
0.0006076796562410891,
0.0006801977287977934,
0.0007350381929427385,
0.0005906392470933497,
0.0005997559055685997,
0.0005609384970739484,
0.000558016705326736,
0.0005766301765106618,
0.0005696165608242154,
0.0006287330761551857,
0.0005719117471016943,
0.0005688797100447118,
0.0005690497346222401,
0.000681229867041111,
0.000551614910364151,
0.0006639130297116935,
0.0006983951316215098,
0.000594969664234668,
0.0005456553772091866,
0.0006801160634495318,
0.0006094658165238798,
0.00055059848818928,
0.0006211258587427437,
0.000652204907964915,
0.0005464089917950332,
0.0006155011942610145,
0.0006224506068974733,
0.0005670726532116532,
0.0006264359690248966,
0.0007127251010388136,
0.0006925667403265834,
0.0006303100963123143,
0.000603255582973361,
0.0006857076077722013,
0.0005808607675135136,
0.000597381207626313,
0.0005631590029224753,
0.0007013905560597777,
0.0006676576449535787,
0.0007295787218026817,
0.0006726357969455421,
0.000629610032774508,
0.0005930702318437397,
0.0005941123235970736,
0.0005402844399213791,
0.0006193075096234679,
0.0007467309478670359,
0.0006829817430116236,
0.0005671732360497117,
0.0005723250797018409,
0.0005663385963998735,
0.000613247393630445,
0.00056984624825418,
0.0006142482743598521,
0.0006249710568226874,
0.0005898650852032006,
0.0005945382872596383,
0.0006290492601692677,
0.0006425945903174579,
0.0005982027505524457,
0.0009793624049052596,
0.000644962303340435,
0.0006424537277780473,
0.0005807049456052482,
0.0005762414657510817,
0.0006444476894102991,
0.0006857526605017483,
0.000588855124078691,
0.0006014895625412464,
0.000647812441457063,
0.0005745207890868187,
0.0005614105029962957,
0.0006167249521240592,
0.0006211157306097448,
0.0006223906530067325,
0.0006411648937501013,
0.0005991268553771079,
0.0005435027997009456,
0.0006120028556324542,
0.0009038273710757494,
0.0005941754207015038,
0.0007806557696312666,
0.0006851435755379498,
0.0007790319505147636,
0.0005866907304152846,
0.0005786650581285357,
0.0006222418160177767,
0.0005566467298194766,
0.0006166488165035844,
0.0005832009483128786,
0.0005727209500037134,
0.000599615799728781,
0.0006349168252199888,
0.000585748755838722,
0.0006220197537913918,
0.0005912407650612295,
0.0005614770925603807,
0.0006641462678089738,
0.0006107180961407721,
0.0006766372243873775,
0.0006507879588752985,
0.0005728801479563117,
0.0005747971008531749,
0.0005913878558203578,
0.0007221185369417071,
0.0006142154452390969,
0.0006262935930863023,
0.0005640786839649081,
0.0006667369161732495,
0.0006299008964560926,
0.001130719669163227,
0.0006013666279613972,
0.0006065588677302003,
0.0006365530425682664,
0.0006480349693447351,
0.001058801426552236,
0.0014566045720130205,
0.0006567921373061836,
0.0006666010012850165,
0.0007301932200789452,
0.0006197282345965505,
0.0006181796779856086,
0.0005915050860494375,
0.000594638055190444,
0.0006688566063530743,
0.0005500000552274287,
0.0006181352073326707,
0.0005339185008779168,
0.0005997836124151945,
0.0007067527039907873,
0.0005732151912525296,
0.0006569413817487657,
0.0005888413870707154,
0.000848094467073679,
0.0006330246687866747,
0.000626610592007637,
0.0006499639712274075,
0.0006039850413799286,
0.0005697791930288076,
0.0005697025917470455,
0.0006395854288712144,
0.0006006648764014244,
0.0006546319928020239,
0.000740117218811065,
0.0006301116081885993,
0.000606779707595706,
0.0006140150362625718,
0.0006069152732379735,
0.0005464634159579873,
0.0006152461282908916,
0.0006296781939454377,
0.0006238927016966045,
0.0007784119225107133,
0.0007725988980382681,
0.0005918496754020452,
0.0006338608218356967,
0.0005938479444012046,
0.0005475901998579502,
0.0005948350299149752,
0.0006375089287757874,
0.0006552468985319138,
0.0005920090479776263,
0.0005694835563190281,
0.000728921964764595,
0.0006451341323554516,
0.000599601014982909,
0.0005750925047323108,
0.0006207996630109847,
0.01021349336951971,
0.007564575877040625,
0.0006958356243558228,
0.0006043835310265422,
0.0006651946459896863,
0.0005948446341790259,
0.0005706180818378925,
0.0006334661156870425,
0.0005950320628471673,
0.0005673984414897859,
0.0006326881120912731,
0.000558044936042279,
0.0005895059439353645,
0.0006260930094867945,
0.0006973166600801051,
0.0006132456474006176,
0.0006690366426482797,
0.0006255779881030321,
0.0005903274286538363,
0.0005785365938208997,
0.0005612069508060813,
0.0006635168101638556,
0.000635586038697511,
0.0005773004959337413,
0.0006370008923113346,
0.000662581529468298,
0.0006433516391552985,
0.0007127047283574939,
0.0006236248300410807,
0.0006003924645483494,
0.0006369908805936575,
0.0006087442161515355,
0.0006340695545077324,
0.0007897809846326709,
0.0005939065013080835,
0.000672737427521497,
0.0005821638042107224,
0.0005402852548286319,
0.0005828030989505351,
0.0006079809390939772,
0.000596296158619225,
0.0005503303837031126,
0.0005626570782624185,
0.0005433207261376083,
0.0006928182556293905,
0.0005882212426513433,
0.0005942731513641775,
0.0005604273173958063,
0.0005421284004114568,
0.0007490747375413775,
0.0006129748653620481,
0.0006852225633338094,
0.000694163900334388,
0.0006165060331113636,
0.0006709893932566047,
0.0013276783283799887,
0.0008750269771553576,
0.0007138048531487584,
0.0006336521473713219,
0.0008018570370040834,
0.0012477368582040071,
0.000560120795853436,
0.000559189182240516,
0.0006414625677280128,
0.0006251351442188025,
0.0005649629747495055,
0.0005456501967273653,
0.0005618481081910431,
0.0006115378928370774,
0.0006308904266916215,
0.0027665458619594574,
0.0006393815274350345,
0.0006398481200449169,
0.0006233024760149419,
0.0011076232185587287,
0.0005938044050708413,
0.0006672185263596475,
0.0005932910135015845,
0.0005830167210660875,
0.0005891573964618146,
0.0006439451826736331,
0.0011965141166001558,
0.0007119447691366076,
0.0006771687185391784,
0.0006376556702889502,
0.0006177491741254926,
0.0007086812984198332,
0.000625514832790941,
0.0006308023585006595,
0.0005901516415178776,
0.0005891540786251426,
0.0006115367286838591,
0.0006063484470359981,
0.0007681380957365036,
0.0006335186772048473,
0.0006077734869904816,
0.0005762905930168927,
0.0025588779244571924,
0.0005849782028235495,
0.0005508959293365479,
0.0006112960400059819,
0.0006301996181719005,
0.0006010197103023529,
0.0006098682642914355,
0.0006032452220097184,
0.0006664383108727634,
0.0005499303224496543,
0.0005377280176617205,
0.0005952206556685269,
0.0006292705074883997,
0.0006075322744436562,
0.0005704581271857023,
0.000633428106084466,
0.0006445699254982173,
0.0007784119225107133,
0.000691753753926605,
0.000589026021771133,
0.001004092046059668,
0.0005745670641772449,
0.0005920891417190433,
0.0005901437252759933,
0.0005990932113490999,
0.0009025080944411457,
0.0006501984316855669,
0.0005794703029096127,
0.000572968041524291,
0.0007054563029669225,
0.0005782477091997862,
0.0006413369555957615,
0.0005703124334104359,
0.0007228556205518544,
0.0006055202684365213,
0.000662969658151269,
0.0005887437146157026,
0.0007935793837532401,
0.0006781975971534848,
0.0005606196355074644,
0.0005576671683229506,
0.0005746344104409218,
0.0005441785324364901,
0.000646469066850841,
0.0005548545159399509,
0.0005921447300352156,
0.0005699967150576413,
0.0006430494249798357,
0.0006331157637760043,
0.0006209848797880113,
0.0005791834555566311,
0.000523468479514122,
0.0005595069378614426,
0.0005407314165495336,
0.0005671194521710277,
0.0005362089141272008,
0.0005938527756370604,
0.0005838555516675115,
0.0006957551231607795,
0.0005706563824787736,
0.0005501712439581752,
0.000617156270891428,
0.0005858606891706586,
0.0006097302539274096,
0.0006179119809530675,
0.0006844494491815567,
0.0005660229362547398,
0.0005943097057752311,
0.0006202735821716487,
0.0006214206223376095,
0.0006074981647543609,
0.0005952317151241004,
0.0007107631536200643,
0.0009113290579989552,
0.0006412183865904808,
0.000595110934227705,
0.02690129727125168,
0.0007377560832537711,
0.0005990052595734596,
0.0006123704370111227,
0.0005699461908079684,
0.0005809210706502199,
0.0005897439550608397,
0.0005483106942847371,
0.000742846867069602,
0.0006580144399777055,
0.0005846081185154617,
0.0005917230155318975,
0.0005844499683007598,
0.0005545935709960759,
0.0007719704881310463,
0.0006299383821897209,
0.0006499760202132165,
0.0005636119749397039,
0.0007374636479653418,
0.0006159701151773334,
0.0009957074653357267,
0.0006100682658143342,
0.0005989033379592001,
0.000686060287989676,
0.0006261747912503779,
0.0005859924713149667,
0.0005276738083921373,
0.0006133552524261177,
0.0005772488075308502,
0.0006681064842268825,
0.0006378924008458853,
0.0006024594767950475,
0.0006467569037340581,
0.0005802595405839384,
0.0006501339375972748,
0.0006171803688630462,
0.0006370199844241142,
0.0005231026443652809,
0.0005741149070672691,
0.0006301524699665606,
0.0005975571693852544,
0.0006398185505531728,
0.0008203889010474086,
0.0005664978525601327,
0.000656057964079082,
0.000554889440536499,
0.0005869119777344167,
0.0005543758161365986,
0.0006563725182786584,
0.0009184302180074155,
0.0005947783356532454,
0.023138677701354027,
0.0006487126229330897,
0.000603188294917345,
0.0005743663641624153,
0.0005810285801999271,
0.000976879266090691,
0.0006272364989854395,
0.0008259136229753494,
0.0005447919247671962,
0.0006125298095867038,
0.0005569150089286268,
0.0005969501216895878,
0.0007784119225107133,
0.0007489677518606186,
0.0006770612671971321,
0.004598243627697229,
0.0006119783502072096,
0.0006216973415575922,
0.0007286410545930266,
0.0016231510089710355,
0.0006012270459905267,
0.0006398686091415584,
0.0005848350119777024,
0.0005915823276154697,
0.0006303677801042795,
0.0005585715407505631,
0.0006555169820785522,
0.0008609356009401381,
0.0008405384141951799,
0.0006900878506712615,
0.0006666368572041392,
0.000669577915687114,
0.0006136224837973714,
0.0005664093187078834,
0.0006369244074448943,
0.0006088835070841014,
0.0006193027948029339,
0.0005658621666952968,
0.0005614233668893576,
0.0006189215928316116,
0.000760632217861712,
0.0005538788391277194,
0.000592870987020433,
0.000625785265583545,
0.0006560061010532081,
0.003227268112823367,
0.0005832259776070714,
0.0007197675295174122,
0.0010765427723526955,
0.0012825235025957227,
0.0006080092862248421,
0.0006985468207858503,
0.0005612585227936506,
0.0006495827692560852,
0.0006558456807397306,
0.0006098508019931614,
0.001136229606345296,
0.0020641153678297997,
0.0009776134975254536,
0.0006506909267045557,
0.0009190067066811025,
0.0005617265705950558,
0.0005767109687440097,
0.000973867136053741,
0.000703147379681468,
0.000597349600866437,
0.0007311367662623525,
0.0011106319725513458,
0.0006344192661345005,
0.0005945604061707854,
0.0005742553039453924,
0.0008478089002892375,
0.0008434837218374014,
0.0007835306460037827,
0.0007360430317930877,
0.0007678271504119039,
0.0006647561094723642,
0.0006270296289585531,
0.000636417418718338,
0.0006446368643082678,
0.0005590463406406343,
0.0007254469092004001,
0.0009535494027659297,
0.0006955740973353386,
0.0005647161742672324,
0.0005990788922645152,
0.000635397678706795,
0.0006335253128781915,
0.0006552746635861695,
0.0006488084327429533,
0.0008493730565533042,
0.000611507857684046,
0.0006968193920329213,
0.001269458676688373,
0.0006619027117267251,
0.00057619420113042,
0.0005847786669619381,
0.0006229054997675121,
0.0006096569704823196,
0.0006495914421975613,
0.0007927533006295562,
0.000614723248872906,
0.001002976205199957,
0.0006997785530984402,
0.0006234875763766468,
0.0005980685236863792,
0.000569433905184269,
0.0005619786097668111,
0.0005423066904768348,
0.0005663281190209091,
0.0006556816515512764,
0.0006744465790688992,
0.0005932972417213023,
0.0006276257918216288,
0.0006652764277532697,
0.0006279479712247849,
0.0011322421487420797,
0.0011614026734605432,
0.0006994271534495056,
0.0005991046200506389,
0.0006032934761606157,
0.0005762488581240177,
0.06585351377725601,
0.0010507351253181696,
0.0006768452003598213,
0.003181607462465763,
0.0006629390409216285,
0.000651679583825171,
0.0007442654459737241,
0.0006929212831892073,
0.0005355331813916564,
0.00059221446281299,
0.000595571706071496,
0.0005713162827305496,
0.0006845590542070568,
0.0007273814990185201,
0.0006975575815886259,
0.0006111338152550161,
0.0005703597562387586,
0.0005668362719006836,
0.0005957450484856963,
0.0005935500375926495,
0.0007751553785055876,
0.00055704265832901,
0.001202064217068255,
0.0006208597915247083,
0.0005648114020004869,
0.0006639254279434681,
0.0006478148861788213,
0.0006553333951160312,
0.0005830178270116448,
0.0005482244305312634,
0.0007901121862232685,
0.0007432869169861078,
0.0006214526947587729,
0.0006811506464146078,
0.0007146419957280159,
0.0009611346176825464,
0.0006605752860195935,
0.005213615018874407,
0.0007008780376054347,
0.0028579942882061005,
0.0007648843456991017,
0.0007565719424746931,
0.0008884574053809047,
0.0007090200670063496,
0.000740132003556937,
0.0008332947036251426,
0.000844846828840673,
0.0008884574053809047,
0.0007233741926029325,
0.0008125171880237758,
0.0008884574053809047,
0.0009489796939305961,
0.0008257447625510395,
0.0007129397708922625,
0.0008884574053809047,
0.0006959328311495483,
0.0010796748101711273,
0.000651489885058254,
0.0006016480620019138,
0.0005440566455945373,
0.0005495124496519566,
0.0005870336317457259,
0.0006534882122650743,
0.0007533420575782657,
0.0007352581596933305,
0.0015994376735761762,
0.0008884574053809047,
0.0007470943382941186,
0.000936878495849669,
0.0008884574053809047,
0.0007336487178690732,
0.0036184692289680243,
0.002461848547682166,
0.0008884574053809047,
0.0007420046022161841,
0.001246952684596181,
0.0008884574053809047,
0.0008701551705598831,
0.0005860438686795533,
0.0008097041863948107,
0.0008884574053809047,
0.0007240594131872058,
0.0006845391471870244,
0.0008884574053809047,
0.0007518607308156788,
0.0006796217057853937,
0.0008884574053809047,
0.0006886694463901222,
0.00064177653985098,
0.0008884574053809047,
0.0007098506321199238,
0.0006306850700639188,
0.0008400488295592368,
0.0007401288603432477,
0.0007077491609379649,
0.0008400488295592368,
0.0007363183540292084,
0.0007830745889805257,
0.0008400488295592368,
0.0007690173806622624,
0.0006862940499559045,
0.0008400488295592368,
0.0007724955212324858,
0.000681006524246186,
0.0008400488295592368,
0.0007432869169861078,
0.0007017509778961539,
0.0006788306636735797,
0.0008341419161297381,
0.0007063864031806588,
0.0008400488295592368,
0.0007192433695308864,
0.15232069790363312,
0.0005953276413492858,
0.0007663622382096946,
0.0008400488295592368,
0.000816643878351897,
0.0006792953354306519,
0.0008400488295592368,
0.0007154641789384186,
0.0006393482908606529,
0.0008400488295592368,
0.0007160880486480892,
0.0008628256618976593,
0.0006818491383455694,
0.0006540171452797949,
0.0008400488295592368,
0.0007104800897650421,
0.0009322263649664819,
0.0006991961854510009,
0.0007572157774120569,
0.0008904171409085393,
0.0007217030506581068,
0.0007874261937104166,
0.0006982895429246128,
0.0008849853184074163,
0.0006971322582103312,
0.000713863002602011,
0.0006819413974881172,
0.0006971322582103312,
0.0015524011105298996,
0.0007879924960434437,
0.0008147461921907961,
0.0007197143859229982,
0.0008827089914120734,
0.0007006319938227534,
0.0006788306636735797,
0.0007217030506581068,
0.0007054879097267985,
0.0007965106051415205,
0.0006798477261327207,
0.0006323785055428743,
0.0007408574456349015,
0.0007903049699962139,
0.0006841390859335661,
0.0007037715404294431,
0.0007266179891303182,
0.0006739483214914799,
0.000688910367898643,
0.000795769679825753,
0.0007104945834726095,
0.0006767803570255637,
0.0008468496380373836,
0.0011248394148424268,
0.0007929768762551248,
0.0006038756691850722,
0.000732484448235482,
0.001079588895663619,
0.0007352004176937044,
0.001020047813653946,
0.0008844364783726633,
0.0009288025321438909,
0.0008265316719189286,
0.0008574127568863332,
0.0006311818724498153,
0.0016258080722764134,
0.0007844839128665626,
0.0007159655215218663,
0.0007610182510688901,
0.0009520928142592311,
0.0007104945834726095,
0.0007461914210580289,
0.00080681755207479,
0.0008645583875477314,
0.0006130454712547362,
0.0007241787388920784,
0.0006688282010145485,
0.0007421480841003358,
0.0007048924453556538,
0.0007248312467709184,
0.0006269140285439789,
0.0007037715404294431,
0.0007366057252511382,
0.00838166568428278,
0.0009804846486076713,
0.0007413249695673585,
0.0010557762579992414,
0.0006240945658646524,
0.0010992179159075022,
0.0007042865036055446,
0.0006468373467214406,
0.000738448987249285,
0.0007987988647073507,
0.0007919174968264997,
0.0008213200489990413,
0.0009413195657543838,
0.0007043553050607443,
0.0006432231748476624,
0.00063886190764606,
0.0008584682364016771,
0.0008234194247052073,
0.0006526392535306513,
0.0007796197314746678,
0.001829683780670166,
0.000803108443506062,
0.0007097921334207058,
0.0006461887969635427,
0.0007534953765571117,
0.0005881203687749803,
0.0006858559790998697,
0.0007135290652513504,
0.0006257539498619735,
0.0006788306636735797,
0.0006847172626294196,
0.0007254836382344365,
0.0010828974191099405,
0.0007090200670063496,
0.0006933222757652402,
0.0009488363866694272,
0.0007882355130277574,
0.0006086734938435256,
0.0008129443158395588,
0.000898734899237752,
0.00069402129156515,
0.0006424898747354746,
0.0007697571418248117,
0.0008234194247052073,
0.0006463153986260295,
0.0006058603175915778,
0.0007229025359265506,
0.0007104800897650421,
0.0011577460682019591,
0.000705957761965692,
0.0009556572185829282,
0.0006351076881401241,
0.0007002684869803488,
0.0011075531365349889,
0.0009594251750968397,
0.0007191048352979124,
0.0009951104875653982,
0.0007711481302976608,
0.000635149423032999,
0.0007176144863478839,
0.0011217864230275154,
0.0007432869169861078,
0.0008098790422081947,
0.0006542247720062733,
0.0011217864230275154,
0.0008844364783726633,
0.0026860968209803104,
0.0006625120877288282,
0.0007191367330960929,
0.0007259704871103168,
0.00061660265782848,
0.0006744118873029947,
0.0006645917310379446,
0.0007641499396413565,
0.0007849206449463964,
0.0007999784429557621,
0.0008144659805111587,
0.0007148259319365025,
0.0006596105522476137,
0.0008144659805111587,
0.0007104800897650421,
0.0006943580228835344,
0.0009866406908258796,
0.0008161954465322196,
0.0010261827846989036,
0.0007057289476506412,
0.0006030604126863182,
0.0006321446853689849,
0.000997300143353641,
0.0008147461921907961,
0.006856488063931465,
0.0008371756412088871,
0.000997300143353641,
0.0008480353862978518,
0.0009038433199748397,
0.0008371756412088871,
0.0012748973676934838,
0.0007259704871103168,
0.0006366230663843453,
0.0006744118873029947,
0.0008638456929475069,
0.0008526117308065295,
0.0006850439822301269,
0.0009558489546179771,
0.0007612242479808629,
0.0010473097208887339,
0.0008638456929475069,
0.0008141741855069995,
0.0006510135135613382,
0.0009284985717386007,
0.0007874625734984875,
0.00080969458213076,
0.0008282365743070841,
0.0008930459734983742,
0.0015644208760932088,
0.0007098506321199238,
0.0006545197684317827,
0.0006483621546067297,
0.0006823481526225805,
0.0007042865036055446,
0.0007170314202085137,
0.0006592451245523989,
0.0008025052375160158,
0.0006861678557470441,
0.0007312239031307399,
0.0006003421149216592,
0.0006538189481943846,
0.0007421484915539622,
0.0006699078949168324,
0.0007454398437403142,
0.0007167953881435096,
0.0007037715404294431,
0.0007694931118749082,
0.0009097899892367423,
0.0006046572234481573,
0.0006538189481943846,
0.0007694931118749082,
0.0008202751632779837,
0.000676055729854852,
0.0006648311973549426,
0.0006101703038439155,
0.0006386391469277442,
0.0008919141837395728,
0.0007098506321199238,
0.0006328904419206083,
0.001213609823025763,
0.0006886694463901222,
0.000687414372805506,
0.0010691456263884902,
0.001213609823025763,
0.0007882355130277574,
0.0006341738044284284,
0.0006306947325356305,
0.0016929019475355744,
0.0008679268066771328,
0.0007127827848307788,
0.0007122817332856357,
0.001213609823025763,
0.0006791632040403783,
0.0005943125579506159,
0.0005708709941245615,
0.0005718411994166672,
0.0005643494660034776,
0.0005925950245000422,
0.0005864176200702786,
0.0005589986685663462,
0.0005671529797837138,
0.000741743016988039
] | 0.000964 | 1,210 |
[
"The election campaign in Iraq this year has been quite intense to put it mildly. ",
"If there is anything that Iraqis do so well, it is to be palpably passionate about where they stand regarding issues that matter the most to them. ",
"Boycotters were incredibly passionate about their decision to abstain from voting and participants were also incredibly passionate about their decision to vote. ",
"Basically we have been on an emotional roller coaster since the beginning of 2018, and it culminated on May 12th when Iraqis cast their votes in an election that was hailed by most observers and analysts as being free and peaceful.",
"\n\nThis has been an extremely tight race. ",
"After the announcement of the final results by the Independent High Electoral Commission, three blocs came ahead: Sairoon won 54 seats, Fateh won 48 seats and Nasr won 42 seats. ",
"No bloc has an outright majority, which is 165 out of a total 329 seats, to form a government on its own. ",
"Therefore winning blocs will have to forge alliances and reach out to their competitors before we can actually see the formation of a new government.",
"\n\nPost-election period should be a time for quiet reflection and recalculation, for both political parties and the electorate as well. ",
"Winning parties and their voters get to celebrate and rejoice, while losing parties and their voters retreat to assess what went wrong and try to find ways to cope and regroup.",
"\n\nIf you are an Iraqi who has been incredibly excited about the prospect of going to the polls and casting your vote for someone who represents your vision for this country but that person whom you voted for did not win, then what should you do? ",
"What is the best way to deal with feelings of disappointment and disheartenment that are likely to follow? ",
"Let us go through what needs to be done together.",
"\n\nYou must remember that this is certainly not the end of the world. ",
"Iraq is a democracy and free elections are held every four years. ",
"So even if your candidate did not end up winning this time around, there is a possibility they may win in four years from now. ",
"S/he is going to be fine regardless, and so are you.",
"\n\nIraq has been through a lot over the course of its modern history: military coups, decades of brutal dictatorship, wars, harsh international sanctions, foreign invasion, civil conflict and terrorism. ",
"Keep telling yourself that you have managed to survive what was much worse than this and that you will surely manage to survive seeing your election candidate lose as well.",
"\n\nThe temptation to avoid addressing your disappointment and keep going with your life as if nothing has happened can be quite strong, but at the same time it is unhealthy and self-destructive. ",
"Talk to your close circle of confidants about why you are feeling gutted and more importantly about what to do next and how to move forward. ",
"Processing your “grief” is essential to achieve acceptance.",
"\n\nTaking the time to listen to regular people who made electoral choices that are different from yours is also very important, as it is entirely possible to engage respectfully with people with whom you disagree without sacrificing your own integrity. ",
"Reach out to them and hear them out, listen to their reasons with an open mind and avoid judging them. ",
"Try your best to understand where they are coming from and do not dismiss them just because they have chosen to pick a candidate whose policies and/or character are not something for which you would normally go. ",
"You are Iraqi, and they are Iraqis as well.",
"\n\nBecoming more involved in your society is another great way of moving on from being disheartened by politics and elections. ",
"Find a worthy cause and dedicate yourself to it; look for great charities or NGOs and donate your time and/or your money to them. ",
"Being an active member of your local community is an effective way of reminding yourself to keep things in perspective: you went to the polls and cast your vote because you care about Iraq and you want what is best for yourself and your people.",
"\n\nAnd finally, you do not get to give up on Iraq and its people just because the election results may not have gone your way. ",
"Your vote did not go to waste and your participation was not in vain even if you are disappointed by the elections’ outcome. ",
"Iraqi democracy is not perfect but it is definitely something that is worth fighting for and standing by. ",
"Even if the people whom you did not vote for ended up forming the next government, then you must wish them nothing but success in their mission to govern. ",
"Their failure would compromise Iraq as a whole and may I remind you that you and your loved ones live in this country as well. ",
"Wishing them failure so that you can gloat to their voters’ faces is unpatriotic and foolish.",
"\n\nIraq will outlast you and your election candidate, never lose sight of that."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.000562316388823092,
0.0006004797178320587,
0.0006110947579145432,
0.0005724879447370768,
0.0008466254221275449,
0.0006507470970973372,
0.0012183540966361761,
0.0006146637606434524,
0.0007549144211225212,
0.0006936817662790418,
0.0006504246266558766,
0.0011077758390456438,
0.0006432164809666574,
0.0013812792021781206,
0.0031156025361269712,
0.0006539635942317545,
0.0019148325081914663,
0.001253044232726097,
0.0025222671683877707,
0.014289609156548977,
0.0007567785796709359,
0.004475457593798637,
0.0008318444597534835,
0.0015446733450517058,
0.0007753787795081735,
0.3379566967487335,
0.0015383068239316344,
0.0011619272409006953,
0.0011781483190134168,
0.008914348669350147,
0.0020071847829967737,
0.0009525378700345755,
0.0006975273718126118,
0.08540841937065125,
0.6007207036018372,
0.26020270586013794
] | 0.037327 | 36 |
[
"Q:\n\nOSX. ",
"Call didFinishLoadForFrame for WebView once?",
"\n\nFor example if I load website \"intuit.ru\" is called about 4 times. ",
"But it is enough for me first call only.",
"\nI tried to check if it is webView.mainFrame loaded and it allowed to execute the code inside this function once but the app works much slower with this way.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe solution is to check a varibale webView.isLoading inside this method\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0011150726350024343,
0.001922844210639596,
0.000613461947068572,
0.0007688649347983301,
0.0005814218311570585,
0.0006435782997868955
] | 0.000941 | 6 |
[
"Q:\n\nWhat does the parameter `index` mean in Apache POI sheet `getMergedRegion`?",
"\n\nWhat does index mean in getMergedRegion? ",
"\nApache's HSSFSheet documentation does not explicitly describe what the index parameter means.",
"\n\nA:\n\nTo answer this question, let's first define a MergedRegion. ",
"\nA MergedRegion is essentially a group of cells grouped together that can act as one cell. ",
"This is created using a CellAdress which can span a number or rows or columns.",
"\nA HSSFSheet can contain a number of these MergedRegions given by getNumMergedRegions.",
"\nThe index refers to the MergedRegion in the HSSFSheet in Sheet objects backing MergedCellsTable which is essentially an ArrayList.",
"\n\nA:\n\nFrom the freely available source downloadable here http://poi.apache.org/download.html we have ...\n/**\n * @return the merged region at the specified index\n */\npublic CellRangeAddress getMergedRegion(int index) {\n return _sheet.getMergedRegionAt(index);\n}\n\nWhen we drill down to getMergedRegionAt we find\npublic CellRangeAddress getMergedRegionAt(int index) {\n //safety checks\n MergedCellsTable mrt = getMergedRecords();\n if (index >= mrt.getNumberOfMergedRegions()) {\n return null;\n }\n return mrt.get(index);\n}\n\nHere we can see that there is a MergedCellsTable this would indicate that each worksheet has a data structure that maintains a list of the Merged Cells in a WorkSheet.",
"\nFrom reviewing the code the index references the specific MergedRegion whose CellRangeAddress was required in the context of having many regions.",
"\nYou could log that as a doc bug or submit a patch to improve the JavaDoc.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0006986403604969382,
0.0011351666180416942,
0.0006218848866410553,
0.0005580754950642586,
0.0006450649816542864,
0.000733400578610599,
0.0006696194177493453,
0.0006135026342235506,
0.0008601864101365209,
0.0005323320510797203,
0.0008338506449945271,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.000825 | 12 |
[
"Diablo III patch 2.4.2 is now live in the Americas for PC, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One! ",
"Check out the full PC patch notes below to learn all about the latest changes. ",
"To view our console patch notes, click here.",
"\n\nPlease note that you will not be prompted to download patch 2.4.2 until the patch is live in your home region. ",
"If you are logging in from a European or Asian client, you will need to wait for this patch to release in that region before it can be installed. ",
"Additionally, if your home region is in the Americas, you will be unable to log into Europe or Asia using Global Play after patch 2.4.2 is live until those regions have also patched.",
"\n\nDiablo III PATCH 2.4.2 - v2.4.2.38682\n\nVisit our Bug Report forum for a list of known issues.",
"\n\nIf you are experiencing technical issues with the patching process, connecting to Battle.net after installing the patch, or errors while playing a newly-patched game, please visit our support site or post in the Technical Support forum for assistance.",
"\n\nTable of Contents:\n\nDeveloper Comments Players were finding that pulling monsters from extended ranges to a single point on the map and crowd controlling them onto that spot was the most effective strategy, especially in group play . ",
"Not only does this cause server performance issues, but it is a stagnant, non-interactive way to play. ",
"These changes are targeted at making crowd control more situational, ensuring individual contributors in a group can add to the damage of the party more frequently. ",
"Gold rewards have been adjusted. ",
"The primary gold sink at the end-game is Empowered Rifts. ",
"We want to maintain a general ratio that when you are running Greater Rifts at a particular tier, you can empower approximately 1/3rd of them. ",
"Due to the rate at which gold rewards from Greater Rifts and empower costs were scaling it made the gold reward from Nephalem Rifts, Gilded Barons and The Vault feel insignificant by comparison. ",
"Lowering the growth rate of gold costs restores the relative value of these other activities while maintaining the ability to empower approximately 1/3rd of your Greater Rifts.",
"\n\n\n\n New difficulty levels, Torment XI-XIII have been added to the game\n\nNew difficulty levels, Torment XI-XIII have been added to the game Gold rewards have been adjusted: Greater Rift 26 and up has been rescaled to a flat 3% increase per tier Torment VII-XIII has been changed to match Greater Rift reward scaling The cost to empower a Greater Rift has been reduced to match the new gold reward rate The amount of gold dropped by the Gilded Baron Treasure Goblin has been reduced\n\nKnockbacks now apply a flat 40% increase to crowd control resistances\n\nMonsters cannot be knocked back if they are over 65% crowd control resistant\n\nPowers that apply knockbacks continuously, such as Black Hole, can bypass this resistance if they already knocked a monster back successfully. ",
"These powers increase the crowd control resistance by 20% per knockback instead of 40%\n\nReturn to Top\n\nDeveloper Comments With a plethora of Hatred spending attacks available to the Demon Hunter we want to find a unique role for Spike Trap. ",
"The redesign gives players more control on where and when Spike Trap damage was done using a mechanic unique to it. ",
"Using a Hatred spender to detonate opens up the capabilities of Spike Trap by allowing players to time their damage just right. ",
"We’ve adjusted several skills which provide buffs to groups. ",
"Taken together, these changes should encourage players in groups to contribute damage to their party, while also encouraging a more healthy variety of group compositions. ",
"For more information on this change please see this forum thread.",
"\n\n\n\nReturn to Top\n\nDeveloper Comments With Haedrig’s Gift, Blood Shards and Kanai’s Cube, the need for the Magic Find stat has diminished since the game’s original release. ",
"Replacing the Magic Find property with Resource Cost Reduction made sense. ",
"We expect the Topaz will hone some existing builds and open up possibilities for some new ones. ",
"In addition to being one of the least popular gems, Invigorating Gemstone had a mechanic that was simply unappealing to many players. ",
"Our goal with Legendary Gems is to supply unique tools that complement a build. ",
"A gem that increases your healing is truly invigorating! ",
"When reviewing items for this patch, Twisted Sword stood out as needing a revision. ",
"While we want items to feel powerful, we also want the gameplay style associated with the items to be fun. ",
"We heard loud and clear that using Twisted Sword to stack Energy Twister in places where the tornado did not move was effective but boring. ",
"We’ve made adjustments to Twisted Sword to prevent this from occurring.",
"\n\nSocketing a Topaz into your helm will now provide Resource Cost Reduction rather than Magic Find. ",
"This grants the same percentage bonus as Cooldown Reduction and caps at 12.5%\n\nBottomless Potion of Chaos New Legendary Potion Teleport to another location when used below 40% health Graphical and sound effects have been added to the teleport Added a camera smoothing effect to the teleport\n\nInvigorating Gemstone Has been redesigned Each hit done increases healing received by 1% for 5 seconds Stacks up to 10 times You are now immune to Crowd Control effects at Rank 25\n\nClass-Specific Items Crusader Armor of Akkhan (6) Set Bonus Damage bonus increased from 450% to 600% Now also reduces damage taken by 15% while Akarat's Champion is active Khassett’s Cord of Righteousness New Legendary Belt Fist of the Heavens costs 40% less Wrath and deals 150% more damage Darklight Has been redesigned Now gives Fist of the Heavens a chance to be cast a second time at the targeted location Thorns of the Invoker (6) Set Bonus The 800% Thorns damage dealt to the first enemy hit can now benefit from +% Physical Damage Demon Hunter Calamity Now always uses your Marked for Death Rune type and cannot stack with overlapping casts of your Marked for Death Note: This change is retroactive to existing items The Demon's Demise Has been redesigned The blast from Spike Trap will damage all enemies again after 1 second. ",
"Monk Gyana Na Kashu The damage bonus granted to the fireball from Lashing Tail Kick has been increased from 525-700% to 1050-1400% Raiment of a Thousand Storms (6) Set Bonus The damage bonus granted to Spirit Generators after casting Dashing Strike increased from 300% to 1250% Witch Doctor Helltooth Harness (2) Set Bonus The Necrosis bonus damage no longer amplifies the damage of your allies. ",
"The skill will now benefit your own damage and your pets' damage Homunculus Sacrifice damage bonus increased from 25-30% to 50-60% Ring of Emptiness Haunt and Locust Swarm damage bonus increased from 75-100% to 250-300% Wizard Firebird's Finery (4) Set Bonus Has been redesigned Dealing Fire damage with one of your skills causes the enemy to take 1000% weapon damage as Fire for 3 seconds. ",
"This effect can be repeated a second and third time by different skills. ",
"If an enemy is burning due to three different skills simultaneously the enemy will Ignite, dealing 3000% weapon damage per second until they die (6) Set Bonus Has been redesigned Your damage is increased by 120% and damage taken reduced by 3% for each enemy that is Ignited. ",
"This effect can stack up to 20 times. ",
"You always receive the maximum bonus whenever a nearby Elite monster is Ignited. ",
"The Twisted Sword Can now only benefit from a maximum of 5 Energy Twisters Several existing class-specific Legendary items have been updated to include a unique Legendary power Note: Existing items will not be affected by the following changes. ",
"Only new versions of the items will roll with the added Legendary power. ",
"Barbarian Girdle of Giants Legendary power added Seismic Slam Increases Earthquake damage by 80-100% for 15 3 seconds. ",
"Existing Earthquakes will have their damage increased when Seismic Slam is used with Girdle of Giants Demon Hunter Trag'Oul Coils Legendary power added Spike Traps gain the effect of the Impaling Spines rune and are deployed twice as fast Monk Scarbringer Legendary power added Lashing Tail Kick deals an additional 300% damage to the first 5-7 enemies hit Witch Doctor Gazing Demise Legendary power added Spirit Barrage gains the Phantasm rune. ",
"For each active Phantasm (max 3), the damage of Spirit Barrage is increased by 40-50% Wizard Starfire Legendary power added Lightning damage done is increased by 15% for every 10 yards you are from the target up to a maximum of 60%\n\nBug Fixes Fixed an issue that prevented the buff from the Orb of the Infinite from being applied if the damage killed the enemy Fixed an issue that caused the Firebird's Finery (2) Set Bonus to proc early if there was another damage shield on the player Fixed an issue that caused the Treasure Goblin spawned by the legacy Puzzle Ring to pick up Transmog items Fixed an issue that caused Girdle of Giants to increase the damage of all skills by the percentage it applied to Earthquake damage Fixed an issue that caused Scarbringer to grant a damage bonus of 200%. ",
"It has been increased to 300% to match the tooltip Fixed an issue that caused Lashing Tail Kick (Vulture Claw Kick) DoT to not benefit from the bonus damage granted by Scarbringer Fixed an issue that caused the Fireball proc from Gyana Na Kashu to not do damage to a target if the target has previously been hit with the amplified damage of Lashing Tail Kick from Scarbringer Fixed an issue that caused Lashing Tail Kick – Vulture Claw Kick to give all targets the amplified damage from Scarbringer instead of the first 5-7 hit Fixed an issue that caused Lashing Tail Kick - Vulture Kick to apply 230% weapon damage per second instead of 230% over 3 seconds Fixed an issue that prevented Bracers of Destruction’s Seismic Slam bonus damage from being applied to the Rumble rune Fixed an issue with Blade of the Warlord that prevented the Fury spent with Bash from triggering the 2-piece Might of the Earth set bonus and reducing the cooldown of Earthquake, Ground Stomp, Leap, and Avalanche Fixed an issue that prevented Kyoshiro’s Soul from activating the 4pc Set bonus from the Monkey King’s Garb set Fixed an issue that prevented the Sweeping Wind bonus provided by Kyoshiro’s Soul from expiring after transitioning between level areas Fixed an issue that caused the old and new versions of Darklight to each proc their special ability when one was equipped and the other was used in Kanai’s Cube Fixed an issue that was causing player attack speed to snapshot and dynamically update along with their stacks of Archon Fixed an issue that caused the Archon buff icon to remain even after players had right clicked and removed the buff granted by the Swami\n\n\n\nReturn to Top\n\nThe Skeleton King will now drop Leoric's Crown beginning at Level 5\n\nReturn to Top\n\nDeveloper Comments The experience rewards for the actual completion of a Nephalem Rift felt too low, reducing the feeling of accomplishment for defeating the Rift Guardian and closing the Rift. ",
"This change is aimed at ensuring that the bulk of your reward is earned upon completion.",
"\n\nInfernal Machine drop rates have been adjusted: Torment levels V-XIII have an increasing chance for a second machine to drop There is now a 50% chance for a machine to drop on Torment I increasing to 100% on Torment IV\n\nNephalem Rifts Greater Rift Keys are now guaranteed from any Nephalem Rift and increasing the difficulty now increases your chance of getting a second or third key Greater Rifts Some of the Experience earned in a Greater Rift has been shifted from killing monsters to the reward for closing the rift. ",
"The overall amount of Experience earned should be roughly the same\n\n\n\nReturn to Top\n\nPylons in Nephalem Rifts now have unique minimap icons\n\nA hotkey has been added to the game to hide the UI\n\nWhen the Blacksmith is trained to maximum level his recipe list will now start collapsed\n\nThe Menagerist Goblin now has a unique minimap icon\n\nReturn to Top"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0008151329820975661,
0.0005410812445916235,
0.0005319551564753056,
0.000601898180320859,
0.0005347293335944414,
0.0007678475813008845,
0.0005948648322373629,
0.0005267107044346631,
0.0006302602705545723,
0.0028615323826670647,
0.0007479146006517112,
0.0005938470712862909,
0.0007514270837418735,
0.0005604262696579099,
0.0006415138486772776,
0.0006906171911396086,
0.0010871823178604245,
0.002108053071424365,
0.000780849892180413,
0.013521134853363037,
0.000653556315228343,
0.0006249338039197028,
0.0005363333621062338,
0.0007781756576150656,
0.0007053699227981269,
0.0008859256049618125,
0.0007035277667455375,
0.0005495056393556297,
0.0007617492810823023,
0.0006386114400811493,
0.0005695397267118096,
0.0042654769495129585,
0.0008969611371867359,
0.0011393940076231956,
0.005483300890773535,
0.0016869232058525085,
0.01417658943682909,
0.0006637172191403806,
0.04998573660850525,
0.0007180995307862759,
0.000727764971088618,
0.0007835563155822456,
0.0008462450350634754,
0.001657857559621334,
0.0038169899489730597,
0.0013663261197507381,
0.0012155239237472415,
0.0007218358223326504,
0.0010442009661346674,
0.0011675384594127536
] | 0.002593 | 50 |
[
"Prickly anglerfish\n\nThe prickly anglerfish (Himantolophus appelii) is a footballfish of the family Himantolophidae, found around the world in the southern oceans (apart from eastern Pacific), in deep water. ",
" Its length is up to 40 cm (16 in). ",
" It is a mesopelagic species.",
"\n\nA specimen was collected on November 14, 2007. ",
"It was a female that was collected east of the Falkland Islands at a depth of 292-318m. The specimen measured 21 cm in total length and weighed 616g.\n\nNamed in honour of Mr Appel who provided F. E. Clarke with a specimen.",
"\n\nReferences\n\n \n\nCategory:Himantolophidae\nCategory:Deep sea fish\nCategory:Fish described in 1878"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.017484940588474274,
0.0014773344155400991,
0.001259910175576806,
0.0005774149904027581,
0.0007059627096168697,
0.000674801820423454
] | 0.003697 | 6 |
[
"E. M. S. Namboodiripad\n\nElamkulam Manakkal Sankaran Namboodiripad (13 June 1909 – 19 March 1998), popularly EMS, was an Indian communist politician and theorist, who served as the first Chief Minister of Kerala state in 1957–59 and then again in 1967–69. ",
"As a member of the Communist Party of India (CPI), he became the first non-Indian National Congress chief minister in the Indian republic. ",
"In 1964, he led a faction of the CPI that broke away to form the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). ",
"He completed his graduation from St. Thomas College, Thrissur.",
"\n\nAs chief minister, EMS pioneered radical land and educational reforms in Kerala, which helped it become the country's leader in social indicators. ",
"It is largely due to his commitment and guidance that the CPI(M), of which he was Politburo member and general secretary for 14 years, has become such a domineering political force, playing a vital role in India's new era of coalition politics.",
"\n\nPersonal life \nElamkulam Manakkal Sankaran Namboodiripad was born on 13 June 1909, as the fourth son of Parameswaran Namboodiripad and Vishnudatha Antharjanam, at Elamkulam, in Perintalmanna taluk of the present Malappuram district into an aristocratic upper-caste Brahmin family. ",
"In his early years he was a close friend of Sr. ",
"P.M. Mathew. ",
"He was associated with V. T. Bhattathiripad, M. R. Bhattathiripad and many others in the fight against the casteism and conservatism that existed in the Namboothiri community. ",
"He became one of the office bearers of Valluvanadu Yogaskshema Sabha, an organisation of progressive Namboothiri youth.",
"\n\nDuring his college days, he was deeply associated with the Indian National Congress and the Indian independence movement. ",
"It is said he would walk 5-8 kms to hear the firebrand Cochin politician V.J Mathai speak.",
"\n\nEMS was married to Arya Antharjanam and had two sons and two daughters. ",
"His grandson (Sreedharan's son) Sujith Shankar is an actor, who debuted in Rajeev Ravi's Njan Steve Lopez.",
"\n\nHe was well known for his stammer. ",
"When asked if he always stammered, he would reply, \"No, only when I speak.\"",
"\n\nWritings \n\nHe was a writer and author of several literary works and his book on the history of Kerala is notable. ",
"He described Mahatma Gandhi as a Hindu fundamentalist.",
"\n\n ഇ എം എസ് ആത്മകഥ | E M S Autobiography\n Mooladhanam: oru mukhavura | മൂലധനം: ഒരു മുഖവുര\n A History of Indian Freedom Struggle\nകേരളം മലയാളികളുടെ മാതൃഭൂമി | Keralam Malayalikalude Mathrubhumi\nKerala charithram marxist veekshanathil | കേരള ചരിത്രം മാര്ക്സിസ്റ്റ് വീക്ഷണത്തില്\nThe Frontline Years Selected Articles\nIndian swathanthryasamara charithram | ഇന്ത്യന് സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യസമര ചരിത്രം\nഗാന്ധിയും ഗാന്ധിസവും | Gandhiyum Gandhisavum\nGramscian vicharaviplavam | ഗ്രാംഷിയന് വിചാരവിപ്ലവം\nThe Mahatma And The Ism\nHistory, society, and land relations : selected essays\nദർശനത്തെ പറ്റി | Darshanathe Pati\nഒരു ഇന്ത്യൻ കമ്യൂണിസ്റ്റിന്റെ ഓര്മക്കുറിപ്പുകൾ | oru indian communistinte ormakkurippukal\nCrisis Into Chaos: Political India, 1981\nമാര്ക്സിസം ഒരു പാഠപുസ്തകം Marxism oru paadapusthakam\nചരിത്രവും ചരിത്രരചനയും: മാക്സിസ്റ്റ് വീക്ഷണം | Charitravum Charitrarachanayum: Marxist Veekshanam\nഅച്യുതമേനോൻ വ്യക്തിയും രാഷ്ട്രീയവും | Achuthamenon vyakthiyum rashtreeyavum\nകമ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ് പാർട്ടി കേരളത്തിൽ | Communist Party Keralathil\nആശാനും മലയാളസാഹിത്യവും | Asanum Malayala Sahityavum\nജാതിയും സമുദായവും രാഷ്ട്രീയവും യുഗങ്ങളിലൂടെ | Jathiyum Samudayavum Rashtreeyavum Yugangaliloode\nഇ എം എസിന്റെ തെരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത പ്രസംഗങ്ങൾ | EMS-inte Thiranjedutha Prasangangal\nKerala: yesterday today tomorrow\n\nSocialism \nIn 1934, he was one of the founders of Congress Socialist Party, a socialist wing within the Indian National Congress, and elected as its All India Joint Secretary from 1934 to 1940. ",
"During this period, he was also elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly (1939).",
"\n\nHe remained committed to socialist ideals, and his compassion towards the working class led him to join the Communist movement. ",
"The Indian government considered him to be one of the founders of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in Kerala, forcing him to go into hiding. ",
"During the 1962 Sino-Indian war, he was among leaders who aired China's view on the border issue. ",
"When the CPI split in 1964, EMS stood with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). ",
"He was the leader of the Kerala state committee of CPI(M). ",
"He served as a member of the Central Committee and the Politburo of the CPI(M) until his death in 1998. ",
"EMS became general secretary in 1977, a designation he held until 1992. ",
"A Marxist scholar, he influenced the development of Kerala, of whom he was the first Chief Minister.",
"\n\nElection to state government \nA Communist-led government under E. M. S. Namboodiripad resulted from the first elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1957, making him the first communist leader in India to head a popularly elected government. ",
"It was one of the earliest elected Communist governments, after Communist success in the 1945 elections in the Republic of San Marino (a city-state surrounded by Italy).) ",
"It was also the first time for a regional party in India to win state elections. ",
"On 5 April 1957 he was appointed as the first chief minister of Kerala. ",
"His government introduced the Land Reform Ordinance and Education Bill. ",
"In 1959, the Central Government dismissed his government through the controversial Article 356 of the Indian Constitution following \"The Liberation Struggle\".",
"\n\nIndira Gandhi convinced Nehru, who was hesitant to dismiss a democratically elected government, to make such a decision. ",
"Central Intelligence Agency's involvement in the ouster has been long suspected. ",
"Declassified CIA documents show that the first Communist government concerned them and \"preventing additional Keralas became an important argument for augmenting U.S. assistance to India\". ",
"According to the biography of former US Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker, \"the election results rang alarm bells in Washington\"\n\nHe became the Chief Minister of Kerala for the second time in 1967 as the leader of a seven-party coalition (Saptakakshi Munnani) which included the CPI and Muslim League. ",
"Soon after becoming Chief Minister again, on 31 January 1968 he inaugurated a mechanised coir factory called Floorco in Pozhikkara, Paravur. ",
"This time his tenure lasted for two and a half years, and the government fell on 24 October 1969 due to internal conflicts within the constituent parties.",
"\n\nNamboodiripad was the Leader of Opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly from 1960 to 1964 and again from 1970 to 1977. ",
"His vision of decentralisation of power and resources (People's Plan) and the Kerala Literacy Movement influenced Kerala society. ",
"He authored several books in English and Malayalam. ",
"Chintha Publication, Kerala has published all his books under the title, \"E M S Sanchika\". ",
"He also was well known as a journalist.",
"\n\nAs the head of ministries in the Kerala State Assembly\nE. M. S. has led 2 ministries in Kerala.",
"\n\nSino-Indian war and split in the Communist Party\nDuring the 1962 Sino-Indian war, other parties portrayed left-wing parties as pro-China, since both were Communist. ",
"Namboodiripad stated that the left was focused on solving the border dispute through talks.",
"\n\nAssociation with Progressive Movement for Arts and Letters \nNamboodiripad, Kesari Balakrishna Pillai, Joseph Mundassery, M. P. Paul and K. Damodaran were architects of \"Jeevat Sahitya Prastanam\", renamed Purogamana Sahitya Prastanam (Progressive Association for Arts and Letters). ",
"Though the party considered Kesari one of the visionaries of the Progressive Movement for Arts and Letters in Kerala, serious differences of opinion emerged between full-time Communist Party activists and other personalities, namely Kesari and Mundassery. ",
