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tomekkorbak

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[ "Melton Town F.C.\n\nMelton Town Football Club is a football club based in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, England. ", "They are currently members of the and play at the Melton Sports Village.", "\n\nHistory\nThe club was established in 2004 and joined Division Two of the Leicester & District League. ", "In 2006–07 season they were Division Two champions, and were promoted to Division One. ", "In 2009 they moved up to Division One of the Leicestershire Senior League. ", "After finishing as runners-up in 2012–13, the club were promoted to the Premier Division. ", "They went on to finish as runners-up in the Premier Division in 2013–14 and 2014–15, but were unable to take promotion due to failing ground grading regulations. ", "A third-place finish in 2015–16 and a move to a new ground saw the club promoted to Division One of the United Counties League, with the club also being renamed Melton Town.", "\n\nGround\nIn 2013 the club moved to nearby Asfordby. ", "They returned to Melton Mowbray in April 2016 when the club moved to the Melton Sports Village. ", "The new ground included a 135-seat stand.", "\n\nHonours\nLeicester & District League\nDivision Two champions 2006–07\n\nRecords\nBest FA Vase performance: Second qualifying round, 2017–18\n\nSee also\nMelton Town F.C. players\nMelton Town F.C. managers\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\n \nCategory:Football clubs in England\nCategory:Football clubs in Leicestershire\nCategory:Association football clubs established in 2004\nCategory:2004 establishments in England\nCategory:Melton Mowbray\nCategory:Leicester and District Football League\nCategory:Leicestershire Senior League\nCategory:United Counties League" ]

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[ "Download Code\n\nYour browser does not support iframes.", "\n\nKeeping Up With The Wandering Wolf\n\nJanuary 16, 2015\n\nYoni Wolf's Wandering Wolf podcast is a candid window into the life of the WHY? ", "frontman and his eccentric guests, the most recent of which have been his tour mates Astronautalis & Bleubird, hometown friends Lauren & Davi, and comedian/long-time WHY? ", "collaborator Andre Hyland (above).", "\n\nYou can listen to all of them here, and for more of Yoni and Andre's shenanigans, check out this promo for WHY?", "'s Eskimo Snow featuring Glenn Howerton of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia." ]

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[ "## 题目\n\n\n## 分析\n\n\n\n## Java代码\n```java\n\n```\n\n\n\n---\n### 搬运工信息\nAuthor:Jason Lou <br>\nEmail:vip.iotworld@gmail.com <br>\nBlog:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_21508727 <br>\nGithub:https://github.com/JGPY/JavaGuideBooster <br>\n---" ]

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[ "tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6702910019311101601.post3947291906059000234..comments2018-05-21T13:03:48.232+01:00Comments on Handmade by Monia: My first ever ATCMonika Podporanoreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6702910019311101601.post-19006277860841643682017-01-04T10:13:28.169+00:002017-01-04T10:13:28.169+00:00Genialne!Genialne!mosia m.https://www.blogger.com/profile/15261343791635094856noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6702910019311101601.post-2254630330771665642016-11-05T11:24:49.405+00:002016-11-05T11:24:49.405+00:00Cuuudowne! ", "Wspaniałe się bawilaś mediami i efekt f...Cuuudowne! ", "Wspaniałe się bawilaś mediami i efekt fantastyczny!Maedehttps://www.blogger.com/profile/11664207923112439608noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6702910019311101601.post-46479893929570397122016-11-04T01:05:02.305+00:002016-11-04T01:05:02.305+00:00Thank you so much Denise :) You are very kind!!! ", "I...Thank you so much Denise :) You are very kind!!! ", "I can&#39;t believe myself! ", "I&#39;m addicted now ;) xxxMonika Podporahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04130426489378230805noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6702910019311101601.post-68623144685247057032016-11-04T01:03:10.933+00:002016-11-04T01:03:10.933+00:00Thank you so much Julie :) You are very kind xxxThank you so much Julie :) You are very kind xxxMonika Podporahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04130426489378230805noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6702910019311101601.post-83359306463699393892016-11-02T18:59:46.295+00:002016-11-02T18:59:46.295+00:00Can´t believe it´s your first cutie!? ", "It´s perfect...Can´t believe it´s your first cutie!? ", "It´s perfect in every way! ", "Love the colour combo you used and the texture you achieved! ", "Can´t wait to see your next creation! ", "You´re very talented!Denisa Gryczovahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/02925235401127926620noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6702910019311101601.post-73102378216642841402016-11-02T11:01:19.375+00:002016-11-02T11:01:19.375+00:00Absolutely stunning. ", "Love all the different textur...Absolutely stunning. ", "Love all the different textures you have used xxxJulie Wilsonhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/00286178178215411314noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6702910019311101601.post-41087844677064138672016-11-02T09:34:14.375+00:002016-11-02T09:34:14.375+00:00Thank you so much Katie :) xxxThank you so much Katie :) xxxMonika Podporahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04130426489378230805noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6702910019311101601.post-76776040483509195062016-11-02T09:33:09.668+00:002016-11-02T09:33:09.668+00:00Thank you so much Avril :) I&#39;m so happy you li...Thank you so much Avril :) I&#39;m so happy you like it! ", "xxxMonika Podporahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04130426489378230805noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6702910019311101601.post-62041606643810368282016-11-02T08:30:18.845+00:002016-11-02T08:30:18.845+00:00Beautiful and love the backgroundBeautiful and love the backgroundKatie Lambhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/08295284160415855308noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6702910019311101601.post-7844274843991406912016-11-02T05:40:41.716+00:002016-11-02T05:40:41.716+00:00Gorgeous Monika, so much fabulous detail here, hug...Gorgeous Monika, so much fabulous detail here, hugs xxxAvril Watsonhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/02081798611456668290noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6702910019311101601.post-22944997174608177882016-11-02T02:28:16.320+00:002016-11-02T02:28:16.320+00:00Aww... thank you so much Anjuli :) Your kind words...Aww... thank you so much Anjuli :) Your kind words mean a lot!!! ", "Have a lovely day xxxMonika Podporahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04130426489378230805noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6702910019311101601.post-20777703226904837282016-11-02T00:30:35.527+00:002016-11-02T00:30:35.527+00:00Absolutely beautiful! ", "So impressed this is your fi...Absolutely beautiful! ", "So impressed this is your first mixed media piece. ", "You are definitely talented!!Anjuli Johnsonhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/08008742171726408701noreply@blogger.com" ]

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[ "Eye Patch & Parrot Mirror\n\nThe 16\" x 12\" mirror has etched out patches that make it appear as if you're wearing an eye patch. ", "If you capture the right alignment with your reflection, the silhouette of a parrot should also rest on your shoulder.", "\n\nWith the pirate phenomenon still very much afloat, this mirror is the perfect way to channel your inner treasure hunting crusader without having to leave the house in ridiculous apparel. ", "Yarrr, no pirate (other than Jack Sparrow) would put themselves in situations that evoke shame and mockery." ]

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[ "Gao Zongwu\n\nGao Zongwu (; 1905—1994) was a Chinese diplomat in the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ", "He was best known for playing a key role in negotiations between China and Japan from 1937 to 1940 that initially intended to bring about a peace agreement between them, but which led to the defection of prominent statesman Wang Jingwei and the establishment of the pro-Japanese collaborationist Reorganized National Government of China. ", "Disillusioned with the harsh terms imposed on the new Wang Jingwei regime by the Japanese, he released the full documents of the outline of the Basic Treaty that Japan demanded as the basis of its relations with the new regime, which was a major propaganda coup for Chiang Kai-shek and a blow for Wang's fledgling government that had just been exposed as just another puppet state. ", "Gao had originally been slated to serve as the vice foreign minister of the Wang Jingwei regime before his defection back to Chiang in January 1940.", "\n\nBiography\n\nEarly life and career\nBorn around 1905, Gao Zongwu was educated in Japan at the Kyushu Imperial University. ", "Described as being intelligent and a skilled politician, Gao suffered from chronic bouts of tuberculosis. ", "He later returned to China to teach political science at Nanjing University and parts of his dissertation on Sino-Japanese diplomacy were published in Chinese magazines. ", "These were read by Li Shengwu, an Oxford-educated scholar on international law and colleague of Wang Jingwei, who brought them to his attention. ", "Wang met with Gao, being impressed with the young man's work, and invited him to join the government (Wang being the Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time). ", "Gao rapidly rose through the ranks due to his abilities and became Chief of the Asia Bureau of the Foreign Ministry before he was thirty years old. ", "Thus he became one of Wang's closest friends and supporters, entering the so-called \"low-key club\" of Chinese officials who wanted to establish peace with Japan after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, despite the atmosphere of treason that surrounded those who supported a peace policy in the eyes of the public. ", "He became one of the most prominent members of the group, along with Zhou Fohai. ", "Gao also had extensive contacts among the Chinese banking community, a member of which he knew well through a mutual acquaintance, which helped advance his career.", "\n\nGao Zongwu spoke fluent Japanese and had served as Wang Jingwei's translator while the latter had been foreign minister.", "\n\nSino-Japanese peace talks\nGao would go on to play a major role in negotiations between Japan and the Chinese government throughout the next two years. ", "Between the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in the summer of 1937 and the outbreak of fighting in Shanghai by fall of that year, Gao met with both Wang and Chiang Kai-shek. ", "He expressed his intent to establish a peace agreement with Japan and completely turn around Sino-Japanese relations. ", "Wang agreed, and Chiang gave his approval. ", "On July 31, 1937, Gao met with a banking contact and his acquaintance, Japanese businessman Nishi Yoshiaki, a protege of Matsuoka Yosuke, Japanese diplomat and former president of the South Manchurian Railway Company, who supported the peace movement. ", "Shortly after the fall of Nanjing Gao resigned from his position in the Foreign Ministry and traveled to Hong Kong on what was ostensibly an intelligence gathering mission, but was really there at the behest of Zhou Fohai and the low-key club to make contacts with officials sympathetic to the peace movement. ", "Zhou kept Chiang informed of their efforts the entire time.", "\n\nIn late 1937 Gao took a break to recuperate from a tuberculosis attack, and a friend of his from the Foreign Ministry continued his work, meeting with Nishi in January 1938 in Shanghai. ", "It was through Nishi that Gao's friend arranged a visit to Tokyo on February 15 to begin conversations with pro-Chinese members of the Japanese leadership, the main one being Colonel Kagesa Sadaaki of the strategy section of the Army General Staff, along with Vice Chief of General Staff Hayao Tada. ", "Through Gao's friend they passed a number of letters to Chiang Kai-shek describing their desire to negotiate a peace. ", "After leaving Japan on March 5, he met with Gao, Nishi, and the journalist Matsumoto Shigeharu—Gao's former professor at Kyushu University—in Hong Kong. ", "Afterwards they headed to report their findings to Zhou, who passed on the letters to Chiang.", "\n\nOn April 16 Gao returned to Hong Kong and met with Nishi, telling him Chiang's positive reaction to the letters from Colonel Kagesa. ", "He had also told Gao basic conditions for peace, including Japanese recognition of Chinese sovereignty, and later negotiations for the question of Manchukuo and Inner Mongolia. ", "Nishi then departed to Japan on April 19 to see if a visit to Tokyo by Gao was possible, but returned with negative results as Kagesa was not willing to enter negotiations at the time. ", "He returned from Japan with nothing more than vague assurances of support from some officers of the Army General Staff, which Gao reported to Chiang, much to the Chinese leader's outrage, who ordered Gao to cut off the talks. ", "In March 1938, however, Gao met with Matsumoto, who encouraged him to undertake an unauthorized mission to Tokyo. ", "Zhou Fohai supported the idea, offering to take responsibility for the trip. ", "Gao arrived in Japan in early July.", "\n\nDuring the diplomat's three-week stay in Tokyo he met with Takeru Inukai, an advisor to Prime Minister of Japan Prince Fumimaro Konoe, among others. ", "It was unclear exactly how the name of Wang Jingwei came up but Gao, while emphasizing he did not intend to oppose Chiang, believed that negotiations could continue through Wang if Chiang was too unwilling to continue them. ", "Gao passed the results of his mission on to Zhou after his return to Shanghai in mid-July but ended up being hospitalized again because of tuberculosis. ", "Zhou reported the results of Gao's Tokyo trip to both Wang—who was opposed to the idea of betraying Chiang—and also the Chinese leader himself, who was more annoyed with it than anything else. ", "However, Wang's attitude would change as 1938 went on and more Chinese civilians died as a result of the intensifying warfare, which Wang blamed on the Kuomintang's resistance policies. ", "By the fall of 1938, Gao had arranged contact between another low-key club member, Mei Siping, and Matsumoto, who in turn connected him to Tokyo which assured Mei that the Japanese War Ministry was willing to have a more lenient China policy. ", "The low-key club was further encouraged by Prince Konoe's radio address on 3 November 1938 that called for a \"New Order in East Asia\" to oppose Communism and Western imperialism, and that Japan would welcome China into it, even considering giving up demands for territorial and economic concessions.", "\n\nFrom November 12 until November 20, Gao, Mei Siping, and Zhou Longxiang went to Shanghai to take part in negotiations for Wang's eventual defection from the government of Chiang Kai-shek in Chongqing. ", "They would sign a document known as the \"Conference Proceedings\" which would serve as the basic agreement of terms between the low-key club and the Imperial Japanese Army. ", "On the Japanese side with Lieutenant Colonel Imai Takeo, head of \"Operation Watanabe\" (the Japanese code name for the dealings that led to Wang's defection), along with Colonel Kagesa and Takeru Inukai who flew in from Tokyo as the last details were worked out. ", "Five important issues were discussed by Gao's team and the Japanese side—recognition of Manchukuo, Chinese indemnity payments to Japan, Japanese economic activities in China, Japanese extraterritoriality, and the withdrawal of IJA troops from China. ", "Conflicting reports from participants arose over whether the Chinese side agreed to recognize Manchukuo or not. ", "But they firmly rejected any indemnity payments. ", "Gao and his group won concessions on economic affairs, agreeing to simply grant Japan permission to exploit the natural resources of north China and give it favored trade nation status. ", "The Japanese also agreed to review their extraterritorial concessions in China. ", "As for the troop withdrawal, they agreed that China and Japan would have a joint anti-Soviet defense force in Inner Mongolia and the Beijing–Tianjin corridor, while Japanese troops would leave the rest of China within two years.", "\n\nThe two groups also came to an agreement regarding the details of Wang's defection, and that he would not merely lead a peace movement but essentially a new collaborationist government (although Wang later made a contradictory claim to this in his deathbed testament in 1944, asserting that it was not their intent at the time to establish a regime opposing Chiang). ", "According to Gao, the French ambassador to China Henri Cosme had some influence on Wang's decision to defect, who believed that China would be better off reaching a peace agreement as Japan was more powerful. ", "They intended to set up this government in unoccupied China in order to emphasis Wang's independence and avoid the treasonous puppet status of the existing puppet regimes, the Provisional Government and Reformed Government of the Republic of China. ", "They would rely on support from anti-Kuomintang regional warlords who distrusted Chiang, which they expected to join the Wang government, as well as major offensives by the IJA against the Nationalist Army.", "\n\nUnbeknownst to Gao and the others at the time, the Japanese government had not taken a full role in overseeing the results of the conference in Shanghai but left the work to lower-ranking military officers. ", "These were officials sympathetic to China but representing a minority in the Japanese leadership. ", "This would have consequences later on when the Japanese higher leadership ultimately disagreed to use the terms reached at this conference. ", "Meanwhile, the delegates also worked out a schedule for Wang's defection. ", "Wang eventually escaped to Hanoi in French Indochina, but continued negotiations dragged out for months as Prince Konoe damaged the peace movement in a 22 December 1938 announcement that made clear his lack of commitment to the terms from the conference, bowing to pressure from the hardline faction of the General Staff. ", "A much harsher policy towards China had been adopted by the military bureaucracy around that time, while Prince Konoe personally had no interest in supporting Wang in forming a new Chinese government. ", "Konoe's successor as premier, Baron Hiranuma Kiichiro, also adopted a wait-and-see attitude in regards to the Wang Jingwei situation.", "\n\nAs the Wang group began leaving from Hanoi to Japan in April 1939 and had passed the point of no return after Wang's personal secretary was assassinated in a botched Kuomintang Blue Shirts hit, Gao Zongwu was becoming disillusioned and came to represent the anti-Japanese camp of the peace movement. ", "The Japanese already started to dislike him due to his persistent attitude at the Shanghai conference to give the Wang regime as much independence and power as possible. ", "He believed Wang was in danger of becoming a puppet. ", "In May and June Wang made a visit to Tokyo to meet with high officials of the Japanese government, along with Zhou and Gao (who advised him against the meeting). ", "During that time their Japanese hosts identified Gao as a \"troublemaker\" and sought to separate him from Wang as much as possible. ", "Gao had come close to being poisoned while there, which did not improve his opinion of the Japanese.", "\n\nHowever, the Wang movement had made progress in mid-1939 after the conclusion of the border clashes between Japan and the Soviets in Manchuria. ", "When following the clashes Japan's ally Germany signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, the pro-Axis Hiranuma government fell, and it was replaced by Abe Nobuyuki's government, who was sympathetic to Wang. ", "The Abe government agreed to pledge full support for Wang. ", "In light of this, the IJA commands in China were reorganized into one unified command (the China Expeditionary Army) which ended Wang's quarrels with the leaders of existing puppet regimes and their Japanese advocates, allowing him to bring them under his authority. ", "In November and December 1939 the Wang group negotiated with the Japanese authorities a different set of terms in which the Japanese went back on everything they promised in the previous Shanghai conference negotiated by Gao and Mei, relying on the harsher terms composed by the military bureaucracy, and by then Gao had become so disenchanted from the rest of the peace movement because of this Japanese betrayal that he abandoned Wang.", "\n\nOn New Year's Day in 1940, Gao Zongwu and one of his associates, Tao Xisheng, escaped with the assistance of the infamous Shanghai crime boss Du Yuesheng—who had contacted Chiang to let him know of Gao's intent to return, who had Nationalist intelligence chief General Dai Li help organize their defection. ", "Gao, who had translated the treaty to Chinese for Wang, stole a copy of it with him. ", "They arrived in Hong Kong on January 5. ", "They initially remained quiet but handed over the secret documents from Wang's negotiations with the Japanese to the Kuomintang news agency on January 21. ", "They then publicized the next day a telegram that accused Japan of trying to dismember China and urged Wang to reconsider his actions. ", "This caused a shock in Wang's movement, enraging Zhou Fohai, for example. ", "Wang's group responded that Gao was upset over his position (slated to be merely the vice foreign minister despite his critical role and diplomatic experience, while the foreign ministry portfolio instead went to a medical doctor by profession, Chu Minyi), and that the documents were fake. ", "They were in fact copies of the initial proposals and not the final agreement, but many of their points had remained the same, and represented a major propaganda victory for Chiang Kai-shek's government as they destroyed the good name of Wang in the public perception.", "\n\nLater life\nFollowing his much-celebrated defection by the authorities in Chongqing, Gao was given a passport by the Chinese Generalissimo and emigrated to the United States, where he lived the rest of his life until his death.", "\n\nHis memoirs were later published and have been an important source of information for historians on the Wang Jingwei peace movement.", "\n\nSources\n\nReferences\n\nBooks\n\nCategory:1905 births\nCategory:1994 deaths\nCategory:Diplomats of the Republic of China\nCategory:Chinese collaborators with Imperial Japan\nCategory:Kyushu University alumni\nCategory:Pre-1949 Republic of China emigrants to the United States" ]

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[ "And Naomi Campbell focused on work as she arrived at JFK airport ahead of New York Fashion Week, in the Big Apple on Thursday.", "\n\nThe supermodel, 48, looked like she had stepped off the runway in a pair of thigh-high boots which she wore over skintight leggings and beneath a long coat - which seemed to be borrowed from a Doctor Who character of a Dalek.", "\n\nStrutting her stuff: Naomi Campbell was taking inspiration from Doctor Who's Daleks in her padded coat as she landed in NYC\n\nReady for the ice cold temperatures in New York, the catwalk stunner threw a padded burgundy coat over her all-black ensemble.", "\n\nThe outfit was conical in shape, which seemed to give the impression of Doctor Who Dalek - to hilarious result." ]

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[ "Msoki\n\nMsoki (Hebrew: מסוקי) is a Jewish soup traditional to Algerian and Tunisian Jews, and is most often eaten during feasts and in most, during the celebration of Passover.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Algerian soups\nCategory:Sephardi Jewish cuisine\nCategory:Israeli cuisine\nCategory:Jewish cuisine\nCategory:Tunisian cuisine" ]

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[ "One Thing I Think Elon Musk Is Wrong On\n\nMarch 28th, 2015 by Zachary Shahan\n\nOne of the wonderful things about my job is that I get to read and write about awesome stuff all day — awesome technology, awesome companies, awesome people. ", "And there’s no denying that Tesla accounts for a big chunk of that awesomeness. ", "We cover Tesla rather obsessively, because it does and creates stuff worth covering. ", "Elon Musk is something like the Thomas Edison of our time, imho. ", "I love the guy, and I love most of what he says and how he says it. (", "Full disclosure: I’m also a Tesla stockholder.)", "\n\nHowever, he made a blanket statement recently that I think was misguided, and this statement feeds into anti-EV hype that puts up social barriers to EV adoption where technical barriers don’t exit. ", "Here’s the statement which I think is off the mark: “200 miles is minimum threshold for an electric car. ", "We need 200+ miles in real world. ", "Not 200 miles in ‘AC off, driving on flat road’ mode. … ", "Anything below 200 miles isn’t passing grade.”", "\n\nAgain, let me emphasize that I almost always agree with Musk, and I can’t even think of another instance in history where I didn’t. ", "Also, I’m sure some people will side with him and some with me here. ", "My aim in writing this piece is simply 1) to get more people to realize that this “range requirement” is largely a mental construct that people have formed in their heads rather than a practical need, and 2) to get people to stop spreading this anti-EV (we may as well say anti–Nissan LEAF or anti–BMW i3) hype.", "\n\nI was planning to write an article about this anyhow, but then saw somewhat similar statements in a Tesla Motors Club forum thread and added a long post of my own there, so I am basically modifying that a bit to make it into a CleanTechnica article.", "\n\nA Blanket that Doesn’t Fit the Bed\n\nThe thing that really irritates me about such statements is that they are thrown over the entire public like a blanket covering every last one of us, and stating in some kind of matter-of-fact way “what works” for us. ", "To be more specific, the blanket statement is that lower-range EVs (EVs with <200 miles of range) don’t work for people, aren’t practical, etc. ", "Of course, hundreds of thousands of people have such EVs, so the implication is basically that they are living in sacrifice and living with a vehicle that is fundamentally worse than a gasmobile. ", "Obviously, I hugely disagree with that point. (", "See: 8 Reasons Electric Cars Kick Your Car’s Boot.)", "\n\nLower-range EVs like the current Nissan LEAF *do* work for a lot of people, and are even more practical for a lot of people than a gasmobile. ", "Hundreds of thousands of people drive these cars — perhaps even >1 million now (worldwide). ", "And from anecdotal evidence and studies (which, yes, do contain limitations), many of these drivers are happier with these EVs than any car they’ve ever had (unless they also own a Model S). ", "These cars work, and actually work exceedingly well, for a lot of people.", "\n\nIt’s been ~1½ years since I’ve seen research on this topic, but at that time, what I found was that only 31% of Americans in a nationwide poll were “familiar with” the Nissan LEAF. ", "However, many respondents made elementary errors when it comes to the differences between a LEAF and a Prius — in other words, they actually had no clue what a plug-in car was. ", "If LEAFs and similar EVs work for hundreds of thousands of people, while the large majority of the population doesn’t have a clue what a LEAF is, imagine how many more people might be in the same shoes as these early adopters if they had a little hands-on experience.", "\n\nYes, it’s obvious, ~60 or 70 miles of real-world range doesn’t work for many people. ", "Just as it’s obvious that $70,000+ is too much for most people to spend on a car. ", "But a current LEAF or other on-the-market and non-Tesla EV would probably be the best vehicle a person could buy for the price it costs for tens of millions (my est.) ", "of Americans and hundreds of millions (my est.) ", "of people worldwide. ", "The top two barriers to adoption, imho, are: 1) lack of knowledge/experience (I guess that’s two in one, but I’m calling it one), and 2) anti-EV hype that convinces people they need 5 times more range than they actually need.", "\n\nLet’s Look at Some Data\n\nJust as there are many people who need 200 miles of range, there are many who don’t even need 20 miles of range (that has been my story in several different cities for ~11 years). ", "Conflating what some people need (for example, upper-middle-class people who are able to buy a $100,000 car) with what most people need is not what the EV revolution needs. ", "So, let’s get to some actual data to figure out what people need….", "\n\nWhoever runs solar journey usa has already done some good work on this front, and thanks to Bob Wallace for finding what she/he has put together.", "\n\nHow Many Cars in Your Household?", "\n\nFirst of all, the typical anti-EV claim is that people occasionally need or want to drive long distances (again, we are ignoring the small subset of people who drive hundreds of miles a day on a daily or weekly basis). ", "This may be for vacations, weekend away trips, to visit friends or family in other towns or cities, etc. ", "One reason that argument breaks down if used as a blanket statement against EVs like the LEAF or BMW i3 is that most (American) households have 2 or more cars. ", "If you are going on vacation, for a weekend away, to visit family or friends, etc., ", "there’s a very good chance you are going with your family and can take the longer-range vehicle if you are planning to drive a hundred miles or more and don’t have good charging options. ", "Or, if one of the household members is staying home, you can very likely swap cars for the day/weekend.", "\n\nHow Much Do You Actually Drive?", "\n\nIn the next chart and graph, look and see what % of one-way trips are over 80 miles, or for that matter, what % is over 40 miles.", "\n\nRemember, too, that there are those people (mentioned above) who drive 100+ miles on a very regular basis. ", "Obviously, these people are not the norm. ", "Take them out of the equation, and how would the above chart and graph look?", "\n\nOf course, these are just individual trips. ", "What if someone doesn’t have good charging options away from home and they are out all day? ", "Here’s one more graph and a chart from Rob (more are in his article about the matter), showing total daily distances:\n\nNearly 80% of days, we don’t go more than 50 miles. ", "Combining this point with the “# of cars in the household” point, I imagine that millions of households would be absolutely fine with a short-range electric car. ", "If they realized the benefits of convenient home charging, instant torque, less maintenance, lower operational costs, etc., ", "buying an EV would be a no-brainer.", "\n\nWhen you add the fact that adding 100 miles of (unnecessary) range to a car adds tens of thousands of dollars to the car, it’s obvious that an 80-mile electric car is much more practical for a lot of people … (as if electric car sales didn’t show that already).", "\n\n\n\n\n\nBack to Tesla\n\nI think there’s little debate that Tesla took the best approach to EVs, but the Renault-Nissan Alliance certainly seems to have a legitimate interest in leading the way in this market, and by some standards it is doing so. ", "It would be good if Nissan learned a bit from Tesla (I imagine it has) and surprised us with some great and varied EV offerings soon (we’ll see…). ", "But I also think it would be good if Tesla spokespeople (including the totally awesome Elon Musk) and supporters didn’t play into counterproductive and factually incorrect blanket statements about “what works,” “what a real car is,” “what a practical car is,” etc.", "\n\nTesla’s next move (following the Model X) is an “affordable” $35,000 electric car with >200 miles of real-world driving range (the Tesla Model 3). ", "I’m not saying that’s not a logical and even smart move on Tesla’s part. ", "Tesla still has a lot of work to do to get to a level where it can produce the number of Model 3s that consumers will want. ", "It’s a big challenge. ", "If it offered a nice $20,000 electric car with 100–150 miles of range, I’m positive it would bring in even a lot more happy customers. ", "But even if Tesla were interested in doing that, I think it’s safe to say that it wouldn’t be prepared to do so for several years. ", "Having other automakers serve this cheaper market with lower-range electric cars is more of a benefit than a harm, imho.", "\n\nSo, I’m definitely not criticizing Elon and Tesla’s decisions regarding the Model 3 (I think they’re absolutely spot on), but I think the anti-LEAF, anti-i3, anti-just-about-every-other-EV statements should be dropped.", "\n\nThe Future\n\nBattery prices are coming down, and we’ll have long-range *and* affordable electric cars in short order, but there’s a lot of room to improve how we get there and how fast we get there. ", "Having a wide variety of electric models with different ranges and prices on the market is important, and I’m quite positive that most of the readers here on CleanTechnica appreciate the hundreds of thousands of non-Tesla EVs that are now on the roads.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAppreciate CleanTechnica’s originality? ", "Consider becoming a CleanTechnica member, supporter, or ambassador — or a patron on Patreon.", "\n\nSign up for our free daily newsletter or weekly newsletter to never miss a story.", "\n\nHave a tip for CleanTechnica, want to advertise, or want to suggest a guest for our CleanTech Talk podcast? ", "Contact us here.", "\n\nLatest Cleantech Talk Episode" ]

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[ "\n\nAsk YC: Email Invite System Etiquette - whycombo\n\nWith online email service invite systems that many web apps use these days, do you send the invites through the user's account within that service or is it more proper to harvest the contact addresses and send from the new (your) web apps email domain?<p>If the latter how do you avoid spam filters?", "\n======\nrrival\nTranslation: Should an invite from your service (for ex, Evite) be sent from\n@evite.com or @gmail.com if your friend betty@gmail.com is sending someone an\nEvite.", "\n\n------\ngscott\nI would suggest sending the emails from your own app/domain. ", "Make sure your\nreverse dns is setup correctly.", "\n\nCheck out www.isipp.com for email whitelisting services.", "\n\nTry lyris or ecelerity software for sending out emails. ", "It costs about $1,000\nfor a license but it is worth the money for the bounce handling, error\nreporting, setting different time-between sending messages to particular\nhosts, etc.", "\n\n------\ntrovix\nI recently struggled with this and ultimately I went with using address from\nour own domain. ", "There were a variety of reasons but it came down to:\n\n1 - Trust for the sender and recipient (we weren't masquerading as someone\nelse, like NikePlus does)\n\n2 - Trust for mail servers (so they're not receiving Gmail branded email from\na non-Gmail server)\n\n3 - Allowed integration with companies such as Exact Target who offer\n\"deliverability\" as a product\n(<http://email.exacttarget.com/Services/Deliverability.html>). ", "This requires\nit to come from our domain\n\nFacebook's approach seems like good etiquette; I've certainly never heard\nanyone complain about it...so I'm using a similar approach.", "\n\n------\nnatrius\nDoes any service actually let you send emails through a user's account via\nsome sort of API? ", "If you're just using their username and password to log into\nthe service and send the email as them, that strikes me as considerably\nsketchy. ", "Don't do it. ", "Send the invite from your domain.", "\n\nI don't know how to avoid spam filters other than what Googling for it gives\nme. ", "It'd be interesting to hear what has worked from people who have actually\nhad to do it.", "\n\n~~~\nojbyrne\nThe API you're talking about is authenticated SMTP. ", "I think he's just talking\nabout setting the From: header.", "\n\nI've seen both approaches - but it seems clear you'll get a better response\nusing the individual's email.", "\n\n~~~\nnatrius\nDoes anything other than GMail provide SMTP?", "\n\nIf he's just talking about setting the From: header, wouldn't that make it\neven more likely to be marked as spam?", "\n\n~~~\nevgen\nNo mail provider is going to be stupid enough to let a client application\nrelay mail without the user inputing a username/password combo, and I would\nhope that most users these days are not dumb enough to blindly hand their mail\nauthentication credentials to some random website. ", "This leaves two options,\nforging the From: header or sending from your own domain. ", "The former will get\nmarked as spam by anything honoring/using SPF, so that is not really a smart\nmove. ", "The best option is to send it from your own site but include the\ninviters name at the start of the subject line (e.g. Subject:\nbob.jones@gmail.com invites you to try foo.com)\n\n~~~\nojbyrne\nI used two pretty big sites (kayak.com and nytimes.com) in the last couple of\ndays that put my email in the From: header. ", "Admittedly as a result of my\nspecific action, but that's a user contract issue rather than getting through\nspam filters - which they didn't seem to have a problem with.", "\n\n------\nextantproject\nWhat?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nBlob Storage Images - Azure\n\nI have some problems with images that I upload through my web api to a public container in my blob storage. ", "The problem is that i need the image i uploaded through my api have to be browseable, i mean when put the public link in a browser you can see the image in the browser, but the actual behavior is that when i put the link the image make a download of the image and doesnt show me nothing in the browser But when i Upload the image through the azure portal i can see the image as I want.... I have my container public and i dont know what else to do.... my code to upload a image is this:\n private readonly CloudBlobContainer blobContainer;\n\n public UploadBlobController()\n {\n var storageConnectionString = ConfigurationManager.", "AppSettings[\"StorageConnectionString\"];\n var storageAccount = CloudStorageAccount.", "Parse(storageConnectionString);\n var blobClient = storageAccount.", "CreateCloudBlobClient();\n blobContainer = blobClient.", "GetContainerReference(\"messagesthredimages\");\n blobContainer.", "CreateIfNotExists();\n blobContainer.", "SetPermissions(new BlobContainerPermissions { PublicAccess = BlobContainerPublicAccessType.", "Blob });\n }\n\n [HttpPost]\n [Route(\"UploadImagetoBlob\")]\n public async Task<IHttpActionResult> UploadImagetoBlob()//string imagePath\n {\n try\n {\n var image = WebImage.", "GetImageFromRequest();\n var imageBytes = image.", "GetBytes();\n var blockBlob = blobContainer.", "GetBlockBlobReference(image.", "FileName);\n blockBlob.", "Properties.", "ContentType = \"messagesthreadimages/\" + image.", "ImageFormat;\n await blockBlob.", "UploadFromByteArrayAsync(imageBytes, 0, imageBytes.", "Length);\n return Ok(blockBlob.", "Uri.", "ToString());\n }\n catch (Exception)\n {\n return BadRequest();\n }\n\n }\n\nExamples, I hope somebody can help me with this.", "\nWhat I Want => Correct\n\nWhat I dont Want => Incorrect\n\nA:\n\nI have faced the same issue before. ", "Browsers download a file when they do not know the format (file type). ", "If you monitor the files with the desktop app (no sure where this option is in the portal), you will find the file types. ", "\nThese file types are set based on the blockBlob.", "Properties.", "ContentType you are setting. ", "You need to inspect and check what exactly image.", "ImageFormat returns. ", "The browser would only display the image if the this value is set to something like \"image/jpeg\". ", "However since you are using \"messagesthreadimages/\" + image.", "ImageFormat, it might be setting something like \"messagesthreadimages/image/jpeg\".", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nTransform string into correct date\n\nWhat would be the best method to convert this string\nDim MyString As String = \"20150728-02:21:44.952\"\n\ninto this\n\"2015/07/28 02:21:44.952\"\n\nA:\n\nC# equivalent:\nvar date = DateTime.", "ParseExact(\"20150728-02:21:44.952\", \n \"yyyyMMdd-HH:mm:ss.fff\", \n System.", "Globalization.", "CultureInfo.", "InvariantCulture);\n\nvar dateAsString = date.", "ToString(\"yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss.fff\");\n\nAnd this is what Telerik converter gave me:\nDim [date] = DateTime.", "ParseExact(\"20150728-02:21:44.952\", \n \"yyyyMMdd-HH:mm:ss.fff\",\n System.", "Globalization.", "CultureInfo.", "InvariantCulture);\n\nDim dateAsString = [date].ToString(\"yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss.fff\");\n\n" ]

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[ "Light and scanning electron microscopy of endometrium of ovariectomized cows treated with oestradiol.", "\nHistomorphological and histochemical investigations showed that a single intramuscular dose of 3 mg or oral dose of 10 mg oestradiol were sufficient to induce physiological oestrogenization of endometrium in ovariectomized cows. ", "The first signs of endometrial activation were observed already on post-treatment Day 2. ", "The resumption of secretory activity of surface epithelium cells and epithelial cells of proximal segments of uterine glands, active hyperaemia, slight oedema of lamina propria, and infiltration with cells responsible for non-specific resistance of endometrium (lymphocytes, lymphoid cells, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells) were the typical signs of oestrogenic stimulation. ", "Morphological and activation signs of the effects of oestradiol persisted up to post-treatment Day 9. ", "High doses of oestradiol (10 mg intramuscularly or intravenously, 20 mg orally) induced non-physiological hyperoestrogenization of uterine mucosa." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nOpposite of Python for ... else\n\nThe following Python code will result in n (14) being printed, as the for loop is completed.", "\nfor n in range(15):\n if n == 100:\n break\nelse:\n print(n)\n\nHowever, I want the opposite of this. ", "Is there a way to do a for ... else (or while ... else) loop, but only execute the else code if the loop did break?", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is no explicit for...elseifbreak-like construct in Python (or in any language that I know of) because you can simply do this:\nfor n in range(15): \n if n == 100:\n print(n) \n break\n\nIf you have multiple breaks, put print(n) in a function so you Don't Repeat Yourself.", "\n\nA:\n\nA bit more generic solution using exceptions in case you break in multiple points in the loop and don't want to duplicate code:\ntry:\n for n in range(15):\n if n == 10:\n n = 1200\n raise StopIteration()\n if n > 4:\n n = 1400\n raise StopIteration()\nexcept StopIteration:\n print n\n\nA:\n\nI didn't really like the answers posted so far, as they all require the body of the loop to be changed, which might be annoying/risky if the body is really complicated, so here is a way to do it using a flag. ", "Replace _break with found or something else meaningful for your use case.", "\n_break = True\nfor n in range(15):\n if n == 100:\n break\nelse:\n _break = False\n\nif _break:\n print(n)\n\nAnother possibility, if it is a function that does nothing if the loop doesn't find a match, is to return in the else: block:\nfor n in range(15):\n if n == 100:\n break\nelse:\n return\nprint(n)\n\n" ]

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[ "Headsets - The most beneficial gadgets\n\nToday, there are plenty of headsets which are currently available in the market. ", "These headsets are of numerous types, and some of them are Telephone Headset, Personal Computer Headset, Wireless Headset and the widely used VoIP & Skype Headsets. ", "And, if you have a desire to get a headset for yourself, and are now looking for a wireless headsets or Bluetooth enabled headsets, you must have the full information about these awesome devices. ", "And, one of the easiest ways to achieve this task is to look out for it on numerous online shopping portals as there are plenty of websites, which are available on the internet and gives all the required details regarding these Bluetooth headsets or wireless headsets or the best you can do is that you log on to different websites of different and popular companies which makes amazing headsets, and are popular for providing excellent network quality with their wireless headsets as internet. ", "Some of the leading headsets manufacturing companies are Jabra, Sennheiser and Plantronics.", "\n\nThese headsets manufacturing companies are considered as the best headset manufacturing companies all over the world. ", "These companies are believed to be the global leader in providing best headsets and other devices related to wireless systems as well, it includes Telephone Headset, Personal Computer Headset, Corded Systems, Polaris Headsets, Digital headsets, Wireless Headset, Analog Headsets, Headsets for different mobile phones, and the widely used VoIP & Skype Headsets with new and lots of fascinating designs. ", "Some of these companies also facilitate only amplifiers and headsets. ", "Among all those designs, we have discussed above the Bluetooth Headset is the most popular because it does not allow any kind of external noise to enter inside your ears, while you talk. ", "Currently, mobile phones which come along with the headsets are more in huge demand.", "\n\nBluetooth headsets always help in to reduce noise barriers which generally occur while communicating, and allow its user to hear the voice of the caller clearly. ", "If you are listening to your favorite music while driving, it is obvious that you will get a lot of noise in between because of the traffic; however, this device does not let the noise to distract and helps to continue your entertainment. ", "These headsets are mainly preferred and used by business or professional people because they have proved to be beneficial for them because it does not let any type of noise to distract while discussing important deals. ", "One of the main features in these headsets is Digital signal processing, which adjust its volume level itself, according to the surroundings. ", "This is really one of an innovative feature which makes every mobile phone user to carry this astonishing gadget.", "\n\nDennis Jaylon is a renowned business writer who has years of experience in writing technical reviews, product descriptions and product feature analysis of technical gizmos like Home phones, cordless phones, Siemens phones, Panasonic phones, headsets, telephones, Siemens gigaset and Dect phones.", "\n\nCell phone users and conventional telephone users increasingly use telephone headsets, so there is now a now a plethora of phone headset accessories being available on the market to get their convenient and comfy use. ", "For people using their headset on a regular basis, a few of products a few of the products are a must-have item, in contrast, some of the phone headset add-ons on the ind\n\nPlantronics has made a blast in the field of headsets because of unique and exclusive features its products are in great demand in the market. ", "The most recent product of Plantronics is Plantronics CS540.", "\n\nIn the past, Bluetooth Headset is an unknown thing but now it is getting more and more popular all over the world relying on its advantages. ", "Bluetooth Headset is a device applying on Bluetooth into the earphone to let the users avoid the disturbance of wires for free communication. ", "Since the birth of Bluetooth Headset, it is the most efficient tool for businessmen." ]

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[ "The sundial pictured after excavation. ", "Credit: Alessandro Launaro\n\nA 2,000-year-old intact and inscribed sundial – one of only a handful known to have survived – has been recovered during the excavation of a roofed theatre in the Roman town of Interamna Lirenas, near Monte Cassino, in Italy.", "\n\nNot only has the sundial survived largely undamaged for more than two millennia, but the presence of two Latin texts means researchers from the University of Cambridge have been able to glean precise information about the man who commissioned it.", "\n\nThe sundial was found lying face down by students of the Faculty of Classics as they were excavating the front of one of the theatre's entrances along a secondary street. ", "It was probably left behind at a time when the theatre and town was being scavenged for building materials during the Medieval to post-Medieval period. ", "In all likelihood it did not belong to the theatre, but was removed from a prominent spot, possibly on top of a pillar in the nearby forum.", "\n\n\"Less than a hundred examples of this specific type of sundial have survived and of those, only a handful bear any kind of inscription at all – so this really is a special find,\" said Dr Alessandro Launaro, a lecturer at the Faculty of Classics at Cambridge and a Fellow of Gonville & Caius College.", "\n\n\"Not only have we been able to identify the individual who commissioned the sundial, we have also been able to determine the specific public office he held in relation to the likely date of the inscription.\"", "\n\nThe base prominently features the name of M(arcus) NOVIUS M(arci) F(ilius) TUBULA [Marcus Novius Tubula, son of Marcus], whilst the engraving on the curved rim of the dial surface records that he held the office of TR(ibunus) PL(ebis) [Plebeian Tribune] and paid for the sundial D(e) S(ua) PEC(unia) (with his own money).", "\n\nThe find spot near the former roofed theatre in Interamna Lirenas. ", "Credit: University of Cambridge\n\nThe nomen Novius was quite common in Central Italy. ", "On the other hand, the cognomen Tubula (literally 'small trumpet') is only attested at Interamna Lirenas.", "\n\nBut even more striking is the specific public office Tubula held in relation to the likely date of the inscription. ", "Various considerations about the name of the individual and the lettering style comfortably place the sundial's inscription at a time (mid 1st c. BC onwards) by which the inhabitants of Interamna had already been granted full Roman citizenship.", "\n\n\"That being the case, Marcus Novius Tubula, hailing from Interamna Lirenas, would be a hitherto unknown Plebeian Tribune of Rome,\" added Launaro. \"", "The sundial would have represented his way of celebrating his election in his own hometown.\"", "\n\nCarved out from a limestone block (54 x 35 x 25 cm), the sundial features a concave face, engraved with 11 hour lines (demarcating the twelve horae of daylight) intersecting three day curves (giving an indication of the season with respect to the time of the winter solstice, equinox and summer solstice). ", "Although the iron gnomon (the needle casting the shadow) is essentially lost, part of it is still preserved under the surviving lead fixing. ", "This type of 'spherical' sundial was relatively common in the Roman period and was known as hemicyclium." ]

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[ "India and France begin naval exercise ‘Varuna’\n\n10-day naval exercise ‘Varuna’ between India and France began on 23 April 2015 off the Goa coast.", "\n\nIt is the fourteenth edition of this naval exercise which will host of naval assets of both countries and will conclude on 3 May 2015.", "\n\nScope of exercise: It will include the entire gamut of various maritime operations from aircraft carrier operations, maritime interdiction operations, anti-submarines warfare exercises to multi-ship replenishment exercise." ]

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[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nMost of the data on radioprotection have been derived from studies using low linear energy transfer (LET) X- and γ-radiation. ", "Exposure to high LET radiation can also be expected during long-term space flights, occupational exposure in nuclear plants, and tumor radiotherapy. ", "It was demonstrated that neutrons and other high LET radiation induce more severe biological effects than low LET radiation for the same absorbed dose \\[[@CR1], [@CR2]\\]. ", "Thus, protection against high LET radiation should be given more attention. ", "It was observed that cysteine with a dose reduction factor (DRF) of 1.7 for γ-rays was shown to have a DRF of only 1.1 in mice against neutrons \\[[@CR3]\\]. ", "From the discovery of the radio-protective effect of cysteine, increasingly more compounds have been used in an attempt to provide partial protection against radiation injury. ", "However, thus far, sulfhydryl compounds remain the main radioprotectors, such as mercapto-ethylamine (MEA), aminethylisothiouronium (AET) and amifostine (WR-2721) \\[[@CR4]\\]. ", "However, the side effects of these radioprotectors have limited their clinical application \\[[@CR5]\\]. ", "Therefore, the development of new drugs that are less toxic and effective even for high LET exposure is desired for the protection of medical and occupational exposure to radiation.", "\n\nCimetidine, an antagonist of histamine type II receptors that is usually used for peptic ulcer treatment, has shown protective effects against radiation, not only high LET neutrons but also low LET γ or X-rays. ", "Cimetidine was shown to be effective against the clastogenic effects of γ-rays \\[[@CR6], [@CR7]\\] and X-rays \\[[@CR8]\\] in vitro. ", "It was also demonstrated to be protective against γ-rays and neutrons in vivo \\[[@CR7], [@CR9]--[@CR12]\\]. ", "Cimetidine was shown to inhibit the activity of suppressor T cells \\[[@CR13]\\] and was used in radioprotection to help the recovery of the lymphohematopoietic system effectively \\[[@CR10]\\]. ", "H~2~-receptor antagonists have potential oxygen-radical-scavenging properties. ", "It was reported that cimetidine could scavenge OH with a very high rate constant \\[[@CR14]\\]. ", "Mice treated with cimetidine could tolerate biomembrane damage provoked by sublethal γ-radiation. ", "This supports the hypothesis that cimetidine may afford efficient protection against ionizing radiation or diseases that are characterized by in vivo free radical-mediated oxidative stress mechanisms \\[[@CR15]\\]. ", "It was shown that cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine produced a DRF of 1.5 to 2 against γ-ray-induced micronuclei in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes \\[[@CR9], [@CR16]\\]. ", "Cimetidine, compared with famotidine, was found to be more protective against mortality induced by radiation in mice \\[[@CR12]\\].", "\n\nIn this study, SD rats were exposed to long-term, low-dose-rate neutron and γ combined irradiation (n-γ LDR) with or without cimetidine supplementation, and the protective effects of cimetidine on rats exposed to n-γ LDR were reported.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nMaterials {#Sec3}\n---------\n\nCimetidine was purchased from Tianjin Smith Kline &French Laboratories Ltd (Tianjin, China). ", "Superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) kits were purchased from the Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute.", "\n\nAnimals and treatments {#Sec4}\n----------------------\n\nFive-week-old male SD rats were purchased from Sino-British SIPPR/BK Lab. ", "Animal Co. Ltd. The rats were maintained under conditions of standard lighting (12:12 h light--dark cycle), temperature (20--22 °C) with freely available food and water. ", "The animals were randomly divided into 5 groups (*n* = 10): normal control group, radiation model group, 20 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group, 80 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group and 160 mg/(kg.d) cimetidine group. ", "Cimetidine was administered by intragastric infusion with the volume of 10 ml/kg each day. ", "The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of the Naval Medical Research Institute approved all procedures for animal care and treatment.", "\n\nAnimal irradiation {#Sec5}\n------------------\n\nFrom the first day of cimetidine administration, animals, except those in the normal control group, were whole-body exposed to fission neutrons (^252^Cf, 0.085 mGy/h, the Radiation Center of the Naval Medical Research Institute) 22 h every day for 28 days, and γ-rays (^60^Co, 0.097 Gy/h, the Radiation Center of the Naval Medical Research Institute) 1.03 h once every three days. ", "The cumulative doses were 52.36 mGy of neutron and 1.0 Gy of γ-rays. ", "The radiation method and doses are shown in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}.Table 1Accumulated dose of n-γ LDR on the day of vein blood collectionRadiation8th day17th day26th day29th dayNeutron (mGy)13.0929.9246.7552.36γ-rays (Gy)0.30.60.91.0The 8th, 17th, 26th and 29th day indicates the time points of vein blood collection; at these time points, the rats were actually exposed to n-γ LDR for 7, 16, 25 and 28 days\n\nPeripheral blood white blood cell (WBC) count {#Sec6}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nWhole blood was collected from the rat tail into EDTA-coated tubes on the 3rd day before radiation and on the 8th, 17th and 26th days after radiation, and the absorbed doses of neutrons and γ-rays on these days are shown in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Peripheral blood WBC counts were obtained using a veterinary hematology analyzer (Nihon Kohden Corporation, Japan) according to the operator's manual.", "\n\nOrgan weight index detection {#Sec7}\n----------------------------\n\nAnimals were anesthetized and sacrificed on the next day after exposure to ^252^Cf for 28 days. ", "The spleen, thymus, testicle, liver, and intestinal tract were separated, and organ indexes were determined using the following equation: Organ index = organ weight/body weight.", "\n\nBone marrow DNA content detection {#Sec8}\n---------------------------------\n\nThe next day after finished all the irradiation, the right femur of each animal was removed and cleaned of adherent tissues. ", "The bone marrow was flushed into 5 ml of a 5-mmol/L CaCl~2~ solution and was incubated at 4 °C for 30 min. ", "Cell suspensions were centrifuged at 2,500 r/min for 15 min, and the pellet was resuspended in 5 ml 0.2 mol/L HClO~4~. The suspension was incubated at 90 °C for 15 min and was filtered through a 0.22-μm membrane. ", "The absorbance at 260 nm was detected using a 759 UV spectrophotometer (Shanghai APL instrument Co., Ltd.).", "\n\nDetection of SOD, MDA, and GSH-Px in serum and hepatic tissue {#Sec9}\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe next day after finished all the irradiation, blood was collected from the inferior vena cava into clean centrifuge tubes. ", "Serum was prepared by centrifugation at 3,000 × *g* for 15 min. ", "Next, 100 mg of hepatic tissue filled with 0.9 ml of normal saline was homogenized with a pulping machine, and the supernatant was prepared by centrifugation at 3,000 × *g* for 15 min. ", "SOD, MDA, and GSH-Px in serum and hepatic tissue supernatants were determined using detecting kits from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute according to the manufacturer's instructions.", "\n\nConcanavalin A (ConA)-induced splenocyte proliferation assay {#Sec10}\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe next day after finished all the irradiation, splenic lymphocytes were prepared as previously described \\[[@CR17]\\]. ", "One milliliter of spleen cell suspension (3 × 10^6^ cells/ml) was added into 24-well plates and cultured with 75 μl of 100 μg/ml ConA solution. ", "The plates were incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO~2~ for 68 h, and then 0.7 ml of supernatant in each well was discarded and 0.7 ml of RPMI 1640 medium was added. ", "Next, 50 μl of fresh prepared MTT solution (5 mg/ml, dissolved in PBS, pH 7.2) was added into each well and incubated under the same conditions for 4 h. Finally, 1 ml of acid-isopropanol solution (1 mol/L HCl/isopropanol was 4/96(*v/v*)) was added into each well and mixed thoroughly until the purple crystals were fully dissolved. ", "The absorbance at 570 nm was determined.", "\n\nDetection of the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocyte (fMNPCE) in the bone marrow {#Sec11}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe next day after finished all the irradiation, bone marrow samples were collected from the left femur of each animal. ", "The bone marrow was flushed into 1.5-ml tube used by 400 μl of fetal bovine serum (FBS), and then 200 μl of suspension was fixed by adding 5.0 ml of 1% glutaraldehyde solution containing 30 μl/ml SDS and 0.05 mol/L Sorensen. ", "The fixed cells were incubated for 5 min and then were centrifuged at 300 × *g* for 5 min. ", "The cell pellets were suspended in 1.0 ml of acridine orange staining solution and staining for 30 min at 37 °C. ", "The stained cells were analyzed using the Accuri C6 flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, NJ, USA). ", "At least 10,000 cells/sample were collected, and the fMNPCE was analyzed.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec12}\n--------------------\n\nStatistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (AVOVA) followed by LSD *t*-test using SPSS (version 16.0). ", "All of the values were expressed as mean as the means ± standard deviation (SD). *", "P* values \\<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.", "\n\nResults {#Sec13}\n=======\n\nProtection effect of cimetidine on peripheral blood WBC of irradiated rats {#Sec14}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe results are shown in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Peripheral blood WBC in all groups was not significantly different on the 3rd day before radiation (*P* \\> 0.05). ", "WBC in the irradiation groups was decreased significantly on the 8th, 17th and 26th days, respectively (*P* \\< 0.01). ", "On the 8th day, WBC in the cimetidine groups was increased significantly compared with that in the radiation model group (*P* \\< 0.01 in the 20 mg/(kg · d) group, *P* \\< 0.05 in the 80 mg/(kg · d) group). ", "On the 26th day, WBC in the 20 mg/(kg · d) and 80 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine groups was increased significantly compared with that in the radiation model group (*P* \\< 0.05). ", "These results suggested that cimetidine has a promotion effect on peripheral blood WBC of n-γ LDR rats.", "Table 2Effect of cimetidine on peripheral blood WBC counts in n-γ LDR rats (×10^9^/L, *x* ± *s*, *n* = 10)Group3rd day before IR8th day17th day26th dayNormal control group10.9 ± 1.611.6 ± 1.210.7 ± 1.210.0 ± 2.6Radiation model group10.8 ± 2.27.7 ± 1.0^(1)^8.2 ± 2.3^(1)^6.3 ± 0.7^(1)^20 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group10.7 ± 1.511.3 ± 2.1^(3)^8.6 ± 1.3^(1)^7.2 ± 1.2^(1)(2)(4)^80 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group10.6 ± 1.79.0 ± 1.6^(1)(2)^7.9 ± 1.1^(1)^7.2 ± 1.0^(1)(2)(4)^160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group10.5 ± 1.59.0 ± 1.9^(1)^8.4 ± 1.2^(1)^5.8 ± 1.2^(1)(1)^ *P* \\< 0.01 compared with the normal control group; ^(2)^ *P* \\< 0.05, ^(3)^ *P* \\< 0.01 compared with the radiation model group; ^(4)^ *P* \\< 0.05 compared with the 160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group. ", "The 8th, 17th and 26th day were the days that the rats were exposed to n-γ LDR for 7, 16 and 25 days, respectively\n\nProtection effect of cimetidine on the organ indexes of irradiated rats {#Sec15}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe results are shown in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The spleen indexes, thymus indexes, and testicle indexes of the radiation model group were decreased significantly compared with those of the normal control group (*P* \\< 0.05 or *P* \\< 0.01), and the liver indexes and intestinal tract indexes showed no significant difference (*P* \\> 0.05). ", "The spleen indexes of the cimetidine groups were increased compared with those of the radiation model group (*P* \\< 0.01 in the 20 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group and *P* \\< 0.05 in the 160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group). ", "The thymus indexes of the 20 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group were increased compared with those of the radiation model group (*P* \\< 0.05). ", "The testicle indexes of the 160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group were increased compared with those of the radiation model group (*P* \\< 0.05). ", "The liver indexes and intestinal tract indexes in all groups showed no significant difference (*P* \\> 0.05). ", "These results suggested that n-γ LDR induced the damage effects on the spleen, thymus and testicle, and cimetidine alleviated the damage effects of the three organs in irradiated rats.", "Table 3Effect of cimetidine on the organ indexes of n-γ LDR rats (mg/g, *x* ± *s*, *n* = 10)GroupSpleen indexThymus indexTesticle indexLiver indexIntestinal tract indexNormal control group2.16 ± 0.211.75 ± 0.148.20 ± 0.8333.75 ± 4.010.38 ± 0.03Radiation model group1.74 ± 0.22^(2)^1.41 ± 0.26^(1)^7.44 ± 0.46^(1)^32.81 ± 1.630.37 ± 0.0320 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group2.02 ± 0.23^(4)^1.69 ± 0.29^(3)^7.88 ± 0.5832.03 ± 1.240.38 ± 0.0280 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group1.89 ± 0.21^(1)^1.64 ± 0.317.60 ± 0.6131.63 ± 2.150.38 ± 0.02160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group1.91 ± 0.14^(2)(3)^1.63 ± 0.297.94 ± 0.49^(3)^34.34 ± 3.250.39 ± 0.03^(1)^ *P* \\< 0.05, ^(2)^ *P* \\< 0.01 compared with the normal control group; ^(3)^ *P* \\< 0.05, ^(4)^ *P* \\< 0.01 compared with the radiation model group\n\nEffect of cimetidine on the DNA content of bone marrow cells {#Sec16}\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe results are shown in Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The DNA content of bone marrow cells in the radiation model group was decreased significantly compared with that in the normal control group (*P* \\< 0.01), and the DNA content in the cimetidine groups was increased compared with that in the radiation model group (*P* \\< 0.01 in the 20 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group and *P* \\< 0.05 in the 80 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group). ", "These results suggested that bone marrow cells are damaged by n-γ LDR, and cimetidine has a protective effect on the DNA of bone marrow cells in irradiated rats.", "Fig. ", "1Effect of cimetidine on the DNA content of bone marrow cells in irradiated rats. ", "1. ", "Normal control group; 2. ", "Radiation model group; 3. ", "20 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group; 4. ", "80 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group; 5. ", "160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group. (", "1) *P* \\< 0.01 compared with the normal control group; (2) *P* \\< 0.01, (3) *P* \\< 0.05 compared with the radiation model group\n\nEffect of cimetidine on ConA-induced splenocyte proliferation {#Sec17}\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFigure [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows that ConA-induced splenocyte proliferation in the radiation model group was decreased significantly compared with that in the normal control group (*P* \\< 0.01), while in the 20 mg/(kg · d) or 80 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group was increased significantly compared with that in the radiation model group (*P* \\< 0.05). ", "The results suggested that n-γ LDR have an injured effect on the splenocytes of the irradiated rats, and cimetidine ameliorated the damage, thus improving the splenocyte proliferation in irradiated rats.", "Fig. ", "2Effect of cimetidine on ConA-induced splenocyte proliferation in rats. ", "1. ", "Normal control group; 2. ", "Radiation model group; 3. ", "20 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group; 4. ", "80 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group; 5. ", "160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group. (", "1) *P* \\< 0.05, (2) *P* \\< 0.01 compared with the normal control group; (3) *P* \\< 0.05 compared with the radiation model group\n\nEffect of cimetidine on SOD, GSH-Px and MDA in serum and hepatic tissue {#Sec18}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTable [4](#Tab4){ref-type=\"table\"} shows that the SOD activity in serum and hepatic tissue of the radiation model group was decreased significantly compared with that of the normal control group (*P* \\< 0.01), and the SOD activity in the 20 mg/(kg · d) and 160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group of serum and in the 20 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group of hepatic tissue were increased significantly compared with that in the radiation model group (*P* \\< 0.05 or *P* \\< 0.01). ", "Table [5](#Tab5){ref-type=\"table\"} shows that the GSH-Px activity in the serum of the radiation model group was decreased significantly compared with that of the normal control group (*P* \\< 0.05), and the GSH-Px activity in serum of the 20 mg/(kg · d) and 80 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group was increased significantly compared with that of the radiation model group (*P* \\< 0.05). ", "The GSH-Px activity in hepatic tissue showed no significant difference of all groups (*P* \\> 0.05). ", "These results suggested that n-γ LDR decreased the antioxidation activities of rats, and cimetidine had the effect of stimulating the activities of antioxidation in n-γ LDR rats. ", "Table [6](#Tab6){ref-type=\"table\"} shows that the MDA in serum and hepatic tissue of the radiation model group was increased significantly compared with that of the normal control group (*P* \\< 0.05 or *P* \\< 0.01). ", "The content of MDA in the 20 mg/(kg · d) and 160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group in serum and in all cimetidine groups in hepatic tissue was decreased remarkably compared with that in the radiation model group (*P* \\< 0.05 or *P* \\< 0.01). ", "These results suggested that cimetidine had the effect of stimulating serum and hepatic tissue MDA elimination in n-γ LDR rats.", "Table 4Effect of cimetidine on SOD activity in serum and hepatic tissues of n-γ LDR rats (*x* ± *s*, *n* = 10)GroupSOD in serum (U/ml)SOD in hepatic tissue (U/mg protein)Normal control group20.22 ± 0.94174.01 ± 20.84Radiation model group15.04 ± 1.60^(2)^142.99 ± 4.03^(2)^20 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group19.75 ± 5.39^(4)^184.25 ± 7.59^(4)^80 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group16.26 ± 3.60^(1)^137.87 ± 26.99^(2)(5)^160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group17.47 ± 2.13^(2)(3)^141.59 ± 11.04^(2)(5)(1)^ *P* \\< 0.05, ^(2)^ *P* \\< 0.01 compared with the normal control group; ^(3)^ *P* \\< 0.05, ^(4)^ *P* \\< 0.01 compared with the radiation model group; ^(5)^ *P* \\< 0.05 compared with the 20 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group Table 5Effect of cimetidine on GSH-Px activity in serum and hepatic tissues of n-γ LDR rats (*x* ± *s, n* = 10)GroupGSH-Px in serum (U/ml)GSH-Px in hepatic tissue (U/mg protein)Normal control group1533.07 ± 222.34230.67 ± 37.99Radiation model group1307.20 ± 178.43^(1)^215.73 ± 21.0520 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group1455.85 ± 103.16^(2)^208.6 ± 12.9080 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group1466.47 ± 173.53^(2)^222.94 ± 29.92160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group1423.29 ± 191.34210.05 ± 32.30^(1)^ *P* \\< 0.05 compared with the normal control group; ^(2)^ *P* \\< 0.05 compared with the radiation model group Table 6Effect of cimetidine on MDA in serum and hepatic tissues of n-γ LDR rats (*x* ± *s, n* = 10)GroupMDA in serum (nmol/ml)MDA in hepatic tissue (nmol/mg protein)Normal control group3.67 ± 0.4314.18 ± 0.60Radiation model group4.02 ± 0.37^(2)^4.89 ± 0.28^(1)^20 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group3.70 ± 0.36^(3)^4.34 ± 0.29^(4)^80 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group3.83 ± 0.404.35 ± 0.53^(3)^160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group3.50 ± 0.38^(4)^4.27 ± 0.30^(4)(1)^ *P* \\< 0.05, ^(2)^ *P* \\< 0.01compared with the normal control group; ^(3)^ *P* \\< 0.05, ^(4)^ *P* \\< 0.01 compared with the radiation model group\n\nEffect of cimetidine on the fMNPCE in rat bone marrow erythrocytes {#Sec19}\n------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe results are shown in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Table [7](#Tab7){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The fMNPCE in the radiation group was increased significantly compared with that in the normal control group (*P* \\< 0.01), and the fMNPCE values in the three cimetidine-treated groups were decreased significantly compared with that in the radiation model group (*P* \\< 0.01). ", "The DRF values of MN in the 20 mg/(kg · d), 80 mg/(kg · d) and 160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group were 1.41, 1.77 and 1.59, respectively. ", "These results suggested that cimetidine reduced the number of micronuclei in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes of irradiated rats, and protected against DNA damage induced by radiation.", "Fig. ", "3FACS of rats on the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. **", "a** Normal control group; **b** Radiation model group; **c** 20 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group; **d** 80 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group; **e** 160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine group Table 7Effect of cimetidine on the fMNPCE in bone marrow erythrocytes of n-γ LDR rats (*x* ± *s, n* = 10)GroupfMNPCE (%)DRFNormal control group0.150 ± 0.0216---Radiation model group0.410 ± 0.0267^(1)^---20 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine0.290 ± 0.0213^(1)(2)^1.4180 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine0.231 ± 0.0325^(1)(2)^1.77160 mg/(kg · d) cimetidine0.258 ± 0.0268^(1)(2)^1.59^(1)^ *P* \\< 0.01 compared with the normal control group; ^(2)^ *P* \\< 0.01 compared with the radiation model group; \"---\". ", "No data\n\nDiscussion {#Sec20}\n==========\n\nCimetidine can protect cells against the clastogenic effects of γ-rays or low-dose fast neutrons \\[[@CR6]--[@CR9], [@CR11]\\]. ", "However, there have been no reports on the effects of low-dose-neutron combined γ-rays. ", "In our study, the rats were treated with whole-body n-γ LDR and administered cimetidine at 20, 80 and 160 mg/(kg · d) by intragastric infusion. ", "The results showed that the fMNPCE of all cimetidine-treated rats was reduced remarkably, with a DRF of 1.41, 1.77 and 1.59, respectively. ", "This suggested that cimetidine can protect bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes against the clastogenic effects of n-γ LDR.", "\n\nIonizing radiation (IR) injury has been attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated lipid peroxidation, which can be estimated by measuring the concentration of MDA. ", "In the present study, cimetidine treatment rats showed significantly reduced MDA levels in the serum and liver, suggesting that cimetidine may diminish n-γ LDR injury by decreasing ROS levels and reducing oxidative damage.", "\n\nBiological systems protect themselves against the damaging effects of activated species by several means, including free radical scavengers and enzymes such as SOD and the GSH-Px system. ", "It was reported that antioxidants could reduce IR injury. ", "H~2~-receptor antagonists are scavengers of hydroxyl radicals with a very high rate constant \\[[@CR8], [@CR18]\\]. ", "They can stimulate SOD activity and decrease the MDA concentration in the blood of patients with peptic ulcer disease \\[[@CR19]\\]. ", "Mice treated with cimetidine could tolerate biomembrane damage provoked by sublethal γ-radiation \\[[@CR15]\\]. ", "The results in this study showed that SOD and GSH-Px activities in the serum were decreased significantly in n-γ LDR rats. ", "The activity of SOD and GSH-Px was increased by treatment with cimetidine. ", "Treatment with cimetidine possibly inhibited the accumulation of n-γ LDR-induced free radicals, decreased the oxidative stress and protected the antioxidant enzymes of rats as revealed by the enhanced activities of SOD and GSH-Px in this study. ", "The results supported the hypothesis that cimetidine might afford an efficient protection against IR or diseases that were characterized by in vivo free radical-mediated oxidative stress mechanisms \\[[@CR15]\\].", "\n\nRadiation-induced lymphohematopoietic syndrome is characterized by a depression in the peripheral blood levels of white and red blood cells and platelets, as well as the loss of weight and decrease in the size of lymphatic tissues such as the spleen and thymus gland. ", "In this study, cimetidine was shown to have an effect of increasing the number of WBC and DNA content of bone marrow cells. ", "These results suggested that cimetidine may play an important role in protecting the hematopoietic system against n-γ LDR in vivo. ", "This study also showed that the spleen indexes, thymus indexes and splenocyte proliferation of cimetidine-treated rats were increased significantly. ", "It also suggested that cimetidine can improve the immune function of irradiated rats. ", "Recent studies have shown that cimetidine could modulate immune responses. ", "Cimetidine might act as a non-specific stimulant of cell-mediated immunity and as an immunomodulator \\[[@CR20]\\], and enhances antigen-specific IgE and Th2 cytokine production \\[[@CR21]\\]. ", "Cimetidine augments Th1/Th2 dual polarized immune responses to recombinant HBV antigens \\[[@CR22]\\]. ", "It has also been revealed that a group of T cells with histamine receptors might have a suppressive effect. ", "Therefore, an antagonist of histamine type II receptors might play a role in the immune system and inhibit the function of suppressor T cells, mainly by increasing the CD4^+^ cells of peripheral blood T lymphocytes \\[[@CR13], [@CR23]\\]. ", "The administration of cimetidine prior to irradiation leads to the inhibition of T suppressor cells and an increase in the proliferation of CD4^+^ lymphocytes, causing the production of glutathione reductase and catalase enzymes, which prevent DNA damage and eventually reduce the clastogenic effect of radiation \\[[@CR13], [@CR24]\\]. ", "Thus, cimetidine might, *via* the regulation T lymphocytes, protect rats against immune and oxidative damage by n-γ LDR. ", "These results suggested that cimetidine may be a useful candidate radioprotector for low-dose occupational radiation.", "\n\nConclusion {#Sec21}\n==========\n\nThe effect of cimetidine on rats exposed to long-term n-γ LDR was evaluated in this study. ", "The results showed that cimetidine increased the peripheral blood WBC, spleen, thymus and testicle indexes, DNA content of marrow cells, lymphocyte proliferation, and activities of SOD and GSH-Px in n-γ LDR rats significantly but reduced the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes (1.41--1.77 fold) and effectively decreased the content of MDA in n-γ LDR rats. ", "The results suggested that cimetidine can alleviate damage induced by n-γ LDR *via* antioxidation and immunomodulation. ", "Cimetidine might be useful as a potent radioprotector for radiotherapy patients as well as occupational exposure workers.", "\n\nAET\n\n: Aminoethylisothiouronium\n\nConA\n\n: Concanavalin A\n\nDRF\n\n: Dose reduction factor\n\nFBS\n\n: Fetal bovine serum\n\nfMNPCE\n\n: Frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes\n\nGSH-Px\n\n: Glutathione peroxidase\n\nIR\n\n: Ionizing radiation\n\nLET\n\n: Low linear energy transfer\n\nMDA\n\n: Malondialdehyde\n\nMEA\n\n: Mercapto-ethylamine\n\nn-γ LDR\n\n: Low-dose-rate neutron and γ-ray combined irradiation\n\nROS\n\n: reactive oxygen species\n\nSD\n\n: Sprague-Dawley\n\nSOD\n\n: Superoxide dismutase\n\nWBC\n\n: White blood cell\n\nNone.", "\n\nFunding {#FPar1}\n=======\n\nThis study was supported by the Research Fund of National Science and Technology Major Project of China (No. ", "2014ZX09J14103-07B).", "\n\nAvailability of data and materials {#FPar2}\n==================================\n\nThe raw datasets from the study and/or those analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "\n\nAuthors' contributions {#FPar3}\n======================\n\nDJ participated in the design of the study, carried out the immunoassays, performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. ", "QW participated in the design of the study and SOD and MDA tests. ", "XS participated in the design of the study and as an advisor. ", "YH carried out testing the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes and helped to draft the manuscript. ", "TQ participated in administering the rats intragastrically and feeding the rats. ", "QL carried out WBC testing. ", "DH carried out the DNA content analysis of marrow cells. ", "YL carried out GSH-Px testing in serum and liver tissues. ", "WC participated in animal feeding and immunoassays. ", "XR was responsible for rat irradiation. ", "KL participated in organ indexes of irradiation rats. ", "All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nCompeting interests {#FPar4}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nConsent for publication {#FPar5}\n=======================\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nEthics approval {#FPar6}\n===============\n\nThe Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of the Naval Medical Research Institute approved all procedures for animal care and treatment.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Living in Beijing vs. Guangzhou\n\nWhether you’re moving to China or just traveling through, Beijing and Guangzhou will definitely pop up in your research. ", "As two giant economic and cultural hubs, Beijing and Guangzhou are both highly developed and have a lot to offer for expats wanting to live in and explore China.", "\n\nAs two of the biggest cities in China (Guangzhou having more than 13 million people and Beijing with a whopping 21 million people), these cities share many similarities, but they also offer two different experiences! ", "Everything from the culture, traditions, weather, people, and expat life will vary.", "\n\nAfter I lived in a small Chinese city for two years, I lived in Guangzhou for one year and now currently live in Beijing, so I wanted to share some of my personal experiences as an expat living in Beijing and Guangzhou.", "\n\nA few different aspects comparing Beijing to Guangzhou:\n\nLocation/Weather\n\nCost of Living\n\nCulture\n\nThings To Do\n\nExpat Life\n\nLocation/Weather in Beijing VS Guangzhou.", "\n\nGeographically, Beijing and Guangzhou are in opposite parts of China. ", "Beijing is in the northern area and has hot summers but freezing winters. ", "It doesn’t rain often and isn’t very humid. ", "It’s close to other big cities in China by high speed train like Tianjin (30 min), Shanghai (4 hours), and it’s easy to get international flights anywhere in the world.", "\n\nWeather-wise, Guangzhou is the complete opposite of Beijing with hot, humid summers and mild winters. ", "It rains quite a bit more, too. ", "Guangzhou is really close to Shenzhen and Hong Kong, and it is very easy to catch a high speed train to both. ", "I took weekend trips to both frequently – check out my weekend trip to Hong Kong here. ", "It’s also close to other great southern destinations like Yunnan, Guangxi, and Vietnam.", "\n\nCost of Living in Beijing vs. Guangzhou\n\nAs both Beijing and Guangzhou are Tier 1 International cities, they’re a bit more expensive than other Chinese cities, but still affordable. ", "You’ll find food and transportation are pretty cheap, though, and rent will be what you pay the most for. ", "If you live close to the center of Beijing or Guangzhou you’ll pay much more for an apartment.", "\n\nI live in the Chaoyang area of Beijing near line 2, so I’m in the center of Beijing and very close to many things. ", "It’s very convenient and I love it, but it does make the cost of living much more expensive.", "\n\nIn Guangzhou I lived a little outside the city in a district called Panyu, which definitely affected my experience in Guangzhou and the cost of living. ", "I could afford an apartment by myself in Guangzhou for the same price I paid to rent a single room in a shared apartment in the center of Beijing.", "\n\nYou can read more about how I rented an apartment in Beijing and also in Guangzhou.", "\n\nTransportation in Beijing vs. Guangzhou\n\nBoth Beijing and Guangzhou have very fast and convenient public transportation around the city including:\n\nGreat metro systems\n\nBuses (download Baidu Maps to help with buses)\n\nPublic bikes – Mobike and Ofo are two of the biggest bike sharing apps\n\nTaxi or Didi (Chinese uber)\n\nBecause of the 2008 Olympics hosted in Beijing, transportation has rapidly improved, making it easier to navigate, especially for foreigners. ", "There’s an express metro line straight to the airport from Dongzhimen, too, which is very convenient. ", "If you’re in the city center it takes longer to order a Didi though, and I find it quicker to grab a taxi if I’m going somewhere.", "\n\nGuangzhou’s metro system is very new and modern and feels even easier to me to use than Beijing’s metro. ", "There are far more options for paying with either cash or Wechat, and line transfers take way less time. ", "Didi’s are also great in Guangzhou, and I found it easier to get Didi in Guangzhou than Beijing (aside from big holidays like New Year’s).", "\n\nWhether you’re moving to Beijing or Guangzhou, you should download Didi, MoBike or Ofo, and metro maps for the city to make it easy to navigate! ", "Both cities are also very walkable and public transportation is a breeze. ", "I also feel safe doing things on my own.", "\n\nCulture and Food in Beijing vs. Guangzhou\n\nCulture and food is where you’ll notice one of the biggest differences between Beijing and Guangzhou!", "\n\nAs the capital city of China, Beijing represents the very traditional side of Chinese life. ", "People speak Putonghua, the most proper form of the Chinese language. ", "People here are very proud to be from the capital city of China. ", "The food is more filling, featuring dishes like Peking Duck, traditional dumplings, chuan’r (lamb roasted on a skewer), and lots of noodles. ", "Donkey burgers are also quite famous here.", "\n\nGuangzhou is in the Guangdong Province, where Cantonese culture and influence are found. ", "People speak Cantonese in addition to Mandarin. ", "Cantonese food is quite different than other regions in China – it tends to be lighter and sweeter, featuring dim sum and lots of soups.", "\n\nThere is the famous phrase in Chinese about Guangzhou food: “You live in Hangzhou because of its beautiful lakes, you wear clothes from Suzhou because it produces the finest silk, and you eat in Guangzhou because it has the best food.”", "\n\nThe great thing about Guangzhou and Beijing is that you can also find food from all regions of Chinese in Beijing and Guangzhou – Sichuan hotpot, Hunan spice, Shanghai sweetness.", "\n\nYou’ll also find every kind of international cuisine – Vietnamese, Mexican, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Thai, and on and on. ", "Beijing and Guangzhou might both have their own unique cultures and traditions, but they are still two of the biggest cities in the world with people of all nationalities, and that is strongly reflected in the food!", "\n\nThings To Do In Beijing vs. Guangzhou\n\nBeijing and Guangzhou both have a number of attractions to visit, whether it be temples and historical sites or modern museums and famous landmarks.", "\n\nBeijing is definitely the bigger tourist draw, boasting world famous sites like the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, Tiananmen Square, the Summer Palace, and famous streets like Wangfujing and Qianmen. ", "There also many local Chinese experiences to try, like hutong tours and markets.", "\n\nIt’s hard to compete with the Great Wall, but Guangzhou still has a lot to see and do! ", "The Canton Tower (my favorite), Pearl River Cruises, Baiyun Mountain, Temple of the Six Baiyun Trees, and Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street are all popular to do, and Guangzhou also has the Chimelong Circus.", "\n\nExpat Life in Beijing vs. Guangzhou\n\nThis is the biggest topic people moving to China are curious about. ", "Where do you hang out? ", "How do you meet people? ", "Are there organizations to join? ", "Both big cities have plenty of ways to enjoy life in China and meet other expats.", "\n\nBeijing:\n\nBeijing has it all, from dance clubs, live music scenes, local breweries, trivia nights, book clubs, sport teams, food festivals, and more. ", "You can find every kind of food imaginable. ", "Sanlitun is one of the most popular area for expats to hang out in: you can shop, eat, drink, and go clubbing all in this area. ", "Wudaokou is the university area and is also a popular area for expats.", "\n\nSkyline/Architecture in Beijing vs. Guangzhou\n\nWhile I love living in Beijing and rave about it all the time, I do think the Guangzhou skyline is prettier and I miss the Canton Tower!", "\n\nAt the same time, I love the Beijing hutongs and the street style.", "\n\nLiving in Beijing vs. Guangzhou\n\nUltimately, your experience in Beijing and Guangzhou will vary depending on where you live and work, what you enjoy doing, the people you meet , and what kind of lifestyle you want.", "\n\nWhether you’re moving to Beijing or Guangzhou, I recommend joining Facebook groups, Wechat groups, and other sites with expats to get more information about living in China and to connect with others. ", "These are two of the biggest cities in China, and you’ll find it much easier to find other expats and foreign shops and restaurants in these cities than other ones.", "\n\nHave you lived in Beijing or Guangzhou? ", "How was your experience? ", "What did you like/dislike about that city?", "\n\n3 thoughts on “Living in Beijing vs. Guangzhou”\n\nReblogged this on Guangzhou Travel and commented:\nYou live in Hangzhou because of its beautiful lakes, you wear clothes from Suzhou because it produces the finest silk, and you eat in Guangzhou because it has the best food" ]

