Datasets:

tomekkorbak

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detoxify-pile-chunk3-1350000-1400000

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use result output columns as objects in MSSQL\n\nWhat I'm trying to achieve is finding out how long retention a database backup has by using DATEDIFF function.", "\nBut in order to use DATEDIFF I would need something to compare, the data from the result, because I don't know it being anywhere else.", "\nWhy from a result ?", "\nI found out that this command gives me all the info I need to accomplish my task (BackupFinishDate, ExpirationDate):\nRESTORE HEADERONLY FROM DISK = 'X:\\Backups\\Backuptest.bak'\n\nI'm pretty sure I'm not allowed to create temp tables in production servers, so if this is one option, I'm afraid I can't use that.", "\nPS! ", "If there's a better way to find out retentiondays of a backup, I'd happily use that. ", "If this would be possible in PowerShell, that would be even better.", "\n\nA:\n\nWell, it seemed I answered my own question with the PowerShell hint.. I gave myself :P\nSolution was:\n$bkp_start = Invoke-Sqlcmd -ServerInstance myServer -Query \"RESTORE HEADERONLY FROM DISK = 'X:\\Backups\\Backuptest.bak'\" | Select-Object -ExpandProperty BackupFinishDate\n$bkp_end = Invoke-Sqlcmd -ServerInstance myServer -Query \"RESTORE HEADERONLY FROM DISK = 'X:\\Backups\\Backuptest.bak'\" | Select-Object -ExpandProperty ExpirationDate\n\n$RetentionInDays = New-TimeSpan -Start $bkp_start -End $bkp_end | Select-Object -ExpandProperty Days\n\nWrite-Output \"Retention period : $RetentionInDays\"\n\nI love PowerShell.. looks a bit clunky, but it works and I don't know a better way at this time.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Desalination is a popular source of potable water in Middle Eastern countries, where large energy reserves and the relative scarcity of water suitable for drinking led to desalination in the region accounting for close to 75% of total world capacity in 2007. ", "If that figure hasn’t already dropped it almost certainly will as access to clean water becomes an issue for many places around the globe. ", "And the shortage isn’t just limited to developing countries, with places like California and parts of Australia facing their worst droughts in recorded history. ", "A new mini-mobile-modular (M3) “smart” water desalination and filtration system could help determine the feasibility of desalination in areas that may be considering it for the first time.", "\n\nDesigning and constructing new desalination plants involves the expensive and time-consuming step of creating and testing pilot facilities. ", "Traditionally, small yet very expensive stationary pilot plants are constructed to determine the feasibility of using available water as a source for a large-scale desalination plant. ", "The M3 system developed by researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science helps cut both the cost and time of desalination plant design and construction by providing an all-in-one mobile testing plant that can be used to test almost any water source.", "\n\n\"The advantages of this type of system are that it can cut costs, and because it is mobile, only one M3 system needs to be built to test multiple sources. ", "Also, it will give an extensive amount of information that can be used to design the larger-scale desalination plant,\" said Alex Bartman, a graduate student on the M3 team.", "\n\nThe system measures water pH, temperature, turbidity and salinity in real-time so it can control a variety or process variables, including the precise measure of chemical additives to condition the water, autonomously. ", "All the valves are computer-controlled, so the system can adjust itself automatically. ", "Also, the system’s software keeps track of how much energy is used and employs various techniques to optimize the system so that it can run with minimum energy consumption.", "\n\nAlthough the system is compact enough to be transported in the back of a van, it can generate 6,000 gallons of drinking water per day from the sea or 8,000 to 9,000 gallons per day from brackish groundwater. ", "This makes the M3 an ideal candidate to be deployed to disaster-ravaged locations to produce fresh water in emergency situations.", "\n\nThe M3 system can also be monitored and operated remotely with the research team envisaging a future where many of these systems are deployed all around the world and their operation monitored from a central location.", "\n\nThe M3 demonstrated its effectiveness in a recent field study in the San Joaquin Valley where agricultural drainage water was nearly saturated with calcium sulfate salts. ", "With just one reverse osmosis (RO) stage the M3 was able to recover 65 percent of the water as drinking water. ", "This was the first field study of the M3 and the team claims they could potentially recover up to 95 percent using an accelerated chemical demineralization process that was also developed at UCLA.", "\n\nCurrently in Southern California the energy cost of water desalination of seawater remains the most expensive source of potable water, with treatment forming the bulk and conveyance of the water the remainder of the overall energy cost. ", "This is reversed for the next most expensive source in terms of energy use, water from Northern California. ", "Although desalination is often seen as energy intensive, desalination of water from brackish groundwater and reclaimed water ends up requiring less than half as much energy than either of these sources.", "\n\nThe UCLA research team hopes to reduce the energy cost of desalination even further and believes systems such as the M3 can help achieve this by helping to accelerate water technology development as well as its adoption.", "\n\nCheck out the vid below to see UCLA’s Prof. Yoram Cohen discussing the M3 system." ]

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[ "\n198 N.W.2d 118 (1972)\nJoyce M. ADAMS, Plaintiff and Respondent,\nv.\nRichard L. ADAMS, Defendant and Appellant.", "\nCiv. ", "No. ", "8810.", "\nSupreme Court of North Dakota.", "\nMay 31, 1972.", "\n*120 Sproul, Fitzner, Lenaburg & Fitzner, Valley City, for plaintiff and respondent.", "\nPloyhar, Thorson & Weisenburger, Valley City, for defendant and appellant.", "\nSTRUTZ, Chief Justice.", "\nAn action for divorce on the ground of extreme cruelty was commenced by the respondent wife in April of 1970. ", "The record discloses that she had married the defendant-appellant on October 26, 1963, and that two sons were born as the issue of such marriage. ", "The defendant filed an answer to the complaint, denying the plaintiff's allegations of extreme cruelty and counterclaiming for a divorce on the ground of extreme cruelty on the part of the wife. ", "He also asked for custody of the two children of the parties, and for an award of the real and personal property, free and clear of any claims by the plaintiff.", "\nThe case was tried to the Honorable Hamilton E. Englert, judge of the district court of Barnes County, and judgment was entered on January 5, 1971. ", "The decree granted a divorce to both parties, and further provided that the custody, care, education, and control of the two minor children be awarded to the respondent wife, subject to visitation rights of the appellant father on Sunday of each week between the hours of 1 and 7 p. m. The appellant was ordered to pay the sum of $150 per month for the support of the two minor children, which payments are to be made through the office of the clerk of the district court, and such payments are to continue until the further order of the court.", "\nThe trial court, in lieu of awarding the plaintiff any interest in the real estate of the parties acquired during the marriage, ordered the appellant to pay to her the sum of $12,000. ", "Two thousand dollars of this amount was to be paid within thirty days of the date of entry of judgment, and the balance of $10,000 was to be paid in equal monthly installments of $100, commencing February 1, 1971. ", "In order to insure the payment of any balance of such sum due the plaintiff, the court ordered that the unpaid balance from time to time should be a first, prior, and paramount lien on the Northwest Quarter (NW¼) of Section 31, Township 141 North, Range 57 West, in Barnes County, North Dakota, which was a part of the real property awarded to the defendant, and was that portion of the real property which the parties had acquired during their marriage.", "\n*121 From the judgment entered, the appellant takes this appeal, demanding a trial de novo and raising four issues:\n1. ", "Was the appellant guilty of extreme cruelty toward the plaintiff?", "\n2. ", "Was the plaintiff a fit and competent person to be awarded the custody of the minor children of the parties?", "\n3. ", "Was the distribution of the real and personal property just and equitable under the evidence adduced in this case?", "\n4. ", "Was the award of $150 per month for the two minor children just and equitable, in the light of the evidence before the trial court?", "\nIn the oral argument before this court, a question was raised about the right of the appellant to demand a trial de novo. ", "Our trial de novo statute was repealed as of July 1, 1971. ", "However, in this case, the appellant served and filed his notice of appeal and undertaking for costs in February of 1971. ", "Our law provides that an appeal in a civil matter is taken by service of a notice of appeal and is perfected on service of undertaking for costs. ", "Sec. ", "28-27-05, N.D.C.C. Since the appellant did file and serve his notice of appeal, demand for trial de novo, and undertaking within the statutory period ending July 1, 1971, when the repeal of the de novo statute became effective, the demand for trial de novo was timely made, and this court will try the facts anew, giving appreciable weight to the findings of the trial court. ", "Automobile Club Insurance Co. v. Hoffert, 195 N.W.2d 542 (N.D.1972).", "\nWe now will discuss the issues raised by the appellant on his appeal, and first will consider whether the evidence shows that the defendant was guilty of extreme cruelty toward the plaintiff. ", "Section 14-05-05, North Dakota Century Code, defines \"extreme cruelty\" as \"the infliction by one party to the marriage of grievous bodily injury or grievous mental suffering upon the other.\"", "\nThis court has held that in a divorce case where the evidence is conflicting and where there is scarcely any corroboration, the findings of the trial court as to whether grievous mental suffering has been inflicted by one party upon the other should be given appreciable weight by the appellate court because of the presence of the parties before the trial court, giving that court an opportunity to observe the parties as witnesses. ", "The trial court must exercise its judicial discretion to a large extent, and its judgment will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence of a clear abuse of such discretion. ", "Azar v. Azar, 146 N.W.2d 148 (N.D.1966).", "\nHere, the trial court found both parties guilty of extreme cruelty. ", "A careful review of the record has disclosed that there is very little testimony to corroborate the claim of either party of extreme cruelty on the part of the other, but that if their testimony is to be believed, each was guilty of conduct which would inflict grievous mental suffering upon the other. ", "We find in the record that there was constant fault-finding by each toward the other, and charges of infidelity were made. ", "There is evidence in the record that the defendant's constant belittling and faultfinding so affected the plaintiff that she became nervous and mentally upset to a degree that the defendant threatened to have her committed to a mental institution. ", "The defendant does not deny that he called the father of the plaintiff and told him that he should come and get his daughter or he was going to have her committed. ", "As a result, the plaintiff consulted a doctor who put her on tranquilizers. ", "Thus neither party to this lawsuit was blameless for the failure of the marriage, and the action of the trial court in granting a divorce to each of them was fully justified.", "\nWe next will consider the issue of whether the plaintiff is a fit and proper person to be awarded the custody of the two minor children. ", "At the time of the trial, one of the children was three years *122 of age and the other was under six. ", "Thus they were too young to express a choice of their own. ", "The court, in making determination for the custody of the children, should be guided primarily by what it believes to be their best interests and welfare. ", "Noakes v. Noakes, 185 N.W.2d 486 (N.D.1971); Kucera v. Kucera, 117 N.W. 2d 810 (N.D.1962); Rufer v. Rufer, 67 N. D. 67, 269 N.W. 741 (1936). ", "The determination of the trial court in matters of child custody will always be given appreciable weight on appeal, where the court has seen and heard the witnesses and has observed their demeanor on the stand. ", "Gress v. Gress, 148 N.W.2d 166 (N.D.1967); Noakes v. Noakes, supra.", "\nAfter a careful examination of the entire record, we hold that the trial court's findings on the matter of custody were proper. ", "It is true that the court found that the plaintiff was not without fault for the failure of the marriage. ", "The record discloses, however, that she was a good mother and a fit and proper person to be awarded the custody of these children of tender years. ", "The appellant is a farmer, living alone on the farm, and cannot assume the custody and care of two small children without securing the help of others. ", "No doubt, as the father of the children, he does love them as he claims. ", "But the natural place for children of tender years is with their mother. ", "Noakes v. Noakes, supra.", "\nOn the issue of custody, the appellant further complains that the right of visitation which was given to him is inadequate under the circumstances. ", "The decree provides that the defendant shall have the right of visitation each Sunday afternoon from 1 to 7 p. m., subject to the further order of the court. ", "The children are living some forty to fifty miles from the appellant's farm. ", "Thus, if he wanted to take the children to his farm home, the better part of two of the six hours that he is permitted to have custody of the children would be used for travel. ", "That would leave only four hours during which the defendant actually could enjoy the company of his two sons at home. ", "While we realize that a child of two should be in bed shortly after 7 p. m., we can also understand the feeling of a father who is deprived of the company of his two sons for all but six short hours each week. ", "We believe, therefore, that the visitation privileges should at this time be extended to include the hours of 9 a. m. to 7 p. m. on alternate legal holidays as they are established by Section 1-03-01, North Dakota Century Code. ", "The order for visitation would be subject to further modification by the district court as the boys grow older, under the provisions of Section 14-05-22, North Dakota Century Code. ", "By this modification, the parties will share custody on holidays, including Sundays.", "\nThe final two issues raised by the appellant relate to the distribution of property and the payment of support money for the minor children. ", "We believe that these two issues are so closely related that they can be considered together.", "\nOur law provides that when a divorce is granted, an equitable division of the property, both real and personal, shall be made by the trial court. ", "The law further provides that the court may compel either party to provide for the maintenance and care of the children of the marriage. ", "Sec. ", "14-05-24, N.D.C.C.; Wiedrich v. Wiedrich, 179 N.W.2d 728 (N.D.1970). ", "Such distribution of property depends upon the facts and the circumstances of each case, and among \"circumstances\" to be considered as being relevant and material are those concerning the condition, needs, and conduct of the parties and the amount of property owned by them, its nature, and the time and manner of its acquisition. ", "Agrest v. Agrest, 75 N.D. 318, 27 N.W.2d 697 (1947).", "\nThere is no fixed or firm rule for determining the division of property in a divorce *123 case. ", "The aim of the court should be to make an equitable distribution under the facts of each case. ", "Wiedrich v. Wiedrich, supra.", "\nIn the case before us, the trial court granted the plaintiff a property award of $12,000, $2,000 of which was to be paid within thirty days, and the balance of $10,000 in monthly installments of $100 each, beginning on February 1, 1971. ", "In addition, the defendant was ordered to pay $150 per month for the support of the two minor boys.", "\nThe amount which the court required the defendant to pay for the support of the children clearly is not excessive. ", "That sum will be found to be inadequate to care for and educate two boys, especially after they begin going to school. ", "One of the boys no doubt has entered school, because he was seven years old this past January. ", "The only way that the plaintiff will be able to care for the boys properly is by contributing to their support herself. ", "The record shows that the plaintiff was employed and that she intended to continue working, at least part time. ", "Thus both parties will be contributing to the children's support. ", "We therefore find that the award of $150 for the support of the two children is not excessive.", "\nThe appellant strenuously asserts that the sum of $12,000 awarded the plaintiff in the division of personal and real property is excessive. ", "A review of the record discloses that, as a result of this award, the defendant was permitted to retain his 400-acre farm and a complete line of farm machinery, which admittedly is a bit time-worn and out of date. ", "He also was permitted to retain a wheat check of $2,600 and approximately 4,000 bushels of barley which was shown to have a value of approximately $2,800. ", "The defendant also was awarded the few cattle that the parties had, together with some 180 sheep.", "\nThe court in its findings determined that the 400 acres of land which was awarded to the defendant was of the reasonable value of $36,750. ", "Of this land, 240 acres, of the reasonable value of $22,500 and subject to a mortgage of $7,200, had been acquired during the marriage, together with personal property of the reasonable value of $9,258 consisting of grain, three grain bins, the cattle, household goods, and a pickup truck. ", "The farm machinery and the flock of sheep were acquired by the defendant prior to the marriage. ", "The record further discloses that the plaintiff brought a small amount of money and some personal property with her at the time of the marriage. ", "For a time after the marriage, she had worked and contributed her paycheck for family expenses. ", "During the marriage, she also assisted occasionally in the farming operations, including hauling grain and caring for the cattle and sheep, and she even had driven a combine.", "\nIn view of the entire record in this case, we do not believe that the trial court abused its discretion in making the award which the defendant complains of, which would total approximately one-half of the property accumulated by the parties during the marriage.", "\nFor reasons stated in this opinion, the judgment of the trial court is modified as to visitation rights of the defendant.", "\nAs so modified, the judgment is affirmed.", "\nTEIGEN, ERICKSTAD, PAULSON, and KNUDSON, JJ., ", "concur.", "\n" ]

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[ "Hetzles\n\nHetzles is a municipality in the district of Forchheim in Bavaria in Germany. ", "The Municipality Hetzles includes the villages of Hetzles and Honings.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Forchheim (district)" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe invention relates to an endless driving belt for a V-belt type continuously variable transmission.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nA driving endless belt has been proposed and disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,313,730, which comprises a plurality of sets of links stacked one on another, a pin for connecting each set of links to the adjacent set of links, a primary load block located between the adjacent pins to surround each set of links and having sides shaped to extend outwardly beyond the links and to come into contact with drive means, and a secondary load block located between the adjacent primary load blocks to surround each set of links and having sides shaped to extend further outwardly from the pin and to come into contact with the drive means, wherein the primary load block is shaped to have front and rear converging surfaces, thereby providing an articulated action.", "\nIn this driving endless belt, however, the primary and secondary blocks are both in conatct with the drive means, and the contact portion between the primary block held between the adjacent pins and the link is subjected to a concentrated radial and outward load, resulting in deteriorated durability of the link." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: |\n Reliance on solid biomass cooking fuels in India has negative health and socio-economic consequences for households, yet policies aimed at promoting uptake of LPG for cooking have not always been effective at promoting sustained transition to cleaner cooking amongst intended beneficiaries. ", "This paper uses a two step approach combining predictive and descriptive analyses of the IHDS panel dataset to identify different groups of households that switched stove between 2004/5 and 2011/12. ", "A tree-based ensemble machine learning predictive analysis identifies key determinants of a switch from biomass to non-biomass stoves. ", "A descriptive clustering analysis is used to identify groups of stove-switching households that follow different transition pathways. ", "There are three key findings of this study: firstly non-income determinants of stove switching do not have a linear effect on stove switching, in particular variables on time of use and appliance ownership which offer a proxy for household energy practices; secondly location specific factors including region, infrastructure availability, and dwelling quality are found to be key determinants and as a result policies must be tailored to take into account local variations; thirdly clean cooking interventions must enact a range of measures to address the barriers faced by households on different energy transition pathways.", "\n\n Highlights {#highlights .unnumbered}\n ==========\n\n - Policies promoting cleaner cooking do not reach all intended beneficiaries.", "\n\n - Descriptive analytics identify household groups with distinct transition pathways.", "\n\n - Non-income factors do not all linearly affect the probability of switching stove.", "\n\n - Policies must be tailored to take into account local socio-economic variations.", "\n\n - Cooking interventions must address range of needs of different groups.", "\n\naddress:\n- 'Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK'\n- 'Data Centric Engineering, Alan Turing Institute, London, UK'\n- 'Indian Institute for Human Settlements, Bangalore, India'\nauthor:\n- 'André Paul Neto-Bradley'\n- Ruchi Choudhary\n- Amir Bazaz\nbibliography:\n- 'EP\\_Manuscript.bib'\ntitle: 'Slipping through the net: Can data science approaches help target clean cooking policy interventions?'", "\n---\n\nEnergy Access, Cooking Fuel, Energy Poverty, India, Urban Analytics\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nWorldwide there are almost 3 billion people who do not have access to clean cooking fuel, and in India just under half the population still face limited access to clean cooking fuels [@international_energy_agency_main_2019]. ", "Reliance on solid fuels has negative consequences including the health impacts of household air pollution, environmental impacts of local deforestation, and negative socio-economic effects arising from the practices surrounding the use of such biomass fuels [@smith_making_2014]. ", "These socio-economic effects disproportionately impact women and children of the household, for example the time spent collecting fuel by female members of the household negatively impacts their livelihoods and empowerment [@rahut_patterns_2016]. ", "While in the past there were attempts to improve biomass stove efficiency to reduce negative health impacts of air pollution from biomass fuel use, there has been growing recognition that solving the wider negative socio-economic and health impact of solid fuel use requires a transition towards cleaner alternatives such as gas and electricity [@batchelor_two_2019].", "\n\nIn recent years there has been a concerted effort in India to promote the uptake of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) for cooking to reduce the use of solid fuels and tackle the associated negative health and development consequences of their use. ", "Most recently the flagship Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) programme achieved its target of providing 80 million low-income households with a gas connection. ", "The PMUY programme provided financial support to poor households, covering the cost of LPG connection and subsidising the first LPG cylinder, thus removing the initial cost barrier [@sharma_transition_2019]. ", "However, studies have found that while the programme successfully enabled many households to acquire their first cylinder, many of those households have not necessarily transitioned to sustained LPG use. ", "They continue to use solid fuels for part or all of their needs [@kar_using_2019]. ", "Further to that, findings suggest that the programme may not have managed to reach its intended beneficiaries equally in all regions, and benefited some households that would likely have transitioned without the incentive from the programme [@sharma_transition_2019; @sankhyayan_availability_2019]. ", "These are outcomes also seen in other top-down clean energy interventions in India and the Global South more widely [@sehjpal_going_2014; @silver_powering_2017; @kebede_can_2002]. ", "Whilst many energy poor households may benefit from such policies, there are always those who don’t benefit as expected, or ’slip through the net’ and miss out altogether [@rao_kerosene_2012; @batchelor_two_2019].", "\n\nPMUY is the most recent in a long line of policies aimed at reducing costs of LPG for poor households and improving access. ", "In the last two decades there have been a range of other programmes and initiatives to promote the uptake of LPG including the ’Vitrak Yojana’ from 2009 which aimed to increase LPG distributorship through improving infrastructure and supply chains, while a range of subsidies have existed at national and local levels [@sankhyayan_availability_2019]. ", "Recently there has been an initiative in place alongside PMUY to encourage wealthier households to voluntarily give up their subsidy if they do not need it so that it may benefit a poorer household [@sharma_transition_2019].", "\n\nA key assumption underpining these policies is that use of a cleaner fuel, in this case LPG, is desired by all households and that the barrier that prevents them from using this fuel is the upfront costs of switching [@kar_using_2019]. ", "This simplifies lack of access to clean cooking to an issue of household income or lack thereof which understates the complexity of barriers to clean cooking transitions [@sankhyayan_availability_2019]. ", "As [@gould_lpg_2018] show, for many rural households in India the upfront cost is only one of many barriers to sustained LPG use, with other notable barriers including the lump-sum nature of monthly payments for LPG cylinders (as opposed to the actual cost) as well as the time and difficulty of transporting the cylinders.", "\n\nThere is a substantial body of literature investigating the determinants of household energy use, which shows that while income is an important determinant of energy transition, it is but one of many drivers of LPG and electricity use [@ekholm_determinants_2010; @sehjpal_going_2014]. ", "Studies in India have shown that there is a hierarchy of preferred fuels, and while income is an important driver of use of cleaner cooking fuels such as LPG [@ahmad_fuel_2015], factors beyond income play a role in determining uptake and transition [@farsi_fuel_2007; @kemmler_factors_2007]. ", "As a result, transition pathways can be more complex than assumed by traditional ’energy ladder’ conceptualisations of energy transition [@van_der_kroon_energy_2013].", "\n\nLack of access to clean cooking can be a form of energy poverty, and as described by [@sadath_assessing_2017] problems of energy poverty are multidimensional and should not be simply confused with income poverty. [", "@khandker_are_2012] showed that income non-poor households were not necessarily energy non-poor, and the effect of non-income variables on energy decision making plays a key role in determining the energy poverty of a household. [", "@sankhyayan_availability_2019] discuss how both accessibility and affordability become important in understanding energy poverty, and overcoming barriers of access and affordability requires an understanding of the socio-economic and cultural circumstances of households and their energy practices.", "\n\nThere has been growing interest in the role of urban data analytics for improving energy provision [@bibri_smart_2017], and these are particularly relevant given the multidimensional nature of energy poverty. ", "Such studies use techniques from the data sciences to process large socio-economic and/or demographic datasets to inform better policy interventions. ", "This involves three broad categories of analysis: descriptive analysis, which is concerned with understanding the data; predictive analysis which is concerned with extrapolating the trends found in the data; and prescriptive analysis which is concerned with using the data to identify the interventions likely to achieve desired outcomes [@wang_review_2019]. ", "The majority of studies make use of regression models, which constitute a form of predictive analysis. ", "However, prediction models based on regression assume that all variables considered in the analysis are independent and influence a given quantity of interest in a similar manner. ", "This restricts the understanding of variations of features that influence uptake of clean fuels across different types of households. ", "Descriptive analysis overcomes these limitations, thus enhancing the understanding of the composition of characteristics that govern energy transitions. ", "Together with predictive analysis, it can yield a better understanding of the multidimensional nature of household energy decisions and practices, and the different scales at which key determinants act.", "\n\nTo demonstrate our proposed modelling approach we employ ensemble machine learning and clustering algorithms to conduct a combined predictive and descriptive analysis of the panel data from the Indian Human Development Survey between 2004/5 and 2011/12. ", "Through the combined analysis, we demonstrate that groups of households follow different cooking transition pathways. ", "Such an approach can be used to target specific policy interventions to address the needs and challenges of a particular group of households that might currently be under-served by cost-centric policies. ", "The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: section 2 provides a review of literature on technical-economic and social conceptualisations of energy transitions, section 3 discusses the features and handling of the dataset, section 4 describes our analytical methods. ", "Section 5 presents results of two different regression models and compares the performance of these, leading on to section 6 which presents the results of a clustering analysis of households that did switch to a non-biomass stove discussing the existence of different types of switching household, presenting conclusions and policy implications in section 7.", "\n\nBackground\n==========\n\nIdentifying and characterising clean cooking transition pathways requires an understanding of the concepts and phenomenon involved in energy transitions. ", "The popular ’energy ladder’ concept of energy transition put forward by [@leach_energy_1992] offers a macro scale conceptualisation of transition. ", "It assumes a preferential hierarchy of fuels, with solid fuels at the bottom and gas and electricity at the top. ", "This model assumes that all households would prefer to use gas and electricity, and that once they can afford to they will switch to these cleaner, preferred fuels, in the process abandoning use of their previously used fuel. ", "However subsequent work has challenged the assumptions of this model, with studies including those by [@masera_linear_2000] and [@heltberg_fuel_2004] finding that households do not switch entirely from one fuel to another, but rather adopt the new fuel while continuing use of the old fuel in a behaviour known as ’fuel stacking’. ", "Differences at a micro, or household-level scale are missed by the energy ladder concept.", "\n\nEmpirical studies in India have supported some of the assumptions of the energy ladder while demonstrating the importance of non-income determinants. [", "@kemmler_factors_2007] in their study of rural Indian households, found that beyond expenditure, community-wide electrification, education of household members, and type of employment were significant determinants of access to electricity. [", "@farsi_fuel_2007] showed that while there was an observed hierarchy of preference of fuels in urban Indian households, as anticipated by the energy ladder model, socio-economic factors in addition to income such as education and sex of head of the household were significant determinants. [", "@dhanaraj_income_2018] found that, lack of female education in the household hindered uptake of refrigerators, and a study by [@rao_white_2017] used the IHDS and an ensemble machine learning analysis to show that dwelling quality, hours of electricity supply, and education played an important role in determining appliance uptake, particularly amongst the lower income households. ", "In a study of rural households in Madhya Pradesh, [@sehjpal_going_2014] found that profession of the head of household, land ownership, fuel prices, and electricity access were significant determinants of cooking fuel. [", "@ahmad_fuel_2015], who also used the IHDS, found that in urban households greater education level, and piped water access were drivers of ’modern stove’ uptake. ", "On the other hand, belonging to lower castes or having a larger household hindered modern stove uptake. ", "More recently [@sankhyayan_availability_2019] explored determinants of LPG consumption and appliance uptake finding that education and transport infrastructure was a driver of uptake in rural areas while in urban areas there was a significant positive effect of female literacy on LPG consumption.", "\n\nThe ’energy ladder’ is rooted in a technical-economic view of energy transition which focuses on cost and performance of different alternatives and assumes that households behave as rational consumers and has proven useful for quantitatively understanding energy consumption and appliance ownership trends at a macro level. [", "@van_der_kroon_energy_2013] makes the case that identifying different energy transition pathways requires a better understanding of the decision-making and external context of a household. ", "This requires understanding the social aspects of energy use, through preferences, practices, and decisions of households which act at a local scale.", "\n\nSocial practice theory (SPT) provides a lens through which energy transitions at a local scale can be analysed. ", "While there have been a variety of formulations of practice theory since being put forward by Schatzki in 1996, SPT approaches used in energy research follow the view put forth by [@shove_dynamics_2019] which views people as ’practitioners’ who combine materials, competences or know-how, and meanings to create practices [@bisaga_climb_2018; @khalid_homely_2017]. ", "Unlike technical-economic approaches interested in macro-analyses of socio-economic data to understand trends in energy demand, [@shove_what_2014] explain that practice theory views it as a matter of understanding how social practice develops and influence energy use and other household practices. ", "Essentially this provides a shift in perspective away from resourced-based systems thinking towards more individual enquiry of what energy is actually used for.", "\n\nSeveral recent studies have applied an SPT approach to the study of energy use in the Global South. ", "In their work on middle class households in Pakistan, [@khalid_homely_2017] found that household practices shaped around cultural norms and socio-cultural dynamics explained the peculiar nature of energy demand of these households. [", "@bisaga_climb_2018] conducted a study of solar home system users in Rwanda comparing and contrasting the insights of energy ladder and social practice approaches. ", "They show that understanding the practices surrounding dominant electricity uses (lighting and mobile phone charging) helped to explain energy transitions in rural-off grid communities. ", "Lighting and mobile phone charging are at present the two most common electricity uses for these households so understanding when and why villagers used these appliances helped explain decisions concerning adoption of electricity by households. ", "A recent study by [@debnath_how_2019] provides an Indian context using a quantitative approach grounded in SPT to explore the influence of non-income factors on appliance ownership in rehabilitated slums in Mumbai, finding that the change in built environment following the rehabilitation of slums led to a change in practices of those households which translated into changes of appliance ownership and usage. ", "Understanding key household practices related to energy can offer a rationale for otherwise peculiar energy demand, and help anticipate responses to interventions. ", "However the population samples in all of these studies were relatively homogeneous in their socio-economic characteristics, and differences in practices played out on a household to household level. [", "@galvin_schatzkian_2016] explain that socio-economic causality in energy consumption studies can be a blind spot for SPT approaches, and households in such studies are often relatively uniform in their socio-economic profiles.", "\n\nThe macro scale perspective of the energy ladder as well as the local scale perspective of SPT approaches informed the selection of variables as well as the approach for this paper. ", "Our study takes a wide range of variables covering socio-economic characteristics as well as more household specific variables on fuel choices, time of use, and appliance ownership. ", "In addition, this study combines predictive modelling to identify macro-scale trends with descriptive modelling to understand smaller scale variations between groups of households. ", "Findings at a macro-scale may point to the existence and prevalence certain trends governing uptake of modern fuel use. ", "For example, [@rao_white_2017] found that Sikh households in India were more likely to own a refrigerator. ", "However to correctly interpret the causes and implications of such trends sometimes requires taking account of local practices, behaviours, and decisions that define energy use. ", "For example, [@bisaga_climb_2018] found common electricity demand profiles amongst villages in rural Rwanda and used qualitative data were to explain this in terms of daily routines and mobile phone charging demands. ", "The approach taken by this study aims to identify and characterise clean cooking transition pathways by drawing upon the strengths of analysis at these different scales. ", "We do so by first identifying key variables influencing clean cooking transitions across a large sample of households. ", "Findings from the first step are then used to examine the different combination of features that define groups of households that did switch to clean cooking.", "\n\nData\n====\n\nOur study uses household level survey data from the publicly available and nationally representative Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS). ", "The first IHDS was conducted in 2004-2005 (referred to as IHDS-I) [@desai_india_2010] with a second follow-up survey in 2011-2012 (IHDS-II) [@desai_india_2015], which returned to survey the same households originally surveyed for IHDS-I. The surveys were conducted by means of two one-hour interviews with the whole household or the head of the household, and comprised of a nationally representative sample of 41,554 urban and rural households across all Indian territories excluding the Andaman Isles and Lakshadweep. ", "This sample included 1503 villages and 971 urban city blocks across 383 districts in 33 different states. ", "IHDS-II covered 85 percent of the original households, with those households not surveyed the second time either having split, been unreachable, or struck by natural disaster [@desai_india_2015]. ", "For our analysis, we use only the 32,922 households which were surveyed both in the IHDS-I and IHDS-II.", "\n\nAs pointed out by [@khandker_are_2012] and [@ahmad_fuel_2015], the energy related questions in the IHDS are more comprehensive than those in comparable studies including the Living Standards Measurement Studies coordinated by the World Bank, and the NSS Surveys of Consumer Expenditure. ", "The IHDS dataset is disaggregated by housing type and various demographic features such as gender, religion, caste, occupation, and education [@desai_india_2015; @desai_india_2010]. ", "Additionally the IHDS includes some information on time spent carrying out certain energy related practices in the household, including time spent watching television, time spent collecting firewood, and hours of stove usage. ", "Recommendations from the authors of the dataset were followed [@desai_india_2015] with regards to weightings and variable selection. ", "All weightings used were the ’SWeights’ specified for the households in the IHDS-I, and values for relatively unchanging variables (e.g. Caste and Religion) were taken from the IHDS-II.", "\n\nThe main dependant variable of interest was a binary variable indicating whether the household had switched from primarily using a biomass stove in 2004/5 to a non-biomass stove in 2011/12. ", "This was constructed using the the variables indicating the main stove used for cooking indicated for the IHDS-I and IHDS-II respectively. ", "The stove options included 3 types of biomass solid fuel stoves, and a general ’modern stove’ category which could represent Kerosene, LPG, or Electric Stoves. ", "In the IHDS panel dataset (training and test subsets combined) 5358 households switched from using a biomass stove as their primary stove in 2004-5 to using an ’modern’ non-biomass stove in 2011-12 representing 16.27% of households (14.94% when adjusted by sampling weights).", "\n\nOther variables were constructed from the dataset either to make variables more comparable or to create a dummy variable for a particular characteristic, or to characterise change in a variable between surveys. ", "Energy consumption values in the IHDS are given in units of cost (INR) as opposed to units of energy which makes comparisons difficult. ", "These values were converted to estimated energy consumption in kWh using local price data available in the IHDS and collected from government sources [@government_of_india_planning_commission_annual_2012]. ", "In addition appliance ownership was grouped according to associated household activity: cooking (Pressure Cooker, Mixer/Grinder, Microwave, Refrigerator), and IT (Television, Telephone, Mobile Telephone, Computer, Laptop).", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nStudies on energy transition typically use some form of logit or probit regression model to perform a predictive analysis identifying the trends and effect of a given set of variables on appliance ownership, fuel use, or adoption rates of electricity or LPG. ", "Recently [@rao_white_2017] used a form of ensemble technique called a Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) model to analyse the effect of a range of household characteristics on the uptake of so-called ’white good’ appliances. ", "A comparison of the predictive capability of these two modelling approaches found that the BRT model on the whole outperformed the logit model in predicting appliance ownership [@rao_white_2017].", "\n\nIn this study we seek to provide a greater level of descriptive or explanatory analysis to identify the different transition pathways and a two stage approach was used to achieve this. ", "The first stage involves predictive modelling using an ensemble machine learning technique to identify factors that are determinants of clean cooking transition and assess performance of the model. ", "The second stage focuses on descriptive modelling using hierarchical clustering, where the key determinants identified in the predictive modelling are used to identify the different groups of households that did switch stove and the different combination of features that characterize each group. ", "The first stage of the analysis uses a training subset of 25,000 of the 32,922 households from the IHDS to identify the influence of variables on the propensity of a household to switch from a solid fuel biomass stove to a cleaner ’modern stove’ as their main cooking stove. ", "The predictive performance of the ensemble learning regression and a conventional probit regression are assessed and compared using the remainder of the dataset not used to train the model. ", "The secondary stage of analysis uses agglomerative hierarchical clustering to cluster the 5,358 households that did switch from biomass to a ’modern’ non-biomass stove. ", "By comparing the effect of key determinants identified by the predictive modelling and the defining characteristics of the clusters of stove-switching households, it is possible to identify the different combinations of key determinants enabling stove transition in each cluster.", "\n\nVariable selection was carried out using both correlation and random forest analysis to identify the most relevant variables. ", "Given the inter-related nature of the socio-economic and cultural variables of interest in the dataset it was important to identify and address any significant multi-collinearity in the dataset before performing any analysis. ", "A Farrar-Glauber test was conducted to identify and address any multi-collinearity. ", "In particular fuels used exclusively for cooking showed cross-dependent correlation with one another, so redundant fuels were removed from the selected variables. ", "In addition, the number of different region categories was reduced by reassigning households in states in the center region to the neighbouring eastern region as there was little distinction between these two. ", "The descriptive statistics of the resulting independent variables are show in table \\[Table of Variables\\] (except profession, caste, and region which are non-continuous, and non-binary).", "\n\n[lcccc]{}\\\n\\\nIndependent variable & Mean & Median & Min. & ", "Max.\\\n\\\nIncome per capita (INR/month) & 2401 & 1363 & 0 & 346750\\\nUrban & 0.330 & - & 0 & 1\\\nTime in Place (years) & 78.41 & 90.00 & 0.00 & 90.00\\\nFemale Education (years) & 5.395 & 5.000 & 0.000 & 16.000\\\nPermanent House & 0.704 & - & 0 & 1\\\nFlush Toilet & 0.392 & - & 0 & 1\\\nPiped Water Availability (hours/day) & 1.845 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 24.000\\\nDairy Spend (INR/month) & 196.40 & 100.00 & 0.00 & 8600\\\nElectricity Availability (hours/day) & 13.11 & 14.00 & 0.00 & 24.00\\\nElectricity Consumption (kWh/month) & 93.68 & 54.50 & 0.00 & 1977.40\\\nKerosene Consumption (kWh/month) & 28.01 & 24.79 & 0.00 & 587.00\\\nChange in fuel collection time (min) & -3.475 & 0.000 & -320.000 & 450.000\\\nCooking appliance ownership & 0.291 & 0.250 & 0.000 & 1.000\\\nIT appliance ownership & 0.310 & 0.429 & 0.000 & 1.000\\\nChange in Female TV Time (hours/day) & 0.687 & 1.000 & -12.000 & 14.000\\\n\\\n\nThe BRT is a tree based ensemble learning technique that combines a large number of simple categorisation trees, using gradient boosting to build ensembles of decision trees that are fit to the remaining model residuals. ", "Unlike a probit model there is no a priori specification of the functional form and the BRT analyses the influence of the variables capturing non-linear effects and complex interactions. ", "A challenge of the BRT model is the specification of the hyper-parameters which include the number of trees, the learning rate, and the tree complexity. ", "We used n-fold cross validation to determine the optimum number of trees, and followed the recommendations of [@elith_title:_2008] to optimise the remaining parameters to produce an accurate model and minimise risk of over-fitting. ", "For this model we used a tree complexity of 5, and a learning rate of 0.01, with 4100 trees fitted. ", "We implemented the BRT using the gbm and dismo packages in the R programming language.", "\n\nA probit regression was carried out for comparison with the BRT, as this is a commonly used model for studies on energy transition concerned with a binary outcome. ", "Assuming that the individual’s decision to switch from a biomass stove to an non-biomass stove is based on a latent variable which represents some measure of utility, then this variable can be defined as a linear function of the independent variables, as shown in equation \\[probit\\] where $X_{i}$ is a vector of all the independent variables for an individual household, $\\beta$ is a vector of coefficients, and $u_{i}$ captures the uncertainty. ", "$$\\label{probit}\n \\begin{split}\n y^*_i = X_{i}\\beta + u_{i}\n\\end{split}$$\n\nThe binary outcome we are interested in with these models is not unlike the binary outcomes in medical models assessing patient outcomes (although in our study the outcome is a switch from biomass to non-biomass or not, instead of life and death), and in both cases there is a need for the models to not only perform well on average but also to perform well in distinguishing borderline cases. ", "In the field of medicine when assessing models for patient outcomes it is good practice to report the calibration and discriminatory ability of the model [@steyerberg_assessing_2010]. ", "The Brier Score is an overall performance measure of calibration and discrimination for binary outcomes whose scoring rule is shown in equation \\[Brier\\] where *N* is the number of instances, *f* is the outcome from the model, and *o* is the actual outcome. ", "The concordance statistic *c*, identical to the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve for binary outcomes offers a measure of how well the model distinguishes outcomes. ", "Both of these measures were calculated for each model using base packages in R.\n\n$$\\begin{split}\n Brier Score = \\frac{1}{N} \\displaystyle\\sum_{i=1}^{N}(f_{i} - o_{i})^2\n\\end{split} \n\\label{Brier}$$\n\nFor the second stage of the analysis hierarchical clustering was used. ", "This is an unsupervised machine learning method that can be used to identify subsets within a dataset that have similar characteristics based on the connectivity between data points. ", "A benefit of hierarchical clustering algorithms for such descriptive analysis is that the iterative process produces a clear tree like structure of clusters which offers a more intuitive view of the clustering process and easier analysis of results, although the iterative nature of the algorithm makes it inefficient for extremely large datasets [@kassambra_practical_2017]. ", "We used an agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm and with the gower distance measure for categorical variables as it produced a clear and distinct cluster structure. ", "All analysis was performed in R using base packages, as well as the ’dendextend’ and ’fpc’ packages.", "\n\nPredictive Modelling Results\n============================\n\nBoosted regression tree model\n-----------------------------\n\nFrom the BRT analysis we obtain both the relative importance of variables shown in figure \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_1\\] and the marginal effects of the independent variables shown in figures \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Constant\\], \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Threshold\\], \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Regimes\\]. ", "Figure \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_1\\] shows all independent variables were found to have non-zero relative influence ranging from 1-12%. ", "Use of kerosene and electricity both have an influence of around 11%, while cooking equipment ownership shows an 8.5% influence, and IT appliance ownership a 7.1% influence. ", "The region a household is in has a 10.7% influence and the profession of the head of the household has an influence of 9.3%. ", "Income per capita of the household does have an influence of 8.5% but the BRT shows it is not the dominant determinant of a household’s switch to non-biomass stoves. ", "The marginal effects shown in figures \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Constant\\], \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Threshold\\] for each of the variables exhibit one of three different types of response: either a constant response (for categorical variables), a threshold response, or a multiple threshold (multiple regime) response.", "\n\n![", "Relative influence of variables in BRT Model[]{data-label=\"GBM_Marginal_1\"}](Figure_1.pdf){width=\"\\textwidth\"}\n\nThe constant marginal effects observed for categorical variables shows that these variables will be key determinants of modern stove switching for only some households - for example region is one of the more relatively influential variables, with North-Eastern states being associated with a markedly higher probability of switching stove, while households in the South have a slightly higher chance of switching than households in the East, North and West where region is a determinant of minor influence. ", "This difference could be the result of local policy or climate differences; for example the southern states are typically wealthier relative to the national average, and southern states such as Tamil Nadu and Karnatka have led development in renewable energy infrastructure in India [@schmid_development_2012]. ", "North Eastern states have lower incomes and with historically lower access to infrastructure [@ghosh_role_1998], the georgraphy of this region also results in greater local availability and dependency on biomass fuel compared to other regions [@bhatt_fuelwood_2016]. ", "LPG distribution infrastructure development under ’Vitrak Yojana’ between 2005 and 2011 benefited many poorly serviced settlements in North Eastern states. ", "In the work of [@sankhyayan_availability_2019] a significant relationship between region and LPG use was not found, however the coefficients from their model are compatible with the marginal effects from our analysis.", "\n\nThe profession of the head of the household was also found to be of greater relative influence, although the marginal effects were only significant for some professions as shown in figure \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Constant\\]. ", "Those in skilled trades, artisans, salaried employment, or collecting pensions or rent all had a greater probability of switching, whereas those in agricultural wage labour, and unskilled work were less likely to switch.[@kemmler_factors_2007] found that more labour intensive and ’daily wage’ type employment was associated with lower electricity use, and [@sehjpal_going_2014] found that, in rural India, households whose head was in more formal employment had a greater likelihood of the household transitioning to clean cooking. ", "This may be related to the frequency of payment with the former group of jobs being associated with regular monthly or weekly pay whereas income can be more erratic for the latter group.", "\n\nA measure of household infrastructure is provided through variables measuring permanent house construction, and availability of flush toilets shown in figure \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Constant\\] and both show a small positive increase in marginal effect on the switch to a modern stove with greater levels of access. [", "@rao_white_2017] similarly found that better dwelling quality had a positive relationship with ownership of refrigerators and TVs, and [@ahmad_fuel_2015] showed that access to piped water was associated with clean cooking. ", "Permanent housing, while having the lowest relative influence of the variables in the dataset, did have a positive marginal effect on the switch to a non-biomass stove. ", "These findings suggest that access to public utilities and quality of the household’s immediate built environment are important, as [@debnath_how_2019] found in their study of rehabilitated slum housing in Mumbai.", "\n\n![", "Marginal effect of constant effect independent variables on probability of a household switching from Biomass to LPG[]{data-label=\"GBM_Marginal_Constant\"}](Figure_2.pdf){width=\"\\textwidth\"}\n\nFigure \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Threshold\\] shows the marginal effects of variables which exhibit a threshold response, namely hours of electricity supply and years of education of the head female of the household. ", "The marginal effect of hours of electricity supply on switching behaviour shows a constant effect up until 15 hours of electricity supply per day, after which the marginal effect increases with hours of electricity. [", "@rao_white_2017] similarly found that hours of electricity supply had a positive relationship with ownership of refrigerators and TVs, and [@ahmad_fuel_2015] showed that access to electricity was associated with clean cooking. ", "The threshold observed at 15 hours could be indicative of the added convenience or reliability of having electricity available for two thirds of the day, encouraging investment in appliances or changing household practices related to cooking.", "\n\nEducation of the head female of the household also displays a threshold response as seen in figure \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Threshold\\]. ", "Households whose head female has 10 or more years of schooling, i.e. completing some level of secondary or tertiary education, has a greater probability of switching to a ’modern stove’. ", "A recent study by [@sharma_transition_2019] found a significant relationship between education and LPG uptake for households in the eastern states of Chattisgarh and Jharkhand, while [@ahmad_fuel_2015] found female education to be a significant determinant of non-biomass cooking in non-slum households. ", "In their study, [@sankhyayan_availability_2019] found that in urban areas there was a stronger positive association between female literacy and LPG use, especially for households where the female head of the household had more than 9 years of schooling, and they suggest this difference is a result of female literacy not translating into female empowerment as effectively in rural households.", "\n\n![", "Marginal effect of threshold response independent variables on probability of a household switching from Biomass to LPG[]{data-label=\"GBM_Marginal_Threshold\"}](Figure_3.pdf){width=\"\\textwidth\"}\n\n![", "Marginal effect of multiple threshold response independent variables on probability of a household switching from Biomass to LPG[]{data-label=\"GBM_Marginal_Regimes\"}](Figure_4.pdf){width=\"\\textwidth\"}\n\nFigure \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Regimes\\] shows the marginal effects of variables with multiple thresholds, or different regimes, where marginal effect follows different trends within given ranges. ", "LPG and biomass fuels are used fairly exclusively for cooking. ", "In contrast electricity and kerosene have a range of different end uses. ", "Use of these fuels can indicate transition to cleaner energy for other household activities which offers an explanation for the high relative influence of these variables. ", "In figure \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Regimes\\] we can see that low levels of electricity consumption are associated with a negative marginal effect on the probability of a household switching but this marginal effect increases to a positive level with increasing electricity consumption up to a level of 500kWh/month. ", "Beyond this electricity has a negligible effect on the probability of switching as households using more electricity than that almost certainly have transitioned to clean cooking, with over 80% of households using no biomass fuel at all. ", "We similarly see that Kerosene use up to 200 kWh leads to a greater probability of a household switching whereas above that 200 kWh the marginal effect is negative indicating reduced chance of switching. ", "This could be due to households using more than 200 kWh of kerosene are likely using it for cooking, and not necessarily using a modern stove. ", "The noisy behaviour between 350 kWh and 500 kWh is likely due to households switching from a biomass stove to a kerosene one, which counts as a ’modern stove’ switch in the IHDS. ", "The different marginal effect thresholds show how related energy practices of the household shape the observed energy consumption and how these practices have inter-dependencies, as [@bisaga_climb_2018] found in their study.", "\n\nAppliance ownership can serve as a proxy for energy use by a household as appliances are used to deliver a particular energy service. ", "Figure \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Regimes\\] shows how increasing ownership of IT and cooking appliances increases the probability of a household having switched from to a non-biomass stove to a cleaner stove. [", "@rao_white_2017] found that refrigerator and television ownership was associated with greater LPG use by a household, which suggests clean cooking facilities. ", "Greater appliance ownership could also signal better access to markets or shops, as well as better availability of electricity. ", "However there is are two thresholds, as the marginal effect plataeu’s for households with average ownership, and drops off at high ownership levels as households with very high levels of appliance ownership are more likely to already use LPG and thus the greatest marginal probability of switching occurs for households with a middling levels (40-60%) of ownership.", "\n\nTime spent collecting fuel and watching TV in a household shown in figure \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Regimes\\] offer some quantification of household practices as a measure of time allocation to given practices. ", "A decrease in time spent collecting fuel of up to 130 minutes is associated with a greater probability of a switch to a ’modern stove’, and decreases in time spent collecting fuel beyond 130 minutes have a relatively low marginal effect on the chance of a household transitioning. ", "An increase up to 50 minutes is associated with a decreasing probability of switching and increases in fuel collection time above 50 minutes see the lowest probability of switching. ", "Similarly the change in number of hours spent watching TV by the adult women of the household has a small positive association for small decreases and increases, but larger increases beyond 5 hours of TV viewing are associated with a lower probability of a household stove switching. ", "The marginal effect of changes in energy practices surrounding energy use and clean cooking transitions are characterised by multiple thresholds. ", "Additionally the marginal effects of these two variables quantitatively shows that there is a change in the time allocated to energy related practices in a household that switches stove. ", "This is important as it implies that characteristics of the stove and its usage have an impact on the practices of a household. [", "@debnath_how_2019] found that characteristics of household appliances in Mumbai slums had a significant effect on the practices of the household.", "\n\nProbit model\n------------\n\nThe coefficients of the probit regression model are shown in table \\[Logit\\_results\\]. ", "A key difference between the outputs of the probit and BRT models is that while the BRT provides relative importance and marginal effect plots, the probit model provides coefficients, standard errors, and confidence intervals denoted by statistical significance levels which can make the process of evaluating the model more straightforward. ", "Comparing the coefficients in table \\[Logit\\_results\\] with the relative importance and marginal effect plots from the BRT model in figures \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Constant\\], \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Threshold\\] and \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Regimes\\] we can see that many of the coefficients and marginal effects for many of the categorical variables such as region, permanent housing, profession, and flush toilet availability show compatibility with respect to influence on stove switching.", "\n\n[lcc]{}\\\n\\\n&\\\n\\\nIndependant Variable & Coefficient & Standard Error\\\n\\\nRegionNorth & $-$0.008 & (0.046)\\\nRegionNorth East & 1.078$^{***}$ & (0.089)\\\nRegionSouth & 0.494$^{***}$ & (0.045)\\\nRegionWest & $-$0.091$^{**}$ & (0.045)\\\nIncome.pc & $-$0.00000$^{*}$ & (0.00000)\\\nTime.in.place & 0.003$^{***}$ & (0.001)\\\nFemale.education & 0.003 & (0.004)\\\nProfessionAgricultural wage labourer & 0.811$^{*}$ & (0.478)\\\nProfessionArtisan/Skilled & 1.036$^{**}$ & (0.483)\\\nProfessionPension/Rent & 0.847$^{*}$ & (0.477)\\\nProfessionPetty shop & 1.038$^{**}$ & (0.477)\\\nProfessionSalaried & 0.949$^{**}$ & (0.477)\\\nProfessionWage labourer & 0.958$^{**}$ & (0.478)\\\nPermanent.house & 0.352$^{***}$ & (0.037)\\\nFlush.toilet & 0.266$^{***}$ & (0.035)\\\nWater.piped.hours & 0.007$^{**}$ & (0.003)\\\nDairy.spend & -0.00004 & (0.0001)\\\nElectricity.", "Hours & 0.010$^{***}$ & (0.002)\\\nElectricity & 0.00001 & (0.0001)\\\nKerosene & 0.001$^{**}$ & (0.0004)\\\nFuel.distance.change & -0.002$^{***}$ & (0.0004)\\\nCooking.apps & 0.311$^{***}$ & (0.085)\\\nIct.apps & 0.916$^{***}$ & (0.111)\\\nTV.hours.women.change & -0.010 & (0.008)\\\nConstant & -2.817$^{***}$ & (0.540)\\\n\\\nPseudo R$^{2}$ & 0.115 &\\\n\\\n*Note:* &\\\n\nHowever there are some key differences between the outputs, particularly those which have a non linear effect in the BRT model. ", "For example, while the BRT identified the use of complimentary fuels as being significant, the probit regression does not find any significant effect. ", "If we look at the marginal effect plots for electricity use in figure \\[GBM\\_Marginal\\_Regimes\\] we can see that the marginal effects vary with the level of respective fuel use. ", "This non-linear relationship cannot be captured by the probit regression. ", "Conversely while the probit regression correctly identifies significant effects for variables such as cooking and IT appliance ownership, distance travelled for fuel, and hours of electricity supply, it does not capture the threshold identified by the BRT beyond which the marginal effects of these variables are reduced or negligible.", "\n\nComparison of predictive performance of BRT and Probit Models\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nUsing the test subset of the dataset as inputs to each of the two models, predictions of whether a household would switch to a non-biomass ’modern stove’ or not were calculated and compared to the actual stove switching outcome in the dataset. ", "Table \\[Pred\\_perform\\] shows the classification tallies of each model as well as three measures of predictive performance, including the percentage of correctly classified households (a higher score indicates better predictive ability), the AUC score indicating discriminative ability of the model (a higher score indicates better predictive ability), and the Brier score which is an indication of both calibration and discriminative ability of the model (a lower score indicates better predictive ability).", "\n\n[@lcc]{}\\\n\\\n&\\\n\\\n& BRT Model & Probit Model\\\n\\\nCorrect classification & 84.9% & 83.5%\\\nAUC & 0.823 & 0.731\\\nBrier Score & 0.108 & 0.126\\\nTrue positive & 214 & 103\\\nFalse negative & 1138 & 1249\\\nFalse positive & 89 & 116\\\nTrue negative & 6866 & 6839\\\n\\\n*Note:* &\\\n\nThe BRT model outperforms the probit model on all three measures particularly on its discriminative ability, although the results are comparable. ", "This is a reflection on the ability of the tree-based ensemble method to model non-linear effects. ", "Indeed many of the dependent variables had non-linear marginal effects. ", "Thresholds for non-zero effects are a reflection of the non-linear nature of practices and deicison making concerning household energy use. ", "Figure \\[GBM\\_vs\\_Probit\\] demonstrates this difference between the probit and BRT model using the example of cooking appliance ownership. ", "As shown both models follow the same positive trend with greater appliance ownership and have similar marginal effects at the mean. ", "However, for specific households the probit either under- or overestimates the effect of appliance ownership compared to the BRT model. ", "The probit regression offers the benefit of simplicity, which can make communicating results to a non-technical audience straightforward. ", "Additionally the assessment of compatibility of results via statistical significance can help validate and compare results. ", "However, the outputs of the BRT offer a visual and intuitive way of conveying the variation in marginal effect and the existence of thresholds levels.", "\n\n![", "Comparison of Marginal Effect of Cooking Appliance Ownership from Probit and BRT Models[]{data-label=\"GBM_vs_Probit\"}](Figure_5.pdf){width=\"\\textwidth\"}\n\nWhile our measures of performance provide a metric for the calibration and discriminatory ability of each model, the rates of true and false positives and negatives for each model shown in the bottom half of table \\[Pred\\_perform\\] point to a problem of such models. ", "For both the probit and BRT models we find that the number of false negatives, that is the households that the model predicted would not switch but did in reality switch, accounts for over 84% of switching households in the BRT model and 92% of the transitioning households under the probit model. ", "This suggests that while these models are good at predicting households that did not switch (true negatives compared with false positives), they perform poorly at predicting households that do transition. ", "Households that transition against the expectation of the model point to the existence of alternative transition pathways not captured by either model, defined by characteristics that individually would ordinarily not be drivers of transition, but when present in specific combinations can allow household to overcome other barriers.", "\n\nDescriptive Modelling Results\n=============================\n\nUsing the variables shown in table \\[Table of Variables\\] a divisive hierarchical clustering analysis was conducted on the subset of households that did switch their main stove from solid fuel biomass stoves to a clean non-biomass stove between 2004-5 and 2011-12. ", "The clustering analysis identifying nine distinct clusters of households all of which had transitioned away from primarily using a biomass stove but with different combinations of defining characteristics. ", "The resulting dendrogram is shown in figure \\[Dendrogram\\], and the mean characteristics of each cluster are shown in table \\[Cluster\\_table\\].", "\n\n![", "Dendrogram of Hierarchical Clustering with IHDS Biomass to LPG switching households[]{data-label=\"Dendrogram\"}](Figure_6.pdf){width=\"\\textwidth\"}\n\n X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9\n --------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ----------\n Region (most represented) North South South North North North East East West South\n Income 55058.20 33054.90 27915.67 46401.94 29561.38 48916.25 40480.51 35244.72 37380.36\n Caste Fwd/Gen OBC OBC OBC OBC Fwd/Gen Fwd/Gen OBC OBC\n Time in Place 85.18 82.87 79.91 64.58 70.67 75.81 63.07 84.60 71.86\n Urban (%) 0.01 0.02 0.38 0.99 0.96 0.54 0.98 0.01 0.48\n Female Education 8.52 5.89 5.57 7.96 5.98 10.05 8.46 6.92 8.51\n Pucca House 0.98 1.00 0.00 0.99 0.96 0.78 1.00 0.94 0.98\n Flush Toilet 0.99 0.02 0.41 1.00 0.06 0.79 0.57 0.44 0.99\n Water Piped Hours 2.53 1.70 1.98 2.22 4.91 0.35 3.04 1.86 3.23\n Monthly spend on dairy 461.24 220.90 162.93 301.77 194.66 355.35 186.90 185.29 154.35\n Electricity Hours 15.14 12.55 12.96 15.79 15.56 6.67 19.61 16.59 17.98\n Electricity 166.48 74.36 80.94 228.55 130.85 96.90 167.94 95.86 110.81\n LPG 172.18 136.10 132.90 181.68 141.11 215.12 145.49 128.91 130.25\n Biomass 466.67 522.18 423.21 159.73 327.45 360.39 131.21 598.30 380.47\n Kerosene 18.00 21.64 31.77 22.61 29.11 47.52 32.84 34.54 16.43\n Change in Fuel Distance -6.46 -9.67 -9.78 -2.30 -4.32 9.86 -4.50 -21.76 -5.06\n Cooking Appliances 0.54 0.36 0.32 0.50 0.37 0.43 0.46 0.41 0.52\n IT Appliances 0.45 0.38 0.34 0.42 0.38 0.43 0.43 0.37 0.46\n Female TV Viewing Hours 0.91 0.85 0.85 0.63 0.42 1.55 0.26 0.98 0.21\n Correct BRT Prediction 12.8% 8.1% 10.0% 4.7% 13.7% 76.6% 3.6% 12.6% 28.2%\n Correct Probit Prediction 0.6% 0.6% 0.0% 1.0% 1.6% 64.1% 0.0% 0.0% 24.2‘%\\\n\n[0.45]{} ![", "Key explanatory variables by cluster for households that have switched from Biomass to LPG[]{data-label=\"fig:4pics\"}](Figure_7a.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.45]{} ![", "Key explanatory variables by cluster for households that have switched from Biomass to LPG[]{data-label=\"fig:4pics\"}](Figure_7b.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n![", "Key explanatory variables by cluster for households that have switched from Biomass to LPG[]{data-label=\"fig:4pics\"}](Figure_7c.pdf){width=\"0.95\\linewidth\"}\n\n![", "Key explanatory variables by cluster for households that have switched from Biomass to LPG[]{data-label=\"fig:4pics\"}](Figure_7d.pdf){width=\"0.95\\linewidth\"}\n\nThe diversity of characteristics between clusters is notable as it suggests that there is no single combination of determinants that results in a transition to clean cooking fuels, and points to the different and complex transition pathways that [@van_der_kroon_energy_2013] discussed. ", "A comparison of clusters 1 and 2 detailed in table \\[Cluster\\_table\\] and shown in figure \\[fig:4pics\\] serves to illustrate a rural case of such different transition pathways: households in cluster 1 have a mean income of 55,058 INR, are nearly all Northern rural households. ", "They have good provision of water and electricity, with near ubiquity of flush toilets, permanent housing, above average appliance ownership and electricity use, as well as above average levels of female education. ", "This group represents households that score highly on most of the key determinants, and a higher proportion of these households were correctly predicted to have switched stove by the BRT model. ", "In contrast households in cluster 2 have a lower mean per capita income of 33,054 INR, lower female education levels, lower prevalence of flush toilets, fewer hours of piped water and electricity access, lower electricity consumption and higher average biomass consumption while having lower appliance ownership. ", "However households in cluster 2 all have permanent housing, have been settled for over 80 years and still have better than average availability of electricity and water. ", "This suggests that despite their lower income these households still have access to a better than average level of physical infrastructure, but their high biomass use relative to cluster 1 suggests that there is a higher prevalence of fuel stacking in households of cluster 2.", "\n\nThe existence of different transition pathways can also be observed between urban clusters 4 and 5. ", "Cluster 4 represents above average income households with a per capita annual income of 46,401 INR, and above average education of the head female of the household, access to flush toilets, hours of electricity, and appliance ownership. ", "Cluster 4 also largely represents northern urban households. ", "Households in cluster 5 are also urban, but have markedly lower mean per capita annual income of 29,561 INR, and low prevalence of flush toilets, lower electricity consumption, lower levels of head female education, appliance ownership, and mean biomass consumption double that of cluster 4. ", "Cluster 5 have a high proportion of households employed in stable jobs, and have equally good availability of water and electricity as those households in cluster 4, as well as being settled in their current neighbourhood for longer and containing more Southern households. ", "These longer established households with steady employment are likely to have stronger communities with good ’social infrastructure’, with better relationships and sharing of information between neighbours. ", "A greater proportion of households in cluster 5 were correctly predicted to transition by the BRT model as they score highly on key determinants such as region, profession, and change in fuel distance while not lagging too far behind the mean on other key determinants. ", "These households are likely to have a higher prevalence of fuel stacking as evidenced by the higher mean biomass use, where biomass fuels may offer a back up fuel when LPG is not available, or in months when household income needs to be spent on other priorities.", "\n\nIt is interesting to note the uneven distribution of correct model predictions across the clusters, that is the rate of true positives in the test subset of the dataset present in each cluster. ", "The probit model fails to predict a significant proportion of transitions in any cluster but 6 and 9 where it correctly predicted 64.1% and 24.2% of stove transitions respectively. ", "These are the clusters which score highly in nearly all the determinants and are easy identification targets for the model. ", "The BRT model does correctly identify a low percentage of stove switching in several other clusters but similarly performs best at identifying stove switching households in clusters 6 and 9. ", "The clusters other than 6 and 9 do not score highly on nearly all determinants, but rather score highly on specific combinations of key determinants. ", "Levels of access to both physical infrastructure - indicated by variables including housing quality, hours of electricity, piped water availability, and flush toilet availability - and/or social infrastructure - indicated by variables including years since migration and caste - seem to be important to transition to clean cooking. ", "As we have shown, households with different non-income characteristics can still have similarly suitable levels of physical and social infrastructure to enable clean cooking transition even though not all of these combinations of characteristic would be identified by a predictive model.", "\n\nIt is notable that there is a greater share of biomass use in households which are more income poor, or have poorer access to infrastructure both social and physical, even though they have switched their main stove to a clean non-biomass stove. ", "The use of fuel stacking to manage energy services in the household as described by [@van_der_kroon_energy_2013], was widespread amongst households that switched stove. ", "Understanding the energy practices and decisions leading to such fuel stacking behaviours requires an understanding at a household level such as demonstrated by [@khalid_homely_2017] in order to enable policy interventions to promote greater uptake of sustained clean cooking among such households.", "\n\nLimitations and Future Work\n===========================\n\nThis analysis does face a limitation due to the nature of the IHDS dataset which is representative at the national level. ", "It serves to make some crucial comparisons between regions and states. ", "Differences in the non-income drivers that determine clean cooking transitions and the interaction between physical and social infrastructure and household energy practices all take place at a local scale. ", "Larger sample size surveys at a city scale could be used to identify and characterise the different transition pathways of different groups of households. ", "Additional data on the current fuels used, different energy end uses within a household and time of use, as well as aspirations of households would be invaluable. ", "In addition such detailed surveys could include some qualitative interviews with households discussing their energy practices and decisions to provide context to the data. ", "For example this could provide an understanding of the non-monetary trade-offs considered by households when switching to LPG.", "\n\nThe authors note that promisingly a number of recent studies including by [@debnath_how_2019] and [@sharma_socio-economic_2019] in this journal have carried out local case studies exploring the influence of non-income drivers on changes in energy practices, appliance ownership, and fuel use. ", "Further work with larger and more widely representative samples of such local data is needed while embracing alternative analytical tools such as ensemble methods and clustering analyses alongside qualitative approaches which can help identify the complex action of non-income factors and identify different pathways to transition.", "\n\nConclusions and Policy Implications\n===================================\n\nThis study has used unsupervised machine learning methods in a two stage analysis using predictive modelling to characterise the non-income determinants of a switch from a biomass to a non-biomass stove by Indian households, and descriptive modelling to identify groups of households with similar energy transition pathways. ", "Using the panel IHDS dataset with over 32,000 households surveyed in 2004/5 and 2011/12, this study uses ensemble machine learning predictive modelling and descriptive clustering analysis to identify households that are missed by current policy interventions.", "\n\nNorth-eastern and southern households had a greater probability of switching from a biomass to non-biomass stove, as did those whose head of household was employed in non manual labour professions. ", "Several determinants displayed a threshold relationship with stove switching, and were only influential determinants of stove switching beyond a given value - for example availability of electricity above 15 hours a day was associated with a increasing stove switching, similarly where the head female of the household had more than 10 years of education a similar increasing probability of stove switching was observed. ", "The influence of other determinants was characterised by multiple thresholds or regimes for example low appliance ownership of both cooking and IT appliances was had a plateau of greatest marginal effect for households with ownership between 10 and 50% with slightly lower probability of fuel switching for households with higher appliance ownership and negligible chance of switching below this range.", "\n\nOur study found that the BRT model performed better than the probit model in predicting whether households switched, however both models performed relatively poorly in identifying the households that did switch compared to those that did not. ", "The clustering analysis showed that there were nine clearly distinguishable groups of household that had switched. ", "Each cluster is defined by different combinations of key determinants. ", "However nearly all the households correctly identified by the predictive models were grouped in only two of the clusters. ", "The other groups of households represent those typically missed out by predictive models and policies informed by such models. ", "The two stage approach in this study provided additional insight over simple predictive models by determining not only the trends in the data but also the latent groups of households within the sample which followed different cooking transition pathways.", "\n\nThere are two major implications from this study for policy interventions aiming to alleviate energy poverty and promote transition to sustained use of cleaner cooking fuels. ", "Firstly, local regional and city-scale variation must be taken into account in the design of policies so as to target policy to the energy needs of local households. ", "This could for example involve accounting for regional variations in cooking practices, such as a preference for bread over rice. ", "This adds to previous studies in India showing that income alone is not the best metric for targeting interventions for clean cooking transition [@sehjpal_going_2014], and supports a conclusion of [@kebede_can_2002] that local variations must be factored into the design and tailoring of policies.", "\n\nThe second key implication is that households follow different energy transition pathways, even within the same region or city, and each will be responsive to different incentives and therefore a single policy measure will not be effective at promoting clean cooking transition for all households. ", "Effective policy needs to enact a range of interventions, beyond fuel subsidies to help overcome the barriers to transition faced by households on these different transition pathways. ", "In some cases this may be linked to financial barriers, but it may also require addressing infrastructure, legal issues, or even education and community barriers. ", "Targeted data collection with clearly designed survey instruments could offer a means to tailor analysis leveraging a combination of data science techniques, thus maximising the information gained to support the design of more effective policy to address these.", "\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nThe authors are grateful for EPSRC support through the CDT in Future Infrastructure and Built Environment (EP/L016095/1) and to Indian Institute of Human Settlements, India. ", "AP Neto-Bradley is supported by the The Leathersellers’ Company and Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge.", "\n\nData Availability\n=================\n\nDatasets related to this article can be found at the following online repositories: IHDS-I dataset - http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR22626.v8, and the IHDS-II dataset - http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36151.v2 an open-source online data repository hosted by the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) (Desai et al. ", "2010)\n\nReferences {#references .unnumbered}\n==========\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Will I Get a White Christmas in 2020?", "\n\n© 2020 Santa Claus and all the little elves at WilliGetaWhiteChristmas" ]