"In this context, Namboodiripad famously accused Kesari of being a \"petit-bourgeois intellectual\", an appellation he retracted. ",
"Namboodiripad also acknowledged some of the earlier misconceptions of the Communist Party with respect to the Progressive Literature and Arts Movement. ",
"This debate is known as \"Rupa Bhadrata Vivadam\", an important milestone in the growth of modern Malayalam literature.",
"\n\nDeath \n\nDespite his age and failing health, Namboodiripad was still active in political and social fields. ",
"He actively campaigned during the 1998 general election. ",
"Soon after the results were declared, he contracted pneumonia, and was admitted to a private hospital in Thiruvananthapuram, where he died at 3:40 p.m (IST) on 19 March 1998, aged 88. ",
"He was cremated with full state honours in Thycaud electric crematorium in Thiruvananthapuram.",
"\n\nThree more deaths occurred in his family within five years after his death, starting with his daughter-in-law Dr. Yamuna in August 2001, and later followed by his wife Arya Antharjanam in January 2002 and son E.M. Sreedharan in November 2002.",
"\n\nBibliography\n\nSee also\n Kerala Council of Ministers\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1909 births\nCategory:1998 deaths\nCategory:Chief Ministers of Kerala\nCategory:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala\nCategory:Government Victoria College, Palakkad alumni\nCategory:Indian atheists\nCategory:Indian reformers\nCategory:Malayali politicians\nCategory:Educators from Kerala\nCategory:St. Thomas College, Thrissur alumni\nCategory:Leaders of the Opposition in Kerala\nCategory:Chief ministers from Communist Party of India (Marxist)\nCategory:Chief ministers from Communist Party of India\nCategory:General Secretaries of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)\nCategory:Kerala MLAs 1960–1964\nCategory:Kerala MLAs 1970–1977\nCategory:Kerala MLAs 1977–1979\nCategory:Indian political writers\nCategory:Indian male writers\nCategory:Writers from Kerala\nCategory:People from Malappuram district\nCategory:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers\nCategory:Marxist writers\nCategory:20th-century Indian educational theorists\nCategory:Malayalam-language writers\nCategory:Indian political philosophers\nCategory:20th-century Indian philosophers\nCategory:Indian communists\nCategory:Indian economics writers\nCategory:Indian Marxist journalists\nCategory:Indian Marxist writers\nCategory:20th-century Indian journalists\nCategory:Journalists from Kerala"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.0012072593672201037,
0.0009530072566121817,
0.0007078173803165555,
0.0006985178915783763,
0.0005907039740122855,
0.0006201270734891295,
0.0007546472479589283,
0.000718707509804517,
0.0008381422376260161,
0.0013438405003398657,
0.0014147593174129725,
0.0007567424909211695,
0.0006489580846391618,
0.0009484414476901293,
0.0008405392873100936,
0.08011052012443542,
0.0005855304771102965,
0.0005997578846290708,
0.004650633782148361,
0.004392457194626331,
0.0005856046918779612,
0.0008484165882691741,
0.0009664715034887195,
0.0006249412545002997,
0.0006850133067928255,
0.0006023583700880408,
0.0008115116506814957,
0.0006101304315961897,
0.0006769984029233456,
0.0007369571831077337,
0.0006431232905015349,
0.0009006132022477686,
0.0006483849720098078,
0.0008002882823348045,
0.0006837909459136426,
0.0006516982102766633,
0.0008329389966093004,
0.0006454942049458623,
0.0006263037212193012,
0.0009010135545395315,
0.0006628344999626279,
0.0007696229149587452,
0.0005694343708455563,
0.0006200416246429086,
0.0006540449103340507,
0.0006249290308915079,
0.0005602652090601623,
0.0008933911449275911,
0.0006309628370217979,
0.0007936156471259892,
0.0006043677567504346,
0.000899400154594332,
0.0006107305525802076,
0.0007459593471139669,
0.0075899455696344376,
0.00064292416209355,
0.001058358233422041,
0.0006728104781359434,
0.0010996819473803043,
0.00059720897115767
] | 0.002319 | 60 |
[
"Conceptual Framework for an Episode of Rehabilitative Care After Surgical Repair of Hip Fracture.",
"\nResearchers face a challenge when evaluating the effectiveness of rehabilitation after a surgical procedure for hip fracture. ",
"Reported outcomes of rehabilitation will vary depending on the end point of the episode of care. ",
"Evaluation at an inappropriate end point might suggest a lack of effectiveness leading to the underuse of rehabilitation that could improve outcomes. ",
"The purpose of this article is to describe a conceptual framework for a continuum-care episode of rehabilitation after a surgical procedure for hip fracture. ",
"Definitions are proposed for the index event, end point, and service scope of the episode. ",
"Challenges in defining the episode of care and operationalizing the episode, and next steps for researchers are discussed. ",
"The episode described is intended to apply to all patients eligible for entry to rehabilitation after hip fracture and includes most functional recovery end points. ",
"This framework will provide a guide for rehabilitation researchers when designing and interpreting evaluations of the effectiveness of rehabilitation after hip fracture. ",
"Evaluation of all potential care episodes facilitates transparency in reporting of outcomes, enabling researchers to determine the true effectiveness of rehabilitation after a surgical procedure for hip fracture."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.000737492460757494,
0.0005887277657166123,
0.0005664749769493937,
0.0005593637470155954,
0.0005793170421384275,
0.0005684496718458831,
0.0005566250183619559,
0.0005694604478776455,
0.0005265382933430374,
0.0005339421331882477
] | 0.000579 | 10 |
[
"ABSTRACT Support is requested for a Keystone Symposia conference entitled T Cell Dysfunction, Cancer and Infection, organized by Drs. ",
"Daniel C. Douek, W. Nicholas Haining and Jedd D. Wolchok. ",
"The conference will be held January 16-20, 2018 at Beaver Run Resort, Colorado. ",
"T cell exhaustion is an acquired state of T cell dysfunction, associated with reduced T cell function, sustained expression of inhibitory receptors and a transcriptional state that is distinct from memory and effector T cells. ",
"T cell exhaustion is now recognized as a defining feature not only of chronic infections such as HIV, malaria and tuberculosis, but also of cancer. ",
"As a result, the search for effective approaches to reverse T cell exhaustion is the focus of immense therapeutic development. ",
"However, the similarities and differences between T cell dysfunction arising in chronic infection and tumors are not fully understood. ",
"Moreover, opportunities to identify new therapeutic approaches to reverse dysfunction based on parallels between the two disease states remain to be explored. ",
"This meeting will focus on the comparative biology and clinical therapeutics of T cell dysfunction in chronic viral infection and cancer. ",
"Drawing on leaders in fundamental T cell biology, computational science and clinical investigation, it will focus on common features and distinctive aspects of T cell dysfunction in cancer and chronic infection. ",
"The meeting will have broad relevance for T cell biology, tumor immunity, infectious disease and therapeutic development."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
} | [
0.0006428913329727948,
0.0009773951023817062,
0.0005782995140179992,
0.0011581762228161097,
0.0007940483628772199,
0.0005672143306583166,
0.0006153243593871593,
0.0005669224774464965,
0.0006283984985202551,
0.0005892722401767969,
0.0005525018787011504
] | 0.000697 | 11 |
[
"Two-dimensional self-assembly and phase behavior of an alkoxylated sandwich-type bisphthalocyanine and its phthalocyanine analogues at the liquid-solid interface.",
"\nLanthanide bisphthalocyanine complexes are interesting objects for the construction of two-dimensional (2D) ordered arrays with prospective applications in molecular electronics due to their unique semiconductor and electrochromic properties as well as their double-decker architecture. ",
"The 2D self-assembly of dodecyloxy-substituted (bisphthalocyaninato)erbium(III) has been studied at the solid (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite)-liquid interface by scanning tunneling microscopy. ",
"The results show that the bisphthalocyanine molecules form an ordered quadratic 2D lattice (a = b = 3.0 +/- 0.1 nm, gamma = 90 +/- 3 degrees), which is nearly identical to that formed by its (phthalocyaninato)cobalt(II) analogue bearing alkoxy chains of the same length. ",
"This clearly shows that sandwich molecules adsorb to the graphite surface by one of the phthalocyanine disks and its eight alkoxy groups. ",
"Despite the very similar mode of interaction with the surface, mixtures of alkoxylated (bisphthalocyaninato)erbium(III) with its (phthalocyaninato)cobalt(II) analogue show partial phase separation on the nanoscale: areas are enriched in one of the compounds. ",
"A much clearer phase separation between (bisphthalocyaninato)erbium(III) and (phthalocyaninato)cobalt(II) molecules was achieved by mixing molecules containing alkoxy groups of different length. ",
"The results provide insight for the development of well-ordered nanostructures of bisphthalocyanines in the presence of phthalocyanines, which could be of importance for future nanometer-scale functional materials."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0006624344387091696,
0.0006422675796784461,
0.000682267767842859,
0.0006835688254795969,
0.0006776309455744922,
0.0006439961725845933,
0.000679897959344089,
0.0005774642340838909
] | 0.000656 | 8 |
[
"\"Happily Divorced is shot before a live audience.\" \"",
"Judi, be subtle, but there's a really cute guy behind us at 8 o'clock.\" \"",
"I think that he's checking you out.\" \"",
"No!\" \"",
"I think he's checking you out.\" \"[",
"Song ends]\" \"Whoo!\" \"",
"Whoo!\" \"",
"Oh, was that great!\" \"",
"Oh, God, oh, God, I think he's coming over.\" \"",
"Stay calm.\" \"",
"They can smell desperation.\" \"",
"Okay.\" \"",
"Hey, great concert, huh?\" \"",
"Wow!\" \"",
"Really!\" \"",
"Killer!\" \" ",
"Totally.\" \" ",
"I'm David.\" \"",
"Judi.\" \"",
"With an \"I.\"\" \"Hi.\" \"",
"Fran, with a...\" \"Fra.\" \" ",
"Nice to meet you ladies.\" \" ",
"Ditto!\" \"",
"What do you do, Dave?\" \"",
"I'm an entertainment attorney.\" \"",
"Wow!\" \"",
"Judi's an entertainer.\" \"",
"Yeah, you should hear her sing.\" \"",
"She's amazing.\" \"",
"Oh, please.\" \"",
"I wouldn't call it... ♪ ama-aa-zing ♪\" \"Wow!\" \"",
"Ha ha ha ha ha!\" \"",
"And what do you do, Fran?\" \"",
"Oh, actually, I have my own flower business.\" \"",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"So if you ever want to send me some flowers, she'll give 'em to you half-price.\" \"",
"But if you send them to me, they'll be free.\" \"",
"But if you come hear me sing, the drinks are free.\" \" ",
"I'm free nights.\" \" ",
"I'm free now.\" \"[",
"Laughter]\" \"You guys are cute.\" \"",
"I feel like I'm being rude to my friends, but I'd love to hang out sometime.\" \" ",
"You think maybe I could get your num...\" \" Here.\" \"",
"Here.\" \"",
"♪ she was certain that he was her one and only ♪\" \"♪ but their union always seemed a little forced ♪\" \"♪ she got married anyway ♪\" \"♪ turns out that he was gay ♪\" \"♪ they're still in love but now she's ♪ * happily divorced *\" \"♪ ♪ [doorbell rings]\" \"Oh, Judi!\" \"",
"Well, so...\" \"What's goin' on?\" \"",
"Nothing.\" \"",
"I just wanted to come over and talk to you.\" \" ",
"Mm-hmm.\" \" ",
"You know, I was worried about this David situation, and I just wanted to make sure that nothing comes between us.\" \"",
"Oh, Judi!\" \"",
"Nothing could ever come between us.\" \"",
"No matter who David calls, the other one will be happy for me.\" \"",
"Her!\" \"",
"I mean her!\" \"",
"Right?\" \"",
"Of course, of course.\" \"",
"So we're good?\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \" ",
"Let's make a pact.\" \" ",
"No matter what happens.\" \" ",
"Friends forever.\" \"",
"Good.\" \"",
"Because David called me!\" \"",
"Ow!\" \"",
"Oh, I...\" \"I...\" \"I am so sorry!\" \" ",
"Hey, Judi.\" \" ",
"Hey, Petey.\" \"",
"You know that guy that Fran and I met last night?\" \"",
"He called me.\" \"",
"Isn't that great?\" \"",
"I don't know, Fran.\" \"",
"Is it?\" \"",
"Yes, Peter.\" \"",
"It's super-great.\" \"",
"You know what?\" \"",
"I am so relieved.\" \"",
"I was really worried that you were hoping that he would call you.\" \"[",
"Scoffs, stammers]\" \"I mean, what would I... w...\" \"Judi!\" \"[",
"Chuckling]\" \"I could not be happier than if it happened to me.\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"Ooh...\" \"But it didn't.\" \"",
"So you're sure you're gonna be okay?\" \"",
"I'm fine.\" \"",
"This is just so weird!\" \"",
"I mean, this has never happened to me before, right?\" \"",
"I mean, you're the one that the guy usually goes for.\" \"",
"Not this time, Judi.\" \"",
"You've got the guy.\" \"",
"Judi's got the guy.\" \"",
"Right?\" \"",
"You know, I just cannot get over how weird it is!\" \"",
"Isn't it weird?\" \"",
"It's weird, Judi.\" \"",
"It's very weird.\" \"",
"It's a freakin' x-file.\" \"",
"You know, Fran, I'm very proud of you.\" \"",
"It was very big of you to invite them over.\" \"",
"Well, look at her, Peter.\" \"",
"I've never seen Judi this happy.\" \"",
"I'm glad I let her have him.\" \"",
"You know, this is really nice of you guys to do this.\" \"",
"It's our pleasure.\" \"",
"How 'bout next week we do my place in Beverly hills?\" \"",
"Ooh!\" \"",
"You hear that?\" \"",
"He's committed to at least a week.\" \"",
"I'm sorry we're being rude.\" \"",
"I just can't keep my hands off her.\" \"[",
"Giggles]\" \"Ha ha ha.\" \"",
"Oh, that's okay.\" \"",
"Peter used to look at me the way he's looking at your arms now.\" \"",
"Well, we have dinner reservations, so we should get going.\" \" ",
"Thank you so much, baby.\" \" ",
"Oh, of course.\" \" ",
"David.\" \" ",
"Pete.\" \"",
"Great to meet you, bro.\" \"",
"Okay.\" \" ",
"Peace out.\" \" ",
"Yeah, later, alligator.\" \"",
"Oh, Judi, David is wonderful.\" \"",
"I hope you have a great time tonight, and I'll talk to you in the morning.\" \" ",
"Not too early, baby.\" \" ",
"Ah!\" \" ",
"Good night.\" \" ",
"Good night, thank you.\" \"",
"Oh, hey, Jude, I forgot my phone.\" \"",
"Thanks, Fran.\" \"",
"This was really great.\" \"",
"Oh, anytime...\" \"Later.\" \"",
"Oh, my God.\" \"",
"Peter, you would not believe what just happened!\" \"",
"I know.\" \"",
"I chopped all morning.\" \"",
"No one touched my tapenade!\" \"",
"Well, somebody sure touched mine!\" \"",
"Peter!\" \"",
"Judi's boyfriend just came on to me!\" \" ",
"Fran...\" \" Peter!\" \" ",
"Fran...\" \" Peter!\" \"",
"Don't look at me that way.\" \"",
"I know when a guy is into me.\" \"",
"Fran...\" \"Okay.\" \"",
"One time!\" \"",
"Peter, he said that he had a lovely evening, and then he kissed me on the lips.\" \"",
"Look, he gave you a friendly kiss.\" \"",
"I kiss you on the lips all the time.\" \"",
"It doesn't mean I'm gonna have sex with you.\" \"",
"Peter, he kissed me the way you kissed me the night that we rented Wolverine.\" \"",
"Oh, my God!\" \"",
"Right?\" \"",
"How am I gonna tell Judi?\" \"",
"Oh, well, I wouldn't do that.\" \"",
"She's just gonna think you're jealous.\" \"",
"Well, then you're gonna have to tell her.\" \"",
"No!\" \"",
"No, no, no, no, no.\" \"",
"I have done my share of telling.\" \"",
"How many women do I have to crush in one year?\" \" ",
"Oh, morning, Cesar.\" \" ",
"Good morning.\" \"",
"Oh, miss Judi called ten minutes ago.\" \"",
"She is coming over.\" \"",
"Oh, did she sound sad?\" \"",
"Oh, I hope, I hope her boyfriend broke up with her.\" \"",
"Oh, meow!\" \"",
"No, Cesar, hey boyfriend David made a pass at me last night, and I have to tell Judi.\" \"",
"Oh, no!\" \"",
"No, you cannot tell miss Judi.\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"That would break her heart.\" \"",
"Oh...\" \"Good morning!\" \"",
"Oh, good morning!\" \"",
"I brought cappuccinos for us.\" \"",
"She is so sweet.\" \"",
"No one ever brings me coffee.\" \"",
"Oh, Cesar, I forgot to get you one.\" \"",
"Oh ho.\" \"",
"That's okay.\" \"",
"Go ahead and tell her.\" \"",
"Okay, Frannie,\" \"I think David might be the one.\" \"",
"I have never dated anybody like him before.\" \"",
"He's kind and romantic, and when I left my iPod out as a test, he didn't take it.\" \"[",
"Fran, thinking] Oh, God, look at her.\" \"",
"She's so happy.\" \"",
"How am I gonna tell her?\" \"",
"Stupid David had to kiss me.\" \"",
"Why do I have to be so damned irresistible?\" \"",
"Oy, now she's a bride.\" \"",
"I have to tell her.\" \"",
"Just say it.\" \"",
"Say it.\" \"",
"Say it...\" \"Say it!\" \" ",
"Judi!\" \" ",
"What?\" \"",
"Last night, your boyfriend came on to me!\" \"",
"Excuse me?\" \"",
"It's killing me to tell you this, but last night when you were leaving,\" \"David made a pass at me.\" \"",
"Wow.\" \"",
"I know, sweetie.\" \"",
"I am so sorry.\" \"",
"You just couldn't stand it, could you?\" \"",
"I mean, the one time that a guy picks me over you, you had to go try and ruin it by making up some story.\" \"",
"I'm not making this up, Judi.\" \"",
"Why would I do that?\" \"",
"Because, Frannie, you try to beat me at everything!\" \"",
"You remember in junior high school...\" \"You've always been this way!\" \"",
"You got boobs first.\" \"",
"You got a boyfriend first!\" \"",
"Because I got boobs first!\" \"",
"And remember in college?\" \"",
"I liked Peter first!\" \"",
"And who wound up with him?\" \"",
"Well, you know what?\" \"",
"You can still have him.\" \"",
"He's right here.\" \"",
"But trust me, Judi, you have got to break up with David.\" \"",
"You know what, Frannie?\" \"",
"I think I gotta break up with you.\" \"",
"Judi, no!\" \"",
"Oh, Peter...\" \"Frannie, I'm sorry.\" \"",
"I heard the whole thing.\" \"",
"I just can't believe it.\" \"",
"So...\" \"Judi was into me.\" \"",
"Cool.\" \"",
"Cesar, how long have you been watching?\" \"",
"Since you felt pretty and witty and, well, you know the rest.\" \"",
"You know, Fran is looking for you.\" \"",
"Oh, Mr. Peter.\" \"",
"You have got to get her and miss Judi to make up.\" \"",
"She's been trying to make me her girlfriend.\" \"",
"Tomorrow she wants to take me for a Brazilian blow out.\" \"",
"It sounds like fun, but I have a feeling it's not what I think it is.\" \"",
"Cesar!\" \"",
"Cesar?\" \"",
"Cesar?\" \"",
"Oh.\" \" ",
"Peter, do you wanna come with me to...\" \" No.\" \" ",
"Well, you don't even know what I'm gonna...\" \" No.\" \"",
"Why?\" \"",
"Frannie, I told you this would happen.\" \"",
"You just have to call Judi.\" \"",
"I have called her.\" \"",
"I've texted her, I've emailed her.\" \" ",
"I even bought cupcakes.\" \" ",
"She didn't like the cupcakes?\" \"",
"Those were for me.\" \"",
"I was sad.\" \"",
"Look, you better do something, because let's face it...\" \"You don't have a lot of girlfriends.\" \"",
"What are you talking about?\" \"",
"I've got plenty of girlfriends to do fun stuff with.\" \"",
"Who?\" \"",
"Who?\" \"",
"Hey, girlfriend.\" \"",
"Yeah, I was thinking maybe we'd get together today, do something fun.\" \"",
"Well, what time does daddy have to go to the eye doctor?\" \"",
"Oh, I remember the first time you and Judi had a big fight.\" \"",
"It was at your 13th birthday party.\" \"",
"And you know how I got the two of you to make up?\" \"",
"No, ma, how?\" \"",
"Oh, crap.\" \"",
"I was hoping you'd remember.\" \"",
"Glen!\" \"",
"The doctor prescribed these for your glaucoma.\" \"",
"These are not recreational brownies!\" \"",
"Hey, I like what's goin' on there.\" \"",
"Oh, that's it, daddy.\" \"",
"I am taking this prescription home with me.\" \"",
"You're obviously not responsible enough to make your own decisions.\" \"",
"When you're 78, we can talk.\" \"",
"Ooh!\" \"",
"Fritos!\" \"[",
"Crunching] Hello, Dori!\" \"",
"That's Marilyn from downstairs.\" \" ",
"Oh!\" \" ",
"We're in the kitchen.\" \"",
"Hi, Marilyn!\" \"",
"You're the daughter I never had.\" \"",
"Aw!\" \"",
"I haven't seen you since the divorce.\" \"",
"But I have got someone for you.\" \"",
"She is so gorgeous.\" \"",
"No, Marilyn.\" \"",
"I'm straight.\" \"",
"It's my ex that's, you know...\" \"Don't worry, so what?\" \"",
"So you like boobies.\" \"",
"Marilyn, how many times do I have to tell you?\" \"",
"The husband is gay.\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"They are still living together.\" \"",
"Oh...\" \"So God willing, I'll still see some grandchildren.\" \"",
"Is this low fat?\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"I'm gettin' such a déjà vu.\" \"",
"The best pecan roll we ever had...\" \"Together:\" \"Maury's Bakery on Casino Boulevard.\" \"",
"Maury had the best nuts.\" \"",
"Salty.\" \"",
"We used to lick them for hours.\" \"",
"You know who would have loved Maury's nuts?\" \"",
"Peter.\" \"",
"Both:\" \"Yeah...\" \"Let me ask you something.\" \"",
"You girls have been friends since the old neighborhood.\" \"",
"How is it that you never fight?\" \"",
"What are you talking about?\" \"",
"We've had plenty of tiffs.\" \"",
"Like the time I lent your mother my beaded cocktail dress, and she spilled a little red wine all over it, and it never even occurred to her to have it cleaned.\" \"",
"But what was I gonna do?\" \"",
"Lose a friend?\" \"",
"Why would I have the dress cleaned when I told her she could keep the $87 that she never paid back so that she could replace the dress with a nicer quality one?\" \" ",
"I paid you back.\" \" ",
"You did not!\" \"",
"Please!\" \"",
"I remember it like it was yesterday.\" \"",
"It was a Christmas holiday, and I walked over to your apartment and slipped the envelope through the mail slot in your door.\" \"",
"And yet, I never got it!\" \"",
"I'm sorry, I'm sorry!\" \"",
"I was 14 years old, and I was praying for tickets to Peaches and Herb.\" \"",
"One day I see $87 on the floor...\" \"I thought it was a Hanukah miracle!\" \"",
"So you're the reason that your mother and I didn't speak for ten years!\" \"",
"You guys didn't speak for ten years?\" \" ",
"She was stubborn!\" \" ",
"She was stubborn!\" \"[",
"Laughing]\" \"Glen, what are you looking for in there?\" \"",
"I forgot.\" \"",
"♪ just for ♪\" \"♪ you ♪ [end chords]\" \"Thank you!\" \"",
"That last song was dedicated to my boyfriend.\" \"",
"That's right, you heard me right, boys... my boyfriend.\" \"",
"All right, now, where were we?\" \"",
"You're actually saying that Atlanta beats New Jersey?\" \"",
"Just this season.\" \"",
"But hands down, my pick is The Real Housewives of New York.\" \"",
"Yeah, yeah...\" \"You know, I've got them all dvred.\" \"",
"You wanna come watch 'em at my place?\" \"",
"Oh, that's okay.\" \"",
"I've seen them all.\" \"",
"You haven't seen them at my place.\" \"",
"Well, how different are they gonna be?\" \"",
"Oh.\" \"",
"Hey, Petey.\" \"",
"Oh, hey, Jude.\" \"",
"You were fantastic.\" \"",
"Bye.\" \"",
"Who's this?\" \"",
"This is...\" \"I'm sorry.\" \"",
"What's your name again, sir?\" \"[",
"Laughs] Uh, it's Marc.\" \"",
"And hi.\" \"",
"You were great.\" \"",
"Yeah, wasn't she?\" \"",
"Bye.\" \"",
"Hey, well, just don't take him to the house, 'cause you know who will say that he came on to her.\" \"",
"Unless she's not there.\" \"",
"Is she there?\" \"",
"Where is she?\" \"",
"What's she doing?\" \"",
"Not bothering me.\" \"",
"Come on, Judi, leave me alone.\" \"",
"This guy really wants me, and he's so far out of my league!\" \"",
"Hi.\" \"",
"You still wanna go?\" \" ",
"Peter!\" \" ",
"Oh, no, no, no, no, no, no!\" \"",
"Okay.\" \"",
"You know what?\" \"",
"I'm gonna wait for you at the bar.\" \"",
"Oh, great, that's cool.\" \"",
"Just chill.\" \"",
"All right.\" \"",
"What?\" \"",
"I can't go ten years without talking to Judi!\" \"",
"Okay, here's what you do.\" \"",
"Don't wait ten years.\" \"",
"Talk to her now.\" \"",
"No, no.\" \"",
"She won't talk to me, sweetie, and I'm desperate.\" \"",
"Well, so am I. Come on.\" \"",
"For once I'd like to leave this bar with someone other than you.\" \"",
"Oh, fine.\" \"",
"Don't help me.\" \"",
"You don't owe me anything.\" \"",
"Just because you told me that you're gay after 18 years of marriage.\" \" ",
"I'm all by myself...\" \" Hey, hey, hey.\" \" ",
"All right.\" \"",
"You want her to talk to you?\" \" ",
"Yes.\" \"",
"Follow me to the bathroom.\" \"",
"Come on.\" \" ",
"Quick, quick, move, move.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \"[",
"New song starts]\" \"♪ when I kiss you ♪\" \"♪ my heart always skips a beat ♪\" \"♪ baby, come a little closer, let me give you a treat ♪\" \"♪ let me show you what it means to love all night ♪\" \"♪ trust me, baby ♪\" \"♪ I'll make it right ♪\" \"♪ oh ♪\" \"Oh, um... ladies and gentlemen, we're gonna take a short break.\" \"",
"It seems somebody...\" \"brought crack into the club.\" \"",
"Girl... what are you doing?\" \"",
"Your business is hanging out!\" \"",
"Oh, my God!\" \"",
"Why didn't anybody tell me?\" \"",
"This is a gay bar.\" \"",
"Ain't nobody looking at your butt.\" \"",
"But nice move... showing all your junk in the trunk and getting me to talk to you.\" \"",
"Oh, well, Judi,\" \"I would...\" \"I would nev...\" \"I mean, why would I even...\" \"Well, it worked.\" \"",
"And you know why I knew that it would work?\" \"",
"Because I know that my best girlfriend has my back.\" \"",
"Just like I have her back.\" \"",
"I know.\" \"",
"I know you did this because... you love me.\" \"",
"And I appreciate it.\" \"",
"So let me ask you.\" \"",
"Could you... maybe possibly have misinterpreted what happened with David?\" \"",
"Okay.\" \"",
"We'll go with that.\" \"",
"Heh heh heh.\" \"",
"I love you.\" \"",
"I miss you so much, Judi Prudi.\" \"",
"Ooh, I miss you more.\" \"",
"Ooh!\" \"",
"Let's catch up in my dressing room.\" \"",
"You got a dressing room now?\" \"",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Well, you know, I have to share.\" \"",
"With the mops and the Margarita mix?\" \"",
"Look, I'm a team player.\" \"",
"Are you kidding me?\" \"",
"Oh, my God!\" \"",
"Oh, hey, baby.\" \"",
"I was looking for you.\" \"",
"Where?\" \"",
"Down her throat?\" \"",
"I cannot believe I almost lost my best friend over you!\" \"",
"She trusted you.\" \"",
"She believed in you.\" \"",
"And what do you go and do?\" \"",
"You break her heart by waking her up in the middle of the night to say, \"guess what, honey.\" \"",
"I'm gay.\"\" \" ",
"Fran.\" \" ",
"Oh...\" \"Oh...\" \"It's not about you.\" \"",
"Jude, come on, I never said we were exclusive.\" \"",
"You are so lucky I have to sing another set... or else you would be saying good-bye to yours.\" \"",
"You will never know what a great woman you have just lost yourself, mister.\" \" ",
"Come on, Frannie!\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Oh, Judi, are you okay?\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"I mean, I'm just standing here all miserable, and he's walking off all happy!\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"Not for long.\" \"",
"I know the chick he just walked away with.\" \"",
"His name is Henry.\" \"",
"Thank you, Peter!\" \"",
"Oh, Judi, let me buy you a stiff one.\" \"",
"Peter?\" \"",
"I got my own.\" \"",
"He's waiting for me at the bar.\" \"[",
"Chuckling]\" \"He just left me for another man.\" \"",
"Welcome to my world, honey.\" \"",
"We are such...\" \"losers!\" \"",
"Now I want something salty.\" \"",
"Remember Maury's nuts?\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"Oh, Peter, they were so great.\" \"",
"I wish we had some.\" \"",
"Please don't dangle Maury's nuts in front of my face unless you can deliver.\""
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenSubtitles"
} | [
0.006163568235933781,
0.0007635512156412005,
0.0006728717125952244,
0.002537983702495694,
0.0006371441413648427,
0.0010946971597149968,
0.007906116545200348,
0.0006385183660313487,
0.002871364587917924,
0.0008143468294292688,
0.0010059595806524158,
0.0006919825682416558,
0.0006470626685768366,
0.0008687641238793731,
0.0011184978066012263,
0.2163705825805664,
0.0013106525875627995,
0.0008072316413745284,
0.001827079220674932,
0.0006906418711878359,
0.000958895543590188,
0.0005644845077767968,
0.0008788207778707147,
0.0026507803704589605,
0.0007046792889013886,
0.0008687641238793731,
0.027875011786818504,
0.0011935175862163305,
0.0006163697107695043,
0.0006338275852613151,
0.0017299947794526815,
0.0029380847699940205,
0.0013790703378617764,
0.0009072233224287629,
0.0007149261073209345,
0.03491247445344925,
0.0008077432867139578,
0.0007000503246672451,
0.0009593757567927241,
0.0006357838865369558,
0.0005862592370249331,
0.0009735135827213526,
0.004741590935736895,
0.0008158789714798331,
0.2310333400964737,
0.0007612184272147715,
0.0018709636060521007,
0.0006701489328406751,
0.0007788604707457125,
0.0006325765862129629,
0.007227519992738962,
0.0010362856555730104,
0.0006340323598124087,
0.02084125578403473,
0.0019848288502544165,
0.0007650961633771658,
0.0006193278240971267,
0.000619684171397239,
0.0007149261073209345,
0.0005916765076108277,
0.0009099793387576938,
0.0006094989366829395,
0.0006345449946820736,
0.001391083118505776,
0.009835691191256046,
0.0008334717131219804,
0.0015477048000320792,
0.0009220431093126535,
0.0007970769656822085,
0.0010791642125695944,
0.000726373284123838,
0.0009413989610038698,
0.0008245771750807762,
0.0006847668555565178,
0.0005966926692053676,
0.000998054863885045,
0.0005924987490288913,
0.0006254522013477981,
0.043793629854917526,
0.0016871353145688772,
0.0015448072226718068,
0.0011561354622244835,
0.0007031789282336831,
0.000666065898258239,
0.011149270460009575,
0.000747247482649982,
0.0027774625923484564,
0.001484318170696497,
0.000706267892383039,
0.001339051523245871,
0.0007650961633771658,
0.0013141905656084418,
0.0008001377573236823,
0.0025063930079340935,
0.0009317357908003032,
0.08627918362617493,
0.0006403615116141737,
0.0005325800157152116,
0.0009450034121982753,
0.0009050816879607737,
0.002827010117471218,
0.0005559322889894247,
0.0006375107332132757,
0.0007416578009724617,
0.002575821243226528,
0.0008849704754538834,
0.0005735277663916349,
0.0018767723813652992,
0.13703498244285583,
0.0008836151682771742,
0.0006582593778148293,
0.0020211574155837297,
0.0005862986436113715,
0.0005536507815122604,
0.000677931064274162,
0.0007989978767000139,
0.0012362477136775851,
0.0006434942479245365,
0.0006919825682416558,
0.0006419343990273774,
0.0006905398331582546,
0.0006558878812938929,
0.0005581452278420329,
0.0011369208805263042,
0.0015778030501678586,
0.0006833281368017197,
0.0005385358817875385,
0.0015013418160378933,
0.0006386400200426579,
0.0005792174488306046,
0.0007097874186001718,
0.001456051249988377,
0.0017479106318205595,
0.0007598193478770554,
0.0011710491962730885,
0.009588142856955528,
0.0005926596932113171,
0.002706105588003993,
0.05369380861520767,
0.0017299775499850512,
0.0017299775499850512,
0.013636386021971703,
0.014813786372542381,
0.0008425379055552185,
0.0008206621860153973,
0.001181635889224708,
0.0008413192699663341,
0.1583799570798874,
0.9611299633979797,
0.0018761319806799293,
0.002828050870448351,
0.0007650961633771658,
0.0016973715974017978,
0.0009832647629082203,
0.027716325595974922,
0.001301812706515193,
0.002537983702495694,
0.000895285455044359,
0.0006179982447065413,
0.06912141293287277,
0.0007801871397532523,
0.0006110169924795628,
0.0007956491899676621,
0.000998356263153255,
0.0014981548301875591,
0.2206040322780609,
0.008406968787312508,
0.004933441989123821,
0.0015102748293429613,
0.0009705759584903717,
0.0008441177778877318,
0.0009786731097847223,
0.0006976457079872489,
0.0006929737282916903,
0.0020199345890432596,
0.0030463978182524443,
0.0011027308646589518,
0.001694612903520465,
0.0009515519486740232,
0.0006403496372513473,
0.007909314706921577,
0.0009069731459021568,
0.0021147632505744696,
0.0007547457935288548,
0.0017492497572675347,
0.0006751578184776008,
0.0010277595138177276,
0.986331582069397,
0.22844421863555908,
0.00955753494054079,
0.000960635719820857,
0.0007500348147004843,
0.0007921612123027444,
0.0012271904852241278,
0.008028845302760601,
0.0009256881894543767,
0.30959948897361755,
0.001838519936427474,
0.005639929324388504,
0.0007749850628897548,
0.0007534971809946001,
0.0006494143744930625,
0.014455445110797882,
0.0015573293203487992,
0.0015189803671091795,
0.000909777358174324,
0.30348944664001465,
0.0011924873106181622,
0.908132016658783,
0.20977844297885895,
0.8242208957672119,
0.0006453930400311947,
0.0006347137386910617,
0.0012377628590911627,
0.0007830958347767591,
0.0017196161206811666,
0.0007150688907131553,
0.0019122461089864373,
0.001297249924391508,
0.008379307575523853,
0.004717789124697447,
0.0009193280711770058,
0.000650340283755213,
0.000963636499363929,
0.038413334637880325,
0.0006526470533572137,
0.0009179023327305913,
0.0006536936853080988,
0.0023619786370545626,
0.0007194297504611313,
0.0011662212200462818,
0.004720037803053856,
0.5719666481018066,
0.0005969454650767148,
0.0016843691701069474,
0.0009338328382000327,
0.0009338328382000327,
0.0010676204692572355,
0.007126905955374241,
0.001923409872688353,
0.0009252536110579967,
0.0008617735002189875,
0.0019765151664614677,
0.0006887199124321342,
0.0006244575488381088,
0.0013161045499145985,
0.002059722552075982,
0.000792450038716197,
0.0011524265864863992,
0.1844433844089508,
0.000781067181378603,
0.0010082594817504287,
0.0011352937435731292,
0.0011352937435731292,
0.005742539186030626,
0.0006007891497574747,
0.0024064001627266407,
0.005361319985240698,
0.0009816880337893963,
0.0007370768580585718,
0.001493565272539854,
0.9510061144828796,
0.0006474331021308899,
0.004258530214428902,
0.3534996807575226,
0.0019424259662628174,
0.0005907253944315016,
0.0011647014180198312,
0.00073580804746598,
0.055054377764463425,
0.0015025266911834478,
0.002575821243226528,
0.02576461248099804,
0.0008279012399725616,
0.0012221640208736062,
0.0015448072226718068,
0.0008119576377794147,
0.009201902896165848,
0.3176988363265991,
0.0024540408048778772,
0.0020091666374355555,
0.0006467171479016542,
0.0016884818905964494,
0.003922214265912771,
0.0006233860040083528,
0.0022435563150793314,
0.41991254687309265,
0.0016232329653576016,
0.8754808306694031,
0.0015448072226718068,
0.0007358395960181952,
0.0007738146814517677,
0.2319384217262268,
0.0008441177778877318,
0.018162785097956657,
0.0007316724513657391,
0.045959632843732834,
0.0010172916809096932,
0.8493558764457703,
0.5307773351669312,
0.0009615491726435721,
0.0005956729874014854,
0.0006294423947110772,
0.019286401569843292,
0.000781067181378603,
0.0007154983468353748,
0.1698516607284546,
0.0008789087296463549,
0.00210436899214983,
0.0008568884222768247,
0.015742089599370956,
0.006239592097699642,
0.0007535904296673834,
0.0006253505707718432,
0.0008864988922141492,
0.0011335425078868866,
0.0007409467361867428,
0.0008146002655848861,
0.0007232166244648397,
0.4343124330043793,
0.0006444295286200941,
0.20901845395565033,
0.1346428543329239,
0.0008582423906773329,
0.0009334004134871066,
0.2312970608472824,
0.0007239017286337912,
0.02725929580628872,
0.0007536648190580308,
0.0007555308984592557,
0.0006425048923119903,
0.0007552090683020651,
0.0007093988824635744,
0.004113045521080494,
0.0006582593778148293,
0.000628907757345587,
0.0006932558608241379,
0.0007369451923295856,
0.0010676204692572355,
0.0009220431093126535,
0.0016479798359796405,
0.0006401982973329723,
0.0010483075166121125,
0.0011641718447208405,
0.0007612090557813644,
0.0008319434709846973,
0.0006330535979941487,
0.0006380279664881527,
0.0007138028158806264,
0.0007730179931968451,
0.0010483075166121125,
0.0019643136765807867,
0.000795461586676538,
0.0007958087953738868,
0.0016702096909284592,
0.0008967512985691428,
0.0009764651767909527,
0.10100430250167847,
0.04875104874372482,
0.000731741776689887,
0.0013049272820353508,
0.002706105588003993,
0.0012606544187292457,
0.0006919825682416558,
0.000998054863885045,
0.004648980684578419,
0.0006145170191302896,
0.000749020604416728,
0.0006731597241014242,
0.0009256881894543767,
0.0018897787667810917,
0.0009243692620657384,
0.0019102196674793959,
0.0006365135195665061,
0.0008099214755930007,
0.002405043924227357,
0.0013334297109395266,
0.03330313414335251,
0.0007749865762889385,
0.009741990827023983,
0.033815015107393265,
0.8557479381561279,
0.001302044023759663,
0.0006731597241014242,
0.0010125006083399057,
0.0006974356365390122,
0.009591693058609962,
0.0028070947155356407,
0.0012619422050192952,
0.0007256651879288256,
0.012191393412649632,
0.0009032372036017478,
0.003881047712638974,
0.01985257677733898,
0.002828050870448351,
0.000811429345048964,
0.7347735166549683,
0.8642511963844299,
0.503669261932373,
0.0018015638925135136,
0.0006772687775082886,
0.025016168132424355,
0.010886229574680328,
0.0007598193478770554,
0.0024591812398284674,
0.0005599094438366592,
0.0006877413252368569,
0.0007606688304804265,
0.0006919825682416558,
0.0006265249103307724,
0.03283873572945595,
0.0006640740903094411,
0.009609493426978588,
0.002727928338572383,
0.002575821243226528,
0.0007150818128138781,
0.0023302820045500994,
0.0007149261073209345,
0.0006822593277320266,
0.0016005390789359808,
0.0006943253101781011,
0.0064098951406776905,
0.002828050870448351,
0.0008194607798941433,
0.001234249910339713,
0.0009316913783550262,
0.027413344010710716,
0.003944382071495056,
0.007234585005789995,
0.0015325513668358326,
0.0011981717543676496,
0.006937636528164148,
0.35453563928604126,
0.0009901267476379871,
0.008478550240397453,
0.0031341533176600933,
0.006770106498152018,
0.09202077239751816,
0.011073601432144642,
0.0007149261073209345,
0.0017041537212207913,
0.0015448072226718068,
0.05583144724369049,
0.0008441177778877318,
0.0007260112906806171,
0.01108461432158947,
0.0008547429461032152,
0.0006323870038613677,
0.005384301301091909,
0.0010315566323697567,
0.0009305722778663039,
0.0008963404106907547,
0.0037563256919384003,
0.0007537679048255086,
0.9448015689849854,
0.0006226556142792106,
0.07709018141031265,
0.0015448072226718068,
0.0006420485442504287,
0.0006171730346977711,
0.7249950170516968
] | 0.041277 | 461 |
[
"MANILA, Philippines - Millennials on Wednesday, July 6, joined the campaign against the burial of late dictator Ferdinand Marcos at the Libingan ng mga Bayani.",
"\n\nPhoto Credit: Facebook/Martial Law Chronicles\n\n“Just as the young people during the 70s and 80s answered the call to fight against the Marcos dictatorship, the generation of today must answer the call to fight against the Marcoses' efforts to twist history in their favor. ",
"History witnessed how his regime killed not only the country's best and brightest young people, but also the country's best chance to have a bright future. ",
"Rewarding his sins with a hero's burial is unacceptable,” said Bea Reyno of the Student Council Alliance of the Philippines.",
"\n\nYouth leaders laid stones with the names of their fellow youth and student leaders who became heroes and martyrs at the foot of the UP Oblation --- the monument which served witness to the Diliman Commune where stundents from the University of the Philippines barricaded the University Avenue in protest of the oil price hike in the 1970s.",
"\n\n“The young people who gave up their lives to fight against Martial law are the real heroes. ",
"Young people like Leo Alto who died at 23, Emmanuel Alvarez who died at 27, Jan Quimpo who died at 23. ",
"We must not let them down. ",
"We honor them by telling their stories. ",
"We honor them by continuing their fight. ",
"We honor them by not letting Marcos be buried as a hero,” said Magnolia Del Rosario of UP Alyansa, also a student councilor from UP Diliman.",
"\n\nThe youth also called on their fellow millennials to read more about the stories of heroism during the Martial law and be critical with the information that they receive on the internet.",
"\n\n“We are the generation that grew up in a world fueled by information. ",
"We while our time by using up our free data. ",
"As young leaders, it is our task to sift through the cloud of articles online and distinguish good and truthful content. ",
"Our most potent weapon against historical revisionism is our insatiable curiosity, our determined quest for the truth,” concluded Reyno.",
"\n\nThe activity was joined by former CHR Chairperson Loretta “Etta” Rosales, along with other ML activists and prominent human rights defenders. ",
"Participating groups include Martial Law Chronicles Project, Alyansa UP Diliman, Akbayan Youth, Student Council Alliance of the Philippines, Bukluran UP System, Center for Youth Advocacy and Networking, and Filipinos against Historical Revisionism, Claimants 1081, Task Force Detainess, PAHRA, SAMASA Alumni, students from FEU, PUP, UP Cebu, UP Diliman, UP Manila, and Bantayog ng mga Bayani. ",
"Similar activities were also held yesterday at UP Baguio and Silliman University.",
"\n\nThis solemn action follows the #BawatBato activity done last 26th of July at the proposed gravesite of the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos at the Libingan ng mga Bayani."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0007792331161908805,
0.0006891149096190929,
0.0014233664842322469,
0.004236722365021706,
0.0008495341171510518,
0.0011907813604921103,
0.0021836315281689167,
0.0027269478887319565,
0.0005101920105516911,
0.0007983738323673606,
0.0006888709031045437,
0.0006001881556585431,
0.001393475686199963,
0.0006360914558172226,
0.0005216659046709538,
0.0008096984238363802,
0.0008226195350289345,
0.0007159447413869202,
0.0006022430607117712,
0.000823926879093051
] | 0.00115 | 20 |
[
"A Texas family is preparing a lawsuit against a local dentist after they say their child suffered brain damage from multiple seizures during the visit. ",
"Attorneys say the seizures were brought on by the use of several sedatives while the child was held in a sometimes controversial restraint device, CBS Houston affiliate KHOU reports.",
"\n\n\"In essence what happened is this child was chemically and physically suffocated,\" said Jim Moriarty, the attorney for the family of 4-year-old Nevaeh Hall. \"",
"This child suffered massive brain damage during that time period and that didn't have to happen.\"",
"\n\nNevaeh was a repeat patient at Diamond Dental in Houston. ",
"Her mother, Courissa Clark, says it was her third visit and that she expected some of the girl's teeth to be capped or even removed because of tooth decay.",
"\n\nGet Breaking News Delivered to Your Inbox\n\nClark says she and her husband were told to stay in the waiting room.",
"\n\nNavaeh Hall KHOU\n\nRecords reviewed by an independent dentist show that Navaeh was given multiple sedatives: \"Sedated in the office for over seven hours, given five sedatives for a routine dental procedure that should have been done and over by mid morning.\"",
"\n\nThe child had been placed in a commonly-used restraint device called a papoose. ",
"The device confines the child's arms and legs so they can't interfere with the dental procedure.",
"\n\n\"And I can tell you that this chart shows you that this child was essentially tortured,\" said Moriarty, holding a printout of the oxygen, blood pressure, and pulse measurements recorded during the visit.",
"\n\nAn independent dentist review says the vital signs were \"off the charts.\"",
"\n\nAccording to the review, \"Her body tried to compensate for her inability to breathe by increasing her heart rate to as high as 195 beats per minute.\" ",
"Her blood pressure rose to \"a dangerous 168/77.\" ",
"And her oxygen saturation dropped as low as 49 percent. \"",
"Severe hypoxia is often classified as any saturation lower than 86 percent. ",
"And is known to cause brain damage.\"",
"\n\n\"They never did call it a seizure. ",
"They just said shaking, she's shaking,\" Nevaeh's mom said in a news conference last Thursday. \"",
"Just the whole time they assured us that everything was OK. ",
"And the next time we were allowed to come in is when the paramedics were actually coming back. ",
"And that was about four hours later.\"",
"\n\nThe dentist is Bethaniel Jefferson of Diamond Dental in Houston. ",
"Records show she's been reprimanded and fined by the Texas State Board of Dental Examiners at least twice before, KHOU reports.",
"\n\nNow, after the incident with Nevaeh, her license has been temporarily suspended and a license revocation hearing is pending.",
"\n\nJefferson did not return phone calls seeking comment, and no one answered the door when KHOU visited the office.",
"\n\nSome dentists do defend use of the restraint device in certain carefully-monitored situations.",
"\n\nBut as Nevaeh's family prepares a lawsuit for what Moriarty alleges was gross negligence, they are speaking out now to send a warning.",
"\n\n\"If parents are being told to authorize or grant permission to papoose their child, they probably ought to run,\" said Craig Jacobs with Children First Dental.",
"\n\n\"Clinics across America, across Houston, across Texas use the same business model every day to over treat these children and use these restraints. ",
"And the standard is exactly what happened here, separate mom and dad from their child, assuage their fears, take the child back, over-treat them and get away with it,\" said Moriarty. \"",
"We've got to get the American public to understand you cannot allow your child to be held in a restraint device without you personally being present.\"",
"\n\nNevaeh's parents have set up a GoFundMe account to help pay for her care.",
"\n\nThough such severe complications from dental care are extremely rare, there have been several other widely publicized cases in recent years.",
"\n\nIn Minnesota last year, 17-year-old Sydney Galleger suffered cardiac arrest while getting her wisdom teeth pulled and died a week later.",
"\n\nIn 2014, a Maine teenager, Benjamin LaMontagne, contracted a rare bacterial infection and died after dental surgery to remove impacted wisdom teeth."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.006222819909453392,
0.0007101541268639266,
0.030538562685251236,
0.08516000211238861,
0.0006822154391556978,
0.0025706493761390448,
0.0012687938287854195,
0.0006953467382118106,
0.0017191112274304032,
0.0008359162602573633,
0.0006878373678773642,
0.0006971286493353546,
0.0011948421597480774,
0.00462891161441803,
0.0007653593202121556,
0.005652707535773516,
0.03571862727403641,
0.0007284136954694986,
0.0008532025967724621,
0.0005924903089180589,
0.0014237406430765986,
0.0006556997541338205,
0.0006548719829879701,
0.0006356899975799024,
0.0008372490992769599,
0.0007380201714113355,
0.0005548787885345519,
0.0034165694378316402,
0.027380920946598053,
0.0007007328676991165,
0.002855468075722456,
0.003264461411163211,
0.004412691108882427,
0.0005912598571740091,
0.004917703568935394,
0.0012281828094273806
] | 0.006561 | 36 |
[
"Q:\n\nHow to split large AngularJS projects into modules\n\nI come from the world of Backbone and JavascriptMVC. ",
"But I am really tempted to switch to AngularJS. ",
"So far, I have one big issue that keeps me from converting.",
"\nI create single page apps. ",
"Let's pretend it contains a tab module, a file upload module and a filelist module.",
"\nWhat I would do in Backbone is that I would split each of these as standalone modules\nwith their own view template, viewcontroller and so on. ",
"That way, I am able to use the module several places in my app. ",
"The modules don't know about anything other than itself.",
"\nHow is this ment to be dealt with in AngularJS? ",
"Is it possible to create one angular.module per module (like for instance a tab module)?",
"\nI feel they tell a how to create many controllers within a module in their documentation. ",
"But that does not sound like what I need. ",
"Or am I misunderstanding some major concepts here?",
"\nEDIT:\nI have done some more research. ",
"It looks like directives is what I am looking for. ",
"While a module in AngularJS represents the entire web app. ",
"So the mixing of the names 'components' and 'modules' is what confused me.",
"\nAm I on the correct path now? ",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou absolutely can define modules and you include your modules at the app level and then with dependency injection you allow your controllers to use what they need.",
"\nI have a proof of concept example for a small app I was working on to learn angular (it is pretty dirty and my playground):\nhttp://plnkr.co/edit/1jGqaB00OznAUpyPZVT3\nMy app definition looks like this:\nangular.module('myApp', ['ngResource','ui.bootstrap', 'myApp.services', 'myApp.servicesMovie', 'myApp.servicesSearch', 'myApp.servicesUtils', 'myApp.servicesMovieList'])\n\nYou can see I am including a bunch of different modules with my app and then an example of a controller that takes some services from the services module:\nfunction SearchCtrl($scope, $rootScope, $route, $timeout, $routeParams, $location, SearchService, MovieListService) { etc }\n\nHere is one of the module's defined (with its dependency too):\nangular.module('myApp.servicesMovieList', ['myApp.services'])\n\nWith regards to templates, you can define these and include them with your route values:\n$routeProvider.when('/view1', {templateUrl: 'view1.html', controller: ViewCtrl});\n $routeProvider.when('/movie/:id', {templateUrl: 'movie-detail.html', controller: MovieCtrl, resolve: MovieCtrl.resolve});\n $routeProvider.when('/search/:q/:p', {templateUrl: 'movie-search.html', controller: SearchCtrl});\n $routeProvider.when('/searchlist/:url/:p', {templateUrl: 'movie-search.html', controller: SearchCtrl});\n $routeProvider.otherwise({redirectTo: '/view1'});\n\n }])\n\nOr of course you can call them with ng-include\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0007205221336334944,
0.0007043424993753433,
0.0009013025555759668,
0.0006612183642573655,
0.0007068210979923606,
0.0005978491390123963,
0.0005453026387840509,
0.0007011870620772243,
0.0009463405585847795,
0.0006507111247628927,
0.0005149161443114281,
0.0007204496650956571,
0.0006705971318297088,
0.0005797678022645414,
0.0006250579608604312,
0.0006319673266261816,
0.00059631431940943,
0.000982128200121224,
0.0005599451833404601,
0.0009766992880031466
] | 0.0007 | 20 |
[
"Applications of prebiotics in food industry: A review.",
"\nBenefits of prebiotics for stimulating a healthy intestinal tract are well known. ",
"From suppression of pathogens to proliferation of indigenous bacteria of intestines, prebiotics have it all. ",
"Since the research on the scope of prebiotics is expanding, new applications are coming up every day thus upgrading the choices consumer has for a healthy living. ",
"Incorporation of prebiotics in a wide range of products that food industry offers on shelf is an innovative way to replace fat and sugars along with enhancing the mouthfeel by providing better tongue lubrication. ",