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[ "Cetuximab plus oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in the treatment of colorectal cancer.", "\nModern chemotherapy combinations for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) comprise 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), folinic acid and irinotecan or oxaliplatin. ", "Infusional 5-FU, folinic acid plus oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) is a standard of care not only for patients with stage IV disease, but also in the adjuvant setting of stage III colon cancer patients. ", "The EGF receptor antibody, cetuximab, induces synergistic antitumor activity when combined with chemotherapy. ", "In pretreated patients, cetuximab may restore the sensitivity to irinotecan and, therefore, has been registered in this setting. ", "A number of Phase I and II trials investigated the combination of cetuximab plus oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for the first-line treatment of mCRC. ", "This combined cytotoxic and targeted treatment approach prooved to be safe and provided encouraging efficacy data, which are among the highest so far observed in the systemic treatment of mCRC. ", "This review presents recent data on oxaliplatin, cetuximab and the combination of both for mCRC as well as possible future indications in the palliative, adjuvant and neoadjuvant setting of modern CRC treatment." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "1. ", "Technical Field\nThe present invention relates to an evaluation method of residual stress in water jet peening and a method of executing a water jet peening, and more particularly to a evaluation method of residual stress in water jet peening and a method of executing water jet peening suitable for applying to water jet peening executed in a boiling water reactor.", "\n2. ", "Background Art\nIn boiling water nuclear plants and pressurized water nuclear plants, stress corrosion cracks in a reactor internal, which is a structure member, are suppressed by executing, for example, water jet peening to convert tensile residual stress generated in the reactor internal during welding or machining to compressive residual stress. ", "Water jet peening (hereinafter, referred to as WJP) is a technology to convert tensile residual stress generated in a surface of the reactor internal to compressive residual stress by applying WJP to the surface. ", "In this WJP, water under high pressure is jetted from a nozzle in water to the surface of the reactor internal in a state in which the surface on which the WJP is executed is in contact with the water. ", "When fine bubbles (cavitation bubbles) included in the jetted high-pressure water are collapsed, impulse waves are generated. ", "The generated impulse waves impinge on the surface and the tensile residual stress generated in the surface is then converted to compressive residual stress (see “Noboru Saito et al., ", "Development of Water Jet Peening Technology for Nuclear Plants and Incore Devices, Jet Flow Engineering, Vol. ", "20, No. ", "1 (2003), pp. ", "4-12, Water Jet Technology Society of Japan”).", "\nSome technologies to evaluate residual stress generated in a structure member on which WJP was executed (compressive residual stress, for example) are also proposed.", "\nJapanese Patent Laid-open No. ", "2009-209792 describes a method of predicting erosion generated by cavitation on an internal flow path of a hydraulic machine. ", "In this method, a piezoelectric device is provided on an inner surface of an internal flow path of an actual hydraulic machine (or a hydraulic machine model), and a light emitting device, which converts a voltage signal generated by the piezoelectric device to light, is provided at a predetermined position on the hydraulic machine. ", "When cavitation is generated, the light emitting device emits light. ", "The generated light is measured to predict an area of the internal flow path over which erosion occurs and to predict the amount of erosion.", "\nJapanese Patent Laid-open No. ", "2008-155345 describes a method of evaluating residual stress on a surface to which water jet peening was executed. ", "In this residual stress evaluation method, a whole area of water jet peening traces generated per unit area on a surface on which WJP was executed is measured, the whole peening trace area is substituted into a relational expression between the residual stress and the whole peening trace area, and the residual stress on the surface on which WJP was executed is evaluated according to the obtained calculation result.", "\nIn “Noboru Saito et al., ", "Development of Water Jet Peening Technology for Nuclear Plants and Internal Equipments, Jet Flow Engineering, Vol. ", "20, No. ", "1 (2003), pp. ", "4-12, Water Jet Technology Society of Japan”, residual stress is measured by an X-ray diffraction method to evaluate an effect of WJP executed on a structure member.", "\nIn “Masashi Fukaya et al., ", "Development of Water Jet Peening (WJP) (3), Flow Behavior Evaluation in WJP, Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers No. ", "09-3, M&M 2009 Conference 0S1431, Jul. 24 to 26, 2009, pp. ", "333-334”, the internal pressure pB of a cavitation bubble is calculated from equations (1) to (4) (see page 333) through jet flow analysis, and the calculated bubble's internal pressure pB is substituted into equation (5) (see page 333) to calculate cavitation strength I. In the paper written by Masashi Fukaya et al., ", "the cavitation strength I is also used to predict compressive residual stress generated in a SUS plate after WJP execution.", "\nIn “Hisamitsu Hatou et al., ", "Development of Water Jet Peening (WJP) (4), Residual Stress Improvement Behavior Evaluation in WJP), Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers No. ", "09-3, M&M 2009 Material & Mechanics Conference 2009, CD-ROM Transactions, 0S1431, Jul. 24 to 26, 2009, pp. ", "335-336” as well, a method of evaluating residual stress in the depth direction after WJP execution is described. ", "In this evaluation method, residual stress in a depth direction after WJP execution is evaluated according to collapse pressure of cavitation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "#pragma once\n#include \"gui/session/control/unread_item.h\"\n#include \"module/service/photo_service.h\"\n\nnamespace nim_comp\n{\nclass UnreadForm : public WindowEx\n{\npublic:\n\tUnreadForm();\n\t~UnreadForm();\n\n\tstatic void OnTeamEventCallback(const nim::TeamEvent& result);\n\n\t//覆盖虚函数\n\tvirtual std::wstring GetSkinFolder() override;\n\tvirtual std::wstring GetSkinFile() override;\n\tvirtual std::wstring GetWindowClassName() const override;\n\tvirtual std::wstring GetWindowId() const override;\n\tvirtual UINT GetClassStyle() const override;\n\t\n\t/**\n\t* 窗口初始化函数\n\t* @return void\t无返回值\n\t*/\n\tvirtual void InitWindow() override;\n\n\t/**\n\t* 处理所有控件的所有消息\n\t* @param[in] msg 消息的相关信息\n\t* @return bool true 继续传递控件消息，false 停止传递控件消息\n\t*/\n\tvirtual bool Notify(ui::EventArgs* msg);\n\n\t/**\n\t* 响应查询系统消息的回调函数\n\t* @param[in] count 查询到的消息数量\n\t* @param[in] unread 未读消息数\n\t* @param[in] result 查询到的系统消息列表\n\t* @return void\t无返回值\n\t*/\n\tvoid LoadList(const nim::IMMessage &msg, const std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<nim::TeamMemberProperty>> &team_members);\n\n\tvoid OnLoadListCallback(const nim::TeamEvent& result);\n\n\tvoid UpdateUnreadCount(const std::string &msg_id, const int unread, const std::string &read_accid);\nprivate:\n\n\t/**\n\t* 向界面中添加一个系统消息项\n\t* @param[in] msg 系统消息\n\t* @param[in] first 是否添加到开头\n\t* @return void\t无返回值\n\t*/\n\tvoid AddItem(const nim::TeamMemberProperty &member, bool unread);\n\n\t/**\n\t* 响应用户头像改变的回调函数\n\t* @param[in] type 头像类型\n\t* @param[in] account 用户id\n\t* @param[in] photo_path 头像路径\n\t* @return void 无返回值\n\t*/\n\tvoid OnUserPhotoReady(PhotoType type, const std::string& account, const std::wstring& photo_path);\n\n\t/**\n\t* 显示或隐藏正在载入消息的提示\n\t* @param[in] show 显示或有隐藏\n\t* @return void\t无返回值\n\t*/\n\tvoid ShowLoadingTip(bool show);\n\nprivate:\n\tvoid UpdateUnreadCount(int count);\n\tvoid UpdateReadCount(int count);\n\tvoid DoLoadList();\n\n\t\n\npublic:\n\tstatic const LPCTSTR kClassName;\nprivate:\n\tui::ListBox*\tunread_list_;\n\tui::ListBox*\tread_list_;\n\n\tui::Label*\tread_title_ =nullptr;\n\tui::Label* unread_title_ = nullptr;\n\tui::Label* form_title_ = nullptr;\n\tstd::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<nim::TeamMemberProperty>> members_;\n\tAutoUnregister unregister_cb;\n\n\tnim::IMMessage msg_;\n};\n}" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.01773299276828766 ]

[ "Retinofugal pathways in juvenile and adult channel catfish, Ictalurus (Ameiurus) punctatus: an HRP and autoradiographic study.", "\nThe retinal projections of the juvenile and adult channel catfish, Ictalurus (Ameiurus) punctatus, were studied by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and autoradiography. ", "The contralateral optic tract sends fibers to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and divides into lateral (LOT) and medial optic tracts (MOT). ", "In the adult fish, the former is thicker than the latter, whereas in the juvenile form, the reverse is true. ", "The MOT curves laterally and divides into eight to 15 medial fascicles of the optic tract (MFOT). ", "The contralateral optic fibers project to the nucleus opticus dorsolateralis, nucleus of the posterior commissure, nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pretectal nuclear complex, nucleus corticalis, stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale (SFGS), and a few optic fibers extend into the stratum griseum centrale. ", "The tractus opticus accessorius arises from the posterodorsal margin of the LOT and extends ventromedially to project to the nucleus opticus accessorius. ", "At the optic chiasm a few fibers do not decussate, and these fibers project to almost all ipsilateral sites similar to those of the contralateral side, including the optic tectum. ", "The autoradiographic observations substantiated the analysis of optic fiber projections provided by the HRP technique." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Giant Step/De Ole Folks at Home\n\nGiant Step/De Ole Folks at Home is the third studio album by American blues artist Taj Mahal. ", "A double album, the first disc (Giant Step) is electric, while the second (De Ole Folks at Home) is acoustic. ", "Esquire magazine included this album at number 27 on its list of \"The 75 Albums Every Man Should Own\" on March 9, 2009.", "\n\nTrack listing\n\nGiant Step\n \"Ain't Gwine Whistle Dixie No More\" (Taj Mahal, Jesse Ed Davis, Gary Gilmore, Chuck Blackwell)\n \"Take a Giant Step\" (Carole King, Gerry Goffin)\n \"Give Your Woman What She Wants\" (Taj Mahal, Joel Hirschhorn)\n \"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl\" (Don Level, Bob Love)\n \"You're Gonna Need Somebody on Your Bond\" (Blind Willie Johnson)\n \"Six Days on the Road\" (Carl Montgomery, Earl Green)\n \"Farther on Down the Road (You Will Accompany Me)\" (Taj Mahal, Jesse Ed Davis, Gary Gilmore, Chuck Blackwell)\n \"Keep Your Hands Off Her\" (Huddie Ledbetter)\n \"Bacon Fat\" (Robbie Robertson, Garth Hudson)\n\nDe Ole Folks at Home\n \"Linin' Track\" (Huddie Ledbetter)\n \"Country Blues No. ", "1\" (Traditional; arranged by Taj Mahal)\n \"Wild Ox Moan\" (Vera Hall, Ruby Pickens Tartt)\n \"Light Rain Blues\" (Taj Mahal)\n \"Little Soulful Tune\" (Taj Mahal)\n \"Candy Man\" (Rev. Gary Davis)\n \"Cluck Old Hen\" (Traditional; arranged by Taj Mahal)\n \"Colored Aristocracy\" (Traditional; arranged by Taj Mahal)\n \"Blind Boy Rag\" (Taj Mahal)\n \"Stagger Lee\" (Harold Logan, Lloyd Price)\n \"Cajun Tune\" (Taj Mahal)\n \"Fishin' Blues\" (Henry Thomas, Taj Mahal)\n \"Annie's Lover\" (Traditional; arranged by Taj Mahal)\n\nPersonnel\nGiant Step\nTaj Mahal - vocals, harmonica, banjo, Mississippi national steel-bodied guitar\nJesse Ed Davis - electric guitar, acoustic guitar, piano, organ\nGary Gilmore - electric bass\nChuck \"Brother\" Blackwell - drums\nDe Ole Folks at Home\nTaj Mahal - vocals, harmonica, guitar, banjo\nTechnical\nBrian Ross-Myring, Chris Hinshaw, Jerry Hochman - engineer\nVirginia Team - cover design\nJesse Ed Davis - typography/hand lettering\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1969 albums\nCategory:Taj Mahal (musician) albums\nCategory:Albums produced by Dave Rubinson\nCategory:Columbia Records albums" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "The 6-foot-2 combo-guard was averaging 5.4 ppg and 1.2 rpg in 10 games for the Tigers as a redshirt sophomore this season. ", "He’ll be eligible to play after the first semester of the 2014-2015 season.", "\n\nColeman will join a pair of transfers already sitting out this season. ", "Jaylen Bond is sitting out this season after transferring in from Texas while Jesse Morgan is rehabbing a torn ACL while trying to earn his undergraduate degree after transferring in from UMass." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "This is a known problem that I've discussed with Jacques and I think could and should be improved before the next version.", "\n\nThe fundamental issue is that the OCaml syntax has no way to *name* the existential variables corresponding to a GADT constructor. ", "The name generation it uses now (\"ex#\" + fresh integer) is particularly obnoxious, but in any case there is a type corresponding to your variable 'a in the type of the constructor A that has no name.", "\n\nMy personal opinion is that not having explicit binding of those variables in the syntax (in the constructors: (A : 'a. ('a -> 'b) * ... -> 'b t), and in the matching (| A a (e, e') -> ...)) is a defect of the GADT syntax -- but syntax is about hard compromises, and here the more concise syntax was chosen.", "\n\nI believe the current behavior could be improved by:\n- choosing names for existential that are more natural; I would like them to include either the constructor they come from, or the original user-chosen name of the corresponding type variable in the type definition, or both\n- improving the wording of the error message to avoid the annoying \"has type 'foo' but was expected at type 'foo'\" and possible display something GADT-specific\n\nIn the meantime, this is not a bug (the behavior is perfectly correct) but a rather shortcoming on the user interface side. ", "And it is not \"sometimes\", all existential variables have those unreadable names, and all escape situations generate those unreadable error messages.", "\n\nThanks for your report anyway: it's helpful to see that people care about this.", "\n\nThis is indeed a well known problem.", "\nActually part of it was a bug, as there was already some code to reuse variable names from the definition, but it didn't work properly.", "\nThis part is now fixed in trunk, at revision 12998.", "\nThe new error message is:\nError: This expression has type a#0 t but an expression was expected of type\na#0\nUnfortunately, this is only a small improvement, as origin of the name is not so clear, and many existential types do not come directly from constructors.", "\nAs for the \"#0\" part, this is indeed to avoid name collisions.", "\n\nAs Gabriel mentioned, there has always been a plan to support naming of existential types in patterns.", "\nHowever this requires new syntax, and this was delayed waiting for more experience.", "\nThis should be in the next release.", "\n\nI'm open to improvements of the wording, but clever error reporting is very difficult.", "\n\nI have added a patch in trunk/experimental/garrigue/pattern-local-types.diffs which allows to define types in patterns.", "\nThey are only allowed at the beginning of match cases, and the syntax is:\n| type a b c. <pattern> -> <body>\nThey are _different_ from local abstract types, as they are not abstract, but inferred from their uses as type annotations inside <pattern>. ", "If the inferred type is a fresh existential type, then some special manipulation is done to rename it to the given name, so that it will appear in error messages.", "\n\nTo be clear to other potential readers of this bug item, the problem is that as there is currently no explicit binding syntax on GADT type *definitions*, the existential types are introduced in no particular order. ", "If you define a constructor type K with two existential types 'a and 'b, we cannot use, say, the syntax (K (type a) (type b) (x, f) -> ...) because there is no notion of \"first\" and \"second\" existential type. ", "So Jacques' choice here is to allow to introduce names for some types, that are later unified with the corresponding existential variable by additional annotations on the pattern arguments (in his example, (x:b) is necessary to link the fresh name b to the actual existential variable 'a of D).", "\n\nI'm not really satisfied with this compromise, because the notations are still heavier than necessary (though arguably it helps readability to force to annotate use of the types) and we have yet another semantic distinction around type variable binding.", "\n\nWhat about the following other compromise:\n- allow the optional use of a type binding syntax at the GADT declaration site\ntype t = D : 'a . '", "a * ('a -> int) -> t\n(I'm not hung up on this particular syntax, for example it would be ok to have \"type a . ", "a * (a -> int) -> t\" instead)\n- use the \"(type a)\" syntax to locally introduce the type after the constructor name and before the value parameters, using the order in the definition\nfunction D (type a) (x, f) -> f x\n- for GADTs that have not used an explicit order in their definition, reject this syntax (or possibly use the left-to-right order of occurence of the variables, but this would be a hack)\n\nI believe this gives us a reasonable transitional path to a more principle syntax, with ultimately lighter annotations at the matching site than what is possible with your suggestion.", "\n\n(Of course I'm no expert on the grammatical ambiguities here so one of the syntax proposed may actually not be an option. ", "The important idea is having explicit type binding syntax at both the definition and use site of the constructors.)", "\n\nI'm actually not so sure that this use of the \"(type a)\" syntax is consistent with its current use (which is important: I don't want to introduce new semantic notion). ", "Is it the case? ", "Or should we prefer another syntax for existential types in GADT patterns?", "\n\n(Where are we on the \"(type a b)\" sugar? ", "Is it currently implemented?)", "\n\nWell, I was also a promoter of explicit syntax for existentials in GADT definitions, so I cannot say I don't agree with Gabriel for the first part.", "\n\nOK, your proposal makes sense, but it has the major drawback of requiring changes in type definitions, while we still allow the old format.", "\nSo if say, you are using a library with implicit existentials, you would have no way to use them.", "\nWell, maybe using left-to-right order is okay, but we must be very careful about avoiding bugs (the internal representation must keep the syntactic order, which is not usually true for objects and polymorphic variants for instance.)", "\nAlso there is the question of how to handle row variables.", "\nI think your use of (type a) is consistent (you do not really abstract an external type, since the existential is already abstract, and cannot leak anyway, but otherwise this is the same thing), so at least this part is okay.", "\nThere is currently not (type a b) sugar, but this would cost nothing.", "\n\nAs for a transition path for a more principled syntax, I would say either this is too late, or we must decide now to change the syntax and maybe break some existing programs, because otherwise it will be too late...\n\nIf I would give one argument for my approach, I would say that while it can be in some situations lightly more verbose, it is in general pretty light-weight, thanks to the inference-based approach.", "\n\nAnd why not simply improving the error message by printing (for instance):\n\nError: This expression has type (type a) a t but an expression was expected of type\n(type a) a\n\nThis would explicitly tell the user that there is some existential around. ", "After all, my surprise essentially came from the strange format of the variable name and the fact that its abstract nature was not explicit in the message.", "\n\nI'm not sure \"(type a) a\" more clearly indicates an existential type than \"ex#23\", and besides I'm not sure it's meaningful to close on all existentials (that may also be involved in some other part of the context) when printing the type.", "\n\nHowever, I think the error messages of the form \"This expression has type <foo> but an expression was expected of type <foo>\", with the same type printed at both places, are always harmful for non-experts and could be systematically skipped (or turned into a less confusing \"There is a typing conflict at type <foo>\", not very informative but also prints the type). ", "I don't know whether that would be easy to implement, though.", "\n\nthe type system just isn't able to deduce this equality. ", "But it could, if it\nchecked whether 'a appeared elsewhere in the type and then safely removed it.", "\nThis check is very similar to checking that the existential doesn't escape in:\n\nThe difference between the two is quite important; the existential is opened in one case by the function and in the other case by the caller. ", "Since we are talking about naming the existential, this distinction is rather important.", "\n\nfirst defines a rigid variable (a), and that the patterns (Ext(x : a)) first introduces an existential variable ex#N, and then upon processing the pattern (x : a) adds the local equation (a = ex#N) in the branch of the pattern clause. ", "We are not naming (a) the actual existential variable, but working in a context where both are equivalent, just as\n\nlet cast (type a) (Refl : (a, int) eq) = fun (x : a) -> (x : int)\n\nworks in a local context enriched with the equation (a = int).", "\n\nCurrently such GADT equations are only added by an annotation on the type of the whole GADT value. ", "This does not allow to name existentials as they precisely don't appear in the outer GADT type.", "\n\nIt seems this is a different mechanism from the one Jacques described for (type a . ", "Ext (x : a)). ", "Similar subtleties/hacks would probably be needed to get error messages to mention (a) rather than the existential names.", "\n\nPS: I'm copying below the message from Oleg on caml-list about error messages for GADTs, which could be an interesting inspiration for useful error messages orthogonally to the naming of existentials discussed here.", "\n\n> Just in case, here is the error message produced by GHC for the\n> equivalent example.", "\n>\n> Code:\n>\n> {-# LANGUAGE GADTs #-}\n>\n> data E a where\n> B :: Bool -> E Bool\n> A :: E (a -> b) -> E a -> E b\n>\n> eval :: E a -> a\n> eval (B x) = x\n> eval (A f x) = (eval f) x\n>\n> The error message:\n>\n> /tmp/ga.hs:9:25:\n> Couldn't match type `a1' with `E a1'\n> `a1' is a rigid type variable bound by\n> a pattern with constructor\n> A :: forall b a. E (a -> b) -> E a -> E b,\n> in an equation for `eval'\n> at /tmp/ga.hs:9:7\n> In the second argument of `eval', namely `x'\n> In the expression: (eval f) x\n> In an equation for `eval': eval (A f x) = (eval f) x\n>\n> The gist is using the type variable name 'a' from the definition of\n> GADT, and attaching the numeric suffix to disambiguate. (", "GHC does that all\n> the time -- and I believe OCaml does something similar in many cases,\n> only not for GADTs.) ", "What helps in particular I believe is quoting the\n> clause from the GADT declaration, so we can see where the name 'a'\n> comes from. ", "So, perhaps if the error message can be improved with\n> giving more information about the error, the problem will be solved\n> without additional syntax?", "\n\nI had dropped this discussion hoping that a natural solution would arise,\nbut unfortunately a feature that was expected to be in 4.01 will not even\nbe in 4.02.", "\n\nLooking at the proposals so far, they all seem to be incoherent with the\ncurrent constructs (using a type construction in a pattern context, missing\nnotion of parameter, or incompatible scoping rules).", "\n\nI've been discussing that with Jeremy Yallop, and we think we have a potential\nsolution:\n(Ext (x : type a. a))\nwith the scope of \"type a\" being everything to its right.", "\n\nThe syntax is nice, and the meaning seems clear.", "\nAnd since we are on the right of x, there is no longer the problem of\nrebinding the type.", "\nThere are however a few difficulties\n1) originally, in\nlet f : type a. typ = expr1 in expr2\nthe scope of \"type a\" is expr1, whereas the pattern-matching equivalent\nof the above would be\nmatch expr1 with (f : type a. typ) -> expr2\nwhich gives a different scope.", "\nNote however that the meaning of \"let f : typ = expr\" is \"let f = (expr : typ)\",\nnot \"let (f : typ) = expr\", so there is no formal ambiguity.", "\n2) The original \"type a. typ\" is defined as syntactic sugar, and forces the\npattern to have a really polymorphic type. ", "Here this is not the case since\nwe want to match an existential type. ", "This could be solved by rather\nusing the syntax\n(Ext (x (type a) : a)\nThis is ok too, since (type a) is to the right of x.\nHowever, this is less readable, and this does not solve point (1),\ni.e. there is the same potential confusion with \"let f (type a) = expr1 in expr2\".", "\n3) There is some interaction between these abstract types appearing inside\npatterns and type propagation. ", "Consider this pattern:\n(... (Ext (x : type a. a)) ... : a t)\nIndependently of whether it will be typable or not (in many cases it wouldn't,\nsince the type would leak), the scoping rules say that the \"a\" in \"a t\" is the type\nof x. For this reason, we need an extra traversal, to check which names are,\nand if a type annotation contains names bound in a subpattern, we must delay\nbuilding the type to after typing the subpattern.", "\n\n> As I explained in my previous answer\n> (type a) (Ext (x : a))\n> is incorrect from a scoping point of view: it tries to bind an\n> existential that does not exist yet.", "\n\nOnly if you think in terms of closed existential types. ", "If we consider these to be open existential types (see \"Modeling Abstract Types in Modules with Open Existential Types\" by Montagu and Rémy) then:\n\nlet (type a) (Ext (x : a)) = ext in ...\n\nis simply\n\nν a. let (Ext y) = ext in let x = open(a) y in ...\n\nSo `(type a)` is reduction and `(Ext (x : a))` is opening in the terminology of Montagu et al.", "\n\nActually, the binder of the existential is the constructor, not the variable, so\nExt((type a) x : a)\nwould be ok too.", "\n\nHowever, the syntax for type annotations in patterns is devilish. ", "That's what\nyou would have to write for Abs:\nAbs (((type a) f : a -> _), x)\nUgly isn't it?", "\n\nI'm starting to think that Gabriel's idea might end up being the cleanest.", "\nNamely, the main drawback was when there are several existential variables.", "\nBut in most cases, there is only one:\nAbs (type a) (f,x)\nis non-ambiguous.", "\nWhen there are several variables, as suggested before, we can use a syntax\nto give explicitly the existentials in the declaration.", "\nAlso, contrary to what I though first, this approach makes it easier to\nhandle private rows, without complex hacks involved.", "\n\nIn the workaround code, you first pattern match on D, which introduces the existential variable in the environment, before it is matched against (type b).", "\nIn the proposal version, type b is introduced before the pattern matching, so the original scoping rules do not allow to redefine an already introduced abstract type.", "\nI do not see how we can reconciliate the two different scoping approaches, short of introducing a new keyword.", "\nOtherwise, (type b) has to appear after D for coherence.", "\n\nRe. ", "explicit ordering of existential variables in GADT constructor declarations, we may use either syntaxes:\n\n(1a) Prod : 'b 'c . '", "b expr * 'c expr -> ('b * 'c) expr\n\nand\n\n(1b) Prod : type b c . ", "b expr * c expr -> (b * c) expr\n\nAnd conversely in pattern position,\n\n(2a) Prod b c (e1, e2) -> ...\n\nor (if we decide that we really want the (type a b ...) syntax)\n\n(2b) Prod (type b c) (e1, e2) -> ...\n\nI personally like (2b) best (it would also be the least confusing for users, in the sense that someone that doesn't know about existential type would understand that the (type b c) part can be ignored in (2b), and be confused about (2a)), but for constructor declaration I have no preference between (1a) and (1b) ((1a) is the more incremental choice though), and I think we might want to allow both.", "\n\n> Currently (type a) both introduces a new type and binds it (implicitly) at the point it is introduced.", "\n> So this would clearly be a change in semantics.", "\n\nYes, but it seems a reasonable one, and I think it is more important to avoid adding yet another type variable syntax.", "\n\nThe semantics seem simple enough; a newtype is either used in a (single) existential pattern which binds it, or it may escape its scope in which case it is bound when it is introduced. ", "If someone tries to do both they get an escaping scope error, which is what they would get even if they didn't name the existential.", "\n\nIn a way it is not even a change in semantics. ", "If you consider\n\nlet f (type a) x = x in ...\n\nto introduce a type `a` and not bind it, and\n\nlet f (type a) (x : a) = x in ...\n\nto introduce a type `a` and bind it to the type of the first argument then we already have a semantics where `(type a)` introduces a type and `(... : a)` binds it.", "\n\nPersonally I don't particularly like adding a form of explicit type argument, which is what this proposal amounts to. ", "I also dislike giving the ordering of type variables a meaning. ", "Does this means that\n\nI agree that the ordering-meaningfulness is slightly unpleasant, but you can always annotate the value arguments of the pattern with the bound names, so that ordering mistakes are immediately caught.", "\n\nThe fact that this annotation is not mandatory means that this syntax is in general lighter.", "\n\nFinally, you can also support or-patterns (but in a more verbose way):\nlet f (A (type a) (x, g) | B (type a) (x, g)) = g x\nThe usual scoping requirement that both sides must define the same variables applies to type \"variables\" as well.", "\n\nConcerning the syntax for explicit arguments, (1a) (2b) are clearly the least surprising ones, and it should always be our goal.", "\nNote by the way that it should logically be\nProd (type a) (type b) (x,y)\nthe eventual (type a b) being only a shortcut.", "\n\nI know that it is not like Coq, but in ocaml type variables\ncan be kind of hidden (row variables for instance), and having\na way to say explicitly what is existential and what is not would\nbe helpful, aside of the fact that having to write all variables when\nonly few of them are existential would be a pain.", "\n\nHaving a look at CamlinternalFormatBasics is good to give you an\nidea of what concrete GADT constructors can be.", "\nThere are indeed a number of cases with either one or two existentials\nin the definition of fmt. ", "Note that in each case there are also at least\n6 non-existential type variables, and in some cases up to 12.", "\nSo requiring to write the non-existential variables looks like a real burden.", "\n\nOf course we must be future proof, so it is worth thinking about potential\nsituations where we would need to be explicit about non-existential\nvariables. ", "I see none, but it may just be a lack of insight.", "\n\nI kind of agree with you in principle.", "\nHowever, concrete examples look more like\nAbs (type a) ((f : a -> b),(x : b))\nvs\nAbs (type a) (f, x)\nNote that you need both annotations, because we cannot propagate the expected type.", "\nI wish we could at least omit the inner parentheses like in SML.", "\nOf course, you would still be free to write the extra annotations (this is precisely the goal of introducing names).", "\n\nAlso, at some point it might be a good thing to recognize the specificity of existential type variables.", "\n\nEven if we do not propagate the expected type, surely we only need to set `a` to be equal to `ex#1`? ", "Can't this be inferred from a single annotation, similar to how GADT matching adds equations?", "\n\nAssuming we do need both annotations, I still think it is worth being explicit. ", "In this case I think that clarity is more important than concision, especially since the syntax will probably not be used very often.", "\n\n> I wish we could at least omit the inner parentheses like in SML.", "\n\nThat would indeed be nice. ", "Is there a grammar conflict, or could it be allowed?", "\n\n> Even if we do not propagate the expected type, surely we only need to set `a` to be equal to `ex#1`?", "\n> Can't this be inferred from a single annotation, similar to how GADT matching adds equations?", "\n\nThe problem is that the semantics of locally abstract types is that they hide their original definition, rather than being equal to it.", "\nIf you look at how Pexp_newtype is typed, you will see that a fresh abstract type is introduced in the environment, then the body is typed without any expected type, and ultimately the internal and external types are made equal.", "\nThe reason it works so well is because type inference tells us all occurrences of the abstract type, so it is then sufficient to connect the two.", "\nHowever doing that during pattern matching would be much more complex, since there is not only the body to type, but also the remainder of the patterns.", "\nSo the only solution I see for now would be to be fully explicit, otherwise you end up risking to mix external and internal types in the internal context, where they are incompatible.", "\n\nThe advantage of the positional notation is that you are no longer introducing a locally abstract type hiding something, but just naming the existential variable.", "\n\n> Assuming we do need both annotations, I still think it is worth being explicit. ", "In this case I think that clarity is more important than concision, especially since the syntax will probably not be used very often.", "\n\nTo me this just sounds like saying that you should annotate all your functions with their complete types.", "\nSure this may help catch some type errors earlier.", "\nBut it doesn't make your type system any safer (at least in this case).", "\nAnd debugging types also works by adding the annotations later: once you get a type error, you may start annotating, and the more you annotate the surer you get. ", "The fact that introducing annotations is cheap is an advantage.", "\n\n> The problem is that the semantics of locally abstract types is that they hide their original definition, rather than being equal to it.", "\n...\n> However doing that during pattern matching would be much more complex, since there is not only the body to type, but also the remainder of the patterns.", "\n\nI can see how that would make connecting the inner and outer types during pattern matching difficult. ", "However, I was rather suggesting connecting the inner type of `a` with the inner type of `ex#0` by adding a GADT equation (as in `add_gadt_equation` in ctype.ml).", "\n\n> To me this just sounds like saying that you should annotate all your functions with their complete types.", "\n> Sure this may help catch some type errors earlier.", "\n> But it doesn't make your type system any safer (at least in this case).", "\n\nI don't think this is the same thing. ", "Annotating your function types is about adding clarity to a particular piece of code by being specific about what type it has. ", "I'm talking about adding consistency to a piece of syntax by having `(type a)` mean the same thing in all contexts. ", "With the positional approach, in some contexts it introduces a type and in others it binds a type. ", "Sharing a syntax for these different operations is confusing.", "\n\n> I can see how that would make connecting the inner and outer types during pattern matching difficult.", "\n> However, I was rather suggesting connecting the inner type of `a` with the inner type of `ex#0` by adding a GADT equation (as in `add_gadt_equation` in ctype.ml).", "\n\nThis amounts to changing the semantics. ", "add_gadt_equation is only used for equations enforced by the GADT itself. ", "This is not the case here.", "\n\n> I'm talking about adding consistency to a piece of syntax by having `(type a)` mean the same thing in all contexts.", "\n\nIt does. ", "This is why I am so careful about the positioning of (type a).", "\nThe positional approach makes clear which existential variable is related to \"a\".", "\nThen you can perfectly choose to follow the hiding semantics, since all occurrences are \"hidden\" together.", "\n\nMy point is that, to completely keep the same semantics, you need either to use a positional approach, or to be extremely verbose (try annotating camlinternalFormatBasics for fun...)\n\n> Abs (type a) (f, x) looks like an unused newtype declaration.", "\n\nUntil you learn that (type a) immediately after a non-constant constructor in a pattern is a binding occurrence.", "\nThe important part is that this behavior refines the usual rule, without introducing a contradiction.", "\n\nMy proposal of making explicit only existentials in the declaration might be more controversial. ", "My justification is that distinguishing existentials will actually help the user, even if this is superficially incoherent with other uses of the universal notation.", "\n\n>> I can see how that would make connecting the inner and outer types during pattern matching difficult.", "\n>> However, I was rather suggesting connecting the inner type of `a` with the inner type of `ex#0` by adding a GADT equation (as in `add_gadt_equation` in ctype.ml).", "\n\n> This amounts to changing the semantics. ", "add_gadt_equation is only used for equations enforced by the GADT itself. ", "This is not the case here.", "\n\nI'm only suggesting it as a means of type-checking `Abs (type a) (f, (x : a))` without having to annotate all uses of `a`.", "\n\nFrom this perspective, there is no observational difference between adding a GADT equation and making `ex#0` the external type of `a`, because any use of `a` which escapes the scope of the equation will result in an error anyway.", "\n\n> Until you learn that (type a) immediately after a non-constant constructor in a pattern is a binding occurrence.", "\n\nBut that's my point, it is one more thing users must know in order to read OCaml." ]

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[ "The Montreal Canadiens (47-22-8) are home to host the Capitals (42-25-10) Thursday night in a potential first playoff round preview. ", "The game starts at 7:30 and airs on RDS and Sportsnet East.", "\n\nMatch Up\n\nThis is the third and final regular season meeting for the Habs and Caps. ", "The Canadiens have already won a pair of low scoring games, only two regulation goals have been scored in the season series so far. ", "The Habs earned a 2-1 shootout win near the start of the year, and a 1-0 overtime win at the end of January.", "\n\nWhat to Watch\n\nThe battle to watch in this game will be between Hart Trophy hopefuls Carey Price and Alex Ovechkin. ", "Ovechkin has reached the 50-goal mark for a sixth time in his career. ", "His 50 goals are 22.4% of his team’s total. ", "Add in 27 assists and Ovechkin has factored in on more than a third of the Capitals’ goals.", "\n\nCarey Price is having a season for the ages, he leads the league in goals against average, save percentage, wins and shut outs. ", "His 41 wins are just one shy of the single season record for a Canadiens goalie shared by Jacques Plante and Ken Dryden.", "\n\nWhat’s at Stake\n\nIn the last five games of the season, it looks like the Habs are likely to host their first playoff game, the only question is which seed will they finish in. ", "Currently they Habs are at the top of their division, but can move to the top of the East by passing the Rangers, or the second spot in the Atlantic if they fall behind the Lightning.", "\n\nWho’s Out\n\nTom Gilbert (face) is ready to return to the Habs lineup, meaning the team is healthy as the season wraps up.", "\n\nThe Capitals are missing John Erskine (neck), Jay Beagle (shoulder) and Dmitry Orlov (wrist).", "\n\nWhat Else\n\nThere’s still lots of hockey left to play, but as it stands now the Habs and Caps are primed to meet in the first round of the playoffs as the second seed in the East versus the first wild card spot. ", "The 2010 playoffs, when the Canadiens, led by the heroics of Jaroslav Halak, upset the Capitals in seven games, was the only time these teams have ever met in the postseason.", "\n\nThe Question Mark\n\nWho has been the Canadiens unsung hero or Fourth Star for this season?", "\n\nAs always, we’ll be going over your answers on the Montreal Hockey Talk Habs Pregame Show, starting an hour before each Canadiens game on montrealhockeytalk.com." ]

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[ "The Bayesian image retrieval system, PicHunter: theory, implementation, and psychophysical experiments.", "\nThis paper presents the theory, design principles, implementation and performance results of PicHunter, a prototype content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system. ", "In addition, this document presents the rationale, design and results of psychophysical experiments that were conducted to address some key issues that arose during PicHunter's development. ", "The PicHunter project makes four primary contributions to research on CBIR. ", "First, PicHunter represents a simple instance of a general Bayesian framework which we describe for using relevance feedback to direct a search. ", "With an explicit model of what users would do, given the target image they want, PicHunter uses Bayes's rule to predict the target they want, given their actions. ", "This is done via a probability distribution over possible image targets, rather than by refining a query. ", "Second, an entropy-minimizing display algorithm is described that attempts to maximize the information obtained from a user at each iteration of the search. ", "Third, PicHunter makes use of hidden annotation rather than a possibly inaccurate/inconsistent annotation structure that the user must learn and make queries in. ", "Finally, PicHunter introduces two experimental paradigms to quantitatively evaluate the performance of the system, and psychophysical experiments are presented that support the theoretical claims." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat is an undefined reference/unresolved external symbol error and how do I fix it?", "\n\nWhat are undefined reference/unresolved external symbol errors? ", "What are common causes and how to fix/prevent them?", "\nFeel free to edit/add your own.", "\n\nA:\n\nCompiling a C++ program takes place in several steps, as specified by 2.2 (credits to Keith Thompson for the reference):\n\nThe precedence among the syntax rules of translation is specified by the following phases [see footnote].", "\n\nPhysical source file characters are mapped, in an implementation-defined manner, to the basic source character set\n(introducing new-line characters for end-of-line indicators) if\nnecessary. [", "SNIP]\nEach instance of a backslash character (\\) immediately followed by a new-line character is deleted, splicing physical source lines to\nform logical source lines. [", "SNIP]\nThe source file is decomposed into preprocessing tokens (2.5) and sequences of white-space characters (including comments). [", "SNIP]\nPreprocessing directives are executed, macro invocations are expanded, and _Pragma unary operator expressions are executed. [", "SNIP]\nEach source character set member in a character literal or a string literal, as well as each escape sequence and universal-character-name\nin a character literal or a non-raw string literal, is converted to\nthe corresponding member of the execution character set; [SNIP]\nAdjacent string literal tokens are concatenated.", "\nWhite-space characters separating tokens are no longer significant. ", "Each preprocessing token is converted into a token. (", "2.7). ", "The\nresulting tokens are syntactically and semantically analyzed and\ntranslated as a translation unit. [", "SNIP]\nTranslated translation units and instantiation units are combined as follows: [SNIP]\nAll external entity references are resolved. ", "Library components are linked to satisfy external references to entities not defined in the\ncurrent translation. ", "All such translator output is collected into a\nprogram image which contains information needed for execution in its\nexecution environment. (", "emphasis mine)\n\n[footnote] Implementations must behave as if these separate phases occur, although in practice different phases might be folded together.", "\n\nThe specified errors occur during this last stage of compilation, most commonly referred to as linking. ", "It basically means that you compiled a bunch of implementation files into object files or libraries and now you want to get them to work together.", "\nSay you defined symbol a in a.cpp. ", "Now, b.cpp declared that symbol and used it. ", "Before linking, it simply assumes that that symbol was defined somewhere, but it doesn't yet care where. ", "The linking phase is responsible for finding the symbol and correctly linking it to b.cpp (well, actually to the object or library that uses it).", "\nIf you're using Microsoft Visual Studio, you'll see that projects generate .lib files. ", "These contain a table of exported symbols, and a table of imported symbols. ", "The imported symbols are resolved against the libraries you link against, and the exported symbols are provided for the libraries that use that .lib (if any).", "\nSimilar mechanisms exist for other compilers/ platforms.", "\nCommon error messages are error LNK2001, error LNK1120, error LNK2019 for Microsoft Visual Studio and undefined reference to symbolName for GCC.", "\nThe code:\nstruct X\n{\n virtual void foo();\n};\nstruct Y : X\n{\n void foo() {}\n};\nstruct A\n{\n virtual ~A() = 0;\n};\nstruct B: A\n{\n virtual ~B(){}\n};\nextern int x;\nvoid foo();\nint main()\n{\n x = 0;\n foo();\n Y y;\n B b;\n}\n\nwill generate the following errors with GCC:\n/home/AbiSfw/ccvvuHoX.o: In function `main':\nprog.cpp:(.text+0x10): undefined reference to `x'\nprog.cpp:(.text+0x19): undefined reference to `foo()'\nprog.cpp:(.text+0x2d): undefined reference to `A::~A()'\n/home/AbiSfw/ccvvuHoX.o: In function `B::~B()':\nprog.cpp:(.text._ZN1BD1Ev[B::~B()]+0xb): undefined reference to `A::~A()'\n/home/AbiSfw/ccvvuHoX.o: In function `B::~B()':\nprog.cpp:(.text._ZN1BD0Ev[B::~B()]+0x12): undefined reference to `A::~A()'\n/home/AbiSfw/ccvvuHoX.o:(.rodata._ZTI1Y[typeinfo for Y]+0x8): undefined reference to `typeinfo for X'\n/home/AbiSfw/ccvvuHoX.o:(.rodata._ZTI1B[typeinfo for B]+0x8): undefined reference to `typeinfo for A'\ncollect2: ld returned 1 exit status\n\nand similar errors with Microsoft Visual Studio:\n1>test2.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol \"void __cdecl foo(void)\" (?", "foo@@YAXXZ)\n1>test2.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol \"int x\" (?", "x@@3HA)\n1>test2.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol \"public: virtual __thiscall A::~A(void)\" (??", "1A@@UAE@XZ)\n1>test2.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol \"public: virtual void __thiscall X::foo(void)\" (?", "foo@X@@UAEXXZ)\n1>...\\test2.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 4 unresolved externals\n\nCommon causes include:\n\nFailure to link against appropriate libraries/object files or compile implementation files\nDeclared and undefined variable or function.", "\nCommon issues with class-type members\nTemplate implementations not visible.", "\nSymbols were defined in a C program and used in C++ code.", "\nIncorrectly importing/exporting methods/classes across modules/dll. (", "MSVS specific)\nCircular library dependency\nundefined reference to `WinMain@16'\nInterdependent library order\nMultiple source files of the same name\nMistyping or not including the .lib extension when using the #pragma (Microsoft Visual Studio)\nProblems with template friends\nInconsistent UNICODE definitions\nMissing \"extern\" in const variable declarations/definitions (C++ only)\n\nA:\n\nClass members:\nA pure virtual destructor needs an implementation.", "\nDeclaring a destructor pure still requires you to define it (unlike a regular function):\nstruct X\n{\n virtual ~X() = 0;\n};\nstruct Y : X\n{\n ~Y() {}\n};\nint main()\n{\n Y y;\n}\n//X::~X(){} //uncomment this line for successful definition\n\nThis happens because base class destructors are called when the object is destroyed implicitly, so a definition is required. ", " \nvirtual methods must either be implemented or defined as pure.", "\nThis is similar to non-virtual methods with no definition, with the added reasoning that \nthe pure declaration generates a dummy vtable and you might get the linker error without using the function:\nstruct X\n{\n virtual void foo();\n};\nstruct Y : X\n{\n void foo() {}\n};\nint main()\n{\n Y y; //linker error although there was no call to X::foo\n}\n\nFor this to work, declare X::foo() as pure:\nstruct X\n{\n virtual void foo() = 0;\n};\n\nNon-virtual class members\nSome members need to be defined even if not used explicitly:\nstruct A\n{ \n ~A();\n};\n\nThe following would yield the error:\nA a; //destructor undefined\n\nThe implementation can be inline, in the class definition itself:\nstruct A\n{ \n ~A() {}\n};\n\nor outside:\nA::~A() {}\n\nIf the implementation is outside the class definition, but in a header, the methods have to be marked as inline to prevent a multiple definition.", "\nAll used member methods need to be defined if used.", "\nA common mistake is forgetting to qualify the name:\nstruct A\n{\n void foo();\n};\n\nvoid foo() {}\n\nint main()\n{\n A a;\n a.foo();\n}\n\nThe definition should be\nvoid A::foo() {}\n\nstatic data members must be defined outside the class in a single translation unit:\nstruct X\n{\n static int x;\n};\nint main()\n{\n int x = X::x;\n}\n//int X::x; //uncomment this line to define X::x\n\nAn initializer can be provided for a static const data member of integral or enumeration type within the class definition; however, odr-use of this member will still require a namespace scope definition as described above. ", "C++11 allows initialization inside the class for all static const data members.", "\n\nA:\n\nFailure to link against appropriate libraries/object files or compile implementation files\nCommonly, each translation unit will generate an object file that contains the definitions of the symbols defined in that translation unit.", "\nTo use those symbols, you have to link against those object files.", "\nUnder gcc you would specify all object files that are to be linked together in the command line, or compile the implementation files together.", "\ng++ -o test objectFile1.o objectFile2.o -lLibraryName\n\nThe libraryName here is just the bare name of the library, without platform-specific additions. ", "So e.g. on Linux library files are usually called libfoo.so but you'd only write -lfoo. ", "On Windows that same file might be called foo.lib, but you'd use the same argument. ", "You might have to add the directory where those files can be found using -L‹directory›. Make sure to not write a space after -l or -L.\nFor XCode: Add the User Header Search Paths -> add the Library Search Path -> drag and drop the actual library reference into the project folder.", "\nUnder MSVS, files added to a project automatically have their object files linked together and a lib file would be generated (in common usage). ", "To use the symbols in a separate project, you'd\nneed to include the lib files in the project settings. ", "This is done in the Linker section of the project properties, in Input -> Additional Dependencies. (", "the path to the lib file should be\nadded in Linker -> General -> Additional Library Directories) When using a third-party library that is provided with a lib file, failure to do so usually results in the error.", "\nIt can also happen that you forget to add the file to the compilation, in which case the object file won't be generated. ", "In gcc you'd add the files to the command line. ", "In MSVS adding the file to the project will make it compile it automatically (albeit files can, manually, be individually excluded from the build).", "\nIn Windows programming, the tell-tale sign that you did not link a necessary library is that the name of the unresolved symbol begins with __imp_. ", "Look up the name of the function in the documentation, and it should say which library you need to use. ", "For example, MSDN puts the information in a box at the bottom of each function in a section called \"Library\".", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSign-changing solutions for initial-boundary value problem for $\\partial_t u + \\partial^4_x u = 0$\n\nCan you point out a reference for the fact that solutions for the initial-boundary value problem associated to $$\\partial_t u + \\partial^4_x u = 0$$ with $u(0,\\cdot) >0$ can change sign (that is, need not be positive)?", "\n\nA:\n\nFor a delta-function initial condition, $u(x,0)=\\delta(x)$, the solution follows upon Fourier transformation,\n$$u(x,t)=\\frac{1}{\\pi}\\int_0^\\infty e^{-k^4 t} \\cos kx\\,dk .$$\nThis is a hypergeometric function which oscillates around zero, see the plot of $u(x,t)$ for $t=0.01,0.1,1$.\n\nThe delta-function initial condition is not strictly positive, but we can alternatively choose a gaussian $u(x,0)=\\exp(-ax^2)$ upon convolution:\n$$u(x,t)=\\frac{1}{\\pi}\\int_{-\\infty}^\\infty \\int_0^\\infty e^{-ax'^2}e^{-k^4 t} \\cos k(x-x')\\,dk dx'.$$\nThe sign change persists, see plot for $a=10$, $t=0.01$.\n\nThe OP asks for a reference, for example, the figure above is similar to figure 1 of this 2008 paper.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Root barrier\n\nRoot barrier is a physical underground wall, placed so that structures and plants may cohabit happily together.", "\n\nMethod of placement\nMethod of placement is to trench down to a naturally occurring horizontal zone which is rootproof, place the root barrier in one continuous piece into the trench with the root barrier top finishing above the ground.", "\n\nDevelopment of root barriers\nRoot barrier construction and applications has progressed since 1992 when technology progressed from a concrete barrier which cracked and failed, to specific plastics with the capacity to handle major stresses and loads created by matric suction, soil and moisture movement.", "\n\nInitial development of this product was based on stopping trees from affecting buildings, but as the research evolved it was discovered that what was actually being done was stabilizing moisture in reactive clay. ", "A flexible waterproof cut off wall placed around a building will allow the building foundations to float on a block of stable clay and moisture, reducing the need for piers and other structure and proving to be very economical.", "\n\nNormal placement \nThe normal placement of the barrier is to locate it around the structure, out from and parallel to the footings of the structure. ", "Try not to surround the tree. ", "The preferred method is placing the root barrier along beside the building, path, road etc. ", "so that the tree roots cannot gain access to the structure. ", "Root barrier works as a waterproof seal protecting the soil under the structure from moisture loss laterally. ", "The structure prevents loss of moisture vertically and so the moisture content of the soil can be stabilized and will stay constant. ", "After installation the soil under the building can be rehydrated if necessary to return it to the moisture content that it was when the building was built.", "\n\nArboricultural considerations\nArboricultural considerations, working in from the drip line, the closer you get to the trunk the higher the risk of damaging or destabilizing the tree. ", "About 50% of the distance from the drip line to the trunk is regarded as the closest you can cut without major risk to plants' health. ", "If it is necessary to trench closer than halfway towards the trunk, it would be advisable to engage the services of an arborist to assess the tree prior to the work being carried out, and to help nurse the tree through the period of installation.", "\n\nSoil considerations\nArea of good soil that the plant will require to live a healthy life may be calculated by multiplying the radius of the mature plant canopy by p r2 x .3m. The answer will give you the cubic volume of good soil required. ", "If works require the ground surface area is not available for the plant, special pits filled with quality soils, drainage etc. ", "may provide the answer.", "\n\nRoot barrier applications\n Civil works; Back of kerb, bio swales, protecting infrastructure.", "\n New houses; Stabilizing reactive clay under foundations,\n Established houses; Buildings cracked by clay shrinkage can be restored by isolating and stabilizing the moisture under the building.", "\n Waterproof cutoff walls;\n Contamination migration through the soil prevention.", "\n Landscaping applications; Root group separation, hardscape protection.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Horticulture and gardening" ]

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[ "Edward Jobin\n\n2018-02-07 14:06:05 -0500\n\nWhat bothers me more than anything is the pressure liberal politicians have exerted on the justice system to effect a change they feel to be in their benefit. ", "What should be an easy t figure out common sense response has been distorted to accommodate when religion for no other reason than it is large and pandering to them hope to reap the political spoils. ", "Imagine for a moment we were bringing in people from a country where they openly practised Satan worship punctuated with child sacrifice. ", "It would be simple for the court to say well you might practise that over there but here we have laws and our laws trump your religious beliefs and practises. ", "Simple enough right? ", "All that logic flew out the window because of greedy liberals who see the migrant influx as a key to their long term grasp on power and anyone opposing them, well you’re just bigots.", "\n\nit is also amazing that Trudeau can make those wanting to receive grant money to sign a pledge agreeing with his twisted abortion stance and yet he would never dare offend any immigrant’s cultural sensitivity by requesting they answer any questionnaire that might demonstrate if they will respect ur laws above any religious beliefs that might undermine our democratic liberties or endanger people’s lives.", "\n\ncommented" ]

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[ "Goal Reached & New International Rewards\n\nWe've reached our target - hooray! ", "I'm reaching out to some copy editors for a quote so that I know where we should aim for a stretch goal. ", "If you have other ideas about what we should do with additional funding, I'd definitely like to hear your thoughts!", "\n\nAlso, we received a request for international shipping - something that I had not really expected! ", "The Internet is a big place, though, and I've added International versions of all four permutations of softcover/hardcover and signed/not signed.", "\n\nMore updates with a tentative Table of Contents and a stretch goal forthcoming." ]

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[ "By Ed Coghlan.", "\n\nThe Oregon Health Authority has issued opioid prescribing guidelines for acute pain patients not currently using opioids.", "\n\nThe guidelines are aimed at patients receiving care from dentists, emergency room and primary care physicians as well as some post procedure/surgical care.", "\n\nThe OHA has been in the news this year for recommending policy that would force taper Medicaid patients off opioids in one year, a recommendation that has received considerable criticism from the chronic pain community and many providers who treat them.", "\n\nThe Oregon Acute Opioid Prescribing Guidelines are not designed to impact pain therapy for cancer patients, palliative care or end of life considerations.", "\n\nThe OHA document cites there has been a “30% reduction in opioid prescribing in Oregon since 2012 and yet prescribing rates remain high”, indicating that 20% of all Oregon residents received at least one opioid prescription in 2017.", "\n\nAccording to the report, “opioids should NOT be considered as first line therapy for mild to moderate pain. ", "Mild to moderate pain can often be treated without opioids by recommending over-the-counter medications, and physical treatments such as ice and immobilization. ", "If non-opioid interventions are ineffective and opioids are appropriate, prescribe the lowest effective dose of short-acting opioids for less than 3 days; incases of more severe acute pain, limit initial prescription to less than 7 days.", "\n\nThese guidelines would reduce the number of opioid pills in “circulation”.", "\n\n“While opioids are effective medications in acute pain management, many people do not use all of the pills that are prescribed by their doctors after an acute event,” said Katrina Hedberg, MD, state health officer at OHA. “", "What this tells us is that patients may not need as many pills as we think, and other forms of pain management may be safer and just as effective. ", "It also tells us that there are many excess pills sitting in medicine cabinets, which could be misused or stolen.”", "\n\nFor National Pain Report coverage on the forced taper proposal, click here.", "\n\nSubscribe to our blog via email" ]