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[ "\n51 B.R. 482 (1985)\nGeorge W. LEDFORD Chapter 13 Trustee, Plaintiff,\nv.\nSOCIETY BANK, Defendant.", "\nIn the Matter of Thomas H. STUMP, Jr. Cassandra D. Stump, Debtors.", "\nBankruptcy No. ", "3-84-01883, Adv. ", "No. ", "3-85-0004.", "\nUnited States Bankruptcy Court, S.D. Ohio, W.D.\nJuly 31, 1985.", "\nGeorge W. Ledford, Englewood, Ohio, trustee.", "\nCharles B. Fox and Timothy Dempsey, Dayton, Ohio, for debtors.", "\nDavid B. Pariser, Columbus, Ohio, for defendant.", "\n\nDECISION AND ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT\nWILLIAM A. CLARK, Bankruptcy Judge.", "\nOn January 2, 1985 the Chapter 13 Trustee filed an adversary complaint, accompanied by certain exhibits, alleging that defendant, Society Bank, had received a preferential transfer from the debtors, Thomas and Cassandra Stump, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 547(b) of the Bankruptcy Code. ", "Defendant, Society Bank, filed its answer on January 29, 1985 asserting that the transfer was excepted from the preference provisions of the Bankruptcy Code by either 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(1) as a \"contemporaneous exchange\" or by 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(3), which deals with \"enabling loans.", "\"[1] On March 4, 1985 the Trustee, *483 pursuant to BANKR.R. 7056 and FED.R. CIV.P. 56, moved for a summary judgment on the grounds that the pleadings demonstrated no genuine issue as to any material fact and that plaintiff is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.", "\n\nFACTS\nOn the basis of the pleadings, the exhibits attached to the plaintiff's complaint and certain admissions made by the plaintiff at the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, the undisputed facts appear as follows:\nOn or about July 10, 1984 defendant, Society Bank, loaned $2,425.04 to the debtors, which was evidenced by a security agreement and promissory note signed by the debtors. ", "The purpose of the loan was to enable the debtors to purchase a 1977 Oldsmobile Omega, which was described in the security agreement, and, in fact, these funds were used by the debtors to purchase the automobile. ", "On August 15, 1984 (36 days after the loan was made) a certificate of title was issued in the names of the debtors and on the same day the lien of defendant, Society Bank, was noted on the certificate of title as the first lien.", "\n\nCONCLUSIONS OF LAW\nThe issue is whether the transactions between the debtors and creditor fulfill the requirements of 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(3), thereby preventing the Trustee from avoiding the transfer under 11 U.S.C. § 547(b) of the Bankruptcy Code.[2]\n11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(3), which protects transfers by a debtor made as a result of \"enabling loans,\" provides that a trustee may not avoid as a preference a transfer —\n(3) of a security interest in property acquired by the debtor —\n(A) to the extent such security interest secures new value that was —\n(i) given at or after the signing of a security agreement that contains a description of such property as collateral;\n(ii) given by or on behalf of the secured party under such agreement;\n(iii) given to enable the debtor to acquire such property; and\n(iv) in fact used by the debtor to acquire such property; and\n(B) that is perfected before 10 days after such security interest attaches;[3] [emphasis supplied]\n*484 From the undisputed facts it is clear that the four conditions of subparagraph (A) are satisfied. ", "The only remaining question is whether the creditor's security interest was perfected before 10 days after the security interest attached. ", "It can not be overemphasized that the clear statutory language refers to the period of time between attachment and perfection, not to the interval between the signing of the security agreement or the date that funds are loaned and perfection.", "\nOhio law provides that attachment of a security interest occurs after three events take place. ", "OHIO REV.CODE § 1309.14 [U.C.C. § 9-203]:\n(A) [A] security interest is not enforceable against the debtor or third parties with respect to the collateral and does not attach unless:\n(1) the collateral is in the possession of the secured party pursuant to agreement, or the debtor has signed a security agreement which contains a description of collateral ...;\n(2) value has been given; and\n(3) the debtor has rights in the collateral.", "\nOn July 10, 1984 the debtors signed a security agreement, which contained a description of the collateral, and Society Bank gave value in the amount of $2,425.04. ", "But the security interest of Society Bank did not attach until the debtors acquired rights in the collateral. ", "Under Ohio law the debtors did not have rights in the automobile until a certificate of title was issued in their names.", "\nNo person acquiring a motor vehicle from its owner, whether the owner is a manufacturer, importer, dealer, or any other person, shall acquire any right, title, claim, or interest in or to the motor vehicle until such person has had issued to him a certificate of title to the motor vehicle, or delivered to him a manufacturer's or importer's certificate for it; and no waiver or estoppel operates in favor of such person against a person having possession of the certificate of title, or manufacturer's or importer's certificate for the motor vehicle, for a valuable consideration. ", "OHIO REV.CODE § 4505.04.", "\nOn August 15, 1984 a certificate of title was issued in the debtors' name, thereby giving the debtors rights in the collateral and completing the last event necessary for Society Bank's security interest to attach to the collateral.[4]\nA security interest is perfected in a motor vehicle in Ohio, not by filing a financing statement, but by a notation of the creditor's lien on the certificate of title. ", "OHIO REV.CODE § 1309.21 [U.C.C. § 9-302]; OHIO REV.CODE § 4505.13. ", "The security interest of Society Bank was noted on the debtors' certificate of title on August 15, 1984. ", "Thus attachment and perfection occurred on the same day, fulfilling the requirement of 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(3)(B) that a security interest be perfected before 10 days after it attaches.", "\n\n* * * * * *\nMost of the cases cited by the Trustee in support of his position are distinguishable from the case at bar.", "\nIn re Arnett, 731 F.2d 358 (6th Cir.1984), did not involve an \"enabling loan,\" but rather was decided on the basis of whether *485 a \"contemporaneous exchange\" existed as provided by the exception of 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(1). ", "In that case the debtors already owned their motor vehicle and possessed a certificate of title when they obtained a loan and granted a security interest to the creditor. ", "Thus, the security interest attached on the day the loan was made and perfection of the lien (by notation on the certificate of title) 33 days later clearly exceeded the gap of 10 days between attachment and perfection permitted by the enabling loan exception.", "\nIn re Meritt, 7 B.R. 876 (Bankr.", "W.D.Mo. ", "1980), did not involve a certificate of title law. ", "It appears that after the creditor's security interest attached to the debtor's equipment, a period of nine months elapsed before a financing statement was filed. ", "The court concluded that no contemporaneous exchange existed.", "\nIn In re Pingel, 17 B.R. 236 (Bankr.", "S.D. Oh.1982), the debtors obtained title to their motor vehicle, which caused the creditor's security interest to attach, and a year later perfection of the lien was made when the lien was noted on debtors' certificate of title. ", "Again, there was no fulfillment of the enabling loan exception and the court found no contemporaneous exchange.", "\nNor is the case of Ledford v. First National Bank of Dayton (In re Brown), 46 B.R. 615 (Bankr.", "S.D.Oh.1985), applicable to the instant matter. ", "There a previously secured loan of the debtor was \"rewritten\" and a new lien of the creditor simply replaced its previous lien on the certificate of title. ", "The court explicitly found that neither the \"enabling loan\" exception nor the \"contemporaneous exchange\" exception was decisive. ", "Instead, there was no preference because one of the basic elements of a preferential transfer was lacking: the substitute lien did not permit the creditor to receive more than it would have received if the transfer had not been made as required by 11 U.S.C. § 547(b)(5)(B).[5]\nThe focus of the court in In re Davis, 734 F.2d 604 (11th Cir.1984), was whether the \"contemporaneous exchange\" exception protects a lien securing an enabling loan from avoidance as a preference, where the lien was perfected beyond the ten day grace period allowed by 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(3). ", "Little discussed was the fact that the transaction did not fall within the \"enabling loan\" exception. ", "The collateral in Davis was farm equipment. ", "The creditor delayed for a period of 20 days between the granting of the security interest and the filing of a financing statement. ", "Implicit in the court's decision is that the security interest attached on the day of purchase. ", "There is no conflict between Davis and this court's present decision. ", "In Davis there was no certificate of title law involved which might have delayed the debtor in acquiring rights in the collateral.", "\nThe decision of In re Mandrell, 39 B.R. 455 (Bankr.", "M.D.Tn.1984), lends support to the Trustee's position. ", "Although the debtors resided in a state with a certificate of title law, the court found that the debtors obtained rights in the collateral prior to the issuance of the certificate of title. ", "Because the court did not embellish this conclusion nor discuss the concept of attachment, this court is unable to analyze Mandrell in terms of the rationale applied to the instant case.", "\nIt is important to note that the force of this decision may be of limited duration. ", "As discussed in footnote 3, subsequent to October 8, 1984, the 10 day grace period of 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(3) begins running on the date the debtor receives possession of the collateral, and not on the date the security interest attaches.", "\nFor the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ORDERED that Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment be DENIED.", "\nNOTES\n[1] Because of the holding in the instant proceeding that the transactions between the debtors and creditor fall within the \"enabling loan\" exception, the question of \"contemporaneous exchange\" is not reached.", "\n[2] 11 U.S.C. § 547(b) reads as follows:\n\n(b) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, the trustee may avoid any transfer of property of the debtor —\n(1) to or for the benefit of a creditor;\n(2) for or on account of an antecedent debt owed by the debtor before such transfer was made;\n(3) made while the debtor was insolvent;\n(4) made —\n(A) on or within 90 days before the date of the filing of the petition;\n(B) * * * * *\n(5) that enables such creditor to receive more than such creditor would receive if —\n(A) the case were a case under chapter 7 of this title;\n(B) the transfer had not been made; and\n(C) such creditor received payment of such debt to the extent provided by the provisions of this title.", "\nIt is assumed, here, that the elements of a preference have been satisfied and that the only inquiry is into whether an exception under 11 U.S.C. § 547(c) exists.", "\n[3] This case is controlled by the version of 11 U.S.C. § 547 that existed prior to the Bankruptcy Amendments & Federal Judgeship Act of 1984, Pub.", "L. No. ", "98-353.", "\n\n11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(3) \"was designed to accommodate the purchase money security interest now provided for in Uniform Commercial Code § 9-107.\" ", "However, there was an incongruity between the two provisions. \"", "UCC § 9-301(2) gives the purchase money secured creditor a 10-day grace filing period computed from when the debtor has possession of the collateral. ", "The Bankruptcy Code, however, computes the 10-day period from the date when the security interest `attaches.'\" ", "Kaye, Preferences Under the New Bankruptcy Code, 54 AM.BANKR.L.J. 197, 205 (1980).", "\n\"The Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984 conformed Section 547(c)(3)(B) to Section 9-301(d)(2) of the Uniform Commercial Code by changing `before 10 days' to `on or before 10 days,' and by changing `after such security interest attaches' to `after the debtor receives possession of such property.'\" ", "COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 547.39 n. 4 (15th ed. ", "1985).", "\nIn the instant matter the date that the debtors acquired possession of their motor vehicle is not stated in the facts and this court deems it unimportant under § 547(c)(3) as it existed prior to October 8, 1984, the date the amendment to § 547(c)(3) became effective.", "\n[4] It should not be inferred that a state statute may prevent a bankruptcy court from recognizing rights and interests of debtors where nonrecognition of rights would conflict with the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. ", "In In re Easy Living, 407 F.2d 142 (6th Cir.1969), the court held that innocent purchasers, who were defrauded by a bankrupt, were entitled to be issued certificates of title, despite the provisions of OHIO REV.CODE § 4505.04. ", "But in the proceeding at bar, there is no indication that equitable grounds exist to override Ohio's statute regarding the effect of a certificate of title on ownership nor is a conflict with the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code evident.", "\n[5] The case also involved an attempt to secure a previously unsecured loan with the new lien. ", "This portion of the lien was avoided because of the lack of a \"contemporaneous exchange.\"", "\n" ]

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[ "Another grew invention for any kind of sex is the throw- a waterproof blanket that can go underneath you during intercourse of any sort and keeps bodily fluids from reaching your carpet, mattress, couch… wherever you lay it down. ", "Really important thread on how recent legislation makes sex workers much more unsafe Whatever you think of the mor… https: The anal sphincters are two donut-shaped bands of muscle stacked on top of each other. ", "Want to Learn more? ", "Wearing gloves can also help reduce the chances of damaging delicate anal tissues and creates a more frictionless surface. ", "It has been reposted here for posterity." ]

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[ "You may also be eligible for a deferment based on qualifying active duty service in the U.S. Armed Forces or National Guard. ", "Refer to the MPN for your loan or contact your servicer for more information about specific qualifications for deferment based on military service.", "\n\nIn most cases, you need to submit a deferment request to your loan servicer along with documentation of your eligibility for the deferment.", "\n\nIf you've gone back to school and your loan servicer receives enrollment information that shows you're enrolled at least half time, it will automatically put your loans into deferment and notify you. ", "You have the option of canceling the deferment and continuing to make payments on your loan.", "\n\nIf you are in default on your loan, you are not eligible for a deferment or forbearance.", "\n\nForbearance\n\nIf you can't make your scheduled loan payments, but don't qualify for a deferment, we may be able to give you a forbearance. ", "A forbearance allows you to temporarily stop making payments on your loan, temporarily make smaller payments, or extend the time for making payments. ", "Some common reasons for getting a forbearance are illness, financial hardship or serving in a medical or dental internship or residency. ", "See your copy of the Borrower's Rights and Responsibilities Statement for more examples. ", "You can also get more information by contacting your loan servicer.", "\n\nUnder certain circumstances, we can automatically give you a forbearance, for instance, while we're processing a deferment, forbearance, cancellation, change in repayment plan or consolidation, or if you're involved in a military mobilization or a local or national emergency." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "The Sandwich spectrometer for ultra low-level gamma-ray spectrometry.", "\nThe technical details and performance of the newly developed Sandwich spectrometer for ultra low-level gamma-ray spectrometry are presented. ", "The spectrometer, which consists of two HPGe detectors, an active muon shield and a lead/copper shield with a convenient and rapid opening mechanism, is located in an underground laboratory at a depth of 500 m water equivalent. ", "The data is collected in list mode, which enables off-line data analysis to identify muon-induced events and possible Ge detector crosstalk due to Compton scattering. ", "The background count-rate from 40 to 2700 keV normalised to the mass of the Ge crystals is 220 day(-1)kg(-1)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The need for versatile and economic industrial scale technologies for culturing anchorage-dependent mammalian cells is becoming more evident. ", "This is a result of the increasing demand for vaccines and the use of mammalian cells for some of the new, emerging biopharmaceuticals. ", "Microcarrier beads in bioreactor systems are being applied as a large scale production method. ", "SoloHill is developing a family of unique microcarrier products which are superior to those currently available. ", "The overall aim of this research is to develop a novel small microcarrier bead (38-63 micromoles) which will foster the aggregation of cells. ", "This will encourage the use of microcarriers for conditions where higher cell densities have been shown to be advantageous. ", "Specifically we will (l) demonstrate that higher cell densities can be achieved under conditions where extensive clumping occurs. ", "We will characterize the bead-to-bead clumps on small (less than 63 micromoles) and large (150-212 micromoles) beads. ", "And, we will (2) demonstrate that cells maintained under conditions of high cell density on clumped beads are metabolically active and produce higher levels of useful products including infectious virus than cells grown under conventional conditions (in which clumping is minimized)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }

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[ "Q:\n\nAndroid - What is this component?", "\n\nI saw a component in an application which shows a small pop-up with a textView when we tap on a button, but the pop-up disappear when we scroll through the page. ", "The pop-up is displayed just under the button, with an arrow in the direction of the button.", "\nI don't know what it is. ", "Please tell me at least the name of the component or a link to an article of android developer's documentation. ", "\n\nA:\n\nThere are several libraries which can popup tooltips given a view as the anchor. ", "Hope these help you!", "\n\nAndroid ToolTips (with Play Store demo, requires min SDK version 15)\nhttps://github.com/rharter/android-tooltips\nSimple Tool Tip (Requires min SDK version 8 only)\nhttps://github.com/xizzhu/simple-tool-tip\nViewTooltip (Requires min SDK version 14)\nhttps://github.com/florent37/ViewTooltip\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs trading Bitcoins/Altcoins Halal or Haram? (", "sunni view)\n\nI would like to know if trading with Bitcoin and altcoin to make profit is halal? ", "I've searched for the subject but I only found different opinions for currency trading.", "\nI think that crypto-currency is little bit different, it's not stored in banks, I can keep it in my machine, and trading purposes I had to store my coins in a website then for every exchange there's some fees, these fees differ from one trading platform to another. ", "The fees may be composed of: \n\nFees for exchange which are imposed by the currency.", "\nFees for the website to keep the trading platform running.", "\n\nThis post about bitcoin in islam is quite interesting if you want to read more about the subject1\n\nA:\n\nBitcoin is not a traditional note based currency but similar to commodities like gold, silver etc , some would call it a cryptocommodity which is indeed intrinsically accountable and can be proven to exist if required. ", "\nOther currencies like notes are impossible to trace intrinsically and are essentially contract papers whereas a bitcoin stores the entire transaction history(under the larger bitcoin framework). ", "\nIslam requires accountability of the commodity spent and you just cant duplicate currency notes to fulfill demand like how govts do with paper currency. ", "Inbuilt Accountability of bitcoin allows the bitcoin commodity to be traceable and thus cant be duplicated on demand.", "\nFar from haram I would say that bitcoin is the currency best suited according to the laws of Islam which required the currency to have intrinsic value not just a signed piece of paper whose value can be lost due to various circumstances. ", "\nThe best thing about bitcoin is that it is not controlled by central banks and the bitcoin you possess is the actual \"coin\" which was virtually mined. ", "So it does have an intrinsic value which is nothing but proportional to the difficulty to mine it. ", "This is similar to how difficult it is to mine real gold. ", "\nAlso, real currency which Islam allows is deflationary in nature that i.e its value always rises e.g: Gold, the value of gold increases as the resource is limited and is being used up. ", "Whereas in the paper currency its inflationary as more notes a printed to keep up with the demand thus reducing the value per note. ", "The total number of Bitcoins also are limited to a few million hence its value will always rise.", "\nThus I would even go on to say that using bitcoin is more halal then using currency notes supplied by the reserve banks.", "\n\nA:\n\nBitcoin is a currency.", "\nYou can trade any currency for any others and this is halal.", "\nThe value of a currency is not fixed. ", "The value may go up or may go down for many reasons in the view of other currencies. ", "If you buy a currency with another one and the value of the currency that you bought raise it means that you gained profit.", "\nSome persons may not like that people use the currencies that governments cannot see and trace it. ", "Bitcoin can be in ownership of a person and that person can decide what to do with that. ", "\nTrading in some cases is not halal. ", "When trade something that is not halal like buying goods that you know they are stolen. ", "When the result of trading damages the Islamic society and you may know about it (Ayatollah Shirazi and his verdict against tobacco). ", "\nWhen the trading is result to riba gain that is not halal. ", "For example if someone gives another person amount of money and sell a goods like a chocolate for it's interest of the money that he gave the other one and the one who got the money in the debt of the first one for the money and the chocolate that he bought it is riba. (", "suppose the chocolate worth 1$ but he bought that 1000$)\nAs gaining profit in forex is halal if you gain profit from the raising value of bitcoin that you have you gain a halal profit. ", "If you are shia you must remember you should pay your Khums as the bitcoin is in your ownership and you must calculate the value of those amount of bitcoin that you have.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Realm Keepers Art Contest\n\nI’m holding an art competition for the release of my new book, Midrealm.", "\n\nA few things I’m hoping to achieve with this:\n\nObviously, I want to get more eyes on the book. ", "Not gonna lie, I’m hoping this helps. ", "BUT, I also want to help artists get more eyes on THEIR work. ", "I’m not asking for the rights to anyone’s art. ", "I’ve established terms and conditions so that I can’t use or profit from their work. ", "By the same token, they can’t sell their work based on our book without a separate merchandising contract.", "\n\nI’m really hoping that through this contest, I can find an artist whose work I like enough to collaborate with on future artwork for Realm Keepers, particularly for merchandising. ", "Realm Keepers t-shirts? ", "Calendars? ", "I’d love it all.", "\n\nI love fantasy art. ", "Any conceptual art based on my favorite stories like Lord of the Rings or Game of Thrones helps my enjoyment of the book tremendously. ", "Why not outsource some fantasy art for a series and find inspiration for characters, story lines and locations?", "\n\nWhat do you think? ", "Have you ever considered or tried an art contest for your own series?", "\n\nOver 100,000 readers have read and loved Garrett's books, like the fantasy hits Nightblade and Midrealm. ", "He's also a film festival favorite with movies like Unsaid, and a tech guru who posts lots of helpful how-tos for writers and filmmakers over at garrettbrobinson.com." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy can't I execute a client-side hook script when committing a switched path?", "\n\nI have got an SVN repository (version 1.9.2), and I am using a TortoiseSVN client (version 1.9.2) on a Windows 7 (x64) machine. ", "There are client-side hook scripts (start-commit, pre-commit and post-commit), which are stored within the repository and of course available in the local working copy. ", "They scripts are installed by using the special properties tsvn:startcommithook, tsvn:precommithook and tsvn:postcommithook, each pointing to the respective script file using the %REPOROOT% variable to avoid having to specify the absolute working copy path.", "\nWhen I commit changes to the repository, the hook scripts (batch files, .bat) all work fine.", "\nHowever, when I try to commit changes to files in a switched path, the following error appears:\n\nAnd the commit cannot be done after confirming the message, the commit dialog does not appear.", "\nI believe this error is not triggered by the hook scripts (because there is no change when I write exit 0 or exit 1 into the scripts as the only command), but by TortoiseSVN when trying to execute them, which, for some reason, seems not to be able to find the respective script any more.", "\nSo how can I use hook scripts that are located in the repository and hence in the working copy?", "\n\nReplacing the variable %REPOROOT% by full absolute paths does not change the behaviour at all.", "\nWhen I replace variable %REPOROOT% by %REPOROOT+% in the tsvn:*commithook properties, nothing changes for switched paths (so the aforementioned error message appears), but for standard paths, no hook script is executed and there is no error message after all.", "\n\nJust as a side note: to verify whether or not a hook script is attempted to be fired, I rely on appearance of the approval/reject dialog of TortoiseSVN:\n\nA:\n\nWork-Around\nTo work around the issue, just commit the parent directory of the switch path rather than the switched path itself or a child item of it.", "\nJust to have mentioned it: it does not change behaviour to apply the hook script property recursively.", "\n\nSyntax for Hook Script Path (properties tsvn:*hook)\nFirst of all, when specifying the path to a hook script, it is very important that as soon as you use one of the placeholders %REPOROOT% or %REPOROOT+%, you must use the forward-slash / as the path separator. ", "I believe this is linked to the fact that these variables contain the URL to the repository root internally, according to the documentation, but not a local working copy (WC) path. ", "For fixed local paths, both forward-slashes / and backslashes \\ are accepted.", "\nIn case the path contains SPACEs, you must put it in between quotation marks; you might use quotation in general as it does not harm anyway.", "\n\nNormal vs. Switched Path, Directory Levels\nLet us assume we have a repository at D:\\TEST\\repo containing /trunk, /branches, /tags and /hooks at top-level, a script script.bat in /hooks with the content exit 0, a file called file.txt in /trunk, a branch of /trunk at /branches/test and another branch of /trunk at /branch; the WC is checked out at D:\\TEST\\wc, but we have a sparse checkout so that only /trunk and /hooks are there (both fully recursively).", "\nThen set up a new property tsvn:startcommithook at the WC root, like this:\n\nNow try to commit anything at any WC location (root, /trunk, etc.); ", "the hook script approve/reject dialog appears, showing the following hook script path, which is the correct one, so the script actually runs upon clicking 'Run':\n\nNow switch the local WC path D:\\TEST\\wc\\trunk to /branches/test, then try to commit the local WC file file.txt; the approve/reject dialog shows the following wrong path this time:\n\nWhen clicking 'Run', the script cannot be executed, obviously:\n\nBut when switching the local WC path D:\\TEST\\wc\\trunk to /branch now and trying to commit the local WC file file.txt, the approve/reject dialog shows the correct path again like above, and the script is able to run.", "\nSo apparently, different depths in the directory hierarchy level of normal and switched paths seem to derogate proper expansion of the placeholder %REPOROOT%.", "\nThis behaviour is exactly the same in case the hook script has been committed or not.", "\nConfirmed Bug\nI reported the aforementioned behaviour here, it has been confirmed to be a bug there, which has meanwhile been fixed in r28670 and will therefore no longer be present in versions beyond 1.12.2.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Sat-IP\n\nSAT>IP (or Sat-IP) specifies an IP-based Client-Server communication protocol for a TV gateway in which SAT>IP servers, connected to one or more DVB broadcast sources, send the program selected and requested by an SAT>IP client over an IP based local area network in either unicast for the one requesting client or multicast in one datastream for several SAT>IP clients.", "\n\nWhile the system, originating from the DBS satellite operator SES, is originally geared towards receiving and distributing satellite broadcasts in DVB-S or DVB-S2 encoding, SAT>IP also specifies formats for the SAT>IP client request to specify programs broadcast via DVB-C and DVB-T.\n\nOnly the SAT>IP servers need tuning hardware and software specific to the DVB-broadcast system(s) being used; SAT>IP clients can be any IP-enabled client multimedia device – Tablets, PCs, laptops, Smartphones, “connected” TVs, video game consoles, media players or others.", "\n\nThe main difference of SAT>IP to other IP-based multi-media distribution systems such as IP-TV and DLNA is that the SAT>IP client does not select a program from a server specific list, but has to specify the DVB reception parameters such as the signal source (typically the satellite number in a DiSEqC switch), frequency, polarisation, Modulation system and type, the wanted PIDs and others. ", "The SAT>IP client would rely for this on an Extended M3U Channel list.", "\n\nThe SAT>IP protocol is standardized as CENELEC EN50585.", "\n\nHistory\n\nSES unveiled and demonstrated SAT>IP at the fifth annual SES Industry Days conference showing the distribution of satellite programmes over CAT5 Ethernet, Power Line, plastic optical fibre and WiFi networks. ", "The first devices implementing the SAT>IP protocol became available in 2012.", "\n\nOverview\nSAT>IP is particularly aimed at satellite TV distribution in the home but can be applied to large multi-dwelling and hospitality reception systems too.", "\n\nConventional satellite TV reception systems convert the received transmissions to an intermediate frequency (IF) for distribution via dedicated coaxial cables to one or more satellite tuners and demodulators in set-top boxes. ", "SAT>IP allows the satellite TV distribution to share a data network and enables display and viewing of the signals on any multimedia IP device equipped with suitable software. ", "Multiple SAT>IP servers and clients can operate on the same network with both free-to-air and encrypted pay-TV transmissions.", "\n\nThe intention of the SAT>IP Project is to make SAT>IP an international standard that can be widely implemented worldwide and compatible across manufacturers and operators.", "\n\nThe SAT>IP protocol was developed jointly by the SAT>IP Project partners, satellite operator SES, UK broadcaster BSkyB, and Danish TV software company Craftwork. ", "Prototype SAT>IP equipment and the first certified SAT>IP converter was developed by Inverto Digital Labs, a Luxembourg-based Set Top Box and software designer. ", "SAT>IP is a license free technology available to all manufacturers.", "\n\nSAT>IP Alliance\nIn April 2015, at the Las Vegas NAB Show, six satellite operators and equipment manufacturers announced the formation of the SAT>IP Alliance, a coalition to develop compatible hardware and software for SAT>IP technology. ", "At this time, the SAT>IP Alliance founding members were SES, Hispasat, Panasonic, Nagra, ALi Corporation, and MaxLinear.", "\n\nIn September 2015, Eutelsat joined the SAT>IP Alliance as a founder member and the third satellite operator. ", "In May 2017 Irdeto and Verimatrix joined. ", "As of April 2019, the SAT>IP Alliance members are:\nArcadyan\nEutelsat\nHispasat\nIrdeto\nMaxLinear\nNagra\nPanasonic\nSES\nVerimatrix\nZinwell\n\nThe SAT>IP Alliance's declared aim is to an open, non-profit industry alliance to promote and further develop SAT>IP.", "\n\nIn September 2017, the DVB consortium of broadcasters, manufacturers, network operators, software developers, and regulators announced an agreement with the SAT>IP Alliance on the future development of the SAT>IP specification and that future promotion of the technology will be conducted jointly, allowing the overall DVB community to contribute to SAT>IP features and services.", "\n\nSAT>IP Server\n\nThe SAT>IP server removes the RF tuner and demodulator from the client device, providing their functions as a common resource of the IP network. ", "The server will typically contain two or more tuners to serve several clients with different channels simultaneously. ", "It converts the satellite TV signals to IP in their broadcast quality, transparently without any transcoding, effectively removing the DVB-S/S2 layer and replacing it with an IP transport layer.", "\n\nThis process can happen in a master STB (even as an addition to conventional receiver operation), in a distribution device analogous to an IF multiswitch positioned close to the antenna, or even at the antenna itself in the LNB (an IP-LNB).", "\n\nSAT>IP Protocol\nConverted to IP, the satellite TV signals can be distributed over any IP network, depending on the configuration of the server, using wired Ethernet, wireless (WLAN, 4G), “Power Line” home networks, optical fibre, plastic fibre, coax, twisted pair (xDSL) or visible light technologies. ", "The SAT>IP protocol is independent of manufacturers and was developed to enable SAT>IP client devices to communicate with SAT>IP servers.", "\n\nSAT>IP protocol is a remote tuner protocol based on existing protocols such as IP, UPnP, RTSP, HTTP, which have been complemented with extensions for satellite TV where necessary.", "\n\nThe SAT>IP protocol is split into a media plane and a control plane. ", "In the media plane, the SAT>IP server produces media streams in industry standard unicast or multicast RTP/UDP.", "\n\nIn the control plane, clients request access to satellites, transponders and MPEG streams using RTSP or HTTP. ", "Only those transport stream packages needed for the TV transmission requested are carried over the IP network.", "\n\nThe full protocol description (v1.2.2) is public available at SAT>IP Protocol.", "\n\nEncrypted pay-TV transmission\nThe SAT>IP protocol doesn't provide any specific support for encrypted services. ", "The specification only targets the tuner, and how to access to DVB streams over the network. ", "So if the client wants access to encrypted feeds, it needs to have the correct support for them. ", "This is easy when the client is a device with CAS/CAM hardware support (like a television or set-top-box), but it's unclear how to do it in a PC, mobile or tablet.", "\n\nProducts\nTwo categories of SAT>IP products exist: SAT>IP clients and servers.", "\n\nSAT>IP clients \nSoftware applications to use computers and display devices as SAT>IP clients have been produced by a number of companies.", "\n\n DVBViewer.com:\nDVBViewer Pro is a digital TV viewer and recorder software application for Windows PCs which has been extended to use SAT>IP. ", "The SAT>IP Viewer Android app is available and DVBViewer also produces an Android app for SAT>IP dish alignment, combining a dish angle calculator and signal strength/quality meter.", "\n\n Elgato:\n\nElgato Systems produces an app for Android tablets and phones, and an iOS app for iPad and iPhone as a SAT>IP client.", "\n\nTara Systems\nThe Inaris SAT>IP viewer is available as an app for both Android and iOS devices.", "\n\n tivizen:\nThe tvizen SAT>IP app is available free of charge for Android devices.", "\n\nSAT>IP servers \nInverto:\nThe first certified SAT>IP equipment to be produced for commercial sale was the IDL400S Multibox server from Inverto. ", "The Linux-based Multibox can tune to four satellite signals and stream selected TV/Radio programs to four users' tablets, smart phones, smart TVs, game consoles or connected video devices over a wired and/or wireless home network.", "\n\nClients supported by IDL400S Multibox includes iOS and Android Tablets and Smart phones, UPnP/DLNA compliant connected media players and video streamers (e.g. Xtreamer, Boxee), UPnP/DLNA compliant Smart TVs (e.g. Sony, Samsung, Loewe, Philips, LG), PC client (Windows Media Player, VLC player, TVersity, XBMC or Boxee), Connected game consoles, Proprietary Inverto clients (Volksbox Essential, Volksbox 2, Volksbox Movie) and others SAT>IP compliant Clients.", "\n\nZinwell:\nThe Zinwell ZIM-1800 SAT>IP switch/server is the second to be certified to the new standard. ", "The ZIM-1800 offers an opportunity for portable and IP device users to watch rich satellite programmes on their favourite devices, such as iPads, iPhones, Android tablets, smartphones, laptops, smart TVs or any networking devices. ", "The installation and distribution cost can also be significantly reduced by using the Multicast and Unicast features in SMATV systems in hotels and flats.", "\n\nTriax:\nTSS400 server\n\nGSS:\nDSI400 server\n\nSchwaiger:\nMS41IP server and DSR41IP client receiver\n\nTelestar:\nDigibit R1 server and Digibit B1 client receiver\n\nBlankom:\nSIA-108 professional headend streamer\n\nDigital Devices:\nServers producing SAT>IP compatible output over a connected network from cable (DVB-C) and digital terrestrial (DVB-T) tuners have been developed by Digital Devices.", "\n\n Minisatip\nMinisatip is an open source software implementing a SAT>IP server application that runs under Linux. ", "It was tested with DVB-S, DVB-S2, DVB-T, DVB-T2, DVB-C, DVB-C2, ATSC DVB cards.", "\n\n SatPI:\nSatPI is an open source project that implements a SAT>IP server application that runs under Linux. ", "It currently supports DVB-S/S2/T/C cards.", "\n\nIP-LNB active head for satellite dish \nIn April 2013, SES announced the development by Inverto, Abilis and MaxLinear Inc of a prototype SAT>IP LNB (IP-LNB), which was demonstrated at a conference held at SES' headquarters in Luxembourg. ", "The IP-LNB incorporates eight-channel satellite-to-IP bridging technology to deliver eight concurrent channels via IP unicast or multicast to fixed and portable client devices. ", "By combining satellite reception and IP bridging at the dish, the IP-LNB enables satellite content distribution to the home over a single Ethernet cable, which carries both the IP TV and power for the LNB through Power over Ethernet (PoE) technology, reducing the overall system cost and power consumption. ", "As of July 2012, the prototype IP-LNB was being developed into a commercial product.", "\n\nIn September 2013 at the International Broadcasting Convention in Amsterdam, SES demonstrated a prototype IP-LNB, that is a SAT>IP server integrated into an LNB that can deliver eight concurrent HD channels via IP unicast or multicast from its Ethernet output. ", "In June 2015, Triax launched its IP-LNB, providing 8 channels in SAT>IP protocol on a single Ethernet cable, powered over that same cable through Power over Ethernet (PoE) technology.", "\n\nIn May 2015, Korean company I DO IT produced the first flat plate antenna with a built-in SAT>IP server. ", "The Selfsat>IP antenna is 566x300mm in size and includes two conventional LNB outputs and an Ethernet output to stream 8 different satellite channels around a home network.", "\n\nIndustry Support\nThe SAT>IP website recognises the following companies as supporters of the SAT>IP standard: \n\n Arcadyan\n Astro-Strobel\n Broadcom\n Craftwork\n Devolo\n Digital Devices\n DVB Logic\n DVBViewer\n Em-Sys\n Eutelsat\n Fuba\n Futuraque\n Geniatech\n Global Invacom\n GMI\n Grundig SAT Systems\n Hispasat\n Humax\n HyperPanel Lab\n iCube\n Inverto\n Irdeto\n iWedia\n Johansson\n Kathrein\n Labwise\n MaxLinear\n MegaSat\n Microsemi\n Nacamar\n Nagra Kudelski\n Panasonic\n Pyras Technology\n Red Bee Media\n Schwaiger\n Selfsat\n Sensory-Minds\n SES\n SmarDTV\n ST Microelectronics\n Tara Systems\n TechniSat\n Telestar\n Televes\n Tivizen\n Triax Group\n Unitron Group\n Verimatrix\n Vestel\n WatchTVPro\n Wistron Netweb Group\n Zinwell\n\nSee also\nIPTV\nLow-noise block downconverter\nSingle Cable Distribution\nFibre satellite distribution\nSES\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n SAT>IP Website - Official SAT>IP website\n SAT>IP Resources: Protocol Specification, Logos & Compliance, Channel lists, Developer Resources, General Information\n SAT>IP Protocol - directly to SAT>IP Protocol Specification\n SAT>IP - SES SAT>IP page\n OnAstra - Official Astra consumers/viewers' site\n SES - Official SES trade/industry site\n BSkyB - Official BSkyB site\n Craftwork - Official Craftwork site\n Elgato - Elgato SAT>IP App at Google Play\n Inverto - Inverto (manufacturer) site\n Zinwell - Zinwell (manufacturer) site\n Johansson - Johansson (manufacturer) site\n\nCategory:Satellite broadcasting" ]

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[ "This morning, Vulture published an instant-classic interview with Quincy Jones, in which the legendary music producer ragged on the Beatles and Michael Jackson, claimed inside knowledge about JFK’s killer, and called Harvey Weinstein a “jive motherfucker.” ", "The talk’s most colorful moment had to do with the sexual habits of Marlon Brando, whom Jones asserts would “fuck a mailbox.” ", "According to Jones, Brando—who acknowledged having “homosexual experiences” during his lifetime—had encounters with a variety of iconic men: James Baldwin, Marvin Gaye, and Richard Pryor.", "\n\nNone of those three are alive to talk about it, so TMZ called up the next-best person: Pryor’s widow Jennifer. ", "It’s true, she said:\n\n“It was the ’70s! ", "Drugs were still good, especially quaaludes. ", "If you did enough cocaine, you’d f*** a radiator and send it flowers in the morning.”", "\n\nAccording to Jennifer Pryor, Richard was open with his friends about his bisexuality, and wrote about it “extensively” in diaries she hopes to publish later this year. ", "Congrats to Richard Pryor on going to bed with one of the most handsome men in the history of the human race." ]

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[ "Maurilia iconica\n\nMaurilia iconica is a moth of the family Nolidae first described by Francis Walker in 1857. ", "It is found in Indo-Australian tropics of Sri Lanka, Australia to the islands of Samoa, Rarotonga and New Caledonia.", "\n\nDescription\nForewings gray to reddish in variable patterns. ", "Some specimen possess a crescent shaped reniform stigma. ", "Dots of posterior half of the postmedial row is irregular. ", "Caterpillar dark brown with some pale brown marbles. ", "All subdorsal, dorsolateral, lateral and spiracular lines are whitish and broken. ", "Setae blackish. ", "Inter segments are greenish or orange tinged. ", "Pupation occur in a whitish silken cocoon. ", "Cocoon semi ovoid, dirty fuscous in color and boat-shaped.", "\n\nLarval host plants include Vatica, Terminalia, Shorea, Anogeissus, Tectona and Saccharum species.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths of Asia\nCategory:Moths described in 1883\nCategory:Nolidae" ]

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[ "Reading Time ~ 1 minute\n\nFormer WWE Champion CM Punk made his long-anticipated return to wrestling on Friday night, but not in a way that many fans might have expected.", "\n\nIt was during the main event of the MKE Wrestling show in West Allis, Wisconsin that a masked ‘Ninja’ made his way to the ring and delivered an awkward looking GTS to Daryck St. Holmes. ", "It is believed that although this masked “Superstar” didn’t move like Punk, it was indeed him and he was simply trying to throw people off.", "\n\nThe surprise appearance was later confirmed as Punk by MKE owner, and long-time CM Punk friend Silas Young on Twitter:\n\nLast night we held @MKE_Wrestling at the Knights of Columbus building in west allis the place was packed with 350 people. ", "This place has had 25+ years of wrestling and is the place a lot of guys started. ", "Guys like @ColtCabana as well as a Punk who showed up in a mask last night — silas young (@lastrealmanROH) April 20, 2019\n\nPunk was also photographed earlier in the night wearing the exact same outfit as the masked-ninja.", "\n\nIt is unlikely that this ‘return’ will lead to anything further, and is probably just a one-off appearance. ", "After all, Punk had previously gone on record saying if he ever made a comeback it would be where you least expected him and probably under a hood.", "\n\n“You never know, I could pop up here and there. ", "Let me explain that to you even better. ", "It’s not going to even be televised, it’s going to be me in a ninja outfit wrestling one of my buddies and nobody’s ever going to know. ", "It’s going to be very ‘Monty Python’ so to speak.”", "\n\nThe so-called Best in the World has not commented on the appearance yet, and perhaps never will, just to keep fans speculating.", "\n\nOf course, this could all be a work. ", "Keep that in mind.", "\n\nYou can check out the video below:\n\nLike this: Like Loading..." ]

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[ "2014-12-30\n\nThank you for your support! ", "So far there have been more than 400 posts, and more than 100,000 visitors!", "\n\nMy Reading Lounge was created to share and discuss recs about Twilight fanfics. ", "Over the years, the fandom has significantly slowed down, but the community around this (little) blog is still full of ideas.", "\n\nIn the last few months, I've tried to give more space to other stories -- original novels you can find under Pick a Book -- and to the Writing Lab, where many authors have accepted to share their writing tips and experiences.", "\n\nI'd like to get your suggestions for the upcoming posts. ", "Your ideas are the best birthday gift!", "\n\nOne of the most precious features of this blog is that its contributors come from all over the world. ", "I'd like to share more posts about places to visit and books related to those places (because reading and writing are still this blog's main purpose). ", "Stay tuned!" ]

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[ "Super Creative Elegant Updo Hairstyles For Black Women\n\nUpdo hairstyles are really classy – they not only reveal your ears so you can show off your nice earrings, as well as your beautiful long neck, but are also very practical if the weather is hot. ", "They can look especially good on black women, as their hair is thick and dense, which immediately brings a lot of volume and shine to such a construction. ", "Here are some elegant updo hairstyles for black women that you can try for yourself. ", "Some of them require you to have long hair though, so choose carefully according to your current hair length.", "\n\nClassy Updo Hair Hairstyles For Black Women\n\nThe bun\n\nThis is amongst of the simpler hairstyles. ", "All you need to do is to just make a bun with the hair on the upper part of your head, starting just above your neck. ", "Once that is done you should make two beautiful braids. ", "Make them with a lot of volume, make them shiny and most important, and make them look the same. ", "After than curl them above your ears and continue to stretch them until they meet just next to the bun. ", "The zone for experimenting with this hairstyle is the fringe – you can do whatever you want with it. ", "Many prefer to leave it hanging on one side, but if yours is even it will be even better if you comb it to reach next to your eyebrows. ", "If it is too long for that you can always curl it a little bit with a flat iron.", "\n\nA version of the hairstyle is to include it in the bun as well – it will not only make you look taller, but also open your forehead and from there your entire face.", "\n\nSimple curled braid\n\nIt is a really simple, basic haircut. ", "To keep it simple is always a sign of class. ", "You can wear this hairstyle with almost any kind of clothes, on almost any type of occasion and it goes particularly well if all of your clothes are in one color. ", "Twine your whole hair in one very puffy braid. ", "Use volume enhancer and before you start comb your hair against its natural direction to bring even more volume to the picture. ", "Once that the braid is ready start making a bun, but be careful – ensure that the lowest part is the biggest and that the braid is curled upside like a spiral. ", "This won’t be very appropriate if your hair is too long, because the bun can become too big and unstable.", "\n\nWhat you can do in such a case is to curl it around your head in some pattern that you like, but if you are going on an official event better just go with the braid hanging on one of your shoulders.", "\n\nHead band and bun\n\nA headband is always cute, but I can be classy as well. ", "Do a medium sized braid and wrap it around your head in the area between the middle of the top of your head and your forehead. ", "Leave a place for the bun that you are to form next. ", "Start from the back of your neck horizontally through your whole head, going across through that middle region specified above. ", "Then take whatever is left of your hair and make bun. ", "Make sure it is not too big and it is just next to the braid. ", "You can tangle them in one as well.", "\n\nIf you want to look a little shaggier you can do something with the fringe. ", "A popular style is to curl it a little bit and comb it on one side, but you can also split it in two and put it behind your ears. ", "Making it a part of the braid is also an option. ", "One of the more complicated ways to go is after you have done the braid and the bun to straighten it and attach it to the bun. ", "This way it will go like a bridge over your braid, but be careful – this is really and advanced technique and it doesn’t go well with each face type." ]

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[ "HADES\n\nThe opera 'The Geisha' tells of the love of Lt. ", "Reggie Fairfax, a naval officer stationed in Japan, with the geisha Mimosa San. ", "Their relationship is thwarted by Reggie's English fiancee Molly. ", "The opera ends with Reggie happily wedding Molly; Mimosa is set free to marry her lover Katana.", "\n\nThe Geisha was first performed April 15th 1896 at Daly's Theatre in London, and produced by George Edwardes. ", "The original production ran for 760 performances, the second longest of any musical up to that time. ", "The cast included Marie Tempest in the role of O Mimosa San, Letty Lind as the dancing soubrette Molly Seamore, C. Hayden Coffin as Lt Reginald Fairfax, and Huntley Wright as Wun-Hi." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDBに保存する前にAmazon KinesisやApatch Stream などのストリーミングサーバー?に保存する理由がわかりません。", "\n\n大規模なデータ収集といった話になるときに、よくストリーミング処理が必要になり、\nAmazon KinesisやApatch Streamなどの話題が出ます。", "\n複数台のサーバー -> Amazon Kinesis -> Amazon Redshift\nといった具合に。", "\n複数台のサーバー -> Amazon Redshift\nといったように、複数台のサーバーから直接DBに保存するのはトランザクションの問題？や処理が追いつかなかったりするため、ストリーミング処理をするのだと私の中では認識しております。", "\nただ、結局、間にストリーミングサーバーを入れたところで、左から右へデータを流しているだけで、結局、処理が追いつかなかったりするのではないかと思っております。", "\n実際はそんなことはなく、ストリーミングサーバーはそこら辺を上手くやっているのかと思われますが、そのあたりの知見をつけたく、調べているのですが、なかなか良い資料が見当たりませんでした。", "\n※一つ、思い浮かぶのは、ある程度、ストリーミングサーバー側でデータをためて、一定以上貯まるとデータをDBへ入れるといったこととかですかね。", "\n皆様のご経験などを踏まえ、ご教授頂けますと幸いです。", "\n宜しくお願いします。", "\n\nA:\n\n大量のデータソースがデータストアに直接アクセスしていると、\n\nデータストアに変更を加えるのが非常に困難\nパフォーマンスがデータソース次第になり管理できない\n少量のデータを多数回処理するのはオーバーヘッドが大きい\nデータソース側の処理が肥大する\n複数ソースのデータをまとめなければならない場合データストア側でも処理が発生する\n\nなどなどたくさんの問題生じます。データソースとデータストアの間にバッファとなる何かがあればこれらの問題は解消しやすくなります。", "\n\nデータストアのありかを知っているのはバッファ側なのでそこだけ変更すれば良い\nバッファからの出力によってパフォーマンスが管理できる\nデータストアごとにオーバーヘッドの少ないデータ投入方法が使える\nデータソース側はバッファにデータを送るだけに特化できる\nデータの変形や集計など中間処理が可能\n\nパフォーマンスはポイントではあるのですがそれがすべてではありません。", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The psychological impact of being offered surveillance colonoscopy following attendance at colorectal screening using flexible sigmoidoscopy.", "\nTo examine the psychological impact of being assigned to colonoscopic surveillance following detection of adenomatous polyps at flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) screening. ", "Participants invited for screening in 12 of the 14 study centres in the UK FS Trial. ", "A postal survey following FS screening assessed bowel cancer worry, psychological distress, generalized anxiety, bowel symptoms, general practitioner (GP) visits, positive emotional consequences of screening, and reassurance among people with no polyps (n = 26,573), lower-risk polyps removed at FS (n = 7401) and higher-risk polyps who underwent colonoscopy and were either assigned to colonoscopic surveillance (n = 1543) or discharged (n = 183). ", "A sub-sample (n = 6389) also completed a questionnaire prior to screening attendance that measured bowel cancer worry, generalized anxiety, bowel symptoms and GP visits, making it possible to examine longitudinal changes in this group. ", "People offered surveillance reported lower psychological distress and anxiety than those with either no polyps or lower-risk polyps. ", "The surveillance group also reported more positive emotional benefits of screening than the other outcome groups. ", "Post-screening bowel cancer worry and bowel symptoms were higher in people assigned to surveillance, but both declined over time, reaching levels observed in either one or both of the other two groups found to have polyps, suggesting these results were a consequence of polyp detection rather than surveillance per se. ", "Few differences were observed between the group assigned surveillance and the group discharged following colonoscopy. ", "The results of the current study are broadly reassuring and indicate that referral for colonoscopic surveillance is not associated with adverse psychological consequences." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWindows AD single sign on using javascript and node\n\nI am in the process of implementing a single page app based on Angular and Node.js, running on a Windows Server within a corporate Windows Active directory domain environment. ", "I know that it is possible to authenticate via AD (by passing a username and password) with the assistance of node packages such as \"passport-ldapauth\" and \"node-activedirectory\". ", "\nMy question is: what would be the most feasible/straight-forward way of implementing single sign-on functionality, so that a user that had already authenticated to Active Directory on the PC / domain would not have to enter their AD username/password again? ", "\nI have come across Auth0 packages which are able to do this, but I understand they required an externally hosted cloud service? ", " (which is not an option for me).", "\nThanks very much in advance.", "\nUpdate: I have been investigating Kerberos as this could be a solution, however there does not seem to be any mature NPM packages out there for node and Kerberos ?", "\nUpdate 2: I have found a package called Node-SSPI that looks very promising. ", "I have not had a chance to try it out on windows domain (hopefully will tomorrow) but it was able to verify the user logged on to my local machine. ", "\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nAs the author noted in their update, this can be done with Node-SSPI. ", "I verified that it also works on a windows domain. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Validity of markers of dilution in small volume lung lavage.", "\nDefinitive analysis of solute concentrations in lung lavage fluid involves the use of a marker of dilution to correct for variable recovery of epithelial lining fluid (ELF), but the question of the most appropriate dilutional marker remains unresolved. ", "In lavage fluid collected from infants with lung disease and healthy control subjects, we examined ELF concentration of protein, albumin, sphingomyelin (SM), and IgA secretory component (SC), and critically appraised the relative validity of SC and urea as dilutional markers in the context of lung infection and lung injury. ", "Protein, albumin, and SM were found not to be valid dilutional markers, as their ELF concentration varied significantly between the diseased, recovering, and normal lung. ", "Differences in concentration were noted in both tracheal aspirate samples (TA, 4 x 0.5 ml) and nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (NB-BAL, 3 x 1 ml/kg), but were not uniform (e.g., TA-disease versus control: albumin 2.8 versus 0.68 mg/ml, SM 45 versus 16 microgram/ml, both p < 0.05; NB-BAL-disease versus recovery: protein 8.1 versus 4.8 mg/ml, albumin 2.9 versus 1. ", "4 mg/ml, both p < 0.05). ", "Overall, SC concentrations in ELF were not different between the diseased and normal lung, but in the NB-BAL samples, significantly higher SC concentration was noted in viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia than in noninfective lung diseases. ", "No clear evidence of additional influx of urea into lavage fluid in association with epithelial disruption was found in the diseased lung. ", "Comparative analysis of SC and urea revealed no difference in TA samples, but in NB-BAL specimens, urea best standardized the lavage concentration of surfactant indices to correspond to the degree of lung dysfunction as indicated by oxygenation index. ", "We conclude that SC and urea, but not protein, albumin, or SM, are valid dilutional markers with which to estimate ELF recovery during small volume lung lavage. ", "Urea appears a more appropriate choice in return fluid derived from the distal tracheobronchial tree, and SC should not be used in the context of lung infection." ]

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[ "Multicomponent analysis of near-infrared spectra of anesthetized rat head: (II). ", "Quantitative multivariate analysis of hemoglobin and cytochrome oxidase by non-negative least squares method.", "\nWe developed a method for quantitating absolute value of Hb oxygenation and that of redox state of cyt. ", "aa3 on the basis of multiple regression analysis of near-infrared spectrophotometric data. ", "Flattening of the spectrum of Hb in both RBC suspension and the brain in situ was observed. ", "This phenomenon was explained by localization of Hb within RBC for in vitro flattening, and by localization of RBC within the vessels as well as deformation of RBC in the microcirculation in vivo. ", "Under resting air-breathing conditions, So2 and redox state of cyt. ", "aa3 were estimated to be 50-70% and over 90%, respectively. ", "Increase in FIO2 up to 3 ATA O2 caused stepwise increase in So2, whereas cyt. ", "aa3 was fully oxidized when the animal inspired O2 under 1 ATA. ", "Problems which must be solved for more accurate estimation of absolute values of So2 and redox state of cyt. ", "aa3 were described and discussed." ]

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[ "Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a largely genetic ([@CIT0001], but also see [@CIT0002]) and highly prevalent ([@CIT0003]) neurodevelopmental disorder. ", "It is characterized by significant social impairments, and is associated with significant suffering and societal costs ([@CIT0004], [@CIT0005]). ", "Currently, ASD cannot be diagnosed reliably before the age of 2 years. ", "Although biomarkers for ASD are emerging ([@CIT0006]), there are no biomarkers available that can prospectively predict diagnostic outcome at early ages.", "\n\nThe ASD risk in siblings of individuals with an ASD diagnosis may be as high as 20%, on average ([@CIT0007]). ", "The recurrence rate is much higher in boys than in girls, and higher in multiplex families compared to simplex families. ", "In North America and the UK, emphasis is currently placed on prospective longitudinal studies of infant siblings of children with ASD in order to better understand the condition\\'s early neurodevelopmental trajectories and to identify early biomarkers. ", "Siblings, alongside typically developing low risk controls, are monitored during the first 2 years using both established clinical instruments (e.g. child observation, interview with parents) and novel methods (e.g. eye-tracking, brain imaging). ", "This period is critical in order to discover novel (bio-)markers as well as map out the emergence of symptoms. ", "Later, typically at 36 months, a complete diagnostic evaluation is performed. ", "Improving the early detection of ASD is a pivotal aim of clinical services, as it is a precondition for early intervention, which may improve long-term outcomes for individuals with ASD.", "\n\nRecent high-risk infant sibling studies have revealed a number of potential early markers, primarily in social communication, motor function, and attention domains, and mostly emerging around the younger sibling\\'s first birthday ([@CIT0008]). ", "However, few markers have been identified before the age of 12 months, and the identified 12-month markers are not good predictors at an individual level.", "\n\nVery recent evidence suggests that brain based biomarkers may be better early predictors of ASD than traditional measures of early ASD symptoms. ", "In particular, one study found that the developmental trajectories of several major white matter fiber tracts were altered in high-risk siblings who later received an ASD diagnosis compared to high-risk siblings who did not receive a diagnosis at follow-up ([@CIT0009]). ", "This study suggests that early structural brain abnormalities may be important for understanding ASD, although a limitation of this study was the lack of neurotypical low-risk controls. ", "Another recent study ([@CIT0010]) used event related potentials (ERP), and found that those high risk siblings who later received a diagnosis showed different ERPs to direct gaze compared to high risk controls who did not receive a diagnosis later on (as well as compared to low risk controls). ", "It is not unlikely that these functional and structural abnormalities are indeed accompanied by yet unidentified differences in attention and other overt behaviors.", "\n\nTo fully understand development, one must follow the individual longitudinally, and high risk infant sibling studies provide a basis for understanding complex developmental processes related to ASD. ", "One important avenue for future ASD research is to map environmental risk factors and developmental processes during the first years of life. ", "In combination with genetic information and the development of appropriate animal models, such studies will give rise to fundamental insight into the process by which an early alteration may have cascading developmental consequences, and ultimately lead to (perhaps years later) a formal clinical diagnosis.", "\n\nIn addition to describing these findings, in this talk I will also describe Early Autism Sweden (EASE; <http://www.earlyautism.org>), currently the only high risk sibling study in the Nordic Countries. ", "EASE is a collaboration between the Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND; <http://www.ki.se/kind>) and the Uppsala Babylab (<http://www.babylab.se>). ", "This longitudinal and multi-method project is one of several nodes in a large European Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) network called EU-AIMS (<http://www.eu-aims.eu/>). ", "A central goal of this network is to develop the infrastructure underpinning new treatments for autism.", "\n\nConflict of interest and funding {#S0001}\n================================\n\nThe author has not received any funding or benefits from industry or elsewhere to conduct this study.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\n\"@\" as a directory name on a webserver\n\nWhat (if any) trouble will I run into using \"@\" as the name of a public directory on my web server?", "\nExample: http://domain.com/@/index.php\nWould rewriting it with htaccess be safer? ", "Issues?", "\nExample: http://domain.com/at/index.php -> http://domain.com/@/index.php\n\nA:\n\n@ is a reserved character (gen-delims) under RFC 3986 section 2.2 and might have to be encoded.", "\nIf I were you I'd tell your marketing department no. ", "\nhttp://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986 page 12\n\n" ]