"In some cases, the thermal stability of the product is improved along with other sensory, textural and physiological benefits. ",
"This paper gives an overview of the various prebiotics available from different sources and their applications in various segments of food industry, notably dairy, beverage, processed fruit-vegetable, bakery, confectionary, extruded snack, sweetener, infant formula, pet food and livestock industry. ",
"The effects observed on addition of various prebiotics are also elaborated."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0006245711701922119,
0.0007825102657079697,
0.000699138268828392,
0.0005507706664502621,
0.0009135251166298985,
0.0005428732838481665,
0.0005591235822066665,
0.0005856998614035547
] | 0.000657 | 8 |
[
"Home In-Depth Reporting The Chicago police legacy of extracting false…\n\nCriminal Justice\n\nThe Chicago police legacy of extracting false confessions is costing the city millions\n\nTerry Campbell: “The CPD and its detectives ‘have a long history of using physically and psychologically coercive interrogation tactics.” ",
"Photograph courtesy of Cotsirilos, Tighe, Streicker, Poulos & Campbell.",
"\n\nCOSTLY CONFESSIONS\n\nChicago police have long grappled with a reputation for torturing suspects into confessing, due in large part to the notorious detective Jon Burge, who along with his “midnight crew” has been found responsible for beating, electrocuting and intimidating suspects from the 1970s to the ’90s.",
"\n\nThe city has paid out more than $100 million in settlements and reparations in Burge-related cases alone and more than $500 million altogether in the past decade to settle police misconduct and wrongful conviction lawsuits, according to a report from the Better Government Association.",
"\n\nThis seemingly endless succession of suits has fueled an acrimonious relationship between rank-and-file police officers and civil rights attorneys. ",
"Last year, a spokesman for the Fraternal Order of Police, the union representing officers, lashed out at a Chicago city council meeting after the city settled what was known as the Englewood Four case for $31 million.",
"\n\nFour young men confessed to raping and murdering 30-year-old Nina Glover but were later exonerated by DNA evidence. ",
"The FOP maintains the four are still guilty. ",
"It accused civil rights lawyers of carving out a cottage industry in the name of wrongful convictions and collecting handsome settlements from a city more than willing to open its checkbook.",
"\n\n“That’s just a reflection of the head-in-the-sand attitude of this department,” says Locke Bowman, executive director of the MacArthur Justice Center, which represented one of the four men. “",
"There’s definitely a pattern in Chicago and around the country of singling out young African-American men who are vulnerable. ",
"Those kids were innocent, and it’s silly to say otherwise.”",
"\n\nA spokesman for the Chicago Police Department did not respond to requests to comment for this article.",
"\n\nLori Lightfoot, past president of the Chicago Police Board, an independent civilian disciplinary-review body, says the amount of money the city has paid in judgments and settlements for wrongful convictions should demand accountability. “",
"These are huge numbers that are coming out of taxpayers’ dollars,” says Lightfoot, who’s currently running for mayor of Chicago. “",
"So I don’t know why there’s not a sense of urgency about these numbers.”",
"\n\nEach case should provide an opportunity to evaluate what happened. “",
"Is it the officer? ",
"Is it our policy? ",
"Is it the tactic that was used? ",
"I think that analysis should be done in every single case and, frankly, in the aggregate,” Lightfoot says. “",
"It gives the department an opportunity to look at itself and determine if they need to change in any specific way.”",
"\n\nLightfoot, who also chaired the Mayor’s Task Force on Police Accountability, says the city is defending 400 to 500 active cases against the police department at any given time. “",
"You can’t just chalk that up to opportunistic plaintiffs attorneys,” she says. “",
"There is a problem, and there is a problem that needs to be fixed.”",
"\n\nPhotograph of Kim Foxx courtesy of Cook County State’s Attorney’s Office.",
"\n\nBut there’s also some disagreement about whether the term false confession always squares with actual innocence. ",
"Just because someone is exonerated—or legally entitled to a new trial—doesn’t mean police and prosecutors are willing to say they didn’t do it, as the FOP spokesman made clear.",
"\n\nTake the cases of Nevest Coleman and Derrell Fulton, who confessed to the 1994 rape and murder of Antwinica Bridgeman, 20, whose decomposed body was found in an apartment basement owned by Coleman’s grandmother.",
"\n\nDespite claims that the confessions were coerced and there was a lack of physical evidence, they were convicted and sentenced to life. ",
"The men were exonerated in November after new DNA testing excluded them and pointed to another man. ",
"Prosecutors refused to declare them innocent, saying instead the state could not meet the burden of proof to successfully retry them.",
"\n\nA month later, Gabriel Solache and Arturo DeLeon-Reyes, imprisoned for about 20 years for a double murder, were exonerated because of questionable confessions at the hands of a detective accused of misconduct. ",
"They claimed retired Chicago detective Reynaldo Guevara beat them until they admitted murdering Jacinta Soto, 35, and Mariano Soto, 39, in 1998.",
"\n\nGuevara, who had been accused for years of beating suspects, initially refused to testify, invoking his Fifth Amendment right. ",
"Prosecutors finally offered him immunity, hoping he could help affirm the convictions.",
"\n\nBut under oath, Guevara said he didn’t recall details of the case and denied beating the men. ",
"A judge ruled his testimony was not credible and tossed the confessions, forcing prosecutors to drop the charges. “",
"There is no doubt in my mind, or the mind of anyone who has worked on this case, that Mr. Solache and Mr. Reyes are guilty of these crimes,” said Eric Sussman, the Cook County first assistant state’s attorney at the time.",
"\n\nThat is not unusual. ",
"Neufeld of the Innocence Project has observed that prosecutors often are reluctant to believe, or admit, they sent innocent people to prison based on false confessions. “",
"There is an arc of denial,” Neufeld says. “",
"It’s not unique to Chicago. ",
"Prosecutors are extraordinarily resistant to admitting a person is innocent.”",
"\n\nCHANGED WAYS\n\nPhotograph of Kathleen Zellner by Todd Rosenberg Photography.",
"\n\nRobert Milan used to think that way. ",
"In 2002, when he was chief deputy of the Cook County State’s Attorney’s Office, he had a revelation. ",
"Milan saw two murder cases in his office unravel—cases that hung on false confessions, including one from a teenager described as mentally disabled.",
"\n\nThe following year, Milan developed a program to train prosecutors to detect warning signs for false confessions and prevent wrongful convictions. ",
"He eventually took it nationwide. “",
"I started that training after seeing that these cases were problematic,” Milan says. “",
"And then I studied cases across the country.”",
"\n\nMilan followed up by creating a DNA review unit, which reinvestigated cases where DNA testing hadn’t been done or was unavailable at the time and could support or discredit actual innocence claims. ",
"It became a model for similar units across the country. ",
"Today, 33 conviction integrity units exist in the United States. ",
"Their effectiveness and staffing vary, with some better funded and more aggressive than others.",
"\n\nWithin days of taking office in 2017, Foxx, the Cook County state’s attorney, began revamping its conviction integrity unit, which she says was slow and inefficient under her predecessor, Alvarez.",
"\n\n“So much of what stagnated progress in this unit prior to this administration was the belief that why would anyone confess to a crime they wouldn’t commit?” ",
"Foxx says. “",
"There was this need to believe that. ",
"Otherwise, we’d be acknowledging that we were convicting people who shouldn’t have been convicted.”",
"\n\nFoxx made it clear she would have an open mind in re-examining claims of innocence. “",
"First and foremost, the recognition that someone would confess to a crime they didn’t commit is very real,” she says.",
"\n\nAfter posting instructions online on how to file claims and sending pamphlets to state prisons, the unit was flooded with requests. ",
"But not all cases were black and white. ",
"Foxx says her office struggled with the cases of Coleman and Fulton. “",
"The unit itself concluded it was not a case of actual innocence,” Foxx says. “",
"But would we be able to meet the burden of proof at trial of guilt? ",
"The answer we had was no.”",
"\n\nStill, because of the questionable interrogations and lack of evidence, Foxx concluded the charges had to be dropped. “",
"It troubled us,” she says. “",
"It pained us to try to characterize the right way to say what we were doing. ",
"These cases are really complicated.”",
"\n\nPhotograph of Lori Lightfoot courtesy of Mayer Brown.",
"\n\nColeman and Fulton have since filed civil lawsuits against the city, and a judge recently granted them certificates of innocence, which Foxx declined to comment on because of the pending litigation. ",
"Coleman’s attorney, Russell Ainsworth, says his client is indeed innocent and was fed details of the crime for his so-called confession. “",
"It was ludicrous that this man, a working man with no criminal record, that his first arrest is for a murder and rape,” Ainsworth says. “",
"He didn’t go into hiding. ",
"He didn’t run.”",
"\n\nAinsworth suspects the pending suit is why the state’s attorney is reluctant to admit prosecutors were wrong. ",
"Still, he credits Foxx’s conviction integrity unit for its decision. “",
"It shows a willingness to do the right thing,” he says.",
"\n\nMilan found himself in a similar position earlier this year while he worked as a special prosecutor to evaluate two innocence claims. ",
"He spent seven months investigating allegations that two men convicted of murdering the wife of a retired Chicago police officer in 1989 were beaten into giving false confessions.",
"\n\nWithout the confessions, Milan told the judge, the evidence against the men did “not meet the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt,” but he did not declare them innocent. ",
"As part of an agreement to drop the charges, the men were barred from seeking certificates of innocence.",
"\n\nWhile not speaking about that specific case because it’s the subject of civil litigation, Milan says prosecutors must do the right thing based on available evidence. “",
"In your mind, as a seasoned prosecutor, you know that it doesn’t meet the burden. ",
"If it doesn’t meet the burden, then we have to drop it. ",
"That’s our duty,” he says. “",
"But at the end of the day, you can’t say they’re innocent.”",
"\n\nTo avoid these kinds of cases, Foxx says her office has been training prosecutors in the felony review section on how to identify signs of false confessions and to analyze whether interrogators are following proper procedure. ",
"Prosecutors also meet regularly with Chicago police to review cases and explain why some cannot move forward, including those in which confessions can’t be corroborated by other evidence.",
"\n\nRead more ...\n\nThis article was published in the July 2018 ABA Journal magazine with the title: \"Under Questioning: The Chicago police legacy of extracting false confessions is costing the city millions.\"",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0007630126783624291,
0.0006783794960938394,
0.0014090408803895116,
0.0006649199058301747,
0.0006130732363089919,
0.0007413006387650967,
0.03390000760555267,
0.004503672011196613,
0.0006186476675793529,
0.0006473189569078386,
0.0005827386630699039,
0.018719473853707314,
0.0006223001983016729,
0.0006018786807544529,
0.0008127394248731434,
0.0006512496038340032,
0.0005197050049901009,
0.0008421233505941927,
0.0008553772349841893,
0.0008013796177692711,
0.0005885585560463369,
0.0005661608302034438,
0.0006112707196734846,
0.0007505281246267259,
0.0007386949146166444,
0.0006379775004461408,
0.0006508208462037146,
0.0010723578743636608,
0.0013753538951277733,
0.01987776905298233,
0.0007760185981169343,
0.0009293699404224753,
0.0011433069594204426,
0.004325870890170336,
0.0027992401737719774,
0.0005448116571642458,
0.0011352704605087638,
0.000984362792223692,
0.0006935039418749511,
0.0006950191454961896,
0.0006527241203002632,
0.0013075044844299555,
0.0007872580899856985,
0.0008444990962743759,
0.0006149353575892746,
0.0005956079694442451,
0.0006276036729104817,
0.018606731668114662,
0.0007353397668339312,
0.0006207834230735898,
0.0005706090596504509,
0.0006079298909753561,
0.0006763158016838133,
0.0006179523188620806,
0.000570073607377708,
0.0005814977921545506,
0.0007300342549569905,
0.0015140336472541094,
0.0008344797533936799,
0.0006981721380725503,
0.002954944036900997,
0.0006656316109001637,
0.0005816230550408363,
0.000686592364218086,
0.0008059092797338963,
0.0006332506891340017,
0.0006840435089543462,
0.0013583905529230833,
0.0008095649536699057,
0.0007459681364707649,
0.0007176364306360483,
0.0005777213373221457,
0.000603791675530374,
0.0006197151960805058,
0.0007579025696031749,
0.0006925390334799886,
0.03457673639059067,
0.0011114918161183596,
0.0012939284788444638,
0.0008506864542141557,
0.0005880751996301115,
0.0005844006082043052,
0.0005666259094141424,
0.0008419051882810891,
0.0007129496079869568,
0.0007744041504338384,
0.0006052384269423783,
0.0011689038947224617,
0.00074014748679474,
0.0009258888894692063,
0.001254377537406981,
0.0006884860340505838,
0.0006694416515529156,
0.0006225965335033834,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.002186 | 95 |
[
"Q:\n\nLeast squares intersection of three circles\n\nGiven is a triangle in the plane, with the coordinates of all three vertices known. ",
"I need to determine the location of a point $X$, for which the distances to all three triangle vertices are given (with some error). ",
"Therefore, $X$ is located at the intersection of the three circles around the triangle vertices, whose radii are the respective distances.",
"\nSince the distances are given with some error, the solution is not exact. ",
"How can the \"best\" intersection point be determined, possibly in a least-squares sense (e.g. minimizing the squared sum of deviations from the given distances)? ",
"Or is there a more reasonable way to define what is \"best\"?",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou want $x$ that satisfies the three equations\n$$\r\n\\|v_i - x \\|^2 = d_i^2,\r\n$$\nbut such an $x$ doesn't exist in general. ",
"We can ignore that technicality, and obtain two linear equations from these three, by subtracting the second and the third from the first:\n$$\r\n(v_2 - v_1)^T x = \\frac{1}{2}[(d_1^2 -d_2^2) + (v_2^2 - v_1^2)] \r\n$$\n$$\r\n(v_3 - v_1)^T x = \\frac{1}{2}[(d_1^2 -d_3^2) + (v_3^2 - v_1^2)],\r\n$$\nwhich can be written compactly in matrix form as\n$$\r\nV^Tx = w.\r\n$$\nSince the $v_i$ form a (presumably non-degenerate) triangle, $V$ is an invertible matrix, and we have a unique solution:\n$$\r\nx = V^{-T}w.",
"\r\n$$\nI wasn't sure what this solution represented, but a friend supplied some insight. ",
"We can think of the triangle whose vertices are the $v_i$ as a triangle in a \"weighted Delaunay triangulation\". ",
"Unfortunately Wikipedia doesn't seem to have an entry on these yet. ",
"The dual diagram goes under various names, including \"power diagram\", \"Laguerre diagram\", \"weighted Voronoi diagram\", ...\nAnyway, the point $x$ that we are finding is a vertex in the power diagram, where the weights on the $v_i$ are the $d_i$. It is the centre of the unique circle that intersects the circles $C(v_i,d_i)$ orthogonally. ",
"The caveat is that this 'circle' may have an imaginary radius. ",
"\nIn other words, if we take the three initial equations and add a third parameter, $h$, then the equations\n$$\r\n\\|v_i - x \\|^2 = d_i^2 + h,\r\n$$\ndo admit a unique solution, where $h$ is the square of the radius of the orthogonal circle (some people call this the orthocircle, but its centre is not the usual orthocentre.)",
"\nI do not know whether this point is the same as you would find with Robert's optimization suggestion. ",
"Presumably this point can be characterized as an optimal solution of some functional.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0006465402548201382,
0.0006057321443222463,
0.0006601117784157395,
0.0006237348425202072,
0.0006114442949183285,
0.0005885708960704505,
0.0036250546108931303,
0.0009586981614120305,
0.0005678458837792277,
0.011270514689385891,
0.0006986443768255413,
0.0007394105195999146,
0.0006915339035913348,
0.0007955615874379873,
0.0005852002068422735,
0.0005443048430606723,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.001542 | 17 |
[
") = -32*f**2 - 1466*f - 4110. ",
"Let r(t) = 4*b(t) - 5*m(t). ",
"What is the derivative of r(y) wrt y?",
"\n-6*y + 1476\nLet w(t) = 25*t**2 + 8*t + 55. ",
"Let j(l) = l - 621*l**2 + 8 - 63 + 594*l**2 - 10*l. ",
"Let x(p) = -5*j(p) - 6*w(p). ",
"What is the derivative of x(m) wrt m?",
"\n-30*m - 3\nLet z be (0/2)/(4 - 2). ",
"Suppose z = 4*q + 1 - 13. ",
"What is the third derivative of q*v**6 - 2556*v + v**2 + 2556*v wrt v?",
"\n360*v**3\nSuppose 0 = -7*k + k + 18. ",
"Suppose k*z - 18 = -2*z + 4*g, z + g = 0. ",
"Differentiate z*s**2 - 40 + 9 + 4*s**2 - 4*s**2 wrt s.\n4*s\nLet n be (-16 - -30)*(21/6 + -3). ",
"Find the second derivative of -4*j**2 - n + 2*j + 5*j**2 - 10*j + 120*j**4 + 5*j wrt j.\n1440*j**2 + 2\nLet t(u) be the second derivative of -401*u**6/15 - 5*u**4/2 + u**3/6 + u - 792. ",
"What is the third derivative of t(z) wrt z?",
"\n-19248*z\nFind the second derivative of -53*u**2 - 253 + 23*u**5 - 228*u + 250 + 53*u**2 + 14*u**5 + 5*u**3 wrt u.\n740*u**3 + 30*u\nLet n(f) be the first derivative of 476*f**5/5 - 42*f**2 + 1403. ",
"What is the second derivative of n(b) wrt b?",
"\n5712*b**2\nDifferentiate -1054*c + 82*c - 1272 + 2341*c with respect to c.\n1369\nLet v(g) be the third derivative of -19*g**8/84 + g**7/35 - 58*g**5/5 - g**2 + 366. ",
"Find the third derivative of v(p) wrt p.\n-4560*p**2 + 144*p\nLet a be (111/(-15) + 7)/((-2)/15). ",
"Find the third derivative of a*w**4 - 3*w**4 + 81*w + 136*w**2 - 280*w**6 - 11*w**2 - 83*w wrt w.\n-33600*w**3\nFind the second derivative of -2379*v**4 + 887*v**2 + 921*v - 887*v**2 + 2*v**3 + 6*v**5 + 2341*v**4 + 4369*v wrt v.\n120*v**3 - 456*v**2 + 12*v\nLet u(w) = -1926*w**3 + 3*w**2 - 1584. ",
"Let v(r) = -1925*r**3 + 4*r**2 - 1583. ",
"Let q(c) = -4*u(c) + 3*v(c). ",
"What is the first derivative of q(f) wrt f?",
"\n5787*f**2\nLet a(o) be the second derivative of -7*o + 0*o**7 + 13/4*o**4 + 0*o**2 + 0*o**6 + 0*o**5 + 73/28*o**8 + 0*o**3 - 20. ",
"Find the third derivative of a(c) wrt c.\n17520*c**3\nLet j(k) be the second derivative of 1/10*k**5 + 42*k - 1/6*k**3 + 0 + 0*k**6 + 0*k**4 - 8/21*k**7 + 20*k**2. ",
"What is the second derivative of j(m) wrt m?",
"\n-320*m**3 + 12*m\nSuppose -37*u - 31 + 142 = 0. ",
"What is the third derivative of 37*z**2 - 105*z**2 - 9*z**u + 31*z**2 wrt z?",
"\n-54\nLet c(o) be the third derivative of o**9/252 + 17*o**7/10 + o**5/15 - 63*o**4/4 + o**3/2 + 13183*o**2. ",
"Find the third derivative of c(u) wrt u.\n240*u**3 + 8568*u\nLet i(v) be the third derivative of -67*v**6/5 + 7478*v**3/3 - 3*v**2 + 22*v - 3. ",
"What is the first derivative of i(y) wrt y?",
"\n-4824*y**2\nLet j(u) be the first derivative of -21*u**5/5 + 25*u**3/3 + 1897*u**2/2 + 1149. ",
"Find the second derivative of j(p) wrt p.\n-252*p**2 + 50\nLet t(c) = -56*c**2 - 25*c + 2092. ",
"Let r(f) = f**2 + 5*f - 1. ",
"Let w(a) = 5*r(a) + t(a). ",
"Differentiate w(j) with respect to j.\n-102*j\nLet q(n) be the first derivative of 429*n**4/4 + 4*n**2 + 18*n - 1469. ",
"Find the second derivative of q(c) wrt c.\n2574*c\nWhat is the first derivative of 1092 + 4840 + 7805 - 443*i - 913 - 962*i wrt i?",
"\n-1405\nLet r(q) = -3304*q**3 - 3854*q**2 + 12*q - 6. ",
"Let n(f) = -4*f**2 - 2*f + 1. ",
"Let s(l) = 6*n(l) + r(l). ",
"What is the third derivative of s(c) wrt c?",
"\n-19824\nLet k(n) be the second derivative of 2053*n**5/20 - 3*n**4 - 7*n**3/3 + 1494*n. ",
"Find the third derivative of k(g) wrt g.\n12318\nLet j(w) = w - 38 + 10*w + 111 - 2*w. ",
"Let q(h) = 6*h + 49. ",
"Let i(d) = -5*j(d) + 8*q(d). ",
"What is the derivative of i(k) wrt k?",
"\n3\nLet n(p) be the first derivative of 57*p - 54 - 49/2*p**2. ",
"Find the first derivative of n(y) wrt y.\n-49\nLet f(q) be the second derivative of -7*q**4/12 + 28*q**3/3 - 175*q**2 + 6*q - 79. ",
"What is the derivative of f(a) wrt a?",
"\n-14*a + 56\nFind the third derivative of -342*r**4 + 331*r**2 - 5*r - 4*r**6 + 5*r + 510*r**4 - 498*r**4 wrt r.\n-480*r**3 - 7920*r\nLet j(q) = 69*q**4 - 9*q**3 + 18*q - 10674. ",
"Let n(x) = -206*x**4 + 24*x**3 - 58*x + 32022. ",
"Let b(l) = -8*j(l) - 3*n(l). ",
"What is the derivative of b(p) wrt p?",
"\n264*p**3 + 30\nLet l(o) be the third derivative of -o**8/56 + o**7/42 + o**5/20 + 111*o**3 - 259*o**2. ",
"What is the third derivative of l(g) wrt g?",
"\n-360*g**2 + 120*g\nLet h(g) = 21*g**2 + 26*g. ",
"Let z be 3/(-24) - (-132)/32. ",
"Let p(m) = 22*m**2 + 26*m. ",
"Let w(u) = z*p(u) - 5*h(u). ",
"Find the second derivative of w(f) wrt f.\n-34\nSuppose 0 = -j - 2*a, -3*j - 14 = -5*j + 3*a. ",
"What is the third derivative of -111*z**j + 34*z**2 - 93*z**4 + 190*z**4 wrt z?",
"\n-336*z\nWhat is the third derivative of 4*g + 45*g**2 - 1124*g**3 - 540 + 1623 - 544 - 539 wrt g?",
"\n-6744\nLet d(s) = s**2 + 4*s + 116. ",
"Let v be d(0). ",
"Suppose 52 - 284 = -2*n. ",
"What is the third derivative of v*o**3 - 5*o**2 - n*o**3 - 27*o**4 wrt o?",
"\n-648*o\nLet l = 33 + -13. ",
"Suppose -l = -4*m - 12. ",
"Find the third derivative of 8*a**6 + a**m + 9*a**6 - 13*a**2 - 2*a**6 wrt a.\n1800*a**3\nSuppose 0 = 5*j - 3*j - 10. ",
"Suppose -m = -c, -2*m - 5*c = -j*m - 4. ",
"Find the second derivative of 21*x**2 + x + 11*x**2 - 5*x - 9*x**m wrt x.\n46\nFind the first derivative of 6459 + 497*n**4 + 1136 + 5251 + 7517*n**4 - 2667 wrt n.\n32056*n**3\nFind the third derivative of -876*b**5 + 3175*b**2 + 50*b + b**3 + 59*b - 109*b - 580*b**5 wrt b.\n-87360*b**2 + 6\nLet a(p) = 12 + 8*p - 5 + 27*p - 5. ",
"Let j(c) = -c. ",
"Let z(l) = a(l) - 6*j(l). ",
"What is the first derivative of z(h) wrt h?",
"\n41\nLet n(r) be the first derivative of -3484*r**5/5 + 4237*r**2/2 - 5394. ",
"Find the second derivative of n(z) wrt z.\n-41808*z**2\nLet o be 5/(20/24) + -2. ",
"Suppose -n - o = -6. ",
"What is the third derivative of 34*l**n + 6*l**4 + 13*l**4 - 31*l**4 wrt l?",
"\n-288*l\nWhat is the third derivative of -53*t + 84*t - 1732*t**4 - 93*t**2 - 31*t - 9*t**2 - 5 wrt t?",
"\n-41568*t\nLet m(c) = c - 43. ",
"Let h be m(7). ",
"Let l(z) = z**2 + z - 1. ",
"Let a(u) = 23*u**2 + 9*u + 5. ",
"Let d(p) = h*l(p) + 4*a(p). ",
"Differentiate d(t) with respect to t.\n112*t\nLet j = -37 - -48. ",
"Suppose -m + j = 2*m - 2*g, 0 = 2*m - 3*g - 9. ",
"Find the second derivative of 0*d - m*d - 6*d + 14*d**4 - 12*d wrt d.\n168*d**2\nLet l be (-28)/70 - 24/(-10). ",
"Suppose 2*i - 26 = l*k - 6*k, i - 5 = 0. ",
"What is the third derivative of 43*f**k + 2*f**3 + 25*f**2 - 17*f**4 - 2*f**3 wrt f?",
"\n624*f\nLet y(z) be the third derivative of 43*z**6/30 + 65*z**4/2 + 4335*z**2. ",
"Find the second derivative of y(v) wrt v.\n1032*v\nLet f(y) = -136*y + 161. ",
"Let v(h) = 67*h - 80. ",
"Let j be (98/21 - 6) + 26/6. ",
"Let g(l) = j*f(l) + 7*v(l). ",
"What is the first derivative of g(t) wrt t?",
"\n61\nLet d be -1 + 2 - (22 - 168/7). ",
"Let l(o) be the first derivative of 0*o**2 + 0*o**4 - 13/3*o**d + 0*o - 30 + 29/5*o**5. ",
"Find the third derivative of l(t) wrt t.\n696*t\nLet h(q) = 417*q + 7091. ",
"Let j(a) = 828*a + 14180. ",
"Let o(x) = -15*h(x) + 7*j(x). ",
"Differentiate o(z) with respect to z.\n-459\nLet r(g) be the third derivative of -77*g**2 + 17/2*g**4 + 0*g**6 + 0*g**3 + 0*g**5 + 0 + 299/210*g**7 + 0*g. ",
"What is the second derivative of r(m) wrt m?",
"\n3588*m**2\nSuppose 0 = -4919*g + 4865*g. ",
"Let b(n) be the first derivative of 0*n**3 - 10*n + g*n**2 + 0*n**4 + 7 - 3/5*n**5. ",
"What is the first derivative of b(d) wrt d?",
"\n-12*d**3\nLet r(o) be the first derivative of 3/2*o**2 + 24 - 37*o**3 + 9*o. ",
"Find the second derivative of r(u) wrt u.\n-222\nFind the third derivative of -53*r**6 - 478*r**3 + 466*r**3 - 53*r**6 - 8*r**2 - 5*r**6 - 123 wrt r.\n-13320*r**3 - 72\nLet a(d) = -22*d + 22. ",
"Let f be a(-8). ",
"Suppose -6*y - 5*y = -f. ",
"What is the second derivative of 0*g**2 - 85*g**3 + 0*g**2 - y*g + 105*g**3 wrt g?",
"\n120*g\nLet h = -82 - -113. ",
"Let b = h - 24. ",
"Find the first derivative of b*f**4 - 5*f**3 + 5*f**3 + 23*f**4 + 13 wrt f.\n120*f**3\nLet f(d) be the second derivative of 4096*d**6/15 - d**5/10 + 127*d**4/12 + d**3/6 - 2*d**2 - 2*d - 468. ",
"Find the third derivative of f(y) wrt y.\n196608*y - 12\nLet u(b) = b**2 - b - 1. ",
"Let v be 39/(-26)*4/3. ",
"Let p(n) = 63*n**2 + 54*n - 2. ",
"Let s(y) = v*u(y) + p(y). ",
"What is the second derivative of s(w) wrt w?",
"\n122\nLet f(i) = 4*i + 85. ",
"Let r be f(-19). ",
"What is the third derivative of 2*a**2 + 7*a**3 - 7 - 62*a**3 - 15 - r wrt a?",
"\n-330\nLet u = 16 + -4. ",
"Suppose -9 = s - u. Find the first derivative of -17*l - s + 10 + 17*l + 8*l**3 wrt l.\n24*l**2\nLet c(w) = 1144*w**3 - 5*w**2 - 4*w - 675. ",
"Let x(g) = -1141*g**3 + 4*g**2 + 3*g + 681. ",
"Let v(l) = -4*c(l) - 5*x(l). ",
"What is the derivative of v(s) wrt s?",
"\n3387*s**2 + 1\nLet m = 101 - 95. ",
"Find the third derivative of m*x**6 + 107*x**5 - 58*x**5 + 21*x**2 - 50*x*"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
} | [
0.6984875798225403,
0.080965057015419,
0.00675575714558363,
0.04382820799946785,
0.013198945671319962,
0.009181136265397072,
0.0023268137592822313,
0.006602366920560598,
0.0011154247913509607,
0.010814530774950981,
0.8693555593490601,
0.6579529643058777,
0.26230382919311523,
0.05716761201620102,
0.014261092059314251,
0.6732800006866455,
0.004065107554197311,
0.009662050753831863,
0.002525762189179659,
0.04381601884961128,
0.006860849913209677,
0.07012961804866791,
0.008910570293664932,
0.9285265803337097,
0.9360692501068115,
0.010218609124422073,
0.0013405962381511927,
0.030117321759462357,
0.14728663861751556,
0.1595243215560913,
0.005698653403669596,
0.19443181157112122,
0.011637638323009014,
0.6648399829864502,
0.11664421856403351,
0.001223260536789894,
0.006773217581212521,
0.002095675328746438,
0.6485472321510315,
0.09120547771453857,
0.0032070090528577566,
0.1592351496219635,
0.004063204396516085,
0.0025154061149805784,
0.00710885738953948,
0.003997357562184334,
0.003596174530684948,
0.008855687454342842,
0.009551595896482468,
0.028921345248818398,
0.0035110709723085165,
0.10694747418165207,
0.0018881037831306458,
0.14650388062000275,
0.00662131467834115,
0.10761319845914841,
0.0013822680339217186,
0.04173269122838974,
0.6168785095214844,
0.024751057848334312,
0.006742465775460005,
0.009531145915389061,
0.006962025072425604,
0.0025672230403870344,
0.010059745982289314,
0.265709787607193,
0.010593178682029247,
0.0012920518638566136,
0.017942937090992928,
0.006043361499905586,
0.024031903594732285,
0.001942009897902608,
0.011079858988523483,
0.018580876290798187,
0.0033011322375386953,
0.012796590104699135,
0.009159858338534832,
0.04845309257507324,
0.05212892219424248,
0.012033365666866302,
0.002424536971375346,
0.00543256988748908,
0.11743254959583282,
0.03229638561606407,
0.0007740400033071637,
0.022038517519831657,
0.02788478136062622,
0.8430907726287842,
0.9832353591918945,
0.21212081611156464,
0.006144495215266943,
0.005568834487348795,
0.0011165618197992444,
0.22796961665153503,
0.08482486754655838,
0.0010228811297565699,
0.056342385709285736,
0.011154454201459885,
0.0016345583135262132,
0.014693884178996086,
0.008835391141474247,
0.010835060849785805,
0.01434002909809351,
0.04639061912894249,
0.001236898940987885,
0.13965755701065063,
0.03915617614984512,
0.004593874793499708,
0.10085491091012955,
0.11505644768476486,
0.00764901889488101,
0.001986980903893709,
0.8109703660011292,
0.06505292654037476,
0.0012425658060237765,
0.05220036581158638,
0.3826839327812195,
0.004029500763863325,
0.11224911361932755,
0.0015393778448924422,
0.006027948576956987,
0.0016077796462923288,
0.031314920634031296,
0.03065079264342785,
0.009436815977096558,
0.02102234773337841,
0.006773821078240871,
0.003994269296526909
] | 0.109517 | 128 |
[
"Broadening the spectrum of controls for skin biopsy in painful neuropathies.",
"\nEpidermal nerve fiber density (ENFD) is useful in the evaluation of small-fiber neuropathies (SFSNs). ",
"A recent evidence-based review highlighted the need to broaden the spectrum of ENFD controls to include lower limb pain states other than polyneuropathy. ",
"We studied epidermal innervation in multiple sclerosis (MS) and distal lower limb burning pain (DLLBP). ",
"Distal-leg ENFD/morphology in MS DLLBP patients did not differ significantly from that of healthy controls. ",
"This study extends the range of ENFD controls and further supports use of ENFD assessment in SFSN."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.004005285445600748,
0.0021866632159799337,
0.00072539719985798,
0.0019861715845763683,
0.0006032512756064534,
0.0005551528302021325
] | 0.001677 | 6 |
[
"The fake news site about fake news known as PropOrNot1 has been roundly derided, most recently by the New Yorker and the media watchdog FAIR, as an inept propaganda effort that has gotten far more attention that it ever deserved.",
"\n\nIt’s worth noting that PropOrNot’s efforts, as Ben Norton and Glenn Greenwald at the Intercept, and Matt Taibbi at Rolling Stone pointed out, were so obviously childish and overreaching that no reputable reporter should ever have regarded them as credible.",
"\n\nHowever, PropOrNot didn’t just make wild assertions that they can’t back up. ",
"They’ve routinely said things that are simply false.",
"\n\nA fresh incident involves the curious removal of five websites, including CounterPunch, from PropOrNot’s McCarthyite blacklist of 200 websites.",
"\n\nPropOrNot tries to make it sound as if they persuaded these sites to see the error of their ways. ",
"From the bottom of the updated list:\n\nPropOrNot has been eager to get sites to contact them to engage in “constructive conversation,” as they suggested in Reddit that it would be just peachy if TruthDig “were to reach out to us, though, we would probably have a constructive conversation with them that would result in their removal!”",
"\n\nIn other words, PropOrNot, contrary to its claims of merely providing analysis, is seeking to act as a censor. ",
"In corporate-speak, “constructive conversation” is the sort of thing one has with an employee who is being put on warning for possible termination.",
"\n\nCounterpunch disputed PropOrNot’s characterization of their, um, exchange. ",
"From editor Jeffrey St. Clair’s diary:\n\nProporNot has since removed CounterPunch from their blacklist following our demand that they do so and issue a retraction. ",
"Their site now claims, falsely again, that we engaged in “constructive conversation” with them, which is a curious way to describe a threat to sue them, a threat which we fully intend to follow through on, hopefully in concert with other media outlets they’ve defamed.",
"\n\nCounterpunch, per Josh Frank’s article, did have a few additional words with PropOrNot, the result of having to deal with a situation that ought to be seen as absurd but nevertheless requires handling. ",
"Frank reproduces this howler from “The PropOrNot Team”:\n\nIf Truthout, Truthdig, Antiwar, BlackAgendaReport, etc, were to reach out to us like you did, things might well end up playing out very similarly to how this one has! ",
"We’ve asked people to do that on our site. ",
"Several have. ",
"Others have not.",
"\n\nThis is a pretty bizarre effort to depict how PropOrNot capitulated as if it were PropOrNot getting an outcome it sought. ",
"As St. Clair said by e-mail:\n\nJosh’s letter simply demanded removal from the list and a retraction. ",
"There was nothing at all “constructive” about the dialogue, except how quickly they wilted.",
"\n\nBut as Frank’s post describes, PropOrNot went to peculiar lengths to recharacterize what happened, with the effect of digging their hole deeper. ",
"Again from PropOrNot:\n\nIf someone contacts us and the resulting conversation makes clear that they understand, for example, how Putin’s Russia is a revisionist authoritarian wannabe-imperialist kleptocracy that uses ‘fake news’ as online propaganda, then we have a lot of common ground. ",
"That factors into our understanding of the merits, but more importantly, becomes a basis for constructive movement forward.",
"\n\nAs Frank comments:\n\nHuh? ",
"That isn’t very sound methodology if you ask me, more like a shallow smear campaign manufactured by amateurs. ",
"PropOrNot will consider taking these sites off their blacklist, not based on the sites’ content but on whether or not they contacted PropOrNot directly and if “they understand” Putin is a bad hombre?",
"\n\nAnother example of PropOrNot just making stuff up, and not well, is this diagram which supposedly shows the output of some of its analytical work:\n\nEven though I have had only limited exposure to network analyses, even I could tell the chart was bogus. ",
"The fact that it shows two focus points for a large number of sites for 200 sites (or even a smaller number) with a huge number of articles among them is utterly implausible.",
"\n\nGeorge Washington’s Blog got corroboration from an expert, former NSA official Thomas Drake:\n\nThe diagram is far too artificially symmetrical and overly simplistic. ",
"It’s unidimensional manufactured evidence to create a certain narrative by positing faux scientific methodology that makes it appear legit, yet is really fake.",
"\n\nWe also have the curious way that PropOrNot tries to take credit for the work of people who want to have nothing to do with them. ",
"From Ben Norton and Glenn Greenwald:\n\nPropOrNot listed numerous organizations on its website as “allied” with it, yet many of these claimed “allies” told The Intercept, and complained on social media, they have nothing to do with the group and had never even heard of it before the Post published its story.",
"\n\nAt some point last night, after multiple groups listed as “allies” objected, the group quietly changed the title of its “allied” list to “Related Projects.” ",
"When The Intercept asked PropOrNot about this clear inconsistency via email, the group responded concisely: “We have no institutional affiliations with any organization.”",
"\n\nYves here. ",
"So when confronted with the fact that PropOrNot’s supposed best buddies had never heard of them, what do they do? ",
"They double down by changing the label for these players from the ambiguous “Allies” to “Related Projects.” ",
"Any reader would see “Related Projects” as describing a deep, ongoing connection, specifically, that these were undertakings where PropOrNot was either the lead actor or exerting significant control.",
"\n\nIn a New Yorker article that ran after The Intercept piece, Higgins was again critical of PropOrNot, which is at odds with how PropOrNot depicts their relationship:\n\n“To be honest, it looks like a pretty amateur attempt,” Eliot Higgins, a well-respected researcher who has investigated Russian fake-news stories on his Web site, Bellingcat, for years, told me. “",
"I think it should have never been an article on any news site of any note.”… ",
"The list is so broad that it can reveal absolutely nothing about the structure or pervasiveness of Russian propaganda. “",
"It’s so incredibly scattershot,” Higgins told me. “",
"If you’ve ever posted a pro-Russian post on your site, ever, you’re Russian propaganda.”",
"\n\nSo why haven’t Higgins and the other well-regarded actors on the PropOrNot “Related Parties” list asked to be removed? ",
"The Twitterstorm over who was depicted as in cahoots with them says many if not all are aware of PropOrNot hijacking their brands. ",
"For instance, both Mark Ames and I tweeted to Snopes, and I also e-mailed asking for a clarification of their relationship and never got an answer. ",
"It’s difficult to fathom why these individuals and organizations are tolerating having their good names being used by shysters to legitimate their effort, particularly after they’ve gotten so much negative press. ",
"Perhaps they need to take a lesson from Counterpunch and have a “constructive conversation” with PropOrNot.",
"\n\n____\n\n1 We dispense with the normal Internet convention of linking to this website, since we do not want to elevate its standing in Google. ",
"We encourage you to view our far more accurate, entertaining and informative spoof site, PropOrNot.org, instead."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.00450684130191803,
0.0015208545373752713,
0.001243536826223135,
0.0007307257619686425,
0.002050556242465973,
0.0007509548449888825,
0.0006974383140914142,
0.0030024813022464514,
0.0009029816137626767,
0.0007362099713645875,
0.0007889391854405403,
0.0013131790328770876,
0.0007157359505072236,
0.0029623303562402725,
0.0005698123131878674,
0.0006891253869980574,
0.000718285737093538,
0.0006931210518814623,
0.0007069288403727114,
0.0017495787469670177,
0.0007664290023967624,
0.0011631448287516832,
0.0005324924131855369,
0.0012702175881713629,
0.0006703725084662437,
0.008635294623672962,
0.0008418160723522305,
0.0005735890590585768,
0.0006455969996750355,
0.002060190076008439,
0.0006381143466569483,
0.0006010265205986798,
0.0005854434566572309,
0.0006728996522724628,
0.0007243661093525589,
0.0007164750713855028,
0.0008299644105136395,
0.0005804136162623763,
0.0006957878940738738,
0.000706105085555464,
0.000791144382674247,
0.0014463408151641488,
0.06021665781736374,
0.0007362745236605406,
0.0007661156705580652,
0.0007935933535918593,
0.026241108775138855,
0.0010221705306321383,
0.0006756657385267317,
0.0007612390909343958
] | 0.002888 | 50 |
[
"Sean Johnson (bowls)\n\nSean Johnson (born 1972) is a New Zealand international lawn bowler.",
"\n\nBowls career\nJohnson played 99 times for his country and represented New Zealand in the 2002 Commonwealth Games in the lawn bowls competition. ",
"\n\nIn 2004 he was part of the triples team with Rowan Brassey and Gary Lawson that won a silver medal at the 2004 World Outdoor Bowls Championship. ",
"He just missed out on a second medal in the fours after losing to England 18–17 in the bronze medal play off.",
"\n\nHe won the 2000 pairs title at the New Zealand National Bowls Championships when bowling for the Aramoho Bowls Club.",
"\n\nAwards\nIn 2013 he was inducted into the Wanganui Sports Hall of Fame in 2013.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1972 births\nCategory:New Zealand male bowls players"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.0011439708760008216,
0.0006902993191033602,
0.0007143921102397144,
0.0010180649114772677,
0.0008976356475614011,
0.0006414506351575255,
0.0006187508115544915
] | 0.000818 | 7 |
[
"The present invention relates to a self-service business system and more particularly relates to such a system having the capability of predicting the type of transaction which a particular customer is likely to initiate and of pre-conditioning the .apparatus on the basis of such prediction to expedite its operation in carrying out the transaction.",
"\nAs the complexity and range of services made available by self-service systems such as automated teller machines (ATMs) increase, there is a desirability that the means by which a user interacts with these systems should be improved. ",
"Where the services provided by a self-service device are both large in number and varied in nature, it has been necessary to break these up into functional groups. ",
"It is known to provide a series of menu interfaces which allow a user to navigate through these groups, allowing the user to access the actual service which the user requires. ",
"Generally, the user must evaluate each of the options presented on a menu and select one of them, either to proceed to a lower level menu or to request a required service. ",
"The number of decisions and selections that a user must make increases as the range of facilities provided increases. ",
"This increasing workload for the user is known as cognitive load, and is likely to have an increasing impact in the future as regards the willingness of a user to use the full range of facilities offered by a self-service system."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0.0005836747586727142,
0.0005915526999160647,
0.0005224588676355779,
0.000543632369954139,
0.0005375429755076766,
0.0005540252896025777,
0.0005855474737472832
] | 0.00056 | 7 |
[
"Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nThe importance of climate services in society has long been recognised (Hecht [@CR25]), yet the concept has more recently gained momentum in research, industry and institutional initiatives (WMO [@CR58]; Vaughan and Dessai [@CR52]; European Commission [@CR20]). ",
"Climate services embody the production, translation and transfer of climate research into usable information for climate-related decision-making (Vaughan et al. [",
"@CR53]). ",
"Although dominated by national meteorological services, climate services exist across the public-private spectrum and support a range of climate-sensitive sectors (Brasseur and Gallardo [@CR8]; Lourenço et al. [",
"@CR32]).",
"\n\nHowever, researchers have continued to observe a 'usability gap' (Lemos et al. [",
"@CR31]). ",
"This has been attributed to the tendency towards science-driven (as opposed to demand-driven) climate services (Lourenço et al. [",
"@CR32]), resulting in calls for actionable information and tailored services (Dilling and Lemos [@CR19]; Kirchhoff et al. [",
"@CR30]). ",
"Barriers to the uptake of climate services are wide-ranging, relating to communication, accessibility, relevance, usability and capacity (Bruno Soares and Dessai [@CR12]). ",
"To overcome these, many have called for improved knowledge exchange and collaboration between knowledge producers, providers and users, otherwise referred to as coproduction (Meadow et al. [",
"@CR35]; Briley et al. [",
"@CR10]; Bremer and Meisch [@CR9]). ",
"To a lesser extent, some researchers have also involved users in the design of service platforms and examined their interaction with the (virtual) service environment in an effort to enhance the usability of climate services (Hewitson et al. [",
"@CR26]; Christel et al. [",
"@CR16]).",
"\n\nAlthough climate services represent an emerging field, the study of services more broadly is not new and maintains a long legacy in public administration, service management and marketing disciplines in particular. ",
"However, although the language of business and corporate services has permeated climate services (Webber and Donner [@CR56]), few authors have sought to examine the parallels and potential transference of knowledge across different service contexts. ",
"Of these few, Troccoli ([@CR48]) argues that climate services are not unique from other services, although arguably suffer from higher levels of risk (for instance, in terms of the reliability and accuracy of climate information). ",
"Ultimately, a service aims to satisfy its users, 'by extracting the highest value from, in our case, weather and climate information, for the specific application at hand' (Troccoli [@CR48], p. 14). ",
"Every service comprises providers, beneficiaries, goods/products and service delivery mechanisms and, whether delivered through the public policy process to provide public goods, or initiated through private investment or market regulation, the core definition remains the same (Troccoli, ibid). ",
"Although the beneficiaries of services are referred to under various guises as clients, users, customers or citizens, these terms can arguably be thought of as synonymous in the sense that all services must ultimately address the requirements of these groups. ",
"This makes the transference of lessons from other service-based research to climate services possible.",
"\n\nThis perspective article broadens the conversation around climate services by examining the broader services literature. ",
"Given the considerable breadth of service-based research, we focus on the themes of (i) *coproduction*, which has steadily established itself in climate services research (Lemos et al. [",
"@CR31]; Vaughan et al. [",
"@CR53]), and (ii) the notion of *servicescapes*. ",
"The latter theme derived from our early reading of service management and service marketing literature, and addresses the influence of interactions between service users, providers and service environments upon users' intentions, value creation and perceived service quality (Reimer and Kuehn [@CR45]; Mari and Poggesi [@CR34]). ",
"This research area is noticeably lacking from current climate services, but is arguably implicit in research focused on the design of user-interfaces (e.g. Christel et al. [",
"@CR16]) and users' experiences of climate information websites (Hewitson et al. [",
"@CR26]), suggesting that servicescapes are of interest to climate services scholarship. ",
"These themes were selected as starting points only in an effort to demonstrate the potential for cross-disciplinary learning.",
"\n\nMethodology {#Sec2}\n===========\n\nAn extensive repository of public-private services research exists within public administration/management, service management and service marketing. ",
"An initial search in Scopus for 'service\\*', 'public' OR 'private' (limited to title, abstract, author-identified key words, articles, reviews and articles in press in journals published in English, and excluding certain subject areas[1](#Fn1){ref-type=\"fn\"}) reveals an initial sample of 174,543 articles. ",
"Using this as a base sample, the search was refined to focus on *coproduction* and *servicescapes*, as useful starting points for cross-disciplinary learning.",
"\n\nAdopting a semi-deductive approach, this research performed a high-level review utilising key search terms (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"The research introduces climate services researchers to disciplinary insights that might otherwise have remained elusive; therefore, we purposively selected articles that presented compelling concepts and interesting possibilities for climate services research. ",
"Whilst this is defensible in the context of the research's aim, we acknowledge its subjectivity and recognise that others may have identified different articles and concepts. ",
"Therefore, this article should be regarded as a first step into these adjacent disciplines, from which future research and collaborations should be sought.",
"Table 1Key search terms and number of articles identified in Scopus (derived from initial base search for public or private services, as outlined above)Coproduction search terms \\['co-prod\\*' OR 'coprod\\*'\\]'servicescape\\*'Total number of articles2283722Documents by country or territory (top 5)UK, USA, Australia, Netherlands and GermanyUSA, UK, Australia, South Korea and TaiwanDocuments by source (top 5)*Public Management Review; Service Industries Journal*; *Ecosystem Services*; *Voluntas*; *Journal of Service ManagementJournal of Services Marketing*; *International Journal of Hospitality Management*; *Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services*; *Journal of Service Research*; *International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management*.Documents per year (general trend)Increasing from 17 articles in 2002 to 362 articles in 2017Increasing from 8 articles in 2002 to 95 articles in 2017\n\nTo assist purposive sampling, we performed a process of 'abstract sifting' to help sensitise ourselves to the language and subject matters of disparate disciplines, and the presence of compelling concepts. ",
"This is essentially a speed-reading process, using the title, abstract and author-identified key words, to sort and filter vast bodies of literature for purposive sampling. ",
"Snowball sampling was further employed to identify additional literature cited within the initial sample.",
"\n\nThe remainder of this article focuses on the literature that we believe captures concepts and findings of interest to the climate services community. ",
"Some of these may also be applicable to weather services given its similarity to climate services (Troccoli [@CR48]); however, as climate services are less well established, this constitutes our focus. ",
"It is necessary to remain critical of the extent to which lessons can be transferred across public-private divides, given their different remits (e.g. profit vs addressing social needs; Osbourne et al. [",
"@CR39]), but, as climate services span this spectrum, we include both. ",
"Finally, readers should be cognisant of the types of services and contextual settings represented in the sample, noting the bias towards developed nations (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"It is not the intention to generalise the observations made in this article to climate services worldwide or to all types of climate services; instead, this article identifies relevant research avenues for climate services scholars to pursue through contextually situated research.",
"\n\nInsights into the coproduction of services {#Sec3}\n==========================================\n\nCoproduction has been debated since the 1970s in relation to the role of citizens in service delivery, with the concept evolving through the disparate disciplines of public administration and public management (Ostrom and Ostrom [@CR41]; Brudney and England [@CR11]; Ostrom [@CR40]; Alford [@CR2]), and service management and service marketing (Vargo et al. [",
"@CR51]). ",
"There is a strong consensus that coproduction pertains to the voluntary and active interactions that take place between state/citizens or service providers/users, and the reciprocal use of each other's assets, resources and contributions to achieve better outcomes in professionalised services (Verschuere et al. [",
"@CR54]; Bovaird et al. [",
"@CR5]). ",
"Looking at this repository of services literature, we identified several areas of interest for climate services scholarship, relating to goods and service-dominant logic, coproduction typologies, and users' motivation to coproduce.",
"\n\nGoods or service-dominant logic? {#",