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[ " UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT\n FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA\n______________________________\nRICHARD MILLER, )\n )\n Plaintiff, )\n )\n v. ) Civil Action No. ", "07-1832 (GK)\n )\nDEBORAH A.P. HERSMAN, )\nChairman, National )\nTransportation Safety Board, )\n )\n Defendant. ", " )\n______________________________)\n\n\n MEMORANDUM OPINION\n\n Plaintiff Richard Miller, a former employee of the National\n\nTransportation Safety Board (“NTSB” or “the Board”), brings suit\n\nagainst Defendant Deborah A. P. Hersman, Chairman of the NTSB. ", "The\n\nComplaint, which was filed pro se, alleges that Defendant engaged\n\nin discrimination on the basis of Plaintiff’s sex, age, and\n\ndisability and in retaliation for Plaintiff’s prior protected\n\nactivity in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,\n\nas amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., ", "the Age Discrimination in\n\nEmployment Act (“ADEA”), 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq., ", " and the\n\nRehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 701, et seq. ", "This matter is\n\npresently before the Court on Defendant’s Motion for Summary\n\nJudgment [Dkt. ", "No. ", "45] (“Def.", "’s Mot.”). ", "Upon consideration of the\n\nMotion, Opposition, Reply, and the entire record herein, and for\n\nthe reasons set forth below, the Motion for Summary Judgment is\n\ngranted in part, and denied in part.", "\n\fI. Background1\n\n Plaintiff Richard Miller was employed by the NTSB from June\n\n20, 1999 until his termination on June 30, 2006. ", "His first position\n\nat NTSB was an excepted appointment in the Office of the Chief\n\nFinancial Officer (“OCFO”) as an “Expert (TWA Management\n\nCoordinator).” ", "On July 16, 2000, Plaintiff’s position was converted\n\nto a career conditional appointment as a Financial Management\n\nSpecialist, GS-501-14, in OCFO. ", "Def.", "’s Stmt. ", "of Material Facts as\n\nto Which There Is No Genuine Dispute (“Def.", "’s Stmt. ", "of Facts”) ¶ 2;\n\nPl.", "’s Stmt. ", "of Genuine Issues ¶ 2. ", "His responsibilities included\n\nassessing, improving, and managing the agency’s credit card\n\nprogram, as well as other projects. ", "Def.", "’s Stmt. ", "of Facts ¶ 10.", "\n\nMiller was expected to perform these duties with a high degree of\n\nautonomy. ", "Id. ¶ 9.", "\n\n In each of the years between 2000 and 2003, Miller received\n\nboth “excellent” performance evaluations and a $2,000 incentive\n\naward based on his performance. ", "Plaintiff’s Opposition to the\n\nMotion for Summary Judgment (“Pl.", "’s Opp’n”) at 3 [Dkt. ", "No. ", "47]. ", "Don\n\nLibera, who was the Board’s Acting Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”)\n\nand Miller’s first-line supervisor beginning in 2001,2 personally\n\n\n 1\n The facts set forth herein are drawn from the parties’\nStatements of Material Facts Not in Dispute submitted pursuant to\nLocal Rule 7(h), the briefs, and the evidence in the record.", "\n 2\n Craig Keller was the CFO when Plaintiff began his\nemployment at NTSB in June 1999. ", "He was replaced by Mitch Levine in\nor about January 2000, who was replaced in turn by Libera. ", "Def.", "’s\n\n -2-\n\fpraised Miller’s good work, as did others.3 Id. However, starting\n\nin 2003, Miller’s performance evaluations declined considerably:\n\nfor the period from June 1, 2003 through May 31, 2004, he received\n\na “Minimally Successful” performance rating based on his failure to\n\ncomplete several tasks and his lack of timeliness. ", "Def.", "’s Stmt. ", "of\n\nFacts ¶ 12; see 2004 NTSB Performance Appraisal Form for Richard\n\nMiller (Ex. ", "D to Def.", "’s Mot.).", "\n\n Miller contends that his declining performance was the result\n\nof his physical and psychological impairments, which were worsening\n\nat that time. ", "In 2003, Miller began therapy for acute anxiety with\n\nDr. John C. Parkhurst, Ph.D. See Pl.", "’s Stmt. ", "of Genuine Issues ¶ 3;\n\nParkhurst Dep. ", "25:9-11, 26:13-6, June 16, 2009 (Ex. ", "OO to Def.", "’s\n\nMot.). ", "In January 2004, he was hospitalized for an anxiety attack.", "\n\nSee Miller Dep. ", "136:16-25, June 24, 2009 (Ex. ", "JJ to Def.", "’s Mot.).", "\n\nThe evidence in the record indicates that Libera knew of Miller’s\n\nhospitalization and discussed it with him shortly after his return\n\nto the NTSB, although it is not clear that Libera or any other\n\nsupervisors knew that the diagnosis was an anxiety attack. ", "Libera\n\nDep. ", "139:3-140:2, Apr. 16, 2009 (Ex. ", "QQ to Def.", "’s Mot.); ", "Ex. ", "JJ at\n\n133:1-134:3. ", " At some point in 2004, Miller also suffered a\n\nherniated disc and floating disc fragment in his back. ", "See Pl.", "’s\n\n\nStmt. ", "of Facts ¶¶ 4-6; Pl.", "’s Stmt. ", "of Genuine Issues ¶ 6.", "\n 3\n The parties dispute whether Miller was aware that Libera\nwas his first-line supervisor from December 2000 to March 2001. ", "See\nPl.", "’s Stmt. ", "of Genuine Facts ¶ 8.", "\n\n -3-\n\fStmt. ", "of Genuine Issues ¶ 3; Expert Report of Dr. Lamb at 2 (Feb.\n\n15, 2009) (Ex. ", "11 to Pl.", "’s Opp’n); Ex. ", "JJ at 129:7-130:18.", "\n\n According to Miller’s doctors, his physical ailments\n\nexacerbated his anxiety, which in turn led to depression and an\n\ninability to concentrate at work. ", "On May 22, 2004, Dr. Parkhurst\n\nwrote a letter recommending that Miller immediately cease working\n\nin order to improve his health. ", "Letter from Dr. Parkhurst (May 22,\n\n2004) (Ex. ", "13 to Pl.", "’s Opp’n) (recommending that Miller cease work\n\n“until such time that he has regained the behavioral health\n\nobjectives set forth by his medical doctor and myself”); see also\n\nEx. ", "OO at 40:15-43:14. ", "There is conflicting evidence on whether\n\nMiller’s supervisors were given the letter before or after the PIP\n\nperiod. ", " Defendant claims that Miller’s supervisors were not\n\ninformed of Dr. Parkhurst’s letter until October 21, 2005, when\n\nMiller submitted it in response to his proposed removal. ", "Def.", "’s\n\nMot. ", "at 14. ", "Miller, however, claims that he discussed the letter\n\nwith Libera in May of 2004 and left a copy of it “on his chair.”", "\n\nEx. ", "JJ at 169:25-170:20.", "\n\n On May 30, 2004, Miller was reassigned to the Accounting\n\nDivision as part of a reorganization of OCFO. ", "The Director of the\n\nAccounting Division, William J. Mills, became Miller’s first-line\n\nsupervisor, eventually assuming all of Libera’s supervisory duties.", "\n\nFrom June to November 2004, Libera retained supervisory\n\nresponsibility for Miller’s substantive assignments while Mills\n\n\n -4-\n\ftook on supervisory responsibility with respect to time,\n\nattendance, and leave. ", "Beginning in November 2004, Mills gained\n\nfull supervisory responsibility over Miller. ", "Pl.", "’s Opp’n at 4 n.3.", "\n\n While preparing his office for a furniture move earlier that\n\nmonth, Miller injured his back, exacerbating both his physical and\n\npsychological symptoms. ", "On May 27, 2004, while discussing his\n\nworkload and a project plan with Libera over e-mail, Miller\n\nmentioned that he was coming into the office against medical\n\nadvice. ", "However, the record does not indicate that Miller ever\n\nprovided a doctor’s note to Libera or his other supervisors\n\ncontaining that advice. ", "See E-mail from Richard Miller to Don\n\nLibera (May 27, 2004) (Ex. ", "15 to Pl.", "’s Opp’n). ", "Libera suggested\n\nthat Miller “[t]ake some time to relax” over the weekend, and that\n\nthey could discuss his workload the following Tuesday. ", "E-mail from\n\nDon Libera to Richard Miller (May 28, 2004) (Ex. ", "16 to Pl.", "’s\n\nOpp’n).", "\n\n In July 2004, Miller again injured his back at work. ", "As a\n\nresult of his two back injuries, he took approximately 300 hours of\n\nsick leave between May and December 2004. ", "Miller claims he was\n\ngiven no assistance in this period, and that he fell behind in his\n\nwork as a result. ", "Pl.", "’s Opp’n at 6.", "\n\n Miller also sought to take annual leave in late 2004, but his\n\nrequests were largely denied. ", "On September 24, 2004, Plaintiff\n\nsubmitted a request for annual leave for the period from September\n\n\n -5-\n\f27, 2004 until October 8, 2004, nine days after the September 15,\n\n2004, deadline for leave requests and with only three days’ notice.", "\n\nMills denied the request because “the entire period from September\n\n1 to November 15 is a time of increased activity,” as financial\n\nstatements were due on November 15, 2004. ", "E-mail from Bill Mills to\n\nRichard Miller (Sept. 27, 2004) (Ex. ", "I to Def.", "’s Mot.). ", "However,\n\nMiller was given shorter periods of one or two days at a time\n\nthrough October and extended leave for two or more weeks in\n\nNovember and December. ", "Miller’s subsequent request on October 27,\n\n2004, for nearly two months of leave was also denied because Mills\n\nbelieved that Miller would not be able to meet his work deadlines.", "\n\nSee Letter from Bill Mills to Richard Miller (Nov. 1, 2004) (Ex. ", "M\n\nto Def.", "’s Mot.).", "\n\n Miller’s performance ratings continued to decline throughout\n\nthis period. ", "On December 22, 2004, Libera and Mills met with Miller\n\nto formally issue his “Minimally Successful” performance rating for\n\nthe period from June 1, 2003 to May 31, 2004. ", "Def.", "’s Stmt. ", "of Facts\n\n¶ 21. ", "On January 10, 2005, Mills also issued a written performance\n\nwarning memorandum which described the improvements necessary to\n\ncorrect Miller’s deficiencies. ", "See Memorandum from Don Libera to\n\nRichard Miller on Performance Warning and Expectations (Jan. 10,\n\n2005) (Ex. ", "L to Def.", "’s Mot.). ", "The memorandum warned Miller that his\n\nfailure to correct the identified deficiencies and to maintain\n\nimprovements could result in an “Unacceptable” performance rating\n\n\n -6-\n\fand placement on a performance improvement plan (“PIP”). ", "If his\n\nunacceptable performance persisted after being placed on a PIP,\n\nMiller was told he could be demoted or removed from his position.", "\n\n Miller’s anxiety and depression continued to worsen in this\n\nperiod. ", "In a March 2005 letter, Dr. Parkhurst stated his opinion\n\nthat Miller would not be able to adequately recover from his\n\nanxiety disorder or quit smoking if he continued to work, and\n\nindicated that his treatment would be “optimized” if he ceased\n\nworking for six months to one year. ", "Letter from Dr. John C.\n\nParkhurst, Ph.D. (Mar. 5, 2005) (Ex. ", "RR to Def.", "’s Mot.). ", "Defendant\n\ncontends again that Miller did not submit this letter to his\n\nsupervisors, and that they first saw it in Miller’s reply to his\n\nproposed removal. ", "See Letter from Don Libera to Richard L. Miller\n\n(June 23, 2006) at 6 (Ex. ", "T to Def.", "’s Mot.).", "\n\n On May 16-27, 2005, Miller took two weeks of sick leave due to\n\nanxiety-related hives. ", "He claims that Mills was informed of the\n\nreason for this leave. ", "Ex. ", "JJ at 134:19-35:2. ", "Mills, however, does\n\nnot recall ever discussing Miller’s medical conditions with him,\n\nalthough he was aware of the sick leave. ", "Mills Dep. ", "51:21-53:1,\n\nJune 17, 2009 (Ex. ", "PP to Def.", "’s Mot.).", "\n\n On June 9, 2005, Miller received a memorandum from Mills\n\nnotifying him that he had received an “Unacceptable” performance\n\nrating for the period from June 1, 2004 to May 31, 2005. ", "Def.", "’s\n\nStmt. ", "of Facts ¶ 23; see NTSB Performance Appraisal Form (FINAL)\n\n\n -7-\n\ffor Richard Miller (Ex. ", "LL to Def.", "’s Mot.). ", "As a result, he was\n\nplaced on a 60-day PIP pursuant to 5 C.F.R. 432.104. ", "Def.", "’s Stmt.", "\n\nof Facts ¶ 24; see Memorandum from William J. Mills to Richard L.\n\nMiller, Notification of Unacceptable Performance and Implementation\n\nof a Performance Improvement Plan (June 9, 2005) (Ex. ", "Q to Def.", "’s\n\nMot.). ", "The PIP required Miller to continue his duties to oversee\n\nthe agency’s credit card program, as well as to perform other\n\nspecific tasks and to attend weekly status meetings with Mills.", "\n\n On June 13, 2005, Miller submitted a hand-written letter from\n\nhis physician, Dr. Joseph Lamb, requesting a part-time schedule of\n\n“4 hours per day” for a “week” on account of his “physical and\n\npsychological complaints.” ", "Letter from Dr. Joseph J. Lamb (June 13,\n\n2005) (Ex. ", "R to Def.", "’s Mot.). ", "Mills tentatively approved the leave,\n\nbut informed Miller that he was requesting further medical\n\ndocumentation to support it. ", "Def.", "’s Stmt. ", "of Facts ¶ 27; E-mail\n\nfrom William Mills to Richard Miller (June 15, 2005) (Ex. ", "20 to\n\nPl.", "’s Opp’n). ", "Miller did not take all of the leave approved for\n\nthat week because Mills’s approval was provisional and because his\n\nworkload had not been reduced. ", "Ex. ", "JJ at 173:6-19.", "\n\n After some delay, Dr. Lamb received Mills’s request for\n\nmedical documentation and provided his response on July 31, 2005.", "\n\nThe NTSB’s medical consultant, Dr. Neal L. Presant, reviewed all of\n\nthe evidence, including Dr. Lamb’s letter, and found that the\n\nrecommendation for the part-time schedule was “medically\n\n\n -8-\n\freasonable” given the circumstances. ", "Letter from Dr. Neal L.\n\nPresant to Cindy Lepson, Human Resources, NTSB (Sept. 14, 2005)\n\n(Ex. ", "21 to Pl.", "’s Opp’n).", "\n\n By August 3, 2005, which was the date of the final weekly\n\nprogress meeting with Mills, Miller had failed to complete any of\n\nthe PIP tasks due under Critical Elements No. ", "1 (“Credit Card\n\nProgram Oversight) and No. ", "4 (“Special Projects”). ", "The PIP was\n\nextended to August 19, 2009, while Mills was out of the office, but\n\nMiller did not complete any of the tasks due in that period,\n\neither. ", "Def.", "’s Stmt. ", "of Facts ¶¶ 39-40.", "\n\n On September 12, 2005, Mills informed Miller that he was\n\nproposing his removal from the NTSB based on unacceptable\n\nperformance under the PIP. ", " Miller was placed immediately on\n\nadministrative leave with pay. ", "Id. ¶¶ 44-45.", "\n\n On October 4, 2005, Dr. Lamb faxed a letter to the Board\n\nstating that the proposed removal action had traumatized Miller and\n\nthat he should “refrain from working (take sick leave) for the\n\nforeseeable future.” ", "Id. ¶ 46; Letter from Joseph J. Lamb, M.D.\n\n(Oct. 4, 2005) (Ex. ", "N to Def.", "’s Mot.). ", "Mills converted Miller’s\n\nadministrative leave to sick leave, although the parties dispute\n\nwhether he did this in response to Dr. Lamb’s recommendation or\n\nafter consultation with the Board’s human resources director, Cindy\n\nLepson. ", "Miller contends that he never requested to be placed on\n\nsick leave, as demonstrated by the fact that he received his normal\n\n\n -9-\n\fpay without losing sick leave while on administrative leave. ", "Pl.", "’s\n\nStmt. ", "of Genuine Issues ¶ 47.", "\n\n On October 21, 2005, Miller submitted through an attorney a\n\nwritten and oral reply to his proposed removal. ", "The oral reply was\n\ndelivered to Libera, who was the deciding official. ", "See Ex. ", "T at 2.", "\n\nMiller argued in his oral and written replies, with supporting\n\nmedical documentation, that his medical and psychological\n\nconditions had rendered him unable to perform his duties since July\n\n2004. ", "He also argued that he should not have been placed on a PIP\n\nbecause the Board was on notice of his condition, but instead\n\nshould have been placed on twelve weeks of leave under the Family\n\nand Medical Leave Act, 29 USC § 2601 et seq. ", "Finally, he requested\n\nan accommodation in the form of a leave of absence for six months\n\nin order to recover. ", "Id. at 3-4.", "\n\n Libera requested more information about Miller’s medical\n\ncondition for Dr. Presant’s review of Miller’s accommodation claim.", "\n\nMiller provided Reasonable Accommodation Inquiry material from\n\nthree of his doctors, as well as a release permitting Dr. Presant\n\nto speak with Dr. Adrienne Smith, Miller’s neurologist. ", "Letter from\n\nDr. Presant to Cindy Lepson, Human Resources Division, NTSB (Feb.\n\n21, 2006) (Ex. ", "HH to Def.", "’s Mot.). ", "The parties dispute whether\n\nMiller provided a medical release for Dr. Parkhurst and Dr. Lamb to\n\nspeak with Dr. Presant. ", "Pl.", "’s Stmt. ", "of Genuine Issues ¶¶ 41-53.", "\n\n\n\n\n -10-\n\f On February 21, 2006, Dr. Presant presented his conclusion to\n\nthe Board that Miller’s performance could have been impaired by his\n\nphysical and psychological conditions during the PIP period.", "\n\nHowever, Dr. Presant also concluded that there was little medical\n\naccommodation the Board could provide because Miller’s\n\npsychological issues resulted from his perceptions of harassment\n\nand threats at NTSB. ", "Ex. ", "HH. ", "Finally, Dr. Presant stated that since\n\nthere was no indication that Plaintiff’s medical condition would\n\nchange in the foreseeable future, he did not believe that a six-\n\nmonth leave of absence would accomplish anything. ", "Id.\n\n Libera requested that Dr. Lamb provide status updates every\n\ntwo weeks on Miller’s condition while his accommodation request and\n\nthe decision on his proposed removal were pending. ", "Dr. Lamb’s\n\nsubmissions reported that Miller’s stress level, though still\n\nelevated, had abated slightly by February 2006. ", "On June 1, 2006,\n\nDr. Lamb recommended that Miller return to work on July 3, 2006.", "\n\n Despite Dr. Lamb’s June 1, 2006, recommendation, on June 23,\n\n2006, Libera rejected Miller’s written and oral replies and removed\n\nhim from his position effective June 30, 2006. ", "Ex. ", "T at 8-9. ", "Libera\n\nconcluded that Miller’s medical and psychological conditions did\n\nnot qualify him as an individual with a disability under the law\n\nbecause he was not substantially limited in his ability to work.", "\n\n In support of his decision, Libera cited evidence that\n\nMiller’s medical providers believed he could perform his job duties\n\n\n -11-\n\fif he were moved to another environment where he did not feel\n\nharassed and stressed. ", "Libera also found that Miller actually had\n\nbeen given accommodations in the form of extra attention and\n\nadditional help to help him complete his work. ", "Finally, Libera\n\nnoted that Dr. Lamb’s July 31, 2005, letter simply requested a\n\npart-time schedule, not a leave of absence, and that Miller\n\nactually did complete some work in the PIP period, although he\n\nfailed to complete many of the designated PIP tasks. ", "Id.\n\n On July 25, 2006, Miller appealed his removal to the Merit\n\nSystems Protection Board. ", "A removal appeal hearing was held on\n\nNovember 27, 2006. ", "On December 15, 2006, the MSPB Administrative\n\nJudge denied Miller’s appeal, concluding that the agency’s\n\nperformance standards, as established in the PIP, were valid, that\n\nMiller’s performance was deficient, and that he was given a\n\nreasonable opportunity to improve. ", "Richard L. Miller v. Nat’l\n\nTransp. ", "Safety Bd., ", "No. ", "DC-0432-06-0724-I-1, 3-10 (M.S.P.B. Dec.\n\n15, 2006) (Ex. ", "TT to Def.", "’s Mot.). ", "The Administrative Judge also\n\nfound that Miller had failed to provide evidence of age\n\ndiscrimination, that he was not a disabled person under the\n\nRehabilitation Act during the PIP, that he had not articulated a\n\nreasonable accommodation, and that there was insufficient evidence\n\nto support Miller’s retaliation claim. ", "On February 19, 2007, Miller\n\nfiled a Petition for Review with the MSPB, which was denied on June\n\n20, 2007.", "\n\n\n -12-\n\f On July 19, 2007, Plaintiff filed a Petition for Review with\n\nthe EEOC. ", "See Richard Miller v. Ellen Engleman Conners, Chairman,\n\nNTSB, Petition No. ", "0320070099 (E.E.O.C. Aug. 21, 2007) (Ex. ", "35 to\n\nPl.", "’s Opp’n). ", "On August 21, 2007, the EEOC concurred with the\n\nMSPB’s conclusion of no discrimination.", "\n\n Finally, on October 11, 2007, Miller filed the present\n\nComplaint pro se,4 bringing claims of age, sex, and disability\n\ndiscrimination and retaliation. ", "On September 11, 2009, Defendant\n\nfiled a Motion for Summary Judgment, arguing that Miller was\n\njustifiably removed from his position for legitimate,\n\nnondiscriminatory reasons. ", "On November 2, 2009, Plaintiff filed an\n\nOpposition to Defendant’s Motion, contending that NTSB’s conduct\n\nviolated Title VII and the ADEA, as well as its obligations under\n\nthe Rehabilitation Act to “‘mak[e] reasonable accommodations to the\n\nknown physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified\n\nindividual with a disability.’” ", "Pl.", "’s Opp’n at 2 (quoting 42 U.S.C.\n\n§ 12112(b)(5)(A)(2009)) [Dkt. ", "No. ", "47]. ", "Defendant submitted a Reply\n\non December 10, 2009.", "\n\nII. ", "Standard of Review\n\n Summary judgment may be granted “only if” the pleadings, the\n\ndiscovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show\n\nthat there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the\n\n\n 4\n As stated, Plaintiff filed his Complaint pro se. ", "On\nNovember 15, 2007, he retained counsel in this case, well before\nDefendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment was filed.", "\n\n -13-\n\fmoving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. ", "See\n\nFed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 56(c), as amended December 1, 2007; Arrington v.\n\nUnited States, 473 F.3d 329, 333 (D.C. Cir. ", "2006). ", "In other words,\n\nthe moving party must satisfy two requirements: first, demonstrate\n\nthat there is no “genuine” factual dispute and, second, that if\n\nthere is, that it is “material” to the case. “", "A dispute over a\n\nmaterial fact is ‘genuine’ if ‘the evidence is such that a\n\nreasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving party.’”", "\n\nArrington, 473 F.3d at 333 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,\n\nInc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. ", "2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). ", "A\n\nfact is “material” if it might affect the outcome of the case under\n\nthe substantive governing law. ", "Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248.", "\n\n In Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380, 127 S.Ct. ", "1769, 167\n\nL.Ed.2d 686 (2007), the Supreme Court said,\n\n [a]s we have emphasized, “[w]hen the moving\n party has carried its burden under Rule 56(c),\n its opponent must do more than simply show\n that there is some metaphysical doubt as to\n the material facts.... Where the record taken\n as a whole could not lead a rational trier of\n fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is\n no ‘genuine issue for trial.’” ", "Matsushita\n Elec. ", "Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.,\n 475 U.S. 574, 586-87, 106 S.Ct. ", "1348, 89\n L.Ed.2d 538 ... (1986) (footnote omitted).", "\n “[T]he mere existence of some alleged factual\n dispute between the parties will not defeat an\n otherwise properly supported motion for\n summary judgment; the requirement is that\n there be no genuine issue of material fact.”", "\n\nLiberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 247-48 (emphasis in original).", "\n\n\n\n -14-\n\f However, the Supreme Court has also consistently emphasized\n\nthat “at the summary judgment stage, the judge’s function is\n\nnot . . . ", "to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the\n\nmatter, but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for\n\ntrial.” ", "Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248, 249. ", "In both Liberty Lobby\n\nand Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150,\n\n120 S.Ct. ", "2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000), the Supreme Court cautioned\n\nthat “[c]redibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence,\n\nand the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts, are jury\n\nfunctions, not those of a judge” deciding a motion for summary\n\njudgment. ", "Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 255.", "\n\n In assessing a motion for summary judgment and reviewing the\n\nevidence the parties claim they will present, “[t]he non-moving\n\nparty’s evidence ‘is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences\n\nare to be drawn in [that party’s] favor.’” ", "Hunt v. Cromartie, 526\n\nU.S. 541, 552, 119 S.Ct. ", "1545, 143 L.Ed.2d 731 (1999) (quoting\n\nLiberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 255). “", "To survive a motion for summary\n\njudgment, the party bearing the burden of proof at trial ... must\n\nprovide evidence showing that there is a triable issue as to an\n\nelement essential to that party’s claim.” ", "Arrington, 473 F.3d at\n\n335; see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324, 106 S.Ct.", "\n\n2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). “[", "I]f the evidence presented on a\n\ndispositive issue is subject to conflicting interpretations, or\n\nreasonable persons might differ as to its significance, summary\n\n\n -15-\n\fjudgment is improper.” ", " United States v. Philip Morris, 316\n\nF.Supp.2d 13, 16 (D.D.C. 2004) (quoting Greenberg v. FDA, 803 F.2d\n\n1213, 1216 (D.C. Cir. ", "1986)).", "\n\nIII. ", "Analysis\n\n In the Complaint, Miller alleges that Defendant’s failure to\n\naccommodate his disability constitutes discrimination under the\n\nRehabilitation Act. ", "The Complaint further alleges that Defendant\n\ndiscriminated against Miller on the basis of age, sex, and\n\ndisability by deciding to terminate his employment. ", "Finally, the\n\nComplaint alleges that the Board took these actions in reprisal for\n\nMiller’s protected activity. ", "Defendant moves for summary judgment\n\non all of these claims.", "\n\n A. Rehabilitation Act Claims: Discrimination on the Basis of\n Disability\n\n First, Miller alleges that Defendant discriminated against him\n\non the basis of his disability by (1) failing to grant him his\n\nproposed accommodation of a leave of absence for six months, and\n\n(2) removing him from his position at the NTSB. ", "The Rehabilitation\n\nAct provides that “[n]o otherwise qualified individual with a\n\ndisability”5 may be discriminated against by a federal agency\n\n 5\n The Rehabilitation Act adopts the standards and\ndefinitions used in the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”). ", "29\nU.S.C. 794(a). ", "Effective January 1, 2009, the ADA was amended to\nalter the definition of “disability.” ", "See ADA Amendments Act of\n2008, Pub. ", "L. No. ", "110-325, 122 Stat. ", "3553 (2008). ", "Specifically, the\namendments rejected the limitations imposed by the Supreme Court in\nToyota Motor Mfg. ", "Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams, 534 U.S. 184, 122\nS.Ct. ", "681, 151 L.Ed.2d 615 (2002), and Sutton v. United Air Lines,\n\n -16-\n\f“solely by reason of her or his disability.” ", "29 U.S.C. § 794(a). ", "To\n\nrecover under the Act, which adopts the ADA’s definition of\n\ndisability and discrimination, Miller must show that he “(1) ‘has\n\na physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or\n\nmore . . . ", "major life activities,’ (2) ‘has a record of such an\n\nimpairment,’ or (3) ‘is regarded as having such an impairment.’”", "\n\nAdams v. Rice, 531 F.3d 936, 943 (D.C. Cir. ", "2008) (quoting 29\n\nU.S.C. § 705(20)(B)).", "\n\n To be considered “qualified” under the Act, Miller must show\n\nthat he could have performed the essential functions of the\n\nposition with a reasonable accommodation. ", "Carr v. Reno, 23 F.3d\n\n525, 529 (D.C. Cir. ", "1994). ", "The employee has the burden of proving\n\nthat he is qualified. ", "Dorchy v. Washington Metro. ", "Area Transit\n\nAuthority, 45 F.Supp.2d 5, 11 (D.D.C. 1999).", "\n\n 1. ", " Whether Miller Is Disabled Presents a Genuine Issue\n of Material Fact in Dispute\n\n Miller contends that his psychological and physical\n\nimpairments constituted a disability under the Rehabilitation Act\n\nbecause they substantially limited his ability to think and to\n\n\n527 U.S. 471, 119 S.Ct. ", "2139, 144 L.Ed.2d 450 (1999). ", "Defendant\ncontends that the pre-2008 definition of “disability” should apply\nbecause the ADA Amendments Act is not to be applied retroactively.", "\nDef.", "’s Mot. ", "at 18 n.15; see Lytes v. DC Water and Sewer Authority,\n572 F.3d 936, 940 (D.C. Cir. ", "2009) (“Congress clearly indicated the\nstatute would apply only from January 1, 2009 forward.”); ", "Marshall\nv. Potter, 634 F.Supp.2d 66, 70 n.4 (D.D.C. 2009). ", "Plaintiff did\nnot oppose Defendant’s argument. ", "Thus, the Court will look to the\ndefinition of “disability” which was in effect at the time of the\nalleged discrimination.", "\n\n -17-\n\fconcentrate and, therefore, to perform his work responsibilities at\n\nNTSB. ", "Defendant does not dispute that Miller suffered from anxiety,\n\ndepression, back injuries, and pulmonary disease during the PIP\n\nperiod, but contends that these impairments do not qualify as\n\ndisabilities under the law because (1) thinking and concentrating\n\nare not major life activities under the Rehabilitation Act; and (2)\n\nthe impairments did not substantially limit Miller’s ability to\n\nwork.", "\n\n a. Thinking and Working Are Major Life Activities\n\n First, Defendant argues that Miller is not disabled under the\n\nlaw because the activities which Miller alleges were substantially\n\nlimited by his impairments are not “major life activities” under\n\nthe law. ", "A “major life activity” is a “basic activity that the\n\naverage person in the general population can perform with little or\n\nno difficulty.” ", "Pack v. Kmart Corp., 166 F.3d 1300, 1305 (10th Cir.", "\n\n1999). ", "Only those activities that are “of central importance to\n\ndaily life” are major life activities. ", "Toyota Motor Mfg., ", "534 U.S.\n\nat 196-97.", "\n\n Miller alleges that his ability to think and to concentrate\n\nand, subsequently, to perform his work at NTSB were substantially\n\nlimited by his impairments. ", "Defendant contends that the ability to\n\nthink and to concentrate are not major life activities, relying\n\nchiefly on a Tenth Circuit opinion which reaches that conclusion.", "\n\nSee Def.", "’s Mot. ", "at 25-26 (discussing Pack v. Kmart Corp., 166 F.3d\n\n\n -18-\n\f1300, 1305 (10th Cir. ", "1999)). ", "Although this Circuit has not yet\n\ndecided the issue, the Third, Fifth, Eighth, and Ninth Circuits\n\nhave all held that thinking is a major life activity. ", "See Taylor v.\n\nPhoenixville Sch. ", "Dist., ", "184 F.3d 296, 307 (3d Cir. ", "1999); EEOC v.\n\nChevron Phillips Chem. ", "Co., LP, 570 F.3d 606, 616 (5th Cir. ", "2009);\n\nMoysis v. DTG Datanet, 278 F.3d 819, 825 (8th Cir. ", "2002); Linder v.\n\nPotter, 304 F. App’x 570, 571 (9th Cir. ", "2008). ", "In addition, the\n\nEEOC’s ADA Compliance Manual lists thinking as a major life\n\nactivity. ", "EEOC Compliance Manual, § 902.3(b) (2008), available at\n\nhttp://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/902cm.html. ", "Given the strength of\n\nthis precedent, the Court is satisfied that thinking6 is a major\n\nlife activity.", "\n\n Because Miller’s position at NTSB was a “desk job,” his main\n\nresponsibilities could not be performed without thinking.7 Thus,\n\n\n 6\n There is less agreement on whether concentrating is a\nmajor life activity. ", "See, e.g., Goodman-Robinson v. United States\nPostal Svc., ", "No. ", "03-cv-1414, 2005 WL 3416433, at *3 n.9 (D.D.C.\nDec. 13, 2005) (unpublished decision) (noting conflicting authority\non whether the ability to concentrate is a major life activity).", "\nThe Court need not decide at this stage of the litigation whether\nconcentrating is a major life activity because it concludes that\nPlaintiff has identified at least two other major life activities,\nthinking and working, which he believes were substantially limited\nby his impairments.", "\n 7\n These responsibilities required Miller to “identify a\nvariety of policy issues, questions, and problems related to the\nAgency’s credit card programs, including designing or maintaining\nthe system of checks and balances to provide reasonable assurance\nthat employees adhered to policies and procedures in order to\nprotect from waste, fraud, abuse or mismanagement, provide\nprogrammatic guidance and assistance to the CFO; independently\nreview and interpret reports and other data from a variety of\n\n -19-\n\f Miller alleges that his inability to think resulted in his\n\ninability to work, which he contends is another major life\n\nactivity. ", "Defendant does not dispute that working is a major life\n\nactivity under the pre-2008 Rehabilitation Act.8 The Court\n\ntherefore assumes that it is a major life activity for the purposes\n\nof deciding this Motion.", "\n\n b. Whether Miller’s Major Life Activities Were\n Substantially Limited by His Impairments\n Presents a Genuine Issue of Material Fact in\n Dispute\n\n Next, Defendant argues that Miller could not have been\n\nsubstantially limited in the major life activities of thinking and\n\nworking because his doctors stated that he could have performed\n\nthese activities in a different environment, one where he did not\n\nfeel harassed or threatened. ", "Def.", "’s Mot. ", "at 27-31. ", "In other words,\n\nDefendant argues that Miller’s alleged disability was temporary in\n\n\n\n\nsources, identify program areas and provide analyses and\nrecommendations for improvement; conduct special projects as\nassigned, involving independent planning, collection of data,\norganization and assessment of information, formulation of\nfindings, conclusions and recommendations, and present clear and\nsupportable results.” ", "Def.", "’s Mot. ", "at 3 n.3. ", "Clearly, the range of\nthese responsibilities indicates that Miller should operate with\nsubstantial autonomy and independence.", "\n 8\n The ADA Amendments Act of 2008 amended the definition of\ndisability to explicitly include working as a major life activity.", "\nSee ADA Amendments Act of 2008, Pub. ", "L. No. ", "110-325, 122 Stat. ", "3553\n(2008). ", "However, as explained above, supra note 3, the pre-2008\ndefinition of disability--which does not specifically address\nwhether working is a major life activity--applies here.", "\n\n -20-\n\fnature, not permanent or long-term, because it was situationally\n\nrelated.", "\n\n An impairment substantially limits a major life activity when\n\nit “prevents or severely restricts the individual from doing\n\nactivities that are of central importance to most people’s daily\n\nlives. ", "The impairment’s impact must also be permanent or long-\n\nterm.” ", "Toyota Motor Mfg., ", "534 U.S. at 195; see also 29 C.F.R. §\n\n1630.2(j)(2). “", "If the impact of an impairment can be eliminated by\n\nchanging the address at which an individual works, that impairment\n\nis neither permanent nor long term.” ", "Haynes v. Williams, 392 F.3d\n\n478, 483 (D.C. Cir. ", "2004).", "\n\n In response to the agency’s Reasonable Accommodation Inquiry,\n\nDr. Parkhurst wrote that “[Miller] could perform job duties in\n\nanother environment, free from harassment and threats.” ", "Dr. John C.\n\nParkhurst, Ph.D., Response to NTSB Reasonable Accommodation Inquiry\n\n(Jan. 10, 2006) at 6 (Ex. ", "Y to Def.", "’s Mot.). ", "In addition, Dr. Lamb\n\nindicated that Miller’s work environment exacerbated his depression\n\nand anxiety, and that Miller’s condition could not improve unless\n\nhis working conditions first improved. ", "See Letter from Dr. Joseph\n\nJ. Lamb, M.D. (Jan. 29, 2007) at 3 (Ex. ", "V to Def.", "’s Mot.); ", "Letter\n\nfrom Dr. Joseph J. Lamb, M.D. (Jul. 31, 2005) at 2 (Ex. ", "U to Def.", "’s\n\nMot.) (", "Dr. Lamb concluded that “[Miller’s] medical problems provide\n\ncertain roadblocks to adequate completion of his work; however,\n\nthis has been greatly magnified by the hostile environment . . . .", "\n\n\n -21-\n\fI strongly believe that resolution of this issue will lead to\n\nsignificant incremental improvements in Mr. Miller’s performance\n\n. . . .”). ", "Thus, Defendant argues, Miller was not disabled under\n\nthe Rehabilitation Act because his impairments could have been\n\naccommodated through a transfer to a different workplace.", "\n\n First, it should be noted that Defendant’s argument--that an\n\nimpairment which can be accommodated through a transfer or\n\nrelocation can only be a temporary disability--somewhat\n\noversimplifies the caselaw.", "\n\n For example, in EEOC v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 249 F.3d\n\n557, 563 (6th Cir. ", "2001), the court concluded that “a reasonable\n\njury could find that [plaintiff] was properly ‘disabled’ under the\n\n[ADA] due to the substantial limitations his allergy placed on his\n\nability to perform his job while in Texas, the place where he\n\nsought the accommodation of a relocation.” ", "In Desmond v. Mukasey,\n\n530 F.3d 944, 955-61 (D.C. Cir. ", "2008), this Circuit held that a\n\nreasonable jury could find a disability, even when the plaintiff\n\nargued that a transfer to a different geographic location would\n\nresolve his condition, where the evidence showed that the plaintiff\n\nsuffered from longstanding sleeplessness due to post-traumatic\n\nstress disorder and where the problem became progressively worse\n\nover time.9 Thus, impairments which may be accommodated through a\n\n\n 9\n The court in Desmond distinguished Haynes because (1) the\nDesmond plaintiff’s mental problems persisted even when he was on\nleave in his preferred location; and (2) the ultimate source of the\n\n -22-\n\ftransfer or relocation can, under certain circumstances, qualify as\n\ndisabilities under the Rehabilitation Act.", "\n\n Second, Miller never actually asked for a transfer in order to\n\naccommodate his physical and mental impairments, but rather\n\nrequested six months’ leave in order to recover. ", "The case upon\n\nwhich Defendant primarily relies, Osika v. Bd. ", "of Ed. ", "for Bremen\n\nCommunity High Schools, 1999 WL 1044838 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 16, 1999),\n\nis therefore distinguishable. ", "The plaintiff in Osika was a high\n\nschool teacher who requested a transfer because, she argued, the\n\nstress inherent in her particular school contributed to her\n\ndepression. ", "See also Rand v. Geithner, 609 F.Supp.2d 97, 103-04\n\n(D.D.C. 2009) (where plaintiff requested transfer because\n\ndepression resulted from micro-management and harassment). ", "The\n\ncourt in Osika concluded that the plaintiff had failed to allege\n\nsufficient evidence of a disability, since “[b]y Plaintiff’s own\n\nadmission as well as that of her treating psychiatrist, she would\n\nhave been able to fully perform her job functions, if only she were\n\ntransferred to another school.” ", "Osika, 1999 WL 1044838, at *5.", "\n\n In this case, Miller has taken a somewhat opaque position on\n\nwhether a transfer was necessary to enable him to fully perform his\n\njob functions. ", "Although his doctors indicated that the stress and\n\nperceived harassment at NTSB contributed to and exacerbated his\n\n\nDesmond plaintiff’s mental problems was not the particular building\nin which he worked, but originated from a traumatic burglary which\noccurred outside of the workplace. ", "530 F.3d 960-61.", "\n\n -23-\n\fconditions, Miller has always sought to retain his position there.", "\n\nIn fact, the only accommodation he requested in reply to his\n\nproposed removal was six months’ leave to recuperate. ", "It could be\n\ninferred from Miller’s failure to request a transfer that he\n\nbelieved it was not essential in order to accommodate his\n\ndisability.", "\n\n Critically, the record in this case also includes evidence\n\nfrom Miller’s doctors that conflicts with Dr. Parkhurst’s statement\n\nthat Miller could have performed his duties in a different\n\nenvironment. ", "For example, Dr. Lamb gave a sworn statement that his\n\nmedical recommendation for Miller to cease work was based on his\n\nconclusion that Miller was unable to perform any “white collar”\n\nwork at all, not just the duties required in his position at NTSB.", "\n\nAff. ", "of Dr. Lamb at ¶ 6 (Ex. ", "12 to Pl.", "’s Opp’n). ", "And Dr. Parkhurst\n\nhimself indicated in an October 11, 2005, letter to the Board that\n\nMiller was fully disabled “from all work.” ", " Letter from Dr.\n\nParkhurst (Oct. 11, 2005) (Ex. ", "X to Def.", "’s Mot.); ", "see also Letter\n\nfrom Dr. Parkhurst (May 22, 2004) (Ex. ", "13 to Pl.", "’s Opp’n). ", "Thus,\n\nwhether Miller’s impairments could have been accommodated through\n\na transfer, even if he had requested one, or six months’ leave,\n\npresents a genuine issue of material fact.", "\n\n Next, Defendant argues that Miller has failed to show that his\n\npsychological impairments substantially limited his ability to work\n\nbecause he has not shown that he is unable to work in a broad class\n\n\n -24-\n\fof jobs. “[", "S]ubstantially limits” means “significantly restricted\n\nin the ability to perform either a class of jobs or a broad range\n\nof jobs in various classes as compared to the average person having\n\ncomparable training, skills and abilities. ", "The inability to perform\n\na single, particular job does not constitute a substantial\n\nlimitation in the major life activity of working.” ", "29 C.F.R. §\n\n1630.2(j)(3)(i).", "\n\n First, as Plaintiff points out, the requirement that a\n\nplaintiff employee be disqualified from a class or broad range of\n\njobs only applies when the major life activity claimed to be\n\nsubstantially limited is that of working. ", "See Pl.", "’s Opp’n at 20;\n\nToyota Motor Mfg., ", "534 U.S. at 199-200 (“Nothing in the text of the\n\nAct, our previous opinions, or the regulations suggests that a\n\nclass-based framework should apply outside the context of the major\n\nlife activity of working.”). ", "Although Miller does claim that his\n\nimpairments substantially limited his ability to work, he also\n\nclaims that they limited his ability to think, which this Court has\n\nconcluded constitutes a major life activity. ", "Thus, even if this\n\nCourt were to agree that a reasonable jury could not find from the\n\nevidence that Miller was disabled from a general class of jobs, his\n\nclaim that his disability substantially limited his ability to\n\nthink would remain.", "\n\n More importantly, as stated above, the record includes\n\nevidence from Miller’s own doctors that he was unable to perform\n\n\n -25-\n\fany white collar work. ", " Thus, whether Miller’s impairments\n\ndisqualified him from a broad category of jobs or only his specific\n\nposition at the NTSB also presents a genuine issue of material fact\n\nin dispute.", "\n\n For these reasons, Defendant is not entitled to summary\n\njudgment on the question of whether Miller was disabled.", "\n\n 2. ", " Whether Miller Is a Qualified Employee Presents a\n Genuine Issue of Material Fact in Dispute\n\n Next, Defendant argues that Miller is not a “qualified”\n\nemployee under the Rehabilitation Act. ", "As stated above, an employee\n\nis “qualified” under the Rehabilitation Act when he is able to\n\nperform the essential functions of his job with or without\n\nreasonable accommodation. ", "29 C.F.R. § 1614.203(a)(6); see also\n\nCarr, 23 F.3d at 530 (interpreting “with or without reasonable\n\naccommodation” to mean either with or without; an individual with\n\nhandicaps is qualified if he can perform the essential functions of\n\nhis position with reasonable accommodation).", "\n\n “[A]n essential function of any government job is an ability\n\nto appear for work (whether in the workplace or, in the unusual\n\ncase, at home) and to complete assigned tasks within a reasonable\n\nperiod of time.” ", "Carr, 23 F.3d at 530. ", "Defendant argues that Miller\n\nwould have been unable to perform the essential functions of his\n\nposition at the NTSB if his requested accommodation--a leave of\n\nabsence for six months--had been granted. ", "See Def.", "’s Mot. ", "at 36\n\n(“Plaintiff’s request for leave of absence for a continuous period\n\n -26-\n\f. . . ", "was not reasonable because it would not allow Plaintiff to\n\nperform the essential functions of his job.”).", "\n\n Defendant’s argument is based on an erroneous interpretation\n\nof the inquiry. ", "The question is whether Miller’s proposed leave of\n\nabsence--the accommodation he explicitly requested--could have\n\nsufficiently improved his physical and mental conditions such that\n\nhe would have been capable of returning to his position and\n\ncompleting the work expected of him. ", "If so, Miller was a qualified\n\nemployee.10 The question is not whether, as Defendant poses it,\n\nMiller would have been able to complete assigned tasks during his\n\nleave of absence, but rather whether he would have been able to\n\ncomplete assigned tasks after completing his leave of absence.", "\n\nUnder Defendant’s interpretation, an employee seeking a medical\n\nleave of absence would rarely be deemed a qualified employee under\n\nthe Rehabilitation Act. ", "As the caselaw upholding leaves of absence\n\nas reasonable accommodations makes clear, this is not the law. ", "See,\n\ne.g., Nunes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 164 F.3d 1243, 1247 (9th Cir.", "\n\n1999); Hudson v. MCI Telecomms. ", "Corp., 87 F.3d 1167, 1169 (10th\n\nCir. ", "1996).", "\n\n\n\n 10\n The fact that Miller’s proposed accommodation was\nintended to sufficiently improve his condition so that he could\nmaintain a normal attendance record and complete assigned tasks on\nschedule also distinguishes Miller from the plaintiffs in Carr v.\nReno, 23 F.3d 525, 528 (D.C. Cir. ", "1994) and Meadows v. Mukasey, 555\nF.Supp.2d 205 (D.D.C. 2008). ", "In Carr and Meadows, the plaintiffs\nwere not qualified employees under the Rehabilitation Act because\nthey were unable to work even with an accommodation.", "\n\n -27-\n\f Defendant also argues that Plaintiff has failed to show how a\n\nleave of absence would improve his physical and psychological\n\nimpairments. ", "Id. at 37. ", "However, Miller’s doctors justified the\n\nrecommendation of leave on the basis that it would enable him to\n\nrecover and to return to work. ", "See, e.g., Letter from John C.\n\nParkhurst, Ph.D. (recommending six months to one year of leave and\n\nstating he “would re-evaluate [Miller’s] ability to return to work\n\nperiodically, as symptoms abate”) (Ex. ", "RR to Def.", "’s Mot.); ", "Affid.", "\n\nof Dr. Lamb ¶ 7 (Ex. ", " 12 to Pl.", "’s Opp’n) (explaining that\n\nrecommendation that Miller could return to work in July of 2006 was\n\nbased on finding that he had regained his ability to work\n\nsuccessfully, though impairments persisted). ", "In fact, Miller was\n\nplaced on sick leave for over six months--from September 12, 2005,\n\nuntil June 23, 2006--and Dr. Lamb concluded that his condition had\n\nsufficiently improved for him to return to work.", "\n\n Consequently, there is a genuine dispute as to whether the\n\nproposed accommodation would have enabled Miller to perform the\n\nessential functions of his job once he returned to work. ", "The Court\n\nthus concludes that Defendant is not entitled to summary judgment\n\non the issue of whether Miller was a qualified employee under the\n\nRehabilitation Act.", "\n\n 3. ", " Defendant Offers No Evidence That Miller’s Proposed\n Accommodation Was Unreasonable\n\n Having rejected Defendant’s arguments for summary judgment on\n\nwhether Miller is a qualified employee with a disability under the\n\n -28-\n\fRehabilitation Act, the Court now turns to Defendant’s challenges\n\nto Miller’s specific discrimination claims. ", "First, Defendant argues\n\nthat summary judgment is appropriate for Miller’s discrimination\n\nclaim based on the Board’s refusal to accommodate his disability\n\nbecause the proposed accommodation--six months of leave--was\n\nunreasonable.", "\n\n “‘An employer is not required to provide an employee that\n\naccommodation he requests or prefers, the employer need only\n\nprovide some reasonable accommodation.’” ", "Aka v. Washington Hosp.", "\n\nCtr., ", "156 F.3d 1284, 1305 (D.C. Cir. ", "1998) (quoting Gile v. United\n\nAirlines, Inc., 95 F.3d 492, 496-98 (7th Cir.1996)). ", "A leave of\n\nabsence for an indefinite period or an accommodation that creates\n\nan undue hardship on the employer is unreasonable. ", "Id.; see also\n\nHudson, 87 F.3d at 1169 (where plaintiff failed to present any\n\nevidence of the expected duration of her impairment as of the date\n\nof her termination).", "\n\n However, in this case, Miller requested leave for a specific\n\nperiod of time: six months.11 Defendant has offered no evidence that\n\n\n 11\n Defendant asserts in his Motion for Summary Judgment that\nPlaintiff’s requested accommodation was for “six to twelve months\nor indefinitely.” ", "See Def.", "’s Mot. ", "at 36. ", "However, this assertion is\nnot supported by Defendant’s own evidence, or any other evidence in\nthe record. ", "In his letter setting forth the agency’s removal\ndecision, Libera makes clear that, while Miller’s doctors\nrecommended six to twelve months of leave, Miller was requesting a\nsix-month leave of absence. ", "See Letter from Don Libera to Richard\nL. Miller (June 23, 2006) (Ex. ", "T to Def.", "’s Mot.) ", "at 2-3 (“[Miller]\nprovided medical documentation . . . ", "recommending a leave of\nabsence for six months to one year in order to stabilize [his]\n\n -29-\n\fsuch an extended period of leave would have created an undue\n\nhardship on the Board. ", "In fact, Libera decided to remove Miller on\n\nJune 23, 2006, after having been informed by Dr. Lamb that Miller\n\nwould be able to return to work in just a few weeks. ", "Defendant’s\n\nargument is therefore rejected, and the Motion for Summary Judgment\n\non Miller’s Rehabilitation Act claim based on the agency’s failure\n\nto accommodate his disability is denied.", "\n\n 4. ", " Whether the Board Discriminated Against Miller by\n Removing Him Presents a Genuine Issue of Material\n Fact in Dispute\n\n Finally, Defendant moves for summary judgment on Miller’s\n\nRehabilitation Act claim based on his removal from NTSB. ", "In order\n\nto make out a prima facie case of discrimination under the\n\nRehabilitation Act, Plaintiff must show that he is disabled, that\n\nhe is an “otherwise qualified” federal employee, and that he was\n\nterminated from employment because of his disability. ", "Baloch v.\n\nKempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1196 (D.C. Cir. ", "2008).", "\n\n\n\n\ncondition. . . . [", "Miller] concluded that the PIP and proposed\nremoval should be rescinded and [he] should be allowed to take six\nmonths leave for recovery . . . .”) (", "emphasis added). ", "Likewise, the\nagency’s Reasonable Accommodation Inquiry to Dr. Parkhurst states,\nin the agency’s words, that Miller “has requested an accommodation\nof six months leave . . . .” ", "Response to Reasonable Accommodation\nInquiry of Dr. John C. Parkhurst, Ph.D. at 721 (Jan. 10, 2006) (Ex.", "\nW to Def.", "’s Mot.). ", "Defendant provides no support for the statement\nthat Miller’s actual request was for up to twelve months of leave,\nlet alone indefinite leave.", "\n\n -30-\n\f However, where a defendant has offered a legitimate, non-\n\ndiscriminatory purpose for its adverse actions, consideration of\n\nthe adequacy of a plaintiff’s prima facie case is unnecessary:\n\n Once the employer has [produced a legitimate,\n non-discriminatory purpose], the\n burden-shifting framework disappears, and a\n court reviewing summary judgment looks to\n whether a reasonable jury could infer\n intentional discrimination or retaliation from\n all the evidence, including ‘(1) the\n plaintiff’s prima facie case; (2) any evidence\n the plaintiff presents to attack the\n employer’s proffered explanation for its\n action; and (3) any further evidence of\n discrimination that may be available to the\n plaintiff (such as independent evidence of\n discriminatory statements or attitudes on the\n part of the employer).’", "\n\nCarter v. George Washington University, 387 F.3d 872, 878 (D.C.\n\nCir. ", "2004) (quoting Waterhouse v. District of Columbia, 298 F.3d\n\n989, 992-93 (D.C.Cir. ", "2002)). ", "Defendant’s burden is only one of\n\nproduction, and it need not persuade the court that it was actually\n\nmotivated by the proffered reasons. ", "Smith v. Jackson, 539 F.Supp.2d\n\n116, 133 (D.D.C. 2008).", "\n\n “[I]f [plaintiff] is unable to adduce evidence that could\n\nallow a reasonable trier of fact to conclude that [defendant’s]\n\nproffered reason was a pretext for discrimination, summary judgment\n\nmust be entered against [plaintiff].” ", "Paquin v. Fed. ", "Nat’l Mortgage\n\nAss’n, 119 F.3d 23, 27-28 (D.C. Cir. ", " 1997). ", " However, “[t]he\n\nstrength of the plaintiff’s prima facie case, especially the\n\nexistence of a causal connection, can be a significant factor in\n\n\n -31-\n\fhis attempt to rebut the defendant’s legitimate non-retaliatory\n\nreason for the adverse action.” ", "Holmes-Martin v. Sebelius, 693\n\nF.Supp.2d 141, 152 (D.D.C. 2010).", "\n\n Here, Defendant has proffered a legitimate, non-discriminatory\n\nreason for terminating Miller from his position: his unsatisfactory\n\nperformance during the PIP period. ", "In response, Miller points out\n\nthat Dr. Presant advised Libera before his removal decision that\n\nMiller’s performance during the PIP period could have been impaired\n\nby his physical and psychological conditions. ", "Miller argues that\n\nthere is thus a genuine dispute as to whether the Board knowingly\n\nterminated him because of his disability.", "\n\n The Court agrees. ", "Libera’s written removal decision makes\n\nclear that he decided to terminate Miller despite knowing that his\n\nimpairments affected his ability to perform work during the PIP\n\nperiod. ", "See Ex. ", "T at 6. ", "Although Libera states that he nevertheless\n\nconcluded that Miller was not a disabled person under the ADA, a\n\nreasonable jury might find that this was pretext. ", "Defendant’s\n\nMotion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiff’s Rehabilitation Act\n\nclaims is therefore denied.", "\n\n To summarize, Defendant is not entitled to summary judgment on\n\neither of Plaintiff’s Rehabilitation Act claims. ", " Although\n\nDefendant’s arguments against these claims are strong, they are\n\nmore appropriately delivered to a jury in closing argument because\n\nthey fail to address the key standard for granting summary\n\n\n -32-\n\fjudgment: whether there are no genuine issues of material fact\n\nwhich are in dispute. ", "See Solomon v. Vilsack, No. ", "09-5319, 2010 WL\n\n5155581, at *11 (D.C. Cir. ", "Dec. 21, 2010) (noting that, while a\n\njury “might well be skeptical” of plaintiff’s claims, they will\n\nsurvive summary judgment if a reasonable jury could find the\n\nevidence “not inconsistent with the elements of [a] claim”).", "\n\n B. Title VII and ADEA Claims: Age and Sex Discrimination\n\n Defendant also moves for summary judgment on Miller’s Title\n\nVII sex discrimination claim and his ADEA age discrimination claim.", "\n\nThe McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973),\n\nburden-shifting framework applies to Title VII and ADEA claims.", "\n\nThus, as stated above, where a defendant has offered a legitimate,\n\nnon-discriminatory purpose for its adverse actions, the court\n\nshould proceed to consider only whether the plaintiff has offered\n\nsufficient evidence from which a jury could find that defendant’s\n\nproffered reason was a pretext for discrimination or that it was\n\nmore likely than not that the employer was motivated by\n\ndiscrimination. ", "Paquin, 119 F.3d at 27-28; Ford v. Mabus, No. ", "09-\n\n5041 (D.C. Cir. ", "Dec. 10, 2010) (slip opinion).", "\n\n As stated above, Defendant contends that Plaintiff was removed\n\nbecause he failed to demonstrate successful performance or complete\n\nany assignments on two critical elements of his position in the PIP\n\nperiod. ", "Miller therefore must offer sufficient evidence from which\n\na jury could conclude by a preponderance that this stated reason\n\n\n -33-\n\ffor his removal was a pretext for age and/or sex discrimination in\n\norder for these claims to survive summary judgment.", "\n\n 1. ", " ADEA Age Discrimination Claim\n\n Miller can satisfy his burden to prove discriminatory animus\n\neither by offering evidence that the defendant did not honestly\n\nbelieve in the reason it offered or by showing that a similarly\n\nsituated employee was treated differently. ", "Smith v. Jackson, 539\n\nF.Supp.2d at 136. ", "Miller offers no evidence that his supervisors\n\ndid not honestly believe that his performance had reached\n\nunsatisfactory levels. ", "Indeed, Miller does not dispute that he did\n\nnot complete many of the tasks assigned to him during the PIP\n\nperiod.", "\n\n Thus, Miller must show that a similarly situated employee at\n\nNTSB was treated differently in order for his age discrimination\n\nclaim to survive summary judgment. ", "Miller cites to his October 20,\n\n2006, deposition, in which he stated that the Board routinely\n\nremoves older employees through a PIP process. ", "Ex. ", "29 to Pl.", "’s\n\nOpp’n at 84:21-86:23, 113:15-18 (Oct. 20, 2006) (Ex. ", "II to Def.", "’s\n\nMot.). ", "In his deposition, he described how another NTSB employee\n\nover the age of 57, Donna Dennis, and he were placed on a PIP in\n\n2005. ", "He alleges this was done to create open positions for younger\n\nemployees.", "\n\n However, Miller offers no evidence that Donna Dennis was a\n\nsimilarly situated employee in that her performance declined both\n\n\n -34-\n\fbefore and during the PIP period. ", "More importantly, Miller offers\n\nno evidence that younger employees who were similarly situated--\n\nmeaning their performance declined both before and during the PIP\n\nperiod--were treated differently by not being removed from their\n\npositions. ", "See Smith v. Jackson, 539 F.Supp.2d at 135 (explaining\n\nthat all relevant aspects of comparator’s employment situation must\n\nbe “nearly identical” to plaintiff’s, and that plaintiff’s own\n\ndisciplinary history with defendant may be a relevant,\n\ndistinguishing factor).", "\n\n Thus, the Court concludes that Miller has failed to offer\n\nsufficient evidence that Defendant’s proffered legitimate reason\n\nfor his removal is a pretext for age discrimination. ", "Consequently,\n\nDefendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Miller’s age\n\ndiscrimination claim is granted.", "\n\n 2. ", " Title VII Sex Discrimination Claim\n\n Similarly, Miller must show that the agency’s given reason for\n\nhis removal was a pretext for discrimination on the basis of\n\ngender. ", "Miller failed to cite any evidence in his Opposition that\n\nwould support such a finding. ", "See Pl.", "’s Opp’n at 33. ", "What evidence\n\nof sex discrimination there is in the record concerns the agency’s\n\ndecision to hire women for various positions for which Miller had\n\napplied, not his removal. ", "See, e.g., Ex. ", "29 to Pl.", "’s Opp’n at\n\n81:23-84:16.", "\n\n\n\n\n -35-\n\f Thus, the Court concludes that Miller has failed to rebut the\n\nagency’s proffered legitimate reason for removing him from his\n\nposition. ", "Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiff’s\n\nsex discrimination claim is granted.", "\n\n C. Retaliation Claim\n\n Finally, Defendant moves for summary judgment on Miller’s\n\nretaliation claim. ", "Miller alleges that the Board chose to remove\n\nhim from his position in retaliation for his participation in\n\nprotected activity--specifically, “EEO filings, Workman’s\n\nCompensation filings and [] contacting Congress, the General\n\nAccounting Office and the Washington Post.” ", " Compl. ", " ¶ 25.", "\n\nDefendant’s argument in support of summary judgment on Miller’s\n\nretaliation claim is that “Plaintiff can establish neither a causal\n\nconnection between any protected activity he may have engaged in\n\nnor a retaliatory motive on the part of NTSB.” ", "Def.", "’s Mot. ", "at 39.", "\n\n For his retaliation claim, Miller must show that “(1) [he]\n\nengaged in statutorily protected activity; (2) [he] suffered an\n\nadverse employment action;12 and (3) there is a causal connection\n\nbetween the two.” ", "Taylor v. Small, 350 F.3d 1286, 1292 (D.C. Cir.", "\n\n\n\n\n 12\n An adverse employment action is challengeable under Title\nVII when it “would have been material to a reasonable employee,\nwhich in this context means it well might have dissuaded a\nreasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of\ndiscrimination.” ", "Rochon v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d 1211, 1219 (D.C. Cir.", "\n2006).", "\n\n -36-\n\f2003). ", "The standard for summary judgment on retaliation claims is\n\nidentical to the standard for discrimination claims:\n\n [W]here a defendant ‘has asserted a\n legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for [its\n action], the district court need not--and\n should not--decide whether the plaintiff\n actually made out a prima facie case . . . .’", "\n Brady v. Office of the Sergeant at Arms, 520\n F.3d 490, 494 (D.C. Cir. ", "2008). ", "Rather, at\n that point, ‘the burden-shifting framework\n disappears, and a court reviewing summary\n judgment looks to whether a reasonable jury\n could infer . . . ", "retaliation from all the\n evidence.’ ", "Jones [v. Bernanke, 557 F.3d 670,\n 677 (D.C. Cir. ", "2009)] (quoting Carter v.\n George Wash. Univ., ", "387 F.3d 872, 878 (D.C.\n Cir. ", "2004)).", "\n\nBeckford v. Geithner, 661 F.Supp.2d 17, 22-23 (D.D.C. 2009).", "\n\n Since Defendant has offered a legitimate, non-discriminatory\n\nreason for its action, the only question remaining for summary\n\njudgment, is “whether a reasonable jury could infer that the\n\nproffered legitimate reason was false and that defendant’s actions\n\nwere intended as retaliation.” ", "Meadows v. Mukasey, 555 F.Supp.2d\n\n205, 210 (D.D.C. 2008) (emphasis added); see Weber v. Battista, 494\n\nF.3d 179, 186 (D.C. Cir. ", "2007) (explaining that both questions must\n\nbe answered).", "\n\n Miller’s only argument that Defendant’s proffered legitimate\n\nreason--unsatisfactory performance--was a pretext for unlawful\n\nretaliation is that he has offered sworn testimony that he made\n\nprotected complaints and suffered adverse personnel action shortly\n\nafter participating in his allegedly protected activity. ", "Pl.", "’s\n\n\n -37-\n\fOpp’n at 32; see Clark County Sch. ", "Dist. ", "v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268,\n\n273, 121 S.Ct. ", "1508, 149 L.Ed.2d 509 (2001) (noting that close\n\ntemporal proximity between an adverse action and protected activity\n\nis evidence of a causal connection, although a three- or four-month\n\nperiod is insufficient). ", "Curiously, however, he does not set forth\n\nthe actual dates of the alleged protected activities in his\n\nComplaint or in his Opposition to Defendant’s Motion.", "\n\n The record--which is far from clear--indicates that Miller’s\n\nEEO complaints were filed in 2001, that Workmen’s Compensation\n\nclaims were filed in 2004 and on October 24, 2005 (after his\n\nremoval was proposed), and that he contacted Congress and other\n\nagencies with “whistleblower complaints” in 2004 and around April\n\nof 2005, with further contact occurring on unspecified dates. ", "See\n\nRichard L. Miller v. Nat’l Transp. ", "Safety Bd., ", "No. ", "DC-0432-06-0724-\n\nI-1 (M.S.P.B. Dec. 15, 2006) at 20 (Ex. ", "TT to Def.", "’s Mot.) (", "EEO\n\ncomplaints filed in 2001); Lepson Dep. ", "82:5-7, May 6, 2009 (Ex. ", "MM\n\nto Def.", "’s Mot.) (", "Workmen’s Compensation claim submitted on October\n\n24, 2005); Compl. ¶ ", "6 (Board knew of 2004 contact with Congress);\n\nMiller Dep. ", "61:20-71:25, Oct. 20, 2006 (Ex. ", "29 to Pl.", "’s Opp’n)\n\n(Whistleblower Claim dated April 1, 2005). ", "Even assuming that these\n\nactivities were protected, they all occurred well before his June\n\n23, 2006, removal. ", "Consequently, the temporal proximity of Miller’s\n\nprotected activities and removal is not sufficiently close to give\n\nrise to an inference of causation.", "\n\n\n -38-\n\f Thus, in the absence of other evidence of causation, the\n\nevidence does not support a reasonable inference that the agency’s\n\nproffered reason is false and that the decision to remove him was\n\nintended as retaliation. ", "See O’Neal v. Ferguson Const. ", "Co., 237\n\nF.3d 1248, 1253 (10th Cir. ", "2001). ", "This is especially true given the\n\nabundant evidence, which Miller does not dispute, that his\n\nperformance declined considerably over the period in question.", "\n\n Thus, the Court concludes that a reasonable jury could not\n\ninfer from the evidence that Defendant’s proffered legitimate\n\nreason was false and that Defendant’s actions were intended as\n\nretaliation for Miller’s protected activity. ", "Defendant’s Motion for\n\nSummary Judgment on Miller’s retaliation claim is therefore\n\ngranted.", "\n\nIV. ", " CONCLUSION\n\n For the reasons set forth above, Defendant’s Motion for\n\nSummary Judgment under Rule 56 is granted in part and denied in\n\npart. ", "Summary judgment is denied on Miller’s claims of disability\n\ndiscrimination under the Rehabilitation Act, and is granted on\n\nPlaintiff’s ADEA age discrimination claim, his Title VII sex\n\ndiscrimination claim, and his retaliation claim. ", "An Order will\n\naccompany this Memorandum Opinion.", "\n\n\n\n /s/\nJanuary 4, 2010 Gladys Kessler\n United States District Judge\n\n -39-\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'It is shown that it is possible to account for all three experimental indications for neutrino oscillations with just three neutrino flavors. ", "In particular, we suggest that the solar and atmospheric neutrino anomalies are to be explained by the same mass difference and mixing. ", "Possible implications and future tests of the resulting mass-mixing pattern are given.'", "\nauthor:\n- |\n Andy Acker and Sandip Pakvasa\\\n Department of Physics and Astronomy\\\n University of Hawai‘i at Manoa,\\\n Honolulu, HI, 96822 USA\ntitle: Three Neutrino Flavors are Enough\n---\n\npsfig\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nCurrently there are three pieces of evidence which suggest that neutrinos have non-zero mass differences and mixings. ", "These are: (i) the observations of solar neutrinos, (ii) the anomaly in the $\\nu_{\\mu}/\\nu_e$ ratio in atmospheric neutrinos at low energies and (iii) the possible $\\overline{\\nu}_{\\mu}-\\overline{\\nu}_{e}$ conversion seen in the LSND experiment. ", "With the conventional interpretation of these effects as being due to neutrino oscillations; the solar neutrino anomaly needs a $\\delta m^2$ $(\\nu_e-\\nu_x)$ of either about $10^{-5}-10^{-6} \\; eV^2$ (MSW) or about $10^{-10} \\; eV^2$ (long wavelength vacuum oscillations), the atmospheric neutrino anomaly calls for a $\\delta m^2$ $(\\nu_e-\\nu_{\\mu})$ or $(\\nu_{\\mu}-\\nu_{\\tau})$ of $10^{-2}-10^{-3}\\; eV^2$ and the LSND effect needs a $\\delta m^2$ $(\\nu_e-\\nu_{\\mu})$ in the neighborhood of $1-2 \\; eV^2$. For these three independent $\\delta m^2$’s at least one more neutrino state (beyond the three flavors) is necessary [@Bilenky].", "\n\nIn this letter we explore the possibility that all the neutrino anomalies may yet be accounted for with just three flavors of neutrinos. ", "We assume only two distinct values of $\\delta m^2$’s. ", "One value of $\\delta m^2$ is selected to explain the low energy atmospheric data, while the second value is selected with the LSND effect in mind.", "\n\nSpecifically we choose the following spectrum of $\\delta m^2$’s: $$\\delta m^2_{31} \\sim \\delta m^2_{32} \\sim (1-2)eV^2$$ $$\\delta m^2_{21} \\sim10^{-2}\\; eV^2$$ We then seek to determine if, with this spectrum of $\\delta m^2$’s, an explanation of the LSND, solar, atmospheric neutrino data can be found by appropriate choice of neutrino mixing angles.", "\n\nWe begin by calculating the neutrino survival and transition probabilities. ", "In general, these are given by $$P_{\\alpha\\beta} =|\\sum_{i} U_{\\beta i} \\exp(-iE_i t)U^*_{\\alpha i}|^2\n\\label{genprob}$$ Here the $U_{\\alpha i}$ are elements of the matrix $U$ describing the mixing between the flavor eigenstates ($\\nu_{\\alpha}$) and the mass eigenstates ($\\nu_i$); that is $\\nu_{\\alpha}=\\sum_iU_{\\alpha i}\\nu_i$. For now we ignore possible CP violation, then $U$ is real, and Eq (\\[genprob\\]) may be written as $$P_{\\alpha\\beta}=\\sum_i(U_{\\beta i})^2(U_{\\alpha i})^2\n+2\\sum_{i > j}U_{\\beta i}U_{\\beta j}U_{\\alpha i} U_{\\alpha j}\n\\times \\cos \\left(\\frac{\\delta m_{ij}^2 L}{2 E}\\right)\n\\label{bprob}$$ where $\\delta m_{ij}^2 = m_i^2-m_j^2$ and $L$ is the distance between the neutrino source and detection. ", "We present below an explicit form of the $3\\times 3$ matrix $U$ $$U = \\left( \\begin{array}{ccc}\n C_{12}C_{13} & C_{13}S_{12}&S_{13} \\\\\n - C_{23}S_{12}-S_{23}S_{13}C_{12} & \nC_{23}C_{12}-S_{23}S_{13}S_{12}& S_{23}C_{13}\\\\\n S_{23}S_{12}- C_{23}S_{13}C_{12} & -S_{23}C_{12}- \nC_{23}S_{13}S_{12} & C_{23}C_{13}\\\\\n\\end{array} \\right)\n\\label{mat}$$ where $C_{12}=\\cos \\theta_{12}$, $S_{12} = \\sin \\theta_{12}$, [*etc.*]{}. ", "The explicit form of the transition probabilities depends on the spectrum of the $\\delta m^2$’s. ", "For the choice of $\\delta m^2$’s considered here, all of the oscillating terms in Eq (\\[bprob\\]) average to zero for the energies and path lengths relevant to both low energy atmospheric and solar neutrinos. ", "Hence, for our model, the form of the transition and survival probabilities relevant to solar and atmospheric neutrinos are: $$P_{ee} =\\sum_i (U_{ei})^4\n\\label{pee}$$ $$P_{\\mu\\mu} =\\sum_i (U_{\\mu i})^4\n\\label{pmm}$$ $$P_{e \\mu}=P_{\\mu e} =\\sum_i (U_{ei}U_{\\mu i})^2\n\\label{pme}$$ Note that the above expressions are functions of the mixing angles only, and are independent of the neutrino energy.", "\n\nSolar Neutrinos\n===============\n\nThe four currently operating solar neutrino experiments report the following results:\n\n [*Experiment*]{} [*Results*]{} \n ------------------ -------------------------- ------------------------------\n Homestake[@cl] $2.56 \\pm 0.16\\pm 0.14$ SNU\n Kamioka [@kam] $2.80 \\pm 0.19 \\pm 0.33$ $\\times 10^{10}m^{-2}s^{-1}$\n SAGE [@sage] $72 \\pm 12 \\pm 7$ SNU\n Gallex [@gallex] $70 \\pm 7 $ SNU\n\nRecently measurements of the reaction $\\gamma +{ ^{8}B} \\rightarrow { ^{7}Be} +p$ have been made[@reaction]. ", "These suggest that the cross-section for the inverse reaction $^{7}Be +p \\rightarrow {^{8}B} +\\gamma$ at energies relevant for the solar core may be somewhat smaller than the value used in the Standard Solar Model(SSM) of Bahcall et al. ", "calculations. ", "Hence it is possible that the flux of $^8B$ neutrinos is somewhat smaller than the SSM, while the other neutrino fluxes are unaffected. ", "We allow for this possibility by defining $f_{B}$ as $$f_{B} = {\\Phi_{B} \\over \\Phi^{BP}_{B}}$$ where $\\Phi^{BP}_{B}$ is the $^{8}B$ neutrino flux predicted in the SSM of Bahcall and Pinsonneault, which incorporates helium diffusion[@BP]. [", "^1] Thus the parameter $f_{B}$ describes the deviation of the actual $^{8}B$ neutrino flux from the SSM value.", "\n\nWe can now proceed to describe the expected counting rates at the various solar neutrino experiments in terms of $f_{B}$ and $P_{ee}$ the solar $\\nu_e$ survival probability.", "\n\nWith a threshold energy of 7.5 MeV the Kamiokande water Cerenkov detector is sensitive only to $^{8}B$ neutrinos. ", "The expected flux is given by: $$R(\\rm{KII}) =(P_{ee}+ {\\alpha}\n(1-P_{ee}))f_{B} \\times 5.69\\times 10^{10} m^{-2} s^{-1}$$ Where $5.69 \\times 10^{10} m^{-2}s^{-1}$ is the SSM prediction and $\\alpha$ (approximately 0.16) is the ratio of the $\\nu_{\\mu (\\tau)}-e$ to $\\nu_{e}-e$ scattering cross sections integrated over the $^{8}B$ neutrino spectrum. ", "Note that we have ignored the possibility of oscillation into sterile flavors and assumed that solar neutrinos not interacting as $\\nu_e$’s interact as either $\\nu_{\\mu}$’s or $\\nu_{\\tau}$’s with probability $1-P_{ee}$.\n\nThe expected counting rate in the Homestake $^{37}Cl$ experiment is given by $$R(^{37}Cl) = (6.2f_{B} + 1.8)\\times P_{ee} \\ \\rm {SNU}$$ where 6.2 SNU’s is the expected contribution from $^{8}B$ neutrinos and 1.8 SNU’s is the contribution from all other solar neutrino fluxes. ", "Similarly, the expected counting rate in the $^{71}Ga$ experiments SAGE and Gallex is given by $$R(^{71}Ga) = (13.8f_{B} + 117.6)\\times P_{ee} \\ \\rm {SNU}$$ where 13.8 SNU’s is the expected contribution from $^{8}B$ neutrinos and 117.6 SNU’s is the contribution from all other solar neutrino fluxes.", "\n\nThe results of a chi-squared analysis are shown in Fig. ", "1. ", "We find that there is a solution at the 90% C.L. when the electron neutrino survival probability is in the range $0.4< P_{ee} <0.55$ and the $^{8}B$ neutrino flux is in the range $0.55< f_B <0.8$. [^2] This is consistent with the variation in $^{8}B$ neutrino flux found in an analysis of solar models[@BP2].", "\n\nThe results in Fig. ", "1 can be interpreted in terms of the neutrino mixing matrix $U$. From Eq( \\[pee\\]) the $\\nu_e$ survival probability $P_{ee}$ is a function of $\\theta_{12}$ and $\\theta_{13}$ only. ", "Each allowed value of $f_B$ in Fig. ", "1 corresponds to an allowed range of $P_{ee}$ and hence to an allowed range of $\\theta_{12}$ and $\\theta_{13}$. In Fig. ", "2 we present a plot of the allowed values (90% C.L.) of $\\sin(\\theta_{12})$ and $\\sin(\\theta_{13})$ for $f_B = 0.8$ and $f_B = 0.65$. At $f_B = 0.8$, $P_{ee}$ is required to be $\\sim 0.43$, this can be realized only in three flavor mixing. ", "Hence, as shown in Fig. ", "2, $S_{12}$ and $S_{13}$ must both be nonzero. ", "At $f_B = 0.65$, $P_{ee}$ can be greater then 0.5, which can be accomplished in effective two flavor mixing. ", "As shown in the figure, there are allowed regions with $\\sin(\\theta_{12})$ or $\\sin(\\theta_{13})$ equal to zero, corresponding to pure $\\nu_e - \\nu_{\\tau}$ or $\\nu_e - \\nu_{\\mu}$ mixing respectively.", "\n\nLSND\n====\n\nThe Liquid Scintillation Neutrino Detector (LSND) experiment at Los Alamos reports to have observed the possible appearance of $\\overline{\\nu}_{e}$ in an initial beam of $\\overline{\\nu}_{\\mu}$’s [@LSND]. ", "These results have been interpreted as evidence of neutrino oscillations and the preferred range of $\\delta m^2$ and $\\sin^2(2\\theta)$ in a two flavor mixing scenario given. ", "For definiteness, we choose $\\sin^2(2\\theta)\\sim 1.2\\times 10^{-3}$ and $\\delta m^2 \\sim 2 \\; eV^2$, which lie in this range [@Babu].", "\n\nIn the range of $L/E$ covered by the LSND set-up, $\\delta m_{12}^2L/4E \\sim 0$ and $\\delta m_{31}^2L/4E \\sim \\delta m_{32}^2L/4E$. Then the $\\overline{\\nu}_{\\mu} \\rightarrow \\overline{\\nu}_{e}$ conversion probability is given by $$P_{ \\overline{\\mu} \\overline{e}} = 4 U_{\\mu 3}^2 U_{ e 3}^2\n\\sin^2(\\delta m_{31}^2L/4E)$$ Thus the three-flavor interpretation of the LSND result is obtained by letting $$\\sin^2(2\\theta_{LSND}) \\rightarrow 4|U_{\\mu 3}|^2|U_{e 3}|^2$$ This may be expressed as a constraint on the three flavor mixing angles. ", "Using $$\\begin{aligned}\n|U_{e 3}|^2 =\\sin^2(\\theta_{13})\n\\nonumber\\\\\n|U_{\\mu 3}|^2 =\\cos^2(\\theta_{13})\\sin^2(\\theta_{23})\\end{aligned}$$ We obtain $$\\sin^2(\\theta_{23}) = {\\sin^2(2\\theta_{LSND})\\over \n4 \\sin^2(\\theta_{13}) \\cos^2(\\theta_{13})}$$\n\nChoosing $\\delta m_{31}^2 \\sim \\delta m_{32}^2$ to be near $2 \\; eV^2$, the LSND results then give $\\sin^2(2\\theta_{LSND})\\sim 1.2\\times 10^{-3}$, and we have $$\\sin(\\theta_{23})^2 = {1.2\\times 10^{-3} \\over 4 \\sin^2(\\theta_{13})\\cos^2(\\theta_{13})}\n\\label{lsnd}$$\n\nIn order to determine the range of validity of this result, constraints from reactor and accelerator experiments must be taken into consideration. ", "For this range of $\\delta m^2$, reactor experiments give the bound[@ue3]: $$|U_{e3}|^2 \\le 0.02$$ and accelerator experiments give the bound[@um3]: $$|U_{\\mu 3}|^2 \\le 0.018.$$ As $|U_{\\mu 3}|$ is related to $|U_{e 3}|$ through Eq (\\[lsnd\\]) these two upper limits can be combined to form bounds on the allowed values of $|U_{e3}|$ and $|U_{\\mu 3}|$. We have: $$0.129 \\le |U_{e3}| \\le 0.141\n\\label{limits}$$ and $$0.123 \\le |U_{\\mu 3}| \\le 0.134$$ Hence the requirement that the LSND results be consistent with existing bounds on neutrino mixing leads to rather stringent limits on the allowed values of $|U_{e3}|$ and $|U_{\\mu 3}|$. We will find these constraints particularly useful when interpreting the atmospheric neutrino data.", "\n\nAtmospheric Neutrinos\n=====================\n\nExperimentally measured atmospheric neutrino fluxes are often described in terms of an (observed to predicted) ’ratio of ratios’ $R$, where $$R={(\\nu_{\\mu}/\\nu_e)_{\\rm{observed}}\\over \n(\\nu_{\\mu}/\\nu_e)_{\\rm{Monte Carlo}}}$$ The final results [@kam; @klast] from Kamiokande for the low energy atmospheric neutrino $\\nu_{\\mu}/\\nu_e$ ratio place $R$ at $0.62 \\pm 0.06\\pm 0.06$. The results from IMB [@IMB] are in excellent agreement with these results. ", "Results from non-water-Cerenkov detectors are somewhat varying: Soudan [@Soudan] finds an R of $0.72 \\pm 0.19 \\; { ^{+0.05}_{-0.07}}$ whereas the results from Nusex [@Nussex] and Frejus [@Frejus] are consistent with an R of unity, although with smaller statistics than the two large water-Cerenkov detectors.", "\n\nIt has been known for some time that this low energy atmospheric neutrino anomaly can be explained by neutrino oscillations. ", "For $\\delta m^2$ in the range $(4\\times 10^{-3}-2\\times 10^{-2}) \\; eV^2$ it has been shown [@afit] that this anomaly can be explained by $\\nu_{\\mu}-\\nu_{\\tau}$ oscillations for $$0.6 \\le \\sin^2(2\\theta_{\\mu-\\tau}) \\le 1.0\n\\label{mutauosc}$$ or by $\\nu_{\\mu}-\\nu_{e}$ oscillations for $$0.5 \\le \\sin^2(2\\theta_{\\mu-e}) \\le 1.0.", "\n\\label{emuosc}$$ Expressing these bounds in terms of the $U_{\\alpha i}$ we have: $$0.3 \\le (P_{\\mu \\tau}=\\sum_i (U_{\\mu i}U_{\\tau i})^2) \\le 0.5\n\\label{pmto}$$ for $\\nu_{\\mu}-\\nu_{\\tau}$ oscillations and $$0.25 \\le (P_{\\mu e}=\\sum_i (U_{\\mu i}U_{e i})^2) \\le 0.5$$ for $\\nu_{\\mu}-\\nu_{e}$ oscillations.", "\n\nIn the narrow range of $|U_{e3}|$ values permitted by LSND, reactor and accelerator data (Eq \\[limits\\]) $P_{\\mu \\tau}$ is less then 0.05 and thus inconsistent with Eq (\\[pmto\\]); while $P_{\\mu e}$ can take on values up to 0.48. ", "Hence, in this region, the atmospheric neutrino anomaly must be explained almost exclusively by $\\nu_{\\mu}-\\nu_{e}$ mixing.", "\n\nWith $\\theta_{23}$ constrained in terms of $\\theta_{13}$ by Eq (\\[lsnd\\]) and $\\sin(\\theta_{13})$ bound by Eq (\\[limits\\]), we find that $ 0.25 \\le P_{\\mu e} \\le 0.5$ if $\\sin(\\theta_{12})$ is in the range: $$0.38 \\le \\sin(\\theta_{12}) \\le 0.92\n\\label{atmosc}$$ Thus we can express this explanation of the low energy atmospheric neutrino anomaly consistent with the LSND, reactor, accelerator data as the region of the $\\sin(\\theta_{12})-\\sin(\\theta_{13})$ plane bounded by Eq (\\[lsnd\\]) and Eq (\\[limits\\]).", "\n\nA Combined Solution to the Solar, Atmospheric and LSND Data\n===========================================================\n\nIt is now a straightforward matter to identify simultaneous solutions to the Solar, Atmospheric and LSND neutrino data. ", "As the energy independent solution to the solar neutrino problem, shown in Fig. ", "2, and the combined LSND and atmospheric neutrino solution are both expressed as regions of the $\\sin(\\theta_{12})-\\sin(\\theta_{13})$ plane, any intersection between the allowed regions represents the desired solution.", "\n\nFig. ", "3 presents a plot of the intersecting regions of the Solar neutrino and Atmospheric-LSND solutions. ", "Fig. ", "3a assumes the $^8B$ solar neutrino flux, $f_{B}$, is at 80% of its SSM value, Fig. ", "3b assumes $f_{B}$ is at 70% of its SSM value and Fig. ", "3c assumes $f_{B}$ is at 65% of its SSM value. ", "There is no intersection in Fig. ", "3a and narrow region of overlap in Fig. ", "3b broadening somewhat in Fig. ", "3c as the $^8B$ neutrino suppression is allowed to increase to 0.65.", "\n\nIt should be noted that the selection of any region of the $\\sin(\\theta_{12})-\\sin(\\theta_{13})$ plane determines the complete set of mixing angles, and hence the neutrino mixing matrix $U$, as $\\sin(\\theta_{23})$ is fixed by Eq (\\[lsnd\\]). ", "Specifically the intersection region of Fig. ", "3b corresponds to $\\sin(\\theta_{12})$ $\\sim$ 0.707, $\\sin(\\theta_{13})$ $\\sim$ 0.140 and $\\sin(\\theta_{23})$ $\\sim$ 0.125.", "\n\nUsing Eq (\\[mat\\]) we present below the explicit form of the $3\\times 3$ mixing matrix $U$ corresponding to solution region of Fig. ", "3b: $$U= \\left( \\begin{array}{ccc}\n .700 & .700 & .140 \\\\\n-.714 & .689 & .124 \\\\\n-.010 & -.187 & .982 \\\\\n\\end{array} \\right)\n\\label{Ub}$$ While for the solution region corresponding to Fig. ", "3c we find that, in addition to Eq (\\[Ub\\]) above, the following range of matrix values are allowed: $$\\left( \\begin{array}{ccc}\n .630 & .764 & .140 \\\\\n-.776 & .619 & .124 \\\\\n-.010 & -.187 & .982 \\\\\n\\end{array} \\right)\n\\leftrightarrow\n \\left( \\begin{array}{ccc}\n .764 & .630 & .140 \\\\\n-.645 & .754 & .124 \\\\\n-.028 & -.185 & .982 \\\\\n\\end{array} \\right).", "\n\\label{Uc}$$\n\nImplications\n============\n\n[**(i)**]{} Both Super-Kamiokande [@superk] and SNO [@SNO] should see [**NO**]{} spectrum distortion in either $\\nu-e$ scattering or the $\\nu_e D$ charged current. ", "The suppression in $\\nu-e$ scattering should be in the range 0.38 - 0.40 of SSM at all energies and in $\\nu_e D$, charged current suppression should be about $f_B P_{ee} \\sim 0.32-0.34$.\n\n[**(ii)**]{} Borexino [@borexino] should observe the $^{7}Be$ line at a rate of $\\left[ P_{ee}+\\beta (1-P_{ee})\\right]$ where $\\beta$ is the ratio of $\\nu_{\\mu (\\tau)}-e$ to $\\nu_{e}-e$ scattering cross sections. ", "We thus expect 0.56 to 0.58 of the SSM rate, and an identical suppression should hold for the pep line.", "\n\n[**(iii)**]{} The atmospheric $\\nu_\\mu/\\nu_e$ anomaly should be confirmed by Super-Kamiokande. ", "Zenith angle dependence of multi-GeV neutrinos should confirm the tentative evidence seen in Kamiokande [@afit]. ", "But most important is our prediction [@A1] that $\\nu_\\mu- \\nu_e$ oscillations should be confirmed by observation of excess high energy e-like upcoming shower events (above and beyond $\\nu_\\mu$ neutral current events).", "\n\n[**(iv)**]{} Future reactor experiments such as CHOOZ [@chooz] and Palo Verde [@PV] which will be sensitive to $\\delta m^2$ upto $10^{-3} \\; eV^2$ should see a $\\overline{\\nu}_{e}$ survival probability of $P_{ee}\\sim 0.48-0.5$.\n\n[**(v)**]{} Long baseline experiments (such as MINOS [@minos], CERN-LNGS [@cern] and KEK-PS E362 [@kek]) which will probe $\\delta m^2$ upto $10^{-3} \\; eV^2$ should see $\\nu_{\\mu}-\\nu_{\\tau}$ conversion with $P_{\\mu \\tau} =\\sum_i (U_{\\mu i}U_{\\tau i})^2\n\\sim 0.028-0.035$ accompanied by $\\nu_{\\mu}-\\nu_{e}$ conversion at $P_{\\mu e} \\sim 0.46-0.48$.\n\n[**(vi)**]{} Short baseline experiments such as CHORUS [@nomad], NOMAD [@nomad] and COSMOS [@cosmos] will probe $\\nu_{\\mu}-\\nu_{\\tau}$ conversion for $\\delta m^2 \\ge 0.1 \\; eV^2$. We predict, at $\\delta m^2 = 1-2 \\; eV^2$, an effective $\\sin^2(2\\theta)$ of $4(U_{\\mu 3}U_{\\tau 3})^2$ which is 0.06.", "\n\n[**(vii)**]{} Large mixings in some ranges of $\\delta m^2$ lead to strong conversion of $\\overline{\\nu}_{\\mu}$ to $\\overline{\\nu}_{\\tau}$ due to the MSW effect in supernova, leading to a harder energy spectrum of the emerging $\\overline{\\nu}_e$’s. ", "This can lead to potential conflict with observation of neutrinos from SN1987A. For the $\\delta m^2$ in our scenario this is not a problem [@SN].", "\n\n[**(viii)**]{} The neutrino mass spectrum implied by our scenario is: $$\\begin{aligned}\nm_1 \\sim m_0\n\\nonumber\\\\\nm_2 \\sim m_0 + \\epsilon\n\\nonumber\\\\\nm_3 \\sim \\sqrt{m_{2}^2 + 2 eV^2}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\delta m_{12}^2 \\sim (2m_0\\epsilon + \\epsilon^2)\n\\sim 10^{-2} \\; eV^2$. There are two limiting cases of interest assuming that the largest mass is in the $eV$ range. ", "One is the hierarchical limit, in which $m_0$ is negligible. ", "Then $m_1 \\ll m_2 \\sim 0.1 eV$ and $m_3 \\sim 1.4 eV$. The other is the nearly degenerate limit, in which $$\\begin{aligned}\nm_1 \\sim 1 eV\n\\nonumber\\\\\nm_2 \\sim (1 + \\epsilon) eV\n\\nonumber\\\\\nm_3 \\sim 1.73 eV\\end{aligned}$$ with $\\epsilon \\sim {1\\over 2}(10^{-2})eV$. Then, the sum of the neutrino masses is $\\sum_i m_i \\sim 4 eV$. In this case, the Cosmological density parameter associated with neutrinos $\\Omega_{\\nu} =\n0.011 h^{-2}\\sum_i m_{i} = 0.044 h^{-2} \\approx 0.2$ (for h of about 0.5) and the amount of neutrino dark matter component along with cold dark matter makes for a viable and testable scenario for mixed dark matter [@DM].", "\n\n[**(ix)**]{} When the neutrinos are Majorana particles, the effective mass $<m_{\\nu_e}>$ relevant in neutrino-less double $\\beta$-decay analysis is $$<m_{\\nu_e}> = \\sum_i U^2_{ei}m_i$$ We find that in the case of the hierarchical spectrum $<m_{\\nu_e}> \\sim 0.1 eV$ whereas in the degenerate case $<m_{\\nu_e}> \\sim 1 eV$ (this could be somewhat smaller when CP phases are taken into account). ", "It is interesting that these values are in the range of what the double beta decay experiments can probe now and in the near future [@cp].", "\n\n[**(x)**]{} When the mixing matrix is allowed to have a CP violating phase, the CP violating neutrino flavor conversion probability differences are given by [@meff]\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Delta P = P_{\\mu \\tau} - P_{\\bar{\\mu} \\bar{\\tau}} = P_{\\bar{\\mu} \\bar{e}} \n- P_{\\mu e}\n\\nonumber\\\\\n= -4 J_{cp}^\\nu \\left [ \\sin D_{12} + \\sin D_{23} + \\sin D_{31} \\right ]\\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere $$\\begin{aligned}\nJ_{CP}^\\nu = Im \\left [ U_{\\mu 2} U_{\\tau 2}^* U_{\\mu 3}U_{\\tau 3}^* \\right ] \n\\nonumber\\\\\n= |U_{\\mu 2}||U_{\\tau 2}||U_{\\mu 3}||U_{\\tau 3}|\\sin \\phi,\\end{aligned}$$ and $$D_{ij} = \\delta m^2_{i j} L/2E$$ with $\\phi$ being the phase in the mixing matrix. ", "With the matrix of Eq.( [", "\\[Uc\\]]{}), $J_{CP}^\\nu \\leq 0.07;$ and $\\left[ \\sin D_{12 }+ \\sin D_{23} +\n\\sin D_{31}\\right]\n\\approx \\sin D_{12}$ is given by $\\sim -1$ for $L/E =730$km/10GeV (relevant for MINOS) and also for $L/E=250$km/3GeV (relevant for E362). ", "Hence, $\\Delta P$ can be as large as 0.07.(For these parameters, matter effects are negligible [@meff]).", "\n\nWe conclude by stressing that our proposal to account for both solar and atmospheric neutrino anomalies by the same mass and mixing can be confirmed or ruled out in the very near future.", "\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nWe thank V. Barger, A. Joshipura, L. Kofman, J.G. Learned, S. Parke, R. S. Raghavan, H. Sugawara, X. Tata and T.J. Weiler for valuable discussions and encouragement. ", "This research was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy grant \\#DE-FG-03-94ER40833.", "\n\n[99]{}\n\nS. M. Bilenky, C. Giunti and W. Grimun, hep-ph/9607372 and references cited therein; N. Okada and O. Yasuda, hep-ph/9606411.", "\n\nThe Homestake Collaboration, B. T. Cleveland [*et al.*]{} ", "Nucl. ", "Phys. ", "B (Proc. ", "Supp.) [**", "47**]{} (1995) and Talk given at the XVII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, Helsinki Finland, 13-19 June 1996, Proceedings XVII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, Helsinki Finland, 13-19 June 1996, ed. ", "J. Maalampi and M. Roos (World Scientific, Singapore, to be published 1997).", "\n\nThe Kamiokande Collaboration, K. Inoue, presented at the 4th KEK Topical Conference on Flavor Physics, October 29-31, 1996.", "\n\nThe SAGE Collaboration, V.N. Garvin, Talk given at the XVII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, Helsinki Finland, 13-19 June 1996, Proceedings XVII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, Helsinki Finland, 13-19 June 1996, ed. ", "J. Maalampi and M. Roos (World Scientific, Singapore, to be published 1997).", "\n\nThe GALLEX Collaboration, T. Kirsten, Talk given at the XVII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, Helsinki Finland, 13-19 June 1996, Proceedings XVII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, Helsinki Finland, 13-19 June 1996, ed. ", "J. Maalampi and M. Roos (World Scientific, Singapore, to be published 1997).", "\n\nT. Motoboyoshi [*et al.*]{}, ", "Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "73**]{}, 2680 (1994). ", "See the summary in R.S. Raghavan, Science [**267**]{}, 45 (1995).", "\n\nJ.N. Bahcall and M. Pinsonnealt, Rev. Mod. ", "Phys. [**", "64**]{}, 885 (1992).", "\n\nJ.N. Bahcall and M. Pinsonnealt, hep-ph/9610592, to appear in Proceedings XVII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, Helsinki Finland, 13-19 June 1996, ed. ", "J. Maalampi and M. Roos (World Scientific, Singapore, to be published 1997).", "\n\nA. Acker [*et al.*]{}, ", "Phys. ", "Lett. 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Boehm [*et al.*]{}, ", "Proposal for the San Onofre Neutrino Oscillation Experiment, Caltech (1994).", "\n\nThe MINOS Collaboration, D. Ayres [*et al.*]{} ", "NuMI-L-063 (1995).", "\n\nThe ICARUS Collaboration, LNGS-95/10 (1995); L. Camilleri, CERN-PPE/94-87 (1994).", "\n\nK. Nishikawa, presented at 4th KEK Topical Conference on Flavor Physics, October 29-31, 1996; K. Nishikawa [*et al.*]{}, “", "Proposal for Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiment using KEK-PS and Super-Kamiokande”, 1995.", "\n\nThe CHORUS Collaboration, M. deJong [*et al.*]{}, ", "CERN-PPE/93-131 (1993).", "\n\nProposal-Search for $\\nu_\\mu - \\nu_\\tau$ oscillation, Astier et al., ", "CERN-SPSLC/91-21, SPC/P261, 1991.", "\n\nN.W. Reay [*et al.*]{}, ", "Fermilab Experiment E803, “E803 Proposal for a short baseline experiment at Fermilab”, 1990.", "\n\nB. Jegerlehner, F. Neubig and G. Raffelt, Phys. ", "Rev. D. [**54**]{}, 1194 (1996); A.Y. Smirnov, D.N. Spergel and J.N. Bahcall, Phys. ", "Rev. D. [**49**]{}, 1389 (1994).", "\n\nL. Kofman [*et al.*]{}, ", "Ap. ", "J. [**470**]{}, 102 (1996); J. Primack [*et al.*]{}, ", "Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "74**]{}, 2160 (1995); S. Doddelson, E. Gates and M.S. Turner, Science [**274**]{}, 69 (1996).", "\n\nR.S. Raghavan, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "72**]{}, 1411 (1994); M.K. Moe, Int. ", "Journal of Mod. ", "Phys. [**", "E2**]{}, 507 (1993).", "\n\nM. Tanimoto, hep-ph/9605413; J. Arafune and J. Sato, hep-ph/9607437.", "\n\nFigure Captions {#figure-captions .unnumbered}\n===============\n\n[**Figure 1**]{} Contour plot showing the allowed values of the parameters $P_{ee}$ and $ f_{B}$n at the 90 % (solid line) and 95 % (dashed line) confidence levels in the three flavor mixing solution to the solar neutrino problem.", "\n\n[**Figure 2**]{} Contour plot showing the allowed values of $\\sin(\\theta_{12})$ and $\\sin(\\theta_{13})$ (90 % confidence level) in the three flavor mixing solution to the solar neutrino problem for fixed values of $f_B$. Solid line; $f_B=0.8$, dashed line; $f_B=0.65$.\n\n[**Figure 3**]{} Combined solution: solar atmospheric and LSND results. ", "Dashed line; bounds from LSND, reactor and accelerator experiments, Hatched region; Atmospheric neutrino anomaly explained by $\\nu_{\\mu}-\\nu_e$ oscillations, Solid line; allowed region at the 90 % C.L. in the three flavor mixing solution to the solar neutrino problem for: (a) $f_B=0.8$ (b) $f_B = 0.7$ and (c) $f_B=0.65$.\n\n8.5 truein\n\n8.5 truein\n\n8.5 truein\n\n8.5 truein\n\n8.5 truein\n\n[^1]: Solar models which incorporate helium diffusion yield values for the depth of the convective zone and primordial helium abundance which are in excellent agreement with helioseismological data[@BP2].", "\n\n[^2]: It was first suggested by Acker [*et al.*]{}[@A1] that solar neutrinos might be accounted for by the same $\\delta m^2$ and mixing as atmospheric neutrinos and hence should show an energy independent suppression. ", "A search for an energy independent fit with varying $f_B$ was made in Ref. [", "@KP].", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention generally relates to photoresist stripper compositions used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices, and more particularly, the present invention relates to photoresist stripper compositions which are especially suitable for use in the edge bead removal (EBR) and rework processes of photolithography.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nRework and edge bead removal (EBR) processes are common processes encountered during photolithography of semiconductor wafers or substrates.", "\nThe rework process is carried out when a photoresist that has been coated onto a wafer contains defects. ", "In this case, the defective photoresist is completely removed from the wafer using a stripper composition, thereby allowing the wafer to be reused.", "\nOn the other hand, EBR results from certain characteristics of the photoresist coating process. ", "That is, the photoresist is coated onto a wafer by dispensing the photoresist material onto a surface of the wafer while the wafer is rotating. ", "As a result, the photoresist material tends to accumulate at the edge of the wafer, forming a so-called edge bead. ", "Also, during the spraying process, photoresist material inevitably becomes coated onto the backside of the wafer. ", "Accordingly, in the EBR process, a stripper composition is used to remove any unwanted photoresist from the edge and backside of the wafer.", "\nDuring both the rework and EBR process, it is important that the photoresist not dissolve too slowly or incompletely in the stripper composition, otherwise residual contaminants (photoresist) may remain on the substrate after the stripping process. ", "Any such contaminants can reduce device yield and adversely impact product reliability.", "\nIn the meantime, to accommodate for increased degrees of integration of semiconductor devices, new photoresist are being developed. ", "For example, a photoresist having novolak resin as a main component has been developed for application with light of I-line or G-line wavelengths. ", "Also, amplified type photoresists which respond to an excimer laser or deep ultraviolet (DUV) also have been employed.", "\nIt is therefore desirable that a stripper composition for stripping the photoresist exhibit good solubility with respect to the various types of photoresists now being utilized. ", "However, the solubility of conventional photoresist stripper compositions is often insufficient, particularly when used to remove DUV photoresists.", "\nFurther, a primary drawback to present photoresist stripper compositions is that they are expensive. ", "For example, one commonly used stripper composition includes ethyl lactate(EL), ethyl-3-ethoxy propionate(EEP) and gamma-butyro lactone(GBL) (U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,866,305). ", "Unfortunately, however, the main component is EEP(75 wt %), which is quite expensive. ", "Also, DUV photoresists in particular dissolve too slowly using this composition.", "\nAccordingly, there is a demand for photoresist stripper compositions which exhibit favorable stripping characteristics in both the rework and EBR processes, and with respect to different types of photoresists, yet which can be manufactured at relatively low cost.", "\nAccording to one aspect of the present invention, a photoresist stripper composition consist essentially of a mixture of an acetic acid ester, xcex3-butyrolactone (GBL), and a non-acetate ester. ", "The acetic acid ester may be one or more of n-butyl acetate (NBA), amyl acetate, ethyl aceto-acetate, and isopropyl acetate, with NBA being preferable. ", "The non-acetate ester may be one or more of ethyl lactate (EL), ethyl-3-ethoxy propionate (EEP) and methyl-3-methoxy (MMP).", "\nThe mixture may include 8-95 wt % of the acetic acid ester, 0.1-13 wt % of the GBL, and 3-80 wt % of the non-acetate type ester. ", "More preferably, the mixture may include 50-90 wt % of the acetic acid ester, 0.1-7 wt % of the GBL, and 10-70 wt % of the non-acetate type ester.", "\nIn the case where the acidic acid ester is NBA and the non-acetate type ester is EL, the mixture may include 50-85 wt % of the NBA, 1-13 wt % of the GBL, and 10-40 wt % of the EL. ", "More preferably, the mixture may include 55-85 wt % of the NBA, 1-7 wt % of the GBL, and 10-40 wt % of the EL.", "\nIn the case where the acidic acid ester is NBA and the non-acetate type ester is EEP, the mixture may include 20-90 wt % of the NBA, 0.1-13 wt % of the GBL, and 10-70 wt % of the EEP. ", "Preferably, the mixture may include 30-89 wt % of the NBA, 0.1-7 wt % of the GBL, and 20-70 wt % of the EEP. ", "More preferably, the mixture may include 30-89 wt % of the NBA, 0.5-5 wt % of the GBL, and 10-65 wt % of the EEP.", "\nIn the case where the acidic acid ester is NBA and the non-acetate type ester is MMP, the mixture may include 50-90 wt % of the NBA, 1-13 wt % of the GBL, and 5-40 wt % of the MMP. ", "More preferably, the mixture may include 55-90 wt % of the NBA, 1-7 wt % of the GBL, and 5-40 wt % of the MMP.", "\nAccording to another aspect of the present invention, a photoresist stripper composition consist essentially of a mixture of an acetic acid ester, xcex3-butyrolactone (GBL), and an alcohol derivative. ", "The acetic acid ester may be one or more of n-butyl acetate (NBA), amyl acetate, ethyl aceto-acetate, and isopropyl acetate, with NBA being preferable. ", "The alcohol derivative may be one or more of propylene glycol monomethyl ester (PGME) and propylene glycol monomethyl ester acetate (PGMEA).", "\nThe mixture may include 42-90 wt % of the acetic acid ester, 1-13 wt % of the GBL, and 5-45 wt % of the alcohol derivative. ", "More preferably, the mixture may include 50-85 wt % of the acetic acid ester, 1-7 wt % of the GBL, and 10-40 wt % of the alcohol derivative.", "\nIn the case where the acetic acid ester is NBA and the poly alkyl alcohol derivative is PGME, the mixture may include 50-85 wt % of the NBA, 1-13 wt % of the GBL, and 5-40 wt % of the PGME. ", "More preferably, the mixture may include 55-85 wt % of the NBA, 1-7 wt % of the GBL, and 10-30 wt % of the PGME.", "\nIn the case where the acetic acid.ester is NBA and the poly alkyl alcohol derivative is PGMEA, the mixture may include 50-85 wt % of the NBA, 1-13 wt % of the GBL, and 10-40 wt % of the PGMEA. ", "More preferably, the mixture may include 55-85 wt % of the NBA, 1-7 wt % of the GBL, and 10-40 wt % of the PGMEA.", "\nFurther, other non-major components such as surfactants may be added to the afore-described stripper compositions of the present invention. ", "In the case of surfactants, it is preferable that the surfactant constitute less than 1 wt % of the mixture." ]