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[ "The black pill or the green pill, what’ll it be? ", "Leonardo Maugeri, a former senior executive at Italy’s giant oil company ENI, says “peak oil” is nothing but a crazy fantasy.", "\n\nFirst problem with that: Maugeri’s previous analyses show a rather unenviable track record. ", "Coming up on this blog Monday July 7th in Part 2: a critique of Maugeri’s recent study by Olivier Rech, former developer of petroleum scenarios at the International Energy Agency. ", "Promises to be a stinger!", "\n\nin French\n\nA new report on the future of world petroleum production has caused quite a stir on planet “peak-oil.” ", "That includes those of us who are concerned about the future of (the thermo-mechanical industry and thus of economic) growth.", "\n\n“Not to worry, folks!” ", "seems to be the core message of the report, “…and you bankers and insurers needn’t listen to any nonsense warning that the petroleum business is an endangered species.”", "\n\nAmong others, The Wall Street Journal is lapping it up.", "\n\nThe report by ex-director of strategy at the Italian oil company ENI, Leonardo Maugeri, promises an unheard-of boost in world liquid fuel production by 2020: no less than an additional 17.6 Mbd (million barrels a day), a 20% increase over present production capacity. ", "Leading to a “revolution” which would reverse a nearly 10-year-old trend. ", "Maugeri gushes: “World production capacity is growing so fast that it could (…) lead to a glut of over-production and a steep dip in prices.”", "\n\nThis fab forecast will be methodically taken apart by French expert Olivier Rech in Part 2 but first let’s provide a little context.", "\n\nThe Maugeri report represents the fiercest charge to date in a sweeping counter-offensive initiated 10 months ago in The Wall Street Journal by Daniel Yergin, Vice-President of the powerful petroleum information agency IHS. ", "In the peak oil debate, Yergin is considered to be a leader of the “optimists” camp – so says the economically very correct British weekly The Economist, whose own optimism appears to be flagging of late.", "\n\nYergin’s main arguments received a severe shaking, right here on Oil Man, at the hands of Frenchman Jean Laherrère, a key figure in the “pessimistic” camp and former head of oil exploration at the French company Total.", "\n\nBig Oil finds itself in need of some encouragement, particularly since recognition by the International Energy Agency that conventional petroleum extraction (that’s 74 Mbd or 90% of total crude production) reached its historical peak in 2006. ", "They went on to add that that figure would “never” rise again.", "\n\nIn March 1998, in a seminal article, Jean Laherrère and Colin Campbell, former Vice-President of Fina, correctly stated that this conventional oil peak would take place « before 2010 ».", "\n\nIt turns out that Leonardo Maugeri himself is an optimist of the … how shall we put it? … ", "unrepentant variety. ", "In a 2006 Forbes article he predicted a world production increase of “between 10 and 12 Mbd” by 2010. ", "However, according to the figures from a British Petroleum study, production went from 81.7 Mbd in 2006 to 82.5 Mbd in 2010, an increase of only 800,000 barrels per day. ", "Last year crude production reached 83.6 Mbd as Saudi Arabia pulled out all the stops.", "\n\nMaugeri’s eager optimism lines up neatly with the analyses of Daniel Yergin’s IHS which, in 2005 for example, announced a world production increase of no less than 16 Mbd between 2004 and 2010. ", "There again, way off the mark.", "\n\nAmong non-Opec oil-producing countries, total world liquid fuels rose by only 2 Mbd between 2005 and 2010 and that was due, not to crude oil production (which actually declined by 0.2 Mbd) but to the development of agro-fuels and Canadian tar sands. ", "As for Opec, that is to say in large part Saudi Arabia, things are more complicated though far from bright and shiny in general.", "\n\nTwo final introductory remarks: Maugeri’s new report was published by the Harvard Kennedy School, where Daniel Yergin taught for a number of years ; and its main source of data is IHS.", "\n\nWhat then, if anything, is really new enough in the Maugeri report to justify talk of a “revolution?” ", "See Olivier Rech’s article on Monday, where he will present his critique while maintaining his own forecast (seen here in December, 2011) of a total liquid fuels peak sometime between 2015 and 2020.", "\n\n(Olivier Rech manages Energy Funds Advisors, a company providing advice to investment funds for La Française AM).", "\n\nMany thanks to James Anglin for the translation !" ]

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[ "Roy E. Ray Airport\n\nRoy E. Ray Airport is a privately owned, public-use airport located three nautical miles (4 mi, 6 km) northeast of the central business district of Bayou La Batre, a city in Mobile County, Alabama, United States.", "\n\nFacilities and aircraft \nRoy E. Ray Airport covers an area of 41 acres (17 ha) at an elevation of 87 feet (27 m) above mean sea level. ", "It has one runway designated 18/36 with a turf surface measuring 2,000 by 150 feet (610 x 46 m).", "\n\nFor the 12-month period ending May 12, 2011, the airport had 6,978 aircraft operations, an average of 19 per day. ", "At that time there were 35 aircraft based at this airport: 91% single-engine, 6% multi-engine and 3% ultralight.", "\n\nSee also \n List of airports in Alabama\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Aerial image as of 11 February 1997 from USGS The National Map\n\nCategory:Airports in Mobile County, Alabama\n]]" ]

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[ "Enzymatic elimination of heparin from plasma for activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time testing.", "\nThe prolongation of the APTT and PT by heparin can be neutralized by treating the plasma with heparinase or with certain anion-exchangers. ", "The purpose of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of a new commercial heparinase reagent. ", "Heparinase (Hepzyme) for the removal of heparin from plasma was compared with ECTEOLA-cellulose treatment. ", "In ex vivo heparin samples, shorter APTT values were obtained with heparinase than with ECTEOLA-cellulose, suggesting that the former treatment is more effective for the removal of heparin from plasma. ", "Heparinase (Hepzyme) treatment may be used to improve INR assessment in patients treated with heparin and oral anticoagulants concomitantly." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "GOP Lawmaker Introduces Less Restrictive Voter ID Bill in Wisconsin\n\nIn reaction to the many restrictive laws passed in 2012, there has been an influx of new laws to enhance voter participation in 2013. ", "However, in Wisconsin, the voter ID law battle is back.", "\n\nIn 2011, the Wisconsin Legislature passed a law requiring voters to show \"acceptable government-sanctioned photo identification either at the polls or to election officials\" to be allowed to vote. ", "This law, which requires specific types of photo ID, including a state-issued ID card, valid driver’s license, U.S. passport, or a student ID that expires within two years, was considered to be one of the most restrictive in the country.", "\n\nThe League of Women Voters filed a lawsuit against the state for violating Wisconsin's Constitution and in May 2012, a judge struck down the law. ", "He ruled that the voter ID requirement created an additional qualification to have the right to vote and thereby violated Article III of the state's constitution.", "\n\nIn July 2012, a second judge struck the law down because the potential burden on voters was too great compared to the risk of voter fraud.", "\n\nHowever, on Thursday, the Fourth District Court of Appeals in Madison overturned the ruling and in an unanimous decision considered the law to be constitutional. ", "However, this will not be enough to reinstate the law. ", "An appeal against the second court decision remains pending as well as two federal cases.", "\n\nThis decision comes at the same time state Rep. Jeff Stone, sponsor of the original law, introduced a new bill in the Legislature that modifies the voter ID requirements to conform with the initial court decision.", "\n\nThe new bill would allow people to avoid the ID requirement by signing an affidavit saying they are too poor to pay for the fees of an ID, they have a religious reason not to be photographed for an ID, or they could not provide the proper documentation to receive an ID.", "\n\nWhile this bill offers relaxed conditions to vote, the conditions under which the affidavit can be made have already been criticized for their demeaning character.", "\n\nWith the recent court decision, however, the future of the bill in the Legislature remains uncertain considering the bill also brings major electoral changes with regards to campaign funding, early voting, and absentee ballots, which will likely be fought by the Democratic caucus in Wisconsin.", "\n\nTwenty-two states currently have legislation requiring voter ID or making an already existing voter ID law more restrictive pending in their legislature. ", "The recent developments in Wisconsin may bring some clarity as to what requirements a state legislature can create for voters.", "\n\nAbout the Author\n\nLucas Eaves\n\nFrench traveler on a journey to understand the arcane of American politics while enjoying life in San Diego." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHSTS and double redirect\n\nI manage a little website in a shared hosting LAMP environment: this basically means the only thing I can edit is an htaccess file.", "\nI wanted to add HSTS support (and I did it), but, when I tested my website here for HSTS preload eligibility, I got the following error:\n\nError: HTTP redirects to www first\nhttp://example (HTTP) should immediately redirect to https://example (HTTPS) before adding the www subdomain. ", "Right now,\n the first redirect is to https://www.example. ", "The extra redirect is\n required to ensure that any browser which supports HSTS will record\n the HSTS entry for the top level domain, not just the subdomain.", "\n\nSo, I suppose I should redirect users this way:\n\nhttp://example (this is what the user enters in the address bar of his browser)\nhttps://example (we redirect him to the HTTPS version of the website)\nhttps://www.example (we redirect him again to the subdomain www)\n\nMy current redirect is done this way:\nRewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} 80\nRewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://www.example.com/$1 [R,L]\n\nI tried to add a redirect before the last line, this way:\nRewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://example.com/$1 [R,L]\n\nbut I got a \"page isn't redirecting properly\" error from the browser.", "\nSo, what's the proper way to redirect a user from the http version of the website to the https and finally to the https with www? ", "And: are there any risks?", "\n\nA:\n\nAs noted on the HSTS preload list submission requirements:\n\nRedirect from HTTP to HTTPS on the same host, if you are listening on port 80.", "\n\nYou need to redirect to the same host (ie. ", "HTTP_HOST), not simply to example.com first. ", "You don't need to redirect to example.com if the user is requesting www.example.com directly. (", "The test will involve a request to example.com.) ", "After that you can redirect to the canonical www subdomain if required.", "\n\nI tried to add a redirect before the last line, this way:\nRewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://example.com/$1 [R,L]\n\nThat would create a redirect loop, because the preceding RewriteCond directive only applies to the first RewriteRule, so the second RewriteRule would run unconditionally.", "\nTry something like the following instead:\n# HTTP to HTTPS redirect\nRewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} 80\nRewriteRule (.*) ", "https://%{HTTP_HOST}/$1 [R,L]\n\n# Canonical www redirect\nRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !", "^www\\.\nRewriteRule (.*) ", "https://www.%{HTTP_HOST}/$1 [R,L]\n\nThe HTTP_HOST server variable contains the value of the Host HTTP request header (ie. ", "whatever host is being requested).", "\nThe 2nd redirect states... for all requests where the requested host does not start www. ", "then prefix www. ", "to the host. ", "However, this might not be acceptable if you have multiple subdomains (that resolve to the same place) you want to keep separate, as they will naturally be redirected to the www subdomain.", "\nNote that these are 302 (temporary) redirects. ", "Change to 301 only when you are sure it's working OK.", "\n\nAnd: are there any risks?", "\n\nNo risks. ", "Yes, there are potentially two redirects whereas previously there might have only been one (which is arguably less efficient). ", "But there are still only two redirects, which is perfectly OK for SEO. ", "Besides, with HSTS, the user-agent will only ever experience the double redirect at most once.", "\n\nRewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} 80\nRewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://www.example.com/$1 [R,L]\n\nAside: (Ignoring HSTS for the moment...) This wouldn't have been complete by itself, as it doesn't canonicalise a request for https://example.com/... (ie. ", "HTTPS and domain apex).", "\n\nFurther reading:\n\nMy answer to a related question on Pro Webmasters SE that goes into more detail about implementing HSTS in .htaccess: https://webmasters.stackexchange.com/a/112264/52912\n\n" ]

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[ "But in the event you have to have a large covered objects, hand-paste system might be blistering, film,Standard Roll up and so forth. ", "just isn't powerful, so you have to use cold laminating machine to attain. ", "Actually it really is a cold laminating machine cold laminating film duplicating the device on images or photos. ", "An excellent cold Standard Roll up need to have no foaming, photographs may be mounted long, long life along with other traits. ", "By Lengbiao images and photographs can not just avert wear and tear, but also waterproof, particularly outdoor advertising includes a very wide variety of applications." ]

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[ "It has been generally believed that there is a reduction of dental caries among children and young adults. ", "A reduction of caries in the younger population has led to an increase in number and surfaces of teeth at risk of becoming carious in the older population. ", "Among the factors leading to the increase in the prevalance of caries is the side effects associated with the administration of drugs used for the treatment of depression, cancer, parkinsonism syndromes and a host of other conditions. ", "Decreased salivary flow is a frequent side effect of these drugs which will have an impact on the prevalance of caries. ", "The purpose of this study is to investigate and quantify the extent of caries produced by antisialagogues. ", "The specific aims of the study are (1) to establish the role of specific antisialagogues in dental caries; (2) to provide data to form a basis to test for relative cariogenicity of antisialagogue agents; (3) to establish the capability to conduct research intended to test for cariogencity of various agents. ", "Fifteen time pregnant rats will be inoculated with S. mutans 6715 and L. casei 4646 and placed on cariogenic diet. ", "When the pups are born they will be inoculated similarly at 18, 19, 20 days of age. ", "At 22 days they will be distributed into the following experimental groups. ", "Noninoculated control rats (A) receiving a balanced diet, non-medicated regime to study the normal growth of the animals without the effects of the experimental variables will be compared with the following groups: (B) controlled rats receiving a cariogenic diet in a Konig Feeder and no medication (C) rats receiving a cariogenic diet in a Konig Feeder with a strong antisialagogue (D) rats receiving a cariogenic diet in a Konig Feeder with a strong antisialagogue plus pilocarpine as sialagogue. ", "At day fifty, the animals will be sacrificed, jaws removed, stained and scored for caries using a digital analysis system. ", "The scores will be analysed and compared for each group. ", "The long term goal is to provide information to the consumer regarding the possible dental risks associated with the use of some drugs. ", "This should in turn lead to improvement of the warning labels on these drugs." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nGrails 3.0 Searchable plugin\n\nI've tried to use the searchable plugin in grails 3.0, but I am not sure whether it is compatible or not.", "\nI've added \ncompile \"org.grails.plugins:searchable\"\n\nto the dependencies. ", "The build completes but yields a NotSearializableException:\n> Configuring > 1/1 projects > Resolving dependencies ':agent' > Resolving dependencies ':\nBUILD SUCCESSFUL\n\nTotal time: 1.949 secs\n\n| Error Error initializing classpath: org.gradle.api.internal.artifacts.", "DefaultModuleVersionSelector\njava.io.", "NotSerializableException: org.gradle.api.internal.artifacts.", "DefaultModuleVersionSelector\n| Error Error initializing classpath: org.gradle.api.internal.artifacts.", "DefaultModuleVersionSelector\n\nCan I use the searchable plugin in Grails 3.0 or do I have to switch to a previous grails version? ", "The searchable plugin is not listed in the \ngrails list-plugins\n\ncommand.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe page you took the instructions from contains the following disclaimer:\n\nThis portal is for Grails 1.x and 2.x plugins. ", "Grails 3 plugins are available in Bintray https://bintray.com/grails/plugins\n\nThere currenly is no version of this plugin for grails 3.x\n\n" ]

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[ "Sign up for our mailing list\n\nPress\n\nThursday, May 20th, 2010\n\nLost In The Trees Bio\n\n\"For me, classical composition is a very humble thing,\" says Ari Picker, founder of Lost in the Trees, a musical collective from Chapel Hill, North Carolina recently signed to ANTI Records. \"", "I'm no expert, by any means, but I am blown away by orchestral music. ", "Ideas that are stale or old hat to classical people are still pretty magical to me. ", "All I want is to take a pinch of that brilliance, and put it into what I do.\"", "\n\nPicker, a composer by training and a songwriter by inclination, describes his band as \"Orchestral Folk Music\" because it features arrangements which harness both the dramatic power of classical music and the more intimate sounds of the singer-songwriter tradition - strings and brass meshing effortlessly with accordion, bells, musical saw, banjo, and mandolin. ", "The group's Anti- debut, All Alone In An Empty House was co-produced by Scott Solter (St. Vincent, Mountain Goats, Okkervil River, Erik Friedlander) who creates a space in which both varieties of music co-exist with stirring results. ", "The dramatic and symphonic elements of classical music merge with the accessibility of American folk and pop to create a sound both grandiose and intensely personal.", "\n\nThe album is equally striking for the consistency of its lyrical content. ", "Picker's songs are about how family life intertwines with a creative life - and how such generative states of being are rife with emotions that are amorphous, inspiring and painful all at once. ", "Spaces, places, and people are left barren and devoid of life--fires consume, babies die young. ", "But the flipside of this creative destruction reveals itself when Picker's characters and settings are left ripe with potential--a painter takes a walk in the woods, empty rooms wait to be filled. ", "The album becomes all the more powerful when you discover its subject matter is literal in unexpected ways.", "\n\n\"The lyrics to the title track 'All Alone in an Empty House' are taken from powerful arguments my parents had while living in the house where I was born,\" says Picker. \"", "The song's locations and happenings, my father's stone wall, the tower off the side of the house that he eventually moved into, my twin sisters who died at birth, my mother's extreme depression, the emotional and sexual abuses, they are all real. ", "But my intention in sharing them is to turn this hard reality into art, something that the listener may find comfort or hope in.\"", "\n\nPicker returns again and again to these memories, transmuting them into images that serve as both facts and symbols-blurring the line between plain confession and furtive metaphor, coming of age story and spirit quest. ", "In this way, the album recalls the mysterious power of indie rock touchstones (Neutral Milk Hotel's In the Aeroplane Over the Sea, Arcade Fire's Funeral) and older records from the Golden Age of the singer-songwriter (Van Morrison's Astral Weeks, Joni Mitchell's Blue).", "\n\n\"Music has played several roles in my life,\" Picker says. \"", "The songwriting side has humanistic elements. ", "It's a defense mechanism against extreme relationships such as my parents had. ", "Singing is a way of giving something up and letting go. ", "The classical component of my music has more spiritual connotations. ", "I feel like I'm soaking something up, like I'm being spoken to by something very elemental.\"", "\n\n\"I'm not sure what happens next,\" he continues, discussing the future of his music. \"", "I'd like to move on from writing about such personal matters, and perhaps pay more attention to others. ", "Recently, though, its felt like there's been some kind of convulsion to this story. ", "Maybe that's the end, or maybe that's the sign it deserves a sequel.\"", "\n\n***\n\nAri Picker on A Musical Education:\n\n\"I started my musical education with whatever was on the radio and slowly worked backward: The Beach Boys and Brian Wilson's amazing 'pocket symphony' sound. ", "The Beatles incredible arrangements on 'Eleanor Rigby.' ", "I discovered Pink Floyd's Atom Heart Mother and fell in love with the way it opens with a huge 23-minute orchestral suite, then ends with three folk songs. ", "I was amazed and confused by it, and in order to understand it, I would listen to it over again and over again.\"", "\n\n\"In this way, my interest in composition started as a very humble thing. ", "Eventually--thanks to a supportive music teacher--I ended up at Berklee College of Music's Film Scoring Program, where I took music history courses that introduced this huge world of classical music.\"", "\n\n\"My influences evolved week-by-week and chronologically--from Gregorian chant to Baroque to the Classical period to the Romantics to modern composition. ", "Alongside that my need for emotion in music seemed to evolve. ", "A lot of early music seems devoid of emotion because that's not what it was meant for. ", "Eventually, though, there's this switch from the classical period to the Romantics, and the difference is feeling. ", "Hayden would pour out entertainment pieces for the king while Beethoven would sit in a room and pour his heart out on paper.\"", "\n\n\"Eventually this took me back to the kind of popular songs I began with, confessional music like Joni Mitchell's Blue -- heart-wrenching lyrics about her relationships -- and eventually I began to come up with my own confessions. ", "I'm no Leonard Cohen. ", "The best thing I can do is say the things only I can say, personal stuff, and in the case of this record, about my parents relationships with each other and with me.\"", "\n\n\"I respect classical music and I put elements of it in the songs I make, but at the same time, when it sounds like Vivaldi it's just the best simulation I could come up with -- and probably involved me looking at his scores and fumbling around for days. ", "Writing in that style takes an extreme amount of discipline, and I was not brought up in an environment suited for it, so I'm doing a lot of catching up. ", "In my new songs, I'm getting into the harmonic ideas of Berg or Schoenberg or Alfred Hitchcock's favorite, Bernard Herrmann, and suddenly I'm back at film music again.\"", "\n\n\"Most important to me is that when I talk about classical music, I don't want to come across as a highly educated defender of the genre. ", "I just want to champion the excitement that I feel about it in the simplest possible terms.\"", "\n\n\"A few years ago there was the soundtrack for Wes Anderson's The Royal Tennenbaums and somehow there it all was -- Ravel next to Paul Simon. ", "I look at both my own songwriting and the music I admire most and the common quality is that it's a sort of mash up of everything, and a labor of love.\"" ]

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[ "This is kind of an experiment on my part and not absolutely critical if it can't be done easily, but I'm wondering if it's possible to launch separate jvm processes from an already existing jvm process. ", "The reason I want to do this is to be able to compare the behavior and performance of certain global settings side by side. ", "For example I run my \"launcher\" app, set my settings such as sun.java2d.noddraw true or false, click a button and then launch the new window with the approprate settings enabled. ", "Then I can launch as many processes as I want observe their behavior/appearance and then clean them all up by just closing the launcher/master application.", "\n\nAnway, can this be done or is it more trouble than it's worth. ", "Thanks for any help.", "\n\nWindows doesn't (usually) maintain a parent/child relationship between processes. ", "This means that closing the parent does not close the children. ", "You could register a shutdown task in the parent and explicitly kill any remaining children during the parent process shutdown. ", "On Unix/Linux of course killing the parent does kill all its children.", "\n\nThank You the information so far has been very helpful. ", "I have a couple of questions, however, that I haven't been able to sort out. ", "For instance, the java docs state for Runtime.exec():\n\nQuote\n\nIf envp is null, the subprocess inherits the environment settings of the current process\n\nHowever, I am unable to successfully launch the new process without explicitly settings the classpath in the environment argument. ", "Shouldn't it be able to figure it out from the current process as it states?", "\n\nSecond, I can't seem to register a shutdown task through addShutdownHook. ", "Is this not the correct function to use?", "\n\nSecond, I can't seem to register a shutdown task through addShutdownHook. ", "Is this not the correct function to use?", "\n\nWhat goes wrong when you try? ", "Note that shutdown hooks will only be run if the process is terminated nicely. ", "Killing the process from Task manager does not give the JVM an opportunity to do any cleanup. ", "The same applies if you kill it from an IDE. ", "If the process is run using java.exe from a command prompt then Ctrl-C will allow the cleanup to take place. ", "Similarly if you call System.exit() from within the process.", "\n\nAs to the environment, I just use the exec variants which don't require passing it and don't have any problem.", "\n\nThank You the information so far has been very helpful. ", "For instance, the java docs state for Runtime.exec():However, I am unable to successfully launch the new process without explicitly settings the classpath in the environment argument. ", "Shouldn't it be able to figure it out from the current process as it states?", "\n\nNot if its not in your shell ENVIRONMENT variables.", "\n\nFor instance if you are using -classpath on your command line.", "\n\nGot a question about Java and game programming? ", "Just new to the Java Game Development Community? ", "Try my FAQ. ", "Its likely you'll learn something!", "\n\nNote that shutdown hooks will only be run if the process is terminated nicely\n\nD'oh! ", "That's it. ", "For some reason, I had it in my head that terminating it from my IDE was like hitting Ctrl-C from cmd, but I can see why that wouldn't be the case and goes with what you said before about Windows not killing child processes.", "\n\nQuote\n\nNot if its not in your shell ENVIRONMENT variables\n\nMakes sense. ", "I guess it's not really that big of a deal to set an explicit path for this, but since the type A side of me needs to be appeased, I found that\n\nNote that shutdown hooks will only be run if the process is terminated nicely.", "\n\nUnfortunately it seems the Sun JVM does not process either the WM_ENDSESSION or WM_QUIT messages correctly. ", "As result shutdown processing is unreliable for processes with a message loop (anything gui). ", "Even worse the Sun engineers do not seem to understand the issue. (", "see bugs 4486580 and 4302814).", "\n\njava-gaming.org is not responsible for the content posted by its members, including references to external websites,\nand other references that may or may not have a relation with our primarily\ngaming and game production oriented community.", "\ninquiries and complaints can be sent via email to the info‑account of the\ncompany managing the website of java‑gaming.org" ]

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[ "Better than not\n\nI would rather they fine the people for price fixing than say \"well, it's too late now, sod it\". ", "Do we do the same thing for murderers who committed their acts a decade ago? ", "The idea is you punish so they think twice about doing it again. ", "But for that to happen, €100m isn't going to be enough..." ]

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[ "\"Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high;\nWhere knowledge is free;\nWhere the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls;\nWhere words come from the depth of truth;\nWhere tireless striving stretches its arms toward perfection;\nWhere the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit;\nInto that heaven of freedom it should be our intent.", "\n( my adaption from Rabindranath Tagores famous lines)\n\nThursday, August 07, 2008\n\nTERRAGEN\n\nTerragen is a photo realistic landscape and scenery-rendering program. ", "This article is a brisk walk- through into TERRAGEN. ", "By using this program you can generate the landscape as per your intent by working on several make-believe aerial views \"taken\" of terrains. ", "It is as if a satellite kept photographing the earth and you render the images later. ", "The terrains are \"height maps\" seen as Black and White images. ", "White is the tallest mountain (snow!) ", "and Black is a lowest valley; all colors in between portray heights as in a terrain 3D photograph. ", "Here Blue is water. ", "Apart from that you have several options for locating a \"camera\" in various (x,y,z dimension parameters) and focusing on a target scene. ", "You can zoom and adjust the camera. ", "You get options for setting the height of the sun, reflectivity of the water, changes to the atmosphere like coloring and misting and fogging and hundreds of preferences. ", "That’s it. ", "Now render the scene. ", "Play God.", "No photographs! ", "No Photoshop! ", "Rendering takes a little time and you may have to do it several times before you get something you like.", "When we first load Terragen, the terrain is blank. ", "In order to generate some scenery, we must generate a terrain. ", "At first the terrain is generated at random. ", "Then we use dialogue boxes such as:Rendering Control: Camera position, Target position, Camera orientation, exposure and Zoom: Width of Image to generate.", "Landscape Control: Modification, Use of surface maps (and designing them), Sculpting Tools, etcWater Control: Setting Water level will give water/no water. ", "Then controls for Water roughness, wave size, visibility, reflectivity, diffuse color of water, etc.", "Cloudscape Control: Cloud and haze color, frequency & size of clouds, altitude of clouds, etc.", "Atmosphere control: Density and atmospheric color, (Sunset settings), Haze/Mist settings, etcLighting and Sun control: Angle and altitude and position of sun, Sunlight strength and Colour, Brightness, penetration, shadows, Suns disc diameter and Carona, background light, etc.", "The program was free when I started with it. ", "It can be downloaded from: http://www.planetside.co.uk/terragenAll this may sound very difficult, but as you \"set and render \" the results will amaze you. ", "I will now give you a glimpse of some Dialog boxes Screen Shots ...." ]

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[ "Consensus development on eligibility of government subsidisation of biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic agents for treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: The Singapore experience.", "\nThe beneficial effects of biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), such as tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (anti-TNF) in active ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are well established. ", "The significant costs on patients in the absence of financial subsidization can limit their use. ", "The objective was to describe a consensus development process on recommendations for government-assisted funding of biologic therapy for AS patients in Singapore. ", "Evidence synthesis followed by a modified RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method (RAM) was used. ", "Eleven rheumatologists rated indications for therapies for different proposed clinical scenarios. ", "Points reflecting the output from the formal group consensus were used to formulate 10 practice recommendations. ", "It was agreed that a bDMARD (anti-TNF) is indicated if a patient has active AS with a Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Activity Index (BASDAI) ≥ 4 and spinal pain of ≥ 4 cm on visual analogue scale (VAS) on two occasions at least 12 weeks apart, despite being on a minimum of two sequential non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at maximal tolerated dose for at least 4 weeks, in addition to adherence to an appropriate physiotherapy program for at least 3 months. ", "To qualify for continued biologic therapy, a patient must have documentation of response every 3 months and at least 50% improvement in BASDAI and reduction of spinal pain VAS ≥ 2 cm. ", "A validated and feasible consensus process can enable pragmatic standardized recommendations to be developed for bDMARD subsidization for AS patients in a local Asian context." ]

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[ "Top 10 reasons to watch The Maccabees on Letterman\n\nDeirdre still can't believe SheKnows pays her to do what she loves. ", "She began telling stories before she could even write. ", "Once someone gave her a pen, there was no prying it away; so a degree in journalism was the only thing that made s...\n\n9. ", "According to fangirl legend, they picked their band name by randomly opening up the Bible and finding a word. ", "I like the spontaneity of that versus spending months trying to come up with something pretentious meaningful.", "\n\n8. ", "Their song \"Latchmere\" is named after a nearby recreation center with an automated wave machine. \"", "Why...?\" ", "Why not?", "\n\n7. ", "They made their own video for their single \"About Your Dress.\" ", "It's pretty good!", "\n\n6. ", "They were nominated for a Mercury Prize last year. ", "Imagine if the Grammys only gave out one award each year. ", "That's how important the Mercury Prize is in England.", "\n\n5. ", "While they're incredibly hot in the UK, they're still very much under the American radar. ", "In 2009, The Maccabees sold out the 4,000-capacity Brixton Academy. ", "But they play the famed Music Hall of Williamsburg in Brooklyn on Saturday (Feb. 16), which has a capacity of only 550 people, and the show's still not sold out.", "\n\n4. ", "It's a good time to fall in love. ", "Tickets for that show are only $24.00 (plus all those Ticketmaster fees). ", "That's a seriously cheap ticket for an incredibly awesome night of music.", "\n\n3. ", "They're familiar with the lineup of the Coachella Festival in California. ", "You know all that fuss about the Stone Roses? ", "Guitarist Felix White knows who they are and loves them. ", "In a recent interview with live4ever.uk.com, he said, \"They’re one of the great British bands.\" ", "Bam!", "\n\n2. \"", "Toothpaste Kisses.\" ", "It's just a really good song that showcases Orlando Weeks' smooth, unique voice.", "\n\n1. ", "Their newest album, Given to the Wild, was off the hizzy. ", "Their sound, a sweet mix of new wave and indie rock, is perfectly represented on the album. ", "With each track, you'll experience the uniqueness that is The Maccabees, but if you listen closely, you can also pick up on influences from Bon Iver, Arcade Fire and, yeah, the Stone Roses.", "\n\nCheck 'em out tonight on Letterman, and — when you fall in love — make sure to buy their album and not rip it off the internet. ", "Album sales help influence tour locations, and I've still not seen them live." ]

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[ "\"It's worse than a civil war. ", "In a civil war, you at least know which factions are fighting each other... We don't even know that anymore. ", "It's so bloody confused.\"", "\n\nSenior member of the Iraqi government to the Washington Post\n\nMany in the media/government are still debating whether the conflict in Iraq is a civil war or not. ", "However, the reality of Iraq has already moved well past that terminology, it's worse: it's the perpetual chaos of all against all, or anarchy. ", "Here's what I mean. ", "Despite the depiction of the current strife as a conflict between Sunni and Shia, the reality is much more complex, one much more akin to Europe's 30 years war than modern history. ", "For example, each \"side\" is composed of dozens of motivationally heterogeneous sub-groups that only nominally cooperate with each other within an open source framework. ", "Each group is relatively small (as opposed to the size necessary to seize control of the government) and we have also seen a substantial number of armed clashes between these supposedly \"allied\" groups. ", "Finally, it can be maintained that none, including the all the Shia groups, are fully aligned with the needs of the Iraqi state or any single meta level authority.", "\n\nA conventional understanding of fourth generation warfare, such the one posited by Thomas Hammes in the Sling and the Stone posit that 4th generation warfare began in earnest with Mao. ", "However, within Mao's formulation (and Ho Chi Minh's variant), guerrilla wars are but a prelude to conventional war to seize control of the state. ", "The power law for these wars should, based on this theory, tend towards the coefficient we see for conventional wars. ", "In fact, we see the opposite. ", "Guerrilla wars in Colombia and Iraq (and likely Afghanistan, Nigeria and others) have stabilized at a coefficient far from conventional warfare.", "\n\nThis fragmented open source state of affairs is becoming increasingly common in modern wars. ", "The reprise Johnson and Spagat gave to the work of Lewis Richardson on the power law distributions of war casualties demonstrates this nicely (see \" War's New Equilibrium \" October 20, 2005 for more). ", "They showed that modern guerrilla wars like Colombia and Iraq (and likely Afghanistan, Nigeria and others if they had included them) haven't behaved like they did in the 20th century:\n\nPerpetuating the war in Iraq\n\nManufactured state failure . ", "Iraq's guerillas are using the techniques of 5th generation warfare (see: \" The Changing Face of War: Into the 5th Generation ,\" October 16, 2006 for more) to keep the government in a perpetual failure. ", "The collapse of basic services and an inability to deliver basic security will continue to delegitimize the government and force people to rely upon primary loyalties (family, tribe, neighborhood, mosque, gang, and more) for the essentials for life. ", "Also, the early US/Brit reliance on loyalist paramilitaries (see \"Loyalist Paramilitaries\" October 3, 2004 for more) to maintain order has now become a liability (as anticipated), as they have developed a government destroying open source dynamic of their own.", "\n\n. ", "Iraq's guerillas are using the techniques of 5th generation warfare (see: \" ,\" October 16, 2006 for more) to keep the government in a perpetual failure. ", "The collapse of basic services and an inability to deliver basic security will continue to delegitimize the government and force people to rely upon primary loyalties (family, tribe, neighborhood, mosque, gang, and more) for the essentials for life. ", "Also, the early US/Brit reliance on loyalist paramilitaries (see \"Loyalist Paramilitaries\" October 3, 2004 for more) to maintain order has now become a liability (as anticipated), as they have developed a government destroying open source dynamic of their own. ", "Exogenous forces that support the government. ", "External support from the US, UK, Iran, and other states will continue to prevent the Iraqi government from descending into full collapse. ", "Support ranges from supplies of violence to external legitimacy and to markets for Iraq's oil. ", "As a result, the government will continue to operate as a hollow shell despite nearly a complete loss of legitimacy internally.", "\n\nExternal support from the US, UK, Iran, and other states will continue to prevent the Iraqi government from descending into full collapse. ", "Support ranges from supplies of violence to external legitimacy and to markets for Iraq's oil. ", "As a result, the government will continue to operate as a hollow shell despite nearly a complete loss of legitimacy internally. ", "The oil effect. ", "States that typically undergo Iraq's level of disruption usually undergo complete economic failure, which in turn slows the pace/innovation of violence. ", "However, as we have seen in Colombia (cocaine), Somalia (khat), Afghanistan (opium), and Nigeria (oil bunkering), sources of funding from black globalization that transcend the destruction of the mainstream economy can provide the impetus to keep chaos going indefinitely. ", "In Iraq's case, the billions in revenues from oil production (despite an inability to increase production, Iraq still produces nearly 2 million barrels a day of oil) and the economic subsidies it provides will provide the backdrop necessary for Iraq's guerrillas to criminally fund their operations indefinitely. ", "It also provides the funding necessary to perpetuate the shell of Iraq's hollow government.", "\n\nThe question that naturally follows is \"if this is true, when will the violence end?\" ", "The answer is never, or at least not until the forces that are holding this war at this decentralized equilibrium point are removed. ", "These forces include:In short, as long as this situation remains unchanged, Iraq will likely suffer a level of death and chaos equal to the worst civil wars of the past. ", "The difference is that it will twenty to thirty (think thirty years war) years to play out instead of only a handful. ", "I suspect this makes it much worse.", "\n\nED NOTE: I've reworked this brief. ", "Please bear with me." ]

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[ "An accidental leak may have confirmed Chinese hackers' suspicions that Internet Explorer has a critical unpatched vulnerability, a security researcher said Saturday.", "\n\nSunday, Microsoft said it was analyzing the vulnerability.", "\n\nThe bug was one of about 100 found by noted browser vulnerability researcher and Google security engineer Michal Zalewski using a new \"fuzzing\" tool. ", "The vulnerabilities were in IE, Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera.", "\n\n\"I have reasons to believe that the evidently exploitable vulnerability [in IE] discoverable by cross_fuzz is independently known to third parties in China,\" said Zalewski, referring to the \"cross_fuzz\" fuzzing utility he created.", "\n\nAccording to Zalewski's account, a developer working on WebKit -- the open-source browser engine that powers both Apple's Safari and Google's Chrome -- \"accidentally leaked\" the location of the then-unreleased fuzzing tool. ", "Google's search engine then added that location to its index.", "\n\n\"On Dec. 30, I received ... search queries from an IP address in China, which matched keywords mentioned in one of the indexed cross_fuzz files,\" Zalewski said.", "\n\nThose searches were looking for information on a pair of functions in \"Mshtml.dll,\" IE's browser engine, that Zalewski said were unique to the vulnerability, and that had \"absolutely no other mentions on the Internet at that time.\"", "\n\nThe person or persons searching for the functions then downloaded all the available cross_fuzz files.", "\n\n\"[This] is very strongly indicative of an independent discovery of the same fault condition in [IE] unrelated means; other explanations for this pair of consecutive searches seem extremely unlikely,\" Zalewski said.", "\n\nZalewski released cross_fuzz on Saturday, even though Microsoft had not yet patched any of the IE flaws. ", "Other browser makers, including Mozilla and Opera, as well as the WebKit team, have fixed some -- although not all -- of the bugs Zalewski found using cross_fuzz.", "\n\nMicrosoft asked Zalewski to delay cross_fuzz's release, but he declined, in part because of his fear the IE vulnerability was already being explored by Chinese hackers, but also because the company's security experts had not responded to information he provided.", "\n\n\"Since [Microsoft has] not provided an explanation as to why these issues could not be investigated earlier, I refused [the request to hold the release],\" Zalewski said in a Jan. 1 post to the Full Disclosure mailing list.", "\n\nIn a detailed timeline of his communiqués to Microsoft, Zalewski said he had first reported his findings and provided an earlier version of cross_fuzz in July. ", "According to Zalewski, Microsoft did not reply until he told them on Dec. 20 that he was planning on revealing the fuzzing tool in early January.", "\n\nOn Dec. 21, Microsoft told Zalewski that its security response center had begun composing a reply last summer, but never sent it after failing to reproduce his findings.", "\n\n\"I have a conference call with MSRC [Microsoft Security Response Center],\" Zalewski said in the timeline's note for Dec. 28. \"", "The team expresses concern over PR impact, suggests that the changes made to my fuzzer code between July and December might have uncovered additional issues, which would explain why they were unable to reproduce them earlier.\"", "\n\nA day later, Microsoft admitted it was now able to reproduce the fuzzer-found flaws using the July code.", "\n\n\"The IE team did exhaustively run the fuzzers but were unable to find the same crashes that you and Dave [of Microsoft] are now able to identify,\" Microsoft told Zalewski on Dec. 29. \"", "I can't really say as to why we are able to hit some of these conditions now rather than before but please know that this was not intentional.\"", "\n\nMicrosoft's account omitted most of the details Zalewski provided, including the fact that it was able last month to reproduce the vulnerability using the fuzzer it had five months earlier.", "\n\n\"[In July], neither Microsoft or the Google security researcher identified any issues,\" said Jerry Bryant, an MSRC spokesman, in a statement Sunday. \"", "On December 21, a new version of the tool was reported to us along with information about a potentially exploitable crash found by the new version. ", "We immediately worked to reproduce the issue with the updated and original tool and are currently investigating it further to determine if it is actually exploitable.\"", "\n\nMicrosoft and Google security researchers have crossed swords in the past. ", "Last summer, Google's Tavis Ormandy released exploit code for a bug in Windows' Help and Support Center after he said Microsoft refused to set a patch deadline.", "\n\nFuzzing is a common research practice used to locate vulnerabilities and find flaws in code. ", "A fuzzer automates the technique by inputting data into applications or operating system components to see if -- and where -- crashes occur.", "\n\nThe vulnerability that Zalewski reported and Microsoft said it was investigating is apparently unrelated to the unpatched IE bug the latter confirmed on Dec. 22.", "\n\nGregg Keizer covers Microsoft, security issues, Apple, Web browsers and general technology breaking news for Computerworld. ", "Follow Gregg on Twitter at @gkeizer or subscribe to Gregg's RSS feed . ", "His e-mail address is gkeizer@computerworld.com." ]