"Sec4}\n--------------------------------\n\nThe relationship between services and coproduction varies between disciplines. ",
"Within public administration and new public management, coproduction has been typically framed as a voluntary component to delivering public services, whereby users are added into the process and invited to give their opinion on service improvement (Osborne and Strokosch [@CR38]). ",
"This perspective on coproduction emerged from the 'goods dominant logic' of manufacturing management and research concerning the production and transaction of discrete goods. ",
"In public administration, this has arguably resulted in the treatment of \"public services as 'goods' to be designed, planned and produced primarily by service professionals - but where service users can be invited into the process\", at the behest and control of professionals (Osborne and Strokosch [@CR38]: 34). ",
"Consequently, coproduction has been typically treated as an optional component of service design and planning, external to service delivery. ",
"However, certain scholars have challenged the suitability of this premise for public services, which often involve more intangible service processes (Osbourne et al. [",
"@CR39]; Alford [@CR2]).",
"\n\nIn contrast, service management and marketing literature adopt a service-dominant logic, thereby shifting the emphasis to service delivery and casting coproduction as both integral and intrinsic component (Grönroos [@CR24]). ",
"The production and consumption of many services are seen to take place simultaneously, such as restaurant dining or consultation with a solicitor for example (Osborne and Strokosch [@CR38]). ",
"Therefore, the value is not simply determined by the quality of the product or good provided, but rather through provider-user interactions, the user's expectations and their subjective experience, as well as the consumption experience whereby value is created in-use (Lusch and Vargo [@CR33]; Ramaswamy [@CR43]). ",
"From this standpoint, customers are regarded as co-creators of both the service experience and of value (Prahalad and Ramaswamy [@CR42]). ",
"To enhance the value of the service therefore requires understanding of users' expectations and requirements, careful management of service experiences and innovating the service environment (Nilsson and Ballantyne [@CR37]). ",
"Although much of this research has been rooted in private sector services, others have argued for a 'public service-dominant approach' (Osbourne et al. [",
"@CR39]). ",
"Recognising that public services often involve both goods and service components, tensions between the two logics can arguably be overcome by either adopting a more holistic view on coproduction or dividing activities into service and goods components (Alford [@CR2]).",
"\n\nThis begs the question, how is coproduction positioned in climate services research and practice? ",
"The literature suggests that practice has tended towards a public administration perspective in the past, whereby coproduction has arguably been treated as an 'add on' component, if acknowledged at all, and controlled by service providers; indeed, only recently have science-driven climate services shifted towards user, demand-driven services (Lourenço et al. [",
"@CR32]). ",
"However, there continues to be traits of 'goods-dominant logic', whereby coproduction activities are arguably focused on the design of climate information products (e.g. Lemos et al. [",
"@CR31]) as opposed to service delivery and service experiences. ",
"This appears to be slowly changing as researchers examine relationships between providers, boundary organisations and service users (e.g. Briley et al. [",
"@CR10]), yet users are rarely referred to as co-creators of value, with few studies into service experiences (Hewitson et al. [",
"@CR26]). ",
"If climate services are founded on goods-dominant logic, there is a risk that users are treated as passive consumers involved in the discrete transaction of climate products, thus ignoring the processual nature of services and users' role as co-producers (Osbourne et al. [",
"@CR39]). ",
"Therefore, we argue that climate services could benefit from embracing a more service-dominant culture that recognises the importance of users' subjective experiences and empowers users as co-producers of value.",
"\n\nDistinguishing different types of coproduction {#Sec5}\n----------------------------------------------\n\nAnother interesting feature of the literature is the range of coproduction typologies that exist. ",
"Some examples are outlined in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}, alongside initial thoughts on how these might be evidenced in climate services. ",
"Whilst some of these examples focus on the role of citizens, Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"} considers how these typologies might be adapted and applied to climate services to understand the relationship between service users and providers. ",
"To date, research into the coproduction of climate services has yet to examine how current practices 'bolt onto' such existing typologies or whether further nuances are required for the climate service context. ",
"This may prove challenging given the lack of explicit reporting on user engagement observed in climate services in practice. ",
"Indeed, in a study of 101 self-reported descriptions of climate services activities in 2012, Vaughan et al. ([",
"@CR53]) note that more than half of providers did not mention specific users or user engagement in the development of the service. ",
"Nonetheless, interesting questions are raised about the forms of coproduction occurring in climate services and potential variations between different types or scales of operational services. ",
"The ability to differentiate between different coproduction types could help design coproduction initiatives linked to specific outcomes (Brandsen and Honingh [@CR7]).Table 2Examples of coproduction typologies and implications for climate servicesAuthorTypologyRelating existing typologies of coproduction to climate servicesBrandsen and Honingh ([@CR7])Identify 4 types of coproduction which are encouraged in public policy. ",
"These depend on (and combination thereof) (i) the extent to which citizens are involved in the design and/or implementation of professionally produced services and (ii) the proximity of the tasks that citizens perform to the core services of the organisation.*Complementary coproduction in service design and implementation*---pertains to citizens' involvement in tasks that complement the core service (e.g. involvement of citizen volunteers in extracurricular activities).*Complementary coproduction in implementation*---citizens are actively involved in implementation but not the design of a complementary task (e.g. students assisting university open days).*Coproduction in the design and implementation of core services---*citizens are directly involved in the design and implementation of the core services provide to them (e.g. participative building projects).*Coproduction in the implementation of core services*---citizens are actively involved in the implementation but not the design of core services. ",
"This could be a deliberative decision, or, coproduction could be inherent to the successful implementation of core services (e.g. students are required to follow a defined curricular but their input is essential for effective learning).Core tasks in climate services may include (i) the development, maintenance and management of the service platform (e.g. web-based interface) through which climate information products are obtained; (ii) strategic decisions pertaining to the design, scope and types of information products provided; (iii) the operational delivery of these; and (iv) the ongoing evaluation and user-consultation processes required to ensure the service is fit-for-purpose. ",
"The involvement of service users within the design and/or implementation of these tasks would qualify as coproduction in the core service. ",
"For instance, *coproduction in the design* of climate services may be evident in cases where users have been actively involved in strategic decisions about the scope and presentation of service platforms. *",
"Coproduction in implementation* could be interpreted in 2 ways. ",
"Firstly, a deliberative decision may be made to involve users in a core aspect of service delivery for example, such as contributing climate information products (as is the case with citizen science). ",
"Alternatively, users may be inherently involved in the sense that their engagement in climate services is regarded as essential for its successful implementation. ",
"For example, the successful implementation of climate services more broadly could be thought of as dependent upon users' willingness to learn about climate information products and meaningfully apply these to relevant decision-making contexts.",
"The identification of so-called complementary tasks depends on what climate services providers have defined as core tasks. ",
"For instance, an example of *complementary coproduction* might include cases where providers have consulted users to elicit their feedback to improve the current service. ",
"In this example, the users themselves are not actively involved in designing or delivering the consultative exercise, but are no less important in helping to shape the service itself. ",
"This particular example could also arguably demonstrate a case of 'coproduction in the implementation of a core service' (assuming user-evaluation is seen as such), as the success of user-consultation in service evaluation (and subsequent service improvement) is inherently dependent on users' input. ",
"In this instance, it would depend whether user-evaluation is regarded as a core or complementary task by the climate services provider.",
"Osborne and Strokosch ([@CR38])Seeking to develop a holistic model of coproduction, Osborne and Strokosch ([@CR38]) identify 3 coproduction types, each raising different questions and challenges.*Consumer co-production*---adopting a service management perspective, coproduction is seen as unavoidable component of service consumption; thus, coproduction is not an issue of choice or design, but instead requires the effective management of service delivery (and the relationships between service providers and users) at the operational level. ",
"Service quality and performance is dependent on individual users' expectations and experiences, and their *empowerment* to actively negotiate their service experience and contribute to their own desired outcomes. ",
"The focus is on the individual's consumption of the service at the operational scale (i.e. service delivery).*Participative co-production*---adopting a public administration perspective, a strategic decision is made to involve users to improve the design and planning of existing services, and how this might be improved for the future. ",
"This perspective is focused on user participation at the strategic scale of service planning. ",
"Biases may exist in who is included/excluded from participatory processes, but participation is intended to foster social inclusion in the decision-making process.*Enhanced co-production*---is seen as a distinct conceptual category, whereby the service user is regarded as a force for transformative change through which existing paradigms are challenged. ",
"This may be evidenced in user-led innovations, whereby users are co-creators in new service processes.*Consumer co-production* in climate services is evident when attention is given to users' expectations and experiences, and where these are used to help develop service delivery. ",
"Opportunities are created for users to actively influence their service experience and contribute to their own outcomes through their interaction with service providers and climate services platforms. ",
"Customised climate services are an example of this.",
"Unlike consumer co-production, *participative co-production* requires the involvement of users in the strategic service planning. ",
"Workshops, focus groups and surveys may be used to engage service users in the design of future climate services (e.g. Copernicus Climate Change Service).There is no evidence of *enhanced coproduction* in the literature. ",
"Climate services are typically science-led and dictated by scientific and technological capabilities. ",
"True transformative change would need to challenge this existing paradigm and move beyond the current dominance of participative or consumer coproduction, which focus on tailoring existing services. ",
"Instead, 'users' of climate services would need to be regarded as 'co-creators' in some or all aspects of the climate service, and opportunities created for delivering true user-led innovation.",
"Brudney and England ([@CR11])Brudney and England ([@CR11]) present a hierarchical typology, reflecting the distribution of benefits (from the individual to collective).*Individual coproduction*---consists of 'captured coproduction', whereby citizens have little choice but to participate in the service and do not control the service agenda (e.g. children may be legally required to attend school). ",
"Citizens may also take voluntary behaviours, but these are for their own consumption and benefit (e.g. litter picking).*Group coproduction*---involves voluntary, active participation by a number of citizens with a shared interest (e.g. neighbourhood watch groups).*Collective coproduction*---coproductive activities result in collective goods whose benefits may be enjoyed by the entire community. ",
"Collective coproduction programs require direct citizen involvement in service delivery (e.g. voluntary-based fire service), the benefits of which are redistributed across society.",
"Individual coproduction in climate services is evident when, for example, an individual farm-holder downloads climate information to support strategic planning.",
"Group coproduction is displayed when a network or organisation invests in a climate service; the benefits of which are shared across group members. ",
"The Energy Project (EP2) is a good example of this. ",
"Sponsored by the UK energy sector, the project will lead to the formation of an energy and climate change industry group who will share knowledge and best practice across the sector (<https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/climate-services/case-studies/energy>).Collective coproduction is apparent in the recent development of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). ",
"The C3S has been informed through stakeholder engagement, the benefits of which will be redistributed across potential users and different sectors through the provision of free services.",
"Bovaird et al. ([",
"@CR5])Building on Brudney and England's ([@CR11]) typology, the distinction between individual and collective coproduction is determined by whether the outputs are collectively enjoyed and whether the inputs are collectively supplied (with the potential for hybrid categories).*Private individual coproduction* provides benefits and private value of services to individuals or groups of users. ",
"Alford ([@CR1]) refers to these as users or clients.*Philanthropic individual coproduction* results in collectively enjoyment. ",
"This is typically seen amongst volunteering individuals supporting a public service.*Private collective coproduction* is collectively provided by a group, who in turn gain individual benefits (such as collective self-help groups).*Philanthropic collective coproduction* is collectively provided (i.e. via a group) with the intention to benefit the wider community (such as neighbourhood watch schemes).Building on the examples above, Bovaird et al. ([",
"@CR5]) introduce the notion of *philanthropic* (individual or collective) coproduction, whereby the benefits of coproduction are dispersed beyond the participating individual or organised group and offer a wider societal benefit.",
"In contrast, private (individual or collective) coproduction is apparent in initiatives that benefit individuals only (e.g. an individual farmer) or collectives with a shared interest (e.g. sectoral climate services). ",
"For example, the CI4Tea project utilises coproduction processes to provide fit-for-purpose climate information to support climate resilient planning in tea production (<http://www.futureclimateafrica.org/news/launch-of-climate-information-for-resilient-tea-production-ci4t-project/>).In both cases of private coproduction, it could be argued that the benefits do in fact have the potential to extend to society more broadly; for example, the ability to mitigate and adapt energy supply to changing climates has corresponding benefits to all energy users. ",
"Bovaird et al. ([",
"@CR5]) similarly acknowledge the difficulty of categorising coproduction into a single category. ",
"In this example, coproduction of climate services in the energy sector could qualify as both private and philanthropic collective coproduction.",
"Mitlin ([@CR36]); Watson ([@CR55])In contrast to the previous examples, other authors have drawn attention to distinct types of coproduction centred on the role of power and transformative change. ",
"This has been referred to as *social movement-initiated coproduction*.This is typically discussed in the context of development research in the Global South. ",
"Whilst this is beyond the scope of this literature review, it is necessary to acknowledge that such literature has been critical of public administration and service management fields in their instrumental framing of coproduction and neglect of power. ",
"This alternative perspective argues that coproduction can be driven by bottom-up initiatives and employed as a political strategy to improve state-society relations and negotiate greater benefits at the local scale (Mitlin [@CR36]). ",
"In this context, coproduction is regarded as a strategy for empowering marginalised groups, asserting political influence and effecting change.",
"Authors have similarly started to call for greater criticality in climate services research, challenging the depoliticised, instrumental nature of coproduction (Goldman et al. [",
"@CR22]). ",
"Coproduction processes invariably involve decisions or self-selection biases when it comes to the inclusion/exclusion of service users, which in turn raise implications for the distribution of benefits and prompt social justice debates. ",
"Moreover, coproduced climate services have the potential to effect change at the local scale and influence state-society relations. ",
"This continues to be a research gap in the climate services field and thus warrants further study.",
"\n\nBeyond designing and implementing more meaningful coproduction in climate services, typologies can also function analytically and draw attention to the underlying assumptions, agendas and practices embedded within climate services, whilst prompting critical reflection into the resulting distribution of benefits and socio-cultural, political and ethical implications of coproduction. ",
"Indeed, the need for more criticality has been called for by others (Goldman et al. [",
"@CR22]). ",
"Moreover, categorising coproduction can enable meaningful comparisons to qualify the effects of coproduction across different settings (Verschuere et al. [",
"@CR54]). ",
"Further research is required to validate and refine an appropriate typology for climate services research; nonetheless, Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"} provides a useful starting point.",
"\n\nMotivating coproduction amongst service users {#Sec6}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nService-based research has highlighted several (interacting) factors that may influence users' motivation to engage in coproduction activities, including the type of coproduction, perceived self-efficacy, control beliefs, actor types and trust.",
"\n\nFirstly, there is evidence to suggest that different types of coproduction (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}) may appeal to different groups. ",
"Comparing across five European countries and focusing on health, community safety and care of the local environment, Bovaird et al. ([",
"@CR5]) identify key differences between individual and collective coproduction. ",
"For both individual and collective coproduction, self-efficacy (belief in one's ability to effect change) is a key predictor of participation across all countries. ",
"In order of significance, individual coproduction is associated with older citizens, high perceptions of self-efficacy, women and those satisfied with information provided by government, but with low satisfaction in terms of government performance. ",
"In contrast, collective coproduction is attributed to high self-efficacy, inactive members of the workforce and increased satisfaction with government in terms of consultation with citizen opinions, with older and more educated citizens least likely to engage in collective coproduction. ",
"Variations are also observed between countries and potentially explained by administrative, institutional and social welfare traditions, as well as overall satisfaction in public services.",
"\n\nRelated to self-efficacy, the perception of one's ability to influence the service, referred to as (service) locus of control, has been shown to influence attitudes and adoption of coproduction behaviours (Bradley and Sparks [@CR6]; Fledderus and Honingh [@CR21]). ",
"A research by Büttgen et al. ([",
"@CR15]) indicates that such control beliefs can be fostered through socialisation activities of service providers, such as methods of communication and training, to help service users/customers to learn and adapt to the values, norms and practices of the organisation. ",
"Other strategies that providers may use include simply responding to user needs and enabling users to customise services (van Beuningen et al. [",
"@CR50]; Bovaird et al. [",
"@CR5]). ",
"Given the prevalence of self-efficacy and control beliefs in the wider services literature, it is clear that climate services research should examine the extent to which these factors motivate coproduction and, if so, identify pathways through which these may be strengthened.",
"\n\nA further distinction in the literature is made between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation (Fledderus and Honingh [@CR21]). ",
"Whereas the former is based on material rewards or punishment and sanctions, the latter is driven by what the individual finds to be interesting, worthwhile or enjoyable. ",
"Fledderus and Honingh (ibid) examine the influence of this upon selection biases in the coproduction of public activation services (i.e. services that facilitate the redeployment of jobseekers into the labour market) and observed that those who are highly intrinsically motivated are more likely to engage in such programmes. ",
"In this case, there is an individual benefit to be gained; however, others have shown that underlying motivations may differ between different types of actor groups (Alford [@CR2]). ",
"According to Alford's ([@CR1]) research into the Australian public sector, clients, users and customers are variably motivated by (i) material rewards (tangible benefits such as money and goods); (ii) sociality incentives (rewards of associating with others); (iii) expressive incentives (intangible rewards related to e.g. sense of goal attainment); (iv) intrinsic rewards (e.g. enhancing sense of self-efficacy); and (v) sanctions (e.g. legal obligations). ",
"However, this distinction is not always so clear-cut. ",
"For instance, whilst clients signify those that pay directly or even indirectly gain private value from goods or services, Alford observes that clients are not simply motivated by material rewards and sanctions as one might assume, thus suggesting that more complex non-material incentives should be equally understood.",
"\n\nTaking this a step further, van Eijk and Steen ([@CR49]) delineate additional types of citizen co-producers. ",
"Examining Dutch health services, the authors observe 'the semi-professional', 'the socialiser', 'the network professional' and 'the aware co-producer' involved in health care client councils. ",
"Each type of co-producer responds to different motivators and has different views on their competence to implement change. ",
"Van Eijk and Steen acknowledge the need for further research to examine behavioural differences between these different types of co-producers and whether similar types are observed in other service contexts. ",
"Crucially, this research highlights the importance of not thinking about citizens in a singular form. ",
"In a similar ilk, climate services research should be cautious to not conceive users as a homogenous group but instead investigate the various roles and motivations driving users' engagement in the coproduction of climate services.",
"\n\nFinally, trust has proven to be influential in users' motivation to coproduce. ",
"Users need to be convinced of the potential benefits of their participation and service providers' ability to act upon the users' contributions (Osborne and Strokosch [@CR38]; Fledderus and Honingh [@CR21]). ",
"Supporting this endeavour, the concept of relationship marketing (rooted in service-dominant logic) presents relationships as a valuable resource and stresses the need to create and maintain interactions with customers/users over time (Grönroos [@CR23]: Osbourne et al. [",
"@CR39]), and the benefit of this for fostering trust (Osborne and Strokosch [@CR38]). ",
"Thus, it appears that there could be scope for applying relationship marketing to climate services.",
"\n\nThis review has highlighted how several (often overlapping) factors influence users' motivation and willingness to coproduce. ",
"Other factors such as capacity, salience and institutional frameworks are also relevant (Verschuere et al. [",
"@CR54]: Alford [@CR2]). ",
"Given the range of potential users and public-private spectrum of climate services, it is logical to assume that user participation in coproduction will be motivated by a host of these factors. ",
"This highlights the challenge of implementing successfully co-produced services (Fledderus and Honingh [@CR21]). ",
"Although further research is warranted, it seems apparent that coproduction in climate services will need to draw from different motivational incentives, recognising that users are a non-homogenous group.",
"\n\nThe influence of 'servicescapes' {#Sec7}\n================================\n\nThe influential role of service environments (or 'servicescape') has been widely studied in service management and services marketing research (Mari and Poggesi [@CR34]), where a service-dominant logic prevails (Section [3.1](#Sec4){ref-type=\"sec\"}), but has yet to filter into the climate services domain. ",
"As this discussion will demonstrate, servicescapes can influence behavioural intention, value creation and perceived service quality, each of which is highly relevant for the delivery of successful climate services.",
"\n\nThe concept of 'servicescapes' was first coined in marketing theory by Bitner ([@CR3]), inspired by environmental psychology and research examining the influence of physical surroundings upon human behaviour (referred to as the study of atmospherics (Hoffman and Turley [@CR28])). ",
"Servicescapes encapsulate the physical, place-based context of the service encounter, including ambient conditions (e.g. temperature, light), spatial layout and functionality, signs, symbols and artefacts which provide cues about the service and its quality (Nilsson and Ballantyne [@CR37]). ",
"Servicescapes provoke cognitive, emotional and physiological responses that influence the individual behaviour of the employee and customer, the quality of their interaction, and customer experiences, expectations and satisfaction. ",
"To help articulate this, Bitner uses the example of a restaurant to explain how the furniture and décor help a customer to categorise the establishment (e.g. fast food vs elegant sit-down meal) and trigger emotional arousal (e.g. pleasure responses). ",
"Bitner's seminal work has evolved from focusing on objective, managerially controllable stimuli, to a holistic concept that embraces subjective experiences, shaped through the physical, social, socially symbolic and natural environment (Rosenbaum and Massiah [@CR47]). ",
"With advances in computing and the internet, research has expanded into the study of virtual servicescapes or cyberscapes (Williams and Dargel [@CR57]), web atmospherics (Dailey [@CR17]) and e-servicescapes (Hopkins et al. [",
"@CR29]). ",
"Regardless of physical or virtual settings, it is argued that servicescapes influence the meanings that customers associate with value propositions, their expectations and satisfaction (Nilsson and Ballantyne [@CR37], p. 377).",
"\n\nClimate services must similarly meet users' expectations and needs; therefore, the servicescapes through which providers and users interact is equally relevant. ",
"These servicescapes (typically virtual) can be strategically managed to achieve the goals of both service providers and users. ",
"Managed servicescapes can assist customers/employees in their activities, help differentiate the intended market and convey distinctiveness from competitors (Bitner [@CR3]). ",
"For climate services, careful management of the servicescape (such as website design and navigation options) could promote desired behaviours (e.g. downloaded or purchased information) and improve user satisfaction. ",
"Therefore, as argued by Bitner (ibid), we assert the value of designing and implementing servicescape strategies in climate services.",
"\n\nThis requires further research into the key components of climate service 'servicescapes'. ",
"For example, Williams and Dargel ([@CR57]) document the influence of website content and design (e.g. vividness, interactivity and sense of control) upon browser responses (e.g. prolonged usage, intention to return and recommend to others) in the context of e-businesses. ",
"Just as physical settings may be imbued with cues (signs and symbols), these also exist virtually and can alter browsers' perceptions (e.g. trustworthiness). ",
"Tailoring virtual servicescapes to optimise user experience requires an understanding of user requirements; however, this is often challenged by the range of users, with varied competencies and interests. ",
"The same observation is true of climate services (Bruno Soares et al. [",
"@CR13]). ",
"A useful strategy is to impart control onto the user to actively select the content and flow of information, essentially customising their service experience (Williams and Dargel [@CR57]). ",
"In turn, this may empower users as co-creators of the service, build self-efficacy and motivate coproduction (Osborne and Strokosch [@CR38]: Section 3).",
"\n\nAnother important aspect of virtual servicescapes is the creation of spaces for customer-to-customer interaction, such as online forums. ",
"As demonstrated by Blasco-Arcas et al. ([",
"@CR4]), this can help forge favourable relationships between the customer and the firm, as well as increasing customer interest in coproduction. ",
"In this sense, Blasco-Arcas et al. ([",
"@CR4]) describe virtual engagement platforms as touch points for interaction and co-created value. ",
"However, there is also a need to remain cognisant of the socially symbolic meaning ascribed to signs and symbols in digital settings ('socially symbolic servicescape'), which can affect the inclusion/exclusion of certain users (Rosenbaum [@CR46]). ",
"For example, the presentation and accessibility of climate information through online platforms of climate services may prove more amenable to certain groups (e.g. so-called expert users) over others. ",
"Indeed, several experiential barriers are identified by Hewitson et al. ([",
"@CR26]) in relation to assumed familiarity with terminology, navigation, clarity of information and multiple choice.",
"\n\nThis review demonstrates the importance of considering users' experience of the service environment itself. ",
"Few authors have acknowledged this in climate services; for instance, Hewitson et al. ([",
"@CR26]) acknowledge that user experience is paramount to the added value of climate information websites. ",
"Moving forward, we call for a new avenue of research into the servicescape of climate services. ",
"This research should consider the various pathways through which the service environment may be tailored to user needs and altered accordingly to improve access to, and experience of, climate services amongst different user groups. ",
"The web-based interface need not be a passive form of user engagement (Hewitt et al. [",
"@CR27]). ",
"It is vital that such research meaningfully engages with (potential) users in the coproduction of servicescapes (Buontempo et al. [",
"@CR14]). ",
"Moreover, such research would benefit from consultation with other disciplines, such as web design (Christel et al. [",
"@CR16]). ",
"This endeavour should be pursued for different types of climate services, servicing different users and uses, in order to identify shared and unique features of the servicescape to inform appropriate servicescape strategies.",
"\n\nLessons for climate services {#Sec8}\n============================\n\nGiven the rapid expansion of climate services, this article presents a timely analysis of the extent to which climate services scholarship can translate lessons from other service contexts, drawing from the long legacy of public administration, service management and marketing literature. ",
"Focusing on themes of *coproduction* and *servicescapes*, this research has identified the following:Coproduction can be approached from a goods-dominant logic and seen as an 'add on' component (public administration and new public management), or through a service-dominant logic where it is seen as integral to the service (service management and service marketing). ",
"Climate services have arguably tended towards a goods-dominant logic, focusing on the supply of climate information products and coproduction that is steered and controlled by service providers, whilst neglecting the service experience and intrinsic role of service users. ",
"We therefore suggest that climate services could benefit from embracing a more service-dominant culture that recognises the importance of users' subjective experiences and empowers users as co-producers of value.",
"Numerous typologies of coproduction exist within the broader services literature that have yet to filter into the climate services field. ",
"Applying these typologies to climate services could provide a valuable lens for future research, from documenting current modes of coproduction witnessed in climate services, to acting as analytical frameworks and drawing attention to the different underlying assumptions, agendas and practices embedded within. ",
"In turn, this could prompt critical reflection into the resulting distribution of benefits and socio-cultural, political and ethical implications of coproducing climate services.",
"Numerous factors influence service users' motivations to coproduce services (self-efficacy, perceived control, actor-type and trust). ",
"Further research is required to examine these factors and their potential variation with different modes of coproduction. ",
"Nonetheless, it seems apparent that coproduction in climate services will need to draw from different motivational incentives, recognising that users are a non-homogenous group.",
"Users encounter services through physical and/or virtual servicescapes, which influence their expectations, perceptions (e.g. trust, service quality) and behaviours. ",
"We call for a new avenue of research into servicescapes, to consider the various pathways through which the service environment may be tailored to user needs and altered accordingly to improve both access to, and experience of, climate services amongst different user groups. ",
"It is vital that such research meaningfully engages with users and relevant disciplines (e.g. web design). ",
"In turn, such research could inform the development of appropriate servicescape strategies.",
"\n\nThis article has drawn examples from both public and private services, recognising that climate services are situated across this spectrum, with a growing trajectory towards marketisation, similarly witnessed in weather services (Randalls [@CR44]; Webber and Donner [@CR56]). ",
"However, it is necessary to acknowledge that the commercialisation of climate services is strongly contested with arguments that this could restrict science to commercial applications, undermine data quality (Randalls [@CR44]), as well as reinforce social inequalities (Webber and Donner [@CR56]). ",
"This has led to calls for greater criticality towards the ethical considerations of climate services and their coproduction (de la Tozier and Daly [@CR18]: Goldman et al. [",
"@CR22]). ",
"Although this article sought to highlight the potential benefits of learning from other service contexts (including the private sector), we equally wish to emphasise the need for scholars to, at the very least, remain critical of the language and semantics describing climate services, and acknowledge this growing debate amongst the climate services community.",
"\n\nNonetheless, this analysis has highlighted some interesting knowledge gaps for climate services research to address, pertaining to coproduction and servicescapes. ",
"These observations should be understood within the boundaries of the sampled literature and corresponding biases; therefore, further research is required to examine the extent to which these findings and lessons are applicable across different types of climate services, scales and contexts. ",
"Given that these themes were selected as starting points only, we encourage others to similarly mine the repository of service-based research. ",
"Involving experts in service management, marketing and public administration could support this endeavour and offer an alternative perspective on climate services, as well as opportunities for future interdisciplinary collaborations. ",
"This is a necessary step in broadening the conversation around climate services and advancing both scholarship and operational delivery.",
"\n\nCertain subject areas were excluded from the search, including medicine; materials science; biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology; mathematics; pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics; physics and astronomy; chemical engineering; immunology and microbiology; neuroscience; dentistry; chemistry; veterinary; and undefined subject areas. ",
"Date of search 27/07/2018.",
"\n\nThis article is part of a Special Issue on \"Putting Climate Services in Contexts: Advancing Multi-disciplinary Understandings\" edited by Sophie Webber\n\n**Publisher's note**\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.",
"\n\nSD acknowledges support from the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) for the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP).",
"\n\nThis research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for Research (FP7/2007--2013), ERC Grant agreement 284369.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | [
0.0005693126004189253,
0.0005639069131575525,
0.0007826302899047732,
0.000551421195268631,
0.0007948160055093467,
0.0005559034179896116,
0.0007758400170132518,
0.0005723253707401454,
0.0006183591322042048,
0.0008143619634211063,
0.0006147862295620143,
0.0005499880062416196,
0.0006372747593559325,
0.0007035733433440328,
0.0005201185122132301,
0.00071931560523808,
0.0007952686282806098,
0.0005453735357150435,
0.0005460903630591929,
0.0006305673159658909,
0.0005480063264258206,
0.0005352048319764435,
0.000555328035261482,
0.0005706781521439552,
0.000544964917935431,
0.0005476817605085671,
0.0006596275488846004,
0.0006361575215123594,
0.0005914864595979452,
0.0005797241465188563,
0.0005897962837480009,
0.000560877553652972,
0.0005417492357082665,
0.0006412204820662737,
0.0005687783705070615,
0.0005645948112942278,
0.000577768892981112,
0.0005298050818964839,
0.0005203377222642303,
0.0005144508322700858,
0.0006251035956665874,
0.0006001869915053248,
0.0005506187444552779,
0.0005440973327495158,
0.0005351948202587664,
0.0005388945573940873,
0.0005591001827269793,
0.0005152811645530164,
0.0005523323197849095,
0.0007039844640530646,
0.0007690027123317122,
0.0005421575624495745,
0.0006340028485283256,
0.000832412566523999,
0.0005299854092299938,
0.0006687102722935379,
0.00072704121703282,
0.0005742424400523305,
0.0005792726296931505,
0.0005777309415861964,
0.0005910593317821622,
0.0005373721360228956,
0.0008188685751520097,
0.0006460767472162843,
0.0005458626546896994,
0.0005737468018196523,
0.0005468970048241317,
0.0005389386788010597,
0.0005504447617568076,
0.0007388934609480202,
0.0005827494896948338,
0.0006831344217061996,
0.0005585861508734524,
0.0007948160055093467,
0.0005560623831115663,
0.0006092509720474482,
0.0005420498782768846,
0.0005804949323646724,
0.0007774755940772593,
0.0005517046083696187,
0.0007388934609480202,
0.0005595295806415379,
0.0007891692803241313,
0.0005346217658370733,
0.0005426642601378262,
0.0005682622431777418,
0.0005646130884997547,
0.0005659779417328537,
0.0005838497309014201,
0.0005413734470494092,
0.0005944204167462885,
0.0005968061741441488,
0.0005701681366190314,
0.0005887852748855948,
0.0005509118782356381,
0.0006011978257447481,
0.0005247776280157268,
0.0005151480436325073,
0.0005247921799309552,
0.0005790725699625909,
0.000567944603972137,
0.0005437580402940512,
0.0005704437498934567,
0.0005584753816947341,
0.0006287166033871472,
0.0005324622034095228,
0.0005478551611304283,
0.0005331981228664517,
0.0005917080561630428,
0.000534307211637497,
0.000516762665938586,
0.000595246790908277,
0.0005939515540376306,
0.0005394020117819309,
0.0005676716100424528,
0.0006607434479519725,
0.000550382595974952,
0.000626212393399328,
0.0006470404914580286,
0.0006418530247174203,
0.0005606755148619413,
0.0006137713207863271,
0.0005947550525888801,
0.0005382859380915761,
0.0005245833308435977,
0.0006256087217479944,
0.0005990697536617517,
0.0006654010503552854,
0.0005727398674935102,
0.0006445533945225179,
0.0006324686110019684,
0.0005735065205954015,
0.0006256087217479944,
0.0006502241012640297,
0.0005902964621782303,
0.0006019891006872058,
0.0005550721543841064,
0.0005915251094847918,
0.0005826931446790695,
0.0006092689582146704,
0.0005744770169258118,
0.0008095595985651016,
0.000607988447882235,
0.0005938431713730097,
0.0005672202678397298,
0.0005838174256496131,
0.0005479929968714714,
0.0008095595985651016,
0.00064860749989748,
0.0007448529358953238,
0.0005394896725192666,
0.000772886211052537,
0.0005844245315529406,
0.0005431020399555564,
0.0006511891260743141,
0.0006142458878457546,
0.0007121381931938231,
0.0006253017345443368,
0.0005380230722948909,
0.0006718516233377159,
0.0006018797867000103,
0.0005468135932460427,
0.0005918553215451539,
0.0006389898480847478,
0.000832412566523999,
0.0005472716293297708,
0.0005811605951748788,
0.0006075603305362165,
0.0006486405618488789,
0.000559077481739223,
0.0005922491545788944,
0.0006024939357303083,
0.0005804503452964127,
0.0007052166620269418,
0.000560894375666976,
0.0005872020265087485,
0.0006066362839192152,
0.0005477138911373913,
0.001225207350216806,
0.0005936269881203771,
0.0005422035465016961,
0.0005552110378630459,
0.000670128152705729,
0.0005622196476906538,
0.0005405411939136684,
0.0005596610717475414,
0.000796652864664793,
0.000550721597392112,
0.000559092964977026,
0.0005796434707008302,
0.001032135565765202,
0.0005347196129150689,
0.000582908047363162,
0.0005664376658387482,
0.0006466622580774128,
0.0006133026909083128,
0.0005763886729255319,
0.0005872118636034429,
0.0007923019584268332,
0.0005749234114773571,
0.0005799836362712085,
0.000560619926545769,
0.0005627764039672911,
0.0005465864087454975,
0.0005374602042138577,
0.000548376003280282,
0.0005569214117713273,
0.0006025399197824299,
0.0005610774969682097,
0.0005706732044927776,
0.0007996521890163422,
0.000561375985853374,
0.0008303484064526856,
0.0005999825662001967,
0.0005909585161134601,
0.0005600695149041712,
0.000587821879889816,
0.0005927091115154326,
0.0005581467994488776,
0.000558079278562218,
0.000559296808205545,
0.0005380230722948909,
0.0005297634634189308,
0.0005542662111110985,
0.0005647735088132322,
0.0005406814161688089,
0.0005230093956924975,
0.0005864050472155213,
0.00077097985194996,
0.0005557158729061484,
0.0008121959399431944,
0.0005477094673551619,
0.0007952686282806098,
0.00052358751418069,
0.0006423104205168784,
0.0005610047955997288,
0.0005775649333372712,
0.0005531520582735538,
0.0006284982082433999,
0.0005597205017693341,
0.0005760467611253262,
0.0005911342450417578,
0.0005637967842631042,
0.0006012336234562099,
0.0006032736855559051,
0.0005371483857743442,
0.0005194233963266015,
0.0005609635845758021,
0.0005318999174050987,
0.0005632800166495144,
0.0005519686383195221,
0.0008095595985651016,
0.0005197282880544662,
0.0005212168325670063,
0.0005305671948008239,
0.0005209799273870885,
0.0005192605894990265,
0.000560771964956075,
0.0006157150492072105,
0.0006399938720278442,
0.0005514693330042064,
0.0005513600190170109,
0.0005428962758742273,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.000609 | 264 |
[
"Q:\n\nWhy does my Sapphire Crystal disappear when I purchase Catalyst the Protector?",
"\n\nI'm following this build. ",
"It says, first purchase a Sapphire Crystal, then a catalyst of protector. ",
"But then my Sapphire Crystal disappears. ",
"Why?",
"\nSo I understand that a Catalyst = Sapphire + Ruby + some gold. ",
"Is that right? ",
"But what if I don't buy the Ruby, but only buy Sapphire and then Catalyst? ",
"Why does the Sapphire disappear then?",
"\n\nA:\n\nSapphire Crystal is one of the ingredients for Catalyst. ",
"You can purchase the full recipe at any time, and it will automatically subtract the cost of materials you already own from the purchase price of the recipes and use those rather than new materials.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.000701471755746752,
0.0006441099685616791,
0.0005995855899527669,
0.0006498715956695378,
0.0009686383418738842,
0.0005614334950223565,
0.0007919068448245525,
0.000639754522126168,
0.0007499887142330408,
0.0005675085121765733,
0.0006187131511978805,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.000791 | 12 |
[
"Frances Stewart\n\nFrances Stewart may refer to:\n\nFrances Stewart (economist) (born 1940), professor of development economics\nFrances Henrietta Stewart (1883–1962), British politician and supporter of Indian nationalism\nFrances Ann Stewart (1840–1916), Australian-born New Zealand social activist\nFrances Benedict Stewart, Chilean-born American citizen and spokesperson for the Bahá'í Faith\nFrankie Stewart Silver (died 1833), born Frances Stewart\nFrances Stewart, Duchess of Richmond (1647–1702), famous for refusing to be mistress of Charles II\nFrances Howard, Duchess of Richmond (1578–1639), wife of Ludovic Stewart, Duke of Richmond and Lennox\n\nSee also\nFrancis Stewart (disambiguation)"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.0006217737682163715
] | 0.000622 | 1 |
[
"Stratford High School is a secondary school in Houston, Texas, United States. ",
"The school is one of four high schools in the Spring Branch Independent School District (SBISD), the district's westernmost secondary school (serving grades 9 through 12). ",
"Stratford High School serves several neighborhoods, including Westchester, Sherwood Oaks, Nottingham Forest, Nottingham West, Wilchester, Gaywood, Wilchester West, Yorkshire, Memorial Townhomes, Village on Memorial Townhomes, Memorial Way, Rustling Pines, Memorial Plaza, and the SBISD portions of Thornwood and Ashford Forest. ",
"In addition, several students from the surrounding area opt to transfer into Stratford from the areas surrounding Fleetwood and the Parkway neighborhoods along local arterial road Eldridge Parkway.[citation needed]\n\nStratford provides courses in the traditional academic subjects, as well as several foreign languages, technology, vocational education, athletics, and fine arts. ",
"Several different Advanced Placement (AP) courses are offered at Stratford.",
"\n\nIn keeping with the theme of its mascot, Stratford's student newspaper is The Oracle while its yearbook is Mnemosyne.",
"\n\nStratford first opened in the 1973-1974 school year though classes were held at Westchester High School until the students moved to the new Stratford campus in March 1974. ",
"It was built to relieve the overflow of students at the nearby Westchester High School. ",
"The overflow had been caused by of the rapid development of subdivisions like Yorkshire, Wilchester, and Nottingham. ",
"The school district quickly decided to open a new school when the student population at Westchester nearly tripled to 4,000. ",
"Prior to the opening of the Stratford facility, Stratford's students were housed in temporary buildings on the Westchester campus. ",
"The opening of Stratford was not completed on schedule due to construction delays, causing students to continue to languish in cramped quarters. ",
"The 1974 Freshman Class graduated in 1977 as the first four class of the school. ",
"The first class to graduate from Stratford was the 1975 Class.",
"\n\nIn the 1980s, the population of Spring Branch Independent School District fell drastically. ",
"This was attributed to jobs lost to the oil bust that affected the Houston area. ",
"Many Houston families left or moved out of the upper, middle-class area, causing an underutilization of campus space. ",
"The school district voted to close four schools: Spring Branch High School, Westchester High School and two junior highs. ",
"Students from both high schools were sent to Memorial High School with most Westchester students going to Stratford. (",
"Westchester students who attended Memorial Junior High were given the choice of attending either Memorial or Stratford.) ",
"Interestingly, students in the first mixed Stratford/Westchester graduating class of 1986 were given the choice of wearing their former Westchester High School color orange gown at graduation. ",
"Stratford, for many years, had a permanent display case dedicated to memorabilia from Westchester High School. ",
"In recent history, Stratford has maintained its enrollment at around 2000 students. ",
"Stratford also has improved its athletics programs recently, including a number of teams that are ranked at the state level and regularly advance to playoff rounds.",
"\n\nIn 2004, the building which housed Stratford was found to have massive structural problems, including bricks falling out of the building exterior, which required immediate attention. ",