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[ "Ghost Hunt (novel series)\n\n, originally titled , is a light novel series written by Fuyumi Ono. ", "It follows the adventures of Shibuya Psychic Research as they investigate mysterious occurrences all over Japan with a team of other spiritualists and clever assistants. ", "Although the last novel was published in 1994, the story was left incomplete.", "\n\nThe novels were adapted into a radio drama for Akuryō Series in 1997. ", "A manga adaptation written and illustrated by Shiho Inada began serialization in Nakayoshi in the July 7, 1998 issue and ended on the September 30, 2010 issue. ", "The individual chapters have been collected and published in twelve tankōbon volumes by Kodansha. ", "It is licensed for English-language release, under the name Ghost Hunt in North America by Del Rey Manga and in the United Kingdom by Tanoshimi. ", " An anime television series adaptation of the manga was animated by J.C.Staff and premiered on October 3, 2006 in Japan on TV Tokyo where it ran for twenty-five episodes until its conclusion. ", "The anime is licensed for English release on Region 1 DVD by Funimation Entertainment, which also uses the name Ghost Hunt.", "\n\nPlot\nGhost Hunt follows the ghost hunting adventures of Mai Taniyama, a first-year high school student who becomes involved with Shibuya Psychic Research (SPR) and its young manager, Kazuya Shibuya. ", "Mai nicknames Kazuya Shibuya \"Naru\" because of his attitude, and the nickname is generally adopted by all those who come to eventually work with SPR: Buddhist monk Houshou Takigawa; shrine maiden Ayako Matsuzaki; celebrity teen psychic Masako Hara; and Catholic priest John Brown.", "\n\nGhost Hunt also explores the paranormal abilities of the characters, particularly focusing on Mai's \"latent psychic abilities,\" demonstrated by her dreaming about information relevant to their cases. ", "She is often joined in her dreams by someone whom she assumes to be Naru, who acts as a spirit guide, but who is later revealed to be Naru's dead twin brother who had died long before.", "\n\nCharacters\n is a 16-year-old first-year high school student who becomes involved with Shibuya Psychic Research (SPR) after she accidentally breaks an expensive video camera that was being used by the SPR in an investigation of an old building at her school. ", " In the same incident, she is saved from a falling bookcase by Lin Koujo, who is injured instead. ", "To repay her debt, she fills in for Lin to assist SPR's manager Kazuya Shibuya. ", "After the conclusion of the first case, she is offered a paycheck for her work and a part-time position at SPR. ", " As the series progresses, it is revealed that Mai has ESP abilities, which include postcognitive dreams and clairvoyance. ", "Mai also demonstrates an instance of astral projection, when she gives Masako a key to comfort her after she is kidnapped by Urado and his men. ", "As she is still unfamiliar with her newly discovered powers, Mai is often not confident in her abilities and often does not disclose the full details of her dreams, where someone that resembles Naru frequently appears and guides her. ", "The other members of the SPR teach her some useful techniques, which she utilizes in the series. ", "She develops feelings for Naru as well as the other 'Naru' who appears in her dreams. ", "\n is a 17-year-old paranormal researcher and manager of Shibuya Psychic Research. ", "Mai nicknames him \"Naru\" for his attitude; this nickname generally comes to be adopted by their colleagues. ", "Though appearing cold and critical in front of his friends, he does care for them deeply and earns their trust and respect. ", "Initially, it appears that he has no spiritual powers. ", "However, later it is revealed that Naru is actually the famed paranormal researcher and psychic, Oliver Davis, and that he has very strong psychokinetic abilities, which Masako Hara has witnessed. ", " Although Naru has been taught how to manage his psychic abilities by Lin Koujo, it takes such a large toll on his body that the one time he does use it in the series, he collapses and is hospitalized. ", "It is also revealed that Naru had a twin brother named Eugene (that Mai sees in her dreams as \"dream Naru\"), who originally helped Naru to control his abilities. ", "They were nicknamed Gene and Noll; when Mai gives him the nickname Naru ('Na-ru'), he is taken aback because (in Japanese) it sounds similar to Noll ('No-ru'). ", "Naru and his brother were orphans who were later adopted by the Davis's, paranormal researchers in England. ", "Naru learns that his brother has died, and using psychometry, is led to Japan. ", "It is discovered that Gene was run over by a car driven by an unknown woman, and his body was thrown into a lake to destroy any evidence of the accident. ", "Mai Taniyama seems to be his most likely love interest, though a relationship between them is never confirmed at the end of the series. ", "The original author Fuyumi Ono stated almost as if apologetically to her fans that she 'does not do happy endings'. ", " \n , originally from Hong Kong, is Naru's solemn and taciturn assistant. ", "He seems to get most of the unpleasant jobs, and works through the night. ", "He appears to be a strong onmyoji and has a wide range of paranormal skills from exorcism to summoning spirits that he has captured and can then control familiars. ", "He acts as Naru's guardian to help him find his brother. ", "It is revealed that the three are childhood friends. ", "It was Lin who taught Kazuya how to control the enormous energy that Kazuya has had since birth. ", "Lin says he dislikes Japanese people because of the past conflicts Japan has had with China. ", "At one time, he told this to Mai and she told him that he should forget the past to move on and if he should hate her, it should be because he hates her as an individual. ", "At this, he stated that a long time ago, someone told him exactly the same words. ", "In the novels, it is revealed that this person was Gene. ", "\n is a 25-year-old hakkaisou, a Buddhist monk who has left his position at the headquarters of the Koyasan Shingon sect of Japanese Buddhism, Mt. Koya. ", "He says he \"came down from the mountain\" and has grown his hair out, has pierced ears, and wears fashionable clothing. ", "He claims that he left because they did not allow music CDs; his day job is playing bass guitar in a popular local band. ", "He is one of the more powerful and effective members of the group and takes the lead in Naru's absence, as seen in the Cursed House File. ", "The other members of SPR refer to him casually as \"Monk\". ", "He is also very protective of Mai and acts like an older brother to her, even teaching her some Buddhist warding chants. ", "\n is an outspoken 23-year-old self-styled shrine maiden (\"self-styled\" because she was not raised in a shrine; in fact, she is the daughter of wealthy doctors who own a community general hospital). ", "She is confident and proud of her abilities, though her attempts to demonstrate them have almost always fallen short. ", "She does teach Mai some defensive sutras and it is later revealed that her powers only work when she is around living trees as she draws power from the spirits in them. ", "As a child, the spirit from a large tree in front of her house taught her much of what she knows now. ", "Being near such trees allows her to purify disquiet spirits through a particular Shinto ritual. ", "This makes her a unique kind of priestess as she performs her rituals not in a shrine but anywhere that has trees nearby. ", "However, she has to let the spirits from the trees to rest for six months after she uses them. ", "\n is a 19-year-old Caucasian Catholic priest from Australia who speaks Japanese with a Kansai (Australian in the English dub) accent. ", "Good-natured and helpful, he helps Mai and Naru however he can. ", "His means of exorcism is spraying holy water while reciting the first passage of John from the New Testament of the Bible. ", "In most cases SPR relies on John's exorcisms whenever a human being is possessed by a spirit. ", "In \"The Cursed House\" File, it is revealed that John's exorcisms, unlike Hosho's Buddhist Mantras or Ayako's Shinto Kuji, do not cause physical harm when used on a possessed living creature. ", "\n is a 16-year-old spirit medium who stars in a popular television show; she has the ability to channel the deceased. ", "Aside from Mai, she is the only one who can sense spirits and their natures. ", "Because she is always wearing a kimono, even while sleeping, she is remarked as resembling a Japanese doll. ", "She has romantic feelings towards Naru and often gets jealous over Naru's treatment of Mai resulting in the two girls considering each other rivals. ", "After Mai saves her in the \"Blood-stained Labyrinth,\" they reach a shaky truce. ", "In personality, she is often serious and condescending towards Ayako and Mai. ", "However, this is most probably because she viewed Ayako and Mai as rivals for Naru. ", "In the novels, it is revealed that Masako knows of Naru's true identity and his psychic powers and has used that secret to extract favors out of Naru himself, despite his reluctance to participate in social events. ", "\n is a third-year top-ranked high school student and president of his school's student council. ", "Yasuhara first appears as a client of SPR as a result of unexplainable phenomena occurring at his school. ", "After the case is solved, he continues to help out SPR on other cases, including standing in as \"Kazuya Shibuya\" at the request of Naru and performing background research off-site while the others are on a case. ", "He has no psychic powers of his own, but his sharp mind and work efficiency make him a great help to the team. ", "In the Cursed House arc, he was called to research the folklore of the surrounding areas and was able to determine the source of all the spirits being manipulated to kill the family. ", "He has an unorthodox sense of humor that usually consists of telling convoluted lies that creep out or irritates the other party. ", "He does it mostly to people who tease or are rude to him. ", "He refers to it as \"being a jerk to a jerk\". ", "He also does not scare easily as demonstrated when he was not afraid of reversing the curse on him and the rest of the students in his school in the Forbidden Pastimes arc. ", "\n is an associate and mentor to Naru, who requests the SPR to investigate the mysterious disappearances of two young people at the estate of a former Prime Minister. ", " However, it is revealed that she actually wanted the SPR to expose another investigator at the estate (posing as \"Oliver Davis\") as an impostor. ", "She aided in the case by researching the house and the inhabitants for SPR. ", "She enjoys frequently teasing Naru and also knows the secret reason for his being in Japan.", "\n\nSecondary Characters & Victims\n is Mai's best friend and classmate from school, she along with Mai and Keiko enjoy telling each other ghost stories after school. ", "\n is Mai's other friend from school. ", "\n is the class-president and another classmate of Mai Taniyama, in episode 3 she is revealed to be a latent psychic however she wasn't aware that she had supernatural abilities until Kazuya told her this. ", "\n is a young girl around five years old who appears in the episode The Doll House in this episode she was experiencing strange behavior after her father had remarried which was caused by her toy doll who hypnotized her into believing that her new mother is \"a witch\" and that her father is \"her assistant\". ", "According to Ayumi every time she would play or make friends with other children, Minnie would often punish her-(by moving the bedroom furniture) as a result. ", "\n is Ayumi's aunt and caregiver while her brother Ayumi's father is overseas on a business trip.", "\n is a young man whose family lives all the way near the seaside, he came to the SPR team to show them a mysterious rash on his niece Hazuki's back and neck; the actual cause was because of \"Kaimyo\" a spiritual name for the dead, however it wasn't just Hazuki and her cousins that were cursed it was the entire Yoshimi family, according to Taizo every time there's a new head of the family strange things start happening. ", "\n is Akifumi's niece, she arrived with her uncle (who is also her legal guardian) and was shown to possess ugly looking marks all over her body which he believed was an infection and took her to the hospital for a check up; but it turns out Hazuki got the rash after her grandfather died which began the curse. ", "The marks on her body disappear after the curse had been lifted. ", " \n is Hazuki older brother, after he gets possessed he tries to commit suicide but likely Mai uses her spiritual powers to release the spirit within him and his cousin Wakako but her abilities end up injuring the children in the process. ", "\n is the new head of the Yoshimi family after his father-in law had recently died. ", "According to him, every time there is a new head in their family; strange horrible things begin happening. ", "\n is Taizo's wife who just like Masako is always seen wearing a kimono. ", "32 years before the series, her grandfather died along with eight other family members; after that five of her mother's siblings also died from unknown causes and was the only one who had survived. ", "Then the day after her father's funeral when he also died, is when her own granddaughter Hazuki had the scars on her body and with the scar on Hazuki neck it's like her father's ghost wants to kill his grandchild from beyond the grave. ", " \n is one of Hazuki and Katsuki's cousins, when she and Katsuki were possessed the two of them would be seen walking together and saying weird things.", "\n\nMedia\n\nLight novels\n\nAkuryō Series\n\nGhost Hunt Series (White Heart Series)\n\nManga\n\nWritten and illustrated by Shiho Inada, the manga adaptation premiered in Amie magazine in 1998, then moved to sister publication Nakayoshi. ", "After this, the series moved to being published in volumes only. ", "The series was completed in September 2010 with the twelfth and final volume. ", " The manga is licensed for an English-language release in North America by Del Rey Manga, which has released 11 volumes of the series to date. ", "Ghost Hunt is licensed for release in the United Kingdom by Tanoshimi.", "\n\nAnime\n\nAn anime television series adaptation of the manga was animated by J.C.Staff. ", "It premiered on October 3, 2006 in Japan on TV Tokyo where it ran for twenty-five episodes until its conclusion. ", "The anime is licensed for English release on Region 1 DVD by Funimation Entertainment, which released the entire series across two 2-disc volumes, and later in a single box set.", "\n\nLive action film\nIn November 2013, production companies Twins Japan and Kadokawa Shoten announced that a live action film adaptation of Ghost Hunt was in production. ", "The film will be directed by Yoshitaka Yamaguchi with Atsuyuki Shimoda and Shotaro Oikawa writing the screenplay. ", "Shinichiro Inoue will serve as executive producer, and Adrian Chaw will serve as co-executive producer. ", "The film will star Maya Fukuzawa as Mai Taniyama, Mizuki Yamamoto as Masako Hara, and Yosuke Kamamura as Hōshō Takigawa. ", "Additional casting has yet to be announced. ", "The film was slated for a summer 2014 release, but until now, no announcement has been made.", "\n\nReception\nPop Culture Shock's Michelle Smith criticises the Ghost Hunt manga for its \"noticeable slide in quality\" after volume five, attributing this to \"the end of Ghost Hunts serialization in Nakayoshi and the beginning of direct-to-tankōban releases\". ", "Mania.com's Eduardo M. Chavez criticises the main protagonist, Naru, for not taking \"action on initial calls for distress. ", "He then changes his mind, takes the case while always providing a perspective that is contrary to the work that he is actually assigning his staff.\" ", "He also criticises the repetitive nature of the manga, saying, \"every bit of paranormal, psychic and occult culture is dissected to death often repeating a few times a book\".", "\n\nActiveAnime's Sandra Scholes commends the anime for having \"the feel of a well-known supernatural TV series with its roots deep in Japanese mythology and history.\" ", "Anime News Network's Theron Martin commends the anime for its \"excellent pacing, offers good entertainment value, sometimes genuinely intense and horrifying\" however, he criticises it for \"lax characterizations\" and oversimplifying some things. ", "DVD Talk's John Sinnott compares the anime to Case Closed with a supernatural twist. ", "He also stated within his final thoughts that he \"was initially disappointed, the show did turn out to be an enjoyable mystery show with some fun and intriguing characters\".", "\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n Official Kodansha Ghost Hunt website \n Official TV Tokyo Ghost Hunt anime website \n Official Funimation Ghost Hunt anime website\n \n\nCategory:1989 Japanese novels\nCategory:1994 Japanese novels\nCategory:1998 manga\nCategory:2006 anime television series\nCategory:2007 Japanese television series endings\nCategory:Anime and manga based on light novels\nCategory:Del Rey Manga\nCategory:Novels about exorcism\nCategory:Fiction about urban legends\nCategory:Fuyumi Ono\nCategory:Funimation\nCategory:J.C.Staff\nCategory:Kodansha books\nCategory:Kodansha manga\nCategory:Light novels\nCategory:School life in anime and manga\nCategory:Shōjo manga\nCategory:Television programs based on light novels\nCategory:TV Tokyo shows\nCategory:Yōkai in popular culture" ]

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[ "Search form\n\nMultinational companies are increasingly looking to Africa to expand production of in-demand commodity crops such as soy and oil palm. ", "A first-of-its-kind study highlights the real and potential impacts on the continent’s valuable tropical forests.", "\n\nNext time you bite into a chocolate bar, think of Africa. ", "The continent produces nearly 70 percent of the world’s cocoa, a growing output that requires carving more than 325,000 acres of new farmland from forests every year – a drop in the bucket of overall agricultural expansion there.", "\n\nThat expansion is the subject of a new Stanford study that provides the first comprehensive assessment of how international demand for commodity crops, such as cocoa, is affecting sub-Saharan Africa’s tropical forests, second in size only to the Amazon. ", "The findings, published in Environmental Research Letters, suggest reason for hope if policymakers tailor decisions regarding deforestation around the region’s unique dynamics and uncertainties.", "\n\n“We are starting to better understand issues related to large-scale agricultural expansion in the tropics,” said lead author Elsa Ordway, a graduate student in Stanford’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences. “", "In Africa, we have the opportunity to take lessons learned from other regions and recommend preventive policies.”", "\n\nIn particular, the study recommends policies that would alleviate poverty in local regions and incentivize forest conservation rather than the widespread deforestation that has accompanied agricultural expansion in other regions.", "\n\nInto Africa\n\nAs international markets have swelled and integrated, production of in-demand crops such as soy and oil palm has moved away from areas where land is scarce and where natural resource regulations are robust. ", "Production has instead moved to tropical regions such as Southeast Asia and South America. ", "Brazil and Indonesia alone accounted for more than 60 percent of global tropical deforestation from 2000 to 2005, largely due to agricultural expansion.", "\n\nA Stanford study indicates that domestic demand for commodity crops has been associated with most agricultural expansion in sub-Saharan Africa in recent years, including oil palms such as these at an oil palm nursery and research facility in Cameroon. (", "Image credit: Elsa Ordway)\n\nSub-Saharan Africa, with its abundant cheap land and labor, would seem an obvious next step for multinational companies looking to expand farther. ", "Since 2015, agricultural production in the region has grown at the fastest rate globally, and cropland is predicted to expand more than 10 percent by 2025.", "\n\nAlthough deforestation rates in Africa remain well below those in South America and Southeast Asia, the region has lost an area of intact forest about the size of Iceland since 2000.", "\n\nThese African forests, contained primarily in the Congo Basin, represent almost 30 percent of the world’s total and are an important source of local income. ", "In addition to regulating climate, safeguarding water quality and controlling disease, the forests feed and provide subsistence means to at least 100 million people living nearby. ", "Forest products such as logs generate an average of 6 percent of sub-Saharan Africa’s gross domestic product – triple the world average.", "\n\nAvoiding deforestation\n\nExpansion of commodity crop production in sub-Saharan Africa has so far been driven primarily by small- and medium-scale local farmers who boost the regional economy and can expand with less disruption to forests. ", "But big change is knocking at the door. ", "In recent years, multinational companies have bought up a land area larger than Costa Rica in the heavily forested Congo Basin, mostly for crops such as oil palm and soy.", "\n\nAs the multinationals move in, they are more likely to acquire land by clearing intact forest due to property conflicts resulting from the region’s land tenure complexities. ", "However, the study’s authors suggest Africa could be spared the massive deforestation that large-scale monoculture has wrought on regions such as Southeast Asia by implementing policies that prioritize forest conservation and local control of the land.", "\n\n“Civil society, policymakers and private companies can benefit from many years of trial-and-error with anti-deforestation policies in South America and Southeast Asia to design more effective interventions in sub-Saharan Africa,” said co-author Eric Lambin, the George and Setsuko Ishiyama Provostial Professor in the School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences.", "\n\nAmong the possible solutions: promoting investment that ensures small and medium-scale farmers continue to drive agricultural expansion in order to alleviate poverty and avoid land tenure conflicts, encouraging shade cultivation of crops such as cocoa to incentivize forest cover conservation, and finding ways to engage African consumers – currently the primary market for most locally produced commodity crops – on deforestation issues.", "\n\n“Future forest losses could be better mitigated via policies that address the shifting influence of domestic and international markets,” said co-author Greg Asner, a professor in Stanford’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences.", "\n\nIn the meantime, the study’s findings could inform the zero-deforestation commitments made by dozens of international companies and help countries adhere to their commitments under the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change.", "\n\nFunding for this research was provided by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program, Stanford Global Development & Poverty Initiative, Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies, Stanford Center for African Studies Graduate Fellowship Program and a McGee-Levorsen Research Grant.", "\n\nStanford Vice Provost and Dean of Research Kathryn Moler wants all research resources to be as readily available as books in a library. ", "This model would enable faculty and students to pursue the most innovative research in flexible, collaborative teams." ]

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[ "[Esophagogastroplasty in the treatment of squamous carcinoma of the esophagus (our experience)].", "\nThe authors report on their experience with 42 cases of squamous carcinoma of the oesophagus subjected to oesophagectomy and oesophagogastroplasty. ", "The patients' mean age was 55.2 years (range: 41-70) with a 13:1 male/female ratio. ", "A positive history of cigarette smoking and of alcohol consumption was found in 87% and 80% of patients respectively. ", "The sites of the neoplasms were as follows: 24 in the mid 3rd of the oesophagus, 9 in the lower 3rd, 6 in the upper 3rd of the thoracic oesophagus and 3 in the cervical oesophagus. ", "In 39 patients the operation was performed in two stages according to Lewis and in 2 cases it was performed in 3 stages according to McKeown, while one patient was treated with a pull-through operation according to Akiyima. ", "Six patients died during the first 30 days postoperatively as a result of circulatory complications or ARDS. ", "Fistulization of the anastomosis as observed in 5 cases, though this was clinically manifest only in two. ", "Mean survival was 5.9 months, 18.6 months and 10.5 months according to the period considered." ]

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[ "// (C) Copyright John Maddock 2008.", "\n// Use, modification and distribution are subject to the\n// Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See accompanying file\n// LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\n#include \"../unordered_map\"\n\n\n" ]

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[ "\n\nTagstand Relaunches NFC Task Launcher App, Makes NFC Way Less Geeky - kul\nhttp://techcrunch.com/2012/03/23/tagstand-relaunches-nfc-task-launcher-app-makes-nfc-way-less-geeky/\n\n======\ndm8\nOn a side note, I was reading that article from Android phone and immediately\nsearched for their app. ", "Surprisingly, Google Market/Play didn't return any\nresults. ", "Is search broken on Market/Play (especially when accessed from\nphone/tablet)? ", "Because most of the times I search from their web based store\nand download from over the air push.", "\n\nBy the way, congrats for releasing the app.", "\n\n~~~\nkul\nhmm, just searched on my android using Google Market and it shows up, a long\nwith a free version. ", "what were your search terms?", "\n\n~~~\ndm8\nI searched for \"NFC Task\", I guess I had forgotten \"launcher\".", "\n\nI searched once again with same term and it doesn't return your app. ", "It\nreturns totally unrelated apps and only one related to NFC.", "\n\nAnd now I searched for \"NFC Task Launcher\", it returns some app called\n\"Tasker\". ", "Ha!", "\n\nHowever, on the web it always returns your app as first result.", "\n\n~~~\nkul\nsuper weird - can you email us with screenshots to info@tagstand.com please?", "\n\n------\nfidotron\nThis looks completely brilliant! ", "The potential for something like home\nautomation is immense.", "\n\n~~~\nkul\nThank you - car automation is happening too:\n[https://twitter.com/#!/paulwcarlton/status/18294979680862208...](https://twitter.com/#!/paulwcarlton/status/182949796808622080)\n\n------\nericwu01\nCongrats Kul, solid work.", "\n\n~~~\nkul\nThanks Eric.", "\n\n------\njcarden\nNice job Kul. ", "Way to go.", "\n\n~~~\nkul\nmerci\n\n------\ndrivebyacct2\nClicked the link, alt-tabbed and got concerned as my computer nearly crashed,\nsilly TechCrunch.", "\n\nI got really excited about NFC before realizing that it's hard to use them for\nsecurity very well. ", "Found some terrifying things out about the RFID cards that\nmy University (and apparently military bases) use for security (basically\nthey're trivially cloneable), and further, with enough determination and not a\nwhole lot of effort, most NFC \"security\" implementations are hardly secure at\nall. ", "Even more sad, to get anything close to a PKI setup, you have to move up\nto non-contact-less \"SmartCards\".", "\n\nIf you're willing to make compromises you could do somethings with TagStand's\nUltralight C tags, hoping to do something with them soon as I've got a bag of\nthem on my desk.", "\n\n(Not to be off topic, sorry, this is related in that Tagstand is trying to\n\"bring NFC to the masses\" and (maybe erroneously) I had assumed they could\nhave access/auth uses).", "\n\n~~~\nkul\nWhat sort of security implementations were you thinking of? ", "There are\ncompanies out there aggressively working towards \"uncloneable\" cards and such.", "\n\nSecure elements for payments I think are pretty secure, more secure than\ncredit cards at least.", "\n\nEdit: here's one company that claims to it:\n<http://www.verayo.com/products/unclonable-rfid>\n\n~~~\ndrivebyacct2\nI have come up with three different ideas:\n\n\\- Ultralight tags (fun because there are cheap wristbands out there that look\nfairly normal and have these embedded). ", "You could use some sort of HMAC to\nencrypt a message that is based on the unique ID of the Ultralight tag. ", "The\nreader could verify that the data on the tag is the encrypted message\ncorresponding to that tag's ID. ", "This is broken if anyone decides to clone a\ntag down to the serial ID. ", "This would require custom tag fabrication or a\nmisbehaving supplier.", "\n\n\\- Ultralight C tags: 3DES encryption [skipping details] you could have better\nprevention of cloning the tag. ", "Unfortunately, 3DES encryption is symmetric and\nif anyone can access the reader, they can remove the key and again clone a\ntag. (", "This is how HID Class RFID cards work except they don't use 3DES and\nthere are at least 3 ways of easily retrieving the master key)\n\n\\- SmartCard: Actual PKI with assymetric encryption so that someone can\nprovide a challenge and the SmartCard can provide the proper response. ", "Again,\nsadly, contactless cards and they're expensive.", "\n\nOther than that, I'm out of ideas. ", "I'm a tinkerer and a student. ", "The thing\nyou've linked to looks like some sort of PKI in that there is a\nchallenge/response scenario going on.", "\n\nAll of this is information I've gleaned from Wikipedia over the past weekend\nand I would love to be corrected if I am wrong, even if it needs to take place\nsomewhere other than this thread.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Endothelial function in aorta segments of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice before development of atherosclerotic lesions.", "\nAcetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation declines in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mouse aortas, but only after atherosclerotic plaque formation. ", "This study investigated intracellular calcium concentrations [Ca2+]i and changes in phenylephrine-induced contractions as index of baseline nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability before plaque development. ", "Isometric contractions of thoracic aorta rings of young (4 months) apoE-/- and C57BL/6J (WT) mice were evoked by phenylephrine (3x10(-9)-3x10(-5) M) in the presence and absence of endothelial cells (ECs) or NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors. [", "Ca2+]i (Fura-2 AM) and endothelium-dependent relaxation were measured at baseline and after ACh stimulation. ", "Segments of apoE-/- mice were significantly more sensitive and developed more tension than WT segments in response to phenylephrine. ", "The differences disappeared after NOS inhibition or EC removal or upon increasing [Ca2+]i in apoE-/- strips with 10(-6) M cyclopiazonic acid or 10(-7) M Ca2+-ionophore A23187. ", "Expression of endothelial NOS (eNOS) mRNA was similar in apoE-/- and WT aorta segments. ", "Basal [Ca2+]i was significantly lower in apoE-/- than in WT strips. ", "Relaxation by ACh (3x10(-9)-10(-5) M) was time- and dose-dependently related to [Ca2+]i, but neither ACh-induced relaxation nor Ca2+ mobilization were diminished in apoE-/- strips. ", "In conclusion, basal, but not ACh-induced NO bioavailability, was compromised in lesion-free aorta of apoE-/- mice. ", "Decreased basal NO bioavailability was not related to lower eNOS expression, but most likely related to lower basal [Ca2+]i. ", "These findings further point to important differences between basal and stimulated eNOS activity." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to find the Facebook ID?", "\n\nWhen i go to http://graph.facebook.com/harshamv i get the following error\n{\n \"error\": {\n \"message\": \"(#803) Cannot query users by their username (harshamv)\",\n \"type\": \"OAuthException\",\n \"code\": 803\n }\n}\n\nIs there any way i get get my Facebook ID?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou don´t need global IDs anymore, only App Scoped IDs. ", "You get them by authorizing a user with no additional permissions and a call to the /me endpoint.", "\nMore about the change can be found in the changelog: \n\nhttps://developers.facebook.com/docs/apps/changelog#v2_0\n\nMore information about the same error message:\n\nFacebook - \"Cannot query users by their username\" solution\nSocial framework returns \"(#803) Cannot query users by their username (username)\" when trying to get user feed\nFacebook Graph API v2.1: getting user id and his posts\n\n" ]

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[ "<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" ?", ">\n<!", "DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">\n<html xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">\n<head>\n<title>SSL_COMP_add_compression_method</title>\n<meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:\" />\n</head>\n\n<body>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"index\">\n <li><a href=\"#NAME\">NAME</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"#SYNOPSIS\">SYNOPSIS</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"#DESCRIPTION\">DESCRIPTION</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"#NOTES\">NOTES</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"#RETURN-VALUES\">RETURN VALUES</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"#SEE-ALSO\">SEE ALSO</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"#HISTORY\">HISTORY</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"#COPYRIGHT\">COPYRIGHT</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n<h1 id=\"NAME\">NAME</h1>\n\n<p>SSL_COMP_add_compression_method, SSL_COMP_get_compression_methods, SSL_COMP_get0_name, SSL_COMP_get_id, SSL_COMP_free_compression_methods - handle SSL/TLS integrated compression methods</p>\n\n<h1 id=\"SYNOPSIS\">SYNOPSIS</h1>\n\n<pre><code> <span class=\"comment\">#include &lt;openssl/ssl.h&gt;</span>\n \n <span class=\"keyword\">int</span> <span class=\"variable\">SSL_COMP_add_compression_method</span><span class=\"operator\">(</span><span class=\"keyword\">int</span> <span class=\"variable\">id</span><span class=\"operator\">,</span> <span class=\"variable\">COMP_METHOD</span> <span class=\"variable\">*cm</span><span class=\"operator\">);</span>\n <span class=\"variable\">STACK_OF</span><span class=\"operator\">(</span><span class=\"variable\">SSL_COMP</span><span class=\"operator\">)</span> <span class=\"variable\">*SSL_COMP_get_compression_methods</span><span class=\"operator\">(</span><span class=\"variable\">void</span><span class=\"operator\">);</span>\n <span class=\"variable\">const</span> <span class=\"variable\">char</span> <span class=\"variable\">*SSL_COMP_get0_name</span><span class=\"operator\">(</span><span class=\"variable\">const</span> <span class=\"variable\">SSL_COMP</span> <span class=\"variable\">*comp</span><span class=\"operator\">);</span>\n <span class=\"keyword\">int</span> <span class=\"variable\">SSL_COMP_get_id</span><span class=\"operator\">(</span><span class=\"variable\">const</span> <span class=\"variable\">SSL_COMP</span> <span class=\"variable\">*comp</span><span class=\"operator\">);</span>\n</code></pre>\n\n<p>Deprecated:</p>\n\n<pre><code> #if OPENSSL_API_COMPAT &lt; 0x10100000L\n void SSL_COMP_free_compression_methods(void)\n #endif</code></pre>\n\n<h1 id=\"DESCRIPTION\">DESCRIPTION</h1>\n\n<p>SSL_COMP_add_compression_method() adds the compression method <b>cm</b> with the identifier <b>id</b> to the list of available compression methods. ", "This list is globally maintained for all SSL operations within this application. ", "It cannot be set for specific SSL_CTX or SSL objects.</p>\n\n<p>SSL_COMP_get_compression_methods() returns a stack of all of the available compression methods or NULL on error.</p>\n\n<p>SSL_COMP_get0_name() returns the name of the compression method <b>comp</b>.</p>\n\n<p>SSL_COMP_get_id() returns the id of the compression method <b>comp</b>.</p>\n\n<p>SSL_COMP_free_compression_methods() releases any resources acquired to maintain the internal table of compression methods.</p>\n\n<h1 id=\"NOTES\">NOTES</h1>\n\n<p>The TLS standard (or SSLv3) allows the integration of compression methods into the communication. ", "The TLS RFC does however not specify compression methods or their corresponding identifiers, so there is currently no compatible way to integrate compression with unknown peers. ", "It is therefore currently not recommended to integrate compression into applications. ", "Applications for non-public use may agree on certain compression methods. ", "Using different compression methods with the same identifier will lead to connection failure.</p>\n\n<p>An OpenSSL client speaking a protocol that allows compression (SSLv3, TLSv1) will unconditionally send the list of all compression methods enabled with SSL_COMP_add_compression_method() to the server during the handshake. ", "Unlike the mechanisms to set a cipher list, there is no method available to restrict the list of compression method on a per connection basis.</p>\n\n<p>An OpenSSL server will match the identifiers listed by a client against its own compression methods and will unconditionally activate compression when a matching identifier is found. ", "There is no way to restrict the list of compression methods supported on a per connection basis.</p>\n\n<p>If enabled during compilation, the OpenSSL library will have the COMP_zlib() compression method available.</p>\n\n<h1 id=\"RETURN-VALUES\">RETURN VALUES</h1>\n\n<p>SSL_COMP_add_compression_method() may return the following values:</p>\n\n<dl>\n\n<dt id=\"pod0\">0</dt>\n<dd>\n\n<p>The operation succeeded.</p>\n\n</dd>\n<dt id=\"pod1\">1</dt>\n<dd>\n\n<p>The operation failed. ", "Check the error queue to find out the reason.</p>\n\n</dd>\n</dl>\n\n<p>SSL_COMP_get_compression_methods() returns the stack of compressions methods or NULL on error.</p>\n\n<p>SSL_COMP_get0_name() returns the name of the compression method or NULL on error.</p>\n\n<p>SSL_COMP_get_id() returns the name of the compression method or -1 on error.</p>\n\n<h1 id=\"SEE-ALSO\">SEE ALSO</h1>\n\n<p><a href=\"../man7/ssl.html\">ssl(7)</a></p>\n\n<h1 id=\"HISTORY\">HISTORY</h1>\n\n<p>The SSL_COMP_free_compression_methods() function was deprecated in OpenSSL 1.1.0. ", "The SSL_COMP_get0_name() and SSL_comp_get_id() functions were added in OpenSSL 1.1.0d.</p>\n\n<h1 id=\"COPYRIGHT\">COPYRIGHT</h1>\n\n<p>Copyright 2001-2016 The OpenSSL Project Authors. ", "All Rights Reserved.</p>\n\n<p>Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the &quot;License&quot;). ", "You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. ", "You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at <a href=\"https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html\">https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html</a>.</p>\n\n\n</body>\n\n</html>\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRequire a JavaScript module inside a single Phoenix template\n\nWhat is the standard method to require a defined JavaScript module inside of a single Phoenix Template?", "\nI don't want the module required anywhere but inside this one template.", "\nHere is a snippet of the files I am using.", "\nweb/static/js/trend_chart.js\nlet TrendChart = {\n //... some JS module code here\n}\n\nweb/templates/layout/app.html.eex\nThis has the standard app load/require.", "\n\n...\n\n<script src=\"<%= static_path(@conn, \"/js/app.js\") %>\"></script>\n\n<script>require(\"web/static/js/app\")</script>\n\n...\n\nweb/templates/page/index.html.eex\n<!-- ", "what do i put in this template to require / load the TrendChart module code? --", ">\n<!-- ", "i don't want it required globally, so i don't want to put it in the app.html.eex file -->\n\nUpdate #1\nI'm really looking for a way to have two @inner blocks in the main layout. ", "One for the content, and one for additional JavaScript items to be loaded after the content.", "\nSomething like sections in ASP.NET MVC. (", "I know, I know!)", "\nSo the app.html.eex would end up something like this:\n...\n@inner\n...\n\n<script src=\"<%= static_path(@conn, \"/js/app.js\") %>\"></script>\n<script>require(\"web/static/js/app\")</script>\n\n*something here to load page/template specific javascript*\n\nA:\n\nYou can save the file to web/static/assets/trend_chart.js then it will be copied to priv/static/trend_chart.js and available from <script src=\"<%= static_path(@conn, \"/trend_chart.js\") %>\"></script>.", "\nAll files saved to the web/static/assets directory are directly copied to priv/static without going through the build phase.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Results for \"apple ios 7\"\n\nAs Google I/O approaches, we’ll start to hear some interesting rumors and chatter about what we might discover in May. Though a lot is going on lately with Google+, Android Pay, and Google’s incoming Nexus-ish carrier plans (which we can expect to hear more about at I/O), a lot is left dangling in the wind. ", "Now we’re getting word that Google’s Android Wear platform may not be so Android-y in the future. ", "According to one source, Google is preparing to make Android Wear more available to iOS.", "\n\nThe Apple Watch is the most buzzed about wearable to hit the market in a long time, and not all of the buzz is good. ", "We've shared some of th earlier rumblings about the Apple Watch's short battery life. ", "Now we are hearing news of a new feature called Power Reserve, which could be a battery-saving mode that lets the Apple Watch run on low energy while only displaying the time.", "\n\nIf recent reports are true, Apple may be gearing up to release iOS 8.2 as soon as March 2nd, or this coming Monday. ", "As the latest version of the iPhone and iPad operating system, iOS 8.2 has already seen five developer betas released since November. ", "The new update has already been revealed as containing some support for the Apple Watch, but full compatibility with the wearable may not come until iOS 8.3, which is currently expected to be released in April.", "\n\nOne of the things Apple had working against them when it came to creating files for use in the cloud was actually creating files in the cloud itself. ", "Though you could save a Pages document or presentation made via Keynote in iCloud, creating one via iCloud.com wasn’t really a thing. ", "Until now. ", "Today, Apple is rolling out file creation in iCloud, all via a browser. ", "Now, you don’t even need access to an OS X or iOS device to use Pages, Keynote, or Numbers.", "\n\nDrawing apps for iOS are easy to come by, with Paper by FiftyThree or Adobe’s Sketch being the most notable and identifiable apps. ", "Those ask that you use them to completion, though, and provide you with the tools necessary to finish works of art. ", "What if you just want a sketching app, though? ", "Those do the trick, but a new app, Forge, is made for it. ", "Rather than creating something that looks like a painting, Forge is meant for brainstorming.", "\n\nWhile the Android world is setting its eyes on MWC 2015 next week, those from the Apple camp are more fixated on late April. ", "That is when the company will be fully launching the Apple Watch and when the world will finally get to see what Cupertino's take on smartwatches will really be. ", "But as experience showed so far, a smartwatch is only as good as the stuff you can do on it, and some developers are now revealing the things you will be able to do once the Apple Watch hits the stores.", "\n\nWhen you look at emoji, do you think “that’s not really what I look like”? ", "If so, you might want to grab an Apple device in the future. ", "With their recently (today) seeded OS X 10.10.3 and iOS 8.3 betas, Apple made some changes to emoji. ", "With a long-press on some emoji, you can now see new-look faces with different skin tones. ", "To better serve those new emoji, Apple also added a few new flags to their lineup, making sure everyone was able to represent themselves.", "\n\nApple is ready to ask Developers to make improvements to incoming Mac Apps. ", "Through the Apple Developers portal, Apple is asking OS X Developers to change the way their incoming apps treat memory. ", "Rather than ‘Garbage Collection’, Apple is asking Developers to use Automatic Reference Counting (ARC) for memory management. ", "The change applies only to incoming apps, and for apps submitted after May 1. ", "Developers should have seen this coming, though; Apple began favoring ARC over Garbage Collection back in the days on OS X Mountain Lion.", "\n\nOn release of OS X Yosemite, Apple opened up a fairly open public beta of the new desktop operating system. ", "It worked really well, too. ", "Those who were clamoring to get a chance to see changes ahead of time could, and it contributed some really important feedback straight to Apple. ", "A new reports suggests the same may be happening for iOS, as upcoming releases could see a public beta — a first for iOS. ", "This program is said to start as early as March, too.", "\n\nTwo weeks ago, a report emerged that Samsung was looking to work a mobile payments processor into the Galaxy S6. ", "LoopPay was alleged to be the system Samsung was leaning on. ", "At the time, we collectively logged it into the memory bank as something that was plausible, and smart, but ultimately needed confirmation from Samsung before it was truly believable. ", "Though we obviously don’t know what the Galaxy S6 has in store for us, Samsung just announced they purchased LoopPay." ]