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[ "August 1, 2008\n\nMarlene Martin , national director of the Campaign to End the Death Penalty , examines a punishment that many people consider a \"slow form of death\"--life without the possibility of parole sentences. ", "Mark Clements , an Illinois prisoner serving life without parole, gathered interviews for this article.", "\n\n\"I've been locked up in Illinois prisons since I was 16. ", "I was tortured into confessing to a crime I didn't commit. ", "I've been here for over 25 years. ", "To look out and think this is where I will stay for the rest of my life--now that is a living, unbearable hell.\"", "\n\n-- Mark Clements, Chicago police torture victim, serving a juvenile life without parole sentence in Illinois\n\nMARK CLEMENTS was arrested when he was 16 years old and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. ", "Like most juveniles sentenced to life without parole, he was tried as an adult and sent to an adult prison to serve his sentence.", "\n\nToday, Mark is 43 years old. ", "He has spent almost twice as much of his life locked up in prison as he lived free.", "\n\nAmerica outstrips every other nation in the world in the number of people it puts in its prisons. ", "The U.S. has 5 percent of the world's population, but accounts for 25 percent of prisoners.", "\n\nAccording to a study by the Pew Center on the States, one out of every 100 adults in the U.S. is in prison or jail. ", "And because of the racism of the American \"justice\" system, the numbers are much higher for people of color--if you are an African American man between the ages of 20 and 34, your likelihood of being behind bars today is one in nine.", "\n\nBut the U.S. stands even further apart from the rest of the world in one nightmarish aspect of its prison system--the men and women sentenced to spend the rest of their lives behind bars.", "\n\nThere are over 132,000 people serving life sentences in the U.S. One in 10 are forbidden from ever receiving parolee, but overall, only one in four of the larger group will ever come before a parole board. ", "Despite FBI crime statistics showing a drop in violent crime over the past decade, the number of people sentenced to life in prison has nearly doubled.", "\n\nPaul Wright, the editor of Prison Legal News and author of two books on the prison system--who himself served 17 years of a life sentence--said life without parole sentences are \"a death sentence by incarceration. ", "You're trading a slow form of death for a faster one.\"", "\n\nThis kind of sentencing is virtually unheard of elsewhere in the world. \"", "Western Europeans regard 10 to 12 years as extremely long term, even for offenders sentenced to life,\" says James Whitman, author of the book Harsh Justice.", "\n\nAnd among the prisoners with life sentences in the U.S. are 2,380 people who were sentenced to life without parole as \"juvenile offenders\"--in other words, they were under the age of 18 when the crimes they were accused of were committed--according to Human Rights Watch.", "\n\nOf these juvenile offenders, 73 were sentenced to life in prison without parole at the age of 13 or 14 years old, according to research done by the Equal Justice Initiative.", "\n\nTo put this in perspective, no other country in the world sentences 13 year olds to life without parole. ", "In fact, outside of the U.S., only 12 juvenile offenders anywhere in the world are serving this sentence, according to Human Rights Watch. ", "Seven are in Israel, four are in South Africa, and one is in Tanzania.", "\n\nThere are over 2,000 in the United States.", "\n\n\"I'm the first to say that I made my share of mistakes in life--I'm not perfect. ", "But life without the possibility of parole is a life-draining sentence. ", "No matter how hard I try to better myself, I'm treated as if I am the worst of the worst. ", "I can't sleep nights. ", "I can't rest in my body because this one bad choice to hang with friends could cost me my freedom forever.\"", "\n\n-- Daniel Henney, serving a juvenile life without parole sentence in Illinois\n\nONE THING that stands out about prisoners sentenced to life without the possibility of parole is that they don't stand out as the inhuman monsters they are often depicted to be.", "\n\nAmong all prisoners with life sentences, from 1988 to 2001, 40 percent were convicted of a crime other than murder. ", "Of juvenile offenders given life without parole sentences, 59 percent--well over half--had never been convicted of a previous crime, according to Human Rights Watch.", "\n\nAntonio Nunez was raised in Los Angles, his life shaped by gang violence. ", "As the Equal Justice Initiative described in its report \"Cruel and Unusual,\" at the age of 14, he got into a car with two older men, one of whom had been kidnapped. ", "A police chase ensued, and gunfire was exchanged. ", "No one was killed; no one was even hurt. ", "But Antonio was sentenced to life in California's San Quentin prison, where he remains today.", "\n\n\"He has lost all hope,\" his sister Cindy Nunez told Reuters. \"", "We try to keep his spirits up by saying something will change in the law.\"", "\n\nRather than their alleged crimes, other factors stand out about those serving life without parole sentences. ", "Invariably, they are poor. ", "Many came from violent homes or suffered abuse. ", "And an overwhelming proportion are minorities. ", "According to Human Rights Watch, among juvenile offenders serving life without parole for crimes other than murder, every single one is a person of color.", "\n\nIn Illinois, Mark Clements is one of 103 juvenile offenders serving a life without parole sentence. ", "Of these 103, 74 are, like Mark, African American; 10 are Latino and 19 are white.", "\n\nIan Manuel is one. ", "Raised in a climate of violence and poverty, he was drawn to gang activity at a young age. ", "At 13, he committed a robbery and shot a woman, who survived. ", "Feeling remorseful, Ian turned himself into the police and pled guilty. ", "He was sentenced to life without the possibility of parole.", "\n\nIan has spent years in solitary confinement and attempted suicide several times. ", "He remains in prison in Florida despite the fact that the victim has forgiven him and petitioned the court for his release.", "\n\nOne reason these injustices can take place is that judges are barred, under mandatory sentencing laws, to take any account of age or background information.", "\n\nIn Illinois, for example, where judges are required to impose life without parole sentences on defendants convicted of certain crimes, without consideration of any mitigating circumstances, several have gone on record with their misgivings.", "\n\nIn passing sentence in one case, Judge James Linn stated that he believed the defendant \"should suffer harsh criminal consequences for acting as a lookout in this case, but to suggest that he ought to receive a sentence of life without the possibility of parole, I find to be very, very hard to swallow, to the point where I can describe it as unconscionable.\"", "\n\nProbably the most notorious mandatory sentencing policy in the country is California's \"three strikes and you're out\" law, passed in a referendum of California voters in 1994. ", "A third felony conviction automatically lands defendants in prison for 25 years to life. ", "Since it was implemented, over 1,000 people have gone to prison under three strikes in California for non-serious crimes.", "\n\nTake Santos Reyes. ", "His \"crime\" was to help his cousin, a Mexican immigrant who was unable to take a drivers' test because he couldn't write English, but needed a license so he could begin working as a roofer with Reyes. ", "For this, Santos was convicted of felony perjury.", "\n\nReyes had been convicted of two previous felonies more than a decade before--stealing a radio when he was 17 and a robbery when he was 22. ", "In neither case was anyone harmed. ", "In the years between, he had gotten married, had two children and worked steadily as a roofer. ", "But because the perjury charge was a third felony, he was sentenced to prison under three strikes--where he has spent the last nine years, all for taking a drivers' test for his cousin.", "\n\n\"He was convicted for the crimes of being poor and Mexican,\" said Rachael Odes, who helps coordinate the Free Santos Reyes committee. \"", "He's just one of many. ", "There are so many people serving long sentences for nonviolent crimes. ", "He's a regular guy who was trying to make a living.\"", "\n\n\"I have little hope at all. ", "This sentence is like a death sentence. ", "It is torture on my sanity. ", "There's no second chances for any of us. ", "No matter how good or bad I am, these cruel prison conditions are all I have to look forward to.\"", "\n\n-- Paul Lee, serving a juvenile life without parole sentence in Illinois\n\nTHE STANDARD argument in favor of harsh sentencing is that it keeps the public safe. ", "But does it?", "\n\n\"Studies have shown that offenders who have served over 20 years in prison rarely ever reoffend and never for a violent crime,\" says Linda Goodman from Citizens for Earned Release. \"", "The recidivism rate for older inmates is less than 2 percent.\"", "\n\nAnd the rest of the industrialized world, where such harsh sentences are unheard of, has a far lower violent crime rate.", "\n\nThe U.S. hasn't always had lock-them-up-and-throw-away-the-key sentencing policies. ", "Before the 1970s, life without the possibility of parole sentences were unknown. ", "During the 1960s, in fact, the emphasis in prison policy was on rehabilitation and helping prisoners get training and education so they could successfully rejoin society upon their release. ", "Congress amended federal parole statues to make it possible for prisoners serving life sentence to be eligible for parole after 15 years.", "\n\nBut in the 1970s, this began to change. ", "Politicians saw that \"tough on crime\" rhetoric could both win them votes and drive back the gains made by the civil rights and other social movements of the 1960s and early '70s.", "\n\nThe emphasis of new laws turned to punishing prisoners, rather than rehabilitation. ", "In 1984, the Sentencing Reform Act eliminated parole for all federal crimes. ", "By 2000, 33 states had abolished parole, up from 17 over previous decades--and 24 states had introduced three-strikes sentencing laws.", "\n\nAnd more and more states established life without the possibility of parole sentences. ", "Currently, only New Mexico and Alaska don't have a life without parole sentence on the books.", "\n\nU.S. policymakers seem determined to march out of step with the rest of the world on the use of harsh prison sentences. ", "In 2006, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling on all nations to abolish life without the possibility of parole sentences for youth offenders. ", "The margin was 185 to 1--with the U.S. casting the one and only vote against.", "\n\nEfforts to win change in sentencing laws have had mixed results. ", "In 2004, California activists organized a campaign for a referendum to amend the three-strikes law to trigger the sentence only if the third felony was a \"serious\" one. ", "Leading up to the vote, opinion polls showed two-thirds support for the referendum. ", "But a last-minute advertising blitz and campaign by conservatives like Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger turned the tide, and the referendum lost by a narrow margin.", "\n\nThis year, supporters were unable to gather enough signatures to put the measure on the ballot again in California. ", "But a bill to abolish life without parole sentences for youth offenders passed the Senate Public Safety Committee in April and is being considered by the full state Senate. ", "If this legislation passes, California would join nine other states that prohibit life without parole sentences for juveniles.", "\n\nIn Illinois, efforts by some grassroots groups to allow juveniles with life without parole sentences to come before a parole board after serving 10 years is underway, but the attempt is being stymied by opposition from victims' rights groups.", "\n\nIt's long past time that life without paroles sentences were eliminated--for juveniles or adults." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nLet G be a non-abelian group. ", "Prove that $Z(G) \\subsetneq C(g)$\n\nLet G be a non-abelian group. ", "Prove that Z(G) is a proper subset of C(g). ", "\n\nHere Z(G) means the center of G and C(g) means the centralizer of the element g $\\in$ G. \nThis seems really intuitive but I am having trouble formalizing this. ", " Any help?", "\nMy problem is proving that an element in C(g) is not in Z(G). ", " It is readily apparent that $h \\in Z(G) \\implies h \\in C(g)$\n\nA:\n\nIf $g$ is in the center of $G$, then $C(g)=G\\neq Z(G)$. If $g$ is not in the center of $G$, then $g$ is in $C(g)$ but not in $Z(G)$. \n\n" ]

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[ "package fr.inria.spirals.repairnator.notifier;\n\nimport fr.inria.spirals.repairnator.notifier.engines.", "NotifierEngine;\nimport fr.inria.spirals.repairnator.process.inspectors.", "ProjectInspector;\n\nimport java.util.", "List;\n\n/**\n * Created by urli on 30/03/2017.", "\n */\npublic abstract class AbstractNotifier {\n\n private List<NotifierEngine> engines;\n\n public AbstractNotifier(List<NotifierEngine> engines) {\n this.engines = engines;\n }\n\n protected void notifyEngines(String subject, String text) {\n for (NotifierEngine engine : this.engines) {\n engine.notify(subject, text);\n }\n }\n\n public abstract void observe(ProjectInspector inspector);\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "// Copyright 2016 Datalust, Superpower Contributors, Sprache Contributors\n// \n// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n// You may obtain a copy of the License at \n//\n// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 \n//\n// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n// limitations under the License.", "\n\nusing Superpower.", "Util;\nusing System;\n\nnamespace Superpower.", "Model\n{\n /// <summary>\n /// The result of parsing from a text span.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <typeparam name=\"T\">The type of the value being parsed.</typeparam>\n public struct Result<T>\n {\n readonly T _value;\n\n /// <summary>\n /// If the result is a value, the location in the input corresponding to the\n /// value. ", "If the result is an error, it's the location of the error.", "\n /// </summary>\n public TextSpan Location { get; }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// The first un-parsed location in the input.", "\n /// </summary>\n public TextSpan Remainder { get; }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// True if the result carries a successfully-parsed value; otherwise, false.", "\n /// </summary>\n public bool HasValue { get; }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// If the result is an error, the source-level position of the error; otherwise, <see cref=\"Position.", "Empty\"/>.", "\n /// </summary>\n public Position ErrorPosition => HasValue ? ", "Position.", "Empty : Location.", "Position;\n\n /// <summary>\n /// A provided error message, or null.", "\n /// </summary>\n public string ErrorMessage { get; }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// A list of expectations that were unmet, or null.", "\n /// </summary>\n public string[] Expectations { get; }\n\n internal bool IsPartial(TextSpan from) => from !", "= Remainder;\n\n internal bool Backtrack { get; set; }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// The parsed value.", "\n /// </summary>\n public T Value\n {\n get\n {\n if (!", "HasValue)\n throw new InvalidOperationException($\"{nameof(Result)} has no value.\");", "\n return _value;\n }\n }\n\n internal Result(T value, TextSpan location, TextSpan remainder, bool backtrack)\n {\n Location = location;\n Remainder = remainder;\n _value = value;\n HasValue = true;\n ErrorMessage = null;\n Expectations = null;\n Backtrack = backtrack;\n }\n\n internal Result(TextSpan location, TextSpan remainder, string errorMessage, string[] expectations, bool backtrack)\n {\n Location = location;\n Remainder = remainder;\n _value = default;\n HasValue = false;\n Expectations = expectations;\n ErrorMessage = errorMessage;\n Backtrack = backtrack;\n }\n\n internal Result(TextSpan remainder, string errorMessage, string[] expectations, bool backtrack)\n {\n Location = Remainder = remainder;\n _value = default;\n HasValue = false;\n Expectations = expectations;\n ErrorMessage = errorMessage;\n Backtrack = backtrack;\n }\n\n /// <inheritdoc />\n public override string ToString()\n {\n if (Remainder == TextSpan.", "None)\n return \"(Empty result.)\";", "\n\n if (HasValue)\n return $\"Successful parsing of {Value}.\";", "\n\n var message = FormatErrorMessageFragment();\n var location = \"\";\n if (!", "Location.", "IsAtEnd)\n {\n location = $\" (line {Location.", "Position.", "Line}, column {Location.", "Position.", "Column})\";\n }\n\n return $\"Syntax error{location}: {message}.\";", "\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// If the result is empty, format the fragment of text describing the error.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <returns>The error fragment.</returns>\n public string FormatErrorMessageFragment()\n {\n if (ErrorMessage !", "= null)\n return ErrorMessage;\n \n string message;\n if (Location.", "IsAtEnd)\n {\n message = \"unexpected end of input\";\n }\n else\n {\n var next = Location.", "ConsumeChar().Value;\n message = $\"unexpected {Display.", "Presentation.", "FormatLiteral(next)}\";\n }\n\n if (Expectations !", "= null)\n {\n var expected = Friendly.", "List(Expectations);\n message += $\", expected {expected}\";\n }\n\n return message;\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "using System;\nusing System.", "Net.", "Mime;\nusing MediaBrowser.", "Model.", "Entities;\nusing MediaBrowser.", "Providers.", "Plugins.", "Tmdb.", "Models.", "General;\n\nnamespace MediaBrowser.", "Providers.", "Plugins.", "Tmdb\n{\n /// <summary>\n /// Utilities for the TMDb provider.", "\n /// </summary>\n public static class TmdbUtils\n {\n /// <summary>\n /// URL of the TMDB instance to use.", "\n /// </summary>\n public const string BaseTmdbUrl = \"https://www.themoviedb.org/\";\n\n /// <summary>\n /// URL of the TMDB API instance to use.", "\n /// </summary>\n public const string BaseTmdbApiUrl = \"https://api.themoviedb.org/\";\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Name of the provider.", "\n /// </summary>\n public const string ProviderName = \"TheMovieDb\";\n\n /// <summary>\n /// API key to use when performing an API call.", "\n /// </summary>\n public const string ApiKey = \"4219e299c89411838049ab0dab19ebd5\";\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Value of the Accept header for requests to the provider.", "\n /// </summary>\n public static readonly string[] AcceptHeaders = { MediaTypeNames.", "Application.", "Json, \"image/*\" };\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Maps the TMDB provided roles for crew members to Jellyfin roles.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"crew\">Crew member to map against the Jellyfin person types.</param>\n /// <returns>The Jellyfin person type.</returns>\n public static string MapCrewToPersonType(Crew crew)\n {\n if (crew.", "Department.", "Equals(\"production\", StringComparison.", "InvariantCultureIgnoreCase)\n && crew.", "Job.", "Contains(\"director\", StringComparison.", "InvariantCultureIgnoreCase))\n {\n return PersonType.", "Director;\n }\n\n if (crew.", "Department.", "Equals(\"production\", StringComparison.", "InvariantCultureIgnoreCase)\n && crew.", "Job.", "Contains(\"producer\", StringComparison.", "InvariantCultureIgnoreCase))\n {\n return PersonType.", "Producer;\n }\n\n if (crew.", "Department.", "Equals(\"writing\", StringComparison.", "InvariantCultureIgnoreCase))\n {\n return PersonType.", "Writer;\n }\n\n return null;\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nVariável local dentro de um ngFor\n\nEu tenho um input text dentro de um ngFor e gostaria de definir uma variavel local dinâmica que tivesse como valor um id único para cada input, para que eu consiga realizar o .focus() desse input, porém não sei como realizar isso, já tentei de diversas maneiras e não tive sucesso.", "\nGostaria de definir o idEmail de cada email como minha variável local\nPara poder acessa-lo com meu @ViewChild \n\n<tr *ngFor=\"let email of Emails\">\r\n <td *ngIf=\"!isUpdating(email.idEmail)\">\r\n {{ email.enderecoEmail }}\r\n </td>\r\n <td *ngIf=\"isUpdating(email.idEmail)\">\r\n <input [(ngModel)]=\"txtEmail\" #email.idEmail type=\"text\" class=\"form-control\">\r\n </td>\r\n</tr>\n\nPor favor me ajudem estou presa nesta task à 2 dias e não acho a solução\n\nA:\n\nOlá, Bem-vinda ao SOpt.", "\nBom pra resolver seu problema podemos utilizar o attr no input para definir o id do mesmo.", "\nEx.", "\n<input attr.id=\"input_email_{{email.idEmail}}\">\n\nDepois é só capturar o mesmo e executar o que desejas.", "\nEx. ", "\nlet thatemail = document.getElementById('input_email_2');\n\nthatemail.focus();\n\nExemplo completo em: https://stackblitz.com/edit/angular-lxbhul\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Cell death and cell proliferation in the control of normal and neoplastic tissue growth.", "\nThe development of reliable methodology for the assessment of rates of cell replication and cell death has enabled the study of how these 2 fundamentally opposed processes work to form and maintain tissue and to remodel tissue following diseases resulting in cell loss. ", "The balance between these 2 processes and the consequences of an imbalance are fundamental to a clearer understanding of how hyperplasia and neoplasia develop in tissues under the influence of chemicals and drugs. ", "An understanding of the changes that occur in target organs and tissues following chemical or drug exposure has enabled a better understanding of the mechanism by which these chemicals are able to induce cancer after prolonged exposure. ", "Studies of the control of cell replication and the changes that occur following drug exposure have defined 2 types of response, 1 in which the cell replicative response is sustained and the other in which the cell replicative response is transient and occurs during the first few days of exposure. ", "Although regulatory and scientific opinion appears ready to accept sustained cell replicative processes as an increased risk factor in the development of cancer, the role played by transient increases in cell replication remains unclear. ", "Concurrent events in target organs following treatment with chemicals that induce transient increases in cell replication have revealed that the rates of apoptosis are suppressed at the same time as the cell replication levels are induced. ", "Additional evidence suggests that growth and antigrowth factors are central in controlling these responses. ", "Escape from the regulatory action of these factors is postulated to be one of the ways in which nongenotoxic carcinogenic chemicals, such as the peroxisome proliferators and sodium phenobarbitone, may induce cancer, with apoptosis playing a key role in the process." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Development of the neurogliohemal complex in the mouse neurohypophysis.", "\nThe mouse neurohypophysis was studied at different ages of development in order to analyse the ultrastructural changes that lead to the maturation of the neurogliohemal complex and to determine the existence of permeability between the blood capillaries and the neurohypophysial channels. ", "In all the studies ages, two groups of 5 animals each were intravenously injected with different tracer solutions: to one group, 10 microliters of cationized ferritin were used and to the other, 10 microliters of ferrous fumarate were applied. ", "For the ultrastructural studies the tissue samples were processed using the conventional techniques for electron microscopy. ", "At day 17 of prenatal age, some hypothalamic axons (10 axonic profiles/20 microns2) were already seen within the neurohypophysis, increasing threefold (26 to 30 axonic profiles/20 microns2) at prenatal day 19. ", "In these axons terminals, the first neurosecretory vesicles began to appear. ", "At this early age, the glial cells formed few prolongations. ", "Between postnatal days 1 and 9, numerous axon terminals containing dense neurosecretory vesicles composed the neuropile areas. ", "After day 9, there was a broadening of the intercellular space, which we have termed as neurohypophysial channels; these were actually expansions of the existing extracellular space in the neurohypophysis. ", "Between days 9 and 21, the population of axon terminals showing a higher density of neurosecretory vesicles continued to increase in number. ", "Some of these axon terminals were separated by irregular neurohypophysial channels. ", "The glial cells showed scarce cytoplasm and formed numerous lamellar prolongations, which became increasingly finer surrounding bundles of individual axons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nIs it better to have a slightly big or slightly small bike?", "\n\nI'm planning to buy a Scott Speedster S30 (This is my first road bike) and I'm looking at the size chart. ", "I'm around 177 cm tall, and this fits exactly in between the M and L section. ", "Just wondering, in general, is it better to choose the bigger or smaller option?", "\n\nA:\n\nIf this is your first bike, go to your local bike store and have them fit you professionally. ", "Then, ask if they have loaner bikes so that you can get a feel for the size of the bike before you invest. ", "Some people prefer bikes on the smaller side and some prefer them a bit larger. ", "You'll get a definite feel for this over time, but I wouldn't recommend learning this by purchasing an uncomfortable bike!", "\nI, for example, generally ride a 56cm road bike. ", "However, I once rode a 56cm Surly Long Haul Trucker that felt too large. ", "Some of that feeling was the components (stem length, in particular), and some of it was the frame geometry. ", "Road bikes are built with a variety of geometries catered to every style of riding. ", "Each bike is as different as each respective cyclist, but riding an uncomfortable bike will ruin riding for you. ", "Your LBS will be able to help a great deal in picking a size and adjusting everything to fit you correctly.", "\nLots of people ask for definite answers based on their exact leg/inseam/PBH/height-leg-ratio-distance-whatever...but most of it will come down to what fits comfortably.", "\n\nA:\n\nRivendell bikes argues that most road bikes sold are too small. ", " They're probably in the minority opinion as far as bike shops go, but they have (collectively) a lot of experience in frame geometry and riding styles.", "\nTheir argument is based on their belief that most shops assume that road riders should emulate racers -- experts who are willing to put up with a lot of discomfort to gain small efficiencies -- and that this alienates a lot of casual riders, commuters, and tourists who would be better served by a bike that fits comfortably.", "\n\nMost bikes are sold too small. ", "We see it all the time: bars way below the saddle, the rider leaned over 35-degrees with arms straight out as his hands are on the brake hoods. ", "If he took his hands off the bar he'd flop down and smack his nose on the stem. ", "It's not comfortable or correct.", "\nWhen you come to us for a bike, we'll ask what size you ride now, and invariably put you on a bike that's two to five centimeters bigger. ", "You'll still have crotch clearance, but your bar will be higher, you'll lean over less, and you'll be a lot more comfortable.", "\n\nand\n\nSizing\nMost riders are most comfortable when the handlebar is a few centimeters higher than the saddle. ", "Some like it four or five inches higher. ", "Some like the look of the bar lower than the saddle, but few riders over 35 like a low bar once they've ridden a higher one.", "\nTo achieve that bar height, it helps to start with a bike that's the largest practical size you can ride. ", "We suggest you get the size that allows you to put the handlebar at least 2cm higher than the saddle. ", "That works great for most people. ", "You can always lower the bar if you find it's too high, but it's rare when that happens.", "\n\nand especially relevant when dealing with sales-people:\n\nSometimes a bike feels funny or uncomfortable, but the salesperson tells you that you're just not used to it, or you're using muscles you haven't used before, and it takes a few weeks to adapt.", "\nDon't believe it. ", "There's always some getting used to it, but right off the bat, sitting on a new bike that fits you and is set up right so that it gives you a good position should feel about as natural as sitting in a chair. ", "Your hands on the bars should feel like hands on a table in front of you. ", "There is something to be said for breaking in your bottom or whatever, but it should feel at least reasonable right off the bat. ", "You shouldn't have to adapt to or tolerate discomfort even a little, not even when the bike is new.", "\n\nA:\n\nOn a road bike its probably a toss up. ", "Seats can be raised or lowered. ", "Stems can be brought in or out. ", "As long as the standover is comfortable, you should be fine on the large. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Clinical Dietitian - Nutrition - Full Time - Days\n\nThis listing has expired\n\nMercy Medical Center is a not for profit Catholic hospital serving the tri-state area of Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin since 1879.Mercy – Dubuque has 263 beds while Mercy – Dyersville is a critical access hospital with 25 beds and a 40-bed nursing home.", "\n\nMercy offers a full range of acute care services, including invasive cardiology and open-heart surgery, Level II trauma center, Level II regional neonatal intensive care unit, general and orthopaedic surgery, psychiatric services and inpatient physical rehabilitation.", "Mercy also operates two hospital-based skilled nursing units, extensive outpatient rehabilitation services, home health care, retail pharmacy and a wide range of outpatient, community and business services.", "Mercy’s 1,300 full- and part-time employees and medical staff of 230 care for more than 56,000 inpatients and outpatients each year.", "\n\nThe hospital is accredited by The Joint Commission and achieved Magnet designation, the gold standard of patient care, in 2004 and was redesignated a Magnet hospital in 2009.", "\n\nMercy Medical Center is a member of Mercy Health Network in Iowa and is a Ministry Organization of Trinity Health based in Novi, Michigan.", "\n\nMercy is an organization that values and encourages diversity.", "To learn more about Mercy and its opportunities for employment, please see the postings listed on this site or visit our website at www.mercydubuque.com.", "\n\nTypical hours would be 7:30 AM-4:00 PM Monday-Friday, though hours/days may be flexed to accommodate business needs including working evenings, weekends and holidays.", "\n\nThis position would cover inpatient, outpatient and community education needs.", "\n\nCollaborates with members of the health care team to provide optimal medical nutrition therapy in accordance with established standards of care. ", "Identifies patients at risk and assesses nutrition needs according to age specific physiological and developmental assessment criteria. ", "Designs, coordinates and implements nutrition care plans, monitors outcomes of intervention and adjusts when indicated. ", "Participates in performance improvement, employee/staff training, hospital committees, policy development, menu/product review and development of educational materials. ", "Evaluates and maintains professional development/competency. ", "Provides care to neonate to elderly clients in inpatient, outpatient, and shared service settings. ", "Supports the highest possible patient satisfaction levels.", "\n\nBachelor’s degree in Coordinated Program or Dietetic Program in Dietetics and Dietetic Internship or Pre-professional Practice program all accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics Education (CADE) of the American Dietetic Association (ADA). ", "Registered with Commission on Dietetic Registration. ", "Licensed or eligible to be licensed with the State of Iowa. ", "One year of experience in hospital setting is preferred. ", "1-2 years of outpatient education background, with experience in a variety of ages and disease states. ", "Experience in leading group and individual nutrition education, familiarity with outpatient dietician billing and MDS. ", "Holding advanced certification such as: CNSC, Certified Oncology Specialist, Certified Diabetes Educator, Certified Eating Disorder Specialist, Masters in Science or Masters in Business. ", "Certified Oncology Specialist, Certified Diabetes Educator, Certified Eating Disorder Specialist. ", "Masters in Science or Masters in Business. ", "Child and Dependent Adult Abuse Mandatory Reporter Training is required within 6 months of hire and every 5 years thereafter." ]

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[ "EIAS: Donal Forde\n\n26 Feb 200385 Views\n\nEnnis Information Age Services (EIAS) has announced the appointment of Donal Forde as business development executive. ", "Based in Dublin, Donal will be responsible for the development of new business channels and partnerships. ", "With over 20 year’s experience in ICT, Donal was instrumental in setting up pre-sales operations in Ireland for, amongst others, FileNet and BEA Systems." ]

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[ "The Fayez Sarofim & Co. U.S. Men’s Clay Court Championship will not be held as scheduled April 4-12 at Houston’s River Oaks Country Club following the ATP Tour’s suspension of tournament play for the next six weeks.", "\n\n\n\nThe suspension, which will run through April 22, is due to escalating health and safety concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic. ", "With immediate effect, the suspension covers seven ATP Tour events as well as numerous Challenger tournaments.", "\n\n\n\n“Our thoughts are with all those who are being directly impacted by this virus,” said Tournament Director Bronwyn Greer. “", "We are disappointed to not be able to carry on with the tournament, but the health and safety of our patrons, volunteers, staff and the players is our top priority. ", "Considering the circumstances of this global emergency, we support the ATP’s decision.”", "\n\n\n\nSpecial Events that were scheduled to take place on court around the tournament, including Kids Day and Ladies Day, will not take place.", "\n\n\n\nThose who purchased tickets for the 2020 tournament will soon be contacted directly with further information about their purchase. ", "That information will also be posted online at mensclaycourt.com shortly.", "\n\n\n\nThe U.S. Men’s Clay Court Championship has been held every year since 1910 with the exception of 1928. ", "River Oaks Country Club has hosted a tennis tournament since 1931, with the exception of 1942-45.", "\n\n\n\nIn 2021, the tournament is scheduled to take place April 3-11.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "A Family Heirloom Awaiting the Next Generation\n\n26 years ago, a couple named Bill and Sandy (that is my husband and I) were awaiting our first-born child. ", "We had no idea if we were having a boy or a girl, but we were excited and scared (at least I was). ", "We had just moved into a new house and had a yellow gingham nursery ready. ", "In the garage, Bill worked on a cradle for the new baby and he did so without the many tools that he has today. ", "I had seen a photo of a cradle in a magazine and had asked Bill to make it and my very talented husband took on that task and did an outstanding job.", "\n\nThe baby, Alycia Jean, arrived on July 6th and came home a week later to an almost done cradle. ", "Her first night, she slept in a dresser drawer beside our bed because the cradle had just been stained (even then we knew that it was not good for a baby to smell fumes). ", "The first several weeks, the cradle sat on 5 gallon buckets as it awaited the base to be built – but Alycia did not seem to mind as she was greatly loved and her needs were met. ", "When the cradle was completely done, she slept in it the same as she did before, unimpressed that her Daddy had completed a family heirloom.", "\n\nFor the 26 years, this cradle stayed in our (Bill and mine’s) room. ", "It held 2 additional baby girls, Laryssa 23 years ago and Audrianna 18 years ago. ", "After that it held the original quilt-blanket used as bedding, numerous pillows (including several made for me as gifts from little girls learning to sew), and in the last years my husband would pile the pillows and shams from our bed on it each night. ", "Above the cradle, hung a print that my Mother got me when Audrianna was born of a mother placing her baby in a cradle while 2 little girls looked on. ", "It was just part of our room decor and occasionally I would look at the cradle with sweet memories of my husband’s craft and our sweet babies.", "\n\nIn May of this year, the cradle left our home for a new baby boy awaiting to be born at the last of June/first of July. ", "Josiah and Laryssa are awaiting the birth of their new baby boy and so the cradle went to their home. ", "Our family decided that each baby born to the Joseph family will get the cradle for the new baby. ", "Each baby’s name will be added to the cradle before it is passed along to the next family (just for the record here, Audrianna’s name was just added before the cradle moved – she waited 18 years to see her name on the cradle).", "\n\nSo now the “hand-built with love by a talented Daddy”, is in NY with our son-in-law and daughter awaiting a new baby arriving about the same time as we were waiting 26 years ago. ", "Bill and I did not know that we would be starting a family tradition, I just knew I wanted my husband to build a cradle.", "\n\nMy prayer for each child that lays in that cradle is that they will come to know the Lord as their Lord and Savior at an early age and will serve Him all the days of their lives. ", "May each name that is written on that cradle also be written in the Lord’s Book of Eternal Life.", "\n\nAnd a note to this little boy – your “Grammie” can’t wait to meet you and pray this prayer over you. ", "You are already loved by your awaiting family.", "\n\nGreat is the LORD and most worthy of praise; His greatness no one can fathom. ", "One generation will commend your works to another; they will tell of your mighty acts. ", "Psalm 145:3-4" ]