"The Stratford campus was closed, and the students were moved to the Westchester Academy for International Studies while repairs went on at the Stratford campus. ",
"This move posed a challenge because the Westchester facility could no longer handle a student body as large as Stratford's. ",
"Many noted the irony of the temporary move, noting that when Westchester was closed, many Westchester students were sent to Stratford, and now the situation had reversed itself. ",
"Stratford moved back into its regular facility in 2005.",
"\n\nIn the 2006-2007 football season, the Spartans won the district title.[7]\n\nIn February 2008 the UIL announced that Stratford would be realigned to Class 4A, District 23 effective in the 2008-2009 school year. ",
"The new alignment affected not only football, but all UIL activities. ",
"The schools in the new district stretched from Richmond to Bay City and El Campo. ",
"Spring Branch ISD appealed the realignment, citing outrage at the loss of a 34-year-long rivalry with Memorial High School, as well as concern that Stratford would have the most travel of any Houston-area school. ",
"In the appeal hearing, the UIL ruled that Stratford would be allowed to remain in Class 5A, and the Spartans were assigned to District 18, where they faced the three other SBISD schools (including Memorial), three high schools from Alief ISD, and private school Strake Jesuit.[citation needed] Stratford was later reclassified as a 4A school, but still played Memorial in the annual \"Green Out\" football game. ",
"With the 2014 UIL reclassification and realignment, Stratford became 5A.[8]\n\nIn 1978, the Stratford Spartans won the 4A Texas State Championship with a perfect record of 15-0. ",
"They also were named the High School National Champion by many publications.",
"\n\nThe Spartans Baseball program is one of the tops in Texas, placing numerous players into top college programs and 13 into the professional level, with 3 MLB players in history, Dean Crow, Chris James and Chance Sanford.",
"\n\nThe University Interscholastic League’s biennial reclassification and realignment was unveiled on Monday February 1, 2010. ",
"As part of the realignment, Stratford moved to a 4A classification along with two other SBISD schools, Northbrook and Spring Woods.",
"\n\nNorthbrook, Spring Woods and Stratford joined 17-4A with Brenham, Magnolia, Magnolia West, Montgomery and Waller in 2011. ",
"As of the 2013 school year, the Spartans moved, yet again, to 18-4A in another realignment released in early February 2012.",
"\n\nThe school was ranked 168th in 2010, 168th in 2011, 700th in 2012, and 774th in 2013 in the U.S. by Newsweek.[11][12][13][14] Stratford was also named a Gold Medal School by U.S. News & World Report in 2012 and 2013, ranking 497th and 500th.[15][16] It was named a Silver Medal School by U.S. News & World Report in 2008 and 2009.",
"\n\nStratford was named an Honor Roll School by the Texas Business & Education Coalition in 2008. ",
"The school was also given the Texas Education Agency Gold Performance Award in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011. ",
"It was named a No Place for Hate School by the Anti-Defamation League in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011. ",
"Stratford was also given the College Readiness Award by the Texas ACT Council in 2009, 2010, and 2011.[17][18] The school was given the State Farm Good Neighbor Award in 2009 and 2010 for its community service.[11]\n\nThe school has gained \"exemplary\" status in the accountability ratings system by the Texas Education Agency in 2002. ",
"It has also gained \"recognized\" status in 2000, 2004, and 2010.[19][20][note 1]\n\nCountry Music singer Clint Black attended Stratford.[21] Stand-up comedian icon Bill Hicks attended Stratford.[22] Star knob champion Bobby Nash attended Stratford before going on to the University of North Texas to pursue his successful career. ",
"Indianapolis Colts quarterback, Andrew Luck, was valedictorian of the 2008 class at Stratford.[23] Former New England Patriots running back and current ESPN sports commentator, Craig James, was a member of the 1978 Class 4A State Champion Spartan football team.[24] His brother, Chris James, played baseball at Stratford before moving on to Blinn College and then to the professional level, playing many years in the MLB along with another Stratford great, Chance Sanford.[25] Author, marketing executive, and United Flight 93 September 11, 2001 victim, Lauren Grandcolas (née Catuzzi) was a graduate of Stratford.[26][27]Marc Ostrofsky ('79) is a New York Times Bestselling Author of \"Get Rich Click!\", ",
"Listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for the sale of Business.com, and has appeared on CNN, ABC's 20/20 and several times on ABC's \"The View\".[28][29][30][31] Brazilian author Renata Ventura graduated from Stratford in 2002. ",
"Documentary filmmaker Kevin Booth ('79) Showtime Network's \"American Drug War.\" ",
"Former star quarterback for the University of Houston and Cincinnati Bengals David Klingler and brother Jimmy Klingler[32] also attended Stratford. ",
"80s supermodel Kelly Emberg[33] is a 1978 graduate of Stratford High School.",
"\n\nThis list is incomplete.",
"Italicized public schools are not in the \"full purpose\" Houston city limits (See map) but have portions of Houston in their attendance boundary, while italicized private schools are in municipalities that are surrounded by Houston and/or are in unincorporated areas but have Houston postal addresses."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0010778845753520727,
0.0010439652251079679,
0.0007359195151366293,
0.0005371859879232943,
0.0005927972379140556,
0.0006656103068962693,
0.0005875371280126274,
0.0006512862164527178,
0.0006378802936524153,
0.0007046587998047471,
0.0005719068576581776,
0.0005895852227695286,
0.0007773585966788232,
0.0006992968847043812,
0.0007091789157129824,
0.0008196773706004024,
0.0007914783782325685,
0.0010820573661476374,
0.0005389517755247653,
0.0005927348393015563,
0.000558827945496887,
0.0005568900960497558,
0.000564389571081847,
0.000593628385104239,
0.0006080237799324095,
0.0005898875533603132,
0.0006834056694060564,
0.0005561180296353996,
0.0006218525813892484,
0.0007211636984720826,
0.0007342121098190546,
0.0006863466696813703,
0.000683872785884887,
0.0008904167916625738,
0.00066685292404145,
0.000669023604132235,
0.0007088872953318059,
0.0006568750250153244,
0.000620453676674515,
0.000572034390643239,
0.0006462429882958531,
0.0006382889114320278,
0.0006430639186874032,
0.0006495740381069481,
0.007196873892098665,
0.0005914458888582885,
0.0006072726100683212,
0.0007234999793581665,
0.0005860505625605583,
0.0007516422192566097,
0.0007318886346183717,
0.0007181830587796867,
0.0006634118035435677,
0.0006867952761240304
] | 0.0008 | 54 |
[
"[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (2000). ",
"II. ",
"Background of patients].",
"\nFive-hundred eighty eight bacterial strains isolated from 435 patients diagnosed as having urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 10 institutions in Japan were supplied between August 2000 and July 2001. ",
"Then, the clinical background of patients were investigated such as sex, age, and type of infections, infections and kind of bacteria, frequency of bacteria isolation by age and infections, bacteria and infections by timing of antibiotics administration, and bacteria and infections by surgical procedures. ",
"About the relationship between age and sex of patients and type of infections, the number of male patients aged less than 50 years was few, and complicated UTIs without indwelling catheter was the most frequent. ",
"In females, the number of patients aged less than 20 years was few. ",
"The majority of female patients aged 40 years and over had complicated UTIs while uncomplicated UTIs was most frequent in the patients being twenties. ",
"As for type of infections and kind of bacteria, Escherichia coli decreased when the infections became complicated, and pseudomonas aeruginosa increased when the infection became complicated. ",
"Enterococcus faecalis was isolated more frequently in complicated UTIs than in uncomplicated UTIs. ",
"Considering this result by age of patients, isolated frequency of E. coli was gradually decreased with aging in patients aged 20 years and over with uncomplicated UTIs or complicated UTIs without indwelling catheter. ",
"The isolated frequencies of Klebsiella spp., ",
"P. aeruginosa, and E. faecalis were high in the patients with complicated UTIs without indwelling catheter. ",
"In the patients aged 70 years and over with complicated UTIs with indwelling catheter, P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis were frequently isolated. ",
"As for type of causative organisms in UTIs before and after the administration of antibiotics, the isolation of bacteria was remarkably decreased after administration in the patients with uncomplicated UTIs and complicated UTIs without indwelling catheter. ",
"E. coli decreased after administration of antibiotics, and P. aeruginosa increased after administration in the patients with all types of infections. ",
"As for type of causative organisms in UTIs and surgical procedures, E. coli was frequently isolated in the patients without surgery in all types of infections, while P. aeruginosa was frequently isolated in the patients who underwent surgery. ",
"In uncomplicated UTIs, Proteus spp. ",
"and E. faecalis were frequently isolated in the patients with surgery. ",
"In complicated UTIs without indwelling catheter, Klebsiella spp. ",
"was frequently isolated in the patients without surgery and E. faecalis was frequently isolated in the patients with surgery. ",
"In complicated UTIs with indwelling catheter, most of organisms except P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were frequently isolated in the patients without surgery."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0006321402033790946,
0.0011519683757796884,
0.000587218557484448,
0.0005893413908779621,
0.0005751763819716871,
0.0009460245491936803,
0.0016035280423238873,
0.0017506633885204792,
0.0005826428532600403,
0.0013278642436489463,
0.0006483890465460718,
0.0006050039664842188,
0.0010168323060497642,
0.0008920301334001124,
0.0006875434773974121,
0.0006135865114629269,
0.0005982863367535174,
0.0014768469845876098,
0.0006298108492046595,
0.0016928802942857146,
0.0006664929678663611,
0.0007707638433203101
] | 0.000911 | 22 |
[
"Sydney's job seekers will find the most lucrative pay packets in the central business district but the salaries on offer around the high-tech hub of Macquarie Park are not far behind.",
"\n\nThe average salary for jobs being advertised in the CBD this month is $90,470, analysis by job search engine Adzuna shows. ",
"Next-best was the northern suburbs region - which takes in Macquarie Park and Ryde - with an average of $81,650. ",
"The city's lowest average salary for advertised jobs ($67,760) was in the southern Sydney region which includes Hurstville, Rockdale and Sutherland Shire.",
"\n\nJob seekers' market: David Jones-Hawke, 28. ",
"Credit:Anthony Johnson\n\nThe annual full-time salary for vacancies across Greater Sydney last month was $89,636, up 4 per cent on a year earlier and the highest of all the state capitals.",
"\n\nRaife Watson, the chief executive of Adzuna Australia, attributed the increase to a high proportion of vacancies in the city's finance industry."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0005708872922696173,
0.0006235351320356131,
0.0006382254068739712,
0.0007431255071423948,
0.000667474465444684,
0.0006813447689637542,
0.0008254438871517777
] | 0.000679 | 7 |
[
"Damn this made me have feelings >< I loved how much Lars grew in personality in the last few episodes. (",
"And I totally dig his new look~ )\n\nYou drew them so well and it would be so cool if that actually happened in the show~"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.18002937734127045,
0.001002528122626245
] | 0.090516 | 2 |
[
"Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions.",
"\n\nAbstract\n\nAll currently available climate models predict a near-surface warming trend under the influence of rising levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. ",
"In addition to the direct effects on climate--for example, on the frequency of heatwaves--this increase in surface temperatures has important consequences for the hydrological cycle, particularly in regions where water supply is currently dominated by melting snow or ice. ",
"In a warmer world, less winter precipitation falls as snow and the melting of winter snow occurs earlier in spring. ",
"Even without any changes in precipitation intensity, both of these effects lead to a shift in peak river runoff to winter and early spring, away from summer and autumn when demand is highest. ",
"Where storage capacities are not sufficient, much of the winter runoff will immediately be lost to the oceans. ",
"With more than one-sixth of the Earth's population relying on glaciers and seasonal snow packs for their water supply, the consequences of these hydrological changes for future water availability--predicted with high confidence and already diagnosed in some regions--are likely to be severe."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0005951928906142712,
0.000580143416300416,
0.0006205426761880517,
0.0007721680449321866,
0.0005730122793465853,
0.0006219714414328337,
0.0006703332765027881
] | 0.000633 | 7 |
[
"Earbuds that are inserted into the wearer's ear canal, are commonly used with audio headsets that include a sound tube out of which sound is emitted. ",
"The earbud carries sound from the sound tube directly to the ear canal of the wearer while blocking sound from the environment. ",
"The earbud commonly includes a soft foam body with a through body passage, and a sleeve of stiffer material (usually solid material rather than foam) lying within the body. ",
"A sound tube such as one of an MP3 or IPOD-compatible speaker device is inserted into the sleeve, with the sleeve anchoring the sound tube to the body. ",
"The earbud is inserted into a person's ear and is retained by the press-fit of the foam body with the walls of the person's ear canal.",
"\nOne way to produce an earbud is to mold or extrude the foam body with a passage, and to separately produce the sleeve. ",
"The sleeve is inserted into the foam body passage, with adhesive used to bond the sleeve and body together. ",
"Such a process requires the application of adhesive to the sleeve and/or body. ",
"It is common for bonding quality issues (adhesive strength, coverage, and cosmetics) to complicate and add cost to the manufacturing process. ",
"It is important that the earbud be manufactured consistently as a high-quality product at low cost. ",
"It would be desirable to minimize handling of parts and avoid the need for adhesive application, and make earbud manufacture a one-step process."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0.0011662135366350412,
0.0015280668158084154,
0.0006614001467823982,
0.0007706918986514211,
0.0014861199306324124,
0.00074799481080845,
0.0006694381590932608,
0.0005877215880900621,
0.0006163180223666131,
0.0006073449621908367,
0.0005858053336851299
] | 0.000857 | 11 |
[
"Mike Drissel\n\nMichael F. Drissel (December 19, 1864 – February 26, 1913), was a professional baseball player who played catcher in the Major Leagues for the 1885 St. Louis Browns.",
"\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1864 births\nCategory:1913 deaths\nCategory:Major League Baseball catchers\nCategory:St. Louis Browns (AA) players\nCategory:19th-century baseball players\nCategory:Baseball players from Missouri"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.000987125327810645,
0.0005815002368763089
] | 0.000784 | 2 |
[
"// Copyright (c) 2015-present Mattermost, Inc. All Rights Reserved.",
"\n// See LICENSE.txt for license information.",
"\n\nimport {bindActionCreators} from 'redux';\nimport {connect} from 'react-redux';\n\nimport {loadChannelsByTeamName} from '@actions/views/channel';\nimport {getPostThread} from '@actions/views/post';\nimport {handleSearchDraftChanged} from '@actions/views/search';\nimport {selectFocusedPostId, selectPost} from '@mm-redux/actions/posts';\nimport {clearSearch, removeSearchTerms, searchPostsWithParams, getMorePostsForSearch} from '@mm-redux/actions/search';\nimport {getCurrentChannelId, filterPostIds} from '@mm-redux/selectors/entities/channels';\nimport {getCurrentTeamId} from '@mm-redux/selectors/entities/teams';\nimport {getConfig} from '@mm-redux/selectors/entities/general';\nimport {getTheme} from '@mm-redux/selectors/entities/preferences';\nimport {isTimezoneEnabled} from '@mm-redux/selectors/entities/timezone';\nimport {isMinimumServerVersion} from '@mm-redux/utils/helpers';\nimport {getUserCurrentTimezone} from '@mm-redux/utils/timezone_utils';\nimport {getCurrentUser} from '@mm-redux/selectors/entities/users';\nimport {isLandscape} from '@selectors/device';\nimport {makePreparePostIdsForSearchPosts} from '@selectors/post_list';\nimport {getDeviceUtcOffset, getUtcOffsetForTimeZone} from '@utils/timezone';\n\nimport Search from './search';\n\nfunction makeMapStateToProps() {\n const preparePostIds = makePreparePostIdsForSearchPosts();\n const filterPostIdsByDeletedChannels = filterPostIds((c) => c && c.delete_at !",
"== 0);\n\n return (state) => {\n const config = getConfig(state);\n let results = state.entities.search.results;\n\n const archivedPostIds = filterPostIdsByDeletedChannels(state, results || []);\n const viewArchivedChannels = config.",
"ExperimentalViewArchivedChannels === 'true';\n\n if (!",
"viewArchivedChannels && results && results.length > 0) {\n results = results.filter((id) => !",
"archivedPostIds.includes(id));\n }\n\n const postIds = preparePostIds(state, results);\n\n const currentTeamId = getCurrentTeamId(state);\n const currentChannelId = getCurrentChannelId(state);\n const {recent} = state.entities.search;\n\n const currentUser = getCurrentUser(state);\n const enableTimezone = isTimezoneEnabled(state);\n const userCurrentTimezone = enableTimezone ? ",
"getUserCurrentTimezone(currentUser.timezone) : '';\n const timezoneOffsetInSeconds = (userCurrentTimezone.length > 0 ? ",
"getUtcOffsetForTimeZone(userCurrentTimezone) : getDeviceUtcOffset()) * 60;\n\n const serverVersion = state.entities.general.serverVersion;\n const enableDateSuggestion = isMinimumServerVersion(serverVersion, 5, 3);\n\n const isSearchGettingMore = state.entities.search.isSearchGettingMore;\n\n return {\n currentTeamId,\n currentChannelId,\n isLandscape: isLandscape(state),\n postIds,\n archivedPostIds,\n recent: recent[currentTeamId],\n isSearchGettingMore,\n theme: getTheme(state),\n enableDateSuggestion,\n timezoneOffsetInSeconds,\n viewArchivedChannels,\n };\n };\n}\n\nfunction mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {\n return {\n actions: bindActionCreators({\n clearSearch,\n handleSearchDraftChanged,\n loadChannelsByTeamName,\n getPostThread,\n removeSearchTerms,\n selectFocusedPostId,\n searchPostsWithParams,\n getMorePostsForSearch,\n selectPost,\n }, dispatch),\n };\n}\n\nexport default connect(makeMapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Search);\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0006035756086930633,
0.0005967160104773939,
0.0023441503290086985,
0.0013337376294657588,
0.0006974947755225003,
0.0011355679016560316,
0.0008568900520913303,
0.0010399438906461,
0.0027652662247419357
] | 0.001264 | 9 |
[
"Minor MLB Transactions: 6/7/17\n\nThe Orioles have outrighted infielder Paul Janish to Triple-A Norfolk after Janish cleared waivers, according to an announcement from the team. ",
"Janish was designated for assignment yesterday to clear room for Ruben Tejada joining the O’s. ",
"Janish has spent much of his three years in Baltimore’s organization at the Triple-A level, appearing in 205 games for Norfolk and just 31 with the Orioles.",
"\n\nThe Cardinals have purchased the contract of first baseman/outfielder Chad Huffman, MLB.com’s Jenifer Langosch reports (via Twitter). ",
"Righty John Gant was optioned to Triple-A in a corresponding move. ",
"Huffman’s MLB career consists of nine games with the Yankees in 2010 and he hasn’t been back to the Show since, bouncing between the Cardinals, Tigers and Indians farm systems, as well as spending parts of two seasons in Japan. ",
"Originally a second-round pick of the Padres in the 2006 draft, Huffman has an impressive .281/.376/.463 over 4094 career plate appearances in the minors.",
"\n\nThe Marlins have signed right-hander William Cuevas to a minor league deal, as announced by the A1 Performance Group (Twitter link), Cuevas’ agency. ",
"The righty elected free agency earlier this week after rejecting an outright assignment from the Tigers. ",
"Cuevas, 26, has a limited Major League resume that consists of one-third of an inning for Detroit this season and five innings for Boston in 2016. ",
"The 26-year-old has a 3.67 ERA, 7.2 K/9 and 2.67 K/BB rate over 772 2/3 career innings in the minors, with 103 of his 171 appearances coming as a starting pitcher.",
"\n\nThe Tigers and right-handed reliever A.J. Achter “mutually agreed” upon his release yesterday, tweets SB Nation’s Chris Cotillo. ",
"The former Twins/Angels reliever will now hit free agency in search of a new club. ",
"Achter, 28, has appeared in 45 games between Minnesota and Anaheim in the past three seasons, pitching to a combined 3.92 ERA with 4.8 K/9, 3.0 BB/9 and a 38.4 percent ground-ball rate in 62 innings of Major League action. ",
"He’s had a rough year with Detroit’s Double-A affiliate, however, limping to a 5.34 earned run average with a 24-to-14 K/BB ratio through 28 2/3 innings.",
"\n\nInfielder Jose Pirela had his contract selected by the Padres prior to last night’s game, the team announced. ",
"The former Yankees farmhand was off to a .331/.387/.635 start with 13 homers and eight stolen bases through 201 plate appearances in the admittedly hitter-friendly Pacific Coast League. ",
"The 27-year-old Pirela has yet to perform offensively in a brief sample of MLB work (148 plate appearances dating back to his debut in 2014), but he does have a nice track record in Triple-A. To clear a spot on the roster, San Diego put Jarred Cosart (foot contusion) on the 10-day disabled list and moved Travis Jankowski from the 10-day DL to the 60-day DL."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006499852752313018,
0.0013572508469223976,
0.0007347821956500411,
0.0005890027387067676,
0.0010765253100544214,
0.00066899205558002,
0.0009310614550486207,
0.0011138289701193571,
0.0008754577138461173,
0.0006694497424177825,
0.002420377219095826,
0.0014992059441283345,
0.000728836574126035,
0.00111910211853683,
0.0032586450688540936,
0.000992323737591505,
0.0016851237742230296,
0.0017323418287560344
] | 0.001228 | 18 |
[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe field of invention relates to sheave apparatus, and more particularly pertains to a new and improved tri-lobe sheave wherein the same is arranged to effect varying ratios and orientation of drive and driven belts between cooperating flanges of the sheave structure.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Prior Art\nThe centering and alignment of cooperating flanges relative to sheave structure has in the prior art been of a costly and complex construction. ",
"The instant invention attempts to overcome deficiencies of the prior art by providing for cooperating flanges in a sheave organization to effect spreading of the cooperating flanges to accommodate a drive belt therebetween in accordance to speed of the belt structure mounted within the sheave structure.",
"\nPrior art sheave apparatus has been set forth in U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,149,425 to Williams wherein an adjustable door flange sheave includes spring biased flanges cooperating relative to one another to accommodate variations of speed of a sheave structure.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,023,247 to Baer; U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,301,995 to Niskin., ",
"and U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,421,498 to Deleu, et al. ",
"are further examples of adjustable sheave structure of the prior art.",
"\nAccordingly, it may be appreciated that there continues to be a need for a new and improved tri-lobe sheave as set forth by the instant invention which addresses both the problems of ease of use as well as effectiveness in construction in maintaining the sheave apparatus in a fixed orientation relative to a shaft member directed coaxially therethrough and in this respect, the present invention substantially fulfills this need."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0.0009391900966875255,
0.0005661778268404305,
0.001185585861094296,
0.0006343007553368807,
0.0006482801982201636,
0.0006663481472060084,
0.0013785817427560687,
0.0006548573146574199,
0.0010884626535698771,
0.0013785817427560687,
0.0007389222737401724,
0.0013785817427560687,
0.009478515945374966,
0.0008104598964564502,
0.0013785817427560687,
0.0006707892171107233,
0.0006198386545293033,
0.0005393686005845666
] | 0.001375 | 18 |
[
"MIME\n\nMultipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet standard that extends the format of email messages to support text in character sets other than ASCII, as well as attachments of audio, video, images, and application programs. ",
" Message bodies may consist of multiple parts, and header information may be specified in non-ASCII character sets. ",
"Email messages with MIME formatting are typically transmitted with standard protocols, such as the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), the Post Office Protocol (POP), and the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP).",
"\n\nThe MIME standard is specified in a series of requests for comments: ,\n,\n,\n,\n and \n. ",
"The integration with SMTP email is specified in \n and \n.",
"\n\nAlthough the MIME formalism was designed mainly for SMTP, its content types are also important in other communication protocols. ",
"In the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) for the World Wide Web, servers insert a MIME header field at the beginning of any Web transmission. ",
"Clients use the content type or media type header to select an appropriate viewer application for the type of data indicated. ",
"Browsers typically contain GIF and JPEG image viewers.",
"\n\nMIME header fields\n\nMIME-Version\nThe presence of this header field indicates the message is MIME-formatted. ",
"The value is typically \"1.0\". ",
"The field appears as follows:\n MIME-Version: 1.0\n\nAccording to MIME co-creator Nathaniel Borenstein, the version number was introduced to permit changes to the MIME protocol in subsequent versions. ",
"However, Borenstein admitted short-comings in the specification that hindered the implementation of this feature: \"We did not adequately specify how to handle a future MIME version. ... ",
"So if you write something that knows 1.0, what should you do if you encounter 2.0 or 1.1? ",
"I sort of thought it was obvious but it turned out everyone implemented that in different ways. ",
"And the result is that it would be just about impossible for the Internet to ever define a 2.0 or a 1.1.\"",
"\n\nContent-Type\nThis header field indicates the media type of the message content, consisting of a type and subtype, for example\n Content-Type: text/plain\n\nThrough the use of the multipart type, MIME allows mail messages to have parts arranged in a tree structure where the leaf nodes are any non-multipart content type and the non-leaf nodes are any of a variety of multipart types.",
"\nThis mechanism supports:\n simple text messages using text/plain (the default value for \"Content-Type: \")\n text plus attachments (multipart/mixed with a text/plain part and other non-text parts). ",
"A MIME message including an attached file generally indicates the file's original name with the \"Content-disposition:\" field, so that the type of file is indicated both by the MIME content-type and the (usually OS-specific) filename extension\n reply with original attached (multipart/mixed with a text/plain part and the original message as a message/rfc822 part)\n alternative content, such as a message sent in both plain text and another format such as HTML (multipart/alternative with the same content in text/plain and text/html forms)\n image, audio, video and application (for example, image/jpeg, audio/mp3, video/mp4, and application/msword and so on)\n many other message constructs\n\nContent-Disposition\nThe original MIME specifications only described the structure of mail messages. ",
"They did not address the issue of presentation styles. ",
"The content-disposition header field was added in RFC 2183 to specify the presentation style. ",
"A MIME part can have:\n an inline content-disposition, which means that it should be automatically displayed when the message is displayed, or\n an attachment content-disposition, in which case it is not displayed automatically and requires some form of action from the user to open it.",
"\nIn addition to the presentation style, content-disposition also provides parameters for specifying the name of the file, the creation date and modification date, which can be used by the reader's mail user agent to store the attachment.",
"\n\nThe following example is taken from RFC 2183, where the header field is defined:\n Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=genome.jpeg;\n modification-date=\"Wed, 12 Feb 1997 16:29:51 -0500\";\n\nThe filename may be encoded as defined in RFC 2231.",
"\n\nAs of 2010, a majority of mail user agents did not follow this prescription fully. ",
"The widely used Mozilla Thunderbird mail client ignores the content-disposition fields in the messages and uses independent algorithms for selecting the MIME parts to display automatically. ",
"Thunderbird prior to version 3 also sends out newly composed messages with inline content-disposition for all MIME parts. ",
"Most users are unaware of how to set the content-disposition to attachment. ",
"Many mail user agents also send messages with the file name in the name parameter of the content-type header instead of the filename parameter of the content-disposition header field. ",
"This practice is discouraged, as the file name should be specified either with the parameter filename, or with both the parameters filename and name.",
"\n\nIn HTTP, the response header field Content-Disposition: attachment is usually used as a hint to the client to present the response body as a downloadable file. ",
"Typically, when receiving such a response, a Web browser prompts the user to save its content as a file, instead of displaying it as a page in a browser window, with filename suggesting the default file name.",
"\n\nContent-Transfer-Encoding\nIn sure June 1992, MIME (RFC 1341, since made obsolete by RFC 2045) defined a set of methods for representing binary data in formats other than ASCII text format. ",
"The content-transfer-encoding: MIME header field has 2-sided significance:\n It indicates whether or not a binary-to-text encoding scheme has been used on top of the original encoding as specified within the Content-Type header:\n If such a binary-to-text encoding method has been used, it states which one.",
"\n If not, it provides a descriptive label for the format of content, with respect to the presence of 8-bit or binary content.",
"\n\nThe RFC and the IANA's list of transfer encodings define the values shown below, which are not case sensitive. ",
"Note that '7bit', '8bit', and 'binary' mean that no binary-to-text encoding on top of the original encoding was used. ",
"In these cases, the header field is actually redundant for the email client to decode the message body, but it may still be useful as an indicator of what type of object is being sent. ",
"Values 'quoted-printable' and 'base64' tell the email client that a binary-to-text encoding scheme was used and that appropriate initial decoding is necessary before the message can be read with its original encoding (e.g. UTF-8).",
"\n Suitable for use with normal SMTP:\n 7bit – up to 998 octets per line of the code range 1..127 with CR and LF (codes 13 and 10 respectively) only allowed to appear as part of a CRLF line ending. ",
"This is the default value.",
"\n quoted-printable – used to encode arbitrary octet sequences into a form that satisfies the rules of 7bit. ",
"Designed to be efficient and mostly human readable when used for text data consisting primarily of US-ASCII characters but also containing a small proportion of bytes with values outside that range.",
"\n base64 – used to encode arbitrary octet sequences into a form that satisfies the rules of 7bit. ",
"Designed to be efficient for non-text 8 bit and binary data. ",
"Sometimes used for text data that frequently uses non-US-ASCII characters.",
"\n Suitable for use with SMTP servers that support the 8BITMIME SMTP extension (RFC 6152):\n 8bit – up to 998 octets per line with CR and LF (codes 13 and 10 respectively) only allowed to appear as part of a CRLF line ending.",
"\n Suitable for use with SMTP servers that support the BINARYMIME SMTP extension (RFC 3030):\n binary – any sequence of octets.",
"\n\nThere is no encoding defined which is explicitly designed for sending arbitrary binary data through SMTP transports with the 8BITMIME extension. ",
"Thus, if BINARYMIME isn't supported, base64 or quoted-printable (with their associated inefficiency) are sometimes still useful. ",
"This restriction does not apply to other uses of MIME such as Web Services with MIME attachments or MTOM.",
"\n\nEncoded-Word\nSince RFC 2822, conforming message header field names and values use ASCII characters; values that contain non-ASCII data should use the MIME encoded-word syntax (RFC 2047) instead of a literal string. ",
"This syntax uses a string of ASCII characters indicating both the original character encoding (the \"charset\") and the content-transfer-encoding used to map the bytes of the charset into ASCII characters.",
"\n\nThe form is: \"=?",
"charset?encoding?encoded text?=\".",
"\n charset may be any character set registered with IANA. ",
"Typically it would be the same charset as the message body.",
"\n encoding can be either \"Q\" denoting Q-encoding that is similar to the quoted-printable encoding, or \"B\" denoting base64 encoding.",
"\n encoded text is the Q-encoded or base64-encoded text.",
"\n An encoded-word may not be more than 75 characters long, including charset, encoding, encoded text, and delimiters. ",
"If it is desirable to encode more text than will fit in an encoded-word of 75 characters, multiple encoded-words (separated by CRLF SPACE) may be used.",
"\n\nDifference between Q-encoding and quoted-printable\nThe ASCII codes for the question mark (\"?\") ",
"and equals sign (\"=\") may not be represented directly as they are used to delimit the encoded-word. ",
"The ASCII code for space may not be represented directly because it could cause older parsers to split up the encoded word undesirably. ",
"To make the encoding smaller and easier to read the underscore is used to represent the ASCII code for space creating the side effect that underscore cannot be represented directly. ",
"Use of encoded words in certain parts of header fields imposes further restrictions on which characters may be represented directly.",
"\n\nFor example,\n\nSubject: =?",
"iso-8859-1?Q?=A1Hola,_se=F1or!?=\n\nis interpreted as \"Subject: ¡Hola, señor!\".",
"\n\nThe encoded-word format is not used for the names of the headers fields (for example Subject). ",
"These names are always in English in the raw message. ",
"When viewing a message with a non-English email client, the header field names are usually translated by the client.",
"\n\nMultipart messages\nThe MIME multipart message contains a boundary in the header field Content-Type:; this boundary, which must not occur in any of the parts, is placed between the parts, and at the beginning and end of the body of the message, as follows:\n\nMIME-Version: 1.0\nContent-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=frontier\n\nThis is a message with multiple parts in MIME format.",
"\n--frontier\nContent-Type: text/plain\n\nThis is the body of the message.",
"\n--frontier\nContent-Type: application/octet-stream\nContent-Transfer-Encoding: base64\n\nPGh0bWw+CiAgPGhlYWQ+CiAgPC9oZWFkPgogIDxib2R5PgogICAgPHA+VGhpcyBpcyB0aGUg\nYm9keSBvZiB0aGUgbWVzc2FnZS48L3A+CiAgPC9ib2R5Pgo8L2h0bWw+Cg==\n--frontier--\n\nEach part consists of its own content header (zero or more Content- header fields) and a body. ",
"Multipart content can be nested. ",
"The content-transfer-encoding of a multipart type must always be \"7bit\", \"8bit\" or \"binary\" to avoid the complications that would be posed by multiple levels of decoding. ",
"The multipart block as a whole does not have a charset; non-ASCII characters in the part headers are handled by the Encoded-Word system, and the part bodies can have charsets specified if appropriate for their content-type.",
"\n\nNotes:\n Before the first boundary is an area that is ignored by MIME-compliant clients. ",
"This area is generally used to put a message to users of old non-MIME clients.",
"\n It is up to the sending mail client to choose a boundary string that doesn't clash with the body text. ",
"Typically this is done by inserting a long random string.",
"\n The last boundary must have two hyphens at the end.",
"\n\nMultipart subtypes\nThe MIME standard defines various multipart-message subtypes, which specify the nature of the message parts and their relationship to one another. ",
"The subtype is specified in the \"Content-Type\" header field of the overall message. ",
"For example, a multipart MIME message using the digest subtype would have its Content-Type set as \"multipart/digest\".",
"\n\nThe RFC initially defined four subtypes: mixed, digest, alternative and parallel. ",
"A minimally compliant application must support mixed and digest; other subtypes are optional. ",
"Applications must treat unrecognized subtypes as \"multipart/mixed\". ",
"Additional subtypes, such as signed and form-data, have since been separately defined in other RFCs.",
"\n\nMixed\nMultipart/mixed is used for sending files with different \"Content-Type\" header fields inline (or as attachments). ",
"If sending pictures or other easily readable files, most mail clients will display them inline (unless otherwise specified with Content-Disposition). ",
"Otherwise, it offers them as attachments. ",
"The default content-type for each part is \"text/plain\".",
"\n\nThe type is defined in RFC 2046.",
"\n\nDigest\nMultipart/digest is a simple way to send multiple text messages. ",
"The default content-type for each part is \"message/rfc822\".",
"\n\nThe MIME type is defined in RFC 2046.",
"\n\nAlternative\nThe multipart/alternative subtype indicates that each part is an \"alternative\" version of the same (or similar) content, each in a different format denoted by its \"Content-Type\" header. ",
"The order of the parts is significant. ",
" RFC1341 states: In general, user agents that compose multipart/alternative entities should place the body parts in increasing order of preference, that is, with the preferred format last.",
"\n\nSystems can then choose the \"best\" representation they are capable of processing; in general, this will be the last part that the system can understand, although other factors may affect this.",
"\n\nSince a client is unlikely to want to send a version that is less faithful than the plain text version, this structure places the plain text version (if present) first. ",
"This makes life easier for users of clients that do not understand multipart messages.",
"\n\nMost commonly, multipart/alternative is used for email with two parts, one plain text (text/plain) and one HTML (text/html). ",
"The plain text part provides backwards compatibility while the HTML part allows use of formatting and hyperlinks. ",
"Most email clients offer a user option to prefer plain text over HTML; this is an example of how local factors may affect how an application chooses which \"best\" part of the message to display.",
"\n\nWhile it is intended that each part of the message represent the same content, the standard does not require this to be enforced in any way. ",
"At one time, anti-spam filters would only examine the text/plain part of a message, because it is easier to parse than the text/html part. ",
"But spammers eventually took advantage of this, creating messages with an innocuous-looking text/plain part and advertising in the text/html part. ",
"Anti-spam software eventually caught up on this trick, penalizing messages with very different text in a multipart/alternative message.",
"\n\nThe type is defined in RFC 2046.",
"\n\nRelated\nA multipart/related is used to indicate that each message part is a component of an aggregate whole. ",
"It is for compound objects consisting of several inter-related components - proper display cannot be achieved by individually displaying the constituent parts. ",
"The message consists of a root part (by default, the first) which reference other parts inline, which may in turn reference other parts. ",
"Message parts are commonly referenced by Content-ID. ",
"The syntax of a reference is unspecified and is instead dictated by the encoding or protocol used in the part.",
"\n\nOne common usage of this subtype is to send a web page complete with images in a single message. ",
"The root part would contain the HTML document, and use image tags to reference images stored in the latter parts.",
"\n\nThe type is defined in RFC 2387.",
"\n\nReport\nMultipart/report is a message type that contains data formatted for a mail server to read. ",
"It is split between a text/plain (or some other content/type easily readable) and a message/delivery-status, which contains the data formatted for the mail server to read.",
"\n\nThe type is defined in RFC 6522.",
"\n\nSigned\nA multipart/signed message is used to attach a digital signature to a message. ",
"It has exactly two body parts, a body part and a signature part. ",
"The whole of the body part, including mime fields, is used to create the signature part. ",
"Many signature types are possible, like \"application/pgp-signature\" (RFC 3156) and \"application/pkcs7-signature\" (S/MIME).",
"\n\nThe type is defined in RFC 1847.",
"\n\nEncrypted\nA multipart/encrypted message has two parts. ",
"The first part has control information that is needed to decrypt the application/octet-stream second part. ",
"Similar to signed messages, there are different implementations which are\nidentified by their separate content types for the control part. ",
"The most common types are\n\"application/pgp-encrypted\" (RFC 3156) and \"application/pkcs7-mime\" (S/MIME).",
"\n\nThe MIME type defined in RFC 1847.",
"\n\nForm-Data\nThe MIME type multipart/form-data is used to express values submitted through a form. ",
"Originally defined as part of HTML 4.0, it is most commonly used for submitting files with HTTP. ",
"It is specified in RFC 7578, superseding RFC 2388.",
"\n\nMixed-Replace\nThe content type multipart/x-mixed-replace was developed as part of a technology to emulate server push and streaming over HTTP.",
"\n\nAll parts of a mixed-replace message have the same semantic meaning. ",
"However, each part invalidates - \"replaces\" - the previous parts as soon as it is received completely. ",
"Clients should process the individual parts as soon as they arrive and should not wait for the whole message to finish.",
"\n\nOriginally developed by Netscape, it is still supported by Mozilla, Firefox, Safari, and Opera. ",
"It is commonly used in IP cameras as the MIME type for MJPEG streams. ",
"It was supported by Chrome for main resources until 2013 (images can still be displayed using this content type).",
"\n\nByteranges\nThe multipart/byterange is used to represent noncontiguous byte ranges of a single message. ",
"It is used by HTTP when a server returns multiple byte ranges and is defined in RFC 2616.",
"\n\nRFC documentation\n RFC 1426, SMTP Service Extension for 8bit-MIMEtransport. ",
"J. Klensin, N. Freed, M. Rose, E. Stefferud, D. Crocker. ",
"February 1993.",
"\n RFC 1847, Security Multiparts for MIME: Multipart/Signed and Multipart/Encrypted\n RFC 3156, MIME Security with OpenPGP\n RFC 2045, MIME Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies\n RFC 2046, MIME Part Two: Media Types. ",
"N. Freed, Nathaniel Borenstein. ",
"November 1996.",
"\n RFC 2047, MIME Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text. ",
"Keith Moore. ",
"November 1996.",
"\n RFC 4288, MIME Part Four: Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures.",
"\n RFC 4289, MIME Part Four: Registration Procedures. ",
"N. Freed, J. Klensin. ",
"December 2005.",
"\n RFC 2049, MIME Part Five: Conformance Criteria and Examples. ",
"N. Freed, N. Borenstein. ",
"November 1996.",
"\n RFC 2183, Communicating Presentation Information in Internet Messages: The Content-Disposition Header Field. ",
"Troost, R., Dorner, S. and K. Moore. ",
"August 1997.",
"\n RFC 2231, MIME Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages, and Continuations. ",
"N. Freed, K. Moore. ",
"November 1997.",
"\n RFC 2387, The MIME Multipart/Related Content-type\n RFC 1521, Mechanisms for Specifying and Describing the Format of Internet Message Bodies\n\nSee also\n 8BITMIME\n Unicode and email\n Binary-to-text encoding\n Direct Internet Message Encapsulation (DIME)– a now superseded Microsoft-proposed protocol intended as a streamlined MIME, primarily for use in web services.",
"\n Extended SMTP (ESMTP)\n Mailcap\n mime.types\n Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)\n S/MIME\n SOAP with Attachments\n Uuencoding\n VPIM\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n MIME Media Types - comprising a list of directories of content types and subtypes, maintained by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.",
"\n List of Character Sets\n Properly Configuring Server MIME Types\n An easy to follow description of multipart messages from MH & nmh\n \n Free Online PHP MIME checker\n Free Online MIME Email Validator\n\nCategory:MIME"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.0007281742291525006,
0.000636968994513154,
0.0006274819024838507,
0.0006044123438186944,
0.0006324180285446346,
0.0006655119941569865,
0.0006088228547014296,
0.000613558164332062,
0.0007313374662771821,
0.0006740925600752234,
0.0006339622777886689,
0.0005817858036607504,
0.0007292930386029184,
0.0008283352362923324,
0.0005939950933679938,
0.0007557101198472083,
0.0005909475148655474,
0.0006020906148478389,
0.0006004514289088547,
0.000621005950961262,
0.0005746404640376568,
0.0005940800765529275,
0.0005651121609844267,
0.000566470087505877,
0.0006537220906466246,
0.0006436852854676545,
0.0006491161184385419,
0.0006191133288666606,
0.0006475981790572405,
0.00060190015938133,
0.0005950561608187854,
0.0006873174570500851,
0.0006171491695567966,
0.0006101931794546545,
0.0005560544086620212,
0.0005756052560172975,
0.0006709225126542151,
0.0006239869398996234,
0.0005694898427464068,
0.0009699423098936677,
0.000692663830704987,
0.000866723945364356,
0.0006381870480254292,
0.000924888183362782,
0.0006694203475490212,
0.0006649575661867857,
0.0007871140842325985,
0.000790147518273443,
0.0007927000406198204,
0.0006315325736068189,
0.0007670796476304531,
0.0006980696925893426,
0.0007118579233065248,
0.000782662071287632,
0.0007682284922339022,
0.000579678569920361,
0.0006055678823031485,
0.0006371717900037766,
0.00069082883419469,
0.0005916170193813741,
0.0005782474181614816,
0.0006280284724198282,
0.0006009105127304792,
0.0007066722027957439,
0.0006530284299515188,
0.0005905553116463125,
0.0007182679837569594,
0.002666105981916189,
0.0005896422080695629,
0.0005953826475888491,
0.0005853878683410585,
0.0006010654615238309,
0.0005973755032755435,
0.004253881983458996,
0.0005458460072986782,
0.0006081237806938589,
0.0007542511448264122,
0.0006543684867210686,
0.0007094817119650543,
0.0006121101905591786,
0.0006883328314870596,
0.0007073331507854164,
0.0006109153619036078,
0.0005979993147775531,
0.0006194692687131464,
0.0005945906741544604,
0.00058704090770334,
0.0005782824009656906,
0.0005786565598100424,
0.0006149837281554937,
0.0005815216572955251,
0.0006411270587705076,
0.0005828847060911357,
0.0005861074896529317,
0.0006974256248213351,
0.0005751862190663815,
0.0006265535484999418,
0.0005795863107778132,
0.0005638045258820057,
0.0005629953229799867,
0.0005683361669071019,
0.0005876547074876726,
0.0007121116505004466,
0.0006014047539792955,
0.000602357555180788,
0.0005742260254919529,
0.000589040108025074,
0.0006208636332303286,
0.0006546822260133922,
0.0009450484067201614,
0.0005861074896529317,
0.000617503363173455,
0.0006491225794889033,
0.000604368862695992,
0.0006236417684704065,
0.0005475421785376966,
0.0006620974163524806,
0.0005755418678745627,
0.0006042234017513692,
0.0007260541897267103,
0.0006030891090631485,
0.0005891826585866511,
0.000618205638602376,
0.0007390371756628156,
0.0007104086689651012,
0.0005693744169548154,
0.0005904627032577991,
0.0006865946925245225,
0.0006068721995688975,
0.0005785831599496305,
0.0006365044391714036,
0.0006303356494754553,
0.0006171789136715233,
0.0006128071690909564,
0.0006215503672137856,
0.0006671729497611523,
0.0006679326179437339,
0.0006491182721219957,
0.0005749324918724597,
0.0007007105159573257,
0.0007564342813566327,
0.0005631382809951901,
0.0006448808126151562,
0.0006193919107317924,
0.0006319772801361978,
0.00994814746081829,
0.0007239134283736348,
0.0007468534167855978,
0.001148086041212082,
0.0007689861813560128,
0.00072602613363415,
0.0010470005217939615,
0.0007689861813560128,
0.000615290948189795,
0.0006516283610835671,
0.0007462757057510316,
0.000753795204218477,
0.0005986485630273819,
0.0009209262789227068,
0.0007689861813560128,
0.0005942028947174549,
0.0007512071751989424,
0.0007381172035820782,
0.0005898209637962282,
0.0007375940913334489,
0.0008109002956189215,
0.0006406886968761683,
0.0008172818343155086,
0.0007839451427571476
] | 0.000747 | 169 |
[
" IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS\n\n No. ",
"117,850\n\n STATE OF KANSAS,\n Appellee,\n\n v.\n\n MICHAEL ROSS,\n Appellant.",
"\n\n\n SYLLABUS BY THE COURT\n\n1.",
"\n In determining whether a particular statement falls outside of the wide latitude\ngiven to prosecutors, the court considers the context in which the statement was made,\nrather than analyzing the statement in isolation.",
"\n\n\n2.",
"\n A prosecutor's clear misstatement of law constitutes prosecutorial error.",
"\n\n\n3.",