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[ " COURT OF APPEALS\n EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS\n EL PASO, TEXAS\n\n §\n No. ", "08-10-00186-CV\n §\n IN THE MATTER OF B.L.C., Appeal from\n A JUVENILE §\n 289th District Court\n §\n of Bexar County, Texas\n §\n (TC # 2007-JUV-02757)\n §\n\n MEMORANDUM OPINION\n\n The appeal is before the Court for a determination whether it should be dismissed. ", "Finding\n\nthere is no appealable order, we dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction.1\n\n On September 19, 2007, the State file a petition alleging Appellant engaged in delinquent\n\nconduct by committing indecency with a child by sexual contact. ", "By its petition, the State sought\n\na determinate sentence. ", "A jury found that Appellant engaged in delinquent conduct as alleged in the\n\npetition. ", "The jury found that Appellant was in need of rehabilitation, sentenced him to five years in\n\nthe Texas Youth Commission with possible transfer to the Texas Department of Criminal Justice\n\nInstitutional Division, and recommended that he be placed on probation outside of his home.", "\n\n Shortly before Appellant’s eighteenth birthday, the State filed a motion to transfer the\n\ndeterminate sentence probation to an adult district court. ", "The trial court signed an order on March\n\n5, 2010 transferring Appellant’s juvenile determinate sentence probation to a criminal district court\n\npursuant to Section 54.051 of the Texas Family Code. ", "TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . §", "54.051 (Vernon\n\n\n 1\n This case was transferred from the Fourth Court of Appeals to the Eighth Court of Appeals pursuant to a\ndocket equalization order issued by the Supreme Court of Texas. ", "See T EX .G O V ’T C O D E A N N . § ", "73.001 (Vernon 2005).", "\n\f2008). ", "The transfer became effective on Appellant’s eighteenth birthday, April 2, 2010. ", "See\n\nTEX .FAM .CODE ANN . §", "54.051(d). ", "On May 14, 2010, the trial court held a hearing on Appellant’s\n\nwritten objections to changes in the conditions of probation, but the court declined to amend the\n\nconditions. ", "Appellant thereafter filed notice of appeal stating an intention to challenge matters raised\n\nby written motion and ruled on by the trial court on May 14, 2010.", "\n\n On July 19, 2010, we sent Appellant notice of our intent to dismiss the appeal for want of\n\njurisdiction. ", "Appellant’s counsel has filed a written response conceding that Appellant did not file\n\nnotice of appeal from the transfer order, and even if he had, the transfer order is not appealable. ", "We\n\nagree. ", "See In the Matter of J.H., 176 S.W.3d 677, 679 (Tex.", "App.--Dallas 2005, no pet.).", "\n\nAdditionally, counsel correctly states that the trial court’s refusal to amend the conditions of\n\nprobation is not appealable. ", "See Basaldua v. State, 558 S.W.2d 2, 5 (Tex.", "Crim.", "App. ", "1977).2\n\nAccordingly, we dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction.", "\n\n\n\nSeptember 29, 2010\n ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Justice\n\nBefore Chew, C.J., McClure, and Rivera, JJ.", "\n\n\n\n\n 2\n The Court commends counsel for filing a candid and thorough response to the inquiry.", "\n\f" ]

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[ "Apple and Adobe make major moves to change the way we manage our photographs. ", "Photo: Charlie Sorrel/Cult of Mac\n\nUbiquitous cloud storage and editing solutions for your photos are like buses: You wait ages for one, and then two come along at once.", "\n\nBoth Apple and Adobe are going all-in on allowing you to view and edit your photos on any device. ", "Adobe has done this by bringing its Lightroom desktop app to mobile. ", "Apple is doing it by ditching iPhoto and Aperture and starting again with the upcoming Photos app for iOS.", "\n\nWhile the approaches are different, they both look rad. ", "And they’ll drive a fundamental shift in the way we manage our photos.", "\n\nOur libraries in the cloud not just our pictures in the cloud\n\nPreviously, our photos lived on a device we owned. ", "That could be a Mac or an iOS device. ", "Sharing these photos was done by uploading them to a third-party service. ", "That could be single images on Instagram, or our whole library, like on the now-dead Everpix. ", "I have all the digital photos I’ve ever taken up on Flickr.", "\n\nAnd that’s fine as a way to be able to browse your pictures from anywhere. ", "But what about editing and organizing?", "\n\nWith Lightroom Mobile and – soon – Apple’s Photos apps, your library is in the cloud. ", "That is, you don’t just have an out-of-date copy of your pictures sitting on a server somewhere. ", "Instead, you can access, edit and organize those pictures from pretty much any device. ", "This is a fundamental shift. ", "You no longer need to worry about which version of your photo you have on which device, because there is only one version, and it’s everywhere.", "\n\nThat’s not to say that the Apple and Adobe services are interchangeable. ", "In fact, they have different philosophies.", "\n\nAdobe’s Lightroom\n\nLightroom started on the desktop, and your canonical collection remains in your control, on your own Mac (or PC). ", "You choose which collections of photos you sync to mobile. ", "However, once you have done that, your collections are instantly updated between devices whenever you edit photos or move them between collections.", "\n\nLightroom on the Mac remains the hub for your photos\n\nAdobe wants you to use the right device for the right job. ", "Right now, Lightroom for iOS offers just a subset of the features found on the desktop – basic editing and organizing tools. ", "Any photos taken on your iOS devices are synced back to the mothership, but photos added to your Mac Lightroom library are only synced to iOS if you say so. ", "This fits in with Lightroom as a pro tool. ", "You probably don’t want hundreds of almost-identical images from a photo shoot clogging up your iPad. ", "Or if you do – to use the iPad’s superior browsing and flagging interface – you can sync them at the click of a single check box on the Mac.", "\n\nLightroom on the iPad is also different from the Photos app. ", "First, you get great access to all your metadata, whereas in the Photos app you get none (although you can search on location and album name). ", "But second, you can’t just browse through all your pictures and zero in on the one you want like you can in the Photos app.", "\n\nBut the real point here is the editing. ", "You don’t yet get access to all the editing controls you have on the desktop version, but the RAW rendering engine inside Lightroom Mobile is the exact same one you’ll find on your Mac. ", "And that means both platforms are equivalent.", "\n\nApple’s Photos app for iOS\n\nClearly we have no idea what the Photos Mac app will bring, other than what we were told at the Worldwide Developers Conference keynote a few weeks back. ", "But what we do know is exciting enough. ", "It will share a library with your iOS devices. ", "It will support RAW photos, so you can import images from a camera or anywhere else. ", "And it will sync lossless edits across your devices, instantly – just like Lightroom.", "\n\nNow that Apple has officially killed off Aperture and iPhoto, we can guess that Photos on Mac will either have some of Aperture’s RAW editing capabilities, or it will integrate heavily with Adobe’s Lightroom.", "\n\niPhoto for iOS is powerful, but kind of a mess.", "\n\nWhat we do know is that, unlike Adobe’s solution, Apple is making iCloud canonical. ", "That is, the central storage place for your library is on Apple’s servers, not your Mac. ", "This means that you don’t even need a Mac to use the service. ", "You could fill up your whole 200GB iCloud storage plan with pictures taken on your iPhone if you like. ", "For a company that supposedly “doesn’t get the cloud,” this is a pretty surprising move. ", "But if you follow the plan, first introduced by Steve Jobs, for iCloud to be the new “digital hub,” it makes a lot of sense\n\nLike Lightroom, the editing is what sets Photos apart from past online photo libraries. ", "You snap a picture on your iPhone, you edit it on your iPad, then view a slideshow on your iMac. ", "It’s seamless, with all edits synced to all devices as they happen.", "\n\nRemember how all instances of Lightroom have the same rendering engine at their core? ", "This means that if you, say, add a little contrast and make the photo black-and-white on your iPhone, then Adobe only needs to send the instruction to do the same thing to your iPad or your Mac. ", "Instead of syncing a new photo with every edit, it syncs a tiny text file that lists the edits you make, and then the other devices apply those edits. ", "Apple’s edits are also lossless. ", "That is, the original photo file is left untouched, like a negative, letting you roll back the edits at any time\n\nOther players and Apple’s endgame\n\nSurely there will be other options like this soon enough, although with Apple and Adobe there’s one feature I haven’t mentioned: stability.", "\n\nI’ve lost count of the number of photo-storage/sharing sites that have shut down in the past year, each one taking my photos with it, or at the very least requiring me to upload my library – yet again – to another service. ", "Adobe and Apple will both be around for a while, and – crucially – both are charging for their services right from the beginning. (", "Not that Apple couldn’t afford to give it away.)", "\n\nWho else could squeeze into this space? ", "Flickr is like a gallery, not a library, but that could be fixed. ", "And Flickr has the advantage of already being integrated with not just iOS but zillions of other apps and services. ", "It’s also backed by Yahoo, and offers 1TB of storage.", "\n\nFrom the sheer number of dead photo services littering the internet, it seems that deep resources are needed to enter this game. ", "Amazon and Dropbox are the two other candidates that leap to mind, but I have a feeling that the most successful player will also be the most obvious.", "\n\nApple’s Photos app is already the central location for your photos on iOS. ", "I think it will soon become the central location for all your photos, period.", "\n\nCloud is not the solution. ", "Not everyone has high bandwidth. ", "Apple will lose the fight.", "\n\nAdrayven\n\nUnlikely since the only other major player is doing the same thing.. Adobe. ", "as for loose.. hardly. ", "this isn’t a game.. many will goto one or the other.. Photo’s is free, Lightroom is NOT.. you get 5GB of storage free from Apple, Adobe it’s all paid..\n\nThe non-pro will go with Photo’s most likely. ", "Depending on how many of the advanced features Photo’s gets from Aperture, will likely determine how many semi-pro and pro users also goto Photo’s.. and how tied into Apple’s Echo system they get..\n\nhttp://www.sacredpipe.org/ Turtle Heart\n\nThis sounds more strange than interesting. ", "Will users now be forced to buy cloud storage if they want to use this program?…and if having no direct and clear access to metadata is not going to happen, that is a deal killer no matter what else it might bring to the table. ", "Metadata is the only clear and logical way to manage a huge library of images, in particular because that metadata is a working part of the actual file. ", "It is right there. ", "Apple’s photo apps, to me, have always been a joke and yet tech media writers never push back on their foolishness. ", "Dropbox, for example, already gives access across all devices to free libraries of all your photos. ", "No editing there, true. ", "But what person who has a large library of images does not already have one or more of the many great photo editors out there?…is this just a stunt to drive yet more millions of dollars to Apple via forced cloud subscriptions?….I see problems here.", "\n\nAdrayven\n\n5GB free and I don’t think it forces you to use the cloud.. you can use local storage.. but iCloud will certainly be the default.", "\n\nPavol Sojak\n\n5GB is nothing. ", "If you want to edit photos. ", "It means you already want to improve the photo quality, and this will go hand in hand with bigger image files. ", "Indeed could be solution for generic users, but certainly not for amateur or pro photographers.", "Not talking about security of your files, and copyright topics.", "\n\nMoises\n\nI for one am against this. ", "I distrust the cloud like I distrust the NSA. ", "Anyone using the cloud should have their brain examined.", "\n\nmichael p\n\nIn the beginning I used iphoto to handle all of my family photos, that was10+ years ago. ", "When Lightroom first came out, I loved it. ", "being able to store all of my photos with metadata, non destructive editing, etc… Since then I’ve bought a few hard drives to store all of my images, burned copies on blu-ray discs. ", "A couple of years ago when starting my own part time studio i signed up to Zenfolio.com so i can push a copy of my images there as another backup but for clients to view the photography. ", "I am not on board with storing my life in the cloud. ", "From an IT perspective, sure it’s great to store your files in the cloud, it becomes the companies problem to maintain from a hardware level. ", "My dream within the next year is to buy a NAS box and put enough storage in it for the next few years, then back off again to disc. ", "5gb of storage will get eaten up pretty quickly, as well as a terabyte. ", "I prefer my files living within the confines of my house and not all over the web. ", "I started deleting some older albums on my facebook account (thats another story). ", "I prefer my workflow right now thanks to adobe and creating LR mobile. ", "as soon as my photos are added to my catalog, i grab a set of images i want to look at on the go and have them sync to both my iphone and ipad mini. ", "While riding the train to NY i can go over the selection and flag/rate/basic edit the images then sync back to my macbook pro at home. ", "At night i’ll go through my selection and ween it down further so that i may edit either in PS or the few plugins I’ve been adding in recent years. ", "The typical user who isn’t very handy with backups, burning dvds, etc… will depend solely on services like apple for instance. ", "I can say from experience with my family, i get this all the time. ", "They assume everything will just get backed up or put in the cloud. ", "i keep telling them you have to manage your content (images, music, movies, etc…) The HD on their computers will eventually need upgrading, or perhaps the files will need to be moved elsewhere. ", "People often go to the genius bar to ask “what do i do now?” ", "No one tells them in the fine print what needs to be done. ", "It’s all glitz and glam with the commercials. ", "sorry for rambling on…\n\nPavol Sojak\n\nNAS is good solution, and affordable these days. ", "If you want to correctly protect your data think about having some ‘offsite’ copy (e.g. removable/usb drive) stored at the other location then your active data. ", "The point is to protect against ‘local’ disaster (e.g. fire, flooding, robbery, …’gods hand’). ", "Everything depending on how much you value your shots.", "\n\nJ A Smith\n\nI don’t want my photos in the cloud. ", "I want my photos on a device that I own and that remains under my control. ", "Why would I pay first for the new software, pay a second time for the cloud storage subscription costs, and then pay a third time for additional bandwidth? ", "This is an improvement?", "\n\nAppToday1\n\nJust like iPod, you have access to your entire library of files all the time. ", "Most people don’t own a farm for their food supply. ", "1 TB Google drive cost $10 a month, but if you buy 2 1T hard drives, one for everyday use, another for backup, that is about $140 up-front.", "\n\nJ A Smith\n\nThe cloud will still cost more over the short-term and the long-term, and my photos do not remain under my control.", "\n\nFor broadband, I have no choice but Comcast, and they have implemented data caps where I live. ", "I found that uploading my weekly photos of high school football games to my Google account would hit my broadband data cap each month in the fall.", "\n\nOne of the things that has never worked well (and doesn’t look like it will get fixed) is the use of multiple cameras. ", "This will work great if you just use an iphone. ", "Use a digital camera or a scanner and you still have to import. ", "If half of my pictures aren’t in my “cloud stream” I don’t want it at all.", "More importantly – tell me again why I’m not storing photos locally (where I own and control them) and releasing just what I want to release?", "\n\nWilliam Donelson\n\nWow, so you mean I can pay through the nose for bandwidth for EVERY PICTURE I want to work with now?", "\n\nazdahak\n\nNot really. ", "It will work like the rest of icloud where it stores local copies and sends small updates across the network. ", "It’s not as if you’ll be saving multi-megabyte versions of your photos to the cloud. ", "Of course the files still have to be uploaded, but that’s what happens now every time you take a photo with your iphone and it goes to your photo stream.", "\n\nGive apple some credit.", "\n\nWilliam Donelson\n\nThanks. ", "I don’t put any of my pics in iCloud now. ", "I have like 15 GB of them. ", "No way I want to pay for that.", "\n\nIan Docherty\n\nNot continuing with Aperture?……..SHAME ON YOU APPLE!!!!!!!!!!!!!", "\n\nSergey\n\nWell this article has so many mistakes.", "Lightroom and it’s “raw” engine has nothing to do with editing. ", "You can’t modify RAW files.", "When you “modify” RAW files on any editor it creates a separate file that keeps all edit properties. ", "This file is only few kilobytes in size and can be easily synced between devices. ", "Lightroom in particular does this to any file you edit there.", "But author has to check these things. ", "So called RAW “engine” does not exist. ", "There are encoders for every single camera model on the market. ", "These encoders are built in the software. ", "Once new model gets released the app has to be updated. ", "Please once again understand RAW files are read only.", "\n\nEl Caballero que dice Ni\n\nPhotos in the cloud is only feasible for occasional photographers. ", "I have nearly 1TB of photos, and I’m just an amateur. ", "Professional photographers have a lot more.", "\n\nZachary Reiss-Davis\n\nThis article seems to fundamentally fail to get the way people work with RAW files, and the amount of space they require. ", "I haven’t seen Apple offer anything like the amount of cloud storage that I would require for my photos, nor do I see how the time it’d take to upload them wouldn’t be prohibitive. ", "A single image on my camera is >20 MB (in RAW). ", "I can shoot a thousand images in a week vacation — sure many need culling, are duplicates in burst mode, and so on, but I am not going to upload that much.", "\n\nresnyc\n\nS\n\nhttp://www.kenedwards.org.uk kened\n\nas above, i’m a long time Aperture user who really doesn’t want to send bits and pieces of my huge library to iCloud. ", "my main library is about 2Tb of RAW files, and i have smaller libraries here and there probably amounting to about another 1-2Tb. ", "I keep these on various hard drives, backed up. ", "In short I have a finely tuned system for managing my photographs which i’ve refined over about six or eight years. ", "how on earth could this work with the cloud? ", "The news that Apple is abandoning Aperture and iPhoto for the new photos app. ", "was disastrous news for me. ", "I’ve invested heavily in Aperture in time, energy, and money over the years. ", "I’m guessing that the new Photos app. ", "will be a bit more powerful than iPhoto, but won’t have nearly the fullness of tools and features that Aperture has. ", "I expect that I’ll finally have to make the jump to Lightroom, but its DAM (digital asset management) is crude compared to Aperture’s flexible and powerful file management.", "\n\nthis is definitely the worst thing Apple has done to me, and it’s pulled some stunts over the years.", "\n\nmahadragon\n\nApple made a small announcement couple days ago because of the uproar. ", "The new “Photos App” will have very much the same functionality and power of Aperture with adjustable sliders for “Exposure”, “Contrast”, “Saturation”, etc. ", "The only thing I don’t know for sure, is exactly how many features will be ported over from Aperture into the new “Photos App”.", "\n\nI am also an Aperture user and I’m excited about the new developments. ", "What hasn’t been discussed at length are the improvements Apple will implement such as the ability for apps to work inside other apps which will allow us to edit a picture in one program and then edit that picture with a totally different program seamlessly without having to Save, then Export, then Open (or Import) that photo in the new app.", "\n\nApple also will roll out Custom CI Filters which will allow the user to implement a filter before the raw image is drawn which will give us a quality of photo editing that we’ve never seen before, allowing more of the original image details to be saved.", "\n\nThe new noise reduction filter and lens corrections have brand new algorithms that are considerably better than previous. ", "Long time Aperture users have been pining for lens correction, a feature Lightroom has boasted for a while. ", "With OSX Yosemite, lens correction, as well as raw image handling, will be baked into the operating system.", "\n\nAnyone who thinks Apple has abandoned the Professional photographer has got to be off their rocker. ", "Nothing could be further from the truth. ", "Apple is working very hard to simplify and streamline the photo editing process across devices without a loss of power editing features.", "\n\nAdobe is scrambling to address Apple’s latest announcement. ", "By making their photo editing seamless across devices, not withstanding the ability to edit pictures with apps built-in to other apps, Apple is basically creating a powerful photo-editing ecosystem for which no company can currently compete with.", "\n\nmahadragon\n\n“Apple’s edits are also lossless. ", "That is, the original photo file is left untouched, like a negative, letting you roll back the edits at any time”\n\nWhen the original file is left untouched during editing that’s called “non-destructive” editing. “", "Lossless” refers to the final rendered output, that is, not having any loss of original image information, details, and whatnot.", "\n\nhttp://www.kenedwards.org.uk kened\n\no. I love your optimism. ", "sounds like the holy grail is about to jump into our laps. ", "I really hope I’m wrong and you’re right, but I bet a pound to a penny that aperture to photos is an exercise in dumbing down just like recent pages 10 numbers and keynote, to say nothing of iMovie and Final Cut Pro.", "\n\nhttp://www.jphotog.com Hrunga Zmuda\n\nI can go on a shoot to China and come back with nearly 400 gigs of photos. ", "Nobody is going to have the online storage I need at a reasonable price. ", "Amazon Glacier (AWS) might be a good backup solution, where my 6 or 7 TB of photos will cost about $100 per month. ", "Local redundant storage would be better. ", "Though performance has it’s price. ", "My Thunderbolt 2 18 TB Promise Pegasus 2 was almost $3,000.", "\n\nliveimpact\n\nSharing everything – like on FB – should be a lesson to everyone – you are giving every detail away – what you do – where you go – who you are with – and all public. ", "Yea – Cloud – we will see a reverse of that …It is like CRACK Dealers – Give it away – get them hooked – then charge for that in the future. ", "I have 15 TB of Photos / Video all personal stuff – There would be no way to get that on the Cloud.", "I was just at the beach, There was even WiFi – Yea , not really good enough to even upload one photo – and for the 2000 photos over 2 days – well – not so much.", "Keep Dream of world Domination Thru Cloud Service – Apple, Google, Adobe, MS….Dream on.", "Business are also starting to realize that Cloud Based Server cost a lot more than owning the Hardware and doing it all in house. ", "More Secure, Much Much Less Costly, Better Response Time.", "\n\nAbout the author\n\nCharlie Sorrel is the Reviews Editor here on Cult of Mac. ", "Follow Charlie on Twitter at @mistercharlie.", "\n\n(sorry, you need Javascript to see this e-mail address) | Read more posts by Charlie Sorrel." ]

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[ "I shriek, you shriek, all of us shriek for Janet Jade.", "\n\nThe greatest ice fluid salon on the earth has been built and our lil’ sundae maker is none instead of the big-chested and super-sexy Janet Jade.", "\n\n“Very first, I’ll put a lil’ caned fluid on my pompoms,” an already bare Janet says, spritzing the contents of the fundament on each and every juicy areola. “", "Ooooh, yeahR30;. ", "Seems to be so juicy….”", "\n\nWhat a tit-man would do to have the opportunity to slurp the ones pearly titties doodads neat after which deep-throat them great! ", "Janet does simply that, tonguing and self-sucking her cream-coated confections, reveling the tastey taste of her perfect flesh. ", "By the point this lil’ lesson in sundae making is over, Janet may have revved her mind-blowing assets right into a human dessert with sprinkles and cherries. ", "How tastey it’s." ]

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[ "A foiled plot to attack a military base in southern France and decapitate the officer in charge has raised fresh concerns over the Islamic State (IS) group’s attempts to strike the French military on their own soil.", "\n\nAdvertising Read more\n\nWhen their IS group contact told them to “strike in France”, Ismael K., Antoine F., and Djebril A. set their sights on the Mediterranean military post Fort Bear, where one of them used to serve. ", "Their plan was to kidnap the base chief and film his decapitation, according to the Paris prosecutor’s office.", "\n\nThe trio, whose ages range between 17 and 23, used encrypted messaging systems and applications to organise their attack. ", "They were arrested in a dawn raid on July 13th. ", "Two judges are expected to decide on Friday whether to file charges and extend their detention.", "\n\n\" [They] have several things in common -- as well as their young age,\" noted the prosecutor, François Molins. \"", "They have never been convicted, had been educated to baccalaureate level (which marks the end of high school) and were strongly radicalised, in particular because they watched IS videos.\"", "\n\nThe older member of the trio, Djebril A., had served at the base and allegedly suggested striking around the New Year period as the site was lightly defended at that time. ", "He joined the navy in June 2013 as a signalman but was eventually discharged in January 2015 because of “troubles adapting to military service”, according to the prosecutor’s office.", "\n\nFrench soldiers in their sights\n\nThe failed beheading plot highlights how the French military has become a target for self-styled jihadis. ", "Several attacks have taken place against soldiers deployed across the country as part of the Vigipirate counter-terror operation. ", "In May 2013, a soldier was seriously injured in a knife attack at a metropolitan railway station near Paris. ", "Three soldiers standing guard at a Jewish community centre in Nice were attacked by a knife-wielding assailant in early 2015.", "\n\nThe series of knife attacks came after Mohamed Merah shot dead three soldiers and seriously injured another one in March 2012. ", "The \"Cannes-Torcy\" cell, described by the Paris prosecutor as the most dangerous terror cell operating in France since the mid-1990s, was also said to be preparing attacks on military targets. ", "The cell was dismantled by security forces in October 2012 after police found the fingerprints of its leader, Jérémie Louis-Sidney, on a grenade thrown at a Jewish business in Sarcelles.", "\n\n\"The French military has always been a target because it has been active for several years in so-called jihad territories: Sahel, Afghanistan, Somalia. ", "It’s even more the case today because the French military is engaged in Iraq with the US-led coalition against the IS group\", says Wassim Nasr, FRANCE 24’s expert on jihadi groups.", "\n\n“The military is a prime target because striking or infiltrating an organisation in charge of protecting others would give a jihadi attack more impact,” Pierre Servent, a French army reserve colonel and expert on defence affairs, told AFP.", "\n\nEx-French paratroopers join IS group\n\nFRANCE 24’s sister radio, RFI, revealed in January 2015 that around ten former French soldiers, including ex-paratroopers and members of the elite Légion étrangère (French Foreign Legion), had joined jihadist groups in Syria.", "\n\nTheir insider knowledge raises concerns that they could help an assailant to bypass security measures to commit a terrorist attack similar to the 2009 Fort Hood mass shooting in Texas.", "\n\n\"For now, attacks [against military targets] in France have remained low-key\", says Nasr.", "\n\nAnti-military plots were not designed by well-organised groups. ", "Self-styled jihadis such as Merah targeted soldiers who were isolated at the moment of the attack. ", "Experts on French military affairs fear that small units guarding sensitive sites may be easy targets for such jihadist attacks.", "\n\nSome 7,000 troops have been deployed across the country in such units following the January 2015 attacks.", "\n\nDaily newsletterReceive essential international news every morning Subscribe" ]

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[ "Ocean Flame\n\nOcean Flame is a 2008 Hong Kong romantic comedy film directed by Liu Fendou and starring Liao Fan and Monica Mok. ", "The plot is based on Wang Shuo's novel of the same title. ", "It was released on 11 September 2008.", "\n\nPlot\nThe film tells the story of a punk's entanglements with a pure young girl.", "\n\nCast\n\nMain cast\n Liao Fan as Wang Yao\n Monica Mok as Li Chuan\n\nOther cast\n Hee Ching Paw as Li Chuan's mother\n Simon Yam as Laozhang\n Derek Tsang as Third Brother's assistant\n Suet Lam as Gunzi\n Wong Man Shing as Gunzi's assistant\n Him Law as Li Chuan's brother\n Hui Siu Hung as Mr. Luo\n Ha Da as Lü Yan\n Ma Gaoqiang as a whoremaster\n Zhao Huinan as Wei Ning\n Lawrence Cheng as a whoremaster\n Hai Yitian as Zheng Zhong\n Ka-Yan Leung as Third Brother\n Zhou Chuchu as Xiaobai\n Koo Fung as Waiter\n\nReception\nThe film earned critical acclaim and received nominations at the 45th Golden Horse Awards. ", "The film also was shortlisted for the 61st Cannes Film Festival and the 33rd Toronto International Film Festival.", "\n\nNominations and awards\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Hong Kong films\nCategory:2008 films\nCategory:Mandarin-language films\nCategory:Cantonese-language films\nCategory:Films based on Chinese novels\nCategory:Hong Kong romantic comedy films\nCategory:2000s romantic comedy films" ]

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[ "The December check also is 12 percent higher than the same month a year earlier, according to the release.", "\n\nFor the city’s fiscal year that started July 1, sales taxes are 1 percent below projections.", "\n\nSpringfield uses the sales tax checks from the Missouri Department of Revenue on services such as the Police and Fire departments. ", "Roughly 56 percent of the city’s general fund comes from sales and use taxes." ]

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[ "ICYouth: On Light and Darkness {Alexus}\n\nGod is changing lives at Immanuel because of your generous partnership with Accelerate! ", "Thank you! ", "Every Friday, we’re taking a peek at how God is working in the lives of our high school students. ", "These servants of Jesus are walking daily by faith as they navigate the hallways and relationships inside their school walls and beyond. ", "Our weekly series will highlight what God is up to in their lives in their voices. ", "Leave them some encouragement by commenting?", "\n\nby Alexus Jones\n\n“‘For I know the plans I have for you,’ declares the Lord, ‘plans to prosper and not to harm you, plans to give you a hope and a future.’” ", "Jeremiah 29:11\n\nI have a hard time with this verse. ", "There are days when I’m reminded of these words, but excitement for God’s glorious plans is not the emotion that meets me. ", "Rather, I’m greeted with the dark and cynical thoughts of anger and discouragement. ", "I can’t help but wonder if I’m honestly supposed to accept that tragedy, heartache, tears and wasted time are all included in what the Lord considers “good” plans. ", "Is that the kind of future that I’m supposed to have hope for in this life? ", "Yeah, I get that life in heaven will be great and all, but what am I to do in times of darkness and distress? ", "Sometimes I just get tired of being told that God works on His own time. ", "I get tired of being told that my human understanding couldn’t possibly comprehend the ways of the Almighty. ", "I get tired of being told that all of this is only temporary. ", "It may be temporary, but more heartache seems to lurk just around the next corner.", "\n\nI understand what this verse is saying. ", "I really do. ", "I know that God has an ultimate good in mind, and I appreciate that. ", "God and I had always been on the same page. ", "He would do something, and over time I could see how it played out. ", "Usually, it played out how I expected. ", "I could look back and say, “I’m glad that (Insert event here) happened, because it resulted in (Insert good event here).” ", "However, within the past year, seeing the ultimate good in the pain has been an incredibly difficult—sometimes impossible—task.", "\n\nIn my times of depression and frustration, I often tell myself to cling to God, but what does that mean? ", "How do I cling to God? ", "Does that mean reading my Bible more? ", "Does that mean praying more? ", "How do I cling to something that isn’t even recognized as existent to a large fraction of the world?", "\n\nWhen I write posts for this blog, I tend to at least attempt to throw in some sort of lesson or encouragement, but today I can only ask you to take heart in knowing that your struggles with Christianity are not unshared. ", "Do not be afraid to allow others in on your insecurities and flaws. ", "We only truly fall when we don’t have support—or refuse to use the support that we have. ", "The people in your life have been placed there for a reason! ", "We can no longer allow each other to hide our struggles. ", "How can we truly love each other as we’re called if we cannot take off our masks of “I’m fine”? ", "While God and His Word are the ultimate support system, the Church has also been called to be a light in the darkness. ", "Let yourself see that light! ", "And if you don’t need the light, be that light to others.", "\n\n“You are the light of the world. ", "A town built on a hill cannot be hidden.", "Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a bowl. ", "Instead they put it on its stand, and it gives light to everyone in the house. ", "In the same way, let your light shine before others, that they may see your good deeds and glorify your Father in heaven.” ", "Matthew 5:14-16\n\nAlexus Jones is a junior at Lakes Community High School. ", "She plays in the high school youth group worship band and works backstage on Sunday mornings at Immanuel Church. ", "She is a singer/songwriter who desires to glorify God with the abilities that He’s entrusted to her.", "\n\n3 thoughts on “ICYouth: On Light and Darkness {Alexus}”\n\nThank you for your words Alexus. ", "Christians do face many challenges in life and to have fellow believers to go to is wonderful. ", "My God use me to help others and may fellow Christians shine the “Light” of Jesus to all.", "\n\nThank you for your words Alexus. ", "Christians do face many challenges in life and to have fellow believers to go to is wonderful. ", "May God use me to help others and may fellow Christians shine the “Light” of Jesus to all.", "\n\nAlexus, I’ve had trouble with that passage in Jeremiah, too, for similar reasons and contextual reasons … your post resonates with me because sometimes we don’t understand how certain things can be good. ", "We can’t understand how they can be good … ever. ", "And it’s hard to trust that God can turn those terrible things into good when those terrible things are so terrible. ", "I feel that very deeply sometimes. ", "But I also remember how much bigger and better God is … it’s a battle of the mind where we’ll choose to reside in thought and feeling. ", "Thanks for sharing so openly and honestly what many of us have pondered." ]

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[ "A/N; Alright, let me first start off by apologizing for how long this took. ", "I really should've been able to write this faster, but I suppose I shouldn't give excuses. ", "Any ways, this is just the first part of the final chapter. ", "I had to split this up into two parts as I thought a 7k chapter would've been too much of a read. ", "So, please forgive me for the delay, and I hope you enjoy your read :)\n\nPart 5 - Family & Hope 1\n\n\"Come on then!\" ", "The grizzled huntsman roared, attracting as much attention from the horde as possible with an outburst of anger. ", "The Grimm are particularly more attracted to anger than other negative emotions, Qrow knew, and made himself into bait.", "\n\nA fair majority of the Beowolves made B-lines at him, in what seemed like overwhelming numbers. ", "It was exactly what Qrow had hoped for.", "\n\n\"Okay kid,\" Qrow called over his shoulder as he readies his scythe. \"", "Pick off the ones that don't come towards me! ", "Keep your distance!\"", "\n\n\"Yes sir!\" ", "Ruby instantly responded.", "\n\nQrow charged forward, channel as much anger as he could muster into a fearsome battle cry. ", "The Grimm were drawn greatly by it, their jaws opening wide as several went in for the kill.", "\n\nQrow relieved those eager several of their heads. ", "The Grimm began to pile up as he slew more and more of them with calculated brutality. ", "He's faced numbers greater than these before, singlehandedly as well, but for this time though, he wasn't alone.", "\n\nAs he drew more blood from the beast, he could hear the audible blast of Crescent Rose as Ruby skillfully placed shots in several Grimm. ", "Unfortunately, her aim wasn't perfect yet, and only landing glancing blows had kept a few Grimm off of her at the moment. ", "Her speed came in handy for making distancing between her targets.", "\n\n\"How you holding up kid!\" ", "Qrow leapt over a rather large Beowulf, catching its head from underneath with his scythe's blade and wrenching it clean off.", "\n\n\"Just fine!\" ", "She replied hastily, and noticed a Grimm approach her uncle from behind. ", "She swiftly pulled Crescent Rose to her front and put a dust round into the creature's right leg. ", "Qrow took its head off a split second afterwards.", "\n\n\"Don't worry about me!\" ", "Qrow warned. \"", "Keep your eyes on the other Grimm!\" ", "He had said as he swatted away another row of Grimm.", "\n\nRuby nodded, before suddenly feeling a breath crawl down her neck. ", "Silver eyes widened to their fullest, Ruby spun to find a lone Beowulf preparing to strike with its claws. ", "She ducked, pushing her semblance to its fullest, and bolted between its legs.", "\n\nThe Grimm spun around and charged after her. ", "Her hasty retreat left her tumbling on the ground, resulting in a loss of footing. ", "She managed to slide into a crouched position and let loose a barrage of dust rounds. ", "The shots were low due to her unusual firing position, only finding their marks in the Grimm's legs. ", "The creature only stumbled and tripped, still moving forward though.", "\n\nRuby grimaced and tried to fire at the Beowulf's head, but when she pulled Crescent Rose's trigger, nothing but a sharp click came from the firing chamber.", "\n\n\"Empty?\" ", "She gasped. ", "Only a dummy like her would forget to count her rounds. ", "She quickly rose to her feet and looked for a better position to retreat to. ", "She found none though, as there were now even more Grimm than before, all spilling forth from the dead trees that surrounded them. ", "Most of the reinforcements went after Qrow, who was having an increasingly difficult time in slaying them all, while some started to lurk towards Ruby, who already had the injured Beowulf approaching her to deal with.", "\n\nShe was corned, and Qrow was locked in his own battle.", "\n\nMaybe she was afraid now, but she couldn't tell. ", "She was too focused on the present to pay any mind to her own self. ", "If she were to fall in battle now, Qrow would either lose himself completely or lose the will to keep fighting. ", "Either way, she wasn't going to let any of that happen!", "\n\n\"You can count on me,\" She whispered. ", "The injured Grimm from before was finally close enough to lunge at her with what little use of its legs it still had. ", "Ruby too lunged forward, silver eyes ablaze with courage and determination.", "\n\n\"No, Ruby stop!\" ", "Qrow yelled desperately as he held up the weight of two Beowolves who pressed their claws down on her scythe, locking him in that position. ", "Another one came from behind and sunk its teeth into his right shoulder. ", "His aura buzzed and he could feel the painful pressure tighten around his bones.", "\n\n\"Get.\" ", "He snarled. \"", "Off.\" ", "His knuckles cracked loudly. \"", "Of.\" ", "His left eye turned a burning crimson, and went ablaze. \"", "ME!\"", "\n\nThrough sheer power alone, Qrow boosted his aura around him and repulsed the Grimm on top of him and the one on his shoulder. ", "They flew back, and then where cut down in a mere instant.", "\n\nQrow swiftly turned around. \"", "Ruby!\"", "\n\nHe wasn't going to get to her in time, he knew, as he raced towards her. ", "She had already made her move.", "\n\nRuby blocked one sweep of the injured Grimm's claws with her weapon and narrowly ducked underneath a second attack. ", "The Grimm then went for a biting blow, only to have its jaw bite into the shaft of Crescent Rose.", "\n\nShe stood there for a brief eternity, looking directly into the creatures red eyes of darkness and hate as she struggled to keep it at bay.", "\n\n\"What big eyes you have,\" She murmured through gritted teeth.", "\n\nThe Beowulf, as if to give insult, snarled back. ", "She caught the warning and quickly loaded a dust round with the creature's mouth still over her weapon.", "\n\nThe Grimm was reading to grab her with its claws when Ruby popped a round into the chamber pulled the trigger on her weapon, rocketing Crescent Rose to the side and cutting off the Beowulf's jaw.", "\n\nIt stumbled back, reeling, in pain, and without a mouth. ", "Ruby jumped forward for the kill, offering as much mercy to it as it had to her. ", "Absolutely none.", "\n\nShe went for a downwards chop through its left shoulder, but her swing was too weak to make it through the creature, having stopped just a few inches into its body.", "\n\nI'm doing a hundred pushes every day after this. ", "Ruby thought as she entered another round into her weapon's chamber. ", "The Beowulf, despite being almost in mere pieces, managed to give off a final snarl of defiance.", "\n\n\"Goodbye,\" Ruby said, not even with a touch of malice or discontent. ", "She pulled the trigger, and Crescent Rose's blade exploded through the Grimm, leaving a trail of rose petals in its wake. ", "The Beowulf was finally down for the count as it began to dissolve before Ruby's eyes.", "\n\n\"Kid!\"", "\n\nRuby snapped to and found her uncle sailing past her and slicing a Grimm behind her into two pieces.", "\n\n\"That was a sloppy first kill,\" Qrow said with a gruff between short breathes. \"", "But at least ya pulled through.\" ", "He cracked a small grin.", "\n\n\"Well, you are my teacher though,\" Ruby quipped back, also with a grin.", "\n\nQrow gave a weak chuckle but couldn't find the time for a witty rebuttal.", "\n\nThe Beowolves had begun to surround them again in a perfect circle of black death, keeping their distance and likely preparing to charge in all at once. ", "There numbers had swelled to beyond a few hundred, Qrow estimated. ", "It was number that even he, by himself, wouldn't trifle with.", "\n\nThis was bad.", "\n\nQrow looked over his shoulder at Ruby, who stood at his back as she reloaded her scythe. ", "The way she stood, and the she held her weapon, told Qrow she was beyond brave. ", "She must know by now that the odds are well against them, that fighting all of these Grimm by themselves was a futile effort. ", "She must've known, and yet…\n\nQrow released one bruised hand from his weapon, felt the soreness jet through his arm as he moved it, and reached for his flask in his pocket. ", "He stopped, though, when his finger tip touched the cap of it in his pocket.", "\n\nNo, he thought. ", "This time it's different.", "\n\nHe turned to Ruby, amid the howls, snarls, and blood curdling roars, and put a hand on her shoulder.", "\n\n\"Listen kid,\" He started, feeling the words weighing him down. \"", "I'm going to make an opening in the pack. ", "It'll give you enough room to speed out of here and-\"\n\n\"Uncle Qrow, no.\" ", "Ruby began, for the first time he could see worry and fear form in her eyes.", "\n\nHe put up his hand to hush her. \"", "Hey, don't go all teary eyed on me.\" ", "He said with a forced harshness.", "\n\n\"I'm not some push over, I can hold these dogs off easy.\" ", "That was a lie. \"", "Long enough for you to find your dad and the other huntsmen on Patch and bring them back here.\" ", "Also a lie. ", "He showed a forced grin. \"", "I'm fine on my own.\" ", "The biggest lie of all.", "\n\n\"No,\" Ruby shook her head. \"", "I can't just…\"\n\n\"I'm not going die Ruby!\" ", "Qrow shot at her as he found her concern for him to be actually frustrating. \"", "I'm going to get you out of here and home safely.\" ", "He pointed sharply at the wall. \"", "I strike, you run. ", "If you don't run, I'm going to hurl you as far as I can, clear across this blasted forest.\"", "\n\n\"Liar!\"", "\n\nThe word went through his heart like a dull knife. ", "It hurt more than his wounds.", "\n\nHe sighed deeply, and let some of the pain roll out of him. \"", "Yeah, what about it? ", "You think I can't take these jokers?\"", "\n\n\"You promised… we'd go on missions together.\" ", "She said, tears beginning to form in the corners of her eyes. \"", "When I was older… you promised…\"\n\n\"I told you maybe… after you grew up first…\"\n\nThe Grimm weren't going to wait forever, he knew, and if he didn't make his move first, then…\n\n\"And you can't do that by dying here. ", "Remember what I said about my reason for becoming a huntsman, so I can protect those who can't live without.\" ", "He paused, took in a big breath of air to build up his strength. \"", "And that includes you kid.\"", "\n\nHe grabbed Ruby by the belt and raised her off the ground with ease.", "\n\n\"Wait, what are you doing!?\" ", "Ruby squirmed against the suddenness of being lifted off the ground and over Qrow's head.", "\n\n\"Getting you out of here kid. ", "Trying keep your arms up when you hit the ground.\"", "\n\n\"NO! ", "Stop it! ", "Don't-\" Ruby screamed and kicked, as it was now evident to her that Qrow was serious about sending her flying out of the forest.", "\n\nQrow did his best to drown out her protest, her kicking and punching, as she tried feebly to break free from his iron grasp. ", "He needed to put a lot of his remaining strength into this one throw, which most certainty would've left him pretty helpless when the Grimm all charge. ", "But at least Ruby will live and that's all that-\n\nQrow suddenly heard a gunshot and mere instance afterwards his grip broke on Ruby's belt. ", "She had used Crescent Rose's recoil to break free! ", "She tumbled a few meters back, with Qrow jumping after her to stop her from falling any closer to the encircling Grimm.", "\n\n\"Damn it, Ruby!\" ", "Qrow roared, cradling her in one arm and raising his sword with the other in case the gunshot had set off any Grimm to charge. ", "They seemed to inch closer but none advanced on their own.", "\n\n\"I'm getting you out of here even if-\"\n\nQrow was interrupted when Ruby slapped him across the cheek with all of her strength. ", "It actually left a mark.", "\n\n\"If I can't even protect my own family then what's the point!\" ", "Ruby yelled back, Qrow wide eyed and mouth hung open. \"", "Why bother being a huntress if I can't save my own uncle from his stupid self!\"", "\n\nShe jumped out of his arm and stood on her own two feet, weapon in hand, as she starred down the Grimm. \"", "When I become a huntress, I'm going to protect Remnant with my heart and soul. ", "But before I can get there, I'm going to save you first.\" ", "She looked over her shoulder, and sent a sharp eyed look to him that went right through him. \"", "Whether you like it or not, we're getting out of this together!\"", "\n\nQrow couldn't help but be astonished by her sudden display. ", "Was this really the little girl he saved from the Grimm all those years ago? ", "Or was she already all grown up?", "\n\n\"You know kid,\" Qrow said after a long pause. \"", "You are a whole like your dad.\" ", "He stood next to her and raised his weapon in the same direction Ruby had pointed hers. \"", "You both been preaching the same thing to me ever since I got back.\" ", "He put on a small grin as he pulled back the bangs of his hair to get them out of his eyes. \"", "And you both seem to like hitting me in the head.\"", "\n\n\"Must run in the family then,\" Ruby smirked back. \"", "What do we do now?\"", "\n\nQrow nodded towards the Grimm they faced. \"", "We go straight through, as fast and hard as possible, and hope we both make it to the other side. ", "I can't guarantee that'll work out though.\"", "\n\n\"Yeah, well, I'm sure we'll be fine.\" ", "She smiled brightly, despite all that has happened up until that point. \"", "I'm the apprentice of Remnant's greatest huntsman, so that's gotta count for something.\"", "\n\n\"Greatest huntsman?\" ", "Qrow smiled back. \"", "I liked the sound of that.\" ", "He chuckled, as it really was ironic, calling him great, despite him being so lost for years.", "\n\nIt looked like the Grimm weren't going to wait any longer, as even a beast can't wait forever for a kill. ", "They all approached at once, making the circle around the huntsman and apprentice smaller and smaller as they advanced.", "\n\n\"Get ready Ruby,\" Qrow whispered as he felt a new flame light within his very soul.", "\n\nAnd as the two got ready to fight with all they've got, a sudden explosion near the rear of the pack caught their attention. ", "Another explosion sent several Grimm flying off, covered in orange and red fire.", "\n\n\"What the hell?\" ", "Qrow commented with a raised eyebrow.", "\n\nRuby's eyes widened to their fullest as she gave a small gasp. \"", "That can only be one person…\" She then sighed and slouched in her stance. \"", "And I'm in so much trouble too…\"\n\nBefore Qrow could give a question, a familiar voice came across the forest.", "\n\n\"Dad! ", "This way, I found them!\" ", "The voice of Yang Xia Long rang out.", "\n\n\"You and me both kid, you and me both.\" ", "Qrow sighed with relief and dread. \"", "Your dad's going to kill me.\"", "\n\n\"And my sister is going to kill me.\" ", "Ruby remarked. \"", "No cookies for a month probably.\" ", "She said with a deep dread, in all seriousness.", "\n\nQrow would've added to the back and forth quipping they had going on, but the frenzied Grimm took precedence.", "\n\n\"Look alive kid, we're pushing through!\" ", "Qrow yelled as he pushed his aura into his scythe's blade. ", "He swung it through the air and made a wave of sonic energy that impacted the Grimm immediately in front of them. ", "Ruby followed suite with a volley of sniper rounds.", "\n\nThe two moved forward, towards the sounds of Yang and were she was fighting. ", "Qrow took up a vanguard position and swept away the Beowolves in droves as they leapt and dodged closer and closer to their sudden arrival.", "\n\n\"Yang!\" ", "Ruby called out as she decapitated the last Beowulf that separated the sisters.", "\n\n\"Ruby!\" ", "Yang exclaimed as she punched a Beowulf's snout through its skull. ", "She ran over to her little sister and put her in a bear hug, as if to suffocate her almost.", "\n\n\"Why the heck are you out here!? ", "No way are you ready to take on Grimm!\"", "\n\n\"Guhhh, sis… stop it…\" Ruby tried to speak but found her face buried deeply into Yang's chest.", "\n\nQrow slashed a Grimm in half and hurried over to eviscerate another that had charged at the two sisters.", "\n\n\"You two can talk later. ", "Yang, where's your father?\"", "\n\nYang released Ruby and placed herself as best as she could between her sister and the Grimm.", "\n\n\"Not that far behind. ", "He should be here soon.\"", "\n\nAs if on cue, a large tree exploded behind them and fell swiftly upon a group of unsuspecting Grimm. ", "They all howled in anguish as the rather large tree crushed their bodies with an audible crunch. ", "Standing on top of the fallen tree was a man with more rage in his eyes than any one currently alive. ", "Many of the Grimm felt his presence and were drawn to it.", "\n\n\"Oh wow,\" Qrow remarked. \"", "That's one angry dragon.\"", "\n\nTiayang starred the Grimm that were now moving towards him. \"", "All of you bastards,\" He growled between gritted teeth. \"", "Get away from my daughter!\" ", "Long slits formed in his blue eyes and a golden sheen lit from his hair as an explosive force emitted from his body. ", "Any Grimm within a few meters of him was immediately set on fire. ", "They wailed as they could nothing to quell the flames on their bodies.", "\n\nHe dived right into the Grimm as he exhibited his exceptional strength and speed. ", "Every time he punched a Grimm, an explosion busted through them and came out on the other side of their bodies. ", "Tiayang Xia Long was known for not fighting with a weapon at Beacon, as he'd usually prefer his own strength and aura over any weapon.", "\n\n\"Wow,\" Ruby's jaw would've hit the ground if it wasn't attached to her skull. \"", "I didn't know dad could transform too.\"", "\n\nYang smirked and crossed her arms together. \"", "That's where I get it from.\" ", "All of the fighting she had to do to reach Ruby has given her more than enough energy to release her own transformation. ", "She too took on a golden sheen and her eyes became a crimson red.", "\n\nLetting loose a roar of her own, Yang leapt into the fray to her father's side. ", "The golden duo carved into the pack of Grimm like lightning in a storm. ", "That didn't stop the Beowolves from fighting on, despite having the tables turned on them.", "\n\n\"Well then,\" Qrow began. \"", "Looks like it's a family brawl now.\" ", "He nudged Ruby on the shoulder, letting her know, with the whole family there now, that they can rest assure that they'll make it home together.", "\n\n\"Yeah,\" Ruby nodded. \"", "Let's back them up!\"", "\n\nThe two caped scythe wielders leapt forward together and engaged the remaining Grimm, who were now scattered and disorganized, having lost their organization and advantage in strength.", "\n\nRuby continued to use Crescent Rose's recoil to assist in running through the Grimm as Qrow cleaved through the Grimm using his weapon's sword form and shotgun to great effect.", "\n\nYang and Tiayang fought in tandem, showing off their many years as master and apprentice, in the art of punching things really, really hard. ", "The more the two fought, the more their hair and eyes glowed with energy.", "\n\nThe fighting dragged on for many minutes, but the family of fighters never wavered. ", "It's been years since Qrow has felt the way he did now, it was as if he was fighting alongside Team STRQ once again. ", "Well, with the kids there, it might as well be just that.", "\n\n\"Hey kid,\" Qrow called out to Ruby as he danced around a Beowulf, baiting it to get closer to his sword like a person playing fetch with their dog. \"", "This one's all yours.\"", "\n\nRuby rushed up behind the unsuspecting Beowulf and slid to a stop beneath its enormous snout. ", "Using a semblance-augmented jump, she pushed herself right through the air and hooked Crescent Rose around its neck on the way up. ", "It came off with a slice and Ruby landed at Qrow's side a moment after the creature's head had hit the ground with thud.", "\n\n\"How's that one?\" ", "Ruby asked with an eager smile, but between short breaths. ", "She was obviously worn out, and yet it impressed Qrow how much a small girl like her could keep going as she did. ", "Perhaps it was the energy in the air, the feeling of fighting alongside a team of family members, all born huntsman and huntresses.", "\n\nQrow smiled back at Ruby and tussled her hair. \"", "Pretty good for a beginner.\" ", "He switched his weapon into its scythe mode once again. \"", "Watch and learn, kid.\"", "\n\nRuby and Qrow watched each other's backs as they shredded through the rest of the Grimm. ", "What was once a life or death situation just a little while ago was now a learning experience for Ruby, with Qrow showed her a trick or two along the way.", "\n\nThe last Beowulf was now all alone, surrounded by the four family members. ", "It didn't know who to attack, but all it could comprehend was it needed to kill them all. ", "Grimm never did worry about their own safety, at least, not these kind of Grimm.", "\n\n\"Alright,\" Qrow said as he leaned his scythe on his left shoulder. \"", "Who wants the last one?\" ", "He asked, as if to ask who wanted the last cookie in the jar.", "\n\n\"I've got this,\" Yang said as she smashed her fist together. ", "Her aura still glowed wildly despite the countless of other Grimm she had pulverized her way through earlier.", "\n\nBut before Yang could have her shot, the last Beowulf was instantly bisected by a sudden blur of rose pedals.", "\n\n\"What?\" ", "Yang gasped. \"", "Ruby!\" ", "She exclaimed, showing more motherly concern than irritation.", "\n\n\"Heh, heh, sorry.\" ", "She squeaked. \"", "I just wanted to tryout one last move. ", "I guess I got caught up in all the excitement.\"", "\n\n\"I'll say,\" Taiyang remarked as he shot a sharp edged look in Qrow's direction. \"", "You, me, talk, now.\" ", "He said to Ruby with clenched fist on his hips as gave his signature 'dad stair'.", "\n\nRuby went from being a brave warrior to a nervous teenager waiting for her imminent doom. ", "Before she could answer, Yang was on top of her, rolling the small teenager into a strong hug.", "\n\n\"C'mon dad, let's go home first and cool off.\" ", "She said, also upset in her own way with Ruby but also not blind to the obvious intentions of her younger sister. \"", "We all could use a breather, right?\"", "\n\nTiayang, as upset as the dragon was, took heed to his daughter's suggestion.", "\n\n\"Alright fine,\" He finally said. \"", "Qrow, take point, there could be more Grimm on the way back.\" ", "He commanded.", "\n\n\"Uh, sure thing.\" ", "He said with a hint of nervousness. ", "He knew his end of near too, so later he might as well finish off what was left in his flask right?", "\n\n\"Oh! ", "I'll take point too!\" ", "Ruby said, excited with the prospects of finding more Grimm. ", "Her battle rush had hardly subsided yet.", "\n\n\"You and your sister are following me. ", "Closely. ", "Very closely.\" ", "Taiyang iterated.", "\n\nWith a small pout, Ruby followed her instructions. ", "Yang kept an arm snugged around her as they made the track home. ", "Obviously, she thought, they still think she's a child…\n\nA/N: Yes, the second part is coming out SOON. ", "Like I said, I had to split this up. ", "Now I'm just going to finish off the rest of this and wrap up this story. ", "Thanks for reading by the way, I hope you enjoyed the chapter and I really hope part 2 is done soon enough." ]