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[ "José Medina (weightlifter)\n\nFor the Chilean track and road cyclist see José Medina (cyclist)\n\nJosé Alexander Medina (born April 21, 1970) is a retired male weightlifter from Venezuela. ", "He competed for his native South American country at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.", "\n\nReferences\nsports-reference\n\nCategory:1970 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Venezuelan male weightlifters\nCategory:Weightlifters at the 1991 Pan American Games\nCategory:Weightlifters at the 1992 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic weightlifters of Venezuela\nCategory:Pan American Games bronze medalists for Venezuela\nCategory:Pan American Games medalists in weightlifting" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDelete Duplicate rows on Google sheet by comparing only certain values on certain columns\n\nSheet 1\nTimestamp |Name | Shift.....| Date....| Letter..| \n19/05/2016 15:44:46|Mark | Swap | 02/AUG | S | \nTimestamp2 |Ivon | Give away | 25/ AUG | G | \nTimestamp3 |Laura| Take | 01/AUG | A | \nTimestamp4 |Ann | Take | 02/AUG | A | \nTimestamp5 |Ann | Give away | 03/AUG | G |\nTimestamp6 |Laura| Delete | 01/AUG | D | \n\nAs this is a google sheet, I am trying to run the below script to delete rows which matches Name and Date Columns. ", "E.G. Laura has 2 entries on the same date of 01AUG. ", "Therefore I want both rows to be deleted. ", "I am trying the following script but it doesn't work. ", " \n function removeDuplicates() {\nvar ss = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSpreadsheet();\nvar sheet = ss.getSheetByName(\"Form responses 2\");\n var data = sheet.getDataRange().getValues();\n var newData = new Array();\n for(i in data){\n var row = data[i];\n var duplicate = false;\n for(j in newData){\n if( row[0] == newData[j][1] && row[1] == newData[j][3]){\n duplicate = true;\n }\n }\n if(!duplicate){\n newData.push(row);\n }\n }\n sheet.clearContents();\n sheet.getRange(1, 1, newData.length, newData[0].length).setValues(newData);\n }\n\nA:\n\nv4. ", "Final (I think).", "\nIf Cx is \"delete\" or \"Delete\" delete row x and rows whose B and D are same as row x's.", "\nfunction objTst(){\n var ss = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSpreadsheet();\n var sheet = ss.getSheetByName(\"Form responses 2\");\n\n var megarng = sheet.getRange(2, 2, sheet.getLastRow(),sheet.getLastColumn()).getValues(); //[][]\n\n var rodel = [0]; //rows to delete\n\n for (i = 0; i<megarng.length; i++){\n if (String(megarng[i][1])==(\"Delete\"||\"delete\")){ //megarng[][x] 0=b, 1=c, 2=d\n rodel.push(i+2) \n\n for (g=0; g<megarng.length ; g++){\n\n if(String(megarng[g][0])===String(megarng[i][0]) && String(megarng[g][2])===String(megarng[i][2])){\n\n rodel.push(g+2);\n\n Logger.log(megarng[g][0]);\n Logger.log(megarng[i][0]);\n Logger.log(megarng[g][2]);\n Logger.log(megarng[i][2]);\n\n Logger.log(i+\"i\");\n Logger.log(g);\n }\n }\n }\n rodel.sort(function comp(a,b){return a-b});\n Logger.log(rodel);\n }\n for (i=rodel.length-1 ; 0<i; i--){if (rodel[i-1]!==rodel[i]){sheet.deleteRow(rodel[i]);}}\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Many previous works have shown the relevance and dynamics of Jovian mean motion resonances (MMR) in various meteoroid streams. ", "These resonant swarms are known to have produced spectacular meteor displays in the past. ", "In this work we investigate whether any MMR due to Saturn are feasible, and subsequently check whether such effects are strong enough to trap meteoroids so as to cause enhanced meteor phenomena on Earth. ", "Extensive numerical simulations are done on two major meteoroid streams, which are known to exhibit exterior Jovian resonances. ", "The roles of the 1:6 and 5:14 Jovian MMR have already been studied in the Orionids and Leonids respectively. ", "Now we find strong evidence of 1:3 and 8:9 Saturnian MMR in Orionids and Leonids respectively. ", "The presence of compact dust trails in real space due to these two Saturnian resonances is confirmed from our calculations.'", "\nauthor:\n- |\n A. Sekhar$^{1,2*}$ and D. J. Asher$^1$\\\n $^1$Armagh Observatory, College Hill, Armagh BT61 9DG\\\n $^2$Queen’s University of Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN\\\n $^*$E-mail: asw@arm.ac.uk , asekhar01@qub.ac.uk\\\ndate: '[**Accepted**]{}: 2013 May 16; [**Received**]{}: 2013 May 16; [**In Original Form**]{}: 2013 Apr 26; [**MNRAS Letters**]{}'\ntitle: Saturnian mean motion resonances in meteoroid streams\n---\n\n1P/Halley, 55P/Tempel-Tuttle, Orionids, Leonids, Saturn, Jupiter, Comet, Meteoroid, Resonance, Celestial mechanics\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nJovian mean motion resonances (MMR) are known to have played an important role in determining the long term evolution of many meteoroid streams (Asher & Emel’yanenko 2002; Ryabova 2003; Jenniskens 2006; Vaubaillon, Lamy & Jorda 2006; Soja et al.", " 2011). ", "In many cases the compact dust trails due to Jovian resonances have led to observed outbursts and storms (Astapovich 1968; Yeomans 1981; Asher & Clube 1993; Rendtel & Betlem 1993; Brown et al.", " 2002; Trigo-Rodríguez et al.", " 2007; Rendtel 2008; Kero et al. ", "2011). ", "Most of these observational records match with theoretical simulations to a very good degree. ", "Generally it is seen that the orbital evolution of resonant meteoroids is dramatically different from that of the non-resonant ones (Sato & Watanabe 2007; Christou, Vaubaillon & Withers 2008). ", "The remarkably different precession rates and particle concentrations of resonant swarms, in comparison to non-resonant meteoroids, lead to varying levels of meteor activity in various showers. ", "Hence correlating enhanced meteor activity with known Jovian resonances (Asher, Bailey & Emel’yanenko 1999; Jenniskens et al.", " 2007; Rendtel 2007; Sekhar & Asher 2013) and subsequent predictions of future meteor outbursts have been a very active field for some decades. ", "Such calculations have gained very high precision over the years (Jenniskens et al. ", "1998; McNaught & Asher 1999).", "\n\nNevertheless we realise that no detailed simulations or analysis were done regarding resonances in meteoroid streams due to Saturn’s gravitational effects except a brief mention of a possible 8:9 MMR in Leonids (Stoney & Downing 1898; Brown 2001). ", "Most scientists seem to have presumed that Saturnian resonances are either too weak or practically non-existent when it comes to producing enhanced meteor phenomena on Earth. ", "Our simulations here show that this assumption is not true. ", "We find conclusive evidence that strong Saturnian resonances are feasible as well as effective in trapping large numbers of meteoroids which can lead to formation of compact dust trails in space. ", "Even though Saturnian resonances are quite rare compared to Jovian resonances in the context of known meteoroid streams, the newly found Saturnian resonances in this work show significant strength and stability which can in turn relate to spectacular meteor outbursts in the past and future. ", "This paper investigates such Saturnian resonances in two major streams which are known to exhibit exterior Jovian resonances (Emel’yanenko 2001) namely the Orionids and Leonids.", "\n\n(a)\\\n![(", "a) Libration of 1:3 (Saturnian) resonant argument for an Orionid test particle, confirming presence of 1:3 MMR with Saturn. (", "b) Circulation of 2:15 (Jovian) resonant argument for the same particle, confirming absence of 2:15 MMR with Jupiter.[]{data-label=\"ORIsigma\"}](13satori.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\\\n(b)\\\n![(", "a) Libration of 1:3 (Saturnian) resonant argument for an Orionid test particle, confirming presence of 1:3 MMR with Saturn. (", "b) Circulation of 2:15 (Jovian) resonant argument for the same particle, confirming absence of 2:15 MMR with Jupiter.[]{data-label=\"ORIsigma\"}](215jovori.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n --------- ------- -------------------- ------ ------\n MMR Order Number of Possible P T\n p:(p+q) q Resonant Arguments (yr) (yr)\n 8:9 S 1 2 33 2\n 1:3 S 2 6 88 22\n 5:14 J 9 110 33 1\n 2:15 J 13 280 - -\n 16:45 J 29 2480 - -\n --------- ------- -------------------- ------ ------\n\n : Order of resonances discussed in this work and applying combinatorics to calculate resonant arguments permitted by d’Alembert rules. ", "T is the approximate number of successive years for the Earth to encounter a single Leonid/Orionid resonant zone. ", "P is the interval until the next series of successive encounters. ", "In previous work (Sekhar & Asher 2013) on Orionids, T $\\sim$ 5-6 yr & P $\\sim$ 71 yr for 1:6 Jovian, and T $\\sim$ 1-2 yr & P $\\sim$ 77 yr for 2:13 Jovian.[]{data-label=\"\"}\n\n\\\n\nSeparating Jovian and Saturnian Resonances {#sigma}\n==========================================\n\nSince there is a well known 2:5 near commensurability, widely known as the great inequality (Kepler 1672; Halley 1676; Laplace 1785; Hill 1890; Lovett 1895; Brouwer & van Woerkom 1950; Milani & Knežević 1990), between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn, it is vital to cross check the evolution of resonant arguments (for any particular resonance ratio involving Saturn) of the meteoroid particle for these two nearby resonances simultaneously. ", "For example in the case of 1:3 MMR (Saturnian), multiplying this ratio by 2:5 gives the nearby 2:15 MMR (Jovian). ", "The current investigation confirms the presence of 1:3 Saturnian MMR (semi-major axis $a_{n}=19.84$ [au]{}) in the Orionids. ", "It is essential to check the adjacent 2:15 Jovian resonant argument ($a_{n}= 19.93$ [au]{}) to avoid any misleading signature from this nearby Jovian MMR. ", "Here we use $a$ = $a_{n}$ = the ‘nominal resonance location’ (Murray & Dermott 1999, section 8.4) for exterior resonances (Peale 1976) of the form p:(p+q) where q is the order of resonance and repeated conjunction occurs for every p orbits of the particle.", "\n\nFigure \\[ORIsigma\\](a) shows the 1:3 Saturnian resonant argument $\\sigma$ librating continuously for about 4 kyr, then briefly becoming non-resonant (overall range of $\\sigma$ becomes 360 for a short while) and subsequently falling into the same resonance for a further 2 kyr, in the case of an Orionid test particle. ", "Figure \\[ORIsigma\\](b) shows the 2:15 resonant argument (Jovian) clearly circulating during the same time frame. ", "The starting epoch is JD 1208900.18109 = 1404 B.C. October 15.68109, the oldest credible computed perihelion passage time of 1P/Halley (Yeomans & Kiang 1981).", "\n\nFor the Leonids we confirm the presence of 8:9 Saturnian MMR ($a_{n}=10.32$ [au]{}). ", "Figure \\[LEOsigma\\](a) shows $\\sigma$ for this MMR librating for $\\sim$700 yr before starting to drift from the libration centre (initial epoch = JD 2220280.1685 = computed return time of 55P/Tempel-Tuttle in 1366). ", "Figures \\[LEOsigma\\](b) and (c) show the adjacent 16:45 ($a_{n}=10.36$ [au]{}) and 5:14 ($a_{n}=10.33$ [au]{}) resonant arguments (Jovian) clearly circulating for the same test particle during the same time frame. ", "Multiplying 8:9 MMR (Saturnian) by 2:5 gives the nearby 16:45 MMR (Jovian). ", "In terms of $a_{n}$, 5:14 MMR (Jovian) is even nearer than 16:45 is to 8:9 MMR (Saturnian). ", "Hence both these Jovian cases were verified to get a comprehensive conclusion.", "\n\nIn order to absolutely confirm the presence of Saturnian MMR and rule out the presence of nearby Jovian MMR, many of the different possible combinations (see Table 1) of 1:3, 8:9 and 2:15, 16:45, 5:14 resonant arguments allowed by d’Alembert rules (Murray & Dermott 1999, sections 6.7 and 8.2) were checked to confirm libration and circulation respectively (cf.", " Sekhar & Asher 2013). ", "The resonant arguments plotted in Figures \\[ORIsigma\\](a) and \\[LEOsigma\\](a) are respectively $\\sigma = \\lambda_s-3\\lambda_m+2\\varpi_m$ and $\\sigma = 8\\lambda_s-9\\lambda_m+\\varpi_m$, where $\\lambda$ and $\\varpi$ denote mean longitude and longitude of pericentre, subscripts $s$ and $m$ standing for Saturn and meteoroid particle. ", "Because both Halley’s and Tempel-Tuttle’s orbits are retrograde, here we use the modified definition of $\\varpi = \\Omega - \\omega$ (Saha & Tremaine 1993; Whipple & Shelus 1993).", "\n\nThese techniques clearly show that Saturnian resonances are indeed real and not entwined with the near commensurate Jovian resonances. ", "In Section \\[geom\\] we integrate ranges of particles to show dense clusters of Saturnian resonant meteoroids in space retaining their compact structure for many kyr.", "\n\n(a)\\\n![(", "a) Libration of 8:9 (Saturnian) resonant argument for a Leonid test particle, confirming presence of 8:9 MMR with Saturn. ", "Circulation of (b) 16:45 and (c) 5:14 Jovian resonant arguments for the same particle confirm absence of 16:45 and 5:14 MMR with Jupiter.[]{data-label=\"LEOsigma\"}](89satleo.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\\\n(b)\\\n![(", "a) Libration of 8:9 (Saturnian) resonant argument for a Leonid test particle, confirming presence of 8:9 MMR with Saturn. ", "Circulation of (b) 16:45 and (c) 5:14 Jovian resonant arguments for the same particle confirm absence of 16:45 and 5:14 MMR with Jupiter.[]{data-label=\"LEOsigma\"}](1645jovleo.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\\\n(c)\\\n![(", "a) Libration of 8:9 (Saturnian) resonant argument for a Leonid test particle, confirming presence of 8:9 MMR with Saturn. ", "Circulation of (b) 16:45 and (c) 5:14 Jovian resonant arguments for the same particle confirm absence of 16:45 and 5:14 MMR with Jupiter.[]{data-label=\"LEOsigma\"}](514jovleo.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThe numerical integrations in this work were done using the <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">mercury</span> package (Chambers 1999) implementing the <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">radau</span> algorithm (Everhart 1985) with accuracy parameter set to $10^{-12}$ and including the sun and eight planets, whose orbital elements were retrieved from JPL Horizons (Giorgini et al.", " 1996). ", "Elements for the parent bodies 1P/Halley and 55P/Tempel-Tuttle were taken from Marsden & Williams (2008). ", "Radiation pressure and Poynting-Robertson effects were not included in any integrations.", "\n\nGeometry of Resonant Zones and Ecliptic Plane Crossings {#geom}\n=======================================================\n\nOrionids {#ORIgeom}\n--------\n\nFigure \\[aM\\](a) shows the general picture of resonant zones for the 1:3 Saturnian MMR ($a_{n}=19.84$ [au]{}): 7200 particles were integrated forward from 1404 B.C., varying the initial $a$ from 19.0 to 20.8 [au]{} in steps of 0.018 [au]{}, and initial $M$ from 0 to 360 in steps of 5, keeping other elements (namely $q$, $i$, $\\omega$ and $\\Omega$) the same as 1P/Halley. ", "Particles are plotted that librate continuously for 4 kyr. ", "The distribution shows their initial semi-major axis $a$ and mean anomaly $M$. Resonant particles were identified (cf.", "Section \\[sigma\\]) by a simple algorithm which looks at the overall range of resonant argument (for different combinations allowed by d’Alembert rules) for each particle every 10 yr during the whole 4 kyr. ", "A snap shot of the same ($a$,$M$) phase space 4 kyr later shows a similar picture with three dense clouds of resonant particles. ", "Our simulations show that 1:3 resonant meteoroids can retain compact structures for many kyr (4 kyr is typical). ", "A resonant meteor outburst is a possibility if Earth passes through one of these three clumps in space. ", "When the Earth misses these dense clouds, a normal meteor shower can still occur.", "\n\n(a)\\\n![(", "a) three resonant zones for 1:3 Saturnian MMR in Orionids as a function of $a$ and $M$ at initial epoch JD 1208900.18109; (b) nine zones for 8:9 Saturnian MMR in Leonids as a function of ($a$,$M$) at initial epoch JD 2220280.1685.[]{data-label=\"aM\"}](13aM.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\\\n(b)\\\n![(", "a) three resonant zones for 1:3 Saturnian MMR in Orionids as a function of $a$ and $M$ at initial epoch JD 1208900.18109; (b) nine zones for 8:9 Saturnian MMR in Leonids as a function of ($a$,$M$) at initial epoch JD 2220280.1685.[]{data-label=\"aM\"}](89aM.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThe $a$ range spanned by the resonant zone (Fig.", " \\[aM\\]a) is equivalent to perihelion tangential ejection speeds in the range of about +40 to +65 ms$^{-1}$ at the 1404 B.C. return of 1P/Halley. ", "These ejection velocities are realistic in cometary activity (Whipple 1951). ", "Moreover radiation pressure acts in the same way as positive (= forward) ejection velocities, i.e. increasing the orbital period, and for visual meteor sized meteoroids the effect of radiation pressure on the period is quantitatively comparable to these ejection speeds (cf.", " Kondrat’eva & Reznikov 1985; Williams 1997; Asher & Emel’yanenko 2002). ", "Hence these positive ejection velocities (in the gravitational integration model) required to populate this 1:3 resonant zone at this epoch imply that significant numbers of real meteoroids were released by 1P/Halley into this resonance. ", "Over centuries the comet will drift through the three 1:3 resonant zones and populate all of them.", "\n\n(a)\\\n![(", "a) Ecliptic plane crossings; and (b) distribution of heliocentric distances, for sets of 1:3 Saturnian MMR and non-resonant Orionid particles in 450 A.D. Both sets of particles evolved dynamically for 2 kyr but the dense clustering of resonant meteoroids contrasts with the large dispersion of non-resonant particles. []{", "data-label=\"ORIecl\"}](13satrasol.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\\\n(b)\\\n![(", "a) Ecliptic plane crossings; and (b) distribution of heliocentric distances, for sets of 1:3 Saturnian MMR and non-resonant Orionid particles in 450 A.D. Both sets of particles evolved dynamically for 2 kyr but the dense clustering of resonant meteoroids contrasts with the large dispersion of non-resonant particles. []{", "data-label=\"ORIecl\"}](13satrsol.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n(a)\\\n![(", "a) Ecliptic plane crossings; and (b) distribution of heliocentric distances, for sets of 8:9 MMR (Saturnian) and non-resonant Leonid particles in 2000 A.D., both sets having evolved over the same time frame. ", "The resonant case shows very compact dust trails whereas significant dispersion is indicated in the non-resonant case.[]{data-label=\"LEOecl\"}](89satrdsol.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\\\n(b)\\\n![(", "a) Ecliptic plane crossings; and (b) distribution of heliocentric distances, for sets of 8:9 MMR (Saturnian) and non-resonant Leonid particles in 2000 A.D., both sets having evolved over the same time frame. ", "The resonant case shows very compact dust trails whereas significant dispersion is indicated in the non-resonant case.[]{data-label=\"LEOecl\"}](89satrsol.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThe active role of 1:6 and 2:13 Jovian MMR in causing strong Orionid meteor outbursts has previously been demonstrated (Rendtel 2007; Sato & Watanabe 2007; Sekhar & Asher 2013). ", "The 1:3 Saturnian MMR can produce similarly compact structures in the Orionid stream. ", "Figure \\[ORIecl\\](a) shows the (ascending) nodal crossing distribution for particles from a single 1:3 resonant zone, contrasted with non-resonant particles (cf.librating and circulating model comparisons of Emel’yanenko & Bailey 1996, e.g. their fig.", " 3). ", "In the resonant case, 2000 particles were integrated from Halley’s 1404 B.C. return ($M$=0), varying the initial $a$ from 20.0 to 20.1 in steps of $ 5 \\times 10^{-5}$ [au]{} and keeping $q$, $i$, $\\omega$ and $\\Omega$ the same as the comet. ", "All parameters were the same for the non-resonant particles except the starting epoch was adjusted by $\\sim$2 yr ($M$=0 at JD 1208171.10151 was chosen) so that the evolution of non-resonant Orionids can be studied for the same time frame. ", "There were no significant close encounters with planets during this extra integration time. ", "The very compact structures in Fig.", " \\[ORIecl\\] for the librating particles prove the physical presence of dense meteoroid concentrations in space. ", "Moreover the particle distribution along the orbit shows the non-resonant ones to be dispersed over a very large range of heliocentric distances which in turn leads to very low meteoroid concentrations.", "\n\nLeonids\n-------\n\nTo explore the 8:9 MMR ($a_{n}=10.32$ [au]{}) in the Leonid stream, we integrated 7200 particles varying initial $a$ from 10.16 to 10.46 [au]{}in steps of 0.0030 [au]{} and $M$ in steps of 5. ", "Figure \\[aM\\](b) shows the distribution of particles with various values of initial ($a$,$M$) that have not circulated through 360 for the entire period of 1000 years starting from 1366 A.D. Virtually all such particles are resonant for at least 700 yr (Fig.", " \\[LEOsigma\\]a, and similar plots for other particles not shown). ", "The inherent mechanism of resonant zones is the same as described for Orionids (Section \\[ORIgeom\\]) except that there are nine dense clumps in this case. ", "A snap shot of the same phase space after 700 years shows a similar picture with nine clumps of resonant particles. ", "Our simulations show that 8:9 resonant meteoroids can retain compact structures for up to many centuries (typically $\\sim$700 yr; cf.", "Fig.", " \\[LEOsigma\\]a).", "\n\nMeteoroid ejection velocities in the range of about $-$20 to $-$4 ms$^{-1}$, perfectly feasible during outgassing activity, can populate the entire resonant zone (shown in Fig.", " \\[aM\\]b) at the 1366 return of 55P/Tempel-Tuttle. ", "The requirement for negative ejection velocities (in a gravitational integration model) will have an opposite effect to that discussed in Section \\[ORIgeom\\], i.e. the real population of resonant meteoroids will consist of particles less affected by radiation pressure. ", "This would mean enhanced chances of narrow trails of larger meteoroids in turn leading to brighter meteors when they intersect Earth.", "\n\nAsher et al.", " (1999) and Brown & Arlt (2000) have shown the relevance of 5:14 Jovian MMR in causing intense meteor outbursts in the recent past. ", "Figure \\[LEOecl\\](a) shows the (descending) nodal crossing distribution in 2000 A.D. for meteoroids from a single 8:9 (Saturnian) resonant zone and for non-resonant meteoroids. ", "The resonance leading to the compact distribution is similar to the mechanism discussed in Section \\[ORIgeom\\]. ", "Also as in Section \\[ORIgeom\\] the non-resonant meteoroids are dispersed over a much larger range of heliocentric distance (Fig.", " \\[LEOecl\\]b). ", "Hence these stable resonances can play an important role when it comes to spectacular meteor outbursts.", "\n\nFor Fig. ", "\\[LEOecl\\], the integrations were of 2000 particles with initial $a$ from 10.35 to 10.36 in steps of $5 \\times 10^{-6}$ [au]{} and $q$, $i$, $\\omega$ and $\\Omega$ the same as Tempel-Tuttle. ", "All the particles were integrated for 700 years from the 1366 A.D. return ($M$=0). ", "The non-resonant set had the same initial conditions except that, as in Section \\[ORIgeom\\], the starting epoch was offset so that the dynamics of non-resonant Leonids can be analysed ($M$=0 at JD 2219597.24930 was chosen). ", "No relevant close encounters occurred during this additional integration time.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nWe have shown that Orionid meteoroids can stay continuously in 1:3 MMR with Saturn for $\\sim$4 kyr and Leonid meteoroids in 8:9 MMR with Saturn for $\\sim$700 yr. ", "It is verified that none of these resonant signatures are due to nearby Jovian resonances such as 2:15 and 5:14 in Orionids and Leonids respectively. ", "The survival times (of the order of 10$^3$ yr) and density distributions of these Saturnian resonances, which can in turn lead to very compact dust trails producing enhanced meteor activity, are comparable to those due to previously known Jovian resonances like 2:13 MMR in the Orionids discussed in Sekhar & Asher (2013).", "\n\nGenerally the lower the order q of a resonance, the higher its strength. ", "In the resonances mentioned above, it is then fair to assume that the weaker gravitational effect (in comparison to Jupiter) of Saturn is compensated by the difference in order of resonance. ", "In 8:9 and 1:3 MMR (Saturnian) q is 1 and 2 respectively, very low compared to 9 and 13 in the case of 5:14 and 2:15 MMR (Jovian) respectively. ", "Saturn’s effects can become very relevant and significant in such cases. ", "Hence one cannot rule out the possibility of an interesting time frame (in past or future) when there could be spectacular Orionid or Leonid meteor displays due to Saturn’s effects comparable to those due to Jovian effects.", "\n\nAcknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nThe authors thank Jürgen Rendtel for helpful comments and express their gratitude to the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure of Northern Ireland for the generous funding to pursue astronomical research at Armagh Observatory.", "\n\n[99]{}\n\nAsher D. J., Clube S. V. M., 1993, QJRAS, 34, 481\n\nAsher D. J., Emel’yanenko V. V., 2002, MNRAS, 331, 126\n\nAsher D. J., Bailey M. E., Emel’yanenko V. V., 1999, MNRAS, 304, L53\n\nAstapovich I. S., 1968, Probl. ", "Kosmich. ", "Fiz., ", "3, 103\n\nBrouwer D., van Woerkom A. J. J., 1950, Astron. 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[ "wow, this looks really cool, i love the pose here, it's really amazing, i love it, great job sweetie, and keep it up!" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nnpm start gets 401 and node app.js gets 200 response\n\nI have a React project that I run with npm start and this code gets 401 Error from the second fetch (the first one is ok). ", "It runs fine returning 200 only with node, like in \"node App.js\".", "\nSo what would I need to do to run my React project getting 200 response? ", "Why is there this difference between npm and node to this request response?", "\nconst clientID = <ClientID>\nconst clientSecret = <ClientSecret>\nconst encode = Buffer.from(`${clientID}:${clientSecret}`, 'utf8').toString('base64')\n\nconst requestOptions = {\n method: 'POST',\n headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',\n 'Authorization': `Basic ${encode}`,\n },\n};\n\nfetch(\"https://auth-nato.auth.us-east-1.amazoncognito.com/oauth2/token?grant_type=client_credentials\", requestOptions)\n.then(response => { return response.json() })\n.then(data => { \n const requestOptions2 = {\n method: 'POST',\n mode: 'no-cors',\n headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json',\n 'Authorization': `Bearer ${data.access_token}`\n },\n body: '{\"username\":\"Ana\", \"password\":\"test123\",\"user_id\":\"ana@email.com\"}'\n };\n fetch('https://j1r07lanr6.execute-api.sa-east-1.amazonaws.com/v1/register', requestOptions2)\n .then(response => {console.log(response)});\n})\n\nA:\n\nThe only solution was disabling chrome web security and removing \"mode: no-cors\".", "\nI've tried adding \"Access-Control-Allow-Origin\":\"http://localhost:3000\" to headers but doesn't work.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Kyphosis Correction\n\nScheuermann’s disease is a developmental disorder that causes patients to have a stooped forward or bent-over posture as a result of excessive kyphosis of the thoracic spine. ", "This condition affects between 0.5% and 8% of the general population, and is more common in boys than in girls. ", "Scheuermann’s disease is caused by more than bad posture, and there are several clinical and radiographic findings that are typical in this disease that help to differentiate Scheuermann’s kyphosis from postural kyphosis.", "\n\nDiagnosis\n\nThe diagnosis of Scheuermann’s disease is made on the basis of a physical examination and radiographs of the spine. ", "A physical examination is used to determine where the apex of the curve is located, where the patient is experiencing back pain, how flexible the curve is, and whether or not there are any other related findings. ", "Currently, the most commonly accepted criteria for the radiographic diagnosis of Scheuermann’s disease is the presence of at least 5 degrees of vertebral body wedging over three adjacent levels. ", "Radiographs are also used to more precisely determine the relative percent correction that is possible by attempting to reverse the kyphotic curve with a bolster or a pillow placed at the apex of the curve while the patient is lying down.", "\n\nTreatment\n\nThe treatment of Scheuermann’s disease depends upon several factors, including the age of the patient, the severity of the curve, the presence or absence of back pain, and whether or not the lungs are developing and functioning normally.", "\n\nIf a patient is young, has a mild curve, no back pain, and normal pulmonary function, then continued observation by a doctor is usually prescribed, with repeat clinical examinations and radiographs at regular intervals (often every year). ", "Many doctors will advise patients with kyphosis to participate in activities that strengthen the muscles that support the spine, stretch the hamstrings, and improve cardiovascular fitness. ", "This type of therapy is considered an important part of ensuring that the curve stays as flexible as possible, in an effort to prevent further progression.", "\n\nOther forms of treatment, including bracing and surgery, are considered when there is a rapid increase in the size of the curve, worsening of the vertebrae body wedging, back pain that will not improve with conservative measures, or difficulties with pulmonary function that are related to the kyphotic deformity. ", "The decision about when and how to brace the spine of a patient with Scheuermann’s disease, or to perform surgery, is made on an individual basis." ]

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[ "\"[They] came to Musama business centre in Murewa and threatened MDC supporters with death if they 'revote' MDC in the anticipated election rerun,\" the affidavit says. \"", "Shops were forced to close down; people were forced to attend the ZANU-PF rally.\" ", "On Sunday electoral officials announced a delay in the partial recount of the disputed March 29 election. ", "The delay increased opposition concern about possible vote-rigging by ZANU-PF.", "\n\nThe recount could overturn the results of the parliamentary election, which showed ZANU-PF losing its majority to the MDC for the first time. ", "Results of the parallel presidential election have not been made public, but the MDC leader, Morgan Tsvangirai, now in exile in South Africa, says he won. ", "A run-off election will be called if the recount shows that neither side won at least 50 per cent of the presidential vote. ", "Dr Parirenyatwa's meeting, on April 10, came as ZANU-PF began what has become an extensive campaign of beatings and intimidation in areas where Mr Mugabe and the ruling party lost ground in the presidential and parliamentary elections.", "\n\nIn the following days, party militias and the army established torture camps in several provinces, where they took MDC members to extract the names of opposition activists and deter the opposition from campaigning before the expected run-off election. ", "Mobs loyal to Mr Mugabe have forced about 3000 people to flee their homes. ", "Victims are coming to the capital, Harare, seeking safety and medical treatment.", "\n\nChingatayi Chimomo, 13, was separated from his parents when a ZANU-PF gang burned down his home, 200 kilometres north-east of Harare. ", "His father, John, was an MDC parliamentary candidate. \"", "We ran into the forest and saw about 50 people burning our house down and taking all our things,\" the boy said. \"", "My father … told us to run away and he ran away to another place. \"", "It was midnight, a lot of people came and two had guns, and they put fire and broke everything and they took all our property. ", "My father knows I am here but I don't know when we will go home. ", "There is nothing left at home.\"", "\n\nChingatayi was safe on Sunday in a Harare hospital. ", "The staff will not send him away, even though wards are overflowing with victims of Mr Mugabe's thugs. ", "A spokesman for the MDC, Nelson Chamisa, said 10 opposition supporters had been murdered since the election and hundreds assaulted.", "\n\n\"I can confirm that 10 of our members have died, four of them in the last few days, due to political violence perpetrated by ruling party supporters in the aftermath of the elections,\" Mr Chamisa said. ", "Amid mounting regional concern about instability and bloodshed, the 53-member African Union urged Zimbabwe to release the election results immediately, and called for restraint from all parties. ", "Guardian News and Media; Reuters; Telegraph, London" ]

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[ "Judith Crawley\n\nJudith Rosemary (Sparks) Crawley (April 21, 1914 – September 16, 1986) was a Canadian film producer, cinematographer, director, and screenwriter. ", "She and her husband Frank Radford \"Budge\" Crawley co-founded the production company Crawley Films in 1939.", "\n\nCrawley is best known for writing the Academy Award-winning documentary The Man Who Skied Down Everest. ", "She is considered to be the first Canadian female filmmaker, and is recognized as being a pioneer for women who work in the film industry.", "\n\nEarly life\nJudith \"Judy\" Sparks was born in Ottawa, Ontario to Roderick Percy Sparks, a prominent tariff counsel and Rheba (Fraser) Sparks. ", "She studied at the Ottawa Ladies' College, and later studying English and economics from 1933 to 1936, graduated from McGill University, having earned a Bachelor of Arts.", "\n\nAfter her marriage to her next door neighbour, \"Budge\" Crawley, on October 1, 1938, Crawley became interested in filmmaking.", "\n\nFilmmaking career\nCrawley wrote the script and edited Île d'Orléans (1938), the first film she worked on with her husband. ", "Shot during their honeymoon, the film won the Hiram Percy Maxim Award from the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for Best Amateur Film in 1939, making their collaboration the first Canadian film to receive this type of recognition.", "\n\nCrawley and her husband founded Crawley Films in 1939. ", "As her family grew, Crawley became increasingly interested how to properly raise children. ", "In 1947, she wrote, directed and starred in the educational childcare short film Know Your Baby. ", "Despite its financial failure upon release, the film became immensely popular with audiences, and prompted two follow-up series commissioned by McGraw Hill.", "\n\nFrom 1941 to 1944, after being hired by renewed Scottish documentary filmmaker John Grierson, Crawley became a freelance cinematographer, screenwriter, editor and director for the National Film Board of Canada (NFB), often working with her husband. ", "During her time at the NFB, Crawley directed Four New Apple Dishes, the first NFB film to be directed by a woman.", "\n\nAs an independent filmmaker on contract to the NFB, the Crawley's The Loon's Necklace (1950) \"remains in the national collective unconscious of generations of Canadians.", "\n\nIn 1957, Crawley and her husband were given a joint Canadian Film Award.", "\n\nAfter 1961, Crawley elected to focus on producing and writing rather than directing. ", "As a result, Crawley wrote the script for The Man Who Skied Down Everest, which in 1975 won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. ", "This film was the first Canadian-made production to take home the Academy Award for Best Documentary .", "\n\nAfter separating from her husband in 1965, Crawley founded another film production company with two of her children, Michal and Jennifer.", "\n\nFrom 1979 to 1982, Crawley was the president of the Canadian Film Institute.", "\n\nIn 1986, Crawley and her husband received a joint Special Achievement Genie Award for their continued work in the Canadian film industry.", "\n\nDeath\nOn September 16, 1986, Crawley died from respiratory disease.", "\n\nPartial filmography\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\n Armatage, Kay, Kass Banning, Brenda Longfellow and Janine Marchessault, eds. ", "Gendering the Nation: Canadian Women's Cinema. ", "Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999. .", "\n Khouri, Malek. ", "Filming Politics: Communism and the Portrayal of the Working Class at the National Film Board of Canada, 1939-46. ", "Calgary, Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary Press, 2007. .", "\n McInnes, Graham. ", "One Man's Documentary: A Memoir of the Early Years of the National Film Board. ", "Winnipeg, Manitoba: University of Manitoba, 2004. .", "\n Wise, Wyndham. ", " Take One's Essential Guide to Canadian Film. ", "Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015. .", "\n\nCategory:1914 births\nCategory:1986 deaths\nCategory:Canadian film editors\nCategory:Canadian film producers\nCategory:Canadian women cinematographers\nCategory:Canadian women film directors\nCategory:Canadian women screenwriters\nCategory:Canadian women film producers\nCategory:Film directors from Ottawa\nCategory:Film production company founders\nCategory:Women film editors\nCategory:Writers from Ottawa" ]

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[ "(Reuters) - Kevin Kleinman, a trader at Watchhimtrade.com, listens to music on Pandora every morning as he executes trades worth millions of dollars. ", "But he will not bet a dime on the music streaming company.", "\n\nA person holds a smart phone with the Pandora app showing in New York U.S., June 9, 2017. ", "REUTERS/Shannon Stapleton\n\nOnce a Wall-Street darling, Pandora Media Inc P.N has struggled as subscribers spend less time on the company's app, advertising revenue growth declines and investors worry over a management shakeup that saw co-founder Tim Westergren step down as chief executive.", "\n\nPandora, the largest streaming music provider in the United States, is still a compelling asset with more than 73 million active monthly users and because its stock is valued cheaply.", "\n\nBut shareholders and analysts say the company needs to immediately invest in a new ad platform to woo local advertisers and stay relevant in the face of stiffer competition from Spotify and Apple Music, which are grabbing listeners and advertisers with their user-friendly interfaces and exclusive contracts with popular artists such as Taylor Swift.", "\n\nNew Chief Executive Officer Roger Lynch admitted on the company’s earnings call last month that advertisers were shying away because its ad platform had gaps that made it hard for advertisers to transact with Pandora, but he did not lay out a detailed plan on how he planned to tackle the problem. ", "He said Pandora will spend more to improve its existing ad platform.", "\n\n“At the very top level, I think the company has clearly misexecuted,” said William Graves, chief investment officer at Boardman Bay Capital Management, which holds 315,500 shares of the company as of Sept. 30.", "\n\nStill, Graves says Pandora is a good investment because of its strong cash position, big customer base, and the possibility of expanding its subscriber base outside the United States.", "\n\nWhile Lynch may have been evasive on the call last month, a source told Reuters that the company is likely to buy an advertising technology firm within the next two months.", "\n\nThe source, an investor in Pandora who declined to be identified, said they spoke to the company’s chief financial officer after the earnings call and the executive strongly hinted that Pandora was going to buy, rather than build out its ad technology.", "\n\nCHEAP MUSIC\n\nPandora’s pricing is its best feature.", "\n\nIt offers three services: a free, ad-supported one; Pandora Plus, which is an ad-free subscription at $4.99 per month that allows subscribers to replay tracks; and Pandora Premium that costs $9.99 per month and supports a search-and-play feature and customizable playlists.", "\n\nWatchhimtrade.com’s Kleinman said the cheap subscription rate is the only reason he listens to Pandora.", "\n\nKleinman, 27, instead has placed bets in the online music industry through his holding in Apple Inc AAPL.O.\n\nPandora's shares have lost nearly two-thirds of their value this year and not even a cash infusion of $480 million from Sirius XM Holdings Inc SIRI.O in June has been able to arrest the stock's decline.", "\n\nThe forward 12-month median price target on Pandora’s stock has dropped from $11 to $8 in the past two months, according to Thomson Reuters data, but that is still a 66 percent premium to the stock’s close on Wednesday.", "\n\nApart from music companies, Pandora also competes with Alphabet Inc's Google GOOGL.O for ad dollars.", "\n\nLike Google, Pandora allows advertisers to bid for ad space in real time, but analysts said the company’s platform needs to give customers more insight and feedback about how effective their ad campaigns are.", "\n\n“One of the reasons (Google and Facebook) are doing so well ... is because they have a very clear ROI (return on investment) proposition to advertisers,” Raymond James analyst Justin Patterson said.", "\n\n“If Pandora can provide some transparency around that, then it will meaningfully benefit their monetization.”", "\n\nAd revenue, which accounted for 73 percent of Pandora’s total revenue in the latest quarter, rose just 1 percent, compared with 7.5 percent growth a year earlier.", "\n\nMeanwhile, costs to license music jumped 17 percent in the same period, and was nearly three-quarters of total ad revenue.", "\n\nIn contrast, Google GOOGL.O spent less than a quarter of its revenue to bring traffic to its websites in the latest quarter.", "\n\nA way to get more local advertisers to Pandora’s platform would be to offer ‘self-serve’ advertising that will allow advertisers to place ads without paying an intermediary, investors and analysts said.", "\n\n“Local and medium-sized business are exactly what would be our target clients because they usually prefer a simpler offering to execute themselves so that’s definitely part of our plan,” said Chris Record, senior vice president of Pandora’s revenue operations." ]

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[ "I’m kind of particular. ", "I’m that person in our marriage who knows how to load the dishwasher (the right way), for instance. ", "But over the last seven years of being married and then being a co-parent, I’ve learned how important it is to not be picky.", "\n\nMy husband is the tidy-freak. ", "He hates clutter. ", "He wants to constantly purge our stuff (but he also likes to buy as soon as he wants something (again).) ", "I am the clean-freak. ", "There’s a difference, definitely. ", "I want the floor swept, the counters wiped down. ", "I don’t mind organized chaos – conscious piles of things (“clutter”?) ", "that have a rhyme and a reason, though I’m probably the only person who understands what it is. ", "It took us a while – like a few years – to realize that this clash in cleanliness could actually be a point of strength instead of contention. ", "Instead of arguing about the dishwasher and the counters and the beard hair around the bathroom sink, I should be grateful that my husband is keeping our house from looking like a hoarder’s house, full of piles.", "\n\nOf course, we had to go through that clash of personalities again when we became parents. ", "I always joke that dads do something wrong the first time so that they’ll never be asked to do it again. ", "But that’s not really it, is it? ", "Dads and moms – or any two individual people, really – will undoubtedly have different styles and both need time and practice to learn how to do each parenting task. ", "Just because my husband didn’t pull out the leg skirts or point the you-know-what in the right direction the first time around doesn’t mean I should have pulled him from newborn diaper duty forever… but that seems to be what I did. ", "And that’s probably on me, and my first months of motherhood immaturity.", "\n\nIt is hard though, when Mom is used to be the primary caregiver, to give the reigns over to Dad. ", "Everything will happen differently. ", "It is undeniable. ", "But that isn’t bad. ", "Having two different people raising children together means that the kids get a range of personalities and parenting styles. ", "This is a good thing. ", "Can you imagine if my kids had a clone of me raising them beside me? ", "They would not have all of the fun dad goofiness that Dan brings and they’d have two parents with the exact same level of patience (or lack thereof). ", "My kids definitely would be worse off.", "\n\nAccepting that your partner is different isn’t always easy. ", "It means picking battles sometimes. ", "It means ignoring pet-peeves. ", "And yes, it means taming that rolling eye (I’m still working on this). ", "But the household, the kids, and the entire family are better off having two different people with two different personalities leading the helm.", "\n\nI must say I get a little crazy particular when we go to get frozen yogurt. ", "The first time I ever went, I got all the things that looked good to me and it wasn’t that awesome. ", "The next time I went, I realized how amazing the perfect combination of flavours can be. ", "I decide my toppings based on my yogurt flavour. ", "And I tend to choose sweet but light flavour yogurts with fruitier toppings.", "\n\nMeanwhile my children? ", "Want ALL THE THINGS.", "\n\nWe went to Menchie’s on Barrington Street earlier this week. ", "We’re in the middle of CRAZY VACATION PREP! ", "and I thought we needed a little treat after walking to the Passport Office to pick up (the cutest ever) little boy passports. ", "I helped my kids get their creations first, and I found myself saying “But that won’t taste good together!” ", "a lot. ", "Juicy watermelon sorbet, raspberry lemonade sorbet AND nutella? ", "Are you sure? ", "Not nutella? ", "Red velvet cake? ", "Well… okay(?). (", "Also, why do they insist on putting gummies on their froyo and then complain when they get hard? ", "I tell them it will happen every time!)", "\n\nBut that’s the thing about Menchie’s. ", "I don’t really need to freak out about what my kids want to eat. ", "That’s exactly why they love it there. ", "They can be creative with their flavours and eat treats that they might not always get to eat. ", "And that’s okay. ", "Cameron can have his mostly-fruity yogurt covered in gummies and topped with strawberry sauce. ", "Gavin and have his mostly-chocolate yogurt covered with chocolates and topped with chocolate sauce. ", "It is theirs. ", "Their preferences. ", "Their creation. ", "And that makes them smile.", "\n\nAs for me? ", "Ever since I first tried froyo at a Menchie’s in Markham long before Halifax had even been hit with the froyo bug, I’ve wanted to try the green tea frozen yogurt. ", "And on this trip, Menchie’s had it flowing again! ", "I topped my green tea froyo with coconut, yogurt chips, butterscotch chips, honeydew mochi, strawberry boba and yogurt boba. ", "It was a great combo and it was exactly what I wanted. ", "I was in a place where I could be picky and particular. ", "Because apparently, I can be a very particular person.", "\n\nAlong with the newest Oreo cookie frozen yogurt flavour, there are over 150 flavours available at Menchie’s, which means you can be as particular as you want when it comes to creating your very own froyo cup. ", "Menchie’s is the largest growing frozen yogurt franchise in Canada with 116 locations across Canada (and there will be 9 more by the end of the year!) ", "That means, hopefully all of my Canadian readers will be able to participate IN THIS GIVEAWAY that I’m hosting in collaboration with Menchie’s Canada!", "\n\nHere’s how to enter!", "\n\nGo to your local Menchie’s (shout-out to my Halifax Menchie’s!) ", "and design a yogurt creation that is perfect for YOU! ", "Then tweet or share an image of your Menchie’s creation with all of the following:\n\nThis hashtag: #MenchiesMyWay\n\nThe name of your creation. ", "BE CREATIVE!", "\n\nTag these accounts: @Menchies_CA and either @LauraORourke (on twitter) or @LauraLORourke (on Instagram)\n\nIf you’re posting on Twitter make sure you are following @Menchies_Ca and @LauraORourke\n\nIf you’re posting on Instagram make sure you are following @Menchies_Ca and @LauraLORourke\n\nI will choose a winner on Monday August 10th based on presentation and the name of your creation! ", "The winner will get a Summer VIP Pass which is the value of 7 complimentary visits to any Menchie’s location across Canada.", "\n\nI am a Menchie’s Canada ambassador and as such I was compensated for this post with FREE FROZEN YOGURT, which I am totally ok with.", "\n\nI’m sitting here at bedtime listening to my three- and five-year-olds call out “Mommy!” ", "from their bedroom. ", "Only, it isn’t really bedtime. ", "It is three hours past bedtime because we’re waiting for the text from my husband to tell us to come pick him up from a meeting downtown that ran late.", "\n\n“MOMMY! ", "I need my blankets on!”", "\n\n“MOMMY! ", "I need cold water!”", "\n\n“MOMMY! ", "I need my pillow!”", "\n\n“MOMMY!…”", "\n\nIt goes like this, even when I enter their bedroom to fix their problems. ", "They run out of things to need and questions to ask, but still I’m a prisoner in their room to the constant “MOMMY!”s. ", "Each step closer to the door there’s another one, more urgent each time. ", "The “Mommy”s are followed by long pauses, but you can’t leave with one hanging. ", "You need to get out before another one comes. ", "It is just a rule of childhood. ", "If I were to leave before a “Mommy…..” request has been dealt with, there will absolutely be tears. ", "If I can somehow sneak out between the resolution of one “Mommy….” ", "and the beginning of another, there is peace. ", "It is damn near impossible to do, however.", "\n\nAnd then there’s that text I’ve been waiting for all day. “", "I’m done my meeting. ", "Come pick me up.” ", "I’ve been expecting it since 6pm. ", "I was told he would be late. ", "Late wasn’t quantified. ", "Apparently I should have asked for clarity. ", "The text still hasn’t come.*", "\n\nIt’s what I do. ", "I jump when I hear “Mommy”. ", "I jump when I get texts.", "\n\nI have always wanted to be a mother. ", "I believed it was my calling. ", "I would have babies of my own and I would open my house to foster kids and I would adopt and our house would be full of love because I had so much love to give. ", "That’s what I believed, long before I was married and had actually experienced motherhood. ", "And while I did wholeheartedly believe that this was and would be true, there was also that strong desire to just have a baby for me: so I could have someone to hold and snuggle and take care of and who would love me unconditionally. ", "It was selfish. ", "Beneath all my thoughts of spreading love to the unloved children of the world, what I was really dreaming about was that feeling of being loved unconditionally.", "\n\nMotherhood can sure be a bitter pill to swallow sometimes, can’t it?", "\n\nI think one of the biggest things that I have come to understand about being a mother, along with the knowledge that it isn’t easy to be that Mary Poppins version of motherhood that I had imagined that I would be, is that babies and children don’t really do unconditional love. ", "Of course, they need love. ", "And being a mother has introduced me to a kind of love that I didn’t feel before they were born. ", "But they absolutely won’t understand this love that I feel for them until they’re standing in the same place I am, holding their newborns; Cooking their families dinner; Watching their children sleeping peacefully in their beds.", "\n\nEvery time I have a newborn baby, usually when I am in the pits of exhaustion, this scene plays out in our home:\n\nDan: “Look how much the baby loves you. ", "You are the person he loves most of all!”", "\nMe: “He doesn’t love me at all. ", "He just needs me to feed him and care for him. ", "He needs my love. ", "It doesn’t work the other way around. ", "That thing he is doing is need, not want.”", "\n\nMy husband argues that even our brand new babies are capable of love and they do love me. ", "And he’s probably right. ", "I mean, I know he’s right. ", "But at least equal to their love is a great big, little-baby neediness.", "\n\nBeing needed isn’t bad. ", "It means you’re valuable. ", "I think that there are even people who equate being needed with being loved. ", "But sometimes I wonder if I just feel needed so often and loved so little. ", "This plays out in little ways: Children constantly complaining that they are hungry but never eating what I set in front of them; Forgotten “please” and “thanks you”s; Hanging “I love you”s that never get a response; “I love you”s that don’t come at all; Waiting around for that text that tells me to come…\n\nI start resenting that constant parade of “MOMMY!”s. ", "I don’t want to hear this beautiful word that describes my identity anymore.", "\n\n“No more ‘Mommys’!” ", "I said to Gavin at bedtime tonight.", "\n\n“Mama?” ", "he said. “", "Can I call you Mama?”", "\n\nStop. ", "Sigh. ", "I know. ", "I know.", "\n\nHe can put his blankets on by himself. ", "The water in the bottle from last night won’t kill him. ", "He has one pillow already in his bed. ", "Some of these things are for comfort. ", "Some of them are because of routine. ", "Some of it is just in complete defiance of bedtime.", "But underlying it all is that desire to have me there with them. ", "They want me there. ", "The need my love, but somewhere there too is a love for me. ", "I think. ", "I mean, of course.", "\n\nI know that my children can’t untangle their need of me from their love of me. ", "And I know I don’t really want them to.", "\n\n*My husband wasn’t ready to come home until quarter to midnight. ", "Next time I will be sure to have him clearly define “late”. ", "He also managed to get home without me so don’t feel bad that I had to get the kids up and go get him. ", "I didn’t. ", "And, to be fair, I was *offering* to go pick him up.", "\n\nWe didn’t have cable when I was really young. ", "I spent the first seven years of my life in what felt like a television waste land. ", "By the time we moved from my first house when I was seven, all of my friends were watching shows that I wasn’t allowed to watch, but it didn’t really matter because we couldn’t access them anyway. ", "Sesame Street. ", "Fred Penner. ", "Under the Umbrella Tree. ", "Mr. Dress-up. ", "Sunday night Disney movies. ", "That’s what I remember watching.", "\n\nWhen we’d visit my grandparents, I would always want to watch television – or at least the episodes they had recorded for us. ", "They had cable. ", "It was at their house I could watch Mr. Roger’s Neighbourhood and episodes of Sesame Street that played on PBS instead of CBC.", "\n\nWhen we moved when I was in Grade 2, the world of television opened up to me. ", "I’m not sure if it was just something my parents planned to do, or if it was easier to get cable because we were no longer living in the middle of nowhere, or if it was to help ease the pain of moving, but we had cable at our new house. ", "I remember just jumping from channel to channel in our new house once the television had been set up basking in the joy from having so many options.", "\n\nCable television was the best thing ever.", "\n\nNow here I am – and adult with children of my own – and I have done the very thing that I never would have dreamed of doing when I was a child.", "\n\nWe don’t have cable.", "\n\nTrust me. ", "Cutting cable was very hard for me to do. ", "My husband thought it was a great idea long before I did. ", "As a married-without-children adult, I planned my life around the shows I needed to watch live and was a master DVRer for the shows I could wait on. ", "We had it all: the fancy cable package and the fast Internet (a must-have for us). ", "We were spending a lot on this form of entertainment and eventually it just made sense to cut the cord.", "\n\nSometimes though, I wonder if my kids might be missing out by not having cable (what a terrible-parent thing to say). ", "I think I hold some nostalgia over flicking through the channels and discovering new shows. ", "I sometimes like the idea of my children watching a series of different shows instead of just the same programming in sequence of episodes. (", "Netflix suggestion box: Allow parents to program a string of different shows and episodes to play. ", "Like a playlist of episodes from different shows!)", "\n\nEarlier in June, encouraged by the bright yellow school bus on the title image, Gavin chose to watch The Magic School Bus. ", "They watched multiple episodes and Cameron started telling me about molecules. ", "And then that nostalgia kicked in again. ", "I was no longer wondering if they were missing out by not having cable (Seriously, Laura? ", "What were you thinking?). ", "I was remembering back fondly to when I was a kid and how much I looked forward to watching The Magic School Bus. ", "I can still sing the theme song. ", "My favourite episodes were always when the bus went inside a human body.", "\n\nI thought more about other shows that brought back good memories from childhood, and so one day, I turned on Bugs Bunny for the boys. ", "I was sure they’d resist. ", "They tend to only want to watch shows that they know they will love. ", "But they watched these classic episodes of Bugs Bunny over and over and over. ", "As they watched, I thought about how my parents used to love it when we’d watch Bugs Bunny. ", "They’d usually make a remark about the classical music (my Mom even mentioned the Bugs Bunny music this past weekend while she was visiting). ", "Perhaps though, they feel their own nostalgia as Bugs Bunny plays over their grand-children’s Netflix account.", "\n\nI wonder which television shows my children will remember back on fondly. ", "Maybe Bubble Guppies and Paw Patrol? ", "Which programs will still be available to watch 25 years later when my children’s children are searching for something to watch? ", "It’s interesting to see what stays will us in our memories and what we can pass on in these ways.", "\n\nI am a member of Netflix’s Stream Team and as such I have been compensated with a complementary Netflix subscription and a few other perks. ", "The stories and opinions are all my own and have not been influenced." ]