"\n A prosecutor does not shift the burden of proof by pointing out the implausibility\nof a defendant's account.",
"\n\n\n4.",
"\n Kansas law favors the admission of otherwise relevant evidence, and the exclusion\nof relevant evidence is an extraordinary remedy that should be used sparingly.",
"\n\n\n Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; JEFFREY SYRIOS, judge. ",
"Opinion filed July 19, 2019.",
"\nAffirmed.",
"\n 1\n\f Peter Maharry, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause and was on the brief for\nappellant, and Michael Ross, appellant, was on a supplemental brief pro se.",
"\n\n\n Lesley A. Isherwood, assistant district attorney, argued the cause, and Marc Bennett, district\nattorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with her on the briefs for appellee.",
"\n\n\nThe opinion of the court was delivered by\n\n\n ROSEN, J.: Michael Ross challenges his convictions for first-degree felony\nmurder, second-degree murder, and felony abuse of a child. ",
"Finding any error to be\nharmless, we affirm.",
"\n\n\n FACTS\n\n On the morning of November 9, 2015, A.S. left two of her children—17-month-\nold G.H. and 4-year-old S.T.—in the care of her boyfriend, Ross, while she traveled to\nthe hospital to work her shift as a certified nursing assistant. ",
"At that time, G.H. was\nuninjured and was acting normally, although she did have a bruise on her right cheek.",
"\nOther than Ross, there were no adults in the residence at this time. ",
"Not long after her shift\nat the hospital began, A.S. received a phone call from Ross, who told her that G.H. had\nfallen and was not responding.",
"\n\n\n A.S. left work promptly after receiving the call and returned home. ",
"When A.S.\narrived at the residence, G.H. was lying down on a bed. ",
"She was breathing, but she was\nnonresponsive. ",
"G.H. had bruising on her face and a bump on her head that had not been\npresent before A.S. left for work. ",
"While A.S. was on the phone with 911, G.H. began\nhaving seizures.",
"\n\n\n 2\n\f Paramedics responded to the scene a short while later, where they found G.H.\nnonresponsive. ",
"The paramedics observed various injuries, including a large hematoma to\nG.H.'s forehead, a swollen upper lip, bite marks on different places of G.H.'s body, and\nvarious circular and semicircular bruises on her body that were in different stages of\nhealing. ",
"When they moved G.H. to the ambulance, the paramedics assessed her under the\nGlasgow Coma Scale at a score of 4 out of a possible 15, with 15 indicating alertness.",
"\nG.H.'s score decreased to a 3—the lowest possible score—during the ride to the hospital.",
"\n\n\n Eric Glendinning, M.D., provided emergency care for G.H. when she arrived at\nthe hospital around 1:30 p.m. When she arrived, G.H. was put under anesthesia and\nintubated. ",
"Glendinning noted bruising on G.H.'s face and a swollen lip, along with\nbruising on her abdomen. ",
"A CT scan revealed a subdural hematoma and a liver\nlaceration. ",
"Because these symptoms suggested child abuse, Glendinning consulted with a\npediatric intensivist, Elizabeth Heflin, M.D. Heflin observed that G.H. had a subdural\nhemorrhage covering half of her brain and bilateral retinal hemorrhages in the back of her\neyes, as well as several bruises across her body that were indicative of multiple impacts\nand what appeared to be a bite mark. ",
"Further analysis revealed that G.H.'s intracranial\npressure was so high that she could not have been receiving adequate blood flow to her\nbrain.",
"\n\n\n G.H. was declared brain dead on November 12, 2015. ",
"Following G.H.'s death,\nforensic pathologist Timothy Gorrill, M.D., performed an autopsy. ",
"Based on the\nconstellation of injuries, Gorrill concluded that G.H.'s manner of death was homicide.",
"\n\n\n Wichita Police Department detectives interviewed Ross prior to G.H.'s death and\nsubsequently took Ross into custody. ",
"Following G.H.'s death, Ross was eventually\ncharged with premeditated first-degree murder and, in the alternative, felony murder,\nalong with abuse of a child.",
"\n 3\n\f From the outset of the case to the date of trial, Ross offered a number of different\nexplanations for G.H.'s injuries. ",
"Ross told the paramedics that G.H. had fallen from a\nstanding position and that she had possibly fallen into a doorway. ",
"He told Wichita Police\nDepartment Detective Ryan Schomaker that he had not seen the accident but that S.T.\ntold him G.H. had fallen. ",
"Ross later wrote A.S. a series of letters from jail that contained\nvarious descriptions of how G.H. became injured, including that G.H. fell while standing\non a toilet; that she slipped on water on the bathroom floor; that she was pushed off a\ncounter by S.T. and hit her head on a white iron chair; and that she was hit by a falling\ntelevision. ",
"Ross also made multiple calls to his own mother featuring different accounts.",
"\nAdditionally, Ross' one-time jail cellmate Demarco Rippatoe came forward with what he\nalleged to be four different versions of the day's events, as relayed to him by Ross.",
"\nCritically, in one of the versions Rippatoe recounted, Ross admitted to \"slamm[ing]\" an\nold, 1990s-model 32- to 34-inch television—the type \"with the big back\"—weighing\nbetween 65 and 70 pounds onto G.H.\n\n\n At trial, Ross testified that G.H. fell off of the counter in the kitchen and hit her\nhead on an iron chair shortly after A.S. left for work, after which G.H. \"seemed fine.\"",
"\nAfter this, Ross said that he lay down to sleep because he was exhausted from \"coming\ndown off crystal meth\" after having been awake for \"[l]ike two days and a half.\" ",
"Ross\nthen claimed to have woken up after hearing S.T. and G.H. \"play[ing] in the sink.\" ",
"Upon\ninvestigating, he found G.H. \"between the tub and the toilet\" and S.T. \"[s]tanding on the\ntoilet.\" ",
"He testified that G.H. fell again while walking to him \"because there was a lot of\nwater on the floor.\" ",
"Ross then went to sleep again, leaving G.H. to play with S.T. A little\nwhile later, S.T. woke Ross because \"the TV's on top of [G.H.].\" ",
"Again investigating,\nRoss found the television lying on top of G.H. \"[f]rom her head to her abdomen.\" ",
"Ross\nclaimed that G.H. was unconscious and was having a seizure but was also \"rubbing her\n\n\n 4\n\fleft side where her ribs\" were located. ",
"At this point, Ross \"panick[ed]\" and \"gave [G.H.]\nCPR.\"",
"\n\n\n Both of G.H.'s treating doctors testified at trial. ",
"Glendinning estimated that the\ninjury that caused G.H.'s brain bleeding must have occurred within a few hours before\nshe arrived at the hospital and must have had an acute, rather than gradual, cause. ",
"As to\nG.H.'s lacerated liver, Glendinning opined that it would take \"significant, significant\nforce\" to cause such an injury—force comparable to \"car accidents at highway speeds.\"",
"\nGlendinning further testified that a falling 65- to 70-pound television might have caused\nsuch a liver injury if it landed on G.H.'s abdomen. ",
"Heflin testified that the kind of\nhemorrhage G.H. suffered—a subdural hemorrhage—usually occurs \"when the skull goes\none way, the brain goes the other way and it rips them apart, rips those veins apart.\"",
"\nHeflin said that with subdural hemorrhage, \"you don't get a lucid interval\" between injury\nand presentation of symptoms. ",
"Heflin opined that a falling television could not have\ncaused subdural hemorrhages and retinal hemorrhages. ",
"Heflin testified that retinal\nhemorrhages \"are usually caused by some kind of violent shaking event where the head is\nshaken and goes in multiple directions.\" ",
"Heflin opined that a child of S.T.'s size could not\nhave been the source of G.H.'s injuries, nor could \"[t]he routine bumps and bruises that\nmost toddlers get as they run into\" furniture or fall onto the floor. ",
"In Heflin's opinion,\nG.H.'s injuries were inflicted, rather than accidental in origin.",
"\n\n\n The State focused its case on the severity of G.H.'s injuries and the inconsistency\nof Ross' proffered explanations for those injuries. ",
"Among other things, the State\npresented the recorded jail calls between Ross and his mother. ",
"Rippatoe also testified\nregarding the various accounts Ross allegedly gave him of the events of November 9,\n2015. ",
"Notably, during closing arguments, the State told the jury it \"must find [Ross]\nguilty\" if it did not believe his testimony.",
"\n\n\n 5\n\f Although Ross' counsel initially wanted no lesser included offense instructions,\nthe district court sua sponte decided to give intentional second-degree murder as a lesser\nincluded offense to premeditated first-degree murder. ",
"As a result, Ross' counsel also\nsought an unintentional but reckless second-degree murder instruction. ",
"The district court\nrejected this request. ",
"In closing, Ross' trial counsel argued that Ross had simply been, at\nmost, negligent and that G.H. had been caught in a \"perfect storm\" of accidental injuries\nthat culminated in her death.",
"\n\n\n The jury convicted Ross of both felony murder and second-degree murder as a\nlesser included offense of premeditated murder, along with abuse of a child. ",
"The district\ncourt sentenced Ross to life in prison with no chance of parole for 25 years for the\nfelony-murder conviction and 55 months in prison for the abuse of a child conviction, to\nrun consecutive.",
"\n\n\n Ross filed a timely appeal.",
"\n\n\n ANALYSIS\n\n Ross' counsel raises four issues for this court's consideration. ",
"Ross has raised an\nadditional two issues in a pro se brief. ",
"We find that none of these issues warrant reversal\nof Ross' convictions.",
"\n\n\nProsecutorial Error\n\n Ross first claims that the State committed prosecutorial error when, during its\nrebuttal closing argument, one of the prosecutors stated:\n\n\n\n\n 6\n\f \"Did you really believe the defendant's testimony? ",
"Ask yourself, is an\n unconscious baby going to be able to hold her ribs? ",
"What did you believe of his\n testimony? ",
"Because if you didn't believe it, you must find him guilty.\" (",
"Emphasis added.)",
"\n\n\n Ross argues this was prosecutorial error that prejudiced his right to a fair trial\nbecause this statement was legally incorrect and shifted the burden to Ross to prove his\nown innocence.",
"\n\n\n This court reviews a claim of prosecutorial error under a two-step analysis:\n\n\n \"[T]he appellate court must decide whether the prosecutorial acts complained of fall\n outside the wide latitude afforded prosecutors to conduct the State's case and attempt to\n obtain a conviction in a manner that does not offend the defendant's constitutional right to\n a fair trial. ",
"If error is found, the appellate court must next determine whether the error\n prejudiced the defendant's due process rights to a fair trial. ",
"In evaluating prejudice, we\n simply adopt the traditional constitutional harmlessness inquiry demanded by Chapman.",
"\n In other words, prosecutorial error is harmless if the State can demonstrate 'beyond a\n reasonable doubt that the error complained of will not or did not affect the outcome of the\n trial in light of the entire record, i.e., where there is no reasonable possibility that the\n error contributed to the verdict.'\" ",
"State v. Sherman, 305 Kan. 88, 109, 378 P.3d 1060\n (2016) (quoting State v. Ward, 292 Kan. 541, Syl. ¶ ",
"6, 256 P.3d 801 [2011]).",
"\n\n\n In determining whether a particular statement falls outside of the wide latitude\ngiven to prosecutors, the court considers the context in which the statement was made,\nrather than analyzing the statement in isolation. ",
"State v. Thomas, 307 Kan. 733, 744,\n415 P.3d 430 (2018). ",
"A prosecutor's misstatement of law constitutes prosecutorial error.",
"\nState v. Davis, 306 Kan. 400, 413, 394 P.3d 817 (2017).",
"\n\n\n Every criminal defendant has a constitutional right to the presumption of\ninnocence. ",
"Ward, 292 Kan. at 570. ",
"Consequently, a jury may find a defendant guilty only\n 7\n\fif the State proves the defendant's guilt; the defendant is under no obligation to disprove\nthe State's charge. ",
"K.S.A. 2018 Supp. ",
"21-5108 (burden to prove guilt is on State). ",
"The\ncomplained-of sentence here—\"Because if you didn't believe [Ross' testimony], you must\nfind him guilty\"—conflicts with these principles and inaccurately represents the law. ",
"As a\nresult, it was error.",
"\n\n\n But our analysis does not end here. ",
"We must evaluate whether Ross was\nprejudiced by this erroneous statement. ",
"Ross avers that this statement prejudiced his right\nto a fair trial because it effectively relieved the State of its burden to prove guilt.",
"\nAlthough we have concluded that the literal wording of the statement conveyed such a\nmessage, the surrounding context of the prosecutor's comments makes clear that it did not\nhave this effect.",
"\n\n\n The prosecutor made this comment after listing much of its evidence against\nRoss—including the fact that he was the only adult with G.H. when she was injured, the\nmedical testimony about G.H.'s injuries, and the doctors' opinions that those injuries were\nnot accidental. ",
"She then informed the jury that if it did not believe Ross' testimony, it had\nto find him guilty. ",
"She followed this with a description of the alternative explanations\nRoss gave for G.H.'s injuries and an argument regarding the implausibility of those\nexplanations. ",
"Within this context, the prosecutor's statement is much more innocuous.",
"\nThe prosecutor laid out the evidence it thought proved Ross' guilt and then pointed out\nRoss' failure to poke any holes in that evidence. ",
"Understood in this light, the prosecutor's\nstatement did not instruct the jury to find Ross guilty if he failed to prove his innocence;\nit instructed the jury to find him guilty if it found the State's evidence compelling and\nRoss' rebuttal of that evidence unbelievable. ",
"A later statement from the prosecutor\nconfirms this position:\n\n\n\n\n 8\n\f \"Think about that in this context. ",
"The evidence is overwhelming of the\n defendant's guilt, overwhelming. ",
"But he wants you to think it's just these freak accidents,\n all caused by a four-year-old who happened to be there at every single accident in less\n than two hours, but the defendant wasn't there for any of it, didn't do any of it. ",
"That's\n what he wants you to believe.\"",
"\n\n\n The prosecutor's comment did not inform the jury that Ross had a burden to prove\ninnocence. ",
"It stressed the State's position that Ross' testimony had not successfully\ndiscredited the State's evidence. ",
"A prosecutor does not shift the burden of proof by\nhighlighting the implausibility of a defendant's account. ",
"See State v. Williams, 299 Kan.\n911, 940, 329 P.3d 400 (2014). ",
"Because the prosecutor's misstatement did not effectively\nshift the burden of proof, there was no reasonable possibility that the error contributed to\nthe verdict, and Ross suffered no prejudice. ",
"This was not reversible error.",
"\n\n\nAbsence of a Jury Instruction on Reckless Second-Degree Murder\n\n Ross next argues that the district court violated his statutory right to lesser\nincluded offense instructions when it did not offer an instruction on unintentional but\nreckless second-degree murder as a lesser included offense of premeditated murder.",
"\nAppellate courts perform a four-step review of challenges to jury instructions:\n\n\n \"(1) First, the appellate court should consider the reviewability of the issue from both\n jurisdiction and preservation viewpoints, exercising an unlimited standard of review; (2)\n next, the court should use an unlimited review to determine whether the instruction was\n legally appropriate; (3) then, the court should determine whether there was sufficient\n evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant or the requesting party, that\n would have supported the instruction; and (4) finally, if the district court erred, the\n appellate court must determine whether the error was harmless, utilizing the test and\n degree of certainty set forth in Ward[, 292 Kan. at 565].\" ",
"State v. Plummer, 295 Kan.\n 156, 163, 283 P.3d 202 (2012).",
"\n\n 9\n\f The first element of this analysis ultimately affects the last one \"in that whether a\nparty has preserved an issue for review will have an impact on the standard by which we\ndetermine whether an error is reversible.\" ",
"State v. Barber, 302 Kan. 367, 377, 353 P.3d\n1108 (2015). ",
"Because Ross' trial counsel requested the instruction, any error here is\nharmless only if \"there is no reasonable probability that the error will or did affect the\noutcome of the trial.\" ",
"Ward, 292 Kan. at 565.",
"\n\n\n The parties agree that unintentional but reckless second-degree murder under\nK.S.A. 2018 Supp. ",
"21-5403(a)(2) is a lesser included offense of premeditated first-degree\nmurder and was, therefore, legally appropriate. ",
"They dispute whether such an instruction\nwas factually appropriate. ",
"On this point, Ross relies almost entirely on the testimony of\nhis former cellmate Rippatoe, who testified as a State witness. ",
"Ross argues that, if the\njury believed Rippatoe's account, it could have found that Ross \"slammed\" the television\nonto the 17-month-old G.H. without the intent to kill her, but with the intent to cover up\nhis other physical abuse by making it appear as though the falling television had caused\nG.H.'s injuries.",
"\n\n\n Whether this instruction was factually appropriate is immaterial, because we have\nlittle difficulty concluding that any error in failing to offer the instruction was harmless.",
"\nWe do not believe the jury could have reasonably viewed the act Rippatoe described—\n\"slamm[ing]\" an old style, 32- to 34-inch, 65- to 70-pound television on top of a 17-\nmonth-old child—as anything other than an intentional act calculated to bring about\ndeath. ",
"See State v. Cheffen, 297 Kan. 689, 704, 303 P.3d 1261 (2013); State v. Barnes,\n293 Kan. 240, 264, 262 P.3d 297 (2011) (quoting State v. Salcido-Corral, 262 Kan. 392,\n398, 940 P.2d 11 [1997]) (recognizing that a fact-finder may infer intent from \"'acts,\ncircumstances, and inferences reasonably deducible therefrom'\"). ",
"This is particularly true\ngiven Rippatoe's description of Ross' conduct after \"slamm[ing]\" the TV down on G.H.,\n 10\n\fi.e., watching as G.H.'s sister tried to lift the TV off of G.H. before \"finally\" doing it\nhimself. ",
"The jury also heard testimony about the degree of harm such an object could\ncause to a young child and medical testimony that even a falling TV \"would not have\ncaused the cerebral edema, subdural hemorrhages, and the retinal hemorrhages that this\nchild had.\" ",
"The evidence regarding the degree of harm G.H. suffered was overwhelming.",
"\nBased on this evidence, there is no reasonable probability that the jury could have\ninferred that the killing of G.H. was done unintentionally but recklessly. ",
"Any error in\nfailing to offer a lessor included offense instruction on unintentional but reckless second-\ndegree murder was harmless.",
"\n\n\nAdmission of Ross' Jail Calls\n\n Ross next challenges the district court's decision to admit two recorded jail calls\nbetween himself and his mother into evidence. ",
"Ross' trial counsel raised this objection\nunder K.S.A. 60-445, thus preserving it for appellate review.",
"\n\n\n A district court may exclude evidence if it determines that the evidence's probative\nvalue is \"substantially outweighed\" by its prejudicial effect. ",
"K.S.A. 60-445; see also State\nv. Huddleston, 298 Kan. 941, 961, 318 P.3d 140 (2014). ",
"That said, \"Kansas law favors\nthe admission of otherwise relevant evidence, and the exclusion of relevant evidence is an\nextraordinary remedy that should be used sparingly. [",
"Citation omitted.]\" ",
"State v. Seacat,\n303 Kan. 622, 640, 366 P.3d 208 (2016). \"",
"On appeal, this determination is reviewed\nunder an abuse of discretion standard, and the burden of proof is on the party alleging\nthat the discretion was abused. [",
"Citation omitted.]\" ",
"Huddleston, 298 Kan. at 962. ",
"As this\ncourt has repeatedly held:\n\n\n \"'Judicial discretion is abused if judicial action (1) is arbitrary, fanciful, or\n unreasonable, i.e., if no reasonable person would have taken the view adopted by the trial\n court; (2) is based on an error of law, i.e., if the discretion is guided by an erroneous legal\n 11\n\f conclusion; or (3) is based on an error of fact, i.e., if substantial competent evidence does\n not support a factual finding on which a prerequisite conclusion of law or the exercise of\n discretion is based.'\" ",
"State v. Woodring, 309 Kan. 379, 380, 435 P.3d 54 (2019) (quoting\n Ward, 292 Kan. 541, Syl. ¶ ",
"3).",
"\n\n\n Ross acknowledges that the two calls were relevant to the events surrounding\nG.H.'s death but claims they were not probative because they merely reiterated the\nvarious other versions of events Ross gave to others. ",
"He also claims the admission of\nthese two calls unfairly prejudiced him because they suggested to the jury that Ross' own\nmother did not believe his version of events, thereby implying that the jury, likewise,\nshould not believe him. ",
"The State counters by emphasizing the importance of Ross'\nvarious, constantly evolving explanations to the State's theory of the case, i.e., that Ross\ndid serious violence to G.H. and then tried to pass her injuries off as the product of one or\nmore accidents.",
"\n\n\n We see no abuse of discretion on the district court's part. ",
"The differences between\nthe explanations offered by Ross in the first call and the second call were helpful pieces\nof evidence. ",
"In the first call, Ross claims that S.T. told him that G.H. fell and hit her head\non a door, although he emphasized that he was not in the room at the time. ",
"In the second\ncall, Ross' explanation included a more involved explanation: he claimed that G.H. and\nS.T. were alone in the bathroom, and he heard G.H. fall onto the toilet. ",
"Ross claimed to\nhave then entered the bathroom and seen G.H. crying; G.H. then got up, was \"fine,\" and\nstarted walking over to him, but then slipped and fell. ",
"At this point, Ross claimed that\nG.H. started \"heaving,\" so Ross initiated CPR. ",
"Nevertheless, Ross told his mother, G.H.\nwent into shock and was \"holding her ribs and everything.\"",
"\n\n\n Given the State's theory that Ross' explanations grew more elaborate as the true\nseverity of G.H.'s injuries became apparent, the differences in Ross' stories between the\n\n 12\n\ftwo calls carried significant probative value. ",
"This evidence was not cumulative; even if\nRoss gave similar versions—albeit with varying details—to other individuals, as Ross\nclaims, the call recordings provide useful meta-information to a fact-finder that raw\ntestimony alone could never effectively convey. ",
"Among other things, the calls reveal\nRoss' tone, his vagueness, and the shifting nature of his accounts of the morning's\nevents—all of which fit into the State's greater theory of the case, as emphasized in its\nclosing argument:\n\n\n \"Go back and listen to State's 98 and 99. ",
"It's probably difficult to hear what\n [Ross] was saying in those calls . . . . ",
"Listen to the words. ",
"Because the mom yelling kind\n of overshadowed everything else, but listen for his words. ",
"Listen for the changes in his\n statements over and over and over and over.",
"\n\n\n \"If it's an accident, it doesn't change. ",
"It's the same accident all the time. ",
"Maybe it\n is freakish, but it's the same thing. ",
"The reason that it changes over and over and over is\n because it was never an accident. ",
"He had to try out different versions of his statement to\n different people. ",
"When he found out what the different injuries were showing up to be, it\n evolved. ",
"It went from don't know what happened, [G.H.]—[S.T.] tells me she ran into a\n door. ",
"That's story number one to the police: Don't know what happened, [S.T.] just tells\n me she ran into a door, we'll go with that at first.",
"\n\n\n \"Then he starts to find out just how badly she's hurt and now the mechanisms of\n injury of what really happened start to show up over time. ",
"Listen to those tapes. ",
"Look at\n all of the evidence. ",
"Is it intentional? ",
"He was the only adult there. ",
"He was the only one\n there with the force necessary to cause the mechanisms of injury that hurt this baby.\"",
"\n\n\n We agree that the two calls were likely prejudicial to Ross. ",
"The emotion in Ross'\nmother's voice and the frequently accusatorial nature of her responses to him are\nundeniable. ",
"But prejudice alone is not enough to warrant the application of the\n\"extraordinary remedy\" to exclude evidence. ",
"See Seacat, 303 Kan. at 640. ",
"Instead, such a\n\n 13\n\fremedy is only appropriate when the probative value of the evidence is \"substantially\noutweighed by unfair prejudice.\" ",
"State v. Mitchell, 285 Kan. 1070, 1074, 179 P.3d 394\n(2008). ",
"That was not the case here. ",
"The probative value of the calls far outweighed the\nresulting prejudice. ",
"Consequently, the district court did not err in admitting the calls.",
"\n\n\nRoss' Pro Se Arguments\n\n In a separate pro se brief, Ross raises a pair of additional issues. ",
"He first claims\nthat the jury's verdict on second-degree murder \"operates as a de facto acquittal\" on the\ncharge of first-degree felony murder. ",
"He also argues that K.S.A. 2018 Supp. ",
"21-\n5109(b)(1) infringes on his right to present a \"complete defense\" to the State's charges, an\nerror he contends is structural. ",
"Specifically, Ross claims that the Legislature, by\nproviding that there are no lesser degrees of felony murder, unconstitutionally precluded\nhim from presenting a \"'guilt-based'\" defense to the charge of felony murder.",
"\n\n\n It does not appear that Ross raised either argument before the district court. ",
"As a\ngeneral rule, an issue not raised before a district court cannot be considered for the first\ntime on appeal. ",
"Trotter v. State, 288 Kan. 112, 124, 200 P.3d 1236 (2009). ",
"Ross does not\nacknowledge his failure to preserve these issues for review and provides no explanation\nfor why this court should consider them, as required by Kansas Supreme Court Rule\n6.02(a)(5) (2019 Kan. S. Ct. ",
"R. 34). ",
"In light of Ross' failure to explain why we should\nconsider his newly raised arguments, they are insufficiently preserved for appellate\nreview.",
"\n\n\nCumulative Error\n\n Finally, Ross argues that the cumulative effect of the errors in this case deprived\nhim of a fair trial.",
"\n\n 14\n\f Although errors may be individually harmless, their collective effect \"'may be so great\nas to require reversal of a defendant's conviction.'\" ",
"State v. Anderson, 308 Kan. 1251,\n1266, 427 P.3d 847 (2018) (quoting State v. Carter, 305 Kan. 139, 166, 380 P.3d 189\n[2016]). ",
"When analyzing a claim of cumulative error, we use a de novo standard of\nreview to determine whether \"'the totality of circumstances substantially prejudiced a\ndefendant and denied the defendant a fair trial based on cumulative error.'\" ",
"Anderson, 308\nKan. at 1266 (quoting State v. Brown, 298 Kan. 1040, 1056, 318 P. 3d 1005 [2014]).",
"\nCumulative errors are not prejudicial when \"'the evidence against the defendant is\noverwhelming.'\" ",
"Anderson, 308 Kan. at 1267 (quoting Carter, 305 Kan. at 166).",
"\n\n\n In our review, we have identified one error based on the prosecutor's misstatement\nof law and have assumed one error based on the district court's failure to issue a lesser\nincluded offense instruction on unintentional but reckless second-degree murder. ",
"We\nhave concluded that the prosecutorial error did not prejudice Ross' right to a fair trial and\nthat any instructional error was harmless. ",
"Though aggregate harmless errors may\nconstitute reversible error overall, they did not do so here. ",
"The evidence against Ross was\noverwhelming, and his explanation and defense against that evidence changed numerous\ntimes. ",
"We can say, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the jury's verdict would not have\nchanged even if the error and assumed error had not been present. ",
"Consequently, Ross\nwas not denied a fair trial and his cumulative error claim fails.",
"\n\n\n CONCLUSION\n\n We affirm the judgment of the district court.",
"\n\n\n\n\n 15\n\f"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} | [
0.0008141769212670624,
0.0007079124334268272,
0.0006574950530193746,
0.0005479585379362106,
0.001185585861094296,
0.0010840322356671095,
0.00117425003554672,
0.0007539234356954694,
0.0012900278670713305,
0.0007152453763410449,
0.0009183904621750116,
0.0006431465735659003,
0.0007905580569058657,
0.0006153941503725946,
0.0007000583573244512,
0.001532805385068059,
0.0006073611439205706,
0.0007560109370388091,
0.000928183610085398,
0.000726525264326483,
0.0007978045614436269,
0.0007862807833589613,
0.0014608739875257015,
0.0016864326316863298,
0.007181364577263594,
0.007456058170646429,
0.0007261417922563851,
0.0012029398931190372,
0.0007416630396619439,
0.0016217728843912482,
0.000703985511790961,
0.001528027467429638,
0.005332637578248978,
0.001167289912700653,
0.0012084415648132563,
0.04001310095191002,
0.0007210950134322047,
0.0008582722512073815,
0.0006757507799193263,
0.015376050025224686,
0.000598493090365082,
0.0028892098926007748,
0.001210602349601686,
0.003668667282909155,
0.0015273081371560693,
0.0008124359883368015,
0.0020805317908525467,
0.0010962135856971145,
0.005601110868155956,
0.008595861494541168,
0.0009103470365516841,
0.001588540500961244,
0.0058606332167983055,
0.008846033364534378,
0.004783970769494772,
0.000696650764439255,
0.0009819803526625037,
0.0010347900679334998,
0.0019026306690648198,
0.003963762894272804,
0.0071859112940728664,
0.006627933122217655,
0.0015578009188175201,
0.009977143257856369,
0.0008370309369638562,
0.0006232641753740609,
0.0006465359474532306,
0.0006613198202103376,
0.000718264898750931,
0.001169737079180777,
0.0014483898412436247,
0.000733096559997648,
0.002099674893543124,
0.0057077230885624886,
0.005810382775962353,
0.0008679532911628485,
0.000557369610760361,
0.0005709314136765897,
0.0006533676641993225,
0.0007156486390158534,
0.0020478961523622274,
0.0008082184358499944,
0.0025204301346093416,
0.0006287729484029114,
0.0009620049386285245,
0.000751787330955267,
0.0006652703741565347,
0.000642175495158881,
0.0006615871097892523,
0.0006865100003778934,
0.0006367535097524524,
0.0005479585379362106,
0.0006462500896304846,
0.0011157681001350284,
0.0006886274204589427,
0.0010704976739361882,
0.0006886602495796978,
0.0007715487154200673,
0.0011268669040873647,
0.0008195742848329246,
0.0008138279081322253,
0.0010058748302981257,
0.0006323354318737984,
0.000597905833274126,
0.000973114394582808,
0.0005655834102071822,
0.0007204596186056733,
0.0009381884592585266,
0.0006371806375682354,
0.0005345325917005539,
0.0007420236943289638,
0.0006989717367105186,
0.0005618261639028788,
0.0008411100716330111,
0.003634112887084484,
0.0006780007970519364,
0.0008800400537438691,
0.0006698941579088569,
0.0007525811670348048,
0.0006308576557785273,
0.0009141615591943264,
0.0007834730786271393,
0.0013765095500275493,
0.0005829755682498217,
0.0007178580272011459,
0.0005763180670328438,
0.0006881691515445709,
0.0006122073391452432,
0.0006759388488717377,
0.0011101003037765622,
0.0030412799678742886,
0.0006407699547708035,
0.0007132500177249312,
0.0015370856272056699,
0.0006137306918390095,
0.023794561624526978,
0.0006233348394744098,
0.005177733022719622,
0.0015912471571937203,
0.0008475144277326763,
0.0008309443946927786,
0.008922726847231388,
0.0008701448095962405,
0.0006139852339401841,
0.0006331115728244185,
0.0006639513303525746,
0.0006528003723360598,
0.0005884455749765038,
0.0006676755147054791,
0.0006590830162167549,
0.0005884455749765038,
0.0007421018090099096,
0.000682670681271702,
0.0006509927334263921,
0.0008951033232733607,
0.000593329721596092,
0.0008057342492975295,
0.0007554797339253128,
0.000665919971652329,
0.0005878098891116679,
0.0009751720353960991,
0.007874135859310627,
0.0027092911768704653,
0.0006539535825140774,
0.001896759495139122,
0.0005914286593906581,
0.0006340006948448718,
0.0006299119559116662,
0.0006278193322941661,
0.000939716468565166,
0.000962008663918823,
0.0006178987096063793,
0.0008192647364921868,
0.0010048423428088427,
0.0012566407676786184,
0.000745043158531189,
0.0006254877080209553,
0.0006435200339183211,
0.0010866195661947131,
0.0007953615277074277,
0.0009739125380292535,
0.0006917099235579371,
0.000980621436610818,
0.001069983234629035,
0.01345398835837841,
0.00725474813953042,
0.0005639531882479787,
0.0008347954717464745,
0.0006716327043250203,
0.0006252758321352303,
0.0007474251324310899,
0.0006819654954597354,
0.0009036288247443736,
0.0007412179256789386,
0.0006935644778423011,
0.0006029463256709278,
0.0011539732804521918,
0.000872412056196481,
0.0011761446949094534,
0.0010247910395264626,
0.0007508915732614696,
0.0006394119700416923,
0.0006886172341182828,
0.0006851056241430342,
0.0008280514739453793,
0.0006128506502136588,
0.0006446648621931672,
0.0006542318733409047,
0.0006631035939790308,
0.0006211352301761508,
0.000615621218457818,
0.0007162006222642958,
0.000633708608802408,
0.000794823921751231,
0.0007454153383150697,
0.0006736121722497046,
0.0006889458163641393,
0.0006795555236749351,
0.0009842560393735766,
0.000586113368626684,
0.00131183338817209
] | 0.001801 | 221 |
[
"Surgical management of Charcot neuroarthropathy of the ankle and hindfoot in patients with diabetes.",
"\nCharcot neuroarthropathy (CN) of the ankle and hindfoot (Sanders/Frykberg Type IV) is challenging to treat surgically or nonsurgically. ",
"The deformities associated with ankle/hindfoot CN are often multiplanar, resulting in sagittal, frontal and rotational malalignment. ",
"In addition, shortening of the limb often occurs from collapse of the distal tibia, talus and calcaneus. ",
"These deformities also result in significant alterations in the biomechanics of the foot. ",
"For example, a varus ankle/hindfoot results in increased lateral column plantar pressure of the foot, predisposing the patient to lateral foot ulceration. ",
"Collapse of the talus, secondary to avascular necrosis or neuropathic fracture, further accentuates these deformities and contributes to a limb-length inequality. ",
"The primary indication for surgical reconstruction is a nonbraceable deformity associated with instability. ",
"Other indications include impending ulceration, inability to heal an ulcer, recurrent ulcers, presence of osteomyelitis and/or significant pain. ",
"Arthrodesis of the ankle and/or hindfoot is the method of choice when surgically correcting CN deformities in this region. ",
"The choice of fixation (i.e. internal or external fixation) depends on largely on the presence or absence of active infection and bone quality. ",
"Surgical reconstruction of ankle and hindfoot CN is associated with a high rate of infectious and noninfectious complications. ",
"Despite this high complication rate, surgeons embarking on surgical reconstruction of ankle and hindfoot CN should strive for limb salvage rates approximating 90%. ",
"Preoperative measures that can improve outcomes include assessment of vascular status, optimization of glycemic control, correction of vitamin D deficiency and cessation of tobacco use."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0012374400394037366,
0.0010010988917201757,
0.003153071040287614,
0.0008943825378082693,
0.0018357856897637248,
0.0012902042362838984,
0.011446447111666203,
0.001141814747825265,
0.0048781526274979115,
0.002547238953411579,
0.0006524237687699497,
0.0007889614207670093,
0.0006420857971534133,
0.0007494292804040015
] | 0.002304 | 14 |
[
"(1) Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a spark-ignition engine.",
"\n(2) Description of Related Art\nConventionally, as an engine, there is an engine in which a throttle body is mounted to a front portion of a collector portion of an intake manifold and a gas mixer is mounted to the front portion of the collector portion, though a gas regulator is not mounted to the engine.",
"\nIn the conventional engine, the gas regulator is not always mounted to the engine and it is impossible to integrate the gas supply device with the engine."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0.0006013359525240958,
0.0006093938136473298,
0.0005955994711257517
] | 0.000602 | 3 |
[
"Episode 9: Morons on Parade #5\n\nCOPS is an American documentary television series that follows police officers, constables, and sheriff's deputies during patrols and other police work. ",
"It is one of the longest-running... More\n\nCOPS is an American documentary television series that follows police officers, constables, and sheriff's deputies during patrols and other police work. ",
"It is one of the longest-running television programs in the United States and the second longest-running show on Fox Network. ",
"Created by John Langley and Malcolm Barbour, it premiered on March 11, 1989, and has aired over 600 episodes. ",
"It won the American Television Award in 1993, and has earned four Emmy nominations. ",
"It celebrated its 650th episode on May 20, 2006.",
"\n\nLatest Episodes\n\nIowa police arrest a driver who possesses marijuana, but does not possess a valid driver's license; a Missouri traffic violator admits to smoking marijuana; a deputy in Florida responds to a call... More\n\nIowa police arrest a driver who possesses marijuana, but does not possess a valid driver's license; a Missouri traffic violator admits to smoking marijuana; a deputy in Florida responds to a call concerning a knife robbery at a cell-phone store."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.022227521985769272,
0.0009072622051462531,
0.001053864834830165,
0.0006436365656554699,
0.0006369267939589918,
0.0007280188146978617,
0.0013772058300673962
] | 0.003939 | 7 |
[
"Al Lawrence (sprinter)\n\nAlbert \"Al\" Lawrence (born 26 April 1961) is a Jamaican former track and field athlete. ",
"He won a silver medal with the Jamaican team that consisted of Greg Meghoo, Don Quarrie and Ray Stewart.",
"\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:1961 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Jamaican male sprinters\nCategory:Olympic athletes of Jamaica\nCategory:Olympic silver medalists for Jamaica\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.0011226502247154713,
0.0009187484392896295,
0.000542926078196615
] | 0.000861 | 3 |
[
"The arginine-nitric oxide pathway in thrombotic microangiopathy.",
"\nEleven patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) were investigated with respect to plasma concentrations of L-arginine, a substrate for nitric oxide (NO) and asymmetrical dimethyl arginine (ADMA), during active disease and after recovery. ",
"Plasma concentration of NO3-, the degradation product of NO, was also analyzed. ",
"The patients were treated with fresh-frozen plasma and plasmapheresis. ",
"One of the patients had experienced relapses of TTP five times during the preceding year. ",
"After treatment with p.o. ",
"arginine hydrochloride 1.5 g x 3 was started, no relapse has occurred during a 12-month period. ",
"During the active phase the plasma concentration of arginine was low and that of NO3- was very high, indicating a high NO-synthesis rate. ",
"The arginine concentration normalized on recovery. ",
"Plasma levels of ADMA, was twice normal during active disease, and did not return to normal on recovery. ",
"In conclusion, patients with TTP/HUS exhibit signs of activation of the NO-synthesis."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.002517404966056347,
0.001577479299157858,
0.0006417382974177599,
0.0005883555277250707,
0.0006337735103443265,
0.0008835883345454931,
0.0007193218334577978,
0.0006799157126806676,
0.000674904091283679,
0.0006937240832485259,
0.0007131177699193358
] | 0.000938 | 11 |
[
"Fuels such as gasoline and diesel oil are burnt in combustion engines to release the stored energy to generate mechanical power. ",
"Even in efficient combustion engines, up to two thirds of the released energy is exhausted as waste heat, the majority of which is released to the environment. ",
"For example, about 60% of the energy can be lost for large diesel engines and as much as 90% can be lost for small gasoline engines."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0.0006627441616728902,
0.0007021463243290782,
0.0007614215719513595
] | 0.000709 | 3 |
[
"El presidente Mauricio Macri firmó ayer el llamado “Decreto de Desburocratización y Simplificación”. ",
"Establece numerosas medidas que tienden a facilitar trámites administrativos y establece normas para áreas que no estaban reglamentadas.",
"\n\nEn lo que se refiere al mercado automotor, hay novedades importantes. ",
"Las más notoria son: habilitación de nuevas terminales automotrices sin decreto presidencial, autorización de los bitrenes y reglamentación de los cuatriciclos.",
"\n\nEl análisis de cada medida, a continuación.",
"\n\n* Terminales automotrices: Se denomina así a las empresas que están autorizadas a fabricar vehículos en la Argentina. ",
"Hasta ahora, era un trámite que podía demorar años y dependía muchas veces de favores políticos. ",
"La única persona que podía autorizar a una fábrica de autos en el país era el Presidente de la Nación, mediante un decreto especial. ",
"Ahora, se anunció que el permiso será un trámite más simple ante el Ministerio de Producción. ",
"Durante su presidencia, Cristina Kirchner firmó dos veces ese decreto, para Honda y Agrale. ",
"Macri lo utilizó tres veces, con Ralitor, Zanella y CTS Auto BYD.",
"\n\n* Bitrenes: Se autorizó a circular por las principales autopistas y autovías de la Argentina a los camiones bitrenes. ",
"Son vehículos de transporte con doble acoplado articulado, un largo de hasta 20,5 metros (aunque ya hay ensayos con 25,5 metros) y una capacidad de carga de 60 toneladas. ",
"La medida la había autorizado el Gobierno anterior, pero no la había reglamentado ante la presión del Sindicato de Choferes de Hugo Moyano. ",
"Ahora se reglamentó su uso, aunque estarán restringidos sólo a algunas rutas del país. ",
"Para saber más sobre los bitrenes se recomienda leer esta nota.",
"\n\n* Policía de Seguridad Vial: Se otorgó a los efectivos de la Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Vial el poder de policía para labrar infracciones de tránsito. ",
"Hasta ahora, estos agentes cumplían el fin de ordenar el tránsito y brindar consejos de seguridad. ",
"Las actas de infracción las levantaban las policías municipales, provinciales y Gendarmería Nacional. ",
"Ahora los agentes de la ANSV podrán constatar y labrar multas de tránsito en todas las rutas nacionales.",
"\n\n* Registro de conducir de la ANSV: La Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Vial será desde ahora el principal organismo encargado de emitir y autorizar la emisión de licencias de conducir. ",
"Además, será el encargado de centralizar y controlar las licencias que emitan otras dependencias municipales y provinciales autorizadas por este organismo.",
"\n\n* Multa por evasión de peaje: En la actualidad, la Ley de Tránsito no establece ninguna multa para el conductor que eluda o evada una estación de peaje. ",
"Desde ahora, será considerado una “falta grave” y se establecerá una multa para el infractor. ",
"En las cabinas de peaje se instalarán las tecnologías necesarias para registrar con imágenes a los vehículos infractores.",
"\n\n* Cuatriciclos: Las motos de cuatro ruedas no tenían una categoría de habilitación propia y eran considerados “vehículos rurales”, con circulación prohibida en la vía pública, a pesar de que muchos municipios costeros lo permitían. ",
"Ahora se creó una categoría específica para cuatriciclos y quads, que obligará a patentarlos, contratar seguros contra terceros y realizar una verificación técnica obligatoria. ",
"Sin embargo, seguirán sin tener libre circulación. ",
"Las autoridades de cada municipio deberán establecer las zonas y terrenos sobre los que tendrán permitido transitar.",
"\n\n***\n\nArchivo para descargar: Decreto de Desburocratización y Simplificación\n\n***"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.002560224151238799,
0.08241678029298782,
0.002706790342926979,
0.005655729211866856,
0.0009777615778148174,
0.0014664849732071161,
0.049570247530937195,
0.014332429505884647,
0.026618633419275284,
0.001908453879877925,
0.04272805154323578,
0.002744293538853526,
0.0058843172155320644,
0.022134386003017426,
0.0619252473115921,
0.014790672808885574,
0.0025287887547165155,
0.016017405316233635,
0.0024572156835347414,
0.0176397617906332,
0.001196354511193931,
0.013206536881625652,
0.003672732273116708,
0.07696378231048584,
0.00253865635022521,
0.019301319494843483,
0.04872780293226242,
0.026566877961158752,
0.014591583982110023,
0.000962468795478344
] | 0.019493 | 30 |
[
"\n202 Okla. 572 (1950)\n216 P.2d 294\nSWIFT & CO. ",
"et al.",
"\nv.\nBROWN et al.",
"\nNo. ",
"34113.",
"\nSupreme Court of Oklahoma.",
"\nMarch 14, 1950.",
"\nRehearing Denied March 28, 1950.",
"\nButler & Rinehart and David J. Morrison, all of Oklahoma City, for petitioners.",
"\nHillhouse & Wilcoxen, of Muskogee, and Mac Q. Williamson, Atty. ",
"Gen., for respondents.",
"\nPER CURIAM.",
"\nThis is an original proceeding brought by Swift & Company and its insurance carrier to review an award of the State Industrial Commission made to William E. Brown, claimant. ",
"The award is for $238 and medical expenses incident thereto for temporary total disability resulting from an accidental injury.",
"\nClaimant was a chicken packer in the meat packing department of Swift & Company in Muskogee, Oklahoma. ",
"He testified that on the 8th day of November, 1948, at approximately 5:30 p.m., while packing crates of iced chickens and loading the crates on floats, he felt a sharp pain in the region of the scrotum. ",
"These crates weighed between 90 to 110 pounds and were stacked seven high on the floats. ",
"He told his foreman and fellow employees that he had hurt himself and was going home. ",
"It was customary for the employees in this department to work until 7:30 p.m., or even later when necessary to complete the job of packing and loading. ",
"He went home and went to bed, and the next morning was seen by Dr. Kaiser who sent him to the hospital. ",
"He was first examined by Dr. Oglesbee who called in Dr. E.M. Henry who performed an operation on the scrotum. ",
"He was in the hospital for four weeks. ",
"His operation was successful and the recovery is complete.",
"\nDr. Kaiser and Dr. Oglesbee filed reports for respondent. ",
"Claimant's physical condition as described by these two doctors is substantially the same as that described by Dr. E.M. Henry, who filed a report for claimant. ",
"Neither of the physicians in their reports filed for respondent attempted to state the cause of claimant's condition. ",
"Neither the report of Dr. Oglesbee nor Dr. Kaiser suggests whether they inquired if claimant had sustained an accidental injury except the statement in the report of Dr. Kaiser that upon his inquiry as to whether claimant had been injured or bitten by an insect claimant answered no. ",
"Dr. Kaiser saw claimant but one time and did not treat him. ",
"Neither of these physicians gave any history of an accidental injury. ",
"None of the three physicians testified at the trial. ",
"Dr. Oglesbee gave the cause of the condition as unknown. ",
"Dr. Henry's report is as follows:\n\"I first saw and rendered professional attention to Mr. E.M. Brown at about 1 A.M. on November 10th. ",
"I was called by Dr. Oglesby and Mr. Brown was confined to The Muskogee General Hospital. ",
"Mr. Brown was stuperious but not in coma and when roused was rational.",
"\n\"This man gave me the following history: He said that the day before or in the afternoon of Nov. 8th that he became ill while working. ",
"He said that he commenced to have chills, followed by pain in his legs and scrotum and then developed nausea and vomiting which forced him to quit work. ",
"This was the extent of his history. ",
"His wife was present.",
"\n\"Examination revealed him to be quite toxic scrotum was swollen the *573 size of a large grapefruit. ",
"Lower half was blackish purple and excoriated (skin beginning to slough) The testicles were apparently normal, prostate normal. ",
"There was no swelling of penis or perineal area. ",
"He was catherised with an Feo catheter and there was no evidence of stricture and there was no residual urine. ",
"My tentative diagnosis was urinary extravossation.",
"\n\"Ordinarily this condition is either due to injury or disease. ",
"Ordinarily injury would have to be severe and forceful except possibly in event of a preexisting weakness. ",
"Stricture is the usual cause and probably causes 90 % of the cases of this condition. ",
"This man did not have a stricture.",
"\n\"This condition can also come on spontaneously from no apparent or known cause, as in Mr. Brown's case, where there is no definite history either of disease or of injury.",
"\n\"E.M. Henry, M.D. (Signed)\".",
"\nThe sole contention presented by the petitioner is that there is no competent evidence reasonably tending to support the award for the reason there was no medical testimony that the disability was the result of an accidental injury. ",
"Petitioner relies upon the rule announced in Skelly Oil Co. v. Rose, 176 Okla. 313, 55 P.2d 1019; Hollis v. Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp., 174 Okla. 544, 51 P.2d 498; Shepard v. Crumby, 146 Okla. 118, 293 P. 1049; Superior Smokeless Coal Co. v. Curott, 163 Okla. 191, 21 P.2d 739; Texas Co. v. Fox, 179 Okla. 528, 66 P.2d 908, and several other related cases.",
"\nIn each of these cases the rule is applied. ",
"It is announced to sustain the finding as in Hollis v. Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp. and Skelly Oil Co. v. Rose, supra, and to vacate an award as in Texas Co. v. Fox, supra. ",
"We have made a complete and careful analysis of the fact situation in each of these cases cited, and a recitation of facts in each case would not be helpful. ",
"They are readily distinguishable from the case at bar.",
"\nUnder the facts and circumstances of this case, we believe that the medical evidence is sufficient to sustain the award. ",
"The medical reports of all these physicians reveal a well developed and healthy young man, 31 years of age, who had no previous illness more serious than a cold. ",
"Neither of the doctors who filed reports for the respondent suggested any cause for the disability other than an accidental injury. ",