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[ "\n215 Ga. 726 (1960)\n113 S.E.2d 449\nMENDENHALL\nv.\nKINGLOFF.", "\n20732.", "\nSupreme Court of Georgia.", "\nArgued January 12, 1960.", "\nDecided February 11, 1960.", "\n*731 John E. Feagin, John H. Hudson, for plaintiff in error.", "\nMoreton Rolleston, Jr., contra.", "\nDUCKWORTH, Chief Justice.", "\nThis action arose out of a joint venture to develop certain land in Fulton County, Georgia, in which the two parties were to contribute certain assets and service and each was to receive a certain share of the profits. ", "The parties differ as to the amount of the share each was to receive, and both the petition and the answer contained prayers for an accounting. ", "The court appointed an auditor over objection of the petitioner that a full accounting had been offered to the defendant, substantially supported by documents, and no expensive accounting was necessary. ", "The court also, in the order appointing the auditor, authorized him to employ such stenographic help, aid and assistance as would facilitate the proceedings, and to employ a certified public accountant to audit the records involved in the case if the auditor, in his discretion, deemed this advisable, to receive the same compensation as customarily charged by certified public accountants in Fulton County, Georgia. ", "Exception is taken to this order by the petitioner as an abuse of discretion, there being no need or desirability for an auditor's hearing in the case.", "\nThereafter, after numerous hearings, the auditor filed his written report, and the court issued a rule nisi to show cause why the fees, charges, costs and expense should not be assessed as recommended by the auditor, that is — 50% to the plaintiff and 50% to the defendant. ", "Exceptions of fact and a motion to recommit for the purpose of clarifying and making more specific the findings of the auditor were then made. ", "The court, after oral argument, passed an order directing that the cost of the court reporter be divided equally between the parties, that certain sums be paid by the plaintiff on account to the auditor and certified public accountant, the final amounts to be held in *727 the breast of the court pending further consideration. ", "The plaintiff in error also excepts to this order as being an abuse of discretion. ", "Thereafter the motion to recommit was denied, and there is an exception to this order. ", "The court then rendered its final decree overruling all exceptions of the plaintiff and defendant to the auditor's report, approved the report, and rendered a final judgment in favor of the plaintiff for $37.50; provided for the payment of fees and assessed all costs not previously provided for, exclusive of the compensation awarded the court reporter, charging 95% against the plaintiff and 5% against the defendant. ", "To this final order the plaintiff also excepts as being error and an abuse of discretion. ", "By such order the certified public accountant received the total compensation of $3,017 for his services, and the auditor received $2,500. ", "Held:\n1. ", "While it is strongly argued by counsel for the plaintiff in error that a full accounting had been offered to the defendant, and no accounting was necessary, and that he amended his prayers to sue for a definite amount, and no equity remained in the case, yet he prayed for an equitable accounting, and under the authority of Code § 37-301 equity has jurisdiction of matters of account between partners and tenants in common, and the parties here were involved in a joint venture to sell real property which they owned jointly, for which both sought an accounting. ", "This court has held in Douglas-Guardian Warehouse Corp. v. Todd, 212 Ga. 791 (76 S. E. 2d 275), and cases cited therein, that the test of a case as made by the writ of error is not what it might have been at any given time during its pendency in the trial court, but what remains in it when brought by bill of exceptions for review. ", "Thus, under the existing facts, this case is still an equitable one, and the Supreme Court has jurisdiction of the writ of error.", "\n2. ", "A mere casual examination of this voluminous record shows that the claims of the plaintiff that it was unnecessary to appoint an auditor and have an expensive accounting were verified by the findings, since the auditor found that the plaintiff's books and records were substantially correct. ", "However, under Code Ch. ", "10-1, it is always discretionary with the court in a case involving matters of account to refer it to an auditor. ", "Teasley v. Bradley, 120 Ga. 373 (47 S. E. 925); Cherokee Ochre Co. v. Georgia Peruvian Ochre Co., 162 Ga. 620 (134 *728 S. E. 616); Darien Bank v. Clifton, 162 Ga. 625 (134 S. E. 619); Lawrence v. Patterson, 170 Ga. 419, 420 (4) (153 S. E. 29); Ten-Fifty Ponce de Leon Co. v. C. & S. Nat. ", "Bank, 170 Ga. 624 (1) (153 S. E. 751); Edwards v. Nat. ", "Finance Co., 172 Ga. 884 (159 S. E. 256). ", "It follows that the court did not err in referring the case to an auditor.", "\n3. ", "The general rule is that costs in civil cases can not be demanded or required to be paid until after judgment except in the case of nonresident plaintiffs and attorneys and certain statutory exceptions. ", "Code § 24-3409. ", "Ballin & Co. v. Ferst & Co., 55 Ga. 546 (10). ", "And while this rule may not apply strictly to equity cases (see Ward v. Barnes, 95 Ga. 103, 106, 22 S. E. 133), yet no reason is shown or given authorizing the court here to require the plaintiff to advance costs to the court reporter, auditor, and certified public accountant before final judgment. ", "Hence the court abused its discretion in requiring him to advance certain costs, which order of the court is excepted to by the plaintiff in error.", "\n4. ", "Code § 10-501 authorizes the court to tax the fees of the auditor for reporting the evidence not to exceed $500, and also for reporting the findings, \"but in no case shall the total fees for all services rendered by the auditor exceed $1,000.\" ", "The foregoing law does not in any degree authorize the judge to award compensation to anyone other than to the auditor. ", "However, under Code § 10-502, the court may, with the consent of the parties, fix the fees of the auditor in advance. ", "Thus, within the above limits and in equity cases, the taxing of the auditor's fee is a matter within the discretion of the court, and the exercise of such discretion will not be interfered with unless abused. ", "Loveless v. McCollum, 185 Ga. 751 (1) (196 S. E. 428). ", "Where, as here, the plaintiff in error objected strenuously to the appointment of the auditor and did not consent to the employment of the certified public accountant, and excepted to the award of compensation to both, the court abused its discretion in awarding such sums in excess of those allowed under Code § 10-501, and the judgments awarding such sums are hereby reversed in so far as they authorize such excessive fees. ", "While it is contended by the auditor that the parties stipulated as to the compensation to be paid him, which would not be limited by the statute, the record at page 908 sets forth the following colloquy between counsel for the petitioner and the defendant: \"Mr. Feagin: I will *729 agree that the court fix the compensation of the auditor within its discretion . . . ", "Mr. Peck: We concur in that agreement.\" ", "This agreement would not in any degree authorize the judge to disregard the statute and fix the fees beyond the limitations fixed by law. ", "Further examination of the record discloses that the auditor submitted as a part of his report certain conclusions of law and fact entitled \"Claims Involving the Cost of Litigation,\" in which it was stated that the parties had stipulated that the auditor's fee would not be limited by law. ", "This amounts to no more than a recommendation as to the setting of the fee, and the failure of the plaintiff in error to except is not binding upon him, since the auditor is in no wise authorized to set his fee, which is the duty of the court. ", "The record does not disclose any agreement to fix a fee which would not be limited by the law. ", "Code §§ 10-501, 10-502.", "\nThe court also abused its discretion in assessing the costs at 95% against the plaintiff and 5% against the defendant. ", "The auditor's report, which recommended that each be assessed 50%, the evidence, and the pleadings show that the burden in referring this case to an auditor and building up this tremendous record of almost 1200 pages, totally unnecessary under the circumstances, should be borne equally by the parties. ", "Direction is thus given that all legal costs which can be taxed against the parties be assessed equally against the defendant and the plaintiff.", "\n5. ", "The exceptions of fact to the auditor's report are made in two grounds, the first of which is to the finding that the agreement between the parties as to profits was as claimed by the defendant and necessarily not as claimed by the plaintiff. ", "The ground of the complaint is in effect the same as that made by the general grounds of a motion for new trial. ", "On this question the evidence was in conflict, hence there is no merit in this complaint since the finding of the auditor was discretionary, there being evidence to support his findings.", "\n6. ", "The other ground of the exceptions of fact is in substance the same as ground 2 of the motion to recommit, which complains that in the auditor's Exhibit \"A\" the costs of the repossession of six sales of property were not allowed as expenses of operation, said costs being in the amount of $5,695.07. ", "Examination of Exhibit \"B,\" which contains a summary of repossessed properties, shows that the cost of repossessing these *730 properties was properly considered by the accountant, and said cost is properly reflected in the figure of net proceeds from repossession of all properties. ", "While the conclusions of fact show numerous errors and incorrect figures in discussing in narrative form the findings which do not agree with the figures found in the auditor's summary attached as Exhibit \"A,\" these are mere errors in restating his findings, inasmuch as the conclusion finding in favor of the plaintiff in the sum of $37.71 is the same as that shown in the exhibit. ", "It is obvious that these errors are the result of misstating his findings in this narrative statement. ", "Further examination of the report, in considering the other four grounds of the motion to recommit, also discloses some minor errors in the findings and figures, none of which affect the overall findings. ", "Hence neither the other exception to the findings of fact nor the motion to recommit has any merit, since the errors found in the report were harmless. ", "The court did not err in denying the motion to recommit, in overruling the exceptions of fact, and in approving the auditor's report.", "\n7. ", "But the finding in favor of the plaintiff for $37.71 is not properly shown by the final decree approving the report and awarding judgment for $37.50 instead of $37.71, set forth in the auditor's report. ", "Thus for this reason the final judgment must be reversed in order to correct this error and the errors in the assessment of fees. ", "However, under the above rulings, no further proceedings in the lower court are required except that the final judgment be modified so that the amount of the judgment awarded the plaintiff, costs and fee of the auditor, be corrected as directed. ", "The final judgment is affirmed as to the approval of the report of the auditor, denial of the motion to recommit, and exceptions of fact, but reversed as to the ancillary and final rulings on costs and the fee of the auditor and the amount awarded the plaintiff. ", "Accordingly, a material benefit and change in the final judgment which must be altered, having been granted to the plaintiff in error, further direction is given that the entire costs of bringing this case to this court for review be taxed against the defendant in error. ", "Code §§ 6-1704, 24-3401.", "\nJudgment affirmed in part and reversed in part with direction. ", "All the Justices concur.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan't connect to SQL Server database: Login failed for user 'sa'' \n\nI can't simply connect to my database because of this error\n\nLogin failed for user 'sa'\n\nConsider these lines of code:\nSqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(\"Data Source=arohbi;Initial Catalog=SPADA_FIS;Persist Security Info=True;User ID=sa;Password=p@ssword\");\nconn.", "Open();\n\nAfter the execution of conn.", "Open() I got this weird error message \n\nLogin failed for user 'sa'.", "\n\nLast time I used this setup and connection string and it work perfectly but one day when I try to connect this message is the only response. ", "Still I manage to connect using management studio. ", "The connection from the serverdatabase to my local machine work perfectly. ", "Anyone guys knows the answer.", "\nThings get worst this time. ", "Take a look at these images:\n\nI used same connection string on both sqlconnection but i was confuse why the other one failed?", "\nConnection string used on both:\nData Source=arohbi;Initial Catalog=SPADA_FIS;Persist Security Info=True;User ID=espada;Password=p@ssword\n\nA:\n\nThere are a three primary reasons that I can think of off the top of my head that would cause this:\n1) The sa user's password has expired or is different than what you have specified.", "\n2) The sa user has been disabled, either by being denied permission to connect to the database engine or having the login disabled.", "\n3) Your instance of SQL server is not configured for SQL authentication.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Recommendations\n\nEco-compatibility and safety\n\nSustainable Development: this is development that enables today’s generation to meet its needs without jeopardising compromising future generations' capacity to do the same. ", "Scavolini adopts the best technology available when producing its kitchens, to constantly improve safety and to reduce the environmental impact of the processes and materials used. ", "You, too, in your own home, can do a great deal to limit environmental impact and prevent risks for yourselves and your children.", "\n\nEnergy saving\n\nWhere possible, position the refrigerator in the coolest place in the kitchen, away from the hob, radiator and window; leave a gap of at least 10 cm above and below the appliance to allow effective ventilation;\n\nSet the refrigerator thermostat according to room temperature, avoiding over-cooling (excessively low temperatures are pointless in terms of food preservation but increase energy consumption by 10-15%);\n\nDo not open the refrigerator or freezer too often and always check that they are shut properly after use. ", "When the door is open the motor is running all the time and this not only increases the amount of energy consumed but can also lead to overheating of the food and the production of excess frost;\n\nEliminate any frost that forms inside the freezer: a freezer with a great deal of frost consumes more energy;\n\nDo not overfill the freezer or refrigerator: overloading might cause increased energy consumption and unsatisfactory cooling;\n\nPosition food within the refrigerator according to preservation requirements, remembering that generally speaking the lower part of the refrigerator is the coolest;\n\nDo not place hot products in the freezer or refrigerator: products that are too hot cause greater energy consumption and can lead to deterioration of the other products inside.", "\n\nSome examplesIf every Italian household replaced just one traditional 100 W light bulb with a 20 W low energy bulb, 1.92 billion KWh of energy would be saved every year and atmospheric CO2 emissions would be reduced by 960,000 tons over the same period. ", "The annual electricity consumption of three people living together corresponds to 1.7 tons of CO2 released into the atmosphere; to balance this figure it would be necessary to plant 3 trees. ", "The consumption of one KWh, which corresponds to roughly half an hour’s operation of a water heater or electric room heater, requires the combustion of approximately 250 g of fuel oil and releases 750 g of CO2 into the atmosphere. ", "A family of 4 consumes approximately 7 KWh per day, burning 2 kg of oil and releasing almost 2,800 litres of CO2 (source: ENEA).", "\n\nDo not place hot products in the freezer or refrigerator: products that are too hot cause higher energy consumption and can cause deterioration of the other products inside;\n\nWhen boiling water, put a lid on the pan: you will save both time and energy;\n\nFor foods requiring lengthy cooking, it is best to use a pressure cooker: it significantly reduces cooking time and thus saves energy;\n\nCheck that the hob is regulated correctly: a yellow flame indicates excessive gas consumption (you will note that pans become sooty). ", "In addition, a flame that detaches from the burner cap is a symptom of too much air. ", "N.B. Burners must always be regulated by a skilled technician;\n\nTurn on the oven only when necessary, without overdoing preheating and do not open the oven unnecessarily: remember that the ovens are energy gluttons; preheat it only for the amount of time strictly needed;\n\nTo heat up foods, it is best to use a microwave rather than a traditional oven: since it does not need to be preheated, you save energy;\n\nUse the modern energy saving light bulbs (fluorescent or LED), particularly in those areas where you spend a great deal of time: the initial investment is slightly higher but, besides being good for the environment, in the long run they are cheaper;\n\nAvoid using lights with a lot of bulbs in the kitchen. ", "A 100 W bulb provides the same level of light as six 25 W bulbs, and consumes 50% less energy (ENEA);\n\nTurn off unnecessary lights: it is important to get into the habit of turning off lights;\n\nTurn off the television (or similar appliances) using the master switch and not just the remote control: these appliances continue to consume power in standby mode;\n\nUse the extractor hood properly, regulating the speed according to real needs: if using the hob with just a few pans — or pans which do not release much steam — set the hood low or, if possible, open the windows slightly for air turnover;\n\nUse the heating or air conditioning system only when necessary and adjust the thermostats appropriately; when they are in use, try to keep the windows closed properly, to avoid draughts; use fixtures that ensure good insulation (low heat conductivity or double-glazed windows);\n\nUse the air heating and cooling system only if necessary and set the thermostats appropriately;\n\nClean the flue gas exhaust ducting at least every 5 years;\n\nDo not cover radiators with curtains or pieces of furniture;\n\nAt home, on winter days, keep the temperature at approximately 20°C, the average temperature of a sunny day in spring. ", "Remember that for every degree by which the temperature is lowered, you will save approximately 7% on heating costs (source: ENEA);\n\nIf you do not spend much time in the house, install a thermostat with a timer to turn on the heating just a few hours before your return;\n\nRemember: for your health, it is important to eat in warm surroundings, but you can sleep in a cool bedroom. ", "Insulate your roof and house walls; install double-glazed windows;\n\nDo not turn on the hot water tap when not necessary: even if the hot water does not reach the tap, the boiler will be forced to cut in unnecessarily;\n\nSet the temperature of the hot water used in sinks to 35-40ºC;\n\nChoose the right washing machine programme, preferring programmes that do not operate at high temperatures (40° - 60°);\n\nArrange dishes correctly in the dishwasher, ensuring that the worst of the dirt has been removed to prevent fouling of the filter, which will reduce washing efficiency;\n\nUse quick, cold washes when there are only a few dishes to be washed; after this cycle the load can be completed at the end of the day, without causing unpleasant odours or dried-on residues whilst awaiting a complete wash;\n\nUse an “economy” wash for dishes that are not very dirty; this is a lower temperature washing cycle that does not always have a drying stage, meaning that is uses less energy;\n\nWater consumption\n\nDo not leave the tap on longer than necessary. ", "A simple rule, and the most effective way of saving water;\n\nCheck that taps are turned off tightly: do not allow them to drip. ", "Have any steady drips repaired without delay. ", "Replacing seals, which cost very little, avoids wasting tens of thousands of litres of water a year;\n\nConsider drinking tap water (if drinkable) instead of bottled water. ", "This will avoid waste (i.e. plastic bottles) and will help to reduce transport-related pollution;\n\nUse taps with a flow restrictor (which must be replaced regularly) and water consumption will fall drastically;\n\nDescale the tap filter regularly so that it is able to effectively mix the flow of water with a flow of air, giving the same effect but with lower water consumption;\n\nOnly use the dishwasher and washing machine when fully loaded to reduce unnecessary water and energy consumption;\n\nNever exceed the amounts of detergent recommended by manufacturers and check that the type of detergent is suitable for the water hardness, another way of reducing water consumption;\n\nReuse unsalted cooking water (e.g. after boiling vegetables) once it cools, for watering plants;\n\nWhen purchasing a washing machine or dishwasher, opt for one with a low water consumption rating (class A): the initial investment is higher than for the purchase of a unit with a lower energy rating but you will save both money and energy in the future;\n\nRecover rainwater to water plants or for other uses (not drinking), such as washing the car;\n\nOnly use your washing machine when full or alternatively use the “half-load or economy” button; however, in this case remember that “half load” does not mean “half consumption”, the energy and water consumed to wash just a few items is less, but the difference is not as great as people think;\n\nChoose WCs with two different flush options in order to use only the water strictly necessary.", "\n\nWaste management\n\nDo not produce more waste than necessary;\n\nAs far as possible, separate waste for recycling or recovery;\n\nSelect products that come in recycled or easily recyclable packaging, such as packaging made from just one material;\n\nRemember to re-use shopping bags, especially plastic ones, to avoid having to buy a new one every time;\n\nWhen possible, crush bulky waste (bottles, cans, boxes);\n\nIf you have a garden or large balcony with flowers, organic and/or plant waste can be used to make compost.", "\n\nCleaning the kitchen\n\nDo not overdo the use of detergents: a slightly damp microfibre cloth is enough to clean surfaces that are not particularly dirty;\n\nUse the most environment-friendly detergents (such as those with the ECOLABEL certifying that the product’s life cycle has lower environmental impact) and those in packaging which also has less impact on the environment;\n\nIt is better to use a dishwasher (at full load) thank to wash by hand: modern dishwashers require much less water and detergent than hand washing.", "\n\nSafety in the kitchen\n\nBe very careful when performing the most dangerous activities in the kitchen (e.g. cutting with sharp knives, replacing light bulbs, etc.);", "\n\nHave gas connections made only by skilled technicians and only using approved piping;\n\nAlways turn off the main gas tap when the cooker is not being used;\n\nPurchase only hobs with safety valve;\n\nNever leave knives lying around (and in particular, keep them out of the reach of small children);\n\nKeep detergents and other hazardous products out of reach of children (Scavolini has a line of special accessories for this purpose);\n\nDo not use electrical appliances near the sink or wet areas;\n\nComply carefully with the safety instructions for electrical appliances;\n\nDo not overload cabinets (see guidance in the user's manual).", "\n\nDisposing of the kitchen\n\nWhen the time comes to replace your kitchen, to reduce environmental impact to a minimum, first of all consider reusing all or some of it (e.g. in a vacation home or garage, donating it to a charitable institution or selling it at a flea market);\n\nIf it has to be disposed of, contact the authorized waste disposal centre in your city and, if possible, try to separate the components that can be recycled (wood, glass, aluminium, steel, etc.) ", "to allow this and allow a new product to be created without the use of primary resources;\n\nSpecial care must be taken over waste electrical and electronic appliances (WEEEE) such as electrical kitchen appliances that could contain materials which are harmful for the environment unless disposed of properly. ", "For these materials, contact your local disposal centres;\n\nAlways comply with the specific legislation in force in your country.", "\n\nIf in doubt, contact the organisations in charge of waste disposal and/or recycling in your city." ]

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[ "Derevnya Sharipovskogo uchastka\n\nDerevnya Sharipovskogo uchastka () is a rural locality (a village) in Krasnokamsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. ", "The population was 117 as of 2010. ", "There are 2 streets.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rural localities in Bashkortostan" ]

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[ "UFO squadron photographed from our helicopter over Brooks Mountain Range Alaska, about 70 miles north of Bettles, Alaska on return flight from the Arctic. ", "We were flying on a heading of due south and the unidentified craft were on a northerly heading. ", "Was the only shot I was able to get, they moved behind us at a very high rate of speed. ", "This was taken in October 2013. ", "You can definitely make out the lenticular shaped craft when I enhanced the photograph, I am a pilot with 33 years experience and this was the first time I've seen a UFO and just happened to be a total of 8 unidentified craft. ", "They do exist!--John Cox" ]

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[ "We’ve suffered. ", "We’ve cried out in despair. ", "We’ve given up and gone to bed in defeat. ", "We know outrage. ", "We lived through the pop-up riddled Internet of the late ’90s and early 2000s. ", "And we are changed because of it.", "\n\nBut hearing an apology helps.", "\n\nIn an essay for the Atlantic, Ethan Zuckerman, the director of the MIT Center for Civic Media, makes a stunning admission: “I wrote the code to launch the window and run an ad in it. ", "I’m sorry. ", "Our intentions were good.” ", "Zuckerman details his time at Tripod.com, a startup that perpetually and wildly reinvented itself during the dotcom bubble until it found an approach—advertising—that got it funded and later acquired.", "\n\nAs Tripod and other companies floundered around looking for a way to monetize the Web, turning to advertising was a natural but not inevitable choice, Zuckerman argues. “", "I have come to believe that advertising is the original sin of the web,” he writes. “", "The fallen state of our Internet is a direct, if unintentional, consequence of choosing advertising as the default model to support online content and services.”", "\n\nZuckerman goes on to outline the problems he sees with an ad-based Web. ", "Whether or not you end up agreeing with him, it’s useful to have someone do the leg work to organize a thesis and lay everything out. ", "Online advertising is such a vast topic that most users would rather ignore it than grapple with it, even though they make privacy concessions and view targeted ads every day.", "\n\nZuckerman writes, “There is no single ‘right answer’ to the question of how we pay for the tool that lets us share knowledge, opinions, ideas, and photos of cute cats … but 20 years in to the ad-supported web, we can see that our current model is bad, broken, and corrosive.”", "\n\nThanks to pop-up blockers pioneered by companies like Netscape, browsing the Web doesn’t produce the soul-crushing volume of windows it once did. ", "And we probably all thought that we started to move on years ago. ", "But the emotional scars are still there. ", "Now that we have Zuckerman’s apology, the real healing can start." ]

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[ "George W. Bush would have won a hand count of Florida's disputed ballots if the standard advocated by Al Gore had been used, the first full study of the ballots reveals. ", "Bush would have won by 1,665 votes — more than triple his official 537-vote margin — if every dimple, hanging chad and mark on the ballots had been counted as votes, a USA TODAY/ Miami Herald /Knight Ridder study shows. ", "The study is the first comprehensive review of the 61,195 \"undervote\" ballots that were at the center of Florida's disputed presidential election.", "\n\nThe Florida Supreme Court ordered Dec. 8 that each of these ballots, which registered no presidential vote when run through counting machines, be examined by hand to determine whether a voter's intent could be discerned. ", "On Dec. 9, the U.S. Supreme Court stopped the hand count before it was completed. ", "That gave Bush Florida's 25 electoral votes, one more than he needed to win the presidency.", "\n\n\n\nUSA TODAY, The Miami Herald and Knight Ridder newspapers hired the national accounting firm BDO Seidman to examine undervote ballots in Florida's 67 counties. ", "The accountants provided a report on what they found on each of the ballots. ", "The newspapers then applied the accounting firm's findings to four standards used in Florida and elsewhere to determine when an undervote ballot becomes a legal vote. ", "By three of the standards, Bush holds the lead. ", "The fourth standard gives Gore a razor-thin win. ", "The results reveal a stunning irony. ", "The way Gore wanted the ballots recounted helped Bush, and the standard that Gore felt offered him the least hope may have given him an extremely narrow victory. ", "The vote totals vary depending on the standard used: Lenient standard. ", "This standard, which was advocated by Gore, would count any alteration in a chad — the small perforated box that is punched to cast a vote — as evidence of a voter's intent. ", "The alteration can range from a mere dimple, or indentation, in a chad to its removal. ", "Contrary to Gore's hopes, the USA TODAY study reveals that this standard favors Bush and gives the Republican his biggest margin: 1,665 votes.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nThis standard, which was advocated by Gore, would count any alteration in a chad — the small perforated box that is punched to cast a vote — as evidence of a voter's intent. ", "The alteration can range from a mere dimple, or indentation, in a chad to its removal. ", "Contrary to Gore's hopes, the USA TODAY study reveals that this standard favors Bush and gives the Republican his biggest margin: 1,665 votes. ", "Palm Beach standard. ", "Palm Beach County election officials considered dimples as votes only if dimples also were found in other races on the same ballot. ", "They reasoned that a voter would demonstrate similar voting patterns on the ballot. ", "This standard — attacked by Republicans as arbitrary — also gives Bush a win, by 884 votes, according to the USA TODAY review.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nPalm Beach County election officials considered dimples as votes only if dimples also were found in other races on the same ballot. ", "They reasoned that a voter would demonstrate similar voting patterns on the ballot. ", "This standard — attacked by Republicans as arbitrary — also gives Bush a win, by 884 votes, according to the USA TODAY review. ", "Two-corner standard. ", "Most states with well-defined rules say that a chad with two or more corners removed is a legal vote. ", "Under this standard, Bush wins by 363.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nMost states with well-defined rules say that a chad with two or more corners removed is a legal vote. ", "Under this standard, Bush wins by 363. ", "Strict standard. ", "This \"clean punch\" standard would only count fully removed chads as legal votes. ", "The USA TODAY study shows that Gore would have won Florida by 3 votes if this standard were applied to undervotes. ", "Because of the possibility of mistakes in the study, a three-vote margin is too small to conclude that Gore might have prevailed in an official count using this standard. ", "But the overall results show that both campaigns had a misperception of what the ballots would show. ", "The prevailing view of both was that minority or less-educated Democratic voters were more likely to undervote because of confusion. ", "Gore's main strategy throughout the post-election dispute was to secure a recount of any kind in the hope of reversing the certified result. ", "Bush's strategy was to stop the recount while he was ahead. ", "But his views on how recounts should be done, in the counties where they were underway, would have been potentially disastrous for him if used statewide. ", "Bush and Gore were informed Tuesday of the new study's results. ", "Both declined comment. ", "But White House spokesman Ari Fleischer said, \"The President believes, just as the American people do, that this election was settled months ago. ", "The voters spoke, and George W. Bush won.\" ", "The newspapers' study took three months to complete and cost more than $500,000. ", "It involved 27 accountants who examined and categorized ballots as they were held up by county election officials. ", "The study has limitations. ", "There is variability in what different observers see on ballots. ", "Election officials, who sorted the undervotes for examination and then handled them for the accountants' inspection, often did not provide exactly the same number of undervotes recorded on election night. ", "Even so, the outcome shows a consistent and decisive pattern: the more lenient the standard, the better Bush does. ", "Because Gore fought for the lenient standard, it may be more difficult now for Democrats to argue that the election was lost in the chambers of the U.S. Supreme Court rather than the voting booths of Florida. ", "The study helps answer the question: What would have happened if the U.S. Supreme Court had not stopped the hand count of undervotes? ", "However, it does not answer all the questions surrounding another set of Florida ballots: the 110,000 \"overvotes,\" which machines recorded as having more than one presidential vote. ", "These ballots were rejected by the machines and were considered invalid. ", "Some Democrats say if all of Florida's overvote ballots were examined by hand to learn voters' intent, their candidate would have prevailed. ", "USA TODAY, The Miami Herald and Gannett and Knight Ridder newspapers also are examining Florida's overvotes for a study to be published later this spring. ", "Overvotes contain some valid votes, mostly instances when a voter marked the oval next to a candidate's name and then wrote in the name of the same candidate. ", "No candidate requested a hand count of overvotes, and no court — federal or state — ordered one. ", "The U.S. Supreme Court cited the state court's failure to include the overvotes in its recount order as an example of arbitrariness. ", "Immediately after Gore conceded the election to Bush, The Miami Herald began to evaluate what might have happened if the U.S. Supreme Court had not stopped the recount of undervotes. ", "Florida is one of the few states that permit members of the public to examine ballots after they've been cast. ", "The Miami Herald and the BDO Seidman accounting firm began examining ballots on Dec. 18. ", "USA TODAY joined the project in January. ", "The last undervote ballot was examined March 13. ", "Florida law requires that political parties be notified of ballot inspections. ", "The Republican and Democratic parties took different approaches to the three months of ballot inspections. ", "The Democrats took a hands-off approach. ", "They rarely showed up at election offices during the evaluation. \"", "We want to see what you find. ", "It's not our role to be at the table with you,\" Tony Welch, spokesman for the Florida Democratic Party, said during the newspapers' study. \"", "If we're spinning and the Republicans are spinning, people won't believe the result.\" ", "He said at the time that the party expected the outcome would show that Gore received more votes than Bush. ", "By contrast, the Republicans attended every ballot inspection. ", "They devoted hundreds of days of staff and volunteer time. ", "The party delayed cutting its post-election staff of field directors from 12 to 6 so it could staff the ballot inspections. ", "Some Republicans took meticulous notes on the contents of the ballots. ", "Others just watched. ", "The Republican Party of Florida published a daily internal memo called \"Reality Check,\" which critiqued the media efforts to examine ballots. ", "In an interview before the results were released, Mark Wallace, a Republican lawyer assigned to critique the media inspections, said, \"The media appear ready to offer unprecedented liberal standards for judging what is a vote. ", "The appropriate legal standard is what was in place on Election Day: cleanly punched cards only.\" ", "Before this election, almost nothing was known by the public and by political parties about what types of marks appear on undervotes and overvotes, which make up about 2% of ballots cast nationally. ", "The newspapers' study shows how both parties predicted incorrectly which of these ballots would help them. ", "Democrats and Republicans noted that voter errors on punch-card voting machines were most frequent in low-income and predominantly minority precincts. ", "Because these voters tend to vote Democratic, the disputed votes were assumed to be a rich trove of support for Gore. ", "Likewise, both parties noted that the 41 Florida counties that used optical-scan ballots, a system similar to standardized school tests, tended to vote Republican. ", "Bush supporters attacked Gore for asking for hand counts in three Democratic-leaning counties. ", "If any hand count occurred, it should include the Republican-leaning optical-scan counties, too, the Bush supporters said. ", "The USA TODAY/Miami Herald/Knight Ridder study shows that the Democratic and Republican assumptions were largely wrong. ", "The undervote ballots actually break down into two distinct categories: Undervotes in punch-card counties. ", "In the 22 punch-card counties in which BDO Seidman examined undervotes, 56% of the 35,761 ballots had some kind of mark on them. ", "The study found that punch-card undervotes correlated less to race or party affiliation than to machine maintenance and election management. ", "Counties that maintain machines poorly — not cleaning out chads frequently, for example — have plentiful undervotes. ", "The study shows that when undervotes are hand counted, they produce new votes for the candidates in proportions similar to the county's official vote. ", "For example, in Duval County, where Jacksonville is the county seat, Bush defeated Gore 58%-41%. ", "Among the undervotes, Bush defeated Gore 60%-32% under the lenient standard and by similarly comfortable numbers under all standards. ", "Bush picked up a net of 930 votes, including 602 dimples. ", "Likewise, in Miami-Dade, where Gore hoped to score big gains, he received 51% of the marked undervotes, about the same as the 52% that he got in the official count. ", "Undervotes in optical-scan counties. ", "In the 37 optical-scan counties in which BDO Seidman examined undervotes, one third of 5,623 ballots had discernible votes. ", "The most common was when a voter made an X or check mark, rather than filling in the oval properly. ", "Other common errors included circling the candidate's name or using a personal pencil or pen that couldn't be read by the machine. ", "Black ink that contains even a trace of red will not register on many vote-counting machines, even when the mark appears pure black to the human eye. ", "The study shows that these errors were disproportionately common among Democratic voters. ", "For example, in Orange County, home of Orlando, Gore edged Bush 50%-48% in the election. ", "But Gore won the undervotes by 64%-33%, giving him a net gain of 137 votes. ", "That accounted for half of the 261 votes Gore gained in optical-scan counties, which Bush won overall by 53%-44%. ", "The study found that optical-scan counties are the only places where Gore actually picked up more votes than Bush: 1,036 to 775 for Bush. ", "In the punch-card counties, where Gore had placed his hopes, his chances of winning a hand count were washed away. ", "On dimples alone, Bush gained 1,188 votes. ", "When all the possibilities are combined — dimples, hanging chads, clean punches — Bush outdid Gore by 8,302 to 6,559. ", "USA TODAY's analysis is based on accepting Bush's official 537-vote margin. ", "This figure includes hand counts completed in Broward and Volusia counties before the U.S. Supreme Court intervened. ", "The newspaper also accepted hand counts completed in Palm Beach, Manatee, Escambia, Hamilton and Madison counties, plus 139 precincts in Miami-Dade. ", "These hand counts, which were never certified, reduced Bush's lead to 188 — the starting point for USA TODAY's analysis. ", "The newspaper excluded these counties from its analysis. ", "However, BDO Seidman collected data in these counties, and they are available on USATODAY.com. ", "In the end, Florida's presidential election remains remarkably close by any standard: 2,912,790 to 2,912,253 in the official count. ", "In an election this close, the winner often depends on the rules and how they are enforced. ", "Contributing: Gannett News Service database editor Robert Benincasa" ]

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[ "He's got one of the most famous nicknames in the world as 'The Hoff'.", "\n\nAnd on Friday, David Hasselhoff has made headlines after appearing in a video and saying he had changed his name to David Hoff.", "\n\nThe 63-year-old star has told Daily Mail Australia that the moniker change has been coming for some time.", "\n\nHe explains: 'I had a chance to change it years ago.'", "\n\nScroll down for video\n\nWhat's in a name? ", "David Hasselhoff has made international headlines for appearing in a video and saying he had changed his name to David Hoff, but told Daily Mail Australia on Friday he was told to change it years ago\n\nDavid claims that back when he landed his first job in TV in 1975, he was told to change his name.", "\n\n'They said, look, you’ve got your first job on the Young and the Restless...and you’ve got to change your name,' David said.", "\n\nHe appeared on the long-running show from 1975 to 1982 and the name Eric came up as an option.", "\n\n'Sounds like he just got off the boat from Norway...So random,' he said.", "\n\nAdding: 'And then I didn’t change my name.'", "\n\nName change: In a Youtube clip that he tweeted on Friday, David sits in a white shirt as he proclaims: 'I've been wanting to drop the hassle from my life for years'\n\nIn the Youtube clip that he tweeted on Friday, David sits in a white shirt as he proclaims: 'I've been wanting to drop the hassle from my life for years.", "\n\n'Now, I have made it official, David Hoff,' he said, before holding up a framed name change certificate.", "\n\nHe wrote alongside the link of the video: 'Big news today and a massive relief for me. ", "I hope everyone can understand… it feels great!'", "\n\nHe dropped the Hassel: He now goes by the name David Hoff\n\nDavid, who is known for his work on the TV show Knight Rider, and Baywatch, is currently in the UK performing in the musical Last Night A DJ Saved My Life.", "\n\nThe father of two is currently dating Welsh bombshell Hayley Roberts, 33, who he met back in 2011 when he was working as a judge on Britain's Got Talent.", "\n\nShe approached him for a photo - and he obliged - only on the condition that she gave him her phone number and romance followed." ]

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[ "Stanford head coach Jerod Haase (middle) has his team as the fifth-seed heading into the Pac-12 Tournament. ", "The Cardinal will play twelfth-seeded Cal, which has proven a stiff test against Stanford.(BOB DREBIN/isiphotos.com)\n\nMen’s basketball begins Pac-12 Tournament against Cal\n\nStanford men’s basketball (17-14, 11-7 Pac-12) is at a critical juncture in the program’s history. ", "It has been a decade, head coach Trent Johnson’s final year, since the last time the Cardinal have had a conference record this good.", "\n\nStanford has the opportunity to show how dominant it can be with a deep run the Pac-12 Tournament in Las Vegas starting on Wednesday at 2:30 p.m. PT.", "\n\nStanding in the Cardinal’s way in the first round is Cal (8-23, 2-16). ", "Stanford is responsible for half the Bears’ conference victories and it could have been more as Cal has played the Cardinal tough in both games.", "\n\n“[Cal] puts a lot of pressure on us,” senior forward Reid Travis said. “", "They did a good job switching up defenses from man to zone and kind of keeping us on our heels.”", "\n\nThey first met in the first match of conference play in Maples Pavilion. ", "Stanford dominated the entire game, leading by as much 11 with three minutes remaining, but then the wheels fell of the bus. ", "That’s what happens when you let your opponent shoot 61.1 percent in the second half.", "\n\nAt the center of that Cal run was senior forward Marcus Lee, and particularly, freshman Justice Sueing. ", "They combined for 37 points and 13 rebounds. ", "These are two players the Cardinal will have to key on if they want to advance to the second round.", "\n\n“[Lee] has a high motor,” Reid added. “", "There were lots of times we were giving him offensive rebounds. ", "The more we can limit that and make every shot difficult we will be more successful.”", "\n\n“[Sueing] has had a great season,”senior guard and Pac-12 Scholar Athlete of the Year Dorian Pickens said. “", "He likes to be aggressive from the wing and get in the lane. ", "He’s definitely one of the guys we are trying to key on.”", "\n\nAside from stopping Lee and Sueing, the Cardinal need to lower the large amount of turnovers they seem to generate game to game.", "\n\nStanford is tied with Cal for dead last in the Pac-12 in turnovers (14.8 per game) and second to last in turnover margin.", "\n\nIn the last game of the season against Arizona State, the Cardinal built a 19-point lead in the second half, but it quickly fell apart thanks to 15 second half turnovers (21 overall) and Stanford nearly lost.", "\n\nSome of the chaos was caused by freshman Daejon Davis’ absence. ", "Whenever Davis subbed out, it seemed like the Cardinal faltered against the defensive pressure. ", "This is a far cry from earlier in the season when Davis was turning the ball over too much.", "\n\n“The area [Davis] has grown the most is managing the team,” Travis said. “", "It’s tough to come in as a freshman and be given the keys to the offense.”", "\n\nTravis was named to the All-Pac-12 First Team for the second year in a row, which was deservedly given. ", "However, against Cal this season, he averaged 14 points per game: five fewer points than his season average. ", "Getting a prime Travis performance, especially against Lee, would assure a Cardinal victory.", "\n\nHowever, a subpar performance from Travis doesn’t mean death as players such as Davis, Pickens and freshman forward KZ Okpala can all take over the game.", "\n\nPickens is averaging career-highs across the board and has been lights up from deep in conference play (45.5 percent). ", "He dropped 20 points in the second half against the Sun Devils on 6-10 shooting.", "\n\nOkpala, who missed most of nonconference play due to academic ineligibility, makes his presence known on defense. ", "His 6-foot-8 frame and long wingspan are the nightmares of elite guards throughout the Pac-12. ", "His offense has been in development, but he has flashed a knack of getting into the paint.", "\n\nBut even if they make it past Cal, the Cardinal will need all hands on deck if they want to make it past second round.", "\n\nThe Cardinal begin their postseason dreams with a matchup versus rival Cal in the first round of the Pac-12 Tournament on Wednesday at 2:30 p.m in T-Mobile Arena. ", "The game will be broadcast by the Pac-12 Networks.", "\n\nBrowse by Sport\n\nSports Columnists\n\nThe Math Corner\n\nNumber of 4-star recruits (247Sports) in Stanford's football #CardClass16, the most since 2012. ", "The Cardinal's stellar class finished as the 16th best in the nation.", "\n\nQuote It\n\n\"I never planned on really sticking around [elite gymnastics] because I had already accomplished everything that I wanted to do. ", "When I was younger, where I’d see myself when I was 19 years old is exactly where I am right now: at college pursuing engineering as a gymnast.” —", "Women's gymnast Elizabeth Price" ]

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[ "BrokenTeens – Little Teen Ruined By Two Monster Dicks" ]

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[ "Tens of thousands of people get sick. ", "More than 2,900 die. ", "Fear spreads faster than the virus. ", "Factories are closed. ", "Roads are blocked. ", "Villages are sealed off. ", "Cities are locked down. ", "The outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is the most severe sociopolitical crisis Chinese leaders have grappled with since the 1989 Tiananmen crackdown. ", "And the crisis is not confined to China. ", "The spread of the virus across borders—and the panicky reaction to that spread—will have profound effects on the global economy, politics, security, and governance.", "\n\nThe virus’s novelty leaves many unknowns. ", "We still don’t have a clear idea of its transmissibility and virulence. ", "We do not have a clear idea of the incubation period, which could last up to 24 days. ", "We also don’t know how infectious people are before their symptoms manifest and why some cases suddenly become severe. ", "We also don’t understand why some patients tested positive a second time even after they seemingly recovered.", "\n\nRumors thrive on fear and uncertainty, and the outbreak of the novel coronavirus offers plenty of both. ", "Within weeks of the pathogen’s appearance, social media lit up with suggestions that the virus was a biological weapon—either a Chinese one that had escaped from a laboratory in Wuhan or an American one inflicted on Wuhan. ", "While such rumors are not credible, given that neither the United States nor China has incentive to develop biological weapons, they are difficult to dispel, because military officials on both sides still view with suspicion each other’s motives in building biosecurity programs. ", "Loopholes in China’s biosafety regulations only allow the rumors to gain more currency. ", "And the lack of trust between the two nations—as evidenced by China’s initial refusal to allow U.S. disease experts to visit Wuhan—is undermining efforts to contain the virus’s global spread.", "\n\nTHE THEORY\n\nFrom the beginning of the outbreak, the public was informed that the disease originated with human exposure to a virus carried by wild animals. ", "But the suddenness and mystery of the bug’s appearance left fertile ground for speculation, and soon enough, online sources began to advance the claim that the virus was genetically engineered. ", "An unpublished paper authored by Indian scientists seemed to bolster this notion by suggesting that the virus’s protein sequence included elements of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. ", "Although the authors soon voluntarily withdrew the paper, the proposed linkage caught the attention of websites such as Zero Hedge, which claimed that the novel coronavirus was weaponized by Chinese scientists. ", "Speaking on Fox News, Tom Cotton, the Republican senator from Arkansas, suggested that it could not be ruled out that the virus originated in a lab in Wuhan that is used to handle the most dangerous pathogens.", "\n\nZero Hedge has been barred from Twitter, but Chinese social media abounds with conjecture that the virus was engineered by the United States as an agent of biological warfare against China. ", "One widely shared conspiracy theory suggests that American soldiers participating in the 2019 Military World Games in Wuhan deliberately shed the virus at the Hunan Seafood Market. ", "Contending that “a new type of biological warfare is coming,” a retired People’s Liberation Army general called for building a permanent biodefense force in China.", "\n\nThe suddenness and mystery of the bug’s appearance left fertile ground for speculation.", "\n\nThe current outbreak in China is not the first to be a rumored biological weapons attack. ", "During the 2002–3 SARS epidemic, a Russian scientist claimed that the virus was a mixture of measles and mumps that could be made only in the lab. ", "Many Chinese seized on this notion and speculated that SARS was a genetic weapon developed by the United States to target them alone. ", "The official China Youth Daily linked a National Institutes of Health–sponsored genetic study in China to the U.S. genetic warfare program. ", "In the United States, meanwhile, a China expert suggested that the virus was linked to China’s biowarfare program. ", "Yet SARS was by no means a genetic weapon. ", "According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, of the 166 reported SARS patients in the United States in 2003, 58 percent were white and 32 percent were Asian.", "\n\nTHE HISTORY\n\nJust how likely is either the United States or China to be developing deadly biological weapons for use? ", "A tour through the history of such warfare is instructive.", "\n\nDuring World War II, the United States developed biological weapons but never used them. ", "Biological agents had certain liabilities for battlefield use: they didn’t take effect right away, they could infect one’s own forces, they were sensitive to environmental and meteorological conditions, and they could conceivably contaminate an area for longer than intended. ", "Nonetheless, the United States continued to stockpile and develop biological weapons into the postwar era.", "\n\nMatthew Meselson, a biologist at Harvard University, led a successful campaign against biological weapons development starting in the early 1960s. ", "In 1969, the United States got rid of its offensive biological warfare program and played a crucial role in successfully negotiating an international treaty known as the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). ", "The treaty prohibits the development, production, and stockpiling of biological agents and related delivery systems intended for hostile use. ", "In explaining the U.S. decision, President Richard Nixon commented in 1970 that “we’ll never use the damn germs, so what good is biological warfare as a deterrent? ", "If somebody uses germs on us, we’ll nuke ’em.”", "\n\nCompared with the United States, China came late to the game. ", "The country had been on the receiving end of germ warfare, on the part of the Imperial Japanese Army’s biowarfare Unit 731 during World War II. ", "As a result, China felt an imperative to build research facilities devoted to “defensive” biological warfare. ", "In August 1951, Premier Zhou Enlai set up the Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS) to conduct research on biodefense against “wartime special weapons.”", "\n\nParamilitary in front of a monument of Enlai in Jiangsu province, China, March 2008 China Daily CDIC / Reuters\n\nSince China did not possess nuclear weapons until the mid-1960s, it may indeed have explored developing biological weapons as a weapon of last resort or a strategic deterrent similar to nuclear weapons. ", "But by 1982, China had acquired a largely invulnerable retaliatory nuclear arsenal. ", "Two years later, China acceded to the BWC. ", "The timing indicates that China, like the United States, found nuclear weapons to be the more credible and effective deterrent.", "\n\nThe mid-1980s saw a shift in China’s national agenda toward economic development. ", "Funding for China’s biodefense research facilities dwindled, and they began developing products for civilian rather than military purposes. ", "The AMMS became something of an analog to the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. ", "It developed a pan-antimalaria drug called compound benflumentol and registered patents in more than 50 countries. ", "During the 2014 Ebola virus outbreak, AMMS collaborated with Chinese pharmaceutical companies to develop two drugs for treating the deadly disease.", "\n\nDISTRUST AND MISPERCEPTIONS\n\nChina and the United States are both parties to the BWC, but they still look upon each other with suspicion. ", "Past U.S. government reports have alleged that China continued to possess “an offensive biological warfare capability based on technology developed prior to its accession to the BWC.” ", "According to a former official from the U.S. Department of Defense, by the 1990s China had manufactured and weaponized a wide variety of infectious microorganisms and toxins and had a wide range of delivery means available, including ballistic and cruise missiles. ", "Although these reports and accusations have never been substantiated by open-source evidence, official Chinese publications do suggest sustained and organized biowarfare-related research activity. ", "Official sources reported that in the 1990s, Chinese scientists used rare earth as a medium in which to swiftly cultivate brucellosis (traditionally considered a biological agent suitable for military use).", "\n\nMany people in China also perceive the United States as a potential biological warfare threat. ", "After the 2002–3 SARS outbreak, some Chinese military experts invoked a scenario of enemies spraying unknown SARS-like viruses on Beijing during airstrikes. ", "Noting that the United States had developed antibiotic-resistant anthrax strains, a leading Chinese military medical expert implied that Washington had weaponized SARS and avian flu virus. ", "In 2001, the administration of President George W. Bush had rejected a proposed protocol to the BWC on the grounds that it was insufficient to its purpose. ", "That refusal convinced some Chinese experts that the United Sates had renewed its interest in developing biological weapons. ", "In 2007, Chinese military researchers published an article accusing the United States of “using new technologies to develop novel biological weapons agents” and claiming that it was “extremely likely” that anthrax spores in the 2001 attacks on Democratic senators’ offices came from U.S. military labs. ", "Such suspicions might explain why the Chinese government later tightened regulations on foreigners using human genetic material and made it more difficult to pass the material abroad.", "\n\nThe mutual distrust and misperceptions are emblematic of a classic security dilemma, in which actions taken by one state to improve its security lead to reactions from others, which make the original state less secure. ", "Worse, biodefense programs are so opaque, and provoke such moral antipathy, that they encourage “looking-glass presumptions”: when one state is perceived to be pursuing biological weapons, its rivals will likely seek to acquire them as well. ", "During World War II, the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom all developed biological weapons because they thought Hitler’s Germany would develop them (it didn’t).", "\n\nMany in China also perceive the United States as a potential biological warfare threat.", "\n\nWhether a disease is naturally occurring or deliberately caused can be difficult to tell, because many biological agents are naturally accessible, and their production is of dual use up to the point of weaponization. ", "In the context of frigid bilateral relations, a naturally occurring disease outbreak caused by an unknown pathogen can be easily framed as a bioweapons attack. ", "The historian Alfred Crosby noted that the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic was suspected to have been started by German agents. ", "In 2004, the Indian government accused “promiscuous Pakistanis” of conducting Islamic “jihad terrorism” by deliberately spreading HIV in Kashmir. ", "When H5N1 (“bird flu”) became a major concern worldwide in 2008, Indonesia’s then-health minister, Siti Supari, accused the United States of using virus samples to develop biological weapons and suspended the operation of a U.S. Navy medical research unit in Jakarta.", "\n\nAt a time of deteriorating relations between the United States and China, misperceptions of a hostile origin of COVID-19 have undermined global efforts to tackle the pathogen’s spread. ", "For weeks, China ignored offers of help from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ", "According to a blog post published on a website affiliated with Jiefang Daily (the official newspaper of the Shanghai Committee of the Communist Party of China), “Some U.S. CDC experts” might be on a military mission to “spy on China’s virologic research capacity.” ", "Two U.S. experts finally joined the World Health Organization’s delegation to China in February, but the delegation’s field visit did not include the Wuhan Institute of Virology—indeed, Wuhan, the epicenter of the outbreak, was initially not even on the group’s itinerary.", "\n\nThe claim that the novel coronavirus is a biological weapon is not only harmful but also scientifically unsupported. ", "Scientists have pointed out that mutations in the virus are “completely consistent with natural evolution.” ", "According to The Lancet, scientists from multiple countries have “overwhelmingly” concluded that the novel coronavirus originated in wildlife.", "\n\nAN ACCIDENTAL RELEASE?", "\n\nSince coronaviruses are zoonotic, which is to say that they jump from animals to humans, scientists believe that they have an animal origin. ", "Most agree that bats are the natural reservoir host for the virus, although snakes for a time were also suspected. ", "Scientists conjecture that pangolins—widely considered a delicacy in China—may be the intermediate host to pass the novel virus to humans. ", "Overall, they are inclined to view the outbreak as a problem of zoonotic infection transmitted from wild animals to humans. ", "While the virus was indeed found in people associated with a wet market (where live animals were sold and slaughtered) as well as in the market environment, some of the early cases were in people who had not visited the market, suggesting that the jumping of species may have occurred elsewhere or earlier.", "\n\nAnother, less supported hypothesis views the outbreak as the result of a biosafety accident in which the coronavirus leaked out from a lab where scientists failed to follow proper decontamination protocol. ", "Supporters of this theory point to the seemingly overwhelming circumstantial evidence that connects the outbreak to the Wuhan Institute of Virology, which also houses China’s only biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) lab, the highest level of biosafety precautions. ", "They noted that Dr. Shi Zhengli, a researcher in the lab who has acquired the nickname “Batwoman,” has been actively hunting down the coronavirus and proving that bats are natural reservoirs for SARS-like coronaviruses. ", "Shi has flatly denied that the institute was the source of the novel coronavirus, which she said was rather “nature punishing the human race for keeping uncivilized living habits.”", "\n\nOther Chinese social media posts focused on the credentials of the director general of the institute, Wang Yanyi. ", "A widely shared post allegedly written by Rao Yi, a leading Chinese biologist, said Wang had a weak academic background and ascended to her current post through nepotism. ", "On February 17, one post accused Wang of flouting the biosafety rules and selling laboratory animals to wet markets for profit. ", "Another study, conducted by the South China University of Technology, concluded that the coronavirus “probably” originated in the Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, which is just 280 meters away from the Hunan Seafood Market. ", "The study mentioned that bats linked to coronavirus once attacked a researcher, who had to be self-quarantined because “blood of a bat shot on his skin.” ", "The paper was later removed from ResearchGate, a commercial social-networking site for scientists and researchers to share papers. ", "Thus far, no scientists have confirmed or refuted the paper’s findings.", "\n\nThe closed seafood market in Wuhan, January 2020 Darley Shen / Reuters\n\nMany of these accusations may be groundless, but nobody can deny that lab safety is a major concern in China. ", "A safety breach at a Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention lab is believed to have caused four suspected SARS cases, including one death, in Beijing in 2004. ", "A similar accident caused 65 lab workers of Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute to be infected with brucellosis in December 2019. ", "In January 2020, a renowned Chinese scientist, Li Ning, was sentenced to 12 years in prison for selling experimental animals to local markets.", "\n\nThe government’s actions have lent credibility to the thesis that the coronavirus accidentally escaped a laboratory. ", "In February, China appointed Major General Chen Wei, China’s top biowarfare expert, as head of the BSL-4 laboratory at Wuhan Institute of Virology. ", "Because of Chen’s background, the appointment fueled suspicions about the virus’s possible connection to the BSL-4 lab. ", "Then, on February 14, Chinese President Xi Jinping highlighted the need to incorporate shengwu anquan (which in Chinese could mean either “biosecurity” or “biosafety”) into its national security regime.", "\n\nIn the literature of biological warfare, the difference between biosecurity and biosafety is important: the former is about the protection of humans and the environment from the intentional release of pathogens and biohazards, while the latter is about safety from their unintentional release. ", "Xi’s remarks were immediately followed by a Ministry of Science and Technology instruction on strengthening biosafety management in labs handling the novel coronavirus, suggesting that Xi had biosafety in mind when issuing the directive. ", "But the Chinese leader could as easily have been referring to animal agriculture, where biosecurity is broadly defined as everything done to keep disease away from animals and the people that may interact with them. ", "Indeed, just last week, China’s legislature announced a permanent ban on wildlife trade and consumption in the country, apparently to minimize the chances of diseases passing to humans from animals.", "\n\nAN IMPEDIMENT TO COLLABORATION\n\nThe virus is now rapidly spreading worldwide, with social, political, and economic consequences wherever it goes. ", "Identifying its origin would help experts and governments to hone the best countermeasures to stem its spread and prevent such outbreaks in the future.", "\n\nSo far, neither the theory that the virus was developed as a biological weapon nor the notion that it escaped a laboratory by accident seems as plausible as the hypothesis that the virus jumped to humans from animals at the wet market. ", "But the conspiracy theories have poisoned the atmosphere for U.S.-Chinese collaboration in addressing the outbreak, which might otherwise have presented an opportunity to reset the soured relationship.", "\n\nIn order to dispel misperceptions and minimalize the damage to future relations, the two countries should consider expanding their military-to-military exchanges, such that they might visit each other’s sites for conducting government-sponsored biodefense work. ", "And the United States should explore channels for helping China improve its laboratory biosafety. ", "The beginning of either measure is dialogue." ]

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[ "Morbidity and mortality of advanced gestational age: post-term or postmature.", "\nA 6-year retrospective review of 53 post-term infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was undertaken to determine whether morbidity and mortality related to uteroplacental insufficiency were confined to infants with the postmaturity syndrome. ", "Objective identification of infants with significant intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) was done using the ponderal index (PI). ", "All neonatal deaths occurred in large, appropriately grown infants and were associated with anoxic encephalopathy. ", "Morbidity was equally distributed between normally grown and malnourished infants. ", "Developmental outcome was similar in the 2 groups of infants. ", "Neonatal complications and sequelae occurred in the absence of recognizable fetal malnutrition. ", "Therefore, the post-term infant should be considered at risk, even if normally grown." ]

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[ "As promised, we have started our coverage of the Houston Dynamo Academy games. ", "We will start this series with one of the more anticipated games of the season, our rivalry match against FC Dallas which took place at Houston Sports Park on October 18, 2014.", "\n\nEven though the Houston Dynamo ended up winning the game 4-2, and that should be lauded and seen as an accomplishment, let me state that in the end the results don’t matter as much as the development of our players.", "\n\nSo, if in future games the results don’t seem to go our way, that does not mean the game was a failure. ", "Time on the field against formidable opposition should always be taken over any result at this point of development. ", "Results should only take precedent in the first team.", "\n\nNow without further ado let’s take a look at three players from Saturday’s Under-18 game, we will start with a couple of attacking players and the goalkeeper, and eventually focus on other aspects as the season progresses and we become more accustom to the players.", "\n\nGoalkeeper: Andy Rios More from Dynamo Academy Houston Dynamo hand out year end awards\n\nHouston Dynamo Memo Rodriguez named to Chipotle MLS Homegrown Team\n\nHouston Dynamo Academy Dominate Sporting KC Academy\n\nHouston Dynamo Academy Kicking Off 2015\n\nHouston Dynamo Academy Alumni Cup Shows Off Future\n\nRios really impressed me, but not for the reasons that a keeper usually impresses people. ", "While his reflexes were great and you can tell that the talent is there, he lacks some experience in positioning and controlling his box by cutting off crosses. ", "This can all be remedied with time, and I expect it to be, because as we’ve seen the Houston Dynamo are a goalkeeper-producing juggernaut.", "\n\nWhat Rios really impressed me with was his ability to position the players in front of him. ", "He was never afraid to call-out defenders on their mistakes and has the natural leadership skills that one always wants to see in a keeper.", "\n\nWhen the defense is out of position or leaving opposing players unmarked, Rios is vocal enough to get them into position. ", "Goalkeepers always have a better view as to how plays are being unfolded by both teams on the pitch, so their ability to read the game advise others on it is a quality that is often times overlooked but is vital for any team.", "\n\nIt can be argued that neither goal was his fault, but came on mental lapses from the defense or inability to hold the ball which caused a counter-attack, so the 2 goals Rios did concede leave much to interpretation and it will take a few games for me to reach a conclusion on his shot-stopping ability. ", "For now though, his leadership, build, and first impression on positioning point to a young keeper that with more practice can be a difference maker in any college program which can lead him to the professional game.", "\n\nForward: Juan Flores\n\nAfter only a few minutes of watching Flores play as forward everybody’s first impression should be that they’re watching a real student of the game. ", "He has an ability to stay onside that should be lauded. ", "He’s a player that is capable of timing runs perfectly to offset any possible offside trap an opposing team may try to put into place.", "\n\nWhat I was most impressed with was his desire to go for every ball that’s directed at him even if at times the ball seems like a lost cause due to there being multiple defenders or out of reach. ", "I also saw him track down players and force them into turnovers, and was more than willing to cover for his own mistakes.", "\n\nForwards should always been seen as the first line of defense and he embodied that in the game that I saw from him. ", "Flores also forced the opposing keeper into making some mistakes by pressuring him from the start. ", "In more than one instance Flores’ constant pressure forced the opposing goalkeeper into making horrible clearances right towards Dynamo players or turning the ball over by clearing it out of bounds.", "\n\nFlores’ ability to read the game also led to a goal, he got an assist when he saw one of his players with a better shot than he had, and in those instances sometimes forwards tend to be selfish but in Flores showed his heart by being selfless. ", "Flores also ended up getting on the scores sheet through a goal of his own. ", "He has a bright future and will be a treat to keep track of in upcoming games.", "\n\nMidfielder: Christian Lucatero\n\nThere have been rumblings throughout the Houston Dynamo fan base of a young midfielder that can be the heir-apparent to Brad Davis’ throne on the first team. ", "I’m not one to buy into the hype surrounding any player, because having followed soccer throughout my life, very few players live up to it.", "\n\nHowever, if I said that I wasn’t impressed by Lucatero I would be lying through my teeth. ", "There was a moment in the match when I told Sean Ringrose, “can I pay money for a tape of this match that only has the camera following Christian on the pitch?” ", "Almost every touch he had on the ball, and he had plenty, was followed by a moment of sheer brilliance.", "\n\n“Luca” took the majority, if not every, corner and free-kick. ", "If the ball seemed to be within shooting distance, he had no fear in going for it and on more than one occasion forced the opposing goalkeeper into making a finger-tip save. ", "While some of his crosses left something to be desired, that is nothing that more practice cannot fix because his bad crosses were so few and far between he probably just needed to time them better or slow the game down a bit.", "\n\nThe ball at times seemed to be glued to his feet as he cut between defenders, and made treks that involved going from one wing to another before either making a pass or taking a shot. ", "His dribbling ability was probably the best on the field, and his stamina and work-rate was on another level. ", "I quickly realized why he was given so much freedom throughout the field, and did not play on a single wing even though at times he seemed to prefer the left, and that’s because he has the talent to completely manufacture a play out what seems like nothing.", "\n\nOne of the few defects that I did see in him was that he may need some more muscle or mass to protect the ball, but that’s just my personal preference because Major League Soccer tends to be a physical league. ", "Other than that, the fact I was thinking of how he can improve to be a better professional player only says that I do see him playing professionally.", "\n\nLuca is on the right path and has the talent, but will need to keep his current work-rate and not allow any distractions to enter his life that may put his future in jeopardy. ", "As long as he stays clean, level-headed, keeps on practicing, and realizes he still has room for improvement I see him eventually entering professional soccer." ]

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[ "New York Anti-Gun Zealot Arrested for Taking Gun to School, Wants Absolution\n\nDwayne Ferguson an African American community activist and vehement anti-gun campaigner who worked tirelessly for New York’s gun grabbing SAFE Act was arrested last week for carrying a concealed weapon into a grade school. ", "He said he “forgot” he had the gun on him and wants to be given a pass on the violation.", "\n\nLast week, Ferguson, the leader of the extremist anti-gun group MAD DADS, was the cause of a lockdown of Harvey Austin Elementary, in Buffalo, New York. ", "Police responded to a call about a man with a gun on school grounds with their search ending when they found Ferguson’s handgun.", "\n\nThe activist, who helps run an after-school program, was arrested and charged with two counts of criminal possession of a weapon, including having a loaded weapon on school grounds–charges now enhanced by the anti-gun SAFE Act. ", "He could be sentenced to up to four years in prison for the violation.", "\n\nHe pleaded not guilty to the crime saying he should be given a pass because he merely “forgot” that he had his pistol on him and since he has a legal concealed carry permit he thinks he should be let off the hook.", "\n\nBut this isn’t the rule he fought so hard to enact. ", "Thanks in part to his own efforts, it is currently illegal to bring a gun into a school unless you are an on-duty policeman. ", "Period. ", "There are no other exceptions.", "\n\nNaturally, Ferguson’s anti-gun pals are crying to have him released from his crime. ", "Why, he should be let go because, heck, he means well, dang it!", "\n\nTake for instance, the pleads from Reverend James E. Giles in the pages of the Buffalo News.", "\n\n“I’m sure Dwayne went into the school not thinking he had the gun on him,” said Rev. James E. Giles, a friend of Ferguson and president of Back to Basics Outreach Ministries. “", "We know this for a fact, that he called out to a Buffalo police lieutenant asking why the school was in lockdown, and that they were looking for a man with a gun.", "\n\n“Dwayne’s reaction was to get his kids – he had about 50 of them – and make sure they were safe,” Giles explained. “", "He led them into the cafeteria and closed the doors.”", "\n\nYeah. ", "Ferguson was protecting the kids… from himself? ", "He was the one with the evil, evil gun, after all.", "\n\nOf course, the whole thing of the matter is that anti-gun extremists don’t care about the individual and his well-meaning ideas. ", "Guns are evil and anyone that has one is instantly assumed to be a murderous criminal. ", "Ah, but when it’s one of their own, why the rules should be set aside because, gosh darn it, they are the good guys.", "\n\nThe Rev. Giles isn’t the only hypocrite coming to the aide of this criminal. ", "George Johnson, president of Buffalo United Front, dismissed the whole thing saying that “mental lapses happen” and that Ferguson should be let off because, “things happen.”", "\n\nNow, as a supporter of the Second Amendment, I see absolutely no reason why a law-abiding citizen shouldn’t be allowed to carry his legally carried weapon into a school. ", "In fact, I encourage it to serve as a way to prevent mass shootings in areas that are usually deemed an absurd “gun free zone” where murderers can roam hallways killing indiscriminately and without worry of being opposed.", "\n\nFurther, I am sure that Ferguson did nothing wrong in essence. ", "However, he did violate ethics and morals, not to mention hypocritically violating the very law he pushed so hard to have enacted. ", "By being an anti-gun activist who carries a gun is hypocrisy in and of itself.", "\n\nThe full weight of the law should come down on this creep’s head. ", "If he is cut a break even in the smallest of ways, it will prove that the “law” is not the rule. ", "It will show that anti-gun nuts will be given breaks while Second Amendment supporters will be unfairly prosecuted.", "\n\nDwayne Ferguson must be sentenced to the maximum jail time… or the law should be vacated for everyone.", "\n\nWell said Warner, I second your sentiment, and could safely say tens of millions other law abiding American citizens agree as well.", "\n\nThanks for writing this article, it will be shared to as many as I can.", "\n\nI don’t to wonder how Eric Holder, Obama, Rev Sharpton, Hollywood, Mothers without common sense, MAIG, and the 4th branch of government will handle this one.", "\n\nCheers to you.", "\n\nMolon Labe\n\nWell said Warner, I second your sentiment, and could safely say tens of millions other law abiding American citizens agree as well.", "\n\nThanks for writing this article, it will be shared to as many as I can.", "\n\nI don’t to wonder how Eric Holder, Obama, Rev Sharpton, Hollywood, Mothers without common sense, MAIG, and the 4th branch of government will handle this one.", "\n\nCheers to you.", "\n\nJwb10001\n\nIsn’t there some saying about hoisting and petards?", "\n\nJwb10001\n\nIsn’t there some saying about hoisting and petards?", "\n\nJWH\n\nI say treat him like anybody else who violates this law. ", "Which probably means a plea bargain of some sort.", "\n\nhttp://wizbangblog.com/author/rodney-graves/ Rodney G. Graves\n\nProsecute to the full extent of the law.", "\n\njim_m\n\nNot true in NY state or in DC. ", "They prosecute even minor violations of their guns laws to the full extent unless you are politically connected.", "\n\nThe latter being the case I will bet that he never gets prosecuted.", "\n\nJWH\n\nMy second sentence was speculative, not prescriptive. ", "If prosecuting “to the full extent” is standard procedure in that jurisdiction, then prosecute to the full extent.", "\n\n914\n\n“Dwayne’s reaction was to get his kids – he had about 50 of them – and make sure they were safe,” Giles explained. “", "He led them into the cafeteria and closed the doors.”", "\n\nSounds like kidnapping.", "\n\nNedward Swoden\n\nIt reminds me of those episodes of ‘Cops’ where the guy watches as the police break his own door down.", "\n\njim_m\n\nMaximum time, any additional convictions to run consecutively and not concurrently.", "\n\nHe should be judged by the same rules he would have judged others.", "\n\njim_m\n\nBy barricading himself in the cafeteria he created a hostage situation. ", "He needs to get the max for this.", "\n\nThe problem is that leftists like this think that they should be immune from the laws they want to force everyone else into complying with. ", "They should be the first to get the MAXIMUM sentence for any violations.", "\n\nEvidence that this jerk is a complete hypocrite is his plea of not guilty by reason of good intentions.", "\n\nRetired military\n\nWhat is the difference between a gun control advocate community organizer who takes a gun to school and a 7 year old who chews a poptart into the shape of a gun in school? ", "The 7 year old gets punished.", "\n\njim_m\n\nThere you go. ", "Give this jerk a year in prison for every child suspended for some idiotic zero tolerance rule on guns.", "\n\nLiberalNightmare\n\n>> Dwayne Ferguson must be sentenced to the maximum jail time… or the law should be vacated for everyone.", "\n\n>>\n\nMr. Ferguson would cheer out loud, and count it as a victory if the same thing happened to one of us. ", "I say ram it straight up his a$$.\n\nBy the way, I’d sure like to know if that gun was registered.", "\n\nLiberalNightmare\n\nSomething about this story doesn’t pass the smell test.", "\n\nHow did people know that Ferguson was carrying?", "\n\nWhy did he have the kids in the caf?", "\n\nThere is more to this story.", "\n\nwarnertoddhuston\n\nSomeone saw his gun and called an anonymous tip into the cops. ", "They came and eventually found he had a gun on him after searching nearly everyone else in the school.", "\n\nLawrence Westlake\n\nLiberal idiots wouldn’t be able even to grasp the various layers of irony. ", "All part and parcel of the steep decline.", "\n\nPatrick_McHargue\n\nAs a community organizer, he likely felt that laws didn’t apply to him. ", "Presidential example, ‘ya know.", "\n\nGarandFan\n\n“He said he “forgot” he had the gun on him and wants to be given a pass on the violation.”", "\n\nYeah, he “forgot”. ", "So who’s ass did he kiss in NY and what reason did he use to get a CCW?", "\n\nNedward Swoden\n\nWelcome to ‘D’ block, Mr. Ferguson. ", "The cells are stuffed with honest people who forgot they had a gun.", "\n\nJ_Kowalski\n\nwtf?!", "\n\nJ_Kowalski\n\nIf this idiot “forgot” he was even carrying a gun, he probably shouldn’t be allowed to carry one…….or operate heavy machinery……..or drive a car……..or supervise children……….that’s not something you just forget, and if you do you probably have some mental problems, or are just incredibly irresponsible\n\nLiberalNightmare\n\nA gun in a school vs an empty shotgun shell in the house. ", "Make ‘em live by their own rules." ]

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[ "INTRODUCTION\n\nThe year 2018 saw a relatively stable market for renewable energy technologies. ", "Total renewable power capacity grew at a consistent pace compared to 2017, and the number of countries integrating high shares of variable renewable energy (VRE) continued to rise. ", "Corporate sourcing of renewables more than doubled compared to 2017, and renewables have spread in significant amounts all around the world.1\n\nRenewable energy has been established globally as a mainstream source of electricity generation for several years.2 The estimated share of renewables in global electricity generation was more than 26% by the end of 2018.3 Net capacity additions for renewable power were higher than for fossil fuels and nuclear combined for a fourth consecutive year, and renewables now make up more than one-third of global installed power capacity.4 This is due in part to stable policy initiatives and targets that send positive signals to the industry, along with decreasing costs and technological advancements.", "\n\nRenewable power is increasingly cost-competitive compared to conventional fossil fuel-fired power plants. ", "By the end of 2018, electricity generated from new wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) plants had become more economical than power from fossil fuel-fired plants in many places. (", "→ See Sidebar 4.) ", "In addition, in some locations it was more cost-effective to build new wind and solar PV power plants than to continue to run existing fossil fuel power plants.5 Record-low bids in tenders for renewable power were held in many countries around the world, especially for solar PV and wind power, although this development was not necessarily positive for the industry. (", "→ See Market and Industry chapter.)", "\n\nAs in previous years, renewables saw far less growth in the heating, cooling and transport sectors than in the power sector. ", "The uptake of modern renewable energy for heating and cooling in buildings and industrial applications progressed at a slow pace, while the use of biofuels for transport grew moderately during the year. ", "Progress in these sectors remains constrained by a lack of strong policy support and slow developments in new technologies (such as advanced biofuels).", "\n\nRenewable energy targets are in place in nearly all countries, and several jurisdictions made their existing targets more ambitious in 2018. ", "The number of renewable energy support policies increased again during the year, mostly for renewable electricity. ", "In the power sector, a general shift to auctions from feed-in policies and other support mechanisms continued, but feed-in policies remained widely used. ", "The number of countries with mandates for renewable heat in buildings fell by one in 2018, while policy examples for renewable energy support in industry remained scarce. ", "No new countries added regulatory incentives or mandates for renewable transport, although some countries that already had mandates added new ones or strengthened existing ones. ", "Only one country (Austria) had enacted a policy directly linking renewables and electric vehicles (EVs) by year’s end.6 (→See Policy Landscape chapter.)", "\n\nIn developing and emerging economies, distributed renewable energy systems continued to play an important role in connecting households in remote areas to electricity services. ", "An estimated 5% of the population in Africa and 2% of the population in Asia has access to electricity through off-grid solar PV systems.7 In 2017, the global population lacking access to electricity fell below 1 billion, with around 122 million people worldwide gaining access since the previous year.8 During the same period, around 100 million people gained access to clean cooking facilities.9 However, finance for energy access decreased in 2018 for the second year running and remains far behind the estimated amounts needed to reach universal access to electricity and clean cooking.10 (→ See Distributed Renewables chapter.)", "\n\nAt the sub-national level, community renewable energy projects have spread, mostly in the power sector.11 The 2018 European Union (EU) Renewable Energy Directive included a definition of “renewable energy communities” and the basis for developing national rules to support community initiatives.12 In addition, the prevalence of prosumers is growing, while attention to their legal and regulatory options for participating in local energy markets and networks grew during the year.13 Sub-national governments continued to sign on to renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives in 2018, often setting more ambitious targets than their national counterparts.14 Additional communities, cities and regions introduced 100% renewable energy targets in 2018, and by year’s end at least 100 cities were sourcing 70% or more of their electricity from renewables.15 (→ See Feature chapter.)", "\n\nThe private sector is playing a key role in driving renewable energy deployment through its procurement and investment decisions. ", "By early 2019, 175 companies had joined RE100 – committing to 100% renewable electricity targets – up from 130 companies the year before.16 These and other private sector targets have supported the expansion of corporate power purchase agreements (PPAs), which are spreading to new countries and regions but remain concentrated in the United States and Europe.17 (→ See Power section in this chapter, and Feature chapter in GSR 2018.)", "\n\nShareholder pressure and the rising competitiveness of the renewables sector have resulted in increased investment by the fossil fuel industry – including some large oil corporations – in both renewable energy projects and companies.18 An increasing number of companies that own, develop or operate fossil fuel power plants shifted away from the coal business during 2018.19 Some firms are investing more in renewable energy – although still in relatively small amounts – in order to economically and reliably meet their own energy needs, to spread their risk or to become players in the rapidly growing renewables sector.20\n\nGlobal investment in renewable power and fuels in 2018 totalled USD 288.9 billion (USD 304.9 billion including hydropower plants larger than 50 megawatts, MW); this was an 11% decrease from the previous year (largely as a result of a significant fall in China) but the fifth year in a row that investment exceeded the USD 230 billion mark.21 With more or less stable growth in renewable power capacity, the decline in investment reflects to some extent the falling costs of renewables – essentially, more capacity can be installed for less money.22\n\nNearly all of the invest­ment was in solar PV and wind power.23 Developing and emerging economies accounted for 53% of total renewable energy investment, with China alone accounting for 32% of the total.24 (→ See Investment chapter.) ", "Several developing countries are investing equivalent or higher amounts in renewable power and fuels than developed countries on a per gross domestic product (GDP) basis, particularly as energy demand continues to increase at a faster rate in developing markets, such as in Djibouti, Morocco and Palau.25 (→ See Top 5 Countries table.)", "\n\nDevelopments not directly linked to renewables are continuing to open opportunities for increased use of renewable electricity in the end-use sectors, such as heating and transport. ", "These include a significant increase in incentives and targets for electrification of transport and bans on fossil fuel-powered vehicles in a few jurisdictions. ", "The cost-competitiveness of renewable electricity for heating depends strongly on local fuel and electricity prices; however, the use of heat pumps continues to grow in major markets around the world, such as in Europe.26 In addition, digitalisation and smart metering are offering more options for supply-side and demand-side management.27 (→ See Systems Integration chapter.)", "\n\nDecarbonisation pathways and frameworks continued to be developed during 2018.28 For example, the EU presented its long-term climate strategy to be carbon-neutral by 2050.29 An increasing number of countries also have adopted (or are considering) plans to phase out the use of coal for power generation, or the economy-wide consumption of fossil fuels.30 Additional national and sub-national governments adopted carbon pricing policies in 2018, lending support to renewables indirectly across all sectors.31 (→ See Policy Landscape chapter.) ", "By the end of 2018, carbon pricing initiatives covered about 13% of globalgreenhouse gas emissions.32\n\nSeveral high-profile developments in 2018 had an impact on the renewable energy sector. ", "These include:\n\nThe 24th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations (UN) Framework Convention on Climate Change, held in Poland, ended with an agreement on implementation of the Paris Agreement, although many details were left unresolved.33 Calls stressed the need for a rapid and just transition to renewable energy, and the timeline for the next Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) was confirmed.34\n\nIn August 2018, a school strike for the climate was held outside the Swedish parliament building in Stockholm – an event that rapidly expanded from one person in a single country to millions of students in at least 125 countries around the world.35 Termed “Fridays for Future”, the movement has spurred a growing number of students to demonstrate and call for urgent action on the climate crisis from their political leaders.", "\n\nBy the end of 2018, more than 1,000 institutions (ranging from cities and banks to insurance companies, pension funds and faith groups) with professionally managed investment funds amounting to nearly USD 8 trillion had committed to divesting from fossil fuels.36\n\nThe Global Climate Action Summit in the United States convened 4,000 non-state actors – including policy makers at the sub-national level, businesses, investors and civil society – and resulted in a surge of new climate commitments.37\n\nThe International Solar Alliance (ISA) was strengthened through the opening of membership to all UN member countries, in addition to increased assistance, including a commitment by France of EUR 700 million (USD 800 million) towards the ISA objective of mobilising investment of USD 1 trillion by 2030 for the deployment of solar energy.38 As part of the ISA’s Affordable Finance at Scale programme, six African countries launched the Lomé Initiative, a platform to aggregate demand for financing for large-scale solar PV projects.39\n\nThe World Bank Group announced a target of investing USD 200 billion over five years starting in 2021 to support 35 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy and enabling infrastructure.40 However, the Bank has continued to finance fossil fuels in developing countries in the meantime, amounting to nearly USD 6 billion since 2016.41\n\nThe world is not on track to meet international climate and sustainable development goals.", "\n\nWhile there has been much progress on renewables, energy efficiency, and access to electricity and clean cooking facilities over the past decade, the world is not on track to meet international goals, most notably limiting the average rise in global temperatures to 1.5 degrees Celsius (°C) as stipulated under the Paris Agreement.42 Released during 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels found that just over a decade remained to keep global warming below this threshold.43 Any increase beyond that point would greatly intensify the risk of extreme climate events, such as drought, floods and very high temperatures for much of the world’s population.44\n\nIn addition, the annual review of UN Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) found that the objectives for renewables, energy efficiency and energy access set out for 2030 under SDG7 will not be achieved unless efforts are significantly scaled up.45 The High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development held in 2018 emphasised this point as well and underscored that greater ambition was necessary.46\n\nIn 2018, global energy demand increased an estimated 2.3%, the greatest rise in a decade.47 This was due to strong global economic growth (3.7%) and to higher heating and cooling demand in some regions.48 China, the United States and India together accounted for almost 70% of the total increase in demand.49 Due to a rise in fossil fuel consumption, global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions grew an estimated 1.7% during the year.50\n\nAs of 2017, renewable energy accounted for an estimated 18.1% of total final energy consumption (TFEC).51 Modern renewables supplied 10.6% of TFEC, with an estimated 4.4% growth in demand compared to 2016.52 Traditional use of biomass for cooking and heating in developing countries accounted for the remaining share.53 The greatest portion of the modern renewable share was renewable thermal energy (an estimated 4.2% of TFEC), followed by hydropower (3.6%), other renewable power sources including wind power and solar PV (2%), and transport biofuels (about 1%).54 (→ See Figure 1.)", "\n\nFigure 1\n\nSource: Based on OECD/IEA and IEA SHC. ", "See endnote 54 for this chapter.", "\n\nThe overall share of renewable energy (both modern renewables and traditional biomass) in TFEC has increased only gradually, averaging 0.8% annually between 2006 and 2016.55 This modest rise is due to a negligible change in the traditional use of biomass coupled with overall growth in global energy demand since 2006 (annual average increase of 1.5%).56 Despite strong demand growth in modern renewables, especially renewable electricity, these two factors have slowed gains in the combined share of renewable energy in TFEC.57 (→ See Figure 2.)", "\n\nFigure 2\n\nSource: Based on OECD/IEA. ", "See endnote 57 for this chapter.", "\n\nIn the power sector, renewables are increasingly preferred for new electricity generation. ", "Around 181 GW of renewable power capacity was added in 2018 – setting a new record just above that of the previous year.58 Overall, renewable energy now accounts for around one-third of total installed power generation capacity worldwide.59 Nearly two-thirds (64%) of net installations in 2018 were from renewable sources of energy, marking the fourth consecutive year that net additions of renewable power were above 50%.60 (→ See Figure 3.)", "\n\nFigure 3\n\nAs of the end of 2016, heating and cooling accounted for around 51% of final energy use, transport for 32%, and final electricity demand (excluding the purposes of heating, cooling or transport) for around 17%.61 (→ See Figure 4.) ", "Modern renewable heat supplied around 10% of heating and cooling demand and has not grown significantly. ", "While renewable electricity demand increased 25% between 2013 and 2017, modern renewable heat demand grew just under 5% during this period (around the same rate as global energy demand).62 In transport, consumption of biofuels (principally ethanol and biodiesel) increased around 18% between 2013 and 2017, although starting from a small base.63\n\nFigure 4\n\nSource: Based on OECD/IEA. ", "See endnote 61 for this chapter.", "\n\nGiven the growing share of renewables in power generation, the electrification of heating and transport can provide an opportunity to further expand the use of renewable energy in these sectors, as well as to facilitate the integration of growing shares of VRE.64 Sector integration – the linking of the power, heating and cooling, and transport sectors – continued to gain policy maker attention during the year, although initiatives to directly support it remain limited.65 (→ See Systems Integration chapter.)", "\n\nMany countries continued to invest in and develop new coal-fired power plants in 2018, despite the cost-competitiveness of renewable energy in many cases and other multiple benefits, such as improved public health through reduced pollution, increased reliability and resilience, and job creation.66 (→ See Sidebar 1 in this chapter.) ", "The majority of coal-fired generation capacity – whether existing, new, under construction or planned – is located in Asia.67 Building new coal-fired power plants, with average lifetimes of approximately 40-50 years, can both lock in carbon-intensive generation and lock out renewable power.68 Asia also has seen the majority of new nuclear power plants in recent years. ", "The number of new grid-connected nuclear plants tripled in 2018, with 80% of these located in China, and construction starts for new nuclear plants increased 50% during the year.69\n\nFossil fuel subsidies are double the support for renewable energy.", "\n\nGlobal consumption of oil and natural gas rose in 2018, with natural gas growing at its fastest rate since 2010 (4.6%) due to increased demand and coal substitution.70 The United States was the main driver of higher global natural gas demand, which was used primarily in power generation and in buildings, due largely to more extreme temperatures during the year.71 Meanwhile, global oil demand rose 1.3% despite higher prices than in 2017, with the United States responsible for the largest growth because of expanding petrochemical demand as well as a rise in industrial production and demand for trucking.72 China was in second place, but the country’s growth in oil demand slowed as China transitions to less oil-intensive development and to reduced vehicle use to improve urban air quality.73\n\nBetween the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2016 and the end of 2018, cumulative bank finance for fossil fuels amounted to USD 1.9 trillion.74 Global subsidies for fossil fuel consumption reached an estimated USD 300 billion in 2017, an 11% increase from the USD 270 billion the year before, and about double the estimated support for renewable power generation.75 In addition, one estimate places the true cost of fossil fuels at upwards of USD 5.2 trillion.76 While at least 40 countries have undertaken some level of fossil fuel subsidy reform since 2015, fossil fuel subsidies remained in place in at least 115 countries in 2017, with at least 73 countries providing subsidies of more than USD 100 million each.77 (→ See Figure 5.)", "\n\nFigure 5\n\nSource: Based on IMF. ", "See endnote 77 for this chapter.", "\n\nWhether supported by subsidies or not, low fossil fuel prices encourage further demand for fossil fuels and challenge renewable energy markets, especially in the heating and transport sectors.78 Additionally, the coal industry and major oil and gas companies spend upwards of USD 200 million each year lobbying to delay, control or block policies aimed at addressing climate change and on advertisements to influence public opinion.79\n\nThe following sections discuss key developments and trends in renewable energy in 2018 by sector in order of contribution to TFEC." ]