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[ "Diaz ran from police officers, pulling out a handgun and fired in the direction of the two police officers. ", "The police officers returned fire and killed him. ", "One police officer sustained a gunshot wound to his shoulder area and a second officer injured his back as he darted away in his attempt to avoid being struck by gunfire.", "\n\nDiaz, a hard-core gang member, had an extensive criminal arrest and conviction history having served time in state prison for Armed Robbery and Ex-felon possession of a firearm. ", "Diaz, with his noted violent criminal history was classified as a “low- level, non-violent” criminal offender, currently supervised by the Los Angeles County Probation department under AB 109. ", "He was last released from Los Angeles County jail on April 22, 2016 after having served 10 days for a probation violation under AB 109.", "\n\nWhen the “Officer Down-Officers need Assistance” call went out, Chief Charlie Beck’s mainstay, Ruby Malachi, Captain of the Community Relationships Division, wasted no time heading for the crime scene. ", "Prior to the LAPD’s Force Investigative Division, Officer Involved Shooting Team and their Scientific Investigative Division arrival, Malachi had already breached the crime scene tape -- trampling through the crime scene.", "\n\nMalachi’s job is “community relationships.” ", "Her latest endeavor is making videos of dancing police officers (the Running Man's New Zealand dance challenge.) ", "Thanks to Beck, her newly created job duplicates efforts of all other Divisions (at a great waste of money to taxpayers.) ", "Her job description does not include intrusion of crime scenes before they’re investigated.", "\n\nWhile Malachi’s officers were dancing in front of a camera, a woman walking through Lincoln Park in Lincoln Heights on May 9 (also in LAPD Hollenbeck Division) was approached by a Hispanic male who held a gun to her head, forced her into a public restroom and sexually assaulted her. ", "Fortunately, the victim was able to give responding police officers an excellent physical description, including distinctive facial tattoos to police. ", "Within a short time, Police officers from both the LAPD Hollenbeck Specialized gang unit and Detectives assigned to LAPD's elite Robbery-Homicide unit were able to identify Edgar Alexander Lobos and arrest him. ", "Lobo is a 27 year-old hard-core gang member and ex-felon.", "\n\nAccording to Captain William Hayes, Lobos had an extensive criminal arrest history that includes vandalism and domestic violence but was classified as a non-violent, low-level criminal offender and was under the supervision of the Los Angeles County Probation department under AB 109.", "\n\nThese are the most recent examples of the epic “fails” triggered by Governor Jerry Brown and his quest to empty out California State prisons.", "\n\nSince the passage of AB 109, hundreds of “low- level, non-violent” offenders have killed, raped, assaulted, maimed and kidnapped innocent victims. ", "In 2014, voters passed Prop 47 that Governor Jerry Brown touted as the Bill that would reclassify drug and theft crimes that involve less than $950 from felonies to misdemeanors. ", "Now two years later, criminals have an easier time committing crimes because they know they’ll get no more than a “slap on the hand.”", "\n\nBoth Beck and Mayor Eric Garcetti have remained dreadfully silent while violent criminal offenders, hard-core gang members supervised and placed under AB 109 and Prop. ", "47 are being let out of prison after spending little to no time in prison and are reoffending in record numbers.", "\n\nBoth violent crime and property crimes rates are escalating with each and every passing day within the city of Los Angeles.", "\n\nMalachi’s Division could be just as effective with civilian clerical workers rather than $100,000 per year paid police officers who serve the City best by patrolling the streets -- not dancing in production videos.", "\n\nLos Angeles Police Protective League (LAPPL) criticized Beck for taking officers off the streets amidst a citywide rise in crime, which has seen violent crime rise 20.2%, property crime rise 10.7%, robbery rise 12.5%, and auto theft rise 17.1% from 2014 to 2015. ", "Most or all are attributed to AB 109. ", "In 2016, those numbers are, again, on the rise.", "\n\nOn June 7, 2015, State Assemblyman Jimmie Gomez was asked if he was going to consider making amendments to AB 109. ", "At the time, there were discussions relative to making amendments to the law in Sacramento that several deemed to be “broken.” ", "Assemblyman Gomez's chilling response was, \"Not on my watch. ", "I will not consider making any amendments to AB 109.”", "\n\nFor those who don’t know, crimes that fall under AB 109 are not always “low level, non violent” crimes. ", "Many of the inmates' current convictions generally fit that description, but past crimes committed by some of these offenders have ranged from violent assaults to sexual offenses, child abuse and second-degree murder.", "\n\nAs the November elections draw near, Governor Brown is using his campaign funds to gather signatures that would place the “Public Safety and Rehabilitation Act of 2016” initiative on the November ballot. ", "Brown’s duplicitous claim that his measure applies to only “non violent felony offenses” has the California District Attorneys Association (CDAA), and a host of other organizations, engaging in a battle against this initiative. ", "Brown amended the initiative that originally concerned only the reform of rules for juveniles being tried in adult court. ", "His amendments now add inmates to the fray.", "\n\nThe California District Attorneys Association filed a lawsuit against the Governor in February 2016. ", "Sacramento County District Attorney Anne Marie Schubert said Attorney General Kamala Harris should not have accepted Brown’s January 25 amendments to the proposed ballot measure filed because “the filing is not an amendment of the prior initiative draft – it is a completely different and new initiative.”", "\n\nThis does not bode well for innocent people who live and work anywhere in the state of California. ", "The effects of both Prop 47 and AB 109 have been the abysmal failures that have left hundreds of innocent victims in their wake. ", "In Los Angeles, Chief Charlie Beck sits smiling. ", "He gave his support to both AB 109 and Prop 47 along with his support for Brown’s half-baked ballot initiative.", "\n\nFrom all over the City, San Pedro, Harbor, Van Nuys, Mission Hills, Sunland-Tujunga, East Los Angeles and even Northeast Los Angeles, residents, stakeholders, community groups, community Police Advisory Board members. ", "Neighborhood Councils and Neighborhood Watch Captains are demanding more patrol officers for their areas. ", "Currently there are over 600 police officers who do nothing but clerical work within LAPD. ", "Malachi’s Community Relationships Division has more than 100 officers who do nothing but photo-ops and videos.", "\n\nIt is patently dangerous for all citizens in Los Angeles and both Beck and Garcetti know this.", "\n\nGarcetti, for his part, believes training parolees to pick up trash on roadways can rehabilitate them. ", "Each parolee will have a shot at a 90-day employment opportunity, costing taxpayers thousands of dollars. ", "Oh, and did I mention life skills training, cognitive treatment and therapy?", "\n\nOn May 27, Garcetti spoke at a Press Conference in South Central about the debt of gratitude Angeleno’s should be paying prisoners. “", "When people have paid their debt to society, our debt of gratitude should be, not just thanking them for serving that time but allowing them a pathway back in,” he said.", "\n\nWhat? ", "Garcetti should be thanking taxpayers for shelling out more than $47,000 per year to incarcerate each inmate who violated the rights on an innocent person in the commission of a crime. ", "Common sense dictates that victims of violent crimes deserve “at least” some of the respect Garcetti offers to parolees -- something he neglected to offer!", "\n\nPerfect timing for such a stupid statement from the Mayor of Los Angeles -- as the City cries for more police officers to patrol the streets of Los Angeles and Brown wants voters to let even more dangerous, violent felons out of prison.", "\n\n(Caroline Aguirre is a retired 24-year State of California law enforcement officer, LAPD family member, community activist and Neighborhood Watch captain. ", "Aguirre is a CityWatch contributor.) ", "Prepped for CityWatch by Linda Abrams." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nI am unable to install Rails on Cloud9 IDE\n\nI am getting the following error\nusing ruby 1.9.3\n\ngem install rails --version=4.0.0\n /opt/rh/ruby193/root/usr/share/rubygems/rubygems/specification.rb:541:in `read': Permission denied - /usr/libexec/openshift/cartridges/c9-0.1/root/lib/ruby/gems/specifications/multi_json-1.8.4.gemspec (Errno::EACCES)\n\nA:\n\nThis is what I got from support:\n\"That is indeed a deployment regression that went with our latest release that's causing this issue and break new workspace creations. ", "\nWe have a fix for it that should be in production in 12 hours from now.", "\nHowever, a workaround would be to separate your ruby workspace's environment from our shared space installation:\nedit ~/.bashrc adding the line to the end of the file (using nano or vim): \nexport GEM_PATH=$HOME/lib/ruby/gems\nThen: \n$ source ~/.bashrc\n$ gem install rails -v 3.2.16\n$ bundle install\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat is the best way to ask a question when I believe I already know the answer?", "\n\nSometimes I have a question as to whether I am doing something correctly. ", "So I have a question, and I think I have an answer, so I'm more or less just looking for confirmation.", "\nAn example might be: \n\nI have these tables, and I want to perform Boyce-Codd normalization, did I do it correctly? ", "I think so, but I'm not sure.", "\n\nWhat is the best way to address this situation?", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you've implemented some algorithm and have working code and are seeking commentary, review or feedback, then the best site to do this is https://codereview.stackexchange.com/.\nStack Overflow is more about specific coding problems.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Background\n\nAccording to Niko Bellic, he and Roman were primarilly raised by Roman’s mother, who raised both him and Roman, as their fathers were abusive alcoholics. ", "When the Yugoslav Wars came, she used all of the money she had saved to send Roman to the United States of America. ", "She also wanted to send Niko to the U.S., but he stayed to fight in the war.", "\n\nIn a conversation with Kate McReary, Niko says that he found Roman's mother raped and murdered, although Niko told Roman that she died in a house fire as he thought that telling Roman the truth would be too depressing." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nI set a MySQL column to \"NOT NULL\" but still I can insert an empty value\n\nIn MySQL I have a table with Column1 as NOT NULL:\ncreate table myTable \n(\n Column1 int not null,\n Column2 int not null\n)\n\nI can still insert an empty value like this:\nINSERT INTO `myTable` ( `Column1` , `Column2` )\nVALUES ( '66', '' );\n\nHow can I make the MySQL column also disallow blankstring?", "\n\nA:\n\nEMPTY STRINGS\nIn ORACLE an empty string is used to represent NULL. ", " In virtually everything else, however, an empty string is still a string, and so not NULL.", "\n\nINTS\nIn your case you're actually inserting STRINGS into an INT column. ", " This forces an implicit CAST operation.", "\nWhen your RDBMS is converting the string '' to an INT it must get the value 0. ", " As 0 is not NULL, this gets inserted.", "\nA more valid test would be:\nINSERT INTO `plekz`.", "`countries` (`Column1 ` , `Column2`)\nVALUES (66, NULL);\n\nEDIT\nSorry, I only half read your question. ", " You also ask how to stop '' being inserted.", "\nYour first problem is that you're inserting STRINGS and the table is defined as having INT fields. ", " You can put constraints on the data that gets inserted, but these constraints will apply the the value after an conversion to an INT. ", " Unless you want to prevent the value 0 from also being inserted, there is nothing you can do to the table to prevent this scenario.", "\nYour better bet is to address why you are inserting strings in the first place. ", " You could use a stored procedure that takes, and checks, the strings before converting them to INTs and then inserting them. ", " Or, better still, you could make the checks in your client application.", "\nA technically available option is to make the fields CHAR fields, then put a constraint on the fields, preventing '' from being inserted. ", " I would strongly recommend against this.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou're inserting an empty string, not NULL. ", "The constraint is only against NULL values, and it would appear that your database is not coercing empty strings to NULL when it converts them to INT (which raises the additional question of why you're inserting string literals into INT columns...)\n\nA:\n\nMySQL, how to disallow empty string:\n\nCreate your table:\nmysql> create table yar (val VARCHAR(25) not null);\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)\n\nCreate your 'before insert' trigger to check for blankstring and disallow.", "\nmysql> create trigger foo before insert on yar\n -> for each row\n -> begin\n -> if new.val = '' then\n -> signal sqlstate '45000';\n -> end if;\n -> end;$$\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)\n\nTry to insert null and blankstring into your column:\nmysql> delimiter ;\n\nmysql> insert into yar values(\"\");\nERROR 1644 (45000): Unhandled user-defined exception condition\n\nmysql> insert into yar values(NULL);\nERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'val' cannot be null\n\nmysql> insert into yar values (\"abc\");\nQuery OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)\n\nmysql> select * from yar;\n+-----+\n| val |\n+-----+\n| abc |\n+-----+\n1 row in set (0.00 sec)\n\nFinally, Grumble to self and smack the nearest person who was responsible for picking mysql over postgresql.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Comorbidity as a risk factor for overall survival and decision criteria for intensity of chemotherapy in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia.", "\nThis single-center study estimated the significance of pretreatment factors, including comorbidities, which may predict outcome in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia and determined how poor risk factors may be used as decision criteria for intensity of chemotherapy in this group of patients. ", "Seventy-seven patients aged ≥ 55 years treated under four different regimens were followed up 36 month. ", "Our results suggest that the most significant predictor for poor overall survival is comorbidity, as scored by the Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI), P = 0.008. ", "The most significant predictor for rate of complete remission is serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, P = 0.049, and the most significant predictor of early death is leucocytosis, P = 0.007. ", "HCT-CI ≥ 3 was the most significant factor for treatment decision making regarding intensity of chemotherapy. ", "The use of standardized comorbidity assessment tools, such as HCT-CI, for elderly patients with AML is practical and can help to improve treatment decision regarding the intensity of chemotherapy." ]

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[ "Generally, in business intelligence systems such as Oracle Business Intelligence Suite Enterprise Edition® (“OBI EE”), interactive dashboards and reports may be used to help facilitate enterprise-wide business intelligence. ", "Interactive dashboards may provide individuals with information that is filtered and personalized for their identity, function, or role based on predefined security rules. ", "In the case that a developer wishes to use an existing dashboard or report as a template for another implementation in a target environment, a developer must generally choose between one of two options. ", "The developer may either 1) perform a full manual rebuild of the dashboard or report in the target environment; or 2) extract an Extensible Markup Language (“XML”) definition of the dashboard or report and manually update the fields in XML to have proper names in the new target environment." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a printing system including a server and a plurality of clients connected by a network system.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nThere has been known a printing system with one or more client devices connected to a shared printer by a network. ", "The printing system has a spooling function, wherein the client devices transmit print data and print management information data for print jobs to the printer, and the printer stores the print data and associated print management information data in job units in a hard disk.", "\nThe print management information data includes data representing time and date that the print data can be deleted, data representing the name of the person who transmitted the print data, data representing the time and date that the print data was transmitted, and data representing the time that the print data was printed out. ", "Based on this print management information data, the printer prints starting with print data that was transmitted first, that is, with the oldest transmission time and date. ", "Also, the printer can delete print data from the hard disk when the deletion time and date arrives or the printer can notify the user that the printing operations have been completed when they are completed.", "\nSometimes a user of one of client devices wishes to know the condition of print processes that the user of another client device is attempting to execute. ", "The print management information describes the condition of printing processes for each print job. ", "Therefore, the user merely needs to access the printer through the client device in order to confirm the condition of printing processes by referring to the print management information.", "\nHowever, the condition of printing processes may change directly after the user accesses the printer and confirms the condition of printing processes. ", "That is, printing processes may be executed with respect to certain print data or the print data itself may be deleted. ", "In such cases, any printing processes that the user attempts to execute may be influenced by such changes in the printing process status. ", "Further, in order for the user to accurately grasp the present condition of printing processes, the user must frequently access the printer, which is very troublesome for the user.", "\nIn one known printing system, the shared printer maintains the sets of data stored in a hard disk after printing is completed. ", "When the printer receives a reprint command from one of the user device the printer again prints out based on the print data. ", "This configuration is highly convenient for the user, because the user can print out the same text or images using the same print data, without having to resend the print data.", "\nHowever, with this type of printing system, the data remains stored in the hard disk unless the user specifically erases it. ", "However, it is troublesome to monitor the contents stored in the hard disk and delete unnecessary print data. ", "Therefore, print data tends to remain the hard disk of the printer for long periods of time.", "\nSince the region in the hard disk for storing such print data is limited, the capacity of the region can easily be filled up when the user does not diligently delete such print data. ", "If the capacity of the region is exceeded, the it becomes impossible to store any further new print data.", "\nAlso, if a number of client devices connected to the network increases, the number of printer data sets sent to the printer and stored in the hard disk of the printer will increase by a proportional amount.", "\nAlso, once the computer transmits the print management information data with the print data, there is no way to amend the data even if it includes errors. ", "Accordingly, if print management information data indicates an incorrect deletion time and date, then the printer will erroneously delete the print data at a timing different from when it should be deleted. ", "As a result, the user must retransmits the same print data.", "\nSuch printer systems often include a mail server with an electronic mail function. ", "The mall server transmits and receives e-mall messages between the various client devices." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "You’ll have to propose specific, measurable, results that you plan to achieve. ", "Vague promises are not enough and will significantly dull your competitive edge. ", "Stating that your organization’s project will “help children succeed,” “improve the quality of life,” “reduce hunger,” or “improve reading skills,” is not good enough. ", "To get a big federal grant you’ll have to go much farther. ", "Federal agencies want to know how many people will change, in what way, to what degree, within what time frame, and as measured by what? ", "Start considering what changes you can realistically expect to achieve through your organization’s work. ", "Federal Pell Grant Qualifications 2017Earmark Grants are the last type of grant that the government doles out, although these grants have come under fire in recent years. ", "The grants are determined by appropriations of the US Congress and are often secured with the help of high paid lobbyists. ", "Recent research into the distribution of Earmark Grants conducted by the Congressional Research Service in the Fiscal Year 2006 found that over 12,852 earmark grants were dispersed for a total cost of $64 billion dollars. ", "Federal Grant Quarterly ReportsWhat’s more, there is no reason to think that our aggregate demand problem will be cured without some kind of aggressive change. ", "The economist Brad DeLong has calculated that reasonable estimates of the current and future damage to our economy from the present crisis are greater than those from the Great Depression. “", "Unless something—and it will need to be something major—returns the U.S. to its pre-2008 growth trajectory, future economic historians will not regard the Great Depression as the worst business-cycle disaster of the industrial age,” he wrote in the journal Project Syndicate. “", "It is we who are living in their worst case.” ", "Already our current weak economic expansion is near the length of the postwar average, and a new recession may strike at any time, which would erase the pitiful gains of the past five years. (", "God only knows what is cooking in the dungeons of Wall Street.) ", "If we change nothing, we could be stuck in our current situation for decades. ", "Japan has been mired in a similar trap for almost thirty years. ", "Federal Grant CycleAlliance Wealth Management, LLC (“Alliance”) is a registered investment adviser offering advisory services in the State(s) of Illinois and in other jurisdictions where exempted. ", "Registration does not imply a certain level of skill or training. ", "The presence of this website on the Internet shall not be directly or indirectly interpreted as a solicitation of investment advisory services to persons of another jurisdiction unless otherwise permitted by statute. ", "Follow-up or individualized responses to consumers in a particular state by Alliance in the rendering of personalized investment advice for compensation shall not be made without our first complying with jurisdiction requirements or pursuant an applicable state exemption. ", "Federal Grant Department New YorkThe third policy option is known as nominal gross domestic product targeting, the major proponent of which is the economist Scott Sumner. ", "The idea is all about self-fulfilling expectations. ", "Recall that the central bank owns the printing press, so it can create arbitrary quantities of dollars. ", "By making a pre-commitment to keep the economy on a particular spending trajectory, self-fulfilling collapses in spending would not happen. ", "Something similar to this policy seems to have kept Australia and Israel out of the Great Recession. ", "But in order to sustain such a policy, the Fed might have to intervene in the economy quite frequently, and then the distributional consequences could be serious. ", "Quantitative easing, for example, helps push up asset prices (the stock market has regained all the ground lost since 2009 and then some), which disproportionately benefits the wealthy. ", "Free Money Machine" ]

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[ "KEY STEPS\n\nCompendium on methods and tools to evaluate impacts of, and vulnerability and adaptation to, climate\nchange\n\nEnvironmental Burden of Disease Assessment\n\nDescription\n\nThe global burden of disease attributable to climate change was recently estimated as part of a\ncomprehensive World Health Organization (WHO) project. ", "The project sought to use standardized\nmethods to quantify disease burdens attributable to 26 environmental, occupational, behavioral, and\nlife-style risk factors in 2000 and at selected future times up to 2030.", "\n\nThe Environmental Burden of Disease (EBD) tools include guidelines on how to estimate the\napproximate magnitude of the health impacts of various environmental factors, including climate\nchange, at the national or regional level, to help determine priorities for action.", "\n\nAppropriate Use\n\nAn EBD assessment for climate change will indicate which impacts could be greatest and in which\nregions, and how much of the climate-attributable disease burden could be avoided by emissions\nreduction. ", "It also will guide health-protective strategies.", "\n\nScope\n\nAn EBD assessment is usually conducted on a national or regional scale.", "\n\nKey Output\n\nComparative risk assessment attempts to answer the following questions:\n\nHow much disease is caused by climate change (attributable burden of disease)?", "\n\nHow much could be avoided by making plausible reductions in the exposure (avoidable burden of\ndisease)?", "\n\nThe outputs can be defined by the user, but are usually in DALYs (disability adjusted life years)\nor avoided deaths that can be compared between populations and between specific health impacts of\nclimate change.", "\n\nKey Input\n\nThe following are needed to determine the amount of climate-sensitive disease that is attributable\nto climate change:\n\nthe baseline burden of climate-sensitive diseases;\n\nThe estimated increase in the risk of disease/disability per unit increase in exposure to\nclimate change;\n\nThe current or estimated future population distribution of exposure.", "\n\nThe avoidable burden of climate-sensitive diseases is estimated by comparing projected burdens\nunder alternative exposure scenarios. ", "The global assessment used WHO estimates of the baseline\nburden of cardiovascular deaths associated with thermal extremes, diarrhea episodes, cases of\nmalaria, malnutrition, and deaths due to natural disasters.", "\n\nExamples of global and regional assessments previously published by the WHO and Australian National\nUniversity. ", "Guidelines for comparative risk assessment methods have been published by WHO, with\nguidelines for national and regional assessments forthcoming in early 2004." ]

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[ "Background {#section1-2059513117700157}\n==========\n\nKeloids and hypertrophic scars are unique human dermal fibroproliferative disorders of the injured skin.^[@bibr1-2059513117700157]^ They are associated with pain, itching and sensation of contraction, and can cause functional limitations.^[@bibr2-2059513117700157][@bibr3-2059513117700157]--[@bibr4-2059513117700157]^ A number of genetic, systemic and local factors have been identified to affect the formation of keloids and hypertrophic scars, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, circulating sex hormones and local mechanical forces.^[@bibr5-2059513117700157][@bibr6-2059513117700157][@bibr7-2059513117700157][@bibr8-2059513117700157]--[@bibr9-2059513117700157]^ For the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars, the role of conservative or minimally invasive management such as splinting, silicon sheeting and steroid injections have been well described in the literature.^[@bibr10-2059513117700157][@bibr11-2059513117700157][@bibr12-2059513117700157][@bibr13-2059513117700157][@bibr14-2059513117700157][@bibr15-2059513117700157]--[@bibr16-2059513117700157]^\n\nAutologous fat grafting has been introduced as the treatment of atrophic scars and contour deformity. ", "It not only serves to improve contour and to fill areas of deficiencies, but increasingly there has been a focus on its ability to regenerate and remodel surrounding tissues.^[@bibr17-2059513117700157]^ Studies have shown that adipose-derived stem cells have angiogenic and antiapoptotic properties which has effects on wound healing, soft-tissue restoration and scar remodelling.^[@bibr18-2059513117700157][@bibr19-2059513117700157]--[@bibr20-2059513117700157]^\n\nFat grafting was first described by Neuber in 1893 for filling a retracted scar at the infraorbital rim.^[@bibr21-2059513117700157]^ Since then it has developed slowly over the next century and, in 1992, Coleman described his technique which improved overall adipose cell survival.^[@bibr22-2059513117700157]^ The Coleman technique forms the basis of how fat graft is currently performed. ", "Fat grafting has since been used increasingly in a wide spectrum of clinical applications. ", "Currently, it is widely used in breast reconstruction and augmentation, as an adjunct procedure to improve contouring and to fine-tune the reconstructed breast or as a stand-alone technique for breast reconstruction.^[@bibr23-2059513117700157][@bibr24-2059513117700157][@bibr25-2059513117700157][@bibr26-2059513117700157][@bibr27-2059513117700157]--[@bibr28-2059513117700157]^ It has also frequently been used as an adjunct procedure in the treatment of facial aging and facial reconstruction.^[@bibr29-2059513117700157]^\n\nThe use of fat grafting as a treatment option for scars has recently been popularised and there is an abundance of evidence in the literature which supports its application for the treatment of scars in general.^[@bibr18-2059513117700157],[@bibr30-2059513117700157]^ However, its role specifically in keloids and hypertrophic scars is not well described. ", "Our goal is to systemically review the available literature regarding the use of fat grafting in treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scarring.", "\n\nPatients and methods {#section2-2059513117700157}\n====================\n\nLiterature search {#section3-2059513117700157}\n-----------------\n\nA comprehensive search was conducted in September 2016 using the following terms in combination in PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE: 'fat grafting', 'lipofilling', 'adipose cells', 'fat injection', 'autologous fat graft', 'keloid scar', 'hypertrophic scar', 'scar management', 'wound management' and 'burn scar'. ", "Articles were screened and selected by the primary author (GL) with any concerns regarding article eligibility consulted and discussed with the two other senior authors.", "\n\nInclusion criteria {#section4-2059513117700157}\n------------------\n\nAll study types including randomised controlled trials, prospective trials, retrospective cohort studies, case-control studies, case series and case reports were included. ", "The articles needed to describe the use of autologous fat grafting and its effect for the treatment of keloids or hypertrophic scars. ", "The terms 'keloid' and/or 'hypertrophic scar' needed to be specified in the population or outcome of the studies. ", "There were no restrictions with regards to the number of patients, follow-up periods or languages of articles.", "\n\nExclusion criteria {#section5-2059513117700157}\n------------------\n\nExclusion criteria were articles on fat grafting for acute wounds, contour deformity, non-keloid and non-hypertrophic scars. ", "Animal studies and in vitro studies were also excluded.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#section6-2059513117700157}\n--------------------\n\nA formal statistical analysis was not performed because of the methodologic heterogeneity demonstrated among the articles.", "\n\nResults {#section7-2059513117700157}\n=======\n\nIn total, 858 articles were identified through database searching ([Figure 1](#fig1-2059513117700157){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A PRISMA (P referred R eporting I tems for S ystematic R eviews and Meta-Analyses) flowchart for literature attrition is included ([Figure 1](#fig1-2059513117700157){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Duplicates were removed and 562 distinctive articles were found. ", "After screening through all remaining titles, 70 relevant abstracts were assessed after our inclusion criteria, of which 44 were excluded. ", "The remaining 26 full text articles were reviewed in their entirety and ultimately ten studies were included ([Table 1](#table1-2059513117700157){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n{#fig1-2059513117700157}\n\n###### \n\nStudies included in this review.", "\n\n![](", "10.1177_2059513117700157-table1)\n\n Reference Study design Keloids and/or hypertrophic scars (n) OCEBM\n -------------------------------------------------- -------------- --------------------------------------- -------\n Klinger et al., ", "2013^[@bibr31-2059513117700157]^ Case-control Not specified III\n Bruno et al., ", "2013^[@bibr32-2059513117700157]^ Case-control Not specified III\n Klinger et al., ", "2008^[@bibr33-2059513117700157]^ Case series 3 IV\n Brongo et al., ", "2012^[@bibr34-2059513117700157]^ Case series 18 IV\n Piccolo et al., ", "2015^[@bibr35-2059513117700157]^ Case series Not specified IV\n Mazzola et al., ", "2013^[@bibr36-2059513117700157]^ Case series 10 IV\n Byrne et al., ", "2016^[@bibr37-2059513117700157]^ Case series \\> 1 IV\n Fredman et al., ", "2016^[@bibr38-2059513117700157]^ Case series \\> 1 IV\n Huang et al., ", "2015^[@bibr39-2059513117700157]^ Case series \\> 2 IV\n Admani et al., ", "2015^[@bibr40-2059513117700157]^ Case report 1 V\n\nIn the ten studies, the majority of the scars identified are as results of burns or thermal injuries. ", "A total of 1092 patients were included in these ten studies but unfortunately most did not specify the number of keloids or hypertrophic scars. ", "In two of the studies, keloid scars were excluded.", "\n\nKeloids and hypertrophic scars may in fact represent a small portion of this group of patients. ", "Despite this, all ten studies reported promising results of fat grafting on the appearance, thickness, elasticity of the scars and its associated functionality.", "\n\nCase-control studies {#section8-2059513117700157}\n--------------------\n\nKlinger et al. ", "enrolled 694 patients and performed fat grafting on 20 of them.^[@bibr31-2059513117700157]^ Hypertrophic scars were described but the exact number was not specified. ", "Keloids were excluded. ", "Each scar was divided into two parts, one part fat grafted and the other infiltrated with normal saline. ", "Assessment was made with durometer measurements and the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) and results were statistically analysed. ", "Statistically significant improvement was noted in skin hardness and all POSAS parameters except itching.", "\n\nSimilarly, Bruno et al. ", "divided 93 burn scars into two homogenous portions with fat grafting performed in one portion and the other portion as control.^[@bibr32-2059513117700157]^ Significant histochemical and antibody expression changes such as VEGF, β-catenin, TGF-β, Ki-67, P53 and P63 were noted. ", "Clinical outcome was evaluated with modified Vancouver scar scale and patient satisfaction questionnaire which demonstrated functional and aesthetical improvement in hypertrophic scars.", "\n\nCase series {#section9-2059513117700157}\n-----------\n\nIn a different study, Klinger et al. ", "reported improvement in skin elasticity, texture and thickness in three patients with hemifacial hypertrophic scars and keloids secondary to severe burns.^[@bibr33-2059513117700157]^ Histological examinations by punch biopsies before and after fat grafting demonstrated new collagen deposition, local hypervascularity and dermal hyperplasia. ", "Magnetic resonance scans were also performed showing similar and relatively symmetrical soft tissue signal enhancement on both the affected and unaffected sides.", "\n\nBrongo et al. ", "performed fat grafting on 18 patients with post-burn hypertrophic scars and keloids, noting better colour, texture, thickness, elasticity and a reduction of scar retraction.^[@bibr34-2059513117700157]^ New collagen deposition, dermal hyperplasia and neoangiogenesis was also demonstrated on histological examination.", "\n\nPiccolo et al. ", "included 240 patients with acute, subacute burn wounds and burn scars.^[@bibr35-2059513117700157]^ Subjective aesthetic improvement was reported with clinical photographs demonstrating visible and, in one case, complete remission of hypertrophic scar volume. ", "However, the exact number of keloids or hypertrophic scars was not specified.", "\n\nMazzola et al. ", "reported significant improvement in scar thickness and colour in a series of ten patients with retracted and/or hypertrophic scar secondary to tracheostomy.^[@bibr36-2059513117700157]^\n\nByrne et al. ", "described functional improvement in a series of 13 patients with burn scars in the hand. ", "Evaluation was made with Total Active Movement (TAM), the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Questionnaire and Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire (MHQ). ", "However, only one of the patients was specified as having hypertrophic scar.^[@bibr37-2059513117700157]^\n\nFredman et al. ", "focused on the improvement of neuropathic pain assessed with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), also reporting improvement of colour, texture, contour, pliability and pruritus.^[@bibr38-2059513117700157]^ One of seven patients had hypertrophic scar secondary to chemical burn; others were not specified.", "\n\nSimilarly, Huang et al. ", "reported an improvement of neuropathic pain in a series of 13 patients evaluated by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI).^[@bibr39-2059513117700157]^ One patient had keloid on his left knee from friction burn and another had hypertrophic scar on her knee from an avulsion injury; others were not known.", "\n\nCase reports {#section10-2059513117700157}\n------------\n\nAdmani et al. ", "reported a multimodal approach with the combination of fat grafting, ablative fractional lacer resurfacing, laser-assisted corticosteroids delivery and pulsed-dye laser treatments for a mixed hypertrophic/atrophic facial scar from a dog bite in a three-year-old girl.^[@bibr40-2059513117700157]^ Improvement in facial asymmetry, texture and colour was described and demonstrated by clinical photographs.", "\n\nDiscussion {#section11-2059513117700157}\n==========\n\nTo our knowledge, there is currently no study in the literature that focuses on the use of fat grafting in treatment of keloids or hypertrophic scars. ", "However, there is substantial evidence that fat grafting has a positive effect on wound healing and scars in general. ", "Two systematic reviews were recently published in this topic. ", "Negenborn et al. ", "reviewed fat grafting for treatment of all scar-related conditions which included 26 studies with 906 patients in total.^[@bibr30-2059513117700157]^ The main outcome measures were scar appearance, skin characteristics, restoration of volume and contour, itch and pain. ", "Other therapies, such as platelet-rich plasma and laser therapy in combination with fat grafting, were also described. ", "Conde-Green et al. ", "instead focused on burn wound healing and burn scars.^[@bibr18-2059513117700157]^ Six murine and 12 human studies were included in the review with 818 human cases. ", "Despite the lack of randomised controlled trials and comprehensive statistical analysis, overall it was suggested that fat grafting has beneficial effects on scars with few side effects.", "\n\nWith regard to the underlying pathophysiology and mechanism of fat grafting, several in vitro and murine studies suggested multiple immunohistochemical pathways where fat grafting may have positive effects on keloids and hypertrophic scars. ", "Sultan et al. ", "demonstrated early revascularisation in burn scars that has been fat grafted in a murine model.^[@bibr41-2059513117700157]^ As a result, this reduces TGF-β1 upregulation, which is an important regulator for collagen production and fibrosis. ", "Spikeman et al. ", "demonstrated that adipose tissue-derived stromal cells inhibit TGF-β1-induced proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts in a paracrine fashion.^[@bibr42-2059513117700157]^ Similarly, TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast contraction and collagen III gene expression is also suppressed in keloid scar-derived fibroblasts by adipose tissue-derived stromal cell-conditioned medium. ", "Li et al. ", "demonstrated that adipose tissue-derived stem cell conditioned media reduce collagen deposition, scar formation and suppress hypertrophic scar fibrosis by inhibiting the p38/MAPK signalling pathway.^[@bibr43-2059513117700157]^ The author proposed that adipose tissue-derived stem cell conditioned medium is a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of hypertrophic scaring.", "\n\nFurthermore, in a human study, Bruno et al. ", "demonstrated changes in histochemistry and antibody expressions in burn scars after fat grafting.^[@bibr32-2059513117700157]^ Expression of Ki-67 suggested cellular proliferation and restoration to a normal environment post treatment.", "\n\nIt is important to note that the level of evidence of studies included in this review were relatively low with lack of proper statistical analysis. ", "Most of the studies had relatively small number of cases and lacked controls. ", "Most importantly, the exact number of keloids and hypertrophic scars were not specified in the majority of the articles. ", "There is also an inherent bias for publication of positive results.", "\n\nThere is a lack of evidence in the literature on the use of fat grafting specifically on hypertrophic and keloid scarring. ", "And with the limited papers on this, few describe scars from non-burn-related injuries. ", "It will be interesting to study the effect of fat grafting on hypertrophic scars and keloid scars from different aetiologies. ", "Despite the limitations and the small number of articles in the literature, encouraging clinical results have been reported in the use of fat grafting on keloids and hypertrophic scars. ", "Together with the current theoretical and immunohistochemical understanding through other laboratory and animal studies, the literature does support that fat grafting may have a role to play in the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scaring, but there is still much more yet to be explored and investigated in this therapy. ", "The need for further research is thus apparent.", "\n\n**Declaration of conflicting interests:** The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.", "\n\n**Funding:** This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.", "\n" ]

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[ "Ned Block\n\nNed Joel Block (born 1942) is an American philosopher working in philosophy of mind who has made important contributions to the understanding of consciousness and the philosophy of cognitive science. ", " He has been professor of philosophy and psychology at New York University since 1996.", "\n\nEducation and career\nBlock obtained his PhD from Harvard University in 1971 under the direction of Hilary Putnam. ", "He joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as an assistant professor of philosophy (1971–1977), and then served as associate professor of philosophy (1977–1983), professor of philosophy (1983–1996) and as chair of the philosophy section (1989–1995). ", "He has, since 1996, been a professor in the departments of philosophy and psychology at New York University (NYU).", "\n\nBlock received the Jean Nicod Prize in 2013, and has given the William James Lectures at Harvard University in 2012 and the John Locke Lectures at Oxford University in 2013, among many others.", "\n\nBlock is Past President of the Society for Philosophy and Psychology and was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2004.", "\n\nHe is married to the developmental psychologist Susan Carey. ", "Block is ethnically Jewish.", "\n\nPhilosophical work\n\nBlock is noted for presenting the Blockhead argument against the Turing test as a test of intelligence in a paper titled \"Psychologism and Behaviorism\" (1981). ", "He is also known for his criticism of functionalism, arguing that a system with the same functional states as a human is not necessarily conscious. ", "In his more recent work on consciousness, he has made a distinction between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness, where phenomenal consciousness consists of subjective experience and feelings and access consciousness consists of that information globally available in the cognitive system for the purposes of reasoning, speech and high-level action control. ", "He has argued that access consciousness and phenomenal consciousness might not always coincide in human beings.", "\n\nBlock has been a judge at the Loebner Prize contest, a contest in the tradition of the Turing Test to determine whether a conversant is a computer or a human.", "\n\nSee also\nAmerican philosophy\nList of American philosophers\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNYU Department of Philosophy home page\nDiscussion of Block in a Wikibook about consciousness\nMinds and Machines course by Ned Block\n\nCategory:1942 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:20th-century American philosophers\nCategory:21st-century American philosophers\nCategory:Jewish philosophers\nCategory:Harvard University alumni\nCategory:Consciousness researchers and theorists\nCategory:New York University faculty\nCategory:Philosophers of mind\nCategory:Guggenheim Fellows\nCategory:Philosophers from New York (state)\nCategory:Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society" ]

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[ "Relations of basic arithmetic and motor skills in deaf elementary school children.", "\n3 segregated groups of Arab and Jewish deaf children of CA 10;9 (n = 28) were compared with a group of hearing Arab first graders (CA = 6;10, n = 32) on tests of basic arithmetic, static balance control, and the ability to suppress synkinetic finger movements. ", "The hearing-impaired performed as well on arithmetic tasks and on the tests of synkinetic control as their normal peers who were four years younger, while on static balance they were even inferior to the latter. ", "Significant correlations were found between the basic arithmetic and motor skills, within the hearing as well as within the hearing-impaired groups; these remained significant even within the small subgroups of the latter. ", "As these results cannot be accounted for by low intelligence and neurological disturbances, or by direct or indirect effects of deficient language development, the assumption is supported that some type of neurological immaturity, unrelated to hearing loss, interferes with the acquisition of numerical skills in deaf children." ]

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[ "Did you know?", "\n\nSoftware Engineer\n\nIT\n\nOccupation description\n\nSoftware engineers design, develop, test, maintain and document program codes in accordance with user requirements, and system and technical specifications. ", "They may also research, consult, analyse and evaluate system program needs; and identify technology limitations and deficiencies in existing systems and associated processes, procedures and methods. ", "They test, debug, diagnose and correct errors and faults in an applications programming language and follow guidelines and quality standards to ensure programs and applications perform to specifications.", "\n\nSoftware engineers write and maintain program codes in accordance with quality accredited standards; and write, update and maintain technical programs, end user documentation and operational procedures.", "\n\nIn this role, you may provide advice, guidance and expertise in developing proposals and strategies for software design activities such as financial evaluation and costing for recommending software purchases and upgrades.", "\n\nKnowledge, skills and attributes\n\nSoftware engineers require numerical and analytical skills, ability to work to another’s design, commercial awareness, sound communication and teamwork skills, and a methodical and thorough approach to tasks.", "\n\nWorking conditions\n\nThere can be some pressure to meet deadlines and extra hours may be required.", "\n\nEntrance requirements and ongoing training and development\n\nGenerally, this role requires a related bachelor degree or higher qualification. ", "At least five years of relevant experience and/or relevant vendor certification may substitute for the formal qualification. ", "In some instances, relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification.", "\n\nThis is not an entry level role in New Zealand.", "\n\nThe value of a career in the rail industry\n\nFor even more details on what you might earn, the diversity of companies you could work for and the career opportunities available, visit the following careers and training websites. ", "Careers in Rail by the Australasian Railway Association; About the Rail Industry by Rail Skills Australasia and Rail Training by the Transport and Logistics Industry Skills Council (TLISC).", "\n\nRelated Jobs\n\nCareer Path Flowchart\n\nTypical career path for a software engineer\n\nThe CRC for Rail Innovation and the Project Steering Committee members have done their best to ensure the currency of content. ", "It is our belief that at the time of release (July 2013) the information contained in the website is as current as possible." ]

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[ "The American Homebrewers Association (AHA) released its annual \"Best Beers in America\" results last week, posting a top-25 list as voted on by readers of the Brewers Association’s homebrewing magazine, Zymurgy. ", "For the third-straight year, the No. ", "1 ranking went to Bell’s’ Two Hearted IPA. ", "The beer beat out Russian River Brewing Company’s Pliny the Elder, which had held the top spot (and is now No. ", "2) for eight years prior.", "\n\nSierra Nevada’s Pale Ale, Founders’ Kentucky Breakfast Stout, and The Alchemist’s Heady Topper rounded out the top five, and a full list can be seen on the Homebrewers Association's website.", "\n\nUnlike other “best beer” lists from sites like BeerAdvocate and RateBeer, or leaderboards on Untappd, this listing comes from a straight vote, not a collection of ratings entered through an app or website. ", "Historically, the AHA list, published annually in its Zymurgy magazine, features strong repeats from year-to-year, and also regularly includes a variety of long-beloved beers eschewed by other lists that highlight the haziest IPAs or sweetest Pastry Stouts.", "\n\nTwo Hearted, for example, debuted in 1997, and Sierra’s Pale Ale has been around so long (more than 30 years) that it’s credited as inspiration for the present-day American IPA.", "\n\nBut aside from the subjective nature of this list, and the fact that it likely contains a number of beers that the geekiest 1% of drinkers have long since given up on, there are still some interesting nuggets to be found in this annual ranking. ", "Notably, it’s a pretty good reflection of the changing tastes of American drinkers.", "\n\nThe latest installment features a wide-ranging showcase of what consumers are drinking today, from classic, widely distributed IPAs (Two Hearted and Founders’ All Day IPA), to increasingly distributed Imperial Stouts (Founders’ Breakfast Stout and New Holland’s Dragon's Milk), to trendier brands (WeldWerks’ Juicy Bits New England IPA).", "\n\nUnlike lists derived from beer rating sites, where there’s a social benefit to knowing whatever is hot, next, or rare, the Zymurgy tally is more attuned to what can be seen as average beer drinkers’ preferences. ", "Bud Light, Miller Lite, and Coors Light—the best-selling beers in the U.S.—will never show up on “best beer” lists like this. ", "However, Sierra Nevada’s Celebration Ale or Pale Ale—both found in the Zymurgy collection—are far more likely to be taking up space in refrigerators across the country than a can of fruited Gose from a small town on the West Coast that could also maybe explode before it’s traded to someone thousands of miles away.", "\n\nTo drive home how fast things change in American beer, consider this: only five beers that were featured in the 2019 list were also included 10 years ago. ", "Russian River’s Pliny the Elder, Bell’s’ Two Hearted Ale, Sierra Nevada’s Pale Ale, Sierra Nevada’s Celebration, and North Coast’s Old Rasputin are the lone holdovers.", "\n\nWhat has disappeared in the interim? ", "Four beers from Texas' Rahr & Sons Brewing Company (Winter Warmer, Ugly Pug Schwarzbier, Iron Thistle Scotch Ale, and Stormcloud IPA), three Stone beers (Arrogant Bastard, IPA, and Ruination), two from Sierra Nevada (Torpedo Extra IPA and Bigfoot Barleywine), Samuel Adams Boston Lager, Lagunitas IPA, and Bear Republic’s Racer 5, to name some.", "\n\nThese brands have lost real estate in voters’ minds, but how do they fare among general shoppers? ", "Here’s a look at the IRI volume decreases of some of these brands, based on their sales peaks in grocery, convenience, and other stores (marked in parentheses in the chart) through 2018:" ]