"Although Dr. Henry was not given a statement or history of the accidental injury by the claimant, the State Industrial Commission had a complete description of the injury by claimant and of the sequence of events leading up to the disability, and Dr. Henry stated the disability was not due to the usual cause, to wit: stricture. ",
"But the statement of Dr. Henry that injuries such as claimant's are due either to accident or disease, and that claimant's disability is not due to disease, is evidence of the fact that it was due to accident The evidence, although not categorical, reasonably informs the State Industrial Commission that there is a disability due to an accidental injury sustained by the employee during his employment. ",
"That is sufficient. ",
"City of Kingfisher v. Jenkins, 168 Okla. 624, 33 P.2d 1094; Magnolia Petroleum Co. v. Clow, 163 Okla. 302, 22 P.2d 378; Burch v. Slick, 167 Okla. 639, 31 P.2d 110. ",
"The physician's reports, supported by claimant's testimony as to his accident and the rapid development of a condition in his injured parts which necessitated an operation within two days thereafter, are sufficient to sustain the award. ",
"This is especially true since there is no evidence of any intervening incident which might have caused the injury.",
"\nIn Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co. v. Linthicum, 168 Okla. 631, 35 P.2d 450, under circumstances in some respects similar to the case at bar, the court stated in the syllabus:\n\"An award of the State Industrial Commission will not be disturbed by *574 this court where there is competent evidence reasonably tending to support the same.\"",
"\nAward sustained.",
"\nDAVISON, C.J., ARNOLD, V.C.J., and WELCH, CORN, GIBSON, HALLEY, JOHNSON, and O'NEAL, JJ., ",
"concur. ",
"LUTTRELL, J., dissents.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} | [
0.0007254200172610581,
0.0007279279525391757,
0.000713104906026274,
0.0013785817427560687,
0.0009008873021230102,
0.0009272196912206709,
0.0007545821717940271,
0.0006869860808365047,
0.000656111107673496,
0.0008077830425463617,
0.0006463230820372701,
0.0009821122512221336,
0.000611534109339118,
0.0013387181097641587,
0.0015374977374449372,
0.0060945432633161545,
0.0008344086236320436,
0.012506996281445026,
0.000653150724247098,
0.0037943818606436253,
0.016006389632821083,
0.0023372198920696974,
0.000601323030423373,
0.00061206822283566,
0.0007151976460590959,
0.0008101568673737347,
0.0007103084353730083,
0.0007306913030333817,
0.0008308419492095709,
0.0008671378018334508,
0.0007149172597564757,
0.0005971426726318896,
0.0007786166970618069,
0.0014592112274840474,
0.0006520504248328507,
0.03882946819067001,
0.0009566871449351311,
0.0007744343602098525,
0.04711218923330307,
0.41039735078811646,
0.7782135009765625,
0.30886346101760864,
0.0007168885786086321,
0.0008020969689823687,
0.0010406420333310962,
0.0009923947509378195,
0.0008732682326808572,
0.000581874221097678,
0.0006616038735955954,
0.00077400280861184,
0.0007692812359891832,
0.0005774050951004028,
0.0006524368072859943,
0.000543402333278209,
0.0006025197799317539,
0.0005595186376012862,
0.0008347104303538799,
0.000837390311062336,
0.0006910543306730688,
0.000753748114220798,
0.001001564902253449,
0.0008394942851737142,
0.0006189389969222248,
0.0006904759211465716,
0.00064814806682989,
0.0006359150866046548,
0.0007543786778114736,
0.0006776442169211805,
0.000750988197978586,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.023896 | 70 |
[
"Disclaimer: The purchase of securities and all other securities related activity is conducted through VDOSH, LLC. ",
"The website vdosh.com is owned and operated by VDOSH, LLC. ",
"By accessing this site, you agree to be bound by its Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.",
"\n\nOnly U.S. accredited investors and non-U.S. investors (\"Potential Investors\") can at present purchase securities on vdosh.com. ",
"Company listings on vdosh.com are only suitable for Potential Investors who are familiar with and willing to accept the high risk and illiquidity associated with private placement investments. ",
"Securities purchased in private placements are not publicly traded and are intended for Potential Investors who do not have a need for a liquid investment. ",
"There can be no assurance that the securities price/valuation is accurate or that it is in agreement with the market or industry valuations. ",
"In addition, Potential Investors will likely receive restricted securities that may require a holding period before resale is permitted. ",
"Companies seeking private placement investments tend to be in earlier stages of development and have not yet been fully tested in the public marketplace. ",
"A private placement investment requires high-risk tolerance, low liquidity concerns, and long-term commitments. ",
"Potential Investors must be able to afford to lose their entire investment because that is a very real possibility.",
"\n\nVDOSH, LLC does not make any investment recommendations. ",
"Neither the listing of a third party company's offering on this website nor any other communication, whether made through this website or in any other way, should be construed as a recommendation to buy or sell any security."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006818920373916626,
0.0010862800991162658,
0.0005312012508511543,
0.0006131387199275196,
0.0006563843926414847,
0.0005958580877631903,
0.0005593083333224058,
0.0005509804468601942,
0.0005357935442589223,
0.0005681967013515532,
0.0008745135273784399,
0.0008280830807052553,
0.0006720603560097516
] | 0.000673 | 13 |
[
"# Copyright ${create_date.year} OpenStack Foundation.",
"\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.",
"\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or\n# implied.",
"\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.",
"\n\n\"\"\"${message}\n\nRevision ID: ${up_revision}\nRevises: ${down_revision}\nCreate Date: ${create_date}\n\n\"\"\"\n\n# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.",
"\nrevision = ${repr(up_revision)}\ndown_revision = ${repr(down_revision)}\n\nfrom alembic import op\nimport sqlalchemy as sa\n${imports if imports else \"\"}\n\ndef upgrade():\n ${upgrades if upgrades else \"pass\"}\n\n\ndef downgrade():\n ${downgrades if downgrades else \"pass\"}"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0007258090190589428,
0.0005865358980372548,
0.000554011610802263,
0.0005652986001223326,
0.0006800068076699972,
0.001822392805479467
] | 0.000822 | 6 |
[
"Q:\n\nHow to specify fixed parameter on hibernate join mapping?",
"\n\nI have the following case, where I have two classes/tables:\npublic class Parent {\n @Id\n @Column(name=\"parent_id\")\n private Integer parentId;\n\n @ManyToOne\n @JoinColumn(name=\"child_id\") //Notice here that i only specified one of the two id columns of the Child class\n private Child child;\n ...\n}\n\npublic class Child {\n @Id\n @Column(name=\"child_id\")\n private Integer childId;\n\n @Id\n @Column(name=\"alive\")\n private Boolean alive;\n\n @Column(name=\"name\")\n private String name;\n}\n\nAs you can see, child has two primary keys, which means i can have the same child_id in two rows, one with alive=true and another with alive=false, but i don't have the alive attribute on the parent:\nPARENT TABLE\nparent_id | child_id\n--------------------\n500 | 1\n\nCHILD TABLE\nchild_id | alive | name\n--------------------------\n1 | TRUE | DONALD\n1 | FALSE | HILLARY\n\nI want hibernate to generate the join clause inserting the alive attribute, only when alive=true, for example:\nselect * from Parent inner join Child on Child.child_id=Parent.child_id and Child.alive=true\n\nIs there a way to do this, so when i execute a query like select p from Parent p it executes the query as expected?",
"\n\nA:\n\nFor the Parent class you can use \n@JoinColumnOrFormula(formula=@JoinFormula(value=\"(SELECT a.id \n FROM Child c \n WHERE c.child_id=child_id \n and alive=true)\", \n referencedColumnName=\"child_id\") \n\nPosted correct comment as an answer\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0006659945356659591,
0.0011362155200913548,
0.0007325406768359244
] | 0.000845 | 3 |
[
"Bernie Sanders has enjoyed strong support from musicians since the start of his candidacy, attracting praise from Killer Mike, Lil B, Steve Earle, Michael Stipe, Diplo, Steve Aoki, and more. ",
"Additional members of the dance community joined the cause this week, as Bassnectar, the Martin Brothers, Cobra Starship, and others contributed original music to a compilation titled #RaveForBernie.",
"\n\nSteve Aoki Wants to Throw a Rave for Bernie Sanders\n\nThe collection was curated by \"die-hard Berner\" Tommie Sunshine. \"",
"This compilation is important to me for two reasons,\" Sunshine noted in a press release. \"",
"One is to rally support around a man who is trying to change our world for the better. ",
"Two is simply to show that electronic music artists can galvanize around a cause and change the conversation within our scene. ",
"Each artist involved here is passionate about Bernie and isn't afraid to be vocal about it. ",
"I believe this is important because California has the chance to show the world that we want real change. ",
"Enjoy this music and please vote on June 7th.\"",
"\n\nBernie Sanders' Brooklyn Rally Features Grizzly Bear, EPMD & Tanya Stephens\n\nCheck out the full tracklist and listen below.",
"\n\nBassnectar & Levitate - Chasing Heaven\n\nKJ Sawka & ill.",
"GATES - Unsung Heroes\n\nChampagne Drip - Open Your Eyes\n\nill-esha - Signs\n\nJustin Martin - Midnight ft. ",
"Christian Martin\n\nTommie Sunshine & Halfway House - Shut It Down\n\nReid Speed & Siskiyou - Love & Unity\n\nStash Konig Feat. ",
"Red Jefe - Dream State\n\nMING - Love in June ft. ",
"Big Mike\n\nZ-Trip Feat. ",
"Jack Dangers - Fury\n\nMarcus Miles - A Walk In The Park\n\nCobra Starship - Fold Your Hands Child"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0006433786475099623,
0.0006138248718343675,
0.001890676561743021,
0.0005515920929610729,
0.0006794662913307548,
0.0005881921388208866,
0.0005470734322443604,
0.0005964905139990151,
0.0005183714092709124,
0.0005700431647710502,
0.0016131441807374358,
0.12856745719909668,
0.03642882779240608,
0.0007421682821586728,
0.00077639619121328,
0.04488886520266533
] | 0.013763 | 16 |
[
"From Just Surviving, to Feeling ALive!",
"\n\nFriday, 1 April 2011\n\nIt's been 3 months! ",
"Shocking I know. ",
"I was about to apologizes, but then I thought about why it's been so long and I realized it is actually nothing to be sorry about...\n\nI had just got my husband back after a long and painful bout of depression. ",
"I well to be honest I have just been enjoying getting to know him again! ",
"I didn't realize just how much of Rich's life the depression had been controlling. ",
"It's crazy how he suddenly get better so fast, but I'm certainly not complaining.",
"\n\nI can now remember why I married him. ",
"He is such a lovely man! ",
"So funny and thoughtful and my best friend!",
"\n\nIt has been 3 months, but it has been well spend I have been getting to know my husband again and dealing with the after math of such a long time just surviving!",
"\n\nThere's a lot to talk about and I think I've changed a lot! ",
"My kids certainly have! ",
"Charlotte will be starting pre-school properly after easter and Katie is walking and talking already! ",
"I have started to get help for the baggage I was carrying around and am being set free from loads of rubbish. ",
"I am feeling more happy and Alive than I have ever done! ",
"and I guess that was the result I was hoping for!",
"\n\nI have Gone from Surviving to feeling alive... I know there is a lot more to being ALIVE and I am excited to find out!",
"\n\nA lot has happened and I need to get some of it written down! ",
"But for now the facts are that you can go from Surviving to feeling ALIVE! ",
"Life can and will be amazing! ",
"I am so excited about the future and so full of hope! ",
"You can be too!!!! ",
"Stay tuned, life is a white knucked ride from here in and the best is yet to come!!!",
"\n\nMonday, 13 December 2010\n\nOn the 13th December 2010 I weighed in at 73kg.... which for the old school peeps is about 11 n half stone!!!! ",
"Yeah so I'm thinking now might be the time to do something about it...\n\nI have put on 10kg while having my two lovely girls and while I wouldn't trade them for the flattest tummy in the world I would like to work on this area of my life. ",
"I have also gotten rather lazy in the exercise department and I could make all the excuses in the worlds about having young kids and not having time, but the real truth is that I'm a bit lazy! ",
"However this is something I would like to change and so starting now (which is odd for me because I normally like to plan things for ages!!!) ",
"I want to work on my self control and not being lazy!",
"\n\nThere is a small bit of good news and which is that even though the depression, the counts bars of chocolate and other comfort food which I have sort refuge in, and despite being a really lazy bum... I have not actually put on any weight all year! ",
"Last Jan I weighed 73kg, same as now...\n\nTherefore I have come to believe that is I start to make small, sustainable changes, to my eating habits, my munchie habits, my lack of exercise habits and change where I seek comfort in tough times.. Then amazing and long lasting changes will be made possible!",
"\n\nIdeally I want to be back to my pre baby weight and shape, which means losing 10kgs, creating good habits and exercising regularly to rebuild strength and tone... Possibly even working hard enough to be back to my best weight ever (in my adult life lol) at 9 n half stone.. but that is a big challenge!",
"\n\nHowever baby steps are how this is going to work and so even though it is the Christmas period... I want to have lost 2kgs in the next 3 weeks.",
"\n\nSo here is my promise to myself.",
"\n\nI will have lost 2kgs by the 3rd of Jan 2011, and I will do this by starting to exercise 3 times a week, by having smaller portions at meal times and less chocolate (can't cut it out completely, it is Christmas after all!)",
"\n\nSunday, 12 December 2010\n\nThe dust is starting to settle after a crazy roller coaster ride over the last few months maybe even the last two years. ",
"Life has been a complete whirlwind and I have been very guilty of sticking my head in the sand and hoping problems will just go away! ",
"The funny thing is that when you stick your head in the sand and hide from problems they generally come back to bite you in the butt...\n\nI have had a busy weekend with my brother staying, we have painted the front room, done most of the christmas shopping, helped out at a drop in centre, done some community work, spent time with my family and been to church! ",
"But now that it is pretty much over and the boys are heading out tomorrow for a 30 mile walk! ",
"I think now would be a good time to started to pick up the pieces and take stock of my life.",
"\n\nThe first thing I want to do to help me take stock of my life and where I am is to compleat a Life Balance Check list. ",
"This will just help me to take an outside look at 5 of the 6 main areas of life Mind, Body, Family, Society and Finances... (it doesn't include spirituality for some reason) and see where I am. ",
"The last time I did this the results where very depressing, but it did give me a kick up the bum... So I hope things have changed!",
"\n\nThe results will be here in just a few minuets so we shall see...\n\n**********************************************\n\nThe balance check list comprises of a series 10 true or false questions for each of the 5 areas of life. ",
"Once you have answered the questions you give yourself a score out of ten for each area. ",
"Once this is complete you then check two things: (1) how are you doing in each areas separately and (2) how does each area compare to another... in other words is your life in balance?",
"\n\nThe results are in... lets take a little look.",
"\n\nI will start with the lowest score and work up...\n\nFinances 1 out of 10 (oh dear.. some work needed in this area, me thinks...)\n\nFamily 3 out of 10 (Yicks... looks like the depression and the \"just surviving\" has taken rather a large toll on my family life!)",
"\n\nBody 4 out of 10 (ever so slightly better, but also looks like the depression and comfort eating has taken it's toll on my health and body too)\n\nMind 7 out of 10!!! (",
"Up by 4 points since the last time I did this test! ",
"Huge improvements and a real encouragment that Life is on the mend and things can get better!!)",
"\n\nSociety 10 out of 10! (",
"Again up but only by 1 point.. but 10 out of 10... not bad. ",
"I'm not sure how good this test is because I not the most useful person to society by a long stretch, but maybe I'm not as useless as I once thought!)",
"\n\nSo this is what my life looks like right now. ",
"Some areas need a lot of work, and it is very out of balance, but maybe not as bad as I thought and it looks like if we take baby steps we might be able to see some improvements!",
"\n\nNow it is time to start picking a few little areas that I want to work on right now to start feeling more Alive. ",
"I think I will call it a night and spend some time having a good look over my results and see where to start and then let you know how I am getting on.",
"\n\nOne thing I know I want to work on right away is my weight and so in an attempt to be brave and to keep myself accountable tomorrow I will have \"The Big Weigh In\" and set myself an achievable goal...\n\nWednesday, 8 December 2010\n\nGetting ready for the BIG interview! ",
"So stressed and umm probably could have handled that stress in a better way, but you live and learn; right?",
"\n\nWorrying about the future... and then realising that worrying about it wont help things at all, in fact will probably make things harder and make me more unhappy!",
"\n\nChoosing to trust God.. Tough but actually really freeing!",
"\n\nNot passing the interview... bit of a blow!",
"\n\nFinding a peace that we are actually in God's will!",
"\n\nHaving a little/minor panic about the future... :-(\n\nRichard being compleatly free from Depression!!! ",
"So exciting and a little scary, as I keep getting scare it will all come back again!",
"\n\nFeeling a little pushed away by Richard because he wants to \"Find himself\" but trying to understand...\n\nHaving a very different, but rather charming man living in my house (still Rich in case you were worried)\n\nSo much has happen and it's taken some time to let the dust settle and figure out what we have left.",
"We also have to start thinking about what the next steps should be in order to move forward and be where we should be. ",
"We decided it would be a good idea to have a life meeting! ",
"This is a time where Richard and I get together after the girls are asleep, with a glass of wine and talk about Life... The things we are finding hard, anything we need the other persons opinion on, a chance to get those annoying things of your chest that you know could become a little ugly if you leave them un-said for a few weeks. ",
"Also a time to look at what is going on in our lives and where we are going, making sure we are both of the same track.",
"\n\nIt was a really good thing to do at this time, something we haven't done together for a long time. ",
"I had a chance to talk to Rich about that fact that I have been feeling pushed away since he got back, and that while I am very excited that he's depression has GONE, I am also very scared about it coming back. ",
"We also talked about the fact that he has changed a LOT and that even tough it is all for the better, he is also very different and it is going to take me some time to get to know him again! ",
"Richard also feels the same way, that he has changed and it is going to take him some time to get to know himself too and that is why he wants the space to be alone with his thoughts.",
"\n\nSince we had the Life Talk we have been getting on a lot better. ",
"I no longer feel so pushed away and I think we both realise is it going to take us sometime to get used to the changes. ",
"However we are both very excited about the future and so that is GOOD!",
"\n\nThe next step for me is to take Stock of my life, where I am and how things are looking in different areas of my life, see what is good, and what can be worked on and then get to it. ",
"I strongly believe my Future is my fault and so I need to get to it! ",
"With God's help...\n\nTo take stock I will be using a Life Balance check list. ",
"I know that the last time I look at this I scored very badly and it was rather depressing, but I am a stronger person and I hope I can look at the results and grow from than rather than crumble!",
"\n\nHopefully I will get the results up here tomorrow or Friday and then I can begin to make changes!",
"\n\nDare 2 Dream\n\nBecky\n\nP.S. The Caffeine thing is going well! ",
"I am no longer addicted and although I am not T- total.. I am only drinking one or two coffee's a week rather than 4 or 5 a day!",
"\n\nP.P.S. I am hoping to take Rich out on a date next week... Which I am very excited about!",
"\n\nSaturday, 4 December 2010\n\nWAS AMAZING! ",
"We were still snowed in at Dad and Mum's and so we just spent the whole day making super home made food, cutting wood (I can use an axe!) ",
"Target shooting, Tobogganing and making snow angels! ",
"I can't believe how cold it was, but a few good swings of the axe and you soon warm up. ",
"It was too cold to even make snow balls, we tried and tried, but they wouldn't stick together... To bad really as my sister Debbie and I were at the top of a big hill and the boys were at the bottom, we were trying to make a big snow ball to roll down the hill at them with the hope it would get bigger and bigger and get them all covered in snow!! ",
"but it was a big fail! ",
"So we made snow angels, and snow face prints (bad ideas is it was sooooo cold it burnt our faces, but fun all the same!)",
"\n\nThen in the evening we sat by the log burner and played cards and then watched the start of the new NCIS series (which Richard and I haven't seen yet) and ate lots of chocolate and pop corn! ",
"Super super day!",
"\n\nSaturday\n\nStarted really great with the heating in our room WORKING!!! ",
"Oh yeah and little Katie climbing in for a cuddle and to play peek a boo. ",
"Then after breakfast my sisters and I help Mum tidy the house while Rich and Dad went out shopping! (",
"I think I should add here that the snow melted in the night due to LOTS of rain, but we had lots of fun so we were lucky really)\n\nDebbie, Kirsty, Amy and I all decided to have our own X-factor moment and sang a lot of Whitney Houseton, and other musical numbers! ",
"Which was fab. ",
"They all have lovely voices and I hope they will get a chance to use them some day.",
"\n\nWE packed up and then it kind of dawned on me that we were going home and I guess allowed myself to start making stuff up about how it could be really bad when we got home, how the kids weren't going to behave and how Richard could so easily start freaking out about not passing his navy interviews. ",
"Then I chose to start worrying about the future and got myself all upset. ",
"Silly me! ",
"I know it was daft, that it was a choice, I chose to let myself get upset and that I was making stuff up! ",
"I had no idea really what it would be like when we got home and I don't know what the future holds.",
"\n\nI know I need to pull myself together and start trusting God and start trusting Rich again. ",
"Worrying is not going to help and in fact it will make my sad, it will make things much harder for Richard and is really being very pride full and choosing not to trust God. ",
"I basically saying that I don't trust him with my life, to have a good plan for me and so I don't want to give him control and relax. ",
"How very rude of me.... I know this all to be true, but you know what it is flipping hard to let go sometimes. ",
"Maybe if I keep making a conscious effort to et go and to relax, stop worrying and give things to God then over time it will be come more natural. ",
"What do you think? ",
"I hope so because right now it is pretty tricky...\n\nWell the washing up needs doing again, the washing is on and Rich will be back soon. ",
"So I better go and get on with it! ",
"I hope you have a super evening. ",
"Love to all your family xx\n\nThursday, 2 December 2010\n\nI'll have to do a run down of the last two days today as its been a bit hectic and Ive not managed to get on here!",
"\n\nWednesday (the day after Richard's results)\nThis was an interesting day. ",
"We choose to have a family day because Rich had been away and it would give us a chance to absorb his results! ",
"Richard took Charlotte out to the park in the morning which gave me a chance to have a bath all by myself! ",
"It was amazing! ",
"Thank you Richard!",
"\n\nAnd then in the afternoon we took the girls out to look at the Christmas lights in our local big shop (which sells everything) Value House! ",
"We had a lovely time and even managed to get a few Christmas presents! ",
"I have to admit that Christmas has not been at the front of our minds yet! (",
"I wonder why!) ",
"So in was a pretty good day, it was also a bit of an odd day trying to process Richards results and how that will effect our lives!",
"\n\nLike I said before Rich came back a differnet person and it seems to have been able to use this apparent failure to be the kick up the bum he needs to really get back up again, rahter then a kick in the face which will get him down. ",
"He is doing amazingly well and I would love to thank everyone who has been praying for him, God is really hearing your prayers!",
"\n\nHe has come back full of ideas for the future, things he wants to do right now and plans for the future. ",
"He does however also want to \"Find himself\" and wants to spend some time alone (with God I hope) and find out what he really wants from life and make his own plans. ",
"It sounds really good in theory, but I am really having to fight feelings of rejection about this. ",
"I really want to be involved and I always thought that being married was about making choices together, but I do want Richard to be happy above everything else and if this is what he needs then I will have to learn how to be content and how to support him the very best I can, without being a grump and feeling left out! ",
"I think I'm gonna really need Gods help on this one, but I know he/we can do it together!",
"\n\nThursday...\n\nThursday was a brilliant day! ",
"So much fun! ",
"We woke up to lots of snow, which is fab because it doesn't normally snow on Portland! ",
"We called Mum n Dad on the farm and found that they were a little snowed in! ",
"We were going over there anyways because they were planning on going up north to visit my brother, so we were all packed and ready to go. ",
"My brothers graduation was cancelled because of the snow and my family were snowed in and running out of normally food, so we decided to drive over anyway and try and get as far as we could and then walk the rest of the way!",
"\n\nNeedless to say we did get stuck half way there and my brother and sister walked up to help us carry our stuff the last half mile! ",
"So now we are snowed in too.. but by choice...\n\nWe headed back out almost as soon as we arrived, to try and turn our car back around and get into town to buy food, saw blades and a broom for sweeping the 3/4 mile ish drive way! ",
"WE got all the goodies and parked at a farm down at the bottom, near the main road and then loaded up our back packs and my brother Joel, Rich and I started the mile or so walk back to Mum n Dad's farm! ",
"Dad and Kirsty, one of my other sisters, meet us half way back and helped carry the large amounts of bread we were carrying in our hands and we all headed back! ",
"It was dark by now and starting to get icy, but the middle of the road was pretty much just fresh fluffy snow so we were pretty safe when we stayed in the middle. ",
"WE got home and Mum had made Hot Jacket Potatoes and Chilli (which was amazing!)",
"\n\nI know it kinda sounds like a nightmare but it was one of the most fantastic days ever! ",
"It feels very Little house in the prairie! ",
"Having go walk out in the snow to get food, cutting fire wood and eating great food together as a family. ",
"I love being snowed in with my family! ",
"But I do also like knowing my car is safe and when we get bored we can go home! ",
"I hope it doesn't last too long because I know it will be tough on my family being stuck here, but I am glad we are stuck ish together!",
"\n\nTuesday, 30 November 2010\n\nSo Richard failed the Navy Interview! ",
"There was a few little tears (from me) just a bit of a shock I think, but in actual fact we're doing good. ",
"We have worked towards this for almost a year now and in many ways everything has come crashing down, but we always said we wanted to stay in God's will and be where he wanted us to be doing the job he wanted us to do.",
"\n\nGod has been faithful though everything that has happened and I truly believe that he has a plan for our lives and as we keep seeking him the path will be revealed!",
"\n\nI have to be honest I was very worried about Richard! ",
"I thought he would come home frustrated and angry and would be on a real downer. ",
"In stead he walked in with a huge smile on his face, with presents for myself and the girls and a plan to turn over a new leaf and sort some things out! ",
"I was completly blown away and so grateful. ",
"I had be praying that God would be close to him and guild him and that he would be able to put his trust in him and he has been faithful. ",
"Rich has come back so different.. The anger has gone and the worry has gone.",
"\n\nThey have asked him to try again next year for the Navy again, so I think that is the plan so far, but getting a good job/ second choice career sorted too. ",
"Richard is planning to take some time to find who he is again and build himself up, after this depression. ",
"To work on his self esteem and start to believe the truth, that is a good guy, a great father and husband and that he is very loved. ",
"He has really taken some knocks and I think this could be really good for him. ",
"Hopefully we can get out lives back on track and next year we will be much stronger, more useful people. ",
"I think there are some exciting times ahead. ",
"I choose to be hopeful and to get excited.",
"\n\nFollowers\n\nBlog Archive\n\nAbout Me\n\nHi There, I'm Becky, I am Married to Rich and we have two beautiful girls and two mischievous Cats.",
"\nWe started our own business and it kinda died, so we are just changing career direction, our kids are aged 2years and the other 10 months and we are very involved in Youth work and doing things with our church and community.",
"\nToo read more check out my first post..."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0007497136248275638,
0.0007291387300938368,
0.0007438357570208609,
0.001592904096469283,
0.000597408798057586,
0.0010760383447632194,
0.004547479562461376,
0.0009964329656213522,
0.0008501677657477558,
0.000598429178353399,
0.000762227806262672,
0.0006414962117560208,
0.0012667641276493669,
0.00521747674793005,
0.029624154791235924,
0.0007570356829091907,
0.0006393937510438263,
0.0006553352577611804,
0.0006961805047467351,
0.0008966508903540671,
0.0006872754893265665,
0.0006330403848551214,
0.006057587917894125,
0.048168398439884186,
0.015020955353975296,
0.03058994561433792,
0.009324678219854832,
0.0006797075038775802,
0.028371335938572884,
0.004736829549074173,
0.0009947773069143295,
0.001909218030050397,
0.0027618559543043375,
0.0010832342086359859,
0.001990310847759247,
0.000984806101769209,
0.015632389113307,
0.2776801288127899,
0.0013484001392498612,
0.0008787823026068509,
0.0013054077280685306,
0.000563413486815989,
0.006981558166444302,
0.003075809683650732,
0.0007038785261102021,
0.0007858984172344208,
0.0006711389869451523,
0.003255894174799323,
0.0014258369337767363,
0.0008249665843322873,
0.0011110715568065643,
0.0013599122175946832,
0.0008981557912193239,
0.0009036865667439997,
0.0010506580583751202,
0.0005571573856286705,
0.0005965399905107915,
0.000867523776832968,
0.0006178987096063793,
0.002208252204582095,
0.001143875066190958,
0.0007138538057915866,
0.164634570479393,
0.001245375256985426,
0.004562199115753174,
0.001666050753556192,
0.00077712198253721,
0.0005738856852985919,
0.0006207159603945911,
0.00862153246998787,
0.0005541880382224917,
0.0005532422801479697,
0.0005817577475681901,
0.0005754425656050444,
0.0006458960706368089,
0.0005653977277688682,
0.0006307236035354435,
0.0005503225838765502,
0.0006439693970605731,
0.0010530344443395734,
0.0008315927116200328,
0.0010525453835725784,
0.0007313381065614522,
0.007690234109759331,
0.001964317401871085,
0.0007801883039064705,
0.0006634617457166314,
0.0013028440298512578,
0.03703741356730461,
0.0048095607198774815,
0.029350345954298973,
0.026611115783452988,
0.003632680280134082,
0.0018373408820480108,
0.0043434868566691875,
0.0010128450812771916,
0.13836705684661865,
0.0012558498419821262,
0.0007545239641331136,
0.011210131458938122,
0.0005376078188419342,
0.0013439588947221637,
0.001334438449703157,
0.5557170510292053,
0.0008042817935347557,
0.0006894588004797697,
0.0007186369621194899,
0.001182765350677073,
0.0008004660485312343,
0.023633819073438644,
0.0015197484754025936,
0.000780413975007832,
0.003166459035128355,
0.0015837521059438586,
0.0006942842155694962,
0.006050457712262869,
0.000642481551039964,
0.0007292715017683804,
0.0038761605974286795,
0.0006983797647990286,
0.0006971924449317157,
0.0012067058123648167,
0.0006954965065233409,
0.0007377448491752148,
0.0008719906909391284,
0.0006631586002185941,
0.057974185794591904,
0.0006343929562717676,
0.0006550807738676667,
0.0015943227335810661,
0.0005811002338305116,
0.0009062025928869843,
0.0009309554006904364,
0.00084093859186396,
0.0009834123775362968,
0.0021230338606983423,
0.0030409633181989193,
0.0007240134873427451,
0.0018494961550459266,
0.0013310773065313697,
0.001761633320711553,
0.002642463194206357,
0.001340597402304411,
0.0007408743840642273,
0.001004325458779931,
0.0010123299434781075,
0.0009778315434232354,
0.0031350876670330763,
0.0042424616403877735,
0.0017309238901361823,
0.0025669836904853582,
0.0008982979343272746,
0.0006137944292277098,
0.0006035563419573009,
0.0006743401754647493,
0.0006320272805169225,
0.3048693537712097,
0.0016295826062560081,
0.0006547787343151867,
0.0006137590389698744,
0.006374956574290991,
0.0005561374127864838,
0.0019986426923424006,
0.000705469399690628,
0.0005313450237736106,
0.0009843421867117286,
0.0005382403032854199,
0.0005344500532373786,
0.0008644022746011615,
0.0009933108231052756,
0.0006206686375662684
] | 0.011881 | 171 |
[
"//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// Project : VST SDK\n//\n// Category : Helpers\n// Filename : public.sdk/source/vst/vstspeakerarray,.h\n// Created by : Steinberg, 04/2015\n// Description : Helper class representing speaker arrangement as array of speaker types.",
"\n//\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// LICENSE\n// (c) 2017, Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH, All Rights Reserved\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,\n// are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\n// \n// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, \n// this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.",
"\n// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,\n// this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation \n// and/or other materials provided with the distribution.",
"\n// * Neither the name of the Steinberg Media Technologies nor the names of its\n// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this \n// software without specific prior written permission.",
"\n// \n// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND\n// ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED \n// WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ",
"\n// IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, \n// INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, \n// BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, \n// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF \n// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE \n// OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED\n// OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.",
"\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n#pragma once\n\n#include \"pluginterfaces/vst/vsttypes.h\"\n\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------\nnamespace Steinberg {\nnamespace Vst {\n\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// SpeakerArray\n/** Helper class representing speaker arrangement as array of speaker types. */",
"\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------\nclass SpeakerArray\n{\npublic:\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\tSpeakerArray (SpeakerArrangement arr = 0)\n\t{\n\t\tsetArrangement (arr);\n\t}\n\n\tenum { kMaxSpeakers = 64 };\n\n\ttypedef uint64 SpeakerType;\n\n\tint32 total () const { return count; }\n\tSpeakerType at (int32 index) const { return speaker[index]; }\n\n\tvoid setArrangement (SpeakerArrangement arr)\n\t{\n\t\tcount = 0;\n\t\tmemset (speaker, 0, sizeof (speaker));\n\n\t\tfor (int32 i = 0; i < kMaxSpeakers; i++)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tSpeakerType mask = 1ll << i;\n\t\t\tif (arr & mask)\n\t\t\t\tspeaker[count++] = mask;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tSpeakerArrangement getArrangement () const\n\t{\n\t\tSpeakerArrangement arr = 0;\n\t\tfor (int32 i = 0; i < count; i++)\n\t\t\tarr |= speaker[i];\n\t\treturn arr;\n\t}\n\n\tint32 getSpeakerIndex (SpeakerType which) const\n\t{\n\t\tfor (int32 i = 0; i < count; i++)\n\t\t\tif (speaker[i] == which)\n\t\t\t\treturn i;\n\t\treturn -1;\n\t}\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------\nprotected:\n\tint32 count;\n\tSpeakerType speaker[kMaxSpeakers];\n};\n\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------\n} // namespace Vst\n} // namespace Steinberg\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0007346474449150264,
0.0009483664762228727,
0.0006056209676899016,
0.0006713251932524145,
0.000597481441218406,
0.0007588930893689394,
0.0037766797468066216,
0.004470692481845617
] | 0.00157 | 8 |
[
"Juvenile zebrafish in the vitellogenin blank period as an alternative test organism for evaluation of estrogenic activity of chemicals.",
"\nThe present study aimed to determine the suitable development period for zebrafish to evaluate estrogenic activities accurately. ",
"An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed and used to detect the vitellogenin (Vtg)-derived yolk proteins and newly produced Vtg, and 9 d to 56 d posthatching was determined as the Vtg-blank period. ",
"Juveniles in this period were found to have lower baseline Vtg levels than adult males and were considered an alternative test organism for detecting environmental estrogens. ",
"Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1783-1787. ",
"© 2015 SETAC."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0006424718303605914,
0.0005540525307878852,
0.0009043743484653533,
0.000757782778237015,
0.0007516192854382098,
0.0006989677203819156
] | 0.000718 | 6 |
[
"Q:\n\nIncorrect MIME type on multiple files\n\nI have the following error on all my JS files: \nThe script from “http://localhost:8086/home/js/classie.js” was loaded even though its MIME type (“text/html”) is not a valid JavaScript MIME type.",
"\n\nI made the project using Intelij and TomCat web server, the code for the scripts inside HTML5 looks like this:\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"js/script-delete-word.js\"></script>\nWhy is this happening even thought I put type=\"text/javascript inside the script tag? ",
"The same problem is for the .css files too, I tried to change the location of js and css folder, but it didn't worked.",
"\n\nA:\n\nI made the project using Intelij\n\nYour IDE isn't really relevant (unless you are using some sort of built-in web server that comes with it: if you are you should make that explicit in the question).",
"\n\nWhy is this happening\n\nSomething is wrong with your HTTP server. ",
"You haven't said what server you are using (or provided the code for it if you've written it yourself). ",
"\n\nWhy is this happening even thought I put type=\"text/javascript inside the script tag? ",
"\n\nThe type attribute (when given a MIME type, the module value is a special case) tells the browser what to expect to get in the response to a request for the script's URL. ",
"This lets the browser avoid requesting scripts in programming languages it doesn't understand. ",
"The HTTP response headers are still authorative.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0009565083892084658,
0.0006030471995472908,
0.0006971010589040816,
0.000657714786939323,
0.0010984349064528942,
0.0006122980848886073,
0.0006130823167040944,
0.000649640045594424,
0.0008175641996785998,
0.0005931832711212337,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.000845 | 11 |
[
"\n\nJAWS – Spark SQL REST Server opensourced by Atigeo - dianamp\nhttp://xpatterns.com/our-spark-sql-rest-server-codename-jaws-is-now-open-source/\n\n======\ntlapusan\ngood job ;)\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
} | [
0.0007199516985565424
] | 0.00072 | 1 |
[
"About this Blog\n\nThe mori girls (森ガール) belong to a Japanese subculture. '",
"Mori' means forest in Japanese, and mori girls look like fairytale forest wanderers in their loose dresses, vintage prints and quaint accessories. ",
"Mori girls choose to live their lives on their own terms, stopping to appreciate the little things that others overlook amidst the hustle and bustle of daily life. ",
"This blog hopes to give you a little slice of mori girl life.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0007245815359055996,
0.0007501537911593914,
0.0069305202923715115,
0.0021985508501529694,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.00252 | 5 |
[
"Educational Objectives {#s5}\n======================\n\nAfter participation in this simulation exercise, participants will be able to: 1.Demonstrate the ability to don and doff sterile garb and maintain a sterile surgical field.2.Actively participate in all patient safety activities such as the sign-in and time-out.3.Demonstrate proficiency in role-appropriate tasks, such as applying sequential compression devices, assisting in draping, and safe patient transfer.",
"\n\nIntroduction {#s6}\n============\n\nThe operating room (OR) setting, typically with multiple functions occurring simultaneously is a demanding environment in which to both work and learn. ",
"In addition, the OR environment is highly regulated with an intense focus on patient safety,^[@ref001],[@ref002]^ as manifested in the increasing number of regulatory requirements, both national and local which impact the OR workspace. ",
"Further, the OR contains direct environmental hazards. ",
"This heightened focus on efficiency and safety poses a challenge for rotating medical students who must successfully integrate themselves as a member of the OR team to maximize their ability to learn during the surgery rotation.",
"\n\nOR culture has increasingly focused on safety due to the potential for severe injury to both patients and staff that may occur. ",
"A study funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality in 2006 found the rate of wrong site surgery was one in 112,994 operations in an analysis of three million cases.^[@ref003]^ The authors concluded that 62% of those wrong site operations were preventable if proper safety protocols were implemented and adhered to in the OR. ",
"Both the Joint Commission^[@ref004]^ and the American College of Surgeons^[@ref005]^ have published suggested safeguards against wrong site surgery and other adverse OR events. ",
"Hence, as members of the OR team during their rotation, it is important for the medical student to understand their role in the patient\\'s safety and in health care quality.",
"\n\nThis OR simulation was created for the third-year medical student\\'s surgery clerkship and allows expectations to be set regarding personal and patient safety, sterile technique, teamwork, and the role the student fulfills as a confident member of the team. ",
"As a part of the Best Evidence in Medical Education Guide 4, describing aspects of simulation that will lead to effective learning,^[@ref006]^ this simulation occurs in a controlled environment and allows for a structured debrief session and feedback for students.",
"\n\nPrevious work in simulation has focused on specific operative skills^[@ref007],[@ref008]^ or the management of various emergencies in the OR.^[@ref009]--[@ref012]^ Our simulation does not focus on these concepts, but rather focuses on allowing students to be confident, competent, and safe team members in the OR when starting their surgery clerkship.",
"\n\nGiven the hands-on nature of working in an OR environment, we sought to use an appropriate instructional strategy. ",
"The OR simulation curricular design is guided by Kolb\\'s experiential learning cycle.^[@ref013]^ Kolb\\'s theory states \"Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience.\" ",
"To adequately \"transform\" the OR experience, the simulation environment and staff are a necessity. ",
"The OR simulation is the \"concrete experience,\" which is the basis for \"reflective observation.\" ",
"The students are asked to immediately reflect on the OR experience following the simulation during the in-person debrief discussion. ",
"The students also provide feedback on their experience 7 weeks following the simulation session in the form of a feedback survey.",
"\n\nThe aforementioned feedback processes align with the next stage in Kolb\\'s cycle, \"abstract conceptualization.\" ",
"Following the OR simulation, the students join their clinical teams on the clerkship where they will be expected to apply the knowledge gained in the OR simulation to the actual OR. ",
"Prior to a real OR case, students will reflect on the roles they practiced during the OR simulation in conjunction with independent study of both the procedures and OR protocols to prepare for participation. ",
"These actions represent the stage of \"active experimentation\" on Kolb\\'s framework. ",
"As students transition to more routine participation in the OR they continue to learn in the context of their role as an active participant on the operating team. ",
"The students will apply their knowledge from the OR simulation with this ongoing education from their precepting physicians and OR staff to iteratively translate these newly acquired skills and knowledge into clinical practice as they participate in the clinical environment. ",
"Kolb\\'s learning cycle framework emphasizes the educational environment must \"ensure critical and reflective, goal-directed action and evaluation of consequences of that action.\" ",
"This OR simulation provides an ideal learning experience, allowing students to learn and reflect on OR skills in a low-stakes student-centered simulation environment to better prepare them for the patient-centered high-stakes operating room.",
"\n\nMethods {#s7}\n=======\n\nThe development of simulation and teaching materials for this activity were guided by Kern\\'s six-step approach for curriculum development in medical education.^[@ref014]^ We first performed a needs assessment. ",
"Through student feedback and clerkship evaluations, students indicated uncertainty regarding roles, responsibilities, and medical student appropriate tasks during their initial OR experiences. ",
"Surgical faculty were queried to identify specific deficiencies. ",
"While the clerkship had preexisting educational sessions in place (donning and doffing sterile gowns and gloves, lectures on safety, infection, and logistics in the OR), there were no focused activities to prepare students for their OR experiences. ",
"Additionally, there was a gap in the educational strategy used in the previous instructional approach, as this predominantly included lecture-based learning. ",
"The instructional approach was modified to utilize a more immersive, simulation-based approach.",
"\n\nThe students\\' lack of readiness for participation in the OR in the first week of the surgery clerkship was identified as a primary opportunity for improvement and curricular development. ",
"Getting medical students involved from the start of their clerkship was of vital importance not only to their experience but for the efficiency of the surgical case. ",
"As inexperienced providers in the OR, the clerkship leadership felt students had the potential to negatively affect patient safety and clinical outcomes, especially in the area of infection control. ",
"We hypothesized that providing an opportunity for practice in a simulated environment without any potential impact on these patient safety concerns would improve student readiness for the OR. ",
"The medical students entering the required third-year surgery clerkship were identified as the target learners for this simulation.",
"\n\nBased on our focused needs assessment, we developed goals and objectives for this educational session utilizing simulation. ",
"The goals and objectives were subsequently used to guide the development of the simulation session ([Appendix A](#s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ",
"The simulation was created to give students an experience-appropriate set of tasks they would have the opportunity to perform as a part of the team in the OR, and provide them an opportunity to practice participating in patient safety practices such as the timeout and instrument count. ",
"In addition, it was a goal of the clerkship leadership to increase the confidence and comfort of the students as they entered their initial surgery experience.",
"\n\nStudent Role {#s8}\n------------\n\nStudents were welcomed with an overview of the simulation and its general logistics ([Appendix B](#s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ",
"In the event multiple simulated ORs were being utilized simultaneously, students were separated into groups for each of the ORs. ",
"These groups were random but attempts were made to evenly spread out students who have completed an OB/GYN clerkship. ",
"Efforts were made to restrict the group size to no more than five students to ensure students are afforded the opportunity to actively participate in the simulation. ",
"Students were then provided with the leadership role they are responsible for within the simulation. ",