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[ "The present application is a continuation-in-part application of my co-pending application Ser. ", "No. ", "652,370, filed on Sept. 19, 1984, now U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,766,150 which is a divisional application of application Ser. ", "No. ", "251,694, filed on Apr. 7, 1981, now U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,486,408.", "\nThis invention relates to a process for protecting animal cells from oxidative injury such as that caused by exposure to chemical, biochemical, or physical metabolic stressors or from inborn deficiencies in antioxidative biochemical pathways which increase cell sensitivity to oxidation induced by such chemical and/or physical factors.", "\nThis invention further relates to a process for suppressing the immune-system of animals wherein an immunosuppressive amount of 3-aminotyrosine is administered to an animal to suppress that animal's endogenous immune system.", "\nThere is a relationship between nonphosphorylating oxidative metabolism (membrane peroxidation) and immune cell activation. ", "The production of peroxides and other active oxidants is one of the earliest measurable signals of immunogenic stimulation. ", "Wrogemann, K., et al., ", "8 Eur. ", "J. Immunol. ", "749-752 (1978); Strauss, R. R., et al., ", "15 Infect. ", "Imm. ", "197-203 (1977). ", "The antibacterial and antiparasitic activities of neutrophils (Clark, R. A. and S. J. Klebanoff, \"Studies on the mechanism of antibody-dependent polymorphonuclear leukocyte-mediated cytotoxicity,\" 119 Journal of Immunology 1413-1418 (1977)) and eosinophils (DeChatelet, L. R., et. ", "al., \"", "Oxidative metabolism of the human eosinophil,\" 50 Blood 525-535 (1977)) are associated with peroxidative activity. ", "Furthermore, peroxidative activity is not only associated with killing of target cells by leukocytes such as macrophages but also with cell differentiation of macrophages themselves and other cell types with which they interact.", "\nThe activators of oxidative metabolism (lipopolysaccharide and Bacille Calmette-Guerin, see Johnston, R. B. and S. Kitagawa, \"Molecular basis for the enhanced respiratory burst of activated macrophages,\" 44 Federation Proceedings 2927-2932 (1985)) also induce tumor necrosing factor, or cachectin (see Old, L. J., \"Tumor necrosing factor (TNF),\" 230 Science 630-632 (1985)), and interleukin 1 (Prestidge, R. L., et. ", "al., \"", "Interleukin 1: Production by P388D.sub.1 cells attached to microcarrier beads,\" 46 Journal of Immunological Methods 197-204 (1981)). ", "Tumor necrosing factor not only attacks tumor cells but also mediates the effects of endotoxin and the cachexia (lipolytic activity) of severe chronic infections and cancer. ", "Interleukin 1 is necessary for committing T cells to proliferation in response to specific antigens and recruiting other lymphocytes to specific cellular or humoral responses. ", "The latter effect is mediated by T cell production of interleukin 2.", "\nThe activation of oxidative metabolism of leukocytes is not always beneficial or innocuous. ", "Excessive peroxidation may inhibit lymphocyte functions. ", "Fischman, C. M., et. ", "al., \"", "Inhibition of lectin-induced lymphocyte activation by 2-cyclohexene-1-one: Decreased intercellular glutathione inhibits an early event in the activation sequence.\" ", "127 Journal of Immunology 2257-2262 (1981). ", "Furthermore, excessive perixidation may activate mast cells and, subsequently, allergic reactions. ", "Ohmori, H., et. ", "al., \"", "Xanthine oxidase-induced histamine release from isolated rat peritoneal mast cells: Involvement of hydrogen peroxide,\" 28 Biochemical Pharmacology 333-334 (1979). ", "Autoxidation of red blood cells initiated by inflammation or chemical or physical insult may lead to autoimmune responses. ", "Low, P. S., et. ", "al., \"", "The role of hemoglobin denaturation and Band 3 clustering in red blood cell aging.\" ", "227 Science 531-533 (1985).", "\nPhysical stressors that enhance peroxidation mimicking the effects of inflammation (leukocyte production of active oxygen species) include ionizing radiation and hyperthermia. ", "It is well known that ionizing radiation of medium containing water and oxygen (i.e., tissue) produces peroxide and free radicals. ", "Casarett, A. P. Radiation Biology, Englewood, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1968), Chapter 4). ", "Phenols can act as co-oxidants forming stable phenolic free radicals. ", "Phenol red, a commonly used pH indicator in tissue culture media, can interact with oxygen free radicals formed in vitro ionizing radiation experiments. ", "The phenolic free radicals may, in turn, interact with other oxidizable substrates. ", "Also, hyperthermia of red blood cells can yield superoxide and peroxide. ", "Kiel, J. L., and D. N. Erwin, \"Thermochemiluminescent assay of porcine, rat, and human erythrocytes for antioxidative deficiencies,\" 143 Analytical Biochemistry 231-236 (1984); Kiel, J. L. and D. N. Erwin, \"Microwave and thermal interactions with oxidative hemolysis,\" 16 Physiological Chemistry and Physics and NMR 317-323 (1984). ", "The peroxidative reactions associated with inflammation, ionizing radiation, and hyperthermia may result in membrane protein crosslinking (Karel, M., \"Lipid oxidation, secondary reactions, and water activity of foods.\" ", "In M. G. Simic and M. Karel (eds.), ", "Autoxidation in Food and Biological Systems, pp. ", "191-206, New York: Plenum Press (1980)), cell lysis (Lynch, R. E., and I. Fridovich, \"Effects of superoxide on the erythrocyte membrane,\" 253 Journal of Biological Chemistry 1838-1845 (1978)), oxidation of proteins or enzymes with loss of function (Karel, M., supra), nicking DNA (Lown, J. W., S. K. and Sim, \"The mechanism of the bleomycin induced cleavage of DNA,\" 77 Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1150-1157 (1977)), and inhibition or activation of inflammation by the specific production of prostaglandins or leukotrienes (Goldstein, I. M., et. ", "al., \"", "Thromboxane generation by human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes,\" 148 Journal of Experimental Medicine 787-792 (1978); Weissman, G., et. ", "al., \"", "Prostaglandins and inflammation: receptor/cyclase coupling as a explanation of why PGE's and PGI.sub.2 inhibit functions of inflammatory cells,\" 8 Advances in Prostaglandin and Thromboxane Research 1637-1654 (1980); Samuelsson, B., et al., \"", "Introduction of a nomenclature: Leukotrienes,\" 17 Prostaglandins 785-787 (1979); and Zurier, R. B. and G. Weissman, \"Effect of prostaglandins upon enzyme release from lysosomes and experimental arthritis,\" In P. W. Ramwell and B. B. Phariss (eds.) ", "Prostaglandins in Cellular Biology, pp. ", "151-172, New York: Plenum Press (1972)).", "\nTherefore, any inhibitor of early peroxidative events would serve as a profound immunomodulator and anti-inflammatory agent. ", "Dose-dependent effects of such inhibitors are expected; that is, protection without inhibition of the immune response at low doses and immunosuppression at high doses. ", "Also, other tissues affected by autoxidation and peroxidation (i.e., red blood cells) would be protected by such an inhibitor.", "\nAs noted above, the autoxidation of red blood cells (RBCs), which may be initiated by such stimuli as inflammation or chemical or physical insult, may lead to autoimmune responses. ", "However, the autoxidation of RBCs is a common occurrence even under normal conditions. ", "In other words, such stimuli are not required to initiate autoxidation. ", "As much as 3% of the total hemoglobin (the hemoglobin being contained within the RBCs) is converted to methemoglobin each day, an event which results in the formation of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and lipid peroxides, all of which are oxidants which pose a significant threat to all cells, but especially the RBCs, where the event occurs.", "\nUnder normal circumstances, the oxidants generated during autoxidation cause little damage to the RBCs due to the scavenging action of several enzymes. ", "These enzymes include superoxide dismutase, which catalyzes the conversion of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen, and catalase and peroxidase, which catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water in the presence of available electrons. ", "The peroxidase involved in autoxidative pathways, at least in known mammalian cells, is glutathione peroxidase, which is a selenium-containing enzyme that oxidizes reduced glutathione and reduces peroxides.", "\nInherited deficiencies of superoxide dismutase and catalase, or deficiencies in key co-enzymes, may lead to increased susceptibility to oxyhemoglobin autoxidation, as may the inhibition of those enzymes. ", "Shanus, supra; Metzler, D. E., Biochemistry: The Chemical Reactions of Living Cells, New York: Academic Press (1977), pp. ", "564-565. ", "Disorders such as malignant hyperthermia have been associated with inherent glutathione peroxidase deficiency in swine. ", "Schanus, E. G., et al., \"", "Malignant hyperthermia (MH): Porcine erythrocyte damage from oxidation and glutathione peroxidase deficiency,\" in G. J. Brewer (ed.), ", "The Red Cell, Fifth Ann Arbor Conference, New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc. (1981), pp. ", "323-336. ", "The addition of various anionic nucleophiles (i.e., azides, halides and thiocyanate) to the cells accelerates the autoxidation reaction. ", "Wallace W. J., et al., \"", "The mechanisms of hemoglobin autoxidation: Evidence for proton-assisted nucleophilic displacement of superoxide of anions\", 57 Biochem. ", "Biophys. ", "Res. ", "Comm. ", "1104-1109 (1974). ", "Increasing the temperature to which the cells are exposed by 3.degree. ", "C. doubles the rate of oxyhemoglobin autoxidation under physiological conditions. ", "Wallace, W. J. et al., \"", "A role for chloride in the autoxidation of hemoglobin under conditions similar to those in erythrocytes.\" ", "43 FEBS Letters 33-36 (1974).", "\nFurther, ample evidence has shown that the combination of certain peroxidases with hydrogen peroxide and a halide ion produces a system with strong cytotoxic properties. ", "The myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system forms a potent cytotoxic system effective against bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycoplasma, and various mammalian cells. ", "Similarly, the lactoperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-thiocyanate system and the horseradish peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system have been shown to have potent cytotoxic activities.", "\nAn equally cytotoxic system is obtained when instead of hydrogen peroxide, a hydrogen peroxide generating system is used. ", "Thus, the glucose oxidase-horseradish peroxidasechloride combination yields a potent cytotoxic system upon the addition of glucose. ", "Galactose oxidase and xanthine oxidase have also been shown to be effective in this respect. ", "Furthermore, we showed that the endogenous NADH oxidase activity of horseradish peroxidase is also capable of promoting the cytotoxic activity of the enzyme in the presence of chloride ions.", "\nA large body of evidence indicates that cytotoxic systems such as those described above may be operative in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, eosinophils, macrophages, and other cell types with cytotoxic properties. ", "Such cells in general appear to utilize an NADH or NADPH oxidase as the peroxide-generating enzyme.", "\nMacrophages are a necessary component in the augmentation of natural killer cell activity by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in mice. ", "BCG also increases the peroxide and superoxide production by macrophages. ", "The possibility thus exists that the peroxidase system of the macrophages plays a role in the augmentation of the natural killer cell activity. ", "Similarly, peripheral lymphocytes, which are predominantly T-cells, contain a cytotoxic peroxidase. ", "Chemiluminescence resulting from peroxide generating oxidative metabolism is observed when T lymphocytes are stimulated by concanavalin A. Furthermore, immunization of mice with either soluble or particulate antigens causes an increase in peroxidase activity in the spleen which precedes the generation of specific antibody. ", "These observations suggest that oxidase and/or peroxidase activity is in some way involved in developing specific immune responses.", "\nThus far none of the cytotoxic systems described above have been used in any in vivo experiments. ", "However, some relevant experiments were done some time ago by Schultz and his colleagues. ", "Schultz, Snyder, Wer, Berger and Bonner, \"Chemical Nature and Biological Activity of Myeloperoxidase,\" in Molecular Basis of Electron Transport, New York: Academic Press, (1972), pp. ", "301-321 (1972); Schultz, Baker, and Tucker, \"Myeloperoxidase-Enzyme-Therapy of Rat Mammary Tumors,\" in Cancer Enzymology, New York: Academic Press (1976), pp. ", "319-334 (1976). ", "Using mice bearing 20-methylcholanthrene induced tumors, these authors injected myeloperoxidase in combination with thio-TEPA, an antitumor drug. ", "They observed a significant reduction in tumor growth in the treated mice, but no complete remissions. ", "Neither myeloperoxidase nor thio-TEPA alone were effective in reducing tumor growth. ", "The inhibition of tumor growth lasted as long as the treatment with myeloperoxidase and thio-TEPA was continued.", "\nThese results indicated that the activity of myeloperoxidase could play a role in the control of tumor growth, either directly or indirectly. ", "Definite conclusions are difficult to obtain with such experiments, however, because the biological half-life of myeloperoxidase is only about 24 hours. ", "It is noteworthy that the toxic activity appeared to be specifically directed to the tumor tissue." ]

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[ "Feferman–Schütte ordinal\n\nIn mathematics, the Feferman–Schütte ordinal Γ0 is a large countable ordinal.", "\nIt is the proof theoretic ordinal of several mathematical theories, such as arithmetical transfinite recursion.", "\nIt is named after Solomon Feferman and Kurt Schütte.", "\n\nIt is sometimes said to be the first impredicative ordinal, though this is controversial, partly because there is no generally accepted precise definition of \"predicative\". ", "Sometimes an ordinal is said to be predicative if it is less than Γ0.", "\n\nThere is no standard notation for ordinals beyond the Feferman–Schütte ordinal. ", "There are several ways of representing the Feferman–Schütte ordinal, some of which use ordinal collapsing functions: , or .", "\n\nDefinition\nThe Feferman–Schütte ordinal can be defined as the smallest ordinal that cannot be obtained by starting with 0 and using the operations of ordinal addition and the Veblen functions φα(β). ", "That is, it is the smallest α such that φα(0) = α.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Proof theory\nCategory:Ordinal numbers" ]

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[ "The Hidden Roy O. Disney Tribute\n\n\n\nBy Jim Korkis\n\n\n\nDisney Historian Jim Korkis goes up into his imaginary attic to rummage around his archives and often stumbles across an unusual story about Walt Disney World. ", "Those who have met me know that I take real joy in talking about Walt Disney.", "\n\nHowever, when the conversation turns to Walt Disney World, I have equal passion in talking about Walt’s older brother, Roy, who dedicated Walt Disney World in October 1971 at the age of seventy-eight years old.", "\n\nRoy tamed a swamp land in Florida into a vacation destination in order to fulfill his late brother’s dream and was a truly remarkable man.", "\n\nI suspect most readers know that Roy has his name on a window above the Confectionery on Main Street at the Magic Kingdom and in Town Square, there is a statue sculpted by Disney Legend Blaine Gibson of Roy and Minnie Mouse sharing a park bench.", "\n\nHowever, I don’t think many readers know there is a hidden Roy Disney tribute that was at WDW from the very beginning and still resides prominently but generally unknown on WDW property. ", "The story starts and ends in Japan.", "\n\nEmperor Hirohito of Japan was a huge fan of Mickey Mouse. ", "He was given a Mickey Mouse watch as a gift during his special tour of Disneyland in 1975. ", "For years, even on formal occasions, His Majesty was observed wearing the watch. ", "In 1979, there was panic when the watch stopped ticking, and a concerned palace chamberlain rushed it to Tokyo experts specializing in American timepieces.", "\n\nThis situation was of such national concern to both Hirohito and the people of Japan that it was reported in “Time” magazine in its September 18, 1979 issue. ", "Fortunately, the watch merely required a new battery.", "\n\nWhen Walt Disney World opened in 1971, two Japanese companies were investigating the possibilities of having a Disneyland in Japan. ", "Official formal talks with lawyers began in 1974 with a contract finally being signed in 1979.", "\n\nTo help cement the friendship between Japan and Disney, Emperor Hirohito personally presented to Roy O. Disney, for the dedication of the Magic Kingdom, a Japanese lantern to light the way to success and happiness.", "\n\nNo, it wasn’t a paper lantern. ", "There are many, many different kinds of Japanese lanterns. ", "This one was a Toro.", "\n\nToro are usually a stone lantern used to illuminate the grounds of Buddhist temples, Shinto shrines, Japanese gardens and other locations that are steeped in tradition. ", "The hollowed out top piece is where a candle or oil lamp is placed. ", "The most famous of these lanterns are the several thousand lining the entry to Nara Prefecture’s Kasuga Shrine.", "\n\nFor almost ten years, the gift was on display, without any placard, at the Polynesian Resort. ", "However, with the opening of Epcot’s World Showcase with a Japan Pavilion (as well as the construction of Tokyo Disneyland only a year from completion), the stone lantern was moved to the Japan Pavilion, right opposite the structure at the entrance that was inspired by the eighth-century pagoda found at Horyuji Temple in Nara.", "\n\nThe deer on the side of the lantern represents the famous Nara Deer Park adjacent to the shrine.", "\n\nWhen I asked one of my Imagineering friends why there was no placard sharing this story, he replied without hesitation that “it is a story of the Disney parks but not of the story of Japan we are trying to represent”. ", "However, I did notice the next year at the Epcot Flower and Garden Festival that a placard with the story did temporarily appear although it has seemed to have disappeared once again.", "\n\nThousands of guests pass the lantern every day without realizing its story but now you won’t be one of them.", "\n\nRELATED LINKS\n\n====================\n\nCheck out Jim’s other “From the Attic” Blogs\n\nFull features from the Walt Disney World Chronicles series by Jim Korkis can be found in the AllEars® Archives: /ae/archives.htm\n\nABOUT THE AUTHOR:\n\nJim Korkis is an internationally respected Disney Historian who has written hundreds of articles about all things Disney for more than three decades. ", "As a former Walt Disney World cast member, his skills and historical knowledge were utilized by Disney Entertainment, Imagineering, Disney Design Group, Yellow Shoes Marketing, Disney Cruise Line, Disney Feature Animation Florida, Disney Institute, WDW Travel Company, Disney Vacation Club and many other departments.", "\n\nHe is the author of three new books, available in both paperback and Kindle versions on Amazon.com:\n\nThe Book of Mouse: A Celebration of Walt Disney’s Mickey Mouse\n\nWho’s Afraid of the Song of the South\n\n\"The REVISED Vault of Walt\":\n\nComments (6)" ]

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[ "2WDs VS 4WDs for Off-roading – The Battle" ]

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[ "As talks restart in US, terms have changed\n\nAfter more than two months of violent confrontation, the Israelis and the Palestinians are on the verge of resuming full-scale peace negotiations. ", "Teams from the two sides will meet separately with US officials in Washington today.", "\n\nIn a conflict as long and intractable as the Israeli-Palestinian one, any return to the table is good news. ", "But any sense of relief comes with a bitter corollary: This resumption of negotiations shows that - however reprehensible - violence has worked.", "\n\nBloodletting for tactical advantage is certainly nothing new in this part of the Middle East. ", "Since the early part of the 20th century, Arabs and Jews have used bombs and guns to gain leverage, if not peace.", "\n\nJust over 11 weeks after it began, more than 330 people have been killed in the current Palestinian uprising, or intifada. ", "The vast majority have been Palestinian. ", "Early on, after the first month, Palestinians were asking aloud just what they would receive in exchange in exchange for their \"martyrs.\"", "\n\nJudging from accounts in the Israeli media, the answer is sovereignty over more land in the West Bank and Gaza Strip than the Israelis were prepared to cede before the intifada.", "\n\nThe government of Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak also may be offering a new proposal for how to resolve the future of Jerusalem, which both sides claim as their capital and where sites sacred to each side lie one atop the other in a way that seems to defy delineations of sovereignty. ", "Peace negotiations this summer broke down in part because of disagreements over Jerusalem.", "\n\n\"Of course violence works,\" says Mark Heller, a senior research associate at the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies in Tel Aviv. \"", "Barak has to be very careful that he doesn't expose himself to [the] accusation\" that he is capitulating to the Palestinians. \"", "But he has to walk a very fine line.\"", "\n\nThat is because Palestinian Authority President Yasser Arafat has to show his constituents that any deal worked out with the Israelis is the fruit of the sacrifices of the intifada. \"", "He has to say, 'This is a victory for the intifada; we didn't get this handed to us on a silver platter by the Israelis,' \" Mr. Heller says.", "\n\nAnalysts on the Palestinian side are much less inclined to characterize any new softness in the Israeli position as a victory for violence. ", "They do not deny, on the other hand, that their bargaining position has improved over the past two months.", "\n\nAnd they are gratified that the Israelis are now eager to discuss substantive issues, having abandoned their insistence that the street confrontations stop before the two sides return to the peace table.", "\n\nFor one thing, Palestinians argue that Israelis have been the more brutal of the two parties. ", "Palestinian violence is generally a matter of young men, backed up by gunmen, throwing stones and Molotov cocktails at Israeli troops. ", "The daily routine of such encounters is occasionally punctuated by bombing attacks directed at Israeli settlers and troops in the Palestinian territories or at civilians in Israel.", "\n\nIsraeli violence is at least one order of magnitude more severe, featuring the use of tank artillery, helicopter-borne missiles, and the summary execution of Palestinians deemed responsible for attacks on Israel.", "\n\nThe back and forth can go on without end, but it bears noting that the Israelis are typically responding to attack. ", "Then again, the Palestinians have lived under a day-to-day Israeli military occupation that they assert is itself a sort of latent violence.", "\n\nA well-connected Palestinian political scientist who spoke on condition of anonymity agrees that the Israelis are putting forward \"Camp David plus,\" a reference to a failed set of talks held at the US presidential retreat in July. \"", "It' s also Camp David minus,\" he adds, in that Israelis are also demanding some Palestinian trade-offs in exchange.", "\n\nBut the bottom line seems to be that the Israelis are willing to make concessions they were unwilling to countenance several months ago. ", "Even so, this shift isn't necessarily the result of violence, the Palestinian says. \"", "It's more than that - it's the political squeeze that works, and Barak has been squeezed.\"", "\n\nFor reasons ranging from his questionable political skills to the deterioration in relations with the Palestinians, Barak has been forced to resign, meaning that Israelis will go to the polls early next year, either to choose a prime minister alone or to choose a new parliament and a prime minister.", "\n\nMost political observers in Israel say Barak must produce some sort of peace deal with the Palestinians if he is to convince voters to keep him in power.", "\n\nThe other, more pressing element in the squeeze is the departure from office of President Clinton on Jan. 20. ", "Regardless of the new administration's policies in the Middle East, its members will not be able to muster quickly the experience and commitment that Mr. Clinton has brought to peacemaking in the region.", "\n\nOn Sunday, Mr. Arafat met with a delegation of Israeli parliamentarians, part of the public-relations push that is accompanying the return to the negotiating table. ", "This meeting notwithstanding, the Palestinians in general have been sounding much more skeptical about the likelihood of success this time around than Barak's negotiators.", "\n\nUri Savir, a former leading Israeli negotiator with the Palestinians, was part of the delegation and came away upbeat - in a low-key way - about the prospects for a peace deal. \"", "I think it's doable. ", "The positions are quite clear, and the gaps are quite clear. ", "It's make or break, not just because of Clinton, but because of the situation on the ground,\" Mr. Savir says.", "\n\nHe denies any Israeli capitulation. \"", "What can solve\" the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, he adds, \"is a creative package deal in which both sides offer more.... There are signs of flexibility on both sides.\"" ]

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[ "which is the best plasmid vector for cloning BSP products? - (", "Jul/18/2011 )\n\nDear All,\nHi, Im a newbie to bisulphite sequencing. ", "please give me some advice on which is the best plasmid vector for cloning BSP products? ", "and which cells to use for cloning?", "\nare TA cloning vectors like TOPO better than those using restriction enzyme sites.", "\nplease suggest a good standard working pair.", "\nThanks in advance.", "\ngenie\n\n-genie-\n\nTA cloning vectors should be used to clone your BSP products and you don't need restriction cloning which will make it harder. ", "Any TA vector should work, I do recommend TOPO." ]

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[ "Ages\n\nHooked On Phonics For Adults Cape Coral FL\n\nWelcome to the Hooked on Phonics Local Pages. ", "Here you will find local information about Hooked On Phonics For Adults in Cape Coral, FL and some related products that may be of interest to you. ", "For your convenience, we have also compiled a list of businesses and services around Cape Coral, including book stores, Tutoring - Reading & Writing Tutors, and Tutoring Services that should help with your search. ", "Before you take a look at the local resources, please browse through our competitively priced products that you could order from the comfort of your own home.", "\n\nGeneral Info\nAge : 24Gender : FemaleYears Experience : 1Education\nEducation Level : CollegeSchool : Florida State UniversitySkills / Capabilities\nSkills : CPR, First AidDescription\nI have tutored a few high school students in a variety of subjects including English, Math, History, Science and Writing.", "\n\nGeneral Info\nAge : 18Gender : FemaleYears Experience : 1Education\nEducation Level : High SchoolSchool : Florida Gulf Coast UniversityLanguages\nSpanishSkills / Capabilities\nSkills : CPRDescription\nI have never tutured formally before but I am great at teaching things in a way that people can better understand. ", "I have tutored my little cousins in math and reading before and really helped them improve their greades.", "\n\nGeneral Info\nAge : 19Gender : FemaleYears Experience : 2Education\nEducation Level : CollegeSchool : International AcademyLanguages\nPortugueseSkills / Capabilities\nCapabilities : Aid with TransportationDescription\nI volunteered at various schools and day cares and helped children specifically on what they were having trouble with such as; reading, spelling, and some math.", "\n\nGeneral Info\nAge : 19Gender : FemaleYears Experience : 2Education\nEducation Level : High SchoolSchool : North Ft. ", "Myers High SchoolLanguages\nGermanDescription\nHelped classmates in the USA learn German using school workbooks and other exercises printed from the internet. ", "In Germany I helped students learn English with their schoolbooks, explained concepts they didn't understand and made custom notes with th\n\nGeneral Info\nAge : 19Gender : FemaleYears Experience : 1Education\nEducation Level : High SchoolSchool : Mariner High SchoolDescription\nI only helped my brother with his homework. ", "I have been in honor classes since the 2nd grade and I believe I can be a great help to kids.", "\n\nWelcome to the Hooked on Phonics Local Pages. ", "Here you will find local information about Reading Tutors in Cape Coral, FL and some related products that may be of interest to you. ", "For your convenience, we have also compiled a list of businesses and services around Cape Coral, including reading tutors, book stores, and Tutoring Services that should help with your search. ", "Before you take a look at the local resources, please browse through our competitively priced products that you could order from the comfort of your own home." ]

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[ "function descriptorinfo (d)\n%GRB.DESCRIPTOR list the contents of a SuiteSparse:GraphBLAS descriptor.", "\n%\n% Usage:\n%\n% GrB.descriptorinfo\n% GrB.descriptorinfo (d)\n%\n% The GraphBLAS descriptor is a MATLAB struct that can be used to modify\n% the behavior of GraphBLAS operations. ", " It contains the following\n% components, each of which are a string or a number. ", " Any component of\n% struct that is not present is set to the default value. ", " If the\n% descriptor d is empty, or not present, in a GraphBLAS function, all\n% default settings are used.", "\n%\n% The following descriptor values are strings:\n%\n% d.out 'default' or 'replace' determines if C is cleared before\n% the accum/mask step\n%\n% d.mask 'default' use M as the mask (if present)\n% 'complement' use ~M as the mask\n% 'structural' or 'structure' use the pattern of M, not its values\n% 'structural complement' use the pattern of ~M\n%\n% d.in0 'default' or 'transpose' determines A or A' is used\n% d.in1 'default' or 'transpose' determines B or B' is used\n%\n% d.axb 'default', 'Gustavson', 'heap', 'hash', or 'dot'. ", " Determines the\n% method used in GrB.mxm. ", " The default is to let GraphBLAS\n% determine the method automatically, via a heuristic.", "\n%\n% d.kind For most GrB.methods, this is a string equal to 'default',\n% 'GrB', 'sparse', or 'full'. ", " The default is d.kind = 'GrB',\n% where the GraphBLAS operation returns an object, which is\n% preferred since GraphBLAS sparse matrices are faster and can\n% represent many more data types. ", " However, if you want a\n% standard MATLAB sparse matrix, use d.kind='sparse'. ", " Use\n% d.kind='full' for a MATLAB dense matrix. ", " For any GrB.method\n% that takes a descriptor, the following uses are the same,\n% but the first method is faster and takes less temporary\n% workspace:\n%\n% d.kind = 'sparse' ;\n% S = GrB.method (..., d) ;\n%\n% % with no d, or d.kind = 'default'\n% S = double (GrB.method (...)) :\n%\n% d.base A string equal to 'default', 'zero-based', 'one-based',\n% or 'one-based int'. ", " The default is 'one-based'. ", " If d.base is\n% 'zero-based', then indices are zero-based, in the range 0 to n-1,\n% for a matrix of dimension n.\n%\n% d.format a string, either 'by row' or 'by col', which defines the\n% format of the GraphBLAS output matrix C. The following rules\n% are used to determine the format of the result, in order:\n%\n% (1) If the format is determined by the descriptor to the\n% method, then that determines the format of C.\n% (2) If C is a column vector then C is stored by column.", "\n% (3) If C is a row vector then C is stored by row.", "\n% (4) If the method has a first matrix input (usually called A),\n% and it is not a row or column vector, then its format is\n% used for C.\n% (5) If the method has a second matrix input (usually called\n% B), and it is not a row or column vector, then its format\n% is used for C.\n% (6) Otherwise, the global default format is used for C.\n% See GrB.format for details.", "\n%\n% These descriptor values are scalars:\n%\n% d.nthreads max # of threads to use; default is omp_get_max_threads.", "\n% d.chunk controls # of threads to use for small problems.", "\n%\n% GrB.descriptorinfo (d) lists the contents of a GraphBLAS descriptor and\n% checks if its contents are valid. ", " Also refer to the\n% SuiteSparse:GraphBLAS User Guide for more details.", "\n%\n% See also GrB.binopinfo, GrB.monoidinfo, GrB.selectopinfo,\n% GrB.semiringinfo, GrB.unopinfo.", "\n\n% SuiteSparse:GraphBLAS, Timothy A. Davis, (c) 2017-2020, All Rights Reserved.", "\n% http://suitesparse.com See GraphBLAS/Doc/License.txt for license.", "\n\nif (nargin == 0)\n help GrB.descriptorinfo\n gbdescriptorinfo ;\nelse\n gbdescriptorinfo (d) ;\nend\n\n" ]

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[ "\n\nDismissed and Memorandum Opinion filed August 16, 2011.", "\n \n \nIn The\n \nFourteenth Court of\r\nAppeals\n____________\n \nNO. ", "14-11-00670-CR\n____________\n \nDWIGHT CONRAD BENNETT, Appellant\n \nV.\n \nTHE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee\n \n\n \nOn Appeal from the 337th District Court\r\n\nHarris County, Texas\nTrial Court Cause No. ", "1261375\n \n\n \nMEMORANDUM\r\n OPINION\nAppellant entered a guilty plea to aggravated assault of a\r\nfamily member.", "  In accordance with the terms of a plea bargain agreement with\r\nthe State, the trial court sentenced appellant on March 17, 2011, to\r\nconfinement for ten years in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department\r\nof Criminal Justice.", "  Appellant filed a pro se notice of appeal on July 25,\r\n2011.", "  We dismiss the appeal. ", "\nA defendant’s notice of appeal must be filed within thirty\r\ndays after sentence is imposed when the defendant has not filed a motion for\r\nnew trial.", "  See Tex. ", "R. App. ", "P. 26.2(a)(1).", " \r\nA notice of appeal which complies with the requirements of Rule 26 is essential\r\nto vest the court of appeals with jurisdiction.", "  Slaton v. State, 981\r\nS.W.2d 208, 210 (Tex. ", "Crim. ", "App. ", "1998).", "  If an appeal is not timely perfected,\r\na court of appeals does not obtain jurisdiction to address the merits of the\r\nappeal.", "  Under those circumstances it can take no action other than to dismiss\r\nthe appeal.", "  Id.\nIn addition, the trial court entered a certification of the\r\ndefendant’s right to appeal in which the court certified that this is a plea\r\nbargain case, and the defendant has no right of appeal.", "  See Tex. ", "R. App. ", "P. 25.2(a)(2).", "  The trial court’s certification is included\r\nin the record on appeal.", "  See Tex.", "\r\nR. App. ", "P. 25.2(d).", "  The record\r\nsupports the trial court’s certification.", "  See Dears v. State, 154\r\nS.W.3d 610, 615 (Tex. ", "Crim. ", "App. ", "2005).", "\nAccordingly, we dismiss the appeal.", "  \n \nPER CURIAM\n \nPanel consists of Justices\r\nFrost, Seymore, and Jamison.", "\nDo Not Publish — Tex. ", "R. App. ", "P. 47.2(b).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The value of opacification of the esophagus by low density barium paste in computer tomography of the thorax.", "\nA 3% barium paste was used in the CT evaluation of 100 normal and 60 abnormal esophagi. ", "Successful esophageal opacification occurred in 87% of both groups. ", "In cases of extrinsic disease involving the esophagus the contrast medium administration assisted in separating the esophagus from adjacent mass lesions, as well as identifying displacement, compression, proximal dilatation, and length of involvement. ", "In cases of esophageal carcinoma the contrast medium administration assisted in the measurement of wall thickness and length of the lesion as well as identification of the site of origin of the tumor. ", "The contrast medium was simple to administer, well tolerated, and did not produce scan artifacts." ]

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[ "One of heat-processing apparatuses used in a semiconductor manufacturing process is a vertical heat-processing apparatus which is a heat-processing apparatus of a batch type. ", "In the vertical heat-processing apparatus, a heating furnace is composed of a vertical reaction tube whose lower end is opened, and a heater surrounding an outside of the reaction tube. ", "A wafer holder called “wafer boat” holding a plurality of semiconductor wafers (referred to as “wafer” herebelow) in a tier-like manner is loaded from the lower side of the reaction tube, and the heating furnace is hermetically sealed. ", "Then, the wafers are subjected to a heat process. ", "As the heat process, there are conducted an oxidation process, a diffusion process, a film-deposition process by a CVD, and so on.", "\nComponents of a heat-processing apparatus, such as a reaction tube, a wafer boat, and a heat-insulation unit (heat-retention unit), are generally made of quartz. ", "These quartz products are obtained by subjecting a quartz ingot to various machining processes. ", "During these machining processes, a metal contamination such as a copper contamination may occur because of contact between the quartz product and a machining tool or an influence of a working atmosphere. ", "Since the quartz product is cleaned with a hydrofluoric acid by a manufacturing company (maker) of the quartz product, the copper on a surface of the quartz product will be removed in theory. ", "However, in actual practice, since copper is difficult to be ionized, the copper dissolved in the hydrofluoric acid may again adhere to the surface of the product. ", "As a result, there is a possibility that a slight amount of copper remains on the surface of the quartz product.", "\nQuartz products delivered to a manufacturing company (maker) of a semiconductor device are assembled into a vertical heat-processing apparatus which is then delivered to a user. ", "When a surface of the quartz product is contaminated with copper, although slightly, the following problem may take place. ", "That is to say, when the user starts an operation of the apparatus to heat-process a wafer, the copper on the surface of the quartz product is heated to activate a molecular motion of the copper. ", "Thus, some molecules are scattered in the heat-processing atmosphere, and adhere to the wafer to contaminate the same. ", "In recent years, due to a thinner film and further miniaturization of a semiconductor device, the wafer contaminated with copper, although slightly, may affect electric properties of the semiconductor device to degrade throughput thereof.", "\nOn the other hand, JP2002-313787A (especially, claim 1, sections 0017 and 0027) describes that, after quartz products are assembled into a heat-processing apparatus and before an oxidation process starts, the quartz products are baked by a hydrogen chloride gas and an oxygen gas. ", "However, this method is disadvantageous in that it takes a long time before an operation of the apparatus starts.", "\nJP2002-313787A also describes that the quartz products are baked (subjected to a baking process) before the quartz products are assembled into a heat-processing apparatus. ", "This process, i.e., baking the quartz products beforehand, is practically advantageous in reducing a time required for the user to start an operation of the apparatus. ", "In this case, it is preferable that the quartz products of the vertical heat-processing apparatus, such as a reaction tube, a wafer boat, an insulation unit below the wafer boat, and a temperature sensor unit, are efficiently, uniformly baked by a user-friendly baking method. ", "However, no concrete manner of the baking process is described in JP2002-313787A." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\nCustomization of a form widget in Symfony2/Twig\n\nIn my form template:\n{% block field_label %}\n{% spaceless %}\n <label {{ block('widget_attributes') }}></label>\n{% endspaceless %}\n{% endblock %}\n\nI need to add some extra class attributes and, of course, display the label (possibly translated). ", "I've found that {{ block('widget_attributes') }} stores a string of attributes of the actual label.", "\nAny chance to get an array type to easily modify it? ", "Where i can find all block names to customize the appearance to fit my needs? ", "Thanks for helping.", "\n\nA:\n\nNevermind Notepad++ helped me to find the file:\nvendor\\symfony\\src\\Symfony\\Bridge\\Twig\\Resources\\views\n\nThree types of label defined:\n{# Labels #}\n\n{% block generic_label %}\n{% spaceless %}\n {% if required %}\n {% set attr = attr|merge({'class': attr.class|default('') ~ ' required'}) %}\n {% endif %}\n <label{% for attrname,attrvalue in attr %} {{attrname}}=\"{{attrvalue}}\"{% endfor %}>{{ label|trans }}</label>\n{% endspaceless %}\n{% endblock %}\n\n{% block field_label %}\n{% spaceless %}\n {% set attr = attr|merge({'for': id}) %}\n {{ block('generic_label') }}\n{% endspaceless %}\n{% endblock field_label %}\n\n{% block form_label %}\n{% spaceless %}\n {{ block('generic_label') }}\n{% endspaceless %}\n{% endblock form_label %}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "<%@ page language=\"java\" import=\"java.util.*\" ", "pageEncoding=\"UTF-8\"%>\n<%@ taglib uri=\"http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core\" prefix=\"c\"%>\n<%@ taglib uri=\"http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions\" prefix=\"fn\"%>\n<%@ taglib prefix=\"fmt\" uri=\"http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/fmt\" %>\n <div class=\"author-info__avatar text-center\">\n <img src=\"${pageContext.request.contextPath}/${inform.avatarPath}\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\"/>\n </div>\n <div class=\"author-info__name text-center\">\n ${inform.pageNickname }\n </div>\n <div class=\"author-info__description text-center\">\n${inform.userSignature }\n </div>\n\t\n <div class=\"follow-button\">\n <a href=\"https://github.com/SinceNovember\">Follow Me</a>\n </div>\n <hr />\n <div class=\"author-info-articles\">\n <a class=\"author-info-articles__archives article-meta\" href=\"${pageContext.request.contextPath }/archives\"><span class=\"pull-left\">Articles</span><span class=\"pull-right\">${articleCount }</span></a>\n <a class=\"author-info-articles__tags article-meta\" href=\"${pageContext.request.contextPath }/tags\"><span class=\"pull-left\">Tags</span><span class=\"pull-right\">${tagCount }</span></a>\n <a class=\"author-info-articles__categories article-meta\" href=\"${pageContext.request.contextPath }/categories\"><span class=\"pull-left\">Categories</span><span class=\"pull-right\">${categoryCount }</span></a>\n </div>\n <hr />\n\n <div class=\"author-info-links\">\n <div class=\"author-info-links__title text-center\">\n Links\n </div>\n\t<c:forEach items=\"${inform.tags }\" var=\"tag\">\n <a class=\"author-info-links__name text-center\" href=\"http://www.github.com/SinceNovember\">${tag }</a>\n </c:forEach>\n \n </div>" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Determination of endpoint temperatures in previously heat treated beef using reflectance spectroscopy.", "\nHeat processing endpoint temperature affects several quality parameters of meat. ", "The present paper focuses on using near-infrared and visual light reflectance spectroscopy at 400-2500 nm to determine the endpoint temperature in previously heated ground beef. ", "Glass fibre filters with beef juice centrifuged from m. longissimus lumborum were used as samples for the technique Dry Extract Spectroscopy by Infrared Reflection (DESIR). ", "Combined with multivariate analysis, this method gave prediction errors down to ± 0.74 °C in the temperature range 65.6-75.6 °C, showing that DESIR is a potential screening method. ", "The dominant part of the predictive information was in the visual part of the spectra." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Zabba E-liquid by Ethos Vapor 100mL $8.97\n\nThings have been unusually quiet over at Vaporbeast lately. ", "But they’ve got a good one here, so I thought I’d give you guys a quick heads up. ", "The 100mL bottles of Zabba E-liquid (by Ethos Vapor) are currently on sale for $9.97 each. ", "And, of course, you can always knock off an additional 10% when you apply coupon code “YEAHBABY” at checkout. ", "That should drop the price down to only $8.97 per bottle. ", "They have 2 flavors to choose from: Vanilla and Strawberry. ", "Looks like these are both custard and taffy blends, which actually sounds REALLY good to me. ", "If you’ve tried this stuff before, feel free to share your feedback with the VAPE DEALS community in the comments below.", "\n\nVaporbeast offers FREE shipping when you spend $35 or more.", "\n\nZabba E-liquid\n\nFlavor Profile:\n\nVANILLA: Mouthwatering taffy made up of sweet creamy custard and rich vanilla\n\nSTRAWBERRY: Mouthwatering taffy made up of sweet creamy custard and juicy strawberry\n\nVAPE DEALS is a vaping website by ADULT vapers for ADULT vapers! ", "We post the best deals on ecig gear like vape mods, e liquid / e juice, vape supplies & more every single day! ", "I DO NOT SELL OR MANUFACTURE ANYTHING. ", "I do not charge vendors to post deals. ", "If you have a deal or e-cig article you would like to see on VAPE DEALS feel free to contact us.", "\n\nTransparency Statement:\n\nVAPE DEALS employs the use of affiliate links, advertising & sponsored posts to bring in revenue. ", "Our deals are not biased based on the revenue that we stand to gain from a particular product." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.000729323597624898, 0.0006439015851356089, 0.0006725437706336379, 0.016267400234937668, 0.0015884285094216466, 0.00058919278671965, 0.1043834462761879, 0.0005484034190885723, 0.0006471468950621784, 0.4838767349720001, 0.0014474809868261218, 0.0015592433046549559, 0.0009923725156113505, 0.0011554649099707603, 0.0005818121135234833, 0.0006650405703112483 ]

[ "the only thing I understand with fibonacci it's that it adds the number from the previous number. ", "This program was taken from my assignment. ", "And it says \"If you take all of those ones and zeros and add them together, you'll get the same answer you get when you run the code.\"", "\n\nI really tried my best to understand how this code works but I failed. ", "Can anyone out there who is so kind and explain to me in layman's term or in a way a dummy would understand what's happening on this code? ", "I would really appreciate it so much. ", "Please.", "\n\nIt's easy to see that the first two cases can be combined: if n is 0, the result is 0, if n is 1, the result is 1. ", "That's the same as saying if n is 0 or 1, the result is the same as n. And \"n is 0 or 1\" is the same as \"n is less than 2\":\n\ndef fib(n)\nreturn n if n < 2\nfib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\nend\n\nThere's nothing special about this, it's the exact translation of the recursive definition of the mathematical Fibonacci function." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Then, now, and always.", "\n\nSince 1820, Indiana University has been home to broad-minded thinkers, inspiring leaders, and brave community builders. ", "And our story is far from over. ", "As we celebrate IU’s Bicentennial, we’re taking the opportunity to look forward to what comes next." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "The efficient functioning of the hip joints is extremely important to the well being and mobility of the human body. ", "Each hip joint is comprised by the upper portion of the upper leg bone (femur) which terminates in an offset bony neck surmounted by a ball-headed portion which rotates within a socket, known as the acetabulum, in the pelvis. ", "Diseases such as rheumatoid- and osteo-arthritis can cause erosion of the cartilage lining of the acetabulum so that the ball of the femur and the hip bone rub together causing pain and further erosion. ", "Bone erosion may cause the bones themselves to attempt to compensate for the erosion which may result in the bone being reshaped. ", "This misshapen joint may cause pain and may eventually cease to function altogether.", "\nOperations to replace the hip joint with an artificial implant are well-known and widely practiced. ", "Generally, the hip prosthesis will be formed of two components, namely: an acetabular, or socket, component which lines the acetabulum (hereinafter an acetabular component); and a femoral, or stem, component (hereinafter the femoral component) which replaces the femoral head. ", "During the surgical procedure for implanting the hip prosthesis the cartilage is removed from the acetabulum using a reamer such that it will fit the outer surface of the acetabular component of the hip prosthesis. ", "The acetabular component of the prosthesis can then be inserted into place. ", "In some arrangements, the acetabular component may simply be held in place by a tight fit with the bone. ", "However, in other arrangements, additional fixing means such as screws or bone cement may be used. ", "The use of the additional fixing means help to provide stability in the early stages after the prosthesis has been inserted. ", "In some modern prosthesis, the acetabular component may be coated on its external surface with a bone growth promoting substance which will assist the bone to grow and thereby assist the holding of the acetabular component in place. ", "The bone femoral head will be removed and the femur hollowed using reamers and rasps to accept the prosthesis. ", "The femoral component will then be inserted into the femur.", "\nIn some cases, a femoral component of the kind described above may be replaced with components for use in femoral head resurfacing or for use in thrust plate technology.", "\nHip replacements do not have an infinite life. ", "A major factor influencing the life expectancy of a prosthetic implant is wear of the articulating surface. ", "The pressures acting on the implant contact surface can be of the order of 30 MPa/cm2 during normal function. ", "Over time wear debris is formed as the components of the hip replacement articulate against one another. ", "These particles can cause osteolysis and adverse tissue reactions which will lead to loosening of the component and reduce implant life.", "\nCurrently the average life expectancy of a hip prosthesis is between 10 and 15 years. ", "Where the implant has been placed in an elderly patient this period may be sufficient. ", "However in a young patient, it is likely that one or more revision operations will have to be performed during the lifetime of the patient. ", "One problem associated with these revision operations is that it is more difficult to get a tight fit between the replacement acetabular component and the pelvis due to further degradation of the bone.", "\nIn the case of the aforementioned revision operations, where there has been damage to the pelvis due to arthritis or in the case of patients suffering from dysplasia (shallow hip sockets), additional fixation means may be required to hold the acetabular component in place. ", "In some arrangements, a hook feature may be included to hook around the edge of the pelvis adjacent to the obturator foramen.", "\nVarious proposals have been made with a view to providing improved acetabular component prosthesis which are particularly suitable for use with patients that are undergoing revision surgery, those whose pelvis is damaged or those who suffer from dysplasia.", "\nRU2201174 describes an acetabular component which has a plurality of leaflets extending from the edge of the acetabular component which each include a hole through which fastening screws can be passed into the pelvic bone. ", "The leaflets are bendable to conform to the shape of the pelvis. ", "A hook is also included which is hammered into the bone tissue.", "\nIn EP0605368 a replacement acetabular component which is delimited by a circular flange is described. ", "The flange is provided with a plurality of recesses for engaging therein radially extending elements which can be screwed to the pelvis. ", "As this prosthesis has several separate elements, it can be difficult to fit.", "\nWO95/15132 discloses an acetabular component which is held in place by screws inserted into the bone through the cup of the component. ", "The cup is delimited by a flange which has holes therethrough which allows additional screws to be used. ", "The acetabular component described in WO01/70141 is also held in place by means of screws placed through the side of the cup.", "\nAn alternative arrangement is described in WO99/22672. ", "Here in addition to the cup of the acetabular component being held in place by means of screws which are passed through the wall of the cup, an extension through which screws may be placed is provided to enable the cup to be fitted in deficient acetabulae. ", "The extension may be provided at selected angles depending on the acetabular defect which is to be treated. ", "Alternative arrangements are described in WO03/013397 and US2003/0171818.", "\nOne problem associated with arrangements in which the cup is held in place by screws located through the cup is that interaction between the head of the femur may cause wear. ", "It will be understood that the presence of screw holes in the cup disrupts the articulating surface which is disadvantageous particularly where the interface between the articulating components is metal/metal.", "\nIn FR2819172 a replacement acetabular component is described which includes a hook to engage the pelvic aperture and a rigid fixing lug extending from the component and angled thereto such that in use, when the component is placed in the orientation proscribed by the location of the hook, screws can be passed through holes in the lug to anchor the component in place. ", "However, since the angling of the lug means that the acetabular component is orientation specific, separate components must be manufactured for the left and right side which increases the manufacturing costs.", "\nAn alternative arrangement is described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,620,200. ", "The cup comprises a hemispherical part which is extended over substantially half the circumference of an equatorial edge of the hemispherical part and is defined by a plane inclined to the equatorial plane. ", "The acetabular component is fitted with two extensions through which screws can be passed into the iliac. ", "An obturator hook is located at a position diametrically opposite to a point situated at the center of the interval between the extensions.", "\nWhile these acetabular components all go some way to providing an arrangement which can be readily attached to the pelvis, particularly in revision operations, in the treatment of dysplasia, or in an otherwise deficient pelvis, they suffer from various disadvantages and drawbacks. ", "The modular systems can be expensive to manufacture and difficult to fit. ", "Many of the systems only allow for short screws to be used due to the angle in which they are inserted into the bone and thus the support for the acetabular component may not be sufficient for prolonged use. ", "Finally, the components may be orientation specific to only the left or right acetabulum thereby increasing the costs of manufacture. ", "In some arrangements, the insertion of the screws may cause the acetabular component to be pulled out of alignment.", "\nIt is therefore desirable to provide an arrangement which overcomes the above-mentioned disadvantages. ", "This can be achieved by the provision of an acetabular component which enables a fastening means to pass through a flange extending from and integral with the acetabular component in both a left-handed and right-handed manner such that the cup can be used in the left or right side of the pelvis." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Super C and 3 Point Hitch\n\nWed Nov 07, 2012 9:29 am\n\nMy Super C has Fast Hitch and it came with the two lower 3 point hitch arms. ", "I have yet to see a similar setup showing how to attach a top link to the tractor. ", "Anyone have this setup and can post or email me a few photos? ", "Thanks.", "\n\nRe: Super C and 3 Point Hitch\n\nThu Nov 08, 2012 7:27 am\n\nHere is a pic of the hitch on mine. ", "I have no idea who made it.", "\n\nRe: Super C and 3 Point Hitch\n\nThu Nov 08, 2012 8:18 am\n\nMike,\n\nDoes your Super C have Fast Hitch? ", "It's hard to tell from the photo. ", "Thanks.", "\n\nRe: Super C and 3 Point Hitch\n\nThu Nov 08, 2012 9:21 am\n\nNo, just the 3-pt. ", "The top link bracket is welded to the rear lift and another arm welded to the other side. ", "The bracket rotates when the lift is raised, but it doesn't bother any thing.", "I bolted both side of the touch control arm together, and the 3-pt will lift a 800# round bale, or the front wheels.", "There is no makers name anywhere on the hitch. ", "It must have been installed by a very skilled welder, as it is very well done.", "The tractor was once owned by the state and used on the sanitorium farm in Staunton. ", "The work may have been done in a state shop.", "\n\nRe: Super C and 3 Point Hitch\n\nThu Nov 08, 2012 6:43 pm\n\nThanks, Mike.", "\n\nRe: Super C and 3 Point Hitch\n\nWed Nov 28, 2012 5:47 pm\n\nMy Super C (no Fast Hitch) came with a PO-engineered post hole digger. ", "Not willing to leave well enough alone, I further engineered that set up into a 3 point hitch. ", "Here's a couple of photos of the top link bracket I fabricated out of some 4\" thick-wall tubing I had laying around. ", "Works good for what I need, but I haven't really stress-tested it by plowing all day. ", "I'm unfamiliar with the FH set-up on a Super C, so there may be clearance issues to work out. ", "Hope it helps.", "\n\nTop Link Bracket right1.jpg\n\nYou do not have the required permissions to view the files attached to this post." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Main menu\n\nMadison: Father of the Commerce Clause\n\nFebruary 24, 2012\n\nExclusive: The Tea Party has been fueled by the idea that key Founders, like James Madison, opposed a strong central government and thus laws like “Obamacare” are unconstitutional. ", "But Madison was the framer who devised the Commerce Clause upon which health-care and other reforms are based, notes Robert Parry.", "\n\nBy Robert Parry\n\nOne has to hand it to the American Right. ", "It has invested so heavily in its falsification of U.S. history and in its propaganda machinery that it can convince millions of Americans that up is down. ", "A case in point is the notion that James Madison, “the father of the Constitution,” opposed a strong central government in favor of a system of states’ rights.", "\n\nThe fact that Madison orchestrated American history’s greatest single shift of power into the hands of the central government and, conversely, away from the states, i.e. the U.S. Constitution, is transformed into its opposite by taking a few of Madison’s words out of context and ignoring what he actually did and why.", "\n\nJames Madison in an engraving\n\nSo, the Right seizes on Madison’s rhetorical efforts — during the ratification of the Constitution — to play down how radical a transformation he actually engineered, while ignoring his long record of decrying the Articles of Confederation for their weak central government. ", "The Right also doesn’t mention Madison’s proud promotion of the Commerce Clause and other important federal powers.", "\n\nIt is problematic indeed for the Right that Madison, the new Tea Party icon, was the key advocate for the Commerce Clause, which gave the federal government broad powers to regulate interstate commerce and has served as the basis for programs as diverse as Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, Dwight Eisenhower’s federal highway system and Barack Obama’s health-care reform.", "\n\nBut the Right’s insistence that such programs are “unconstitutional” and the supposition that Madison would agree with that argument have proved useful in convincing many ill-informed Tea Partiers to dress up in Revolutionary War costumes and channel the Founders’ presumed hostility toward a strong federal government.", "\n\nMadison’s Commerce Reform\n\nYet, the Right’s mangling of this history ignores such facts as Madison’s efforts under the Articles of Confederation, which governed the United States from 1777 to 1787, to get the states to relinquish control over national commerce to the federal government. ", "For instance, Madison “sponsored a resolution instructing Virginia congressmen to vote to give the federal government the authority to regulate commerce for twenty-five years,” wrote Chris DeRose in Founding Rivals.", "\n\nMadison’s resolution won the support of Gen. George Washington, who was one of the fiercest critics of the weak central government under the Articles of Confederation because he had seen how the system of 13 “independent” states had left his soldiers starving and desperate, without supplies and pay, and nearly led to a mutiny by Continental Army officers marching on Congress in Philadelphia.", "\n\nWashington wrote to Madison, saying “The [commerce] proposition in my opinion is so self evident that I confess I am at a loss to discover wherein lies the weight of the objection to the measure. ", "We are either a united people, or we are not. ", "If the former, let us, in all matters of a general concern act as a nation, which have national objects to promote, and a national character to support. ", "If we are not, let us no longer act a farce by pretending it to be.”", "\n\nWhen the Virginia legislature slashed Madison’s proposal for federal control of commerce from 25 years to 13 years, he voted against it as insufficient. ", "His thoughts then turned to a more drastic scheme for consolidating power in the hands of the federal government, a constitutional convention.", "\n\nOn Dec. 9, 1785, Madison wrote to fellow Virginian James Monroe that “It is more probable that the other idea of a convention of commissioners from the states for deliberating on the state of commerce and the degree of power which ought to be lodged in Congress, will be attempted.” [", "See DeRose’s Founding Rivals.]", "\n\nWhen that day arrived in spring 1787 with a convention called in Philadelphia to amend the Articles of Confederation Madison unveiled his radical alternative, not simply some modifications to the Articles but an entirely new system that wiped away the Articles’ language about the “independence” and “sovereignty” of the states.", "\n\nOn May 29, 1787, the first day of substantive debate at the Constitutional Convention, a fellow Virginian, Edmund Randolph, presented Madison’s framework. ", "Madison’s Commerce Clause was there from the start, except that instead of a 25-year grant of federal authority, the central government’s control of interstate commerce would be permanent.", "\n\nMadison’s convention notes on Randolph’s presentation recount him saying that “there were many advantages, which the U. S. might acquire, which were not attainable under the confederation such as a productive impost [or tax] counteraction of the commercial regulations of other nations pushing of commerce ad libitum &c &c.”\n\nIn other words, the Founders at their most “originalist” moment understood the value of the federal government taking action to negate the commercial advantages of other countries and to take steps for “pushing of [American] commerce.” ", "The “ad libitum &c &c” notation suggests that Randolph provided other examples off the top of his head.", "\n\nHistorian Bill Chapman has summarized Randolph’s point in teaching materials as saying “we needed a government that could co-ordinate commerce in order to compete effectively with other nations.”", "\n\nSo, from the very start of the debate on a new Constitution, Madison and other key framers recognized that a legitimate role of the U.S. Congress was to ensure that the nation could match up against other countries economically and could address problems impeding the nation’s economic strength and welfare.", "\n\nContention and Compromise\n\nThrough the hot summer of 1787, the Convention delegates debated Madison’s plan, amid the give-and-take of compromise, generally reining in some of Madison’s most radical ideas. ", "Contrary to the Right’s current propaganda, Madison actually favored even a more powerful central government than the Convention eventually adopted.", "\n\nMadison wanted Congress to have veto power over state laws, a provision that was dropped though federal statutes and treaties were made “the supreme law of the land” and thus federal courts could strike down state laws that were deemed in violation.", "\n\n“Madison wanted the federal assembly to have a veto over the state assemblies,” wrote David Wootton, author of The Essential Federalist and Anti-Federalist Papers. “", "Vetoes, however, are bad politics, and again and again they had to be abandoned in the course of turning drafts into agreed texts.”", "\n\nDespite such concessions, the Constitution emerged from the secret meetings in Philadelphia as a stunning assertion of federal power a reality not lost on some influential politicians who favored a continuation of the states’ “independence” and “sovereignty” that were explicitly recognized by the Articles of Confederation, but which disappeared in the Constitution.", "\n\nAnti-Federalists correctly recognized what had happened and soon rallied strong opposition to the new governing framework. ", "As dissidents from the Pennsylvania delegation wrote: “We dissent because the powers vested in Congress by this constitution, must necessarily annihilate and absorb the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of the several states, and produce from their ruins one consolidated government.” [", "For details, see Consortiumnews.com’s “The Right’s Inside-Out Constitution.”]", "\n\nTamping Down the Fire\n\nAs resistance to Madison’s federal power-grab spread and as states elected delegates to ratifying conventions Madison feared that his constitutional masterwork would go down to defeat or be subjected to a second convention that might remove important federal powers like the Commerce Clause.", "\n\nSo, Madison along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay began a series of essays, called the Federalist Papers, designed to counter the fierce (though generally accurate) attacks by the Anti-Federalists against the broad assertion of federal power in the Constitution. ", "Madison’s strategy was essentially to insist that the drastic changes contained in the Constitution were not all that drastic, an approach he took both as a delegate to the Virginia ratifying convention and in the Federalist Papers.", "\n\nTo make the case that Madison was an opponent of a strong central government, today’s Right is fond of citing Federalist Paper No. ", "45, entitled “The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered,” in which Madison used the pseudonym Publius.", "\n\nMadison wrote: “If the new Constitution be examined with accuracy, it will be found that the change which it proposes consists much less in the addition of NEW POWERS to the Union, than in the invigoration of its ORIGINAL POWERS.", "\n\n“The regulation of commerce, it is true, is a new power; but that seems to be an addition which few oppose, and from which no apprehensions are entertained. ", "The powers relating to war and peace, armies and fleets, treaties and finance, with the other more considerable powers, are all vested in the existing Congress by the Articles of Confederation. ", "The proposed change does not enlarge these powers; it only substitutes a more effectual mode of administering them.”", "\n\nToday’s Right also trumpets Madison’s summation, that “the powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined. ", "Those which are to remain in the State governments are numerous and indefinite.”", "\n\nWhat the Right ignores, however, is the context of Madison’s comments as he sought to tamp down the fiery opposition to the Constitution. ", "As a skilled politician, he was engaging in the age-old practice of finessing one’s opponent. ", "After all, if Madison really thought the Articles only needed a few tweaks, why would he have insisted on throwing them out altogether? ", "Plus, replacing toothless powers with ones with real teeth is not some inconsequential change.", "\n\nUnder the Constitution, for instance, printing money became the exclusive purview of the federal government, not a minor change. ", "And, stripping the states of their “sovereignty” and “independence” meant they would not be free to secede from the Union, a very important change that the South would challenge in the Civil War.", "\n\nTouting the Commerce Clause\n\nBut today’s Right leaves out all this history in pursuit of a propaganda theme. ", "The Right also ignores Madison’s comments in Federalist Paper No. ", "45 about the Commerce Clause, which he acknowledges is a new power for the central government, although one that, he said, “few oppose, and from which no apprehensions are entertained.”", "\n\nWhy the Right ignores this inconvenient truth should be obvious: it destroys the entire argument that Madison was a modern-day Tea Partier ahead of his time. ", "To the Right, the Commerce Clause is the bête noire of the U.S. Constitution, yet here is Madison noting its broad support among Americans who didn’t have to go to a costume shop to buy their tri-corner hats.", "\n\nTo cite Madison as an opponent of an activist federal government, the Right also must ignore Federalist Paper No. ", "14 in which Madison envisioned major construction projects under the powers granted by the Commerce Clause.", "\n\n“[T]he union will be daily facilitated by new improvements,” Madison wrote. “", "Roads will everywhere be shortened, and kept in better order; accommodations for travelers will be multiplied and meliorated; an interior navigation on our eastern side will be opened throughout, or nearly throughout the whole extent of the Thirteen States.", "\n\n“The communication between the western and Atlantic districts, and between different parts of each, will be rendered more and more easy by those numerous canals with which the beneficence of nature has intersected our country, and which art finds it so little difficult to connect and complete.”", "\n\nWhat Madison is demonstrating in that essay is a core reality about the Founders that, by and large, they were practical men seeking to build a strong and unified nation. ", "They also viewed the Constitution as a flexible document designed to meet America’s ever-changing needs, not simply the challenges of the late 18th Century.", "\n\nBut today’s Right will never accept facts and reason if they go against a desired propaganda theme. ", "After all, the value in the Right having spent billions of dollars in building a vast media infrastructure is that the same bogus arguments can simply be repeated over and over. ", "Indeed, that’s how many right-wing operatives earn a living.", "\n\nSo, the real history gets discredited by calling it “liberal” or by repeating the same out-of-context quote again and again. ", "But serious conservative scholars of the Constitution understand the document’s true purpose even if they sometimes disagree with a specific act of Congress.", "\n\nSilberman’s Opinion\n\nFor instance, it’s worth noting the legal opinion written by conservative U.S. Appeals Court senior judge Laurence Silberman in affirming the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act, often called “Obamacare.”", "\n\nOn Nov. 8, 2011, Silberman, an appointee of President Ronald Reagan, explained how the law including its most controversial feature, the individual mandate requiring the purchase of health insurance coverage fit with the Commerce Clause and prior legal precedents.", "\n\n“We look first to the text of the Constitution,” Silberman wrote in his opinion. “", "Article I, § 8, cl. ", "3, states: ‘The Congress shall have Power . . . ", "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes.’ (", "Emphasis added by Silberman).", "\n\n“At the time the Constitution was fashioned, to ‘regulate’ meant, as it does now, ‘[t]o adjust by rule or method,’ as well as ‘[t]o direct.’ ", "To ‘direct,’ in turn, included ‘[t]o prescribe certain measure[s]; to mark out a certain course,’ and ‘[t]o order; to command.’", "\n\n“In other words, to ‘regulate’ can mean to require action, and nothing in the definition appears to limit that power only to those already active in relation to an interstate market. ", "Nor was the term ‘commerce’ limited to only existing commerce. ", "There is therefore no textual support for appellants’ argument” that mandating the purchase of health insurance is unconstitutional.", "\n\nSilberman’s opinion also examined decades of Supreme Court precedents that affirmed the power of Congress to establish regulations over various national markets.", "\n\n“Today, the only recognized limitations are that (1) Congress may not regulate non-economic behavior based solely on an attenuated link to interstate commerce, and (2) Congress may not regulate intrastate economic behavior if its aggregate impact on interstate commerce is negligible,” Silberman wrote.", "\n\nNeither limitation applied to the health-care law, Silberman noted, because medical insurance was clearly an economic activity and surely had sizable interstate implications.", "\n\nAs for the claim that people had a constitutional right not to participate in the purchase of health insurance, Silberman was not persuaded. ", "For instance, he cited a Supreme Court precedent that a farmer who wished to raise wheat for his own consumption could still face federal restrictions because his production (and that of other likeminded farmers) could affect the overall supply of wheat and thus undermine federal policy regarding the wheat market.", "\n\nCongressional Powers\n\nSilberman also recognized Congress’s power to address difficult national problems, like the tens of millions of Americans who lack health insurance but whose eventual use of medical services would inevitably shift billions of dollars in costs onto Americans who must pay higher insurance rates as a result, what courts have described as “substantial effects.”", "\n\n“The shift to the ‘substantial effects’ doctrine in the early twentieth century recognized the reality that national economic problems are often the result of millions of individuals engaging in behavior that, in isolation, is seemingly unrelated to interstate commerce,” Silberman wrote.", "\n\n“Its very premise is that the magnitude of any one individual’s actions is irrelevant; the only thing that matters is whether the national problem Congress has identified is one that substantially affects interstate commerce.", "\n\n“It is irrelevant that an indeterminate number of healthy, uninsured persons will never consume health care, and will therefore never affect the interstate market. ", "Broad regulation is an inherent feature of Congress’s constitutional authority in this area; to regulate complex, nationwide economic problems is to necessarily deal in generalities.", "\n\n“Congress reasonably determined that as a class, the uninsured create market failures; thus, the lack of harm attributable to any particular uninsured individual, like their lack of overt participation in a market, is of no consequence.”", "\n\nSilberman wrote that “Congress, which would, in our minds, clearly have the power to impose insurance purchase conditions on persons who appeared at a hospital for medical services as rather useless as that would be is merely imposing the mandate in reasonable anticipation of virtually inevitable future transactions in interstate commerce.”", "\n\nHe noted that since those challenging the health-care law “cannot find real support for their proposed rule in either the text of the Constitution or Supreme Court precedent, they emphasize both the novelty of the [individual] mandate and the lack of a limiting principle,” i.e. some example of when the government could not require citizens to purchase a specific product.", "\n\nSilberman acknowledged that “the Supreme Court occasionally has treated a particular legislative device’s lack of historical pedigree as evidence that the device may exceed Congress’s constitutional bounds,” but added that “we are obliged and this might well be our most important consideration to presume that acts of Congress are constitutional” absent “a clear showing to the contrary.”", "\n\nIndividual Mandate\n\nSilberman also addressed the core political objection to the health-reform law, its supposed intrusion on individual liberty. ", "He wrote: “That a direct requirement for most Americans to purchase any product or service seems an intrusive exercise of legislative power surely explains why Congress has not used this authority before but that seems to us a political judgment rather than a recognition of constitutional limitations.”", "\n\nHe added: “It certainly is an encroachment on individual liberty, but it is no more so than a command that restaurants or hotels are obliged to serve all customers regardless of race, that gravely ill individuals cannot use a substance their doctors described as the only effective palliative for excruciating pain, or that a farmer cannot grow enough wheat to support his own family.", "\n\n“The right to be free from federal regulation is not absolute, and yields to the imperative that Congress be free to forge national solutions to national problems, no matter how local or seemingly passive their individual origins.”", "\n\nSo, even a very conservative legal scholar examining the Constitution and precedents could not find a convincing argument to overturn “Obamacare” and that is because the Founders intentionally and broadly empowered Congress to address national economic problems through the Commerce Clause.", "\n\nIn his later years as a political leader, Madison like other framers of the Constitution did switch sides in debates over the specific boundaries of appropriate federal power. ", "For instance, Madison joined with Thomas Jefferson in opposing Hamilton’s national bank, but then as Jefferson’s secretary of state, Madison applied an expansive view of national authority in negotiating the Louisiana Purchase from France. ", "Madison also shifted regarding the value of the national bank after his frustrating experiences as president during the War of 1812.", "\n\nBut there should be no serious dispute over Madison’s greatest accomplishment, supplanting the states’ rights framework of the Articles of Confederation with the strong central government of the U.S. Constitution.", "\n\nAnd, as much as Madison is regarded as “the father of the Constitution,” he also deserves to be known as “the father of the Commerce Clause.” ", "But don’t expect today’s Right to acknowledge the fact.", "\n\n[For more on related topics, see Robert Parry’s Lost History, Secrecy & Privilege and Neck Deep, now available in a three-book set for the discount price of only $29. ", "For details, click here.]", "\n\nRobert Parry broke many of the Iran-Contra stories in the 1980s for the Associated Press and Newsweek. ", "His latest book, Neck Deep: The Disastrous Presidency of George W. Bush, was written with two of his sons, Sam and Nat, and can be ordered at neckdeepbook.com. ", "His two previous books, Secrecy & Privilege: The Rise of the Bush Dynasty from Watergate to Iraq and Lost History: Contras, Cocaine, the Press & ‘Project Truth’ are also available there.", "\n\nPost navigation\n\n6 comments for “Madison: Father of the Commerce Clause”\n\nHow odd that a conservative jurist would make the case so effectively AGAINST the current broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause, even while upholding it: “He added: “It certainly is an encroachment on individual liberty, but it is no more so than a command that restaurants or hotels are obliged to serve all customers regardless of race, that gravely ill individuals cannot use a substance their doctors described as the only effective palliative for excruciating pain, or that a farmer cannot grow enough wheat to support his own family.”", "\n\nI would agree that hotels and restaurants are engaged in interstate commerce, since they are open to all. ", "The others are examples of the federal government intruding upon a private transaction that specifically does NOT enter interstate commerce. ", "By no accident, the medical one is also a good example of the way the drug laws have become extra-Constitutional.", "\n\nTo be honest, I oppose the Mandate primarily because it’s extraordinarily bad, anti-progressive policy. ", "Its main effect is to reaffirm the insurance companies’ death grip on health care; its secondary effect, since it depends on subsidies, is to funnel vast federal funds into those same, destructive companies. ", "It’s corrupt.", "\n\nBut it also violates the “interstate” part of the Commerce Clause. ", "Although the companies themselves are interstate and even international, they are regulated, until now, by the states, and each policy is written under state law. ", "The common but incorrect comparison with required car insurance confirms that: it, too, is state law.", "\n\nGranted, there are laws we generally like that depend on the same broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause – e.g., the minimum wage law; though like the anti-discrimination laws, that regulates business, not individuals.", "\n\nThere is no honest question whether requiring everyone to buy a flagrantly faulty product from private businesses, especially without effectively regulating that product (for instance, as to price) is an offensive intrusion on individual liberty – Silberman, for one, acknowledges that. ", "Whether it is “Constitutional” under present, broad interpretations is a very good question that we’ll have to leave to a reactionary Supreme Court; but it obviously does not reflect the intent of the Commerce Clause, and the examples given (interstate highways and canals) only confirm that.", "\n\nJason Blazevic\n\nFebruary 27, 2012 at 10:47 pm\n\nFrankly, the arguments concerning the legislation miss a crucial point. ", "Money. . . . ", "where is the money to run the vast new bureaucracy going to come from? ", "We live at a time when vast cuts and reductions in the national budget should be at the top of the To-Do List. ", "With nearly $120 trillion in unfunded liabilities, we must do some serious thinking and soul searching. ", "Anyone with a basic understanding of economics can readily see the financial mess we are in and what a new bureaucracy would do to our national finances and our largely bankrupt states. ", "As for being without insurance – this I have personally experienced and it was a difficult time. ", "However, I cannot agree with the healthcare legislation.", "\n\nAs for the New Deal, the author neglects to explain that much of the New Deal legislation was struck down over time. ", "However, the Supreme Court in its wisdom, dissected each tenet of New Deal legislation to determine the constitutionality of each provision, which is what the Court will be doing in March with Obamacare. ", "There may be some provisions struck down while others will not. ", "The authors discussion of Madison was wonderful. ", "I always enjoy a good read of Madison and Hamilton\n\nMs. Susan Goldberg\n\nFebruary 28, 2012 at 5:42 am\n\nIt’s a shame that the author didn’t point out that Obama campaigned against mandatory health insurance.", "\n\nIf it was so clear to rank and file (D)emocrats that mandatory purchase of “insurance” from for profit companies was necessary did Obama lie? ", "And why did he insist. ", "until he did not, that the bill he signed “must include a public option”?", "\n\nAnd the author also convienently fails to mention the fact that Stooge Baucus had Single Payer Advocates, both Doctors and Nurses **ARRESTED** at a Hearing.", "\n\nIf the (R)epublican party did that what what would the author have said? ", "I know that most “Democrats” I know would have called for boycotts and marches on Washington. ", "Does anyone doubt that except for Rahm Emanuel?", "\n\nMany many people aren’t even aware yet of the fact that they will have to file proof of *acceptable* insurance coverage with their 2015 tax returns and will be penalized if they do not. ", "Smart of the (D)emocrats to set that deadline after the next election, wasn’t it.", "\n\nMr. Parry is stuck in the old school of politics where anything and everything the (D)emocrats do is Good, and everything any (R)epublican does is Bad.", "\n\nit’s sad to see usually respectable people who have contributed so much fall to such juvenile depths to sustain their illusions.", "\n\nAnyway, Obama and the likes of Pelosi have convinced me that I need to distance myself from “Democrats” as far as possible.", "\n\ntrussell\n\nFebruary 28, 2012 at 11:54 am\n\nMy biggest area of contention would be the conflation the author has between the ideas of a strong government and a government with broadly defined powers.", "\nThere is no question that Madison and the other framers of the constitution wanted a strong central government. ", "So would most modern day tea-party types. ", "What they also wanted, and what the populace in general wanted, as evidenced by the need for the Federalist Papers, was a strict definition and limitation of that power. ", "The author’s brief nod to the “few and defined” phrase is more of an attempt to dismiss it than give it proper understanding." ]

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[ "The officials attributed the delay partly to inconsistencies in the reporting of results and stressed that it wasn’t because of hacking. ", "We’ve pieced together the events that led up to what one former state Democratic official called “a systemwide disaster.”", "\n\nThe details: When the results are released, find them here.", "\n\nWhat’s next: Two of our reporters in Des Moines noted, “With no hard numbers to reckon with, no cold math to disprove the dream, no fewer than five candidates marched onstage to deliver something resembling a victory speech.”", "\n\nBackground: After a razor-close finish in Iowa between Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders in 2016, new standards this year required officials to submit three numbers — rather than one — from each of the state’s 1,600-plus precincts. ", "That change, and a new app, slowed the reporting of results.", "\n\nCloser look: People who were briefed on the app by the Iowa Democratic Party told The Times that it hadn’t been tested properly. ", "A spokeswoman for the state party denied that the app’s failure had played a role in the delays.", "\n\nThe Daily: Today’s episode is about the confusion.", "\n\nCatch up: Here’s a primer on how Iowa’s first-in-the-nation nominating contest works." ]

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[ "Pages\n\nTuesday, June 30, 2009\n\nNot Stupid?", "\n\nJust back from a showing of The Age of Stupid - I'd been thinking of arranging a showing fo our congregation and community, but have not been persuaded. ", "It starts very powerfully so I had almost immediately stopped noticing the oppressive heat in the room and probably cried the first time about ten minutes in - over a glacier.", "\n\nBut eventually I realised I was feeling bombarded with anger. ", "I suppose the title should have been a warning of the anger behind it. ", "It was at about this point that several folk walked out. ", "It did then calm down somewhat but I ended up disappointed. ", "By saying that 2055 would see humans on the verge of extinction I felt they were being unhelpfully extreme. ", "It gave too much scope for people to refuse to believe.", "\n\nThere was lots of good stuff in it (I'd have been happy just to watch the wonderful French mountain guide) and lots of heart breaking stuff, especially the Iraqi kids. ", "I had hoped for a more coherent exploration of what climate change would mean for the world. ", "Certainly it is powerful and if some people find themselves inspired to radical action by it then that's fantastic, but I don't think I'd be happy to see it shown in all schools as some have suggested.", "\n\nOn the subject of climate change and coherent explanations, Jo Jamison at Operation Noah has made a very helpful five minute radio piece on the refugee crisis that will result, here.", "\n\nTry watching the Age of Stupid film again. ", "I shared some of your concerns the first time, but arranged a showing at my church (best Sunday evening attendance outside Christmas). ", "On second viewing, I found that there were quite a lot of hopeful messages in there as well. ", "The 2055 part was billed as drama and after all, was only 2 minutes at the start of the film.", "\n\nUs\n\nChurch of St John and St Stephen, Newtown, Reading. ", "EcoCongregation\n\nAbout this blog\n\nI started this blog in November 2007 as a resource and a record of our church's journey towards becoming an EcoCongregation. ", "In May 2009 we were assessed for the award and passed. ", "It was due for renewal in 2012 but due to significant plans for rebuilding our church/school plant it seemed appropriate to wait a while. ", "Once EcoCongregation was relaunched as EcoChurch we registered - various earlier activities had stopped or become infrequent so we were unsurprised to find we didn't make bronze. ", "So a new journey has begun.", "\n\nI hope that church members will find the blog useful and that it is also helpful to others with a concern for our environment. ", "Please use any of the liturgy, green tips or ideas on it as you like. ", "It would be lovely to hear back if you do. ", "It would also be great to hear ideas and experiences from other churches.", "\n\nThe views expressed herein are my own and may not reflect those of all of the congregation.", "\n\nThe church of St John and St Stephen in Newtown, Reading is attached to a school with minimal green space. ", "The Sunday morning congregation (about 70 from an electoral roll of just over 100) includes a wide range of ages and backgrounds and has long been concerned with overseas development issues (we are a Fairtrade church who support Tearfund and Christian Aid and several mission organisations. ", "A number of the congregation are or have been involved in development and/or overseas mission). ", "This concern was the inspiration for the decision to try to become an EcoCongregation." ]

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[ "Dyslexia-associated protein\n\nDyslexia-associated protein KIAA0319 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the KIAA0319 gene.", "\n\nClinical significance \n\nVariants of the KIAA0319 gene have been associated with developmental dyslexia. ", "Reading disability, or dyslexia, is a major social, educational and mental health problem. ", "In spite of average intelligence and adequate educational opportunities, 5 to 10% of school children have substantial reading deficits. ", "Twin and family studies have shown a substantial genetic component to this disorder, with heritable variation estimated at 50 to 70%.", "\n\nMutations in the gene also more generally appear to play a key role in specific language impairment (SLI).", "\n\nFunction \n\nThe KIAA0319 protein is expressed on the cell membrane and may be involved in neuronal migration. ", "Furthermore, KIAA0319 follows a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway.", "\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links \nKIAA0319 Associations, Experiments, Publications and Clinical Trials\n\nCategory:Dyslexia research" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Most current generation etch tools require the use of helium backside cooling in order to maintain wafer temperature within stable ranges. ", "The method for achieving sufficient cooling usually involves the use of lipseal O-rings in order to contain the high pressure helium on the backside of the wafer. ", "The lipseals function to secure the etch chamber electrode to the backside of the wafer in order to prevent leakage, which leakage leads to wafer photoresist burning. ", "Lipseal design, material, and hardness must be optimized to produce the proper seal having a sufficient lifetime in a reactive plasma.", "\nElastopolymeric PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene or Teflon.", "TM.) ", "compounds are currently the most frequently used materials for use in O-rings.", "\nOne significant drawback in the use of lipseal O-rings, and more particularly O-rings fabricated from elastopolymeric PTFE compounds, is that wafers often stick to the lipseal during semiconductor processing. ", "The problem is most notable when high power plasma processes are run. ", "In such cases, a large amount of power (in the form of heat) must be transferred through the wafer, which consequently heats the O-ring. ", "As a result, the lipseal O-ring often fuses to the backside of the wafer. ", "When this occurs, the lipseal can be dislodged from its groove. ", "The misplacement of the O-ring seal causes the next wafer placed into the etch chamber to be burned due to inadequate seal, or broken due to the force of the mechanical wafer clamp.", "\nSeal stickage is also notable in cases in which a seal is placed under high mechanical pressure, such as a slit valve type of assembly frequently used in doors of various instruments. ", "If the valve is activated open by a spring or gravitational method, the O-ring stickage may become severe enough to prohibit valve opening because the spring tension may not be great enough to overcome the adhesion of the door to the O-ring.", "\nO-ring suppliers have tried various methods to prevent the occurrence of lipseal stickage, but to date, have not identified a reliable method to prevent its occurrence." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I set the style of 'EditText' like this?", "\n\nHow can I set the style of an EditText like this picture in Android?", "\n\nA:\n\n<EditText android:id=\"@+id/searchTxt\" android:layout_width=\"fill_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" android:hint=\"Email Address\"\n android:textSize=\"17sp\" android:maxLength=\"10\" android:inputType=\"textFilter\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/textborder\"\n android:textStyle=\"bold\" android:paddingLeft=\"10dp\"\n android:layout_marginTop=\"3dp\" android:layout_marginLeft=\"3dp\"\n android:layout_marginBottom=\"2dp\" android:layout_marginRight=\"2dp\"\n android:clickable=\"true\" android:textColor=\"@color/textcolor\"\n android:imeOptions=\"actionDone\">\n\ntextborder.xml\n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?", ">\n<shape xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n android:shape=\"rectangle\">\n <corners android:radius=\"7px\" android:topLeftRadius=\"7px\"\n android:topRightRadius=\"7px\" android:bottomLeftRadius=\"7px\"\n android:bottomRightRadius=\"7px\" />\n <solid android:color=\"@android:color/transparent\" />\n <stroke android:width=\"0dp\" android:color=\"#000000\" />\n <padding android:left=\"1dp\" android:top=\"1dp\" android:right=\"1dp\"\n android:bottom=\"1dp\" />\n\n</shape> \n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Professor Shackleford will discuss internet governance. ", "He will address how business can promote cyber peace, specifically focusing on how businesses can promote human rights in the cybersecurity context.", "\nSponsor : International Law Society" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "/* Copyright (C) 1995-1998 Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)\n * All rights reserved.", "\n *\n * This package is an SSL implementation written\n * by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com).", "\n * The implementation was written so as to conform with Netscapes SSL.", "\n *\n * This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as\n * the following conditions are aheared to. ", " The following conditions\n * apply to all code found in this distribution, be it the RC4, RSA,\n * lhash, DES, etc., ", "code; not just the SSL code. ", " The SSL documentation\n * included with this distribution is covered by the same copyright terms\n * except that the holder is Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).", "\n *\n * Copyright remains Eric Young's, and as such any Copyright notices in\n * the code are not to be removed.", "\n * If this package is used in a product, Eric Young should be given attribution\n * as the author of the parts of the library used.", "\n * This can be in the form of a textual message at program startup or\n * in documentation (online or textual) provided with the package.", "\n *\n * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions\n * are met:\n * 1. ", "Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n * 2. ", "Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the\n * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.", "\n * 3. ", "All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software\n * must display the following acknowledgement:\n * \"This product includes cryptographic software written by\n * Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)\"\n * The word 'cryptographic' can be left out if the rouines from the library\n * being used are not cryptographic related :-).", "\n * 4. ", "If you include any Windows specific code (or a derivative thereof) from\n * the apps directory (application code) you must include an acknowledgement:\n * \"This product includes software written by Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com)\"\n *\n * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND\n * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE\n * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE\n * ARE DISCLAIMED. ", " IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE\n * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL\n * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS\n * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)\n * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT\n * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY\n * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF\n * SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n *\n * The licence and distribution terms for any publically available version or\n * derivative of this code cannot be changed. ", " i.e. this code cannot simply be\n * copied and put under another distribution licence\n * [including the GNU Public Licence.] */", "\n\n#include <openssl/evp.h>\n\n#include <assert.h>\n#include <string.h>\n\n#include <openssl/dsa.h>\n#include <openssl/ec.h>\n#include <openssl/err.h>\n#include <openssl/mem.h>\n#include <openssl/nid.h>\n#include <openssl/rsa.h>\n#include <openssl/thread.h>\n\n#include \"internal.h\"\n#include \"../internal.h\"\n\n\nEVP_PKEY *EVP_PKEY_new(void) {\n EVP_PKEY *ret;\n\n ret = OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(EVP_PKEY));\n if (ret == NULL) {\n OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(EVP, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);\n return NULL;\n }\n\n OPENSSL_memset(ret, 0, sizeof(EVP_PKEY));\n ret->type = EVP_PKEY_NONE;\n ret->references = 1;\n\n return ret;\n}\n\nstatic void free_it(EVP_PKEY *pkey) {\n if (pkey->ameth && pkey->ameth->pkey_free) {\n pkey->ameth->pkey_free(pkey);\n pkey->pkey.ptr = NULL;\n pkey->type = EVP_PKEY_NONE;\n }\n}\n\nvoid EVP_PKEY_free(EVP_PKEY *pkey) {\n if (pkey == NULL) {\n return;\n }\n\n if (!", "CRYPTO_refcount_dec_and_test_zero(&pkey->references)) {\n return;\n }\n\n free_it(pkey);\n OPENSSL_free(pkey);\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_up_ref(EVP_PKEY *pkey) {\n CRYPTO_refcount_inc(&pkey->references);\n return 1;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_is_opaque(const EVP_PKEY *pkey) {\n if (pkey->ameth && pkey->ameth->pkey_opaque) {\n return pkey->ameth->pkey_opaque(pkey);\n }\n return 0;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_supports_digest(const EVP_PKEY *pkey, const EVP_MD *md) {\n if (pkey->ameth && pkey->ameth->pkey_supports_digest) {\n return pkey->ameth->pkey_supports_digest(pkey, md);\n }\n return 1;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_cmp(const EVP_PKEY *a, const EVP_PKEY *b) {\n if (a->type !", "= b->type) {\n return -1;\n }\n\n if (a->ameth) {\n int ret;\n /* Compare parameters if the algorithm has them */\n if (a->ameth->param_cmp) {\n ret = a->ameth->param_cmp(a, b);\n if (ret <= 0) {\n return ret;\n }\n }\n\n if (a->ameth->pub_cmp) {\n return a->ameth->pub_cmp(a, b);\n }\n }\n\n return -2;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_copy_parameters(EVP_PKEY *to, const EVP_PKEY *from) {\n if (to->type !", "= from->type) {\n OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(EVP, EVP_R_DIFFERENT_KEY_TYPES);\n goto err;\n }\n\n if (EVP_PKEY_missing_parameters(from)) {\n OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(EVP, EVP_R_MISSING_PARAMETERS);\n goto err;\n }\n\n if (from->ameth && from->ameth->param_copy) {\n return from->ameth->param_copy(to, from);\n }\n\nerr:\n return 0;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_missing_parameters(const EVP_PKEY *pkey) {\n if (pkey->ameth && pkey->ameth->param_missing) {\n return pkey->ameth->param_missing(pkey);\n }\n return 0;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_size(const EVP_PKEY *pkey) {\n if (pkey && pkey->ameth && pkey->ameth->pkey_size) {\n return pkey->ameth->pkey_size(pkey);\n }\n return 0;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_bits(EVP_PKEY *pkey) {\n if (pkey && pkey->ameth && pkey->ameth->pkey_bits) {\n return pkey->ameth->pkey_bits(pkey);\n }\n return 0;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_id(const EVP_PKEY *pkey) {\n return pkey->type;\n}\n\n/* evp_pkey_asn1_find returns the ASN.1 method table for the given |nid|, which\n * should be one of the |EVP_PKEY_*| values. ", "It returns NULL if |nid| is\n * unknown. */", "\nstatic const EVP_PKEY_ASN1_METHOD *evp_pkey_asn1_find(int nid) {\n switch (nid) {\n case EVP_PKEY_RSA:\n return &rsa_asn1_meth;\n case EVP_PKEY_EC:\n return &ec_asn1_meth;\n case EVP_PKEY_DSA:\n return &dsa_asn1_meth;\n default:\n return NULL;\n }\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_type(int nid) {\n const EVP_PKEY_ASN1_METHOD *meth = evp_pkey_asn1_find(nid);\n if (meth == NULL) {\n return NID_undef;\n }\n return meth->pkey_id;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_set1_RSA(EVP_PKEY *pkey, RSA *key) {\n if (EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA(pkey, key)) {\n RSA_up_ref(key);\n return 1;\n }\n return 0;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA(EVP_PKEY *pkey, RSA *key) {\n return EVP_PKEY_assign(pkey, EVP_PKEY_RSA, key);\n}\n\nRSA *EVP_PKEY_get0_RSA(EVP_PKEY *pkey) {\n if (pkey->type !", "= EVP_PKEY_RSA) {\n OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(EVP, EVP_R_EXPECTING_AN_RSA_KEY);\n return NULL;\n }\n return pkey->pkey.rsa;\n}\n\nRSA *EVP_PKEY_get1_RSA(EVP_PKEY *pkey) {\n RSA *rsa = EVP_PKEY_get0_RSA(pkey);\n if (rsa !", "= NULL) {\n RSA_up_ref(rsa);\n }\n return rsa;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_set1_DSA(EVP_PKEY *pkey, DSA *key) {\n if (EVP_PKEY_assign_DSA(pkey, key)) {\n DSA_up_ref(key);\n return 1;\n }\n return 0;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_assign_DSA(EVP_PKEY *pkey, DSA *key) {\n return EVP_PKEY_assign(pkey, EVP_PKEY_DSA, key);\n}\n\nDSA *EVP_PKEY_get0_DSA(EVP_PKEY *pkey) {\n if (pkey->type !", "= EVP_PKEY_DSA) {\n OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(EVP, EVP_R_EXPECTING_A_DSA_KEY);\n return NULL;\n }\n return pkey->pkey.dsa;\n}\n\nDSA *EVP_PKEY_get1_DSA(EVP_PKEY *pkey) {\n DSA *dsa = EVP_PKEY_get0_DSA(pkey);\n if (dsa !", "= NULL) {\n DSA_up_ref(dsa);\n }\n return dsa;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_set1_EC_KEY(EVP_PKEY *pkey, EC_KEY *key) {\n if (EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY(pkey, key)) {\n EC_KEY_up_ref(key);\n return 1;\n }\n return 0;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY(EVP_PKEY *pkey, EC_KEY *key) {\n return EVP_PKEY_assign(pkey, EVP_PKEY_EC, key);\n}\n\nEC_KEY *EVP_PKEY_get0_EC_KEY(EVP_PKEY *pkey) {\n if (pkey->type !", "= EVP_PKEY_EC) {\n OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(EVP, EVP_R_EXPECTING_AN_EC_KEY_KEY);\n return NULL;\n }\n return pkey->pkey.ec;\n}\n\nEC_KEY *EVP_PKEY_get1_EC_KEY(EVP_PKEY *pkey) {\n EC_KEY *ec_key = EVP_PKEY_get0_EC_KEY(pkey);\n if (ec_key !", "= NULL) {\n EC_KEY_up_ref(ec_key);\n }\n return ec_key;\n}\n\nDH *EVP_PKEY_get0_DH(EVP_PKEY *pkey) { return NULL; }\n\nint EVP_PKEY_assign(EVP_PKEY *pkey, int type, void *key) {\n if (!", "EVP_PKEY_set_type(pkey, type)) {\n return 0;\n }\n pkey->pkey.ptr = key;\n return key !", "= NULL;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_set_type(EVP_PKEY *pkey, int type) {\n const EVP_PKEY_ASN1_METHOD *ameth;\n\n if (pkey && pkey->pkey.ptr) {\n free_it(pkey);\n }\n\n ameth = evp_pkey_asn1_find(type);\n if (ameth == NULL) {\n OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(EVP, EVP_R_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM);\n ERR_add_error_dataf(\"algorithm %d\", type);\n return 0;\n }\n\n if (pkey) {\n pkey->ameth = ameth;\n pkey->type = pkey->ameth->pkey_id;\n }\n\n return 1;\n}\n\n\n\nint EVP_PKEY_cmp_parameters(const EVP_PKEY *a, const EVP_PKEY *b) {\n if (a->type !", "= b->type) {\n return -1;\n }\n if (a->ameth && a->ameth->param_cmp) {\n return a->ameth->param_cmp(a, b);\n }\n return -2;\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature_md(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx, const EVP_MD *md) {\n return EVP_PKEY_CTX_ctrl(ctx, -1, EVP_PKEY_OP_TYPE_SIG, EVP_PKEY_CTRL_MD, 0,\n (void *)md);\n}\n\nint EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_signature_md(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx, const EVP_MD **out_md) {\n return EVP_PKEY_CTX_ctrl(ctx, -1, EVP_PKEY_OP_TYPE_SIG, EVP_PKEY_CTRL_GET_MD,\n 0, (void *)out_md);\n}\n\nvoid OpenSSL_add_all_algorithms(void) {}\n\nvoid OPENSSL_add_all_algorithms_conf(void) {}\n\nvoid OpenSSL_add_all_ciphers(void) {}\n\nvoid OpenSSL_add_all_digests(void) {}\n\nvoid EVP_cleanup(void) {}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Washington (AFP) - A tweet by former president Barack Obama about the violence in Charlottesville has become the most liked message in the history of Twitter, the company said Wednesday.", "\n\nThe tweet by the country's first black president quoted Nelson Mandela.", "\n\n\"No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin or his background or his religion,\" Obama tweeted on Sunday, following deadly clashes in the Virginia city between neo-Nazi sympathizers and counterprotesters.", "\n\nAs of 1300 GMT Wednesday, Obama's message had been \"liked\" 3.2 million times, and re-tweeted 1.3 million times.", "\n\nThe 44th US president has not spoken out on the violence except via quotes from Mandela, the South African anti-apartheid icon who died in 2013.", "\n\nA picture accompanying the tweet shows four babies -- including a black baby girl and a blonde baby boy -- in an open window as the ex-US president looks in.", "\n\nTwo other Obama tweets without pictures had more than one million likes.", "\n\n\"People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love... For love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite. - ", "Nelson Mandela,\" Obama wrote in two tweets, also on Sunday.", "\n\nA rally Saturday by neo-Nazis and white supremacists over the removal of a Confederate statue in Charlottesville erupted in clashes with counter-demonstrators.", "\n\nThe fracas ended in bloodshed when a 20-year-old suspected Nazi sympathizer plowed his car into a crowd of anti-racism protesters, leaving one woman dead and 19 others injured.", "\n\nOn Tuesday President Donald Trump doubled down on his initial response to the white supremacist rally, saying there was \"blame on both sides.\"", "\n\nThe Republican president -- who one day earlier denounced racism and singled out the Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazis as \"criminals and thugs\" -- also hit out at what he called the \"alt-left\" over the weekend melee.", "\n\nTrump has faced days of criticism from across the political spectrum over his reaction to Saturday's unrest in the Virginia college town." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Q:\n\nUncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token : when returning JSON\n\nI've got some jQuery that is successful in hitting an endpoint, here's my code \n$.ajax({\n dataType: \"json\",\n type: \"GET\",\n url: \"https://url.that-works.com/env/Development/GetDevs/\",\n username: \"username\",\n password: \"password\",\n data: \"callback=?\"", "\n})\n.done(function (data) {\n alert(\"success\");\n})\n;\n\nThe code returns the following JSON response - which I can see in Chrome Developer Tools:\n{\n\"developments\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"h2010 Ph2\"\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"The Meadows Ph2\"\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"h2010 Ph3\"\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"h2010 Ph4\"\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"The Meadows Ph3\"\n }\n ]\n}\n\nI've checked that this is valid JSON being returned, but I keep getting an error message: Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token :\nI'm not sure what exactly I'm doing wrong here or why I'm getting this message, any guidance would be really appreciated.", "\nbengrah.", "\n\nA:\n\nEventually figured out the answer.", "\nIn our case, we were using a middleware appliance that generates the above URL/orchestration the script hits to get the JSON and so on. ", "What we were trying to do was use a JSONP request to get at this info, but the orchestration returns JSON that wasn't wrapped in a function, which is where our problem lies.", "\nInstead, we changed it to a standard JSON get request, which then caused the Access-Control-Allow-Origins error (good link here). ", "At this point, we added the Access-Control-Allow-Origins setting to the orchestration/server side - then we were able to get the JSON back in a usable format successfully.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Sell off the NBN? ", "Abbott won’t confirm or deny\n\nnews Opposition Leader Tony Abbott has repeatedly refused to confirm or deny whether the Coalition would sell off finished portions of the National Broadband Network infrastructure if it won the next Federal Election, stating only that the Coalition believed the private sector could deliver broadband to Australia better than the Government.", "\n\nEarlier this week, Abbott was asked on air by ABC Radio presenter Jon Faine (a recording of the broadcast is available online here) whether the Coalition would sell those portions of the NBN which had been constructed if it won Government. ", "A substantial portion of NBN fibre, wireless and satellite infrastructure will have been constructed by the time the next Federal Election is slated to be held in 2013, with hundreds of thousands of Australian premises already receiving fibre broadband.", "\n\nFaine asked Abbott about the issue several times repeatedly, but did not receive a conclusive answer from the Opposition Leader.", "\n\n“I’m not going to get into the sorts of specifics that we’ll be announcing in our policy pre-election,” Abbott responded to one question, “but certainly nationalised telecommunications is the way of the 1960’s, it’s not the way of the current century. ", "We’ve said all along that we don’t need nationalised broadband, we need better national broadband, and we can get that using the private sector with a lot less government funding than the $50-odd billion the government has committed.”", "\n\n“We certainly don’t believe in throwing good money after bad,” Abbott responded to another. “", "We think competition between private businesses is the best way to deliver the national broadband that we need … I’m not going to go into the precise details on what we’d do, because it’ll be confirmed in the run up to the next election. ", "The point I keep making is that we believe in free enterprise, we believe in the free market, certainly there’s got to be regulations and all the rest, but generally speaking, we think private business is better at goods and services than nationalised industry.”", "\n\nLater in the interview Abbott said if a Coalition Government didn’t proceed with what he described as “the nationalised broadband network”, it would have more funding available to spend on “useful things”, such as “roads” and the National Disability Insurance Scheme currently proposed by the Gillard Labor Government.", "\n\nIt is believed that this statement is inaccurate or at best highly controversial — with the NBN being expected to make a long-term return on investment rather than act as a cost. ", "With this in mind, cancelling the NBN project would be likely to cost the Government money in the long term, rather than saving it money that could be spent on other projects.", "\n\nAbbott’s comments reflect only the most recent occasion on which he has criticised Labor’s NBN project. ", "In early July, for example, Abbott stated that Australia didn’t “need” the National Broadband Network project and the billions being invested in the initiative would be better spent on “our roads, our rail and our ports” under a Coalition Government.", "\n\n“I think that federal and state Labor governments have left us with a serious infrastructure deficit,” Abbott told the ACE Regional Radio Network in Victoria at the time, “and one of the reasons why I’m so hostile to the National Broadband Network is because it’s a $50 billion investment with borrowed money that we don’t need. ", "What we do need is much more money being spent on our roads, our rail and our ports and that’s what will happen under the Coalition.” ", "The Opposition leader similarly criticised the NBN in May 2011, and again in January that year.", "\n\nIf a Coalition Government did sell off the NBN infrastructure, this action would appear to run contrary to comments recently made by the member of his cabinet responsible for broadband policy, Shadow Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull.", "\n\nIn a recent interview with the Sydney Morning Herald, Turnbull stated that a Coalition Government would proceed with the NBN project. “", "No, the Coalition will not cancel or roll back the NBN,” he said. “", "The NBN will continue to roll out but we will do so in a cost-effective manner in particular in built-up areas.” ", "The comments echo comments Turnbull made the previous month, when the Liberal MP publicly gave what he described as a “solemn undertaking” to the Australian people that a Coalition Government would “complete the job of NBN Co”, instead of ripping up the network or abandoning Labor’s NBN policy altogether.", "\n\nopinion/analysis\nTo be honest, I’m not quite sure where Jon Faine got the idea that the Coalition would sell off the completed portions of the NBN, because I haven’t heard the idea being discussed in public for a while.", "\n\nMy opinion is that Abbott and his Shadow Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull haven’t yet completely finalised their telecommunications policy, and won’t do so until shortly before the next Federal Election. ", "I remain doubtful that such a policy would include a wholesale sell-off of the completed portions of NBN infrastructure — Turnbull has previously intimated that the overall NBN strategy would remain, but with substantial Coalition modifications, such as replacing fibre to the home with fibre to the node. ", "Certainly we haven’t seen the Coalition discussing a sell-off of the NBN for quite some time.", "\n\nIn addition, selling off the completed portions of the NBN would be horribly messy and wouldn’t really make much sense. ", "The current NBN network is a real patchwork affair — bits of residential fibre here and there, wireless in patches, some substantial backhaul links, and satellite stations under construction. ", "It doesn’t seem to make much sense to sell off those bits and pieces shortly after they were built — that, in my opinion, would mediate against a long-term Coalition FTTN strategy.", "\n\n“I think that federal and state Labor governments have left us with a serious infrastructure deficit,”\n\nfollowed by:\n\n“and one of the reasons why I’m so hostile to the National Broadband Network is because it’s a $50 billion investment with borrowed money that we don’t need. ", "What we do need is much more money being spent on our roads, our rail and our ports and that’s what will happen under the Coalition.”", "\n\nIf the NBN ISN’T infrastructure….WHAT THE HELL IS!!!???", "\n\nThe guy is contradictory at contradicting himself. ", "In the same breath as saying “we don’t need the NBN”, one of Australia’s biggest ever infrastructure projects, he says “we’ve been left with a infrastructure deficit by Labor”….which is bollocks anyway, because it was Howard that did it at a Federal level.", "\n\n“The irritation is more profound for Abbott’s opponents on the other end of the political spectrum. ", "He doesn’t just disagree with them, he tells them their black is really white. ", "And then he says it so often that black becomes white. ", "Climate change becomes a fraud. ", "Infrastructure spending becomes a waste. ", "Progressive government activity is just another great big new tax.”", "\nThe irritating Mr Abbotthttp://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/2898940.html\n\nThis Ultra-Conservative line he trolls is going to be one of two scenarios.", "\n\nHes going to:\n\nA – Risk alienating segments of the party that could be considered green, liberal, democrat or national which may then lead into an election, LNP win, then the colossal failure of ultra-conservative politics and an LNP split.", "\n\nOR\n\nB – Labor is reelected, the LNP backroom dealers throw him out as leader and the infighting continues.", "\n\nYou cant run a government as ultra-conservative. ", "You have to spend money on infrastructure, let alone anything. ", "The two key things here that he claims he can spend 50 billion on are both money sinks. ", "Neither (re – Roads / NDIS) return money to the economy, neither make a gradual investment return and both are costs on the taxpayer. ", "I just dont understand why this man insists on being this way, when he can clearly see the benefits, clearly knows what the goals are and how it will benefit the economy and how the previous market has failed.", "\n\nIt boggles the mind that Tony Abbott has absolutely no idea what hes doing. ", "If people think hes going to do what he says, (ie turn back the boats, rip up the carbon tax, cancel the nbn , remove the mrrt) they obviously cant see the forest through the trees.", "\n\nI hope Abbott does lose, frankly I think ppl will wake up to the idea of TA as PM = bad for this country as he has nothing constructive to offer – just look at the mess his mate CN is making in QLD already by firing thousands of public servants to implement his “small gov” policy! ", "All he will do is hurt the economy by creating additional unemployment. ", "QLD is not broke like SA was in the early 90’s after the State Bank collapsed!", "\n\nGreat story. ", "Very interesting reading. ", "It made me feel ever so slightly more optimistic about the chances of a Labor victory after reading this bit:\n\nFrom Climate Spectator:“History is, as they say, ‘there to be broken’, but if an election were held today, Abbott would be the most unpopular Opposition leader to win a federal election since polling first came onto the national landscape six decades ago. ", "At this point it should be noted that few prime ministers have seen their disapproval ratings at the low depths of Julia Gillard’s but it is hard to see a rout while perceptions of Abbott remain so modest.”", "\n\nLet’s just hope that Abbott’s approval rating continues to drop. ", "Not that Gillard’s approval has much chance of rising, but this needs to be an election about “Keeping the LNP out” more so than enthusiastically “keeping Labor in”. ", "Or at least that’s how I feel about it, given my mixed support for Labor policy and the PM’s view of the world.", "\n\nWhat about government debt? ", "Spain’s is large, growing and expensive. ", "On one measure, Spanish government debt is around 72 per cent of gross domestic product. ", "With its bond yields spiking above 7 per cent recently, the ability of the Spanish government to service its debt is in serious doubt. ", "Investors and ratings agencies have issued a string of warnings about possible default.", "\n\nIn contrast, Queensland’s state debt is a modest 20 per cent of its gross state product, and 3-year bond yields are running at a cheap 3.35 per cent. ", "Not only can Queensland comfortably service its debt, but it is paying the kind of interest rates that a householder with a mortgage can only dream of.", "\n\nWith the Queensland economy expected to grow strongly in coming years, driven in part by federal flood reconstruction funding, the state’s tax revenue will automatically improve even if no further efforts are made to cut spending.", "\n\nFor entirely political reasons, Newman and many members of his Liberal National Party government have put a particularly negative spin on Queensland’s debt and deficit issues since coming to office.", "\n\nHow broke is Queensland, actually? ", "The state’s money troubles are certainly significant. ", "According to the recent Commission of Audit, Queensland is running a $1.8 billion deficit, a figure estimated to widen to nearly $4.9 billion in 2012-13.", "\n\n$4.9 billion deficit in just one years… up from $1.8 billion. ", "Pretty decent problems there.", "\n\nThe Queensland deficit is currently exploding. ", "Sure, its economy is also growing, but I think you’ll find broad support within the state for reining in government spending. ", "This is quite normal behaviour for a state which has had a Labor Govt for 20-odd years and is now in Coalition hands.", "\n\nI’ve dealt quite a lot with the Qld Govt myself in my capacity as a journalist, and I certainly agree it is overweight in quite a few areas. ", "It has expanded as the state has expanded — but whenever that kind of explosive growth goes on, things tend to get out of control in some areas, and this is a perfect case of that.", "\n\nIm not saying a good prune isnt needed, our Labor Gov here in SA gives the the Public service a yearly prune but does so in a much smarter manner than what CN seems to be proposing – plus important stuff like Health and Law Enforcement are usually exempt here in SA.", "\n\nYes, but the problem is in Queensland, the Govt decides to be fiscally responsible only once a decade, so things got a lot more out of control ;) In SA they are a lot more reliable on a more regular basis :)\n\nQueensland has been seeing incredible growth for many years, well before I was born.", "\n\nI think what we’re seeing here can be difficult to term as ‘conservative liberalism’ in Queensland, due to the sheer fact that they’re trying to cut costs without cutting growth projects and infrastructure spending.", "\n\nWhile they slash education to the bone. ", "In addition to the forced amalgamations (“it will be the community’s choice” – hah!) ", "of schools, and the removal of funding for adult re-entry, now we’re going to privatize TAFE in the same way which led to the current disaster in Victoria. :(", "\n\nThat’s such a load of rubbish. ", "You only need to look at the actual treasury figures produced by his own government.", "\n\nIf Queensland were a household with house worth 500k (Total assets), they owe 160k (Total liabilities not just borrowing) with an annual income of 90k and an interest rate of less than 4% and an annual interest bill of 4k. ", "If only most households were in such as state!", "\n\nOh yes, you might say – they spent more than they earn’t this year. ", "Well yes, because they had to spend 10k (that 4.9 billion you allude to) after a little ‘flood’.", "\n\nThat’s not to say that they don’t have ‘income’ issues going forward because they choose to be a lower taxing state compared with their peers ACT, NSW, VIC, and WA but If commission of audit produced by Peter Costello isn’t a political exercise I’ll eat my hat.", "\n\nThe point is that they aren’t close to a position where they need to sell the house… The choices they are making are to try and protect their AAA credit rating rather than one born out of necessity, but they’re trying to pretend they’re in a dire financial position when they’re not.", "\n\nIt may be ‘legitimate’, but it’s seriously hurting the Queensland economy.", "\n\nSpending has plummeted, both by the private and public sectors. ", "Consultants (and considering the decades long trend to outsourcing, there are a lot of them!) ", "are struggling to get work. ", "Contractors have no work. ", "The service sector (cafes, restaurants, shops) in the city are are suffering badly, as public servants are either fired or afraid they’re next, so they stop eating out & shopping.", "\n\nWhen the numbers start coming through, I think you’re going to see a substantial contraction of the Qld economy over 2012.", "\n\ni have every expectation of this being the case for those exact reasons cited. ", "you take money out of the state economy in terms of some thousands of salaried workers and the things those wages bought no longer get bought. ", "food, petrol transport, ‘luxury’ goods – tho a bottle of something nice might be more like medicine if you cop one of the redundancies Campbell is spruiking as ‘job cuts we’d be happy to have’ (!!!).", "\n\ni dont know what effing planet he lives on where he can have job cuts and good thing in the same sentence and think thats going to be looked on kindly by the electorate. ", "im interested in the other Qld commentators, if they are also noticing distinct airs of buyers remorse since the Can Do empire opened its doors – i certainly am. (", "could have told em it was coming, tho i have no love for Bligh either).", "\n\nNewman keeps bleating about the state of the economy after Bligh – presumably to set us up for being ready for tales of economic doom and gloom – when its arguable that even IF the QLD govt is as bad as its made out to be, those cuts will make it worse. ", "CN must love that kind of self fulfilling prophecy.", "\n\nin any case contraction is what im pegging – to me, odd considering Qld is a mining state and should be in front? ", "oh thats right CN will cut green tape, all good if you are in CSG then….", "\n\n“We’ve said all along that we don’t need nationalised broadband, we need better national broadband, and we can get that using the private sector with a lot less government funding than the $50-odd billion the government has committed.”", "\n\nReally? “", "Better” broadband through the private sector?", "\n\nGODDAMNIT REALLY?! ", "SO THESE PAST 15-20 YEARS OF STAGNATION SINCE *PRIVATISATION* WAS THE WAY OF THE FUTURE?!", "\n\n*ahem*\n\nSorry but that’s always been a massive sore spot for me. “", "Private Sector” has sat on its thumbs for near on 20 years. ", "While the broaband world moved on. ", "They started advertising “Now you too can get Bigpond ADSL!” ", "on areas Telstra *KNEW* could not be done because they were RIM estates! ", "If it takes near 5 years for the private sector to even get basic broadband of 256kbps whilst the world was already upgrading to 512kbps-1.5mbps\n\nnever mind the fact Tony would have loved an election called any minute since the last one! ", "i seriously wonder, if hed had his wish, how caught short he’d have been on producing policy for any putative election had the govt suddenly lost its Independents buffer..\n\nif hes ‘not getting into specifics’ because he has no policy that part of any future election threatens to look a whole lot like the last attempt (6 wks out, no Oppn leader attending etc etc?). ", "lightning couldnt strike twice….. could it?", "\n\nOn the face of it, it seems that the Coalition really can’t make up their mind what they want to do with the NBN if they win the next election.", "\n\nSurely the leader of the opposition should be well aware of what the policy is and if it doesn’t exist should just say so.", "\n\nHaving the Leader of the party say one thing and the nominated spokesman (shadow minister) say another hardly inspires confidence in the ability of the party to provide stable government in the future.", "\n\nIts getting that way isnt it? ", "The mental images are becoming more detailed as well – he holds a different colored crayon depending on the FUD he’s pushing. ", "Blue (dunno why blue – cat 6 cable color perhaps?) ", "for tech FUD, green for carbon FUD, red for general Labor FUD, and so on.", "\n\nThe brown crayon is the worst, i know its just crap no matter what he’s on about.", "\n\nIt doesn’t seem to make much sense to sell off those bits and pieces shortly after they were built — that, in my opinion, would mediate against a long-term Coalition FTTN strategy.", "\n\nSorry Renai, but IMO you’re missing the point. ", "The Coalition don’t WANT to have a broadband policy. ", "At least, Turnbull might. ", "Maybe even Fletcher. ", "But Abbott and the powers that be, don’t. ", "They’re not interested. ", "They’re interested in being in power and dealing with the issues they want to, like Industrial Relations, Taxation, Carbon Pricing, MRRT and Asylum seekers. ", "Broadband is not on the high scale agenda.", "\n\nHence, my belief they will sell it off at the first possible moment. ", "Most likely to Telstra as they are the most likely buyer because of their inherent ability to be able to “fix the mess” as you say of a partially built NBN. ", "I’m becoming more and more convinced we will see very little from the Coalition on the NBN. ", "They’re strategy is to neutralise it as an issue and deal with it later, which will likely result in it being sold to “save money” even though it’ll do no such thing.", "\n\nThey don’t have to break up NBNCo and sell it piecemeal – they can sell the whole lot, lock stock & barrel, to a private bidder. ", "Who in Australia would have the cash to buy it? ", "Well, gee, I wonder…\n\nAs I mentioned in a comment the other day, I expect the Libs will try to flog it off to Telstra (whether that’s Telstra Retail or Telstra Wholesale), to re-form Australia’s privately-owned telecommunications monopoly (because, you know, a privately owned monopoly is *so much better* than a government-owned one… )\n\nWell, if this scenario ever plays out along these lines wouldn’t it be ironic if the ‘buyer’ was Optus.", "\nOptus being owned by SingTel which belongs to the Singapore government – so the the NBN would be ‘nationalised’ by government albeit a foreign one…\n\nAccording to the head of the NBN, its unsellable, no one will buy it. ", "Most of the regional work and the 2 satellites wont make a profit, the NBN wont make a profit until you include the cities and their surrounding built up areas.", "\nAnyway I would be more worried about your job security, once the coalition get into government out come the razors, cut back and more cut backs, we are broke because of the Labour government, even though they went into debt to get us throught the world financial crisis.", "\n\nBroke? ", "Where some of you get your information and ideas from astounds me sometimes.", "\nThe only bad debt is debt that’s not serviceable – and Australia is well placed to do this. ", "Let’s be clear about this, budget surpluses or deficits have nothing to do with external government debt…\nBy not spending money the Howard government shifted the debt burden onto us punters, er sorry, voters, so some government debt became private debt – the biggest snow job ever.", "\nHey, but that’s ok, give Tony the job and find out for yourself…\n\nThat might be what is taught in economics classes by reality is different. ", "In reality a bad debt is more often one where the person lending the money deems it to be so. ", "I have been privy to two regional enterprises that have gone through this whilst I was contract coding quietly in the background but privy to the goings on (they were very nice people to chat to). ", "The key was both companies had accumulated large debt through equipment renewal and in one of the cases they also acquired a smaller similar operating business in another district. ", "In both cases the banks (the lenders) had changed their support officer. ", "In both cases they had been been bouncing along but were making all payments and the P&L position was improving quite well. ", "I used to see the figures on the GL as the accounting code was my area.", "\n\nBoth thrown to the receivers. ", "At no point did they meet the definition you provided. ", "The lenders had a different formula though. ", "Basically 50+ people on the unemployment line and lots of community angst due to a change of pencil pusher 3000km away who had no idea of the industry nor ever visited the region.", "\n\nAbbott: ‘Later in the interview Abbott said if a Coalition Government didn’t proceed with what he described as “the nationalised broadband network”, it would have more funding available to spend on “useful things”, such as “roads”’\n\nAGAIN? ", "the old “more funding available for roads” line? ", "How many times can Abbott get away with saying this before he gets called out on it?", "\n\nAgreed.", "\nThough it isn’t the whole story.", "\nRoads are good but are still conjested.", "\nRail is good, but it still isn’t up to scratch.", "\nMuch of it because of lack of spending on the ‘network’ which – is government funded.", "\n\nThese projects are PPP’s Public Private Partnerships.", "\nThe can works sometimes.", "\nOther times they don’t.", "\n\nRemember the government Tendered for building of the NBN (FTTN NBN If I remember correctly), and they couldn’t get anyone to play ball.", "\n\nI guess it was a bit early for Google to tender, but I think most of us would still prefer as much money stayed in the country as possible, without say, 20% in profits going offshore…\n\nIf they keep the NBN they will have to keep the NBNCo. ", "This goes against everything the Coalition has said about the private sector being the best option.", "\n\nIf they won’t provide any clarity on what they will build let’s at least have some clarity on who will build it. ", "The government owned NBNCo or the private sector? ", "Simple question.", "\n\nWhat Turnbull was saying a few months ago was starting to form a coherent plan. ", "Now, though, if we take what the Coalition as a whole is saying and writing all we have is a mess of contradictions. ", "That’s possibly even worse than the half-baked excuse for a policy they took to the last election.", "\n\n“I’m not going to go into the precise details on what we’d do, because it’ll be confirmed in the run up to the next election. ", "The point I keep making is that we believe in free enterprise, we believe in the free market, certainly there’s got to be regulations and all the rest, but generally speaking, we think private business is better at goods and services than nationalised industry.”", "\n\nWow, like, Abbott is so articulate ‘n stuff. ", "He knows we like, need regulations and all the rest.", "\n\nI think that the government position with the NBN is the same as the Board of Directors in a public company. ", "They dictate the policy direction and approve the policy and procedures but are not involved in the actual day to day running of the company. ", "Which is how it should be run in my opinion.", "\n\nFor both the NBN and a private/public company the setting of policy direction rests exactly at the same level (Parliament or The Board). ", "Unfortunately the expertise at the policy setting level is variable in both systems.", "\n\nI agree with you that at the very least battery backup should be optional as it is only useful if you have a phone connection.", "\n\nAnd even THEN you might not want it. ", "I don’t. ", "I may or may not have a phone (analogue)- will most likely go with VOIP. ", "But even if I didn’t, I wouldn’t want the battery backup.", "\n\nThis is a fault of the government AND the Senate Committee who won’t recommend anything either way. ", "It’s a stupid deadlock that is likely to have very little affect, so they should just make it optional.", "\n\nThat’s indeed what they said they would do. ", "The government owned monopoly will be a private owned monopoly. ", "I’ve seen this before somewhere (???) ", "only in this instance the monopoly is guaranteed a yearly CPI increase in the fees it charges and possibly no ACCC interference as well.", "\n\nAlso – they announced delays in the NBN rollout two days ago but that didn’t seem to be mentioned on this site. ", "Our business district is not on the current 3year commencement list so I guess we are looking for the beyond 5 year commencement timeframe at best now.", "\n\nAlso – they announced delays in the NBN rollout two days ago but that didn’t seem to be mentioned on this site. ", "Our business district is not on the current 3year commencement list so I guess we are looking for the beyond 5 year commencement timeframe at best now.", "\n\nThese delays were announced months ago, in many different newspapers. ", "They were a consequence of the Telstra deal being delayed, the GNAF address data being 1/3 wrong and the Greenfields legislation fight between Telstra and the government. ", "All this was known before the 3 year rollout announcement.", "\n\nThere is NO evidence for your town, having not been on the 3 year rollout initially being “pushed back” because of these delays. ", "The 3 year rollout is current. ", "The delays refer to the 2010 Corporate Plan predictions. ", "The new Corporate Plan, due out tomorrow, will reflect this AND show how the 3 Year Rollout fits.", "\n\nUnfortunately, you have a wait. ", "So do I. I’m not on the 3 year rollout either. ", "But this is a NATIONAL rollout- it is not possible to do it in “a few years” and get it right. ", "But it is fundamentally changing our telecommunications industry for the better- removing the dominance of vertically integrated Telstra.", "\n\nI can’t believe that even believe what he is saying… the Coalition’s policies appear to be made on the run and shift with the feedback from push polling and focus groups.", "\n\nTwo things to keep in mind.", "\n\n1. ", "Politicians break election promises. ", "Fact. ", "They always have an excuse to fall back on. ", "In this case it will be that their coalition partner, The Nationals who may nott allow it, being that for the most part, Regional Australia has been held back and or excluded from decent telecommunications infrastructure and have been held ransom by that other privately owned monoply, Telstra for far too long. ", "As regional Australia becomes switched on to the NBN prior to the next election, I believe sitting Nationals may become targets of uncomfortable questining about the Coalition’s NBN policy. ", "Regional Australia gave up believing a long time ago that Telstra would bring them into the world of 21st Century telecommunications. ", "Many would argue that they were left by the side of a back country lane while the “Information Superhighway” bypassed their villages back in the 90’s and noughties.", "\n\n2. ", "Unless the Coalition win absolute majorities to govern in their own right in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, they have will have buckley’s chance of breaking up or selling off the NBN. ", "Remember, it took the Coalition a couple of elections and nearly 10 years since 1996 before they could introduce a very watered down “Work Choices” legislation which was the main reason why Howard & Co were booted out by Rudd in 2007.", "\n\nAnyway, it’s time for me to go back to teasing my local Nationals member why 2 jam tins connected with a long piece of twine should not be considered to be a broadband network :)\n\n“why 2 jam tins connected with a long piece of twine should not be considered to be a broadband network :)”\n\nDon’t knock the jam tin and twine! ", "It still has many years left in it. ", "FTTJT (fibre to the jam tin) is one the Coalition’s best ideas ever and will give you at least 14kbps. ", "And as we all know no one needs anything over 14kbps! ;)", "\n\nBut if you can save money by using a shorter bit of twine and just shouting louder, isn’t it worth the extra effort? ", "What? ", "Still can’t hear because the twine stops 500 metres away instead of going all the way to your house? ", "That’s ok, you don’t need it at home anyway. ", "Just run down the road when every you want to use your jam tin. ", "It’ll only take a few minutes, and the twine even though 500 metres shorter still save the time you would have spent running all the way to the other end of the twine to the other tin..\n\nIt seems to be exactly what people on here have been predicting the Coalition “NBN” policy will do. ", "I hope next time MT mentions UK FTTN as being some sort of holy grail whoever is interviewing him brings up the problems from this article.", "\n\n“The Lords Select Committee report on Communications, published on Tuesday, accuses the government of focusing too much on short-term speed targets and not enough on future upgradeability. ", "The peers also criticised the government’s approach to subsidies for rural communities, saying it had effectively eliminated competition to BT in those areas and failed to serve urban citizens who are on the wrong side of the ‘digital divide’.”", "\n\nMT should be asked to comment on this. ", "Sounds like they’re attacking his policy, if you could call it that.", "\n\nSo Abbott won’t ‘confirm or deny’ that after his incoming government has aborted NBN, they will sell off the parts of it that have been built up to that point. ", "No surprises there, but –\n\nHaving also stated that ‘the private sector could deliver broadband to Australia better than the Government’, it’s all too clear what the coalition will do. ", "A quick and dirty sale to the suddenly government-friendly old monopolist, and we’re all back to the future of, say, 1990.", "\n\nAhh, the good old days of backward tech, lousy service and true monopoly price gouging.", "\n\nAbbot says “nationalised telecommunications is the way of the 1960′s, it’s not the way of the current century. … ", "we don’t need nationalised broadband, we need better national broadband, and we can get that using the private sector with a lot less government funding”\n…\nand then\n\n“if a Coalition Government didn’t proceed with what he described as “the nationalised broadband network”, it would have more funding available to spend on “useful things”, such as “roads”\n\nSo instead of spending on the Nationalised Broadband Network, he claims he will spend it on the Nationalised Road Network! ", "Isn’t that just as EVIL and SOCIALISTIC? ", "If means what he says about NBN, then he should privatise all the roads, and charge everyone to use it, just like Telstra charges to use their copper network.", "\n\nAnd we will continue to pay the same charges we pay Telstra to maintain their outdated copper network instead of paying that to NBNco for their new futuristic fibre one.", "\n\nHow can it be infrastructure? (", "What’s that anyway?) ", "NBN is technology thing like iPads and iPhones that you should only buy if you can afford one (otherwise just use your old GSM mobile) and all this tech stuff gets obsolete and has be replaced after 2 years anyway, not like a concrete building that lasts and lasts, and anyway private companies can do it cheaper – look at all those Amaysim and Hello Mobile services – they don’t need fibre or towers to work!", "\n\nIt’s always annoyed me when people who don’t know the facts hold forth with an opinion based upon ignorance and personal preferences as if their opinion is actually worth anything, and even worse when they think their ignorant opinion is actually superior to the opinion of an informed person.", "\n\nI don’t get it. ", "Clearly Abbott gets the internal polling that shows nearly everyone in the country wants the “Labor NBN”. ", "Surely he would just go, yep we are in and “truely” neutralise the issue. ", "His persistent commentary surrounding using the incorrect figure of $50 billion to spend on roads instead is so contradictory its hard to know where to begin. ", "If private enterprise builds broadband better, then surely by the same stroke of the pen they do roads better? ", "If I was Gillard/Conroy I would simply be repeating “If you want fibre to your door (which a large majority clearly do) , vote for us, because the other guy isn’t going to give you that”, say it over and over and over and over a gain.", "\n\nOf course he’s going to sell it. ", "He’ll have Telstra waiting to buy the NBN at a decent mate’s rate, to prop up its monopoly (oops, I mean competitive market position in the deregulated telecommunications market created by the last Liberal PM).", "\n\nRenai, just going back to your comments about Queensland – the only people who really benefit from “small government” are the rich. ", "Small government means less regulation, less control over businesses, less prosecution of white-collar crime…\n\nBig government is generally better for the average person even when they do pay a bit more tax, because big governments have enough power to level playing fields. ", "But since Maggie Thatcher and Ronnie Reagan made a mess of their countries (noting that Thatcher said “there’s no such thing as a society”), there’s been this ideological bent that says: business must do things better than government; and small government is always best.", "\n\nThe guy who wants a “government he can drown in a teacup” isn’t thinking about a government that can promise equality of opportunity. ", "He’s a Clive Palmerite. ", "And that’s the direction Tony Abbott’s faced all his life – he’s more than comfortable keeping the rich end of town happy as long as he’s in power.", "\n\nOn the idea of nationalised infrastructure being bad, California’s first blackouts in decades came after privatisation. ", "The rest of the US has had similar problems, because private enterprise doesn’t like to spend lots of money on infrastructure – it eats into profits. ", "Private enterprise isn’t about delivering service, or providing infrastructure, it’s about profit. ", "Privatise jails? ", "You get lobbyists for tougher sentencing. ", "Privatise education? ", "You get degrees for sale. ", "Of course, you control that through regulation, but then if you decide to go for smaller government…\n\nThis belief – no, faith, in the power of “capitalism” is totally misplaced.", "\n\nExcept it’s more than just geeks. ", "Consider in 2013 there will be new voters voting that didn’t vote in 2010. ", "In 2016 there will be new voters and they’ll be wondering where that NBN everyone was talking about is. ", "The coalition will seem even more antiquated at this point. ", "The backlash from not completing the NBN could have serious consequences for the coalition in future elections. ", "This typifies their general attitude and their inability to look beyond the next election. ", "They are not concerned about what our future internet needs are and they seem to be unaware there are elections beyond 2013.", "\n\nMy worry now is how much damage could Abbot do in 3 years. ", "He gets power Nov next year, halts the FttH rollout immediately, does his CBA or whatever, and then rolls out FttN through private companies…\n\nIn 2016, you’re going to have a bunch of infrastructure that ISNT FttH, so if Labor gets back in then, they will need to undo whatever’s been tainted by Abbot. ", "He sells the FttH components off to Telstra, what does Labor need to do to get it back? ", "What does Labor need to do to undo any FttN contracts or rollout?", "\n\nNo matter WHAT the Liberals do, its going to do damage to Labor’s NBN plan. ", "Damage that may not be undoable.", "\n\nMy theory is If we have to go by history its basically a “Start from scratch scenario” Like w/ Medicare.", "\n\nExcept it would be much much more costly because of the politics involved in “bypassing/using” the fibre that would have been sold off to the private sector AND the existing Copper.. as opposed to just now where the only problem is the existing Copper.", "\n\nAt which point we’re back where we started (delays due to politicing and legislation) before any reasonable roll out starts. ", "And one can only hope the Labor government at the time can hold on long enough to get it built because it sure as hell will be aborted *again* and blamed as “further waste” should Libs get their hands on a v2 a second time. ", "=/\n\n“To be honest, I’m not quite sure where Jon Faine got the idea that the Coalition would sell off the completed portions of the NBN, because I haven’t heard the idea being discussed in public for a while.”", "\n\nTo be honest, Renai, its exactly the things that don’t get mentioned in public that you should be the most vigilant about. ", "Jon Faine is being quite insightful in understanding that that’s precisely the sort of thing that might happen and asking the question that needed to be asked.", "\n\n“My opinion is that Abbott and his Shadow Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull haven’t yet completely finalised their telecommunications policy, and won’t do so until shortly before the next Federal Election.”", "\n\nSorry, Renai, but that’s just being naive. ", "Abbott and company already have discussed in detail what they want to do. ", "They may not be sure how to get away with it. ", "The words you get shortly before the next election will have been considered carefully and will bear no resemblance to truth. ", "As I’ve said before, you often commit the error of actually taking the Liberals seriously. ", "That somehow they are well meaning, honest and intend to give good governance and aren’t simply trying to lie their way into office. ", "You even seem to think, as I’ve pointed out before that there is a “alternative broadband policy” that exists, somehow waiting in the wings, that they can somehow latch onto. ", "On that makes sense and yet doesn’t involve NBNco or something like it.", "\n\n“Turnbull has previously intimated that the overall NBN strategy would remain, but with substantial Coalition modifications, such as replacing fibre to the home with fibre to the node.”", "\n\nAnd your own articles go into great detail about how this would be nonsense.", "\n\n“Certainly we haven’t seen the Coalition discussing a sell-off of the NBN for quite some time.”", "\n\nAnd why the hell would the be honest or open about this?", "\n\n“In addition, selling off the completed portions of the NBN would be horribly messy and wouldn’t really make much sense. ", "The current NBN network is a real patchwork affair — bits of residential fibre here and there, wireless in patches, some substantial backhaul links, and satellite stations under construction. ", "It doesn’t seem to make much sense to sell off those bits and pieces shortly after they were built”\n\nBut Renai, you again naively assume the Liberals will do something sensible. ", "Why? ", "They’re motivated by ideology. ", "As I’ve said before, the reason the Liberals will NOT re-engineer the NBN (with FTTN etc) is because that would be a political disaster – ending up with them having not much to show for themselves at an election in 2016 in a world where people have begun to sit up and take notice as to the overwhelming superiority of FTTH in all aspects.", "\n\nAnd the only thing that will come between the Liberals and an effective sell off of NBNco (by whatever means, mean or tricky) is public awareness. ", "And I can’t see that happening with the media the way it is. ", "Perhaps you should become aware of this possibility yourself and perhaps if more people were aware that voting for the Liberals amounts to a sell off of NBNco then there is a chance they might stop and think about it.", "\n\nRenai