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[ "Tyler Schilling smiles as he uses his mind to lift his left arm and closes his fingers for the first time. (", "Grant M. Haller/Seattle Post-Intelligencer)\n\nIraq war veteran Sgt. ", "Juan Arredondo, 27, operates his mechanical hand with what’s left of his forearm muscles. ", "But Harborview Medical Center is going a step further with Schilling — actually rewiring the nerves in a guy who lost his arm above the elbow so he move his hand with his mind.", "\n\nP-I reporter Carol Smith wrote the gripping account of the procedure, which along with Arredondo’s headline-grabbing hand represents something of a medical breakthrough in prosthetics research and technology. ", "Smith tells the Big Blog:\n\nFrom the “iron glove” of the second century B.C. to the computerized knee of this one, advances in materials and technology have pushed the science of prosthetics forward. ", "But the concept of redesigning the body itself — retooling its neural circuitry so to speak — is a quantum leap forward for amputees.", "\n\nAlthough still in its infancy, the applications for this type of mind-machine connection are mind-boggling — they could lead to “thought-controlled exo-skeletons” that operate like personal armored tanks for soldiers, or devices that could help spinal-cord injured patients regain mobility. ", "It’s exciting that Seattle is at the forefront of some of this research.", "\n\nPatients here are benefiting from the pioneering efforts of doctors in Chicago, and in particular from the efforts of a patient named Jesse Sullivan, a lineman who lost both his arms at the shoulder when he was nearly electrocuted. ", "Read about Jesse’s amazing progress here.", "\n\nSchilling’s arm isn’t as articulated as Arredondo’s bionic hand. ", "But one day it could be. ", "Here’s how Schilling’s surgeon, Dr. Doug Smith, tells it to Smith:\n\n“In general ­ the first application for the bionic arm is for individuals with amputation in the forearm who still have some of the muscle that makes your normal hand work. ", "My understanding of this first-generation advanced hand takes advantage of those muscles left in the forearm that normally work with the correct brain thoughts.", "\n\n“What Tyler had, is to rewire the nerves so that some upper arm muscle now works with “hand control” brain thoughts. ", "As the new hand technology improves to the next level, Tyler’s added muscle control will certainly make him a better candidate than another above elbow amputee who never had the upper arm nerve transfers.”" ]

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[ "FORMER England football ace Kenny Sansom has confessed he is close to killing himself as he battles with alcoholism and homelessness.", "\n\nDrunk and dishevelled, these shocking images show the ex-Arsenal defender's spectacular fall from grace.", "\n\nOnce dubbed one of the country's finest defenders, the 56-year-old has now resorted to sleeping rough in a park and asking his friend for \"tablets\" in a desperate plea to end his own life after he lost his house and belongings.", "\n\nMr Sansom says he is now ready to battle his demons face on and he believes these pictures could help save his life.", "\n\nIt comes weeks after Mr Sansom was thrown into a South London police cell following a row with his girlfriend after downing five bottles of wine.", "\n\nIn an emotional but candid interview with the Sunday Mirror the father-of-three revealed he never got over his split from his wife of 29 years, Elaine.", "\n\nSUNDAY MIRROR\n\nKenny swigs from a bottle of wine\n\nI just don't want to be around, I don't want to be living the horrible life that I'm living\n\nKenny Sansom\n\nHe told the newspaper: \"Money, my ex-wife, there's a lot of things I could have done better. ", "It's my fault, all the things I feel sad about, it's my fault.", "\n\n\"I just don't want to be around, I don't want to be living the horrible life that I'm living.\"", "\n\nMr Sansom married his childhood sweetheart Elaine at the young age of 20 and they went on to have three children together, Kate, Natalie and Harry.", "\n\nBut the couple separated when his battle with booze escalated and he cheated on her.", "\n\nHe said: \"I lost my wife, that hurts me a lot. ", "She was beautiful, absolutely beautiful.", "\n\n“It’s my own fault. ", "I ain’t gonna blame anyone else because I did it. ", "I didn’t mean to do it, but I did.\"", "\n\nFollowing their split, Mr Sansom met his girlfriend Denise Mullins in Marbella.", "\n\nBut after failing to overcome his demons, she threw him out and he was forced onto the streets." ]

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[ "/* uDig - User Friendly Desktop Internet GIS client\n * http://udig.refractions.net\n * (C) 2004, Refractions Research Inc.\n *\n * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\n * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public\n * License as published by the Free Software Foundation;\n * version 2.1 of the License.", "\n *\n * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the GNU\n * Lesser General Public License for more details.", "\n */\npackage org.geotools.swt.styling.simple;\n\nimport java.awt.", "Color;\nimport java.text.", "MessageFormat;\nimport org.eclipse.swt.", "SWT;\nimport org.eclipse.swt.events.", "KeyListener;\nimport org.eclipse.swt.events.", "ModifyEvent;\nimport org.eclipse.swt.events.", "ModifyListener;\nimport org.eclipse.swt.events.", "SelectionEvent;\nimport org.eclipse.swt.events.", "SelectionListener;\nimport org.eclipse.swt.widgets.", "Button;\nimport org.eclipse.swt.widgets.", "Combo;\nimport org.eclipse.swt.widgets.", "Composite;\nimport org.geotools.styling.", "Fill;\nimport org.geotools.styling.", "Graphic;\nimport org.geotools.styling.", "Mark;\nimport org.geotools.styling.", "SLD;\nimport org.geotools.styling.", "Stroke;\nimport org.geotools.styling.", "StyleBuilder;\nimport org.geotools.swt.utils.", "Messages;\nimport org.opengis.style.", "GraphicalSymbol;\n\n/**\n * Allows editing/viewing of a Style Layer Descriptor \"Graphic\".", "\n *\n * <p>Here is the pretty picture:\n *\n * <pre><code>\n * +-+ +-------+ +------+\n * Point: |x| | star\\/| |size\\/|\n * +-+ +-------+ +------+\n * </code></pre>\n *\n * <p>Workflow:\n *\n * <ol>\n * <li>createControl( parent ) - set up controls\n * <li>setGraphic( graphic, mode ) - provide content from SimpleStyleConfigurator\n * <ol>\n * <li>Symbolizer values copied into fields based on mode\n * <li>fields copied into controls\n * <li>controls enabled based on mode & fields\n * </ol>\n * <li>Listener.widgetSelected/modifyText - User performs an \"edit\"\n * <li>Listener.sync( SelectionEvent ) - update fields with values of controls\n * <li>fire( SelectionSevent ) - notify SimpleStyleConfigurator of change\n * <li>getGraphic( Fill, Stroke, StyleBuilder ) - construct a Graphic based on fields\n * </ul>\n *\n * @author Jody Garnett\n * @since 1.0.0\n */\npublic class GraphicViewer {\n boolean enabled;\n String type;\n double width;\n\n Button on;\n Combo name;\n Combo size;\n\n private class Listener implements SelectionListener, ModifyListener {\n public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {\n sync(e);\n };\n\n public void widgetDefaultSelected(SelectionEvent e) {\n sync(e);\n };\n\n public void modifyText(final ModifyEvent e) {\n sync(AbstractSimpleConfigurator.selectionEvent(e));\n };\n\n private void sync(SelectionEvent selectionEvent) {\n try {\n GraphicViewer.this.enabled = GraphicViewer.this.on.getSelection();\n GraphicViewer.this.type = GraphicViewer.this.name.getText();\n try {\n GraphicViewer.this.width = Integer.parseInt(GraphicViewer.this.size.getText());\n } catch (NumberFormatException nan) {\n // well lets just leave width alone\n }\n fire(selectionEvent); // everything worked\n } catch (Throwable t) {\n // meh\n } finally {\n GraphicViewer.this.name.setEnabled(GraphicViewer.this.enabled);\n GraphicViewer.this.size.setEnabled(GraphicViewer.this.enabled);\n }\n }\n };\n\n Listener sync = new Listener();\n private SelectionListener listener;\n\n /**\n * Accepts a listener that will be notified when content changes.", "\n *\n */\n public void addListener(SelectionListener listener1) {\n this.listener = listener1;\n }\n\n /**\n * Remove listener.", "\n *\n */\n public void removeListener(SelectionListener listener1) {\n if (this.listener == listener1) this.listener = null;\n }\n\n /**\n * TODO summary sentence for fire ...\n *\n */\n protected void fire(SelectionEvent event) {\n if (this.listener == null) return;\n this.listener.widgetSelected(event);\n }\n\n /**\n * TODO summary sentence for createControl ...\n *\n * @return Generated composite\n */\n public Composite createControl(Composite parent, KeyListener klisten, StyleBuilder build) {\n Composite part =\n AbstractSimpleConfigurator.subpart(\n parent, Messages.getString(\"SimpleStyleConfigurator_point_label\"));\n\n this.on = new Button(part, SWT.CHECK);\n // this.on.addSelectionListener( this.sync );\n\n this.size = new Combo(part, SWT.DROP_DOWN);\n this.size.setItems(\n new String[] {\n \"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"5\", \"10\", \"15\"\n }); // $NON-NLS-1$//$NON-NLS-2$ //$NON-NLS-3$ //$NON-NLS-4$ //$NON-NLS-5$\n // //$NON-NLS-6$\n this.size.setTextLimit(2);\n this.size.addKeyListener(klisten);\n this.size.setToolTipText(Messages.getString(\"GraphicViewer_size_tooltip\"));\n\n this.name = new Combo(part, SWT.DROP_DOWN);\n this.name.setItems(build.getWellKnownMarkNames());\n this.name.setTextLimit(9);\n this.name.addKeyListener(klisten);\n this.name.setToolTipText(Messages.getString(\"GraphicViewer_name_tooltip\"));\n return part;\n }\n\n /**\n * TODO summary sentence for getGraphic ...\n *\n * @return Graphic defined by this model\n */\n public Graphic getGraphic(Fill filll, Stroke stroke, StyleBuilder build) {\n if (!", "this.enabled) {\n Mark mark = null;\n if (this.type == null) {\n build.createMark(\"square\", null, null); // $NON-NLS-1$\n } else {\n mark = build.createMark(this.type, (Fill) null, (Stroke) null);\n }\n return build.createGraphic(null, mark, null);\n }\n Mark mark = build.createMark(this.type, filll, stroke);\n Graphic graphic = build.createGraphic(null, mark, null);\n graphic.setSize(build.literalExpression(this.width));\n return graphic;\n }\n\n /**\n * TODO summary sentence for setGraphic ...\n *\n */\n public void setGraphic(Graphic graphic, Mode mode, Color defaultColor) {\n boolean enabled = true;\n if (graphic == null) {\n StyleBuilder builder = new StyleBuilder();\n graphic =\n builder.createGraphic(\n null, builder.createMark(StyleBuilder.", "MARK_SQUARE, defaultColor), null);\n enabled = true;\n }\n this.width = SLDs.size(graphic);\n String text = MessageFormat.format(\"{0,number,#0}\", this.width); // $NON-NLS-1$\n if (text !", "= null) {\n this.size.setText(text);\n this.size.select(this.size.indexOf(text));\n }\n\n boolean marked = false;\n if (graphic !", "= null\n && graphic.graphicalSymbols() !", "= null\n && !", "graphic.graphicalSymbols().isEmpty()) {\n\n for (GraphicalSymbol symbol : graphic.graphicalSymbols()) {\n if (symbol instanceof Mark) {\n Mark mark = (Mark) symbol;\n setMark(mark, mode);\n marked = true;\n break;\n }\n }\n }\n if (!", "marked) {\n setMark(null, mode);\n }\n this.enabled = this.enabled && enabled;\n }\n\n private void setMark(Mark mark, Mode mode) {\n listen(false);\n try {\n this.enabled = (mode == Mode.", "POINT && mark !", "= null);\n this.type = SLD.wellKnownName(mark);\n\n // Stroke is used in line, point and polygon\n this.on.setEnabled(mode == Mode.", "POINT || mode == Mode.", "ALL);\n\n if (this.type !", "= null) {\n this.name.setText(this.type);\n this.name.select(this.name.indexOf(this.type));\n }\n\n this.on.setSelection(this.enabled);\n this.size.setEnabled(this.enabled);\n this.name.setEnabled(this.enabled);\n } finally {\n listen(true); // listen to user now\n }\n }\n\n void listen(boolean listen) {\n if (listen) {\n this.on.addSelectionListener(this.sync);\n this.size.addSelectionListener(this.sync);\n this.size.addModifyListener(this.sync);\n this.name.addSelectionListener(this.sync);\n this.name.addModifyListener(this.sync);\n } else {\n this.on.removeSelectionListener(this.sync);\n this.size.removeSelectionListener(this.sync);\n this.size.removeModifyListener(this.sync);\n this.name.removeSelectionListener(this.sync);\n this.name.removeModifyListener(this.sync);\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nI want my page so the divs don't move around on browser window resize\n\nMy page is http://celldivine.000webhostapp.com/ , don't kill me for the free domain. ", "So anyway, whenever I use a different to visit the site the site becomes deformed and everything moves around. ", "I want to make it not so that all the divs resize, but so that they stay exactly the same, and users with a smaller resolution can just side scroll to see it. ", "I know you can probably do this in your sleep. ", "Thanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nAdd this to CSS (but change the width value to what you want:\n.wrapper {\n width: 1500px;\n}\n\nThen add \n<div class=\"wrapper\"> \n\nafter the\n<a href=\"index.html\">\n\nand \n</div>\n\nbefore the \n</html>\n\n" ]

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[ "C29H36O8\n\n{{DISPLAYTITLE:C29H36O8}}\nThe molecular formula C29H36O8 may refer to:\n\n Bis-GMA\n Mallotojaponin C" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Selected Attributes\n\nAttack your work day with Danner Striker Boots. ", "They'll help you combat your tough tasks, using their electrical hazard rating, safety toes, and water-resistance to protect you. ", "This military footwear features all tall lace-ups, side zippers, and rugged leather uppers, depending which design you choose. ", "Forge ahead with confidence, as you rely on t...he aggressive tread to help you maintain your footing when you're running to your next challenge. ", "You'll appreciate the durability of Danner Striker Boots. ", "Stay quick on your feet and order a pair from Working Person's Store. (", "Learn More About danner striker boots)(See less)" ]

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[ "Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss aren’t shy about issuing bold predictions for Gemini, their recently revealed bitcoin exchange project.", "\n\nCalling it the “NASDAQ or Google of bitcoin”, the president and CEO, respectively, believe Gemini will be the fully regulated, fully compliant and fully banked institution the US bitcoin ecosystem needs to develop to its full potential.", "\n\nIn a new interview with CoinDesk, the brothers – prominent bitcoin investors and two of the largest-known holders of bitcoin – opened up about Gemini, discussing why they feel the exchange can become the market leader in what has been an increasingly active part of the bitcoin space.", "\n\nWhile neither addressed competitors directly, both alluded to how their approach with Gemini stands in contrast to the other exchanges currently in the US market, even those that have recently dominated the headlines with claimed regulated offerings.", "\n\nCameron summed up this difference, stating:\n\n“We aren’t interested in trying to find a way to be semi-operational, or operate around the fringe or hack our way in.”", "\n\nCompetitors aside, Cameron and Tyler focused much of the interview on evoking their long history as participants in the bitcoin space in comments that suggest that, to them, the fight to build a market-leading US exchange is personal.", "\n\n“Without a doubt, we spent a great deal of time properly securing our own bitcoin,” Tyler said. “", "We felt like we were uniquely positioned to speak to those issues and take the friction and the risk and all the things that we saw and convert them into a product and an experience that we thought would be unmatched.”", "\n\nTyler went on to suggest that Gemini was also the result of their failed efforts to find a team that would be able to handle the tall task of launching an exchange in what to date has been an uncertain jurisdiction for entrepreneurs.", "\n\n“We’re investors as well – we would have invested in a bitcoin exchange by now if we were confident they were covering all the bases,” Tyler added.", "\n\n‘Best and brightest’ team\n\nAs perhaps an extension of this passion, Cameron and Tyler took pains to express their belief that they have assembled the best possible team for the job.", "\n\nOver the course of the interview, Cameron and Tyler rifled through the names of their employees’ former employers, mentioning the likes of sharing economy startup Airbnb, Google Wallet and tech giant Microsoft, among others.", "\n\nThe list of professionals now employed by Gemini includes Cem Paya, the former CSO of Airbnb and a former information security engineer at Google, and Michael Breu, a former head of security at investment management firm Bridgewater.", "\n\n“Our team members are individuals who have been in companies where there were lots of assets, and valuable information at stake,” Cameron pointed out.", "\n\nGemini’s no-expense-spared approach to personnel is also apparent in its choice of partners.", "\n\nFor example, its regulatory lawyers hail from Katten Muchin Rosenman, while its anti-money laundering (AML) and know your customer (KYC) policies were crafted by specialists K2 Intelligence, a firm that helps banks comply with the Bank Secrecy Act and Patriot Act, while crafting policies for corporate governance and compliance.", "\n\nTyler said:\n\n“We’ve worked very hard to understand what it would take to be a fully licensed, regulated entity in all the states, and we’re making sure we get this right. ", "We’re not pretending we’re kids that don’t have to play by certain rules, I don’t think that’s the right way to approach it.”", "\n\nAll of this adds up to what the brothers suggested would be a complete product ready for market upon its debut.", "\n\n“There’s regulation, compliance and then there’s security and product,” Tyler noted. “", "A lot of people just look at product and forget the other three. ", "We consider all four of these issues as crucial to being a successful business.”", "\n\nFront-door approach\n\nTyler suggested that Gemini’s proactive approach to regulation is another differentiating factor that positions it for success, as the project has actively courted the approval of regulators since its founding in February 2014.", "\n\n“We felt like the only way to do this was to open up an active dialogue with the regulators, which we have done, and to establish a relationship with a US regulated bank, which we have done, and approach this with a security-first mentality from day one,” Tyler said.", "\n\nWhile both are optimistic about launching the exchange in the first quarter of 2015, they were adamant that Gemini’s launch would be contingent on the passage of New York’s BitLicense proposal, which is expected to be finalized this month.", "\n\n“We’re not launching until we’re licensed,” Tyler remarked. “", "Most people are taking a different approach, but we’re not interested in operating without a license.”", "\n\nBoth brothers also lauded the New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) and its superintendent Ben Lawsky for their progressive approach to bitcoin regulation, calling the state the “clear choice” for their headquarters.", "\n\nGemini is currently in the process of securing licenses in all necessary US states, according to Tyler, and he anticipates the exchange will serve the entire nation at launch.", "\n\nSecurity first\n\nWhen discussing exchange security, Cameron and Tyler here too turned attention to the team behind Gemini, noting that these personnel were the first appointed.", "\n\n“When you talk to these security guys, usually they’re brought in when the train has already left the station, so it’s refreshing to them that we’re including them from the beginning,” Tyler said.", "\n\nHe went on to frame this as different than existing exchanges, noting his belief that the exchange industry has already seen a few events he billed as “wake-up calls”.", "\n\nWhile boastful about the security team behind the exchange, Cameron and Tyler were also open when discussing the specific security components that would be available at the exchange when it opens.", "\n\nPlanned features to be included in the Gemini exchange include multi-signature wallet support and two tiers of offline storage, dubbed ‘cold’ and ‘cryo’ for ‘cryogenic’ – both with different service-level agreements for access and withdrawal time.", "\n\nThe user-facing website will include two-factor authentication, and further internal-only sections of the site will use separate access controls that are not exposed to Internet.", "\n\nGemini will also mandate the coordinated actions of multiple employees to transfer any funds out of offline storage.", "\n\nFlagship exchange\n\nBoth Cameron and Tyler stressed their belief that the lack of a leading bitcoin exchange in the US continues to set back the country’s bitcoin ecosystem.", "\n\n“To us it just seemed like an obvious hole in the infrastructure. ", "If people can’t easily and safely buy and sell bitcoin, it will be harder to build the application layer of native bitcoin apps and fuel the bitcoin economy in America,” Cameron said.", "\n\nPart of this approach entails being inclusive with the exchange by using design elements that appeal to individuals and institutions with a big-tent philosophy.", "\n\n“We are definitely targeting both individuals and institutions. ", "Our offering will be suitable for anyone from individual hobbyist traders all the way to professional institutional traders. ", "We are very much focused on servicing the investor crowd,” Tyler explained.", "\n\nThe brothers expressed their belief that this balance, while difficult, is achievable provided they seek to differentiate from existing offerings.", "\n\n“If you look at terminal-like systems, they look overly technical and unfriendly, and they don’t need to be that way in order to be powerful,” he continued. “", "We think we can achieve a clean, simple and friendly product that is also super powerful and robust.”", "\n\nPassion project\n\nStill, Cameron and Tyler further sought to make the case that they were the right leaders for the Gemini project given their experience and background.", "\n\nBoth stressed that Gemini has been their day-to-day project for the last year, and that other planned efforts to launch a bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF) are unlikely to deter them from their work.", "\n\n“Gemini is what we are and have been working on 100% of the time,” Tyler added.", "\n\nCameron went on to reiterate that the Gemini project, while set in motion last February, is the result of long-standing frustrations the brothers have had since the earliest days of the ecosystem.", "\n\n“We didn’t start looking at this when Mt Gox collapsed, or when it stopped withdrawals,” he continued. “", "We started looking at this problem almost two years ago when Cyprus happened, when Mt Gox had a DDoS attack and was down for 12 hours.”", "\n\nPast issues aside, both indicated that they are eager to move forward toward helping secure a brighter future for the bitcoin ecosystem.", "\n\nCameron concluded:\n\n“We’re building the best product experience possible. ", "If you want to think of this like how Google would approach bitcoin, so be it, Gemini is not going to be like anything else out there.”", "\n\nImages via Gemini" ]

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[ "Friday, April 20, 2012\n\nSo I made this super-simple Traveller character sheet that holds five PCs per page. ", "Eight of them come with one of the pre-gens from Adveture 4: Leviathan already filled in for the first character. ", "Like this:\n\n\n\nStupid red squiggly lines. ", "Anyway, the eight pre-gens fill out the command staff of the ship nicely, putting the players in charge of the ship. ", "The other four slots on each will be generated randomly using the normal methods and then jobs on the ship found for them. ", "So, for example, if you put together a character with the skills Admin-1, Computer-1, Gunner-1 they could be assigned as the Boat Deck Officer (Admin-1, Comp-1 required) or as the Fire Control Officer (Comp-1, Gunner-1) or as one of the Computer Operators (Comp-1). ", "Or anybody can wash dishes and chop onions as a Galley Hand, no skills required.", "\n\nEach player operating a stable of up to five characters on the ship is advantageous in the following ways:\n\nCuts down on my work fleshing out the rest of the crew.", "\n\nNo need to send the whole dang command crew down with every landing party.", "\n\nMakes it easier to switch scenes \"Meanwhile, back on the ship...\"\n\nBy running different PCs with different jobs, we all will get a better sense of how the ship operates.", "\n\nCombat in classic Trav is pretty brutal. ", "It's good to have some back-ups ready.", "\n\nGives the players a sense that there are people on the ship they can trust to handle things while they are planetside or whatever.", "\n\nSince we're using the basic generation system I don't think it will take too long to fill up the sheet. ", "As is typical for games of this period, buying equipment will probably take the longest. ", "I ought to figure out how to streamline that.", "\n\nSo which player gets to be the captain? ", "Hell if I know. ", "I think I'm just going to fling the charsheets down on the table and let the players work that out among themselves. ", "If they can't figure it out that have no business flying a fifty billion credit starship into unknown space.", "\n\n\"Man, is there anything Jeff CAN'T do when it comes to gaming? ", "This guy is like a critical 20 every roll. ", "Jeff can bite the heads offa five game geeks, including their sorry-ass DM, and spit 'em into a large duffel bag ONE AT A TIME!...that's just the kind of messed up bastard he is! ", "You think yer a gamer, punk? ", "Well..do ya? ", "Jeff will depants your weasel-ass right in front of your grandma.\"" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nA property of F-Snedecor distribuction\n\nLet $X$ be a random variable with F-Snedecor distribuction with parameters $(n,m)$. \nLet $F_{n,m}(\\alpha)$, for $\\alpha \\in (0,1)$, be the element such that $ F_X(F_{n,m}( \\alpha )) = 1 - \\alpha $. ", "\nShow that $ F_{n,m}(\\alpha) = \\dfrac{1}{F_{m,n}(1-\\alpha)}$\nMy first question is what does $F_{m,n}(1-\\alpha)$ mean. ", "Is it the point $y$ such that $F_{1/X}(y) = \\alpha$? ", "Because I already proved that $\\frac{1}{X}$ has distribuction F-Snedecor with parameters $(m,n)$.\nBut even if it is that, I don't know how to approach this problem. ", "Am I supposed to compute $F_{X}(F_{n,m}(\\alpha))$ and $\\dfrac{1}{F_{1/X}(F_{m,n}(1-\\alpha))}$ and then compare the results?", "\nAny help would be appreciated.", "\n\nA:\n\nLet $X\\sim F(n,m)$.\nThen the notation $F_{n,m;\\,\\alpha}$ is often used to denote the upper $\\alpha$ percent point of the $F(n,m)$ distribution. ", "This is what you have here. ", "In other words, this means $P(X>F_{n,m;\\,\\alpha})=\\alpha$.\nYou know that $X\\sim F(n,m)\\implies Y=\\frac{1}{X}\\sim F(m,n)$.\nSo for any $c>0$, you have $P(X>c)=P\\left(\\frac{1}{X}<\\frac{1}{c}\\right)=P\\left(Y<\\frac{1}{c}\\right)$.\nThis implies that $P(X>F_{n,m;\\,\\alpha})=P\\left(Y<\\dfrac{1}{F_{n,m;\\,\\alpha}}\\right)=\\alpha\\tag{1}$\nMoreover, from definition of $\\alpha$ you have,\n$P(Y<F_{m,n;\\,1-\\alpha})=\\alpha\\tag{2}$\nFrom $(1)$ and $(2)$ your result follows.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "I love to see your finished project photos--feel free to leave your links in the comments! ", "Then hop over and *LIKE* my BohoBear Facebook page where you can share your project photos on my wall and keep up to date on new designs! ", "See you there!~Kristi" ]

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[ "Russian battleship Knyaz Suvorov\n\nKnyaz Suvorov () was one of five pre-dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. ", "Completed after the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, she became the flagship of Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky, commander of the Second Pacific Squadron. ", "The squadron was sent to the Far East a few months after her completion to break the Japanese blockade of Port Arthur. ", "The Japanese captured the port while the squadron was in transit and their destination was changed to Vladivostok. ", " During the Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905, the ship fell out of the battle line after a shell hit her bridge, killing her helmsman and wounding her captain and Rozhestvensky. ", "Knyaz Suvorov was eventually torpedoed and sunk by Japanese torpedo boats; other than 20 wounded officers evacuated by a destroyer, there were no survivors.", "\n\nDescription\n\nThe Borodino-class ships were based on the design of the French-built , modified to suit Russian equipment and building practices. ", "They were built under the 1898 program \"for the needs of the Far East\" to concentrate ten battleships in the Pacific. ", "Knyaz Suvorov was long at the waterline and long overall, with a beam of and a draft of , more than designed. ", "Her normal displacement was , almost more than her designed displacement of . ", "Her intended crew consisted of 28 officers and 754 enlisted men, although she carried 928 crewmen during the Battle of Tsushima.", "\n\nThe ships were powered by a pair of vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam generated by 20 Belleville boilers. ", "The engines were rated at and designed to reach a top speed of . ", "Knyaz Suvorov, however, only reached a speed of from during her builder's machinery trials on 9 August 1904. ", " The ships could carry enough coal to give them a range of at a speed of .", "\n\nThe main battery of the Borodinos consisted of four Pattern 1895 guns which were mounted in two twin-gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure. ", "Their secondary armament of twelve Pattern 1892 guns were mounted in six twin-gun turrets carried on the upper deck, three turrets on each broadside. ", "Defense against torpedo boats was provided by a suite of smaller guns. ", "The twenty Pattern 1892 guns carried were mounted in casemates in the sides of the hull. ", "The ships also mounted twenty Hotchkiss guns in the superstructure. ", "The ships were fitted with four torpedo tubes, one each above water in the bow and in the stern, and a submerged tube on each broadside.", "\n\nThe waterline armor belt of the Borodino class consisted of Krupp armor thick. ", "The armor of their gun turrets had a maximum thickness of and their decks ranged from in thickness. ", "The armored lower deck sloped downwards to connect to the anti-torpedo bulkhead of the same thickness.", "\n\nService\n\nConstruction began on Knyaz Suvorov, named after Prince Alexander Suvorov, on 10 August 1901 at the Baltic Works in Saint Petersburg. ", "The ship was laid down on 8 September, when the ceremonial laying of one of the plates was performed by Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich, General-Admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy. ", "She was launched on 25 September 1902, in the presence of Tsar Nicholai II, Grand Duke Konstantin and King George I of Greece. ", "She was completed in September 1904, after the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War, at the cost of 13,841,000 rubles.", "\n\nOn 15 October 1904, Knyaz Suvorov, Rozhestvensky's flagship as commander of the Second Pacific Squadron, set sail for Port Arthur from Libau along with the other vessels of the squadron with the mission of reinforcing the First Pacific Squadron at Port Arthur and breaking the Japanese blockade. ", "Rozhestvensky had received numerous reports of Japanese agents and torpedo boats disguised as fishing vessels before sailing and he ordered maximum alertness after coaling at Skagen, Denmark, on 7 October. ", "Early on the evening of the following day, when the squadron was near the Dogger Bank, the auxiliary repair ship Kamchatka reported that she was under attack by torpedo boats in the rain. ", "About four hours later, the squadron encountered British fishing trawlers working the Dogger Bank in the fog and opened fire on them at very short range. ", "One trawler was sunk and at least three others were damaged; several fishermen were killed and others wounded. ", "The battleships also fired upon and damaged the Russian cruisers and . ", "The incident enraged the British population and caused a diplomatic incident with the British that nearly led to war until Russia apologized and agreed to pay reparations on 29 October.", "\n\nRozhestvensky led his ships down the Atlantic coast of Africa, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, and reached the island of Nosy Be off the northwest coast of French Madagascar on 9 January 1905 where they remained for two months while Rozhestvensky finalized his coaling arrangements. ", "During this time, he learned of the capture of Port Arthur and changed his destination to Vladivostok, the only other port controlled by the Russians in the Far East. ", "The squadron sailed for Camranh Bay, French Indochina, on 16 March and reached it almost a month later to await the obsolete ships of the Third Pacific Squadron, commanded by Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov. ", "The latter ships reached Camranh Bay on 9 May and the combined force sailed for Vladivostok on 14 May. En route, Rozhestvensky reorganized his ships into three tactical divisions for the forthcoming battle; the leading division consisted of the four new s with Knyaz Suvorov in the lead, followed by the Second Division that consisted of three older battleships and an armored cruiser and Nebogatov retained his ships as the Third Division. ", "While exact figures are not available for Knyaz Suvorov, it is probable that the ship was approximately overweight as she and her sisters were overloaded with coal and other supplies; all of which was stored high in the ships and reduced their stability. ", "The extra weight also submerged the waterline armor belt and left only about of the upper armor belt above the waterline.", "\n\nBattle of Tsushima\n\nRozhestvensky decided to take the most direct route to Vladivostok using the Tsushima Strait and was intercepted by the Japanese battlefleet under the command of Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō on 27 May 1905. ", "As the Russians entered the strait, they were arrayed in separate columns with the Second Division on the left and the Third trailing. ", "Around noon, well after they had been spotted by the Japanese, Rozhestvensky ordered the Second Division, lead by the battleship , to form line ahead behind the First Division, but poorly trained signalmen caused confusion throughout the fleet and the Third Division fell in behind the Second Division, leaving the First Division on the main column's right, although it was still in the lead. ", "When the main Japanese fleet was spotted by the Russians at 13:19, Rozhestvensky was still trying to get his ships properly formed.", "\n\nThe location sent to Tōgō had been inaccurate and his ships were out of position when they spotted the Russians; unwilling to engage the First Division, Tōgō maneuvered his ships across the front of the Russian forces and then reversed course to position his battleships on the left flank of the leading Russian ships. ", "During this maneuver, Knyaz Suvorov opened fire at the , flagship of Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō at 14:05 at a range of . ", "Mikasa began to return fire after the Japanese ships had finished their maneuver and was joined by the battleship and the armored cruiser as the Japanese battleships split their fire between Knyaz Suvorov and Oslyabya. ", "The battleship joined the others firing at Knyaz Suvorov around 14:20, which had been set on fire by hits from the other ships. ", "At 14:35, splinters entered the conning tower killing her helmsman and wounding Rozhestvensky and the ship's captain; splinters from another shell again wounded Rozhestvensky so he drifted in and out of consciousness. ", "Shortly afterwards, flames made the conning tower untenable so that the ship had to be steered from her auxiliary-control position. ", "Around 14:52, another hit jammed the steering gear after a four point turn to starboard had been ordered and caused the ship to make nearly a full circle before she could be steered by her engines. ", "Splinters from numerous shell hits shredded water hoses and made it much more difficult to put the numerous fires out. ", "By this time Knyaz Suvorovs aft 12-inch gun turret had been destroyed by an explosion that blew its roof off onto the quarterdeck, her forward funnel had fallen down and her mainmast had been shot away.", "\n\nKnyaz Suvorov never regained her position in the battle line and was engaged at short range by Mikasa and the battleship as well as five cruisers of Vice Admiral Kamimura Hikonojō's 2nd Division between 15:20 and 15:35. ", "Mikasa and two of the cruisers fired one torpedo each at her during this time, but none of them hit the ship. ", "At 15:39, the cruiser fired a pair of torpedoes and claimed one hit although no change was visible in Knyaz Suvorovs condition. ", "Chihaya was hit by one shell just above the waterline during her attack that forced her to make emergency repairs. ", "Around 15:40 the British observer aboard Azuma reported that Knyaz Suvorov was down by the bow with a heavy list to port and was covered by thick gray smoke from the forecastle to the mainmast. ", "By this time, the ship's forward 12-inch gun turret had been knocked out, but some smaller guns were still in action. ", "The Japanese 5th Destroyer Division attacked five minutes later with torpedoes at ranges under , but failed to score any hits with their five torpedoes. ", "The flotilla leader was hit in the boiler room by a three-inch shell that may have been fired by Knyaz Suvorov.", "\n\nThe ship found herself between the two fleets at 16:08 and was fired at by most of the Japanese ships at short range. ", "Observers aboard those ships noted that she resembled \"an island volcano in eruption\". ", "Mikasa fired two torpedoes and Shikishima fired one torpedo at Knyaz Suvorov during this time without effect. ", "Captain William C. Pakenham, the Royal Navy's official military observer aboard Asahi under the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, noted that Knyaz Suvorov was hit by a 12-inch shell near the rear 6-inch turret around 16:30 that caused an explosion and caused flames to spout in the air. ", "At 17:05 the 4th Destroyer Division attacked with three destroyers; only one of the six torpedoes hit Knyaz Suvorov. ", "The ship immediately took on a 10° list, but showed no signs of sinking. ", "One shell from Knyaz Suvorov struck the destroyer , but did not inflict much damage.", "\n\nAround 17:30, the came and took off the wounded officers from Knyaz Suvorov, including Rozhestvensky, leaving an unwounded midshipman in command. ", "The ship continued southwards at about and was engaged by many of the Japanese cruisers from about 18:30 until four torpedo boats of the 11th Torpedo Division attacked at 19:20. ", "They fired seven torpedoes of which two or three hit the ship. ", "One was thought to have caused a magazine to explode as a cloud of yellow and black smoke poured out and Knyaz Suvorov listed further to port before capsizing at about 19:30. ", "Other than the 20 officers taken off by Buinyi, there were no survivors of the 928 crew aboard. ", "Naval historian Sir Julian Corbett commented: \"While she had a gun above water she fired, and not a man survived her of all that crew, to whose stubborn gallantry no words can do justice. ", "If there is immortality in naval memory it is hers and theirs.\"", "\n\nNotes\n\nFootnotes\n\nBibliography\n\nFurther reading\n \n\nCategory:Borodino-class battleships\nCategory:1902 ships\nCategory:Ships built at the Baltic Shipyard\nCategory:Russo-Japanese War battleships of Russia\nCategory:Shipwrecks in the Tsushima Strait\nCategory:Shipwrecks of the Russo-Japanese War\nCategory:Ships lost with all hands\nCategory:Alexander Suvorov\nCategory:Maritime incidents in 1905" ]

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[ "5th Division (Iraq)\n\nThe 5th Division ('Iron Division') is a military formation of the Iraqi Army. ", "The division is currently deployed in eastern Iraq – predominantly Diyala Governorate. ", "Following the losses suffered by the Iraqi Army during fighting in the ISIL campaign in Northern Iraq, the Iraqi security forces became increasingly reliant on non-state militia units – the Popular Mobilization Forces. ", "As of October 2015, Reuters reported that the 5th Division reported to the PMF chain of command, instead of the official military hierarchy.", "\n\nHistory\n\nBa'athist Iraq\nOriginally formed in 1959 as a mechanised division, it was part of the 3rd Corps (Iraq) in 1978, located at Basra and comprising the 15th (Basra), 19th (Sibay), and 20th Mechanised Brigades, according to British military attaches' reporting. ", "It would later fight in the Iran–Iraq War, and in the Persian Gulf War (including at the Battle of Khafji). ", "The 3rd Armoured and 5th Mechanised Divisions, the assault force for the Battle of Khafji, had both been retrained in 1986–87 and had participated in many of the 1988 offensives. ", "On the night of 29–30 January 1991, three of four battalion-sized task forces of the 5th Mechanised Division had been turned back by U.S. Marine covering forces, but the fourth moved into Khafji and was later destroyed there. ", "On 30 January 1991 as the division crossed the frontier for the main attack, the 26th Armoured Brigade became trapped in a minefield and had a large amount of damage inflicted on it. ", "The commander of the III Corps, Major General Salah Aboud Mahmoud, called the attack off as he believed it was impossible to execute the full plan.", "\n\nIn 1993, following a coup attempt, Saddam Hussein reportedly abolished all command posts at corps level, with the 5th Division, then reported to be at Mosul, one of the only six divisions to retain a command post. ", "In September 1997 it was reported to be part of the 1st Corps, and be based in the Shuwan area under Staff Major General Sadoun Mahmud Sadoun. ", "At that time it included the 15th, 20th, and 26th Mechanised Brigades. ", "It then disintegrated during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.", "\n\nPost-2003 Iraq\nThe reformed 5th Division's brigade headquarters and battalions were components of the original three division New Iraqi Army. ", "\n\nThe House Armed Services Committee reported that:\n\"..the media has reported that the Iraqi Army 5th Division commander, Brigadier General Shakir Al-Kaabi, was suspected of cooperation with the JAM in the arrests of Sunnis, and of being linked to Shi’a death squads. ", "U.S. officers had expressed grave concerns about General Al-Kaabi, and were frustrated in their attempts to have him removed.\"", "\n\nThe division was certified and assume responsibility for battle space in Diyala Governorate on July 3, 2006. ", "Since the division's reactivation elements have taken part in Operation Phantom Thunder and the Battle of Baqubah in 2007.", "\n\nIn November 2007, \"The primary Iraqi Army unit in Diyala Province was organizationally incapable of conducting counter-insurgency operations. ", "The Iraqi 5th Division was in complete disarray following the removal of its commanding general, who had finally been relieved by the Minister of Defense for using his formations for sectarian death squads and Mafia-style criminal enterprises. ", "5th Division units were essentially combat-ineffective, having been reduced to performing checkpoint operations on 236 static locations across the territory.\"", "\n\nToday it is deployed in the difficult region of Diyala is the area between Baghdad and the Iran–Iraq border, an area where some insurgent elements (the Sunnis Baathists Sunni Salafis and Shias of the Mahdi Army supporting Muqtada Al-Sadr, and Al Qaeda) have direct support from Iran and its Special Forces (Quds Force). ", "The regions of Diyala, Salah ad-Din, Kirkuk and south-east of Baghdad are the subject of many operations of the Iraqi Armed Forces and the Coalition, in order to dismantle the networks and interrupt Iranian support.", "\n\nAs of February 2010 the division's dispositions were reported as:\n Division Special Troops Battalion – Galibiyah\n 18th Motorized (AAslt) Brigade – Balad Ruz area of operations\n 19th (Desert Lions) Motorized (AAslt) Brigade (Brigade Special Troops Battalion at Baqubah)\n 20th Motorised Brigade – elements Muqdadiyah\n 21st Motorised Brigade – battalions at Diyala, Samood, Tamuuz\n 5th Field Engineer Regiment – Galibiyah\n 5th Transport and Provisioning Regiment – Kirkush\n\nThe Kirkush Military Training Base (KMTB) was one of the first installations constructed for the new Iraqi Army in January 2004.", "\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Divisions of Iraq\nCategory:Military units and formations established in 1959" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to speed up CI build times when using docker?", "\n\nI currently use docker + travis CI to test/ deploy my app. ", "This works great locally because I have data volumes for things like node_modules etc, and docker's layers provide caching speeding up builds.", "\nHowever, when I push the code to travis it has to rebuild and install everything from scratch and it takes forever! ", "Travis doesn't support caching docker layers atm. ", "Is there some other way to speed up my builds, or another similar tool that allows docker layer caching?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou might want to investigate how i3wm has solved a similar problem. ", "\nThe main developer has written on the design behind his Travis CI workflow. ", "Quoting the relevant part: \n\nThe basic idea is to build a Docker container based on Debian testing\n and then run all build/test commands inside that container. ", "Our\n Dockerfile installs compilers, formatters and other development tools\n first, then installs all build dependencies for i3 based on the\n debian/control file, so that we don’t need to duplicate build\n dependencies for Travis and for Debian.", "\nThis solves the immediate issue nicely, but comes at a significant\n cost: building a Docker container adds quite a bit of wall clock time\n to a Travis run, and we want to give our contributors quick feedback.", "\n The solution to long build times is caching: we can simply upload the\n Docker container to the Docker Hub and make subsequent builds use the\n cached version.", "\nWe decided to cache the container for a month, or until inputs to the\n build environment (currently the Dockerfile and debian/control)\n change. ", "Technically, this is implemented by a little shell script\n called ha.sh (get it? ", "hash!) ", "which prints the SHA-256 hash of the\n input files. ", "This hash, appended to the current month, is what we use\n as tag for the Docker container, e.g. 2016-03-3d453fe1.", "\nSee our .travis.yml for how to plug it all together.", "\n\n" ]

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