"These roles were designed to give structure to the case and allow each student to be involved in a meaningful way. ",
"The leadership roles were explained and provided to them at random on their individualized leadership role assignment form ([Appendix C](#s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ",
"This form also contained information about the simulation patient.",
"\n\nEquipment/Environment {#s9}\n---------------------\n\nThe implementation of this simulation required a number of resources. ",
"This simulation may be configured to utilize a single simulated OR or many simulated ORs run simultaneously to meet the needs of larger groups. ",
"The team leader was responsible for ensuring all resources and actors are in place and the simulation ran according to script. ",
"Coordination with the simulation staff was vital to ensure supplies and props are in place and functioning properly.",
"\n\nThe following equipment was required to effectively execute OR simulation. ",
"See simulation images in [Appendix D](#s004){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} for further guidance: •Simulated Operating room (1): See [Appendix D](#s004){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.•Debrief Space (1): Any space that will accommodate the faculty and student comfortably.•Pre-op/PACU Space (1): See [Appendix D](#s004){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.•Anesthesia Machine (1): Inhaled anesthetics need to be installed.•Anesthesia Medication Cart (1): Bag-valve mask (1), labeled medication vials (2--3), laryngoscope (1), endotracheal tube (1), 10cc syringe (3), 18g needle (2).•Mayo Stand (1): Mayo stand with sterile cover. ",
"Instruments specific to stated procedure may be present.•Instrument Table (1): Large back table with basic operative instrument tray and other equipment including gowns, light handle covers, suction tubing, electrocautery tool.•Simulated OR Tables/Patient Transport Cart (1): See [Appendix D](#s004){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.•IV Poles (2): Used for draping and intravenous infusions.•Circulating Nurse Station (1): This can be a workstation on wheels, a separate desk, or a bedside table depending on space.•Mannequin (1): Moulage not needed. ",
"Mannequin should have one 18g IV in the right arm with fluids hanging and a wristband that includes a hospital ID number, name, and date of birth. ",
"Do not place bouffant cap on patient, let the students complete that task.•Operative Equipment (1 kit): Should contain Alice clamps (2), electrocautery grounding pad (1), electrocautery pen and holder (1), electrocautery machine (1), basin with surgical towels (4--8), laparotomy drape (1), surgical gowns (6--8), mayo stand cover (1), 1 ¾ sheet (1), minor basic tray (1), trocar (3), laparoscopy instruments (3), sterile gloves (assorted sizes), surgical masks (1 box), bouffant caps (1 box), non-latex exam gloves (assorted sizes), skin preparation stick (2).",
"\n\nPersonnel {#s10}\n---------\n\nPersonnel planning was the most difficult portion of this exercise, as the number of individuals and their specialties can pose a challenge for recruiting. ",
"All positions were to be filled. ",
"We had several personnel who are crosstrained so in the event a position is unable to be successfully filled, that position could have an experienced person to play the role and maintain the high quality of the simulation session. ",
"Ideally, the person playing each role has the appropriate corresponding clinical background.",
"\n\nThe following personnel were needed to effectively run the OR simulation: •Surgeon (attending/≥ PGY2 surgical resident) (1): Plays attending surgeon role.•Nurse/surgical technologist (1): Plays circulating nurse role.•Nurse/surgical technologist (1): Plays scrub nurse/technologist role.•Anesthesia provider (MD/CRNA/Anesthesia Resident) (1): Anesthesia provider.•Simulation exercise team leader (1): Team leader.•Simulation technologist (1): Simulation technologist.",
"\n\nAssessment {#s11}\n----------\n\nNext, we developed an approach for the assessment of learner outcomes as well as evaluation of the event. ",
"This included a critical action checklist ([Appendix E](#s005){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ",
"This assessment tool was developed by the clerkship faculty and staff, and was used by the simulation technicians and actors to ensure the students are progressing through the case in a timely manner and are meeting all stated objectives. ",
"The simulation exercise was considered to be formative in nature.",
"\n\nThe students filled out a postencounter survey within 1 week of participation. ",
"This information was used by the clerkship leadership to provide continuous improvements to the simulation.",
"\n\nDebriefing {#s12}\n----------\n\nAs a component of the simulation session, we developed a debriefing guide ([Appendix F](#s006){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) to be used by the facilitators to enhance reproducibility across different simulation sessions. ",
"We identified several specific actions during pilot simulation sessions related to the objectives that students either performed well or were opportunities for improvement.",
"\n\nThe debriefing took place immediately following the conclusion of the case. ",
"All participants from each OR (students, physicians, nurses, etc.) ",
"gathered in a debriefing space and participated in a group debriefing facilitated by the surgeon. ",
"The debriefing session, used as a formative assessment, highlighted the opportunity debriefing can bring to medical education by identifying performance gaps.^[@ref015]^ When those gaps were identified, it provided faculty the opportunity to investigate the basis for those performance gaps and provide resources to close them. ",
"The education approach utilized was the scripted debriefing model described by Eppich and Cheng.^[@ref016]^ Their framework of reactions, description, analysis and summary, along with the work of Cheng, Hunt, Donoghue, et. ",
"al., ",
"provide the basis for the adapted scripted debriefing tool.^[@ref017]^\n\nResults {#s13}\n=======\n\nWe were able to develop a simulation that meets the needs of our students, the clerkship, and the institution. ",
"In addition, an evidence-based scripted debriefing was developed as a formative assessment tool. ",
"The scripted debriefing tool is easily adaptable and simple to use, even with faculty who are new to the simulation.",
"\n\nThis simulation experience has been successfully implemented with medical students entering their third-year surgery clerkship continuously over the previous 2.5 years for14 discrete implementations. ",
"Of the estimated 400 students who have participated in this event, 237 have been surveyed with the current tool ([Appendix G](#s007){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ",
"This tool has been updated, as the survey has been modified based on clerkship needs and student feedback. ",
"Overall, students have found this simulation useful to their learning, subjective comfort, and confidence ([Table 1](#t01){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\n###### Postsimulation Survey Responses (*N* = 327)\n\n Question Percentage \n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ ------- -------\n After completing this simulation I know tasks I can do upon arrival to get involved with the surgical case. ",
" 85.23 3.38 11.39\n Discussing OR topics with staff contributed to my comfort going forward. ",
" 93.72 0.52 5.76\n I feel comfortable going into the OR with my team. ",
" 88.48 0 11.52\n Asking questions to OR staff was valuable for learning. ",
" 94.77 0 5.23\n After completing this simulation I feel confident being involved with preparation of the patient for an operation. ",
" 79.75 3.37 16.88\n Please respond only if you have completed the OB/GYN clerkship: This simulation in useful even after completion of my OB/GYN clerkship.[^a^](#t01_f1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 84.06 15.94 0\n\n*n* = 138\n\nThis experience has been used exclusively in the surgery clerkship at a single institution. ",
"The faculty and staff implementing this case are from a number of disciplines including: surgery, anesthesiology, simulation, nursing, and surgical technology. ",
"The faculty in this scenario are surgeons with experience in academic medicine and medical education.",
"\n\nDiscussion {#s14}\n==========\n\nMedical students entering the surgery clerkship need to be aware of both intraoperative safety procedures and team dynamics when in the OR. ",
"These skills are important beginning with the first operative case they participate in, and the margin for error is small. ",
"This simulation addresses the need for a kinesthetic experience prior to entering the high-stakes environment of the OR. ",
"This simulation allows students to learn to be a functioning part of the OR team and affords them the opportunity to make mistakes in a safe environment.",
"\n\nThe surgical faculty expect medical students to be ready to participate in the OR from the first day on service. ",
"While we could instead allow students to be oriented to the OR by the faculty, we believe our approach using simulation is superior for a number of reasons. ",
"First, our simulation creates uniform and consistent messaging in the delivery of content. ",
"This ensures all patient safety items are addressed. ",
"Second, mistakes made in simulation have no financial or patient safety impacts. ",
"Simulation has been shown to improve patient outcomes,^[@ref018],[@ref019]^ improve skill mastery,^[@ref020]--[@ref022]^ reduce complications,^[@ref023]^ and reduce hospital costs.^[@ref024]^ Simulation allows for an opportunity to provide practical information and problem-solving situations in a safe environment. ",
"Third, based on our experiences and the feedback from students, providing a simulation prior to their first OR experience gives students the confidence they need to get involved from that start of the clerkship. ",
"Simulation has been shown in the literature to increase confidence in clinical situations^[@ref025],[@ref026]^ as well as comfort.^[@ref027]--[@ref029]^ While confidence does not directly translate to skill acquisition, data show that medical students who participate in simulated activities have more opportunity for actual patient experiences during a clerkship and have more confidence when performing those activities.^[@ref030]^\n\nThis simulation has been a multidisciplinary effort from its inception. ",
"The design and implementation utilized experts in the fields of surgery, nursing, surgical technology, and simulation. ",
"Using expertise from multiple disciplines has directly contributed to the ability to meet the stated objectives. ",
"Overall, students found the simulation contributed positively to their preparation for the OR environment and to their perceived comfort.",
"\n\nThis simulation has evolved over time based on student feedback and the needs of the surgery clerkship. ",
"The simulation initially involved a suturing task during the operation phase of the simulation. ",
"This was found to be time-consuming and distracted from the learning objectives. ",
"This was subsequently removed from the simulation and taught in a freestanding session. ",
"Consequently, more time was allotted for teaching about sharps safety, instrument passing, and the challenges involving incorrect antibiotics and incorrect instrument count, as these were felt to be areas of potential error in the OR environment. ",
"This improved the flow of the case and kept students more engaged throughout the simulation.",
"\n\nChallenges and Limitations {#s15}\n--------------------------\n\nAn exercise of this size is not without challenges. ",
"Recruiting discipline-appropriate actors is the most frequently encountered difficulty. ",
"It is important for the purposes of fidelity to have individuals who work in the roles they are assigned. ",
"This simulation ideally requires professionals who usually have a number of simultaneous clinical priorities and we budget 3 hours for this simulation. ",
"In order to work through these challenges, there are occasions where clinically trained staff are substituted. ",
"The actors are given an overview, a script, and a list of critical action points to follow during the simulation.",
"\n\nThis simulation is limited in its time and scope. ",
"The objective is not to be an all-encompassing orientation to the surgical environment, rather an opportunity to ensure the students can participate effectively in the sign-in and time-out in the OR, maintain sterility of themselves and the surgical field, and learn ways to become active participants in routine patient care while in the OR. ",
"Intentionally, students are not taught advanced surgical instrumentation or techniques, as this may reflect a level of learning above that of a third-year medical student. ",
"This simulation could be expanded to include these objectives. ",
"However, given existing time constraints, experiences outside of those stated above are not covered during this session.",
"\n\nComponents of this educational experience may be specific to our institution. ",
"While the sign-in procedure is a relatively universal concept in surgical patient safety, the specific language and process that is covered in this session may be institution specific. ",
"Additionally, our case has been constructed to allow students to simulate the specific tasks they are likely to assist with during OR care leading up to the initial incision. ",
"These permissible actions may differ with various institutional standards and we encourage anyone who adapts this simulation to include institution-specific items, ensuring congruence with curriculum and hospital-specific objectives for the learners.",
"\n\nThe simulation as described is designed to be implemented at the beginning of the clerkship. ",
"This may raise challenges for programs who use shorter clerkships and need to maximize the time students spend in the clinical environment. ",
"While this approach has worked well for our needs, this simulation could similarly be implemented prior to the start of the clinical rotations. ",
"This preclinical implementation may have an added benefit of ensuring that students on other rotations with OR experiences have uniform instruction and aren\\'t missing out on critical information. ",
"While this alternative approach may suit the needs of some programs, we believe that our approach utilizing a just-in-time training construct^[@ref031]^ has a higher impact and benefits the students by providing them the knowledge and experiences they will need just prior to assisting in the OR. ",
"Furthermore, the inclusion of this material during the preclinical years while students are highly focused on learning basic science material in preparation for module and the Board exams, may not be the optimal time to cover the material.",
"\n\nFor those looking to adapt this simulation to help prepare students in preparation for other operative experiences, only minor changes are necessary. ",
"For example, medical students on the surgery clerkship could be replaced with medical students on an OB/GYN clerkship with a few small revisions to the patient history, mannequin, and case type. ",
"Students on an anesthesia rotation can also benefit from the case progression process that is instilled in this simulation. ",
"In addition to the process and general flow of an OR case, many skills such as maintaining a sterile field and sterile garb, participating in a timeout, and appropriate professional team dynamics are transferrable to other areas of medicine.",
"\n\nThe use of a student survey evaluation tool provides only the student\\'s perception of the value of the simulation exercise and cannot objectively assess actual improvements in skills or knowledge acquisition. ",
"However, the student does represent the end-user in this construct and the value they find in the experience is an important outcome despite its subjective nature.",
"\n\nPlanned Revisions and Future Opportunities {#s16}\n------------------------------------------\n\nThis simulation is a continuously evolving project, with providing the best experience for students and promoting patient safety its foremost priorities. ",
"Learner feedback is critical is keeping this experience relevant to the needs of the students and is taken into account after every simulation. ",
"The simulation evaluation survey has the ability to be revised to assess more objective criteria by potentially posing questions beyond subjective experiences, including questions in knowledge acquisition and application.",
"\n\nThe simulation has two planned revisions, one is to add a verification of proficiency for indwelling urinary catheter placement, the other is an exercise to improve efficiency in gathering data relevant to an inpatient surgical population in the electronic medical record. ",
"The opportunity to add these exercises simultaneous to the activity arises due to the desire to keep the number of students in the simulated OR at a reasonable number and use multiple simulation runs.",
"\n\nThere are many opportunities for this simulation to be adapted to specific needs. ",
"In future work, this simulation could be used to assist in the familiarization of students to surgical attire and processes unique to specific surgical subspecialties such as orthopedic, urologic, and neurologic surgical procedures. ",
"In addition, this simulation has the ability to challenge students and residents with acute decompensation of a patient in the operating room. ",
"The ability to recognize decompensation and perform emergent procedures could be safely tested in an adapted version of this simulation.",
"\n\nAppendices {#s17}\n==========\n\n###### \n\nA. Simulation Case.docx\n\nB. Simulation Logistics.docx\n\nC. Student Leadership Roles.docx\n\nD. Simulation Images.docx\n\nE. Critical Actions Checklist.docx\n\nF. Debriefing Materials.docx\n\nG. Simulation Evaluation Survey.docx\n\nAll appendices are peer reviewed as integral parts of the Original Publication.",
"\n\nNone to report.",
"\n\nNone to report.",
"\n\nReported as not applicable.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | [
0.0009246352128684521,
0.0006740793469361961,
0.0005515281809493899,
0.0005932225612923503,
0.0005658328300341964,
0.0006719608209095895,
0.0005668884259648621,
0.0005934003856964409,
0.0005665494245477021,
0.000598120444919914,
0.0005229775561019778,
0.0005443079280667007,
0.0005142167210578918,
0.0006266332929953933,
0.0005686756339855492,
0.0006160707562230527,
0.0005325155216269195,
0.0005095709348097444,
0.0005530758644454181,
0.0005358060589060187,
0.0005149929202161729,
0.0005789163406006992,
0.0005411291494965553,
0.0005567512707784772,
0.0005657243891619146,
0.0005716665182262659,
0.0005908875027671456,
0.000513629347551614,
0.000642457976937294,
0.0006542138871736825,
0.0005748092080466449,
0.0005791070288978517,
0.0005580596043728292,
0.0005317531758919358,
0.0005538788391277194,
0.0005780243081972003,
0.0005840202793478966,
0.0005118683911859989,
0.0005483979475684464,
0.0005377464112825692,
0.0005248206434771419,
0.0005442293477244675,
0.0005923095741309226,
0.002740405034273863,
0.0005529230693355203,
0.0005608797073364258,
0.0005364484386518598,
0.0005533231887966394,
0.000602646148763597,
0.0006348214228637516,
0.0006149139371700585,
0.0005747388349846005,
0.0005737946485169232,
0.0005728787509724498,
0.0006013259408064187,
0.0005724920774810016,
0.02507871575653553,
0.0007816569413989782,
0.0005913196364417672,
0.0008560128044337034,
0.0005151650402694941,
0.0005528160836547613,
0.0005749047850258648,
0.0005611360538750887,
0.0005770205170847476,
0.0005383341922424734,
0.0005679224268533289,
0.000559205946046859,
0.0005570254288613796,
0.0005980979185551405,
0.0005040170508436859,
0.0005880951648578048,
0.0005859667435288429,
0.0006067909998819232,
0.0005317146424204111,
0.0005852596368640661,
0.0008383607491850853,
0.0005879454547539353,
0.0005689692334271967,
0.0005832918686792254,
0.0005480400286614895,
0.0005538217956200242,
0.0005573918460868299,
0.0005515374359674752,
0.0023910405579954386,
0.0005813243333250284,
0.0006263520335778594,
0.0006547091179527342,
0.0005217029247432947,
0.0013793461257591844,
0.0005488369497470558,
0.0005713633727282286,
0.0006042084423825145,
0.0005602281307801604,
0.0005620725569315255,
0.0006281159003265202,
0.0006008552736602724,
0.0005253214039839804,
0.0005635442794300616,
0.0006144923972897232,
0.0006462815217673779,
0.0006053725956007838,
0.0005079885013401508,
0.0005818675854243338,
0.0005616242997348309,
0.0005178007995709777,
0.0005139545537531376,
0.0006035302067175508,
0.0006050325464457273,
0.0005284046055749059,
0.0006063530454412103,
0.0005706629017367959,
0.0005735348677262664,
0.0007676317472942173,
0.0005795498727820814,
0.0005314595182426274,
0.0005441741086542606,
0.0005576889379881322,
0.0005426363204605877,
0.0006647174013778567,
0.0007169538293965161,
0.0006594436708837748,
0.0005502368439920247,
0.0005441284738481045,
0.0005344696692191064,
0.0005384313990361989,
0.0005263964994810522,
0.0005368950078263879,
0.0005719398031942546,
0.0005659862654283643,
0.0005223764455877244,
0.0007017221651040018,
0.0005103435250930488,
0.000539685133844614,
0.0005287568201310933,
0.0006588415126316249,
0.0005435815546661615,
0.0006253431201912463,
0.0006177541217766702,
0.0005618931027129292,
0.0005920391995459795,
0.0005650995299220085,
0.0005419942899607122,
0.0007329631480388343,
0.0005373424501158297,
0.0005492137279361486,
0.000598327664192766,
0.0006192945293150842,
0.0005960637354291975,
0.0007430475670844316,
0.0009101210744120181,
0.0009101210744120181,
0.0006311787874437869,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.000787 | 154 |
[
"LONG BEACH, California – Astronomers have confirmed that a controversial exoplanet called Fomalhaut b actually does exist and have calculated its potential orbit. ",
"The results show that the object is even stranger than scientists could have imagined, dubbing it a “rogue planet.”",
"\n\nThe uncertainty about this object started in 2008, when scientists released an image taken with NASA’s Hubble space telescope of a tiny dot of light in the debris disk of a young, bright star called Fomalhaut, which is about 25 light-years away in the constellation Piscis Austrinus. ",
"At the time, they presented only two data points, showing the exoplanet as it existed in 2004 and 2006. ",
"It was a sensational image — the enormous debris disk made the star resemble the “Eye of Sauron” from the Lord of the Rings movies — and was one of the first directly imaged extrasolar planets ever seen.",
"\n\nBut follow-up from other researchers failed to find the purported world. ",
"The original instrument on Hubble that saw Fomalhaut b broke in 2007 and was never replaced, meaning the team that discovered the exoplanet couldn’t reproduce their results either. ",
"When they spotted it in 2010 with another instrument, the object seemed to have drifted too far to the right to be in orbit around the star. ",
"This led some astronomers to discount the discovery of Fomalhaut b.\n\nBut late in 2012, a few other telescopes managed to snap images of the exoplanet. ",
"And now, the original team has presented their own new data. “",
"We have three times as many orbits and there you see it very clearly in 2012,” said astronomer Paul Kalas of the University of California at Berkeley and the SETI Institute, pointing to a new image released today during a press conference here at the American Astronomical Society 2013 meeting.",
"\n\nWith their four data points, the original team has been able to calculate several potential orbits for the object. ",
"They show the exoplanet moving on a highly eccentric orbit around its parent star, coming in as close at 40 astronomical units (AU) and then swinging out to 350 AU. (",
"An AU is the distance between the Earth and the sun). ",
"There is some indication that the planet’s orbit is very inclined relative to the debris disk around Fomalhaut, meaning that the exoplanet doesn’t pass through it, instead moving above and then underneath the dust.",
"\n\nThis movement suggests to Kalas and his team that Fomalhaut b is a rogue planet, acting much more like a comet or icy body in our solar system’s Kuiper belt, which generally orbits far from the sun but may sometimes come in closer. ",
"The astronomers think the mass of the exoplanet is at least as much as an icy dwarf world, like Sedna in our solar system, but it could be as big as Jupiter. ",
"In either case, it’s unlike anything seen in our own system and shows that the architecture of other planetary systems could greatly differ from our own.",
"\n\nImage: NASA, ESA, and Paul Kalas (University of California, Berkeley and SETI Institute). ",
"Video: Paul Kalas (UC Berkeley)"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.000602667685598135,
0.0007844734936952591,
0.0005950550548732281,
0.0005718438769690692,
0.0007441842462867498,
0.0005987618351355195,
0.0006582618807442486,
0.0005841102101840079,
0.0006096897996030748,
0.0006284862174652517,
0.0005192793905735016,
0.0005496761295944452,
0.0006271240999922156,
0.0008088023751042783,
0.0008263548370450735,
0.0006713821203447878,
0.0008123151492327452,
0.0006224998505786061,
0.0005551634239964187,
0.0006332732737064362
] | 0.00065 | 20 |
[
"The interaction of monosubstituted benzenes with the stationary liquid in gas liquid chromatography.",
"\nIn gas liquid chromatography (GLC), the relative retention values log gamma was mainly expressed by van der Waals energy (the sum of the dispersion E(dis) and repulsive E(rep) energies) to the interactions between monosubstituted benzene derivatives and the nonpolar stationary liquid as squalane. ",
"The single exception was that of anilines, and it was corrected by the electrostatic energy (E(ES)) due to C-H/pi hydrogen bond. ",
"When the stationary liquid changed from the nonpolar to polar, log gamma was estimated by the inductive interaction energy (included in E(ES)) in addition to the sum of E(dis) and E(rep). ",
"In the benzene solution, the relative equilibrium values log K/K(o) introduced from the interactions between phenol and substituted benzene derivatives were estimated by E(ES). ",
"The E(ES) of COCH(3), CO(2)C(2)H(5) groups is especially originated in the excited dipole moments micro(e). ",
"The relative frequency values log nu/nu(o) derived from O-H or O-D stretching vibration of phenol or methanol-D gave the correlation to E(ES) as well as log K/K(o). ",
"That of anilines-methanol-D however had been out of a linear relation to E(ES). ",
"The cause is concluded that the aniline-methanol-D is making the proton transfer structure from the discussion about the proton affinity (PA) of the base."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0008995303069241345,
0.0008850810118019581,
0.0006692340830340981,
0.000751617131754756,
0.0006187058170326054,
0.0010770182125270367,
0.0006848559714853764,
0.0006289671291597188,
0.0005745199741795659
] | 0.000754 | 9 |
[
"\n139 Ariz. 428 (1984)\n679 P.2d 74\nSTATE of Arizona, Appellee,\nv.\nJohn M. WUSSLER, Appellant.",
"\nNo. ",
"5718.",
"\nSupreme Court of Arizona, En Banc.",
"\nMarch 1, 1984.",
"\nReconsideration Denied April 3, 1984.",
"\nRobert K. Corbin, Atty. ",
"Gen. by William J. Schafer III, Diane M. Ramsey, Gerald R. *429 Grant, Asst. ",
"Attys, Gen., Phoenix, for appellee.",
"\nAnderson & Schatz by David K. Schatz, Thomas M. Ryan, Chandler, for appellant.",
"\nHOLOHAN, Chief Justice.",
"\nAppellant, John Matthew Wussler, was convicted after trial by jury of first-degree murder and first-degree burglary. ",
"He was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder and to a concurrent term of seven years imprisonment for the burglary. ",
"This court has jurisdiction of this appeal pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-4031. ",
"We affirm.",
"\nThe essential facts are that the appellant and the victim had both been drinking at the victim's apartment. ",
"Later that evening, they argued, and the victim attacked the appellant, beat him, threatened him with a gun, and ordered him out of the apartment. ",
"Appellant left the victim's apartment intending to borrow a gun to shoot the victim in retaliation for the victim's abusive behavior.",
"\nAppellant returned home where he enlisted his roommate to drive appellant to a friend's house. ",
"During the ride, appellant explained to his roommate that he needed to borrow a gun from his friend to shoot someone with whom he had fought. ",
"The roommate, upon learning appellant's plan, stopped the car and ordered him to leave the car and walk the remaining distance to the friend's house.",
"\nAppellant reached his destination, the home of David Lee Gooch, appellant's codefendant, and asked to borrow a gun to use on the victim. ",
"Gooch refused at first, but later agreed to loan a gun to appellant. ",
"Gooch drove appellant to a point near the victim's apartment.",
"\nAppellant walked the remaining distance to the victim's apartment, looked through the screen door of the apartment, saw the victim who was asleep on the couch, and entered through the unlocked screen door. ",
"Gun in hand, appellant approached the couch, and fatally shot the victim. ",
"Additional facts will be presented when necessary for consideration of the issues.",
"\nAppellant raises four issues on appeal:\n(1) Did the trial judge improperly instruct the jury that it could not consider lesser-included offenses until it had reached a unanimous decision on the charged offense?",
"\n(2) Did the trial court coerce the jury into returning a verdict?",
"\n(3) Did the trial court commit reversible error when it refused to sever appellant's trial from that of his co-defendant?",
"\n(4) Did the trial judge commit reversible error when he refused to allow appellant to present evidence of the victim's character?",
"\nJURY INSTRUCTION\nAppellant argues that the trial court erred when it instructed the jury that it could not consider lesser-included offenses until it acquitted appellant of the charged offense, first-degree murder. ",
"The challenged instruction read:\nAgain, you will only consider the lesser offenses if you determine that the Defendant is not guilty of the greater offense. ",
"If you determine that the Defendant, for example, is guilty of first-degree murder you stop right there. ",
"It is only if you determine that he is not guilty of first-degree murder that then you will consider second-degree. ",
"If you find him guilty of second degree murder you do not concern yourselves with manslaughter.",
"\nIf you find him not guilty of second degree murder then you will consider manslaughter, whether he is guilty or not guilty of that.",
"\nThe state points out that at no time did appellant object to the instruction, nor did appellant request a different instruction. ",
"In fact, the appellant's requested instructions arguably included an instruction that required the jury to acquit appellant on the *430 charged offense before conviction of the lesser included offenses.[1]\nIn State v. Zaragoza, 135 Ariz. 63, 659 P.2d 22 (1983), we noted our agreement with the United States Supreme Court that \"`[i]t is the rare case in which an improper instruction will justify reversal of a criminal conviction when no objection has been made in the trial court.'\" ",
"Id. at 66, 659 P.2d at 25, quoting Henderson v. Kibbe, 431 U.S. 145, 154, 97 S.Ct. ",
"1730, 1736, 52 L.Ed.2d 203, 212 (1977). ",
"If a criminal defendant fails to object to an instruction, then that defendant may not claim error on appeal unless the instruction given amounts to fundamental error. ",
"State v. Zaragoza, 135 Ariz. at 66, 659 P.2d at 25; Ariz.R.Crim.",
"P. 21.3(c), 17 A.R.S. Fundamental error is error that \"goes to the foundation of the case, or * * * takes from a defendant a right essential to his defense.\" ",
"State v. Mincey, 130 Ariz. 389, 397, 636 P.2d 637, 645 (1981), cert. ",
"denied, 455 U.S. 1003, 102 S.Ct. ",
"1638, 71 L.Ed.2d 871 (1982), quoting State v. Pulliam, 87 Ariz. 216, 222, 349 P.2d 781, 785 (1960). ",
"We find no such error in the contested instruction.",
"\nThe appellant urges that the issue be considered because it has not previously been addressed in this state. ",
"Citing authority from Oregon and Michigan,[2] appellant contends that the challenged instruction improperly interferes with the jury's deliberations. ",
"The state offers contrary authority that supports the instruction as given. ",
"An examination of the authorities cited persuades us that the better rule is that which requires the jury to acquit the defendant on the charged offense before considering the lesser-included offenses.",
"\nThe instruction given closely resembles the instruction suggested in Devitt and Blackmar, Federal Jury Practice and Instructions § 18.05 (3rd ed. ",
"1977).[3] Many jurisdictions have approved the propriety of instructions that require acquittal of the charged offense before the jury considers lesser offenses. ",
"See, e.g., United States v. Harvey, 701 F.2d 800 (9th Cir.1983); United States v. Moccia, 681 F.2d 61 (1st Cir.1982); Pharr v. Israel, 629 F.2d 1278 (7th Cir.1980), cert. ",
"denied, 449 U.S. 1088, 101 S.Ct. ",
"880, 66 L.Ed.2d 815 (1981); United States v. Hanson, 618 F.2d 1261 (8th Cir.) ",
"cert. ",
"denied, 449 U.S. 854, 101 S.Ct. ",
"148, 66 L.Ed.2d 67 (1980); Catches v. United States, 582 F.2d 453 (8th Cir.1978); United States v. Tsanas, 572 F.2d 340 (2d Cir.), ",
"cert. ",
"denied, 435 U.S. 995, 98 S.Ct. ",
"1647, 56 L.Ed.2d 84 (1978); Nell v. State, 642 P.2d 1361 (Alaska App. ",
"1982); Stone v. Superior Court, 183 Cal. ",
"Rptr. ",
"647, 31 Cal.3d 503, 646 P.2d 809 (1982); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 254 S.E.2d 353 (1979); State v. Wilkins, 34 N.C. App. ",
"392, 238 S.E.2d 659 (1977); State v. McNeal, 95 Wis.2d 63, 288 N.W.2d 874 (App. ",
"1980). ",
"The instruction given in this case and the Oregon/Michigan instruction proposed by appellant each present benefits as well as detriments to the prosecution and defense. ",
"See United States v. Tsanas, 572 F.2d at 345-346. ",
"We find, however, that the instruction which requires an acquittal of the offense charged before consideration of lesser-included offenses provides for a more logical and orderly process for the guidance of the jury in its deliberations.",
"\nCOERCED VERDICT\nThe appellant contends that the trial judge coerced the jury into returning a *431 verdict by stating that if they did not return a verdict that Friday by 5:30 or 6:00 p.m., he would require that they recess for the weekend and come back on Monday to continue deliberations.",
"\nThe parties dispute the circumstances of the trial judge's statement, the state maintaining that it was a statement made to counsel for the defense in response to counsel's question, the defense styling it as an admonition to the jury. ",
"In any event the jury began deliberating at 10:40 a.m. and returned their verdicts at 6:15 p.m. They were provided lunch, and there is no suggestion that any attempt was made to hurry their deliberations. ",
"If they had not reached a verdict, the jurors were to be allowed to go to their homes and return on Monday for further deliberation. ",
"Considering the total circumstances, State v. Roberts, 131 Ariz. 513, 642 P.2d 858 (1982), the remark or admonition of the trial judge was not coercive.",
"\nSEVERANCE\nBefore and during trial, appellant urged the trial court to sever his trial from Gooch's (codefendant) trial. ",
"The trial court denied the severance motions, and appellant assigns as error the failure to sever, arguing that his codefendant's case, which included reputation evidence of appellant's character, so prejudiced appellant's case that appellant was denied a fair trial. ",
"The state contends that appellant has not shown prejudice in the joinder of the trials of appellant and his codefendant. ",
"The trial court gave a limiting instruction, which the state urges, cured any possible prejudice to appellant.",
"\nThe issue presented in this appeal was specifically addressed in State v. Cruz, 137 Ariz. 541, 672 P.2d 470 (1983). ",
"In discussing when antagonistic defenses create enough prejudice to warrant severance we stated:\n[A] defendant seeking severance based on antagonistic defenses must demonstrate that his or her defense is so antagonistic to the co-defendants that the defenses are mutually exclusive. ",
"Moreover, defenses are mutually exclusive within the meaning of this rule if the jury, in order to believe the core of the evidence offered on behalf of one defendant, must disbelieve the core of the evidence offered on behalf of the co-defendant.",
"\nId. at 545, 670 P.2d at 474. ",
"This approach accomodates the interests of fair trials and judicial economy.",
"\nApplying this standard to appellant's case, we do not find the sort of antagonistic defenses that require reversal. ",
"The codefendant in his defense sought to show that the statements of appellant that he intended to kill were merely idle boasts. ",
"The codefendant and others testified that the appellant was hot tempered and liked to brag.",
"\nBoth the appellant and the codefendant had given statements to the police which were interlocking. ",
"The defense offered by the codefendant was not antagonistic to that of the appellant. ",
"The appellant's defense was provocation caused by the extreme acts of the victim. ",
"The evidence offered by the codefendant tended to confirm appellant's position that he was so provoked by the encounter with the victim that he acted without premeditation and in the heat of passion.",
"\nThe appellant also contends that his codefendant's evidence painting the appellant as a bragger served to reflect on appellant's credibility. ",
"This point would be more compelling if the evidence at trial had presented a serious question of credibility or of the appellant's guilt. ",
"If the jury believed the appellant's testimony, that testimony established only one crime, premeditated murder. ",
"The evidence presented by the appellant was to the effect that the victim had abused and beaten him, held him hostage and threatened him, and finally ended the encounter by ordering appellant out of the victim's apartment. ",
"The appellant *432 was enraged at this treatment, which rage was heightened by his intoxication.",
"\nOver the next several hours the appellant went to his apartment, convinced his roommate to leave a poker game to give him a ride to his codefendant's house, walked part of the way to the codefendant's house, talked to the codefendant, asked for a gun, drank beer, rode to another location to borrow a gun, rode back to a location near the victim's apartment, received a loaded gun from the codefendant, and walked to the victim's apartment. ",
"The appellant saw the victim asleep on the couch, entered, slapped the victim in the face and shot him killing him instantly. ",
"Appellant returned to his apartment, and was joined by the codefendant and another friend. ",
"They drank beer, and appellant told them he had shot the victim. ",
"The following day the appellant turned himself in to the police and made a confession.",
"\nIf there was any prejudice in the joinder of the two cases, it was harmless in light of the appellant's version of the facts.",
"\nCHARACTER EVIDENCE OF VICTIM\nAppellant contends that the trial court erred when it refused to allow appellant to introduce evidence of the victim's character. ",
"This contention is completely meritless. ",
"Although the character of the victim may be relevant under Rule 404(a)(2), Ariz.R.Evid., ",
"17A A.R.S., relevancy here means that either self-defense as an issue has been raised, or there is some evidence that the victim was the initial aggressor. ",
"See State v. Hicks, 133 Ariz. 64, 649 P.2d 267 (1982); Sullivan v. State, 47 Ariz. 224, 55 P.2d 312 (1936); 1 M. Udall and J. Livermore, Arizona Practice, Law of Evidence, § 82 (2d ed. ",
"1982). ",
"In this case, there is not a shred of evidence to suggest the relevancy of the victim's character. ",
"What the record does show is that appellant deliberately walked up to the sleeping victim, shooting twice from within two feet. \"",
"That being so, the decedent's reputation and petitioner's knowledge of it were not relevant.\" ",
"United States ex rel. ",
"Rooney v. Housewright, 568 F.2d 516, 520 (7th Cir.1977).",
"\nPursuant to A.R.S. § 13-4035, we have reviewed the record and find no fundamental error. ",
"The judgments of conviction and sentence are affirmed.",
"\nGORDON, V.C.J., and HAYS and CAMERON, JJ., ",
"concur. ",
"FELDMAN, Justice, specially concurring.",
"\nI concur with the majority on the resolution of all issues. ",
"I differ, however, with respect to the instruction authorizing the jurors to consider lesser included offenses.",
"\nThe majority states (at 76) that the preferred instruction is one which requires that the jury acquit the defendant of the charge brought against him before it may consider any lesser included offense. ",
"Thus, those jurors who may not agree that the defendant has been proved guilty of the principal charge are faced with the following alternatives:\n1. ",
"They must forego their convictions and vote with the majority in order to obviate the danger of hanging the jury; or,\n2. ",
"They must attempt to persuade the majority to acquit the defendant of the principal charge, so that the jury can then consider the lesser included offenses; or,\n3. ",
"They may hold out for acquittal of the principal charge, hanging the jury, even though they may believe the defendant is guilty of a lesser offense.",
"\nIn my view, this invades the province of the jury. ",
"State v. Ogden, 35 Or. ",
"App. ",
"91, 97, 580 P.2d 1049, 1052 (1978). ",
"I believe the better rule, for both the prosecution, the defendant and the system as a whole, is that the jury should be allowed to consider lesser included offenses when they either agree on acquittal of the charged offense, or when they cannot agree on defendant's guilt of the charged offense. ",
"From the government's view, such a rule prevents the acquittal or mistrial of a defendant who cannot be convicted of the charged offense *433 but could have been convicted of a lesser included offense; from the defendant's view it prevents a minority of jurors from being coerced into convicting the defendant of the offense charged simply because they do not wish to hang the jury when they believe the defendant is guilty of some crime, though not of the one charged. ",
"See United States v. Tsanas, 572 F.2d 340, 344-46 (2nd Cir.), ",
"cert. ",
"denied, 435 U.S. 995, 98 S.Ct. ",
"1647, 56 L.Ed.2d 84 (1978).",
"\nI would hold that it is proper for the court to instruct the jury that they are first to consider the offense charged and, if they cannot agree upon a verdict of guilt on that charge, they are then to consider the lesser included offenses. ",
"This was the practice previously followed in Arizona. ",
"See Recommended Arizona Jury Instructions (Criminal) (1980) No. ",
"1.03, which tells the jury, in effect, that they may consider lesser included offenses if the evidence does not warrant conviction of the offense charged. ",
"This leaves the jury free to compromise where they have been unable to agree on the principal charge. ",
"In my view, we should continue with the RAJI instruction.",
"\nBecause I believe the charge on lesser included offenses was not prejudicial in this case, I concur in the result. ",
"I agree with the majority's analysis of the other issues.",
"\nNOTES\n[1] The trial court gave appellant's requested 1.03 of the Recommended Arizona Jury Instructions (Criminal) (1980), entitled \"Lesser Included Offense.\" ",
"The instruction requires a jury, before finding a defendant guilty of the less serious crime, to conclude that the \"evidence does not show beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of [the greater offense].\"",
"\n[2] State v. Ogden, 35 Or. ",
"App. ",
"91, 580 P.2d 1049 (1978); People v. Hurst, 396 Mich. 1, 238 N.W.2d 6, 82 A.L.R.3d 235 (1976).",
"\n[3] The relevant portion reads: \"So, if the jury should unanimously find the accused `Not Guilty' of the crime charged in the indictment (information) then the jury must proceed to determine the guilt or innocence of the accused as to any lesser offense which is necessarily included in the crime charged.\"",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} | [
0.0007860388141125441,
0.0013785817427560687,
0.0010631558252498507,
0.0006788198952563107,
0.0007069880957715213,
0.000633803429082036,
0.0008284030482172966,
0.0013844444183632731,
0.0007017178577370942,
0.0006117795128375292,
0.0008244126220233738,
0.0027442402206361294,
0.02073805406689644,
0.0007094181491993368,
0.000588792550843209,
0.0008358928025700152,
0.02462621219456196,
0.03904953598976135,
0.0011098106624558568,
0.029955154284834862,
0.0013878403697162867,
0.001285980804823339,
0.001570707536302507,
0.0027287572156637907,
0.0009741751127876341,
0.03908064588904381,
0.000530719175003469,
0.0007833170820958912,
0.0009769854368641973,
0.001056863460689783,
0.0010433720890432596,
0.0009405580349266529,
0.0006988547975197434,
0.003187668975442648,
0.0033706692047417164,
0.2080666869878769,
0.027406131848692894,
0.00059058319311589,
0.0007089839200489223,
0.0010000508045777678,
0.0006529396632686257,
0.0008467859006486833,
0.0007852269918657839,
0.0010637306841090322,
0.0008277730084955692,
0.0008549653575755656,
0.0007712531951256096,
0.0006021285662427545,
0.000571718264836818,
0.0006470346706919372,
0.0006228128913789988,
0.0006556044681929052,
0.0006891109514981508,
0.0006742971600033343,
0.0008093864307738841,
0.0008415806805714965,
0.0007915507885627449,
0.0010973613243550062,
0.0008491295157000422,
0.0008697579614818096,
0.0010973613243550062,
0.0007511363946832716,
0.000805067305918783,
0.0008330104174092412,
0.0012920480221509933,
0.0009217426995746791,
0.0010437702294439077,
0.0008030946482904255,
0.0005774220917373896,
0.0006782469572499394,
0.0006052253884263337,
0.0006901944288983941,
0.000602569489274174,
0.0006579859182238579,
0.0012260274961590767,
0.0006523752235807478,
0.0008308751857839525,
0.0008865876588970423,
0.000681612640619278,
0.0006801626877859235,
0.0006520169554278255,
0.0006095870048739016,
0.0006228004349395633,
0.0007913800072856247,
0.0005688578239642084,
0.000625687709543854,
0.015989141538739204,
0.06407443434000015,
0.0006324584246613085,
0.0007213194039650261,
0.0009640225907787681,
0.0009271689923480153,
0.0007893497822806239,
0.00059153838083148,
0.0008247657679021358,
0.0019031940028071404,
0.01959627866744995,
0.001793032162822783,
0.38503777980804443,
0.0009115422144532204,
0.015583368949592113,
0.001317088957875967,
0.0006054092082194984,
0.000681823177728802,
0.0006211604340933263,
0.0006010818178765476,
0.001221447717398405,
0.0006793939974159002,
0.0007633646600879729,
0.0007157499203458428,
0.0023812854196876287,
0.0007696301909163594,
0.0010674238437786698,
0.0006873249658383429,
0.0006133035058155656,
0.0005977414548397064,
0.0007458246545866132,
0.0006776442169211805,
0.0006118383607827127,
0.000562063476536423,
0.0006405898602679372,
0.0007558524375781417,
0.0008829974685795605,
0.0026434825267642736,
0.0007606470608152449,
0.0014752495335415006,
0.000776791013777256,
0.0007922084187157452,
0.000847632298246026,
0.0006729878368787467,
0.0006077639409340918,
0.0008137337281368673,
0.0006735110655426979,
0.0010973613243550062,
0.0007511363946832716,
0.0007602365221828222,
0.0007218272658064961,
0.0006125525687821209,
0.0006079956656321883,
0.0006751456530764699,
0.0006025975453667343,
0.0005889766034670174,
0.0005875463248230517,
0.0006041290471330285,
0.0005936971283517778,
0.0007042452343739569,
0.0008369319839403033,
0.000847632298246026,
0.0008088852628134191,
0.0005987024633213878,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.006726 | 151 |
[
"Intermodal perception of adult and child faces and voices by infants.",
"\nThis research investigated the ability of 4- and 7-month-old infants to match unfamiliar, dynamic faces and voices on the basis of age or maturity. ",
"In Experiment 1, infants received videotaped trials of an adult and a child of the same gender, side by side, speaking a nursery rhyme in synchrony with one another. ",
"The voice to one and then the other face was played in synchrony with the movements of both faces in a random order across 12 trials. ",
"On one block of 6 trials a man and a boy were presented, and on the other block a woman and a girl. ",
"Results indicated significant matching of the faces and voices at both ages, and the infant's prior experience with children appeared to facilitate matching at 7 months. ",
"Further, a visual preference for the children's faces was found. ",
"Experiment 2 assessed matching to the same events by 7-month-olds, only with the faces inverted. ",
"Results indicated no evidence of matching; however, the visual preference for the children's faces was replicated. ",
"Together, the findings suggest that infants are able to detect invariant intermodal relations specifying the age or maturity of a person's face and voice. ",
"This matching was most likely based on information that was degraded by inverting the faces, including invariant relations between the sound of the voice and configurational aspects of the face, or between temporal aspects of the voice and the relative motion of facial features."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0011730353580787778,
0.0008080871193669736,
0.0006948860245756805,
0.0007024812512099743,
0.0009368056198582053,
0.0005986833712086082,
0.0007226989255286753,
0.0007906476384960115,
0.0006209221901372075,
0.0007368869264610112,
0.000605494889896363
] | 0.000763 | 11 |
[
"Q:\n\n$Failed when naming the variable x\n\nTotal beginner here, the problem goes away when renaming x into other letters.",
"\nBelow is the code\nSolve[-2 (x - 1)*y == 1 && x + y == t, {x, y}]\n\n{{$Failed -> 1/2 (1 + t + Sqrt[3 - 2 t + t^2]), y -> 1/2 (-1 + t - Sqrt[3 - 2 t + t^2])}, \n{$Failed -> 1/2 (1 + t - Sqrt[3 - 2 t + t^2]), y -> 1/2 (-1 + t + Sqrt[3 - 2 t + t^2])}}\n\nA:\n\nYou must clear all values and definitions.",
"\nUse that:\nClear[\"Global`*\"]\n\nand \nSolve[-2 (x - 1)*y == 1 && x + y == t, {x, y}]\n\n{{x -> 1/2 (1 + t + Sqrt[3 - 2 t + t^2]),y -> 1/2 (-1 + t - Sqrt[3 - 2 t + t^2])}, {x ->1/2 (1 + t - Sqrt[3 - 2 t + t^2]), y -> 1/2 (-1 + t + Sqrt[3 - 2 t + t^2])}}\n\nSee it:Clear ->Documentation Center »\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0009893473470583558,
0.0033030391205102205,
0.0012509002117440104
] | 0.001848 | 3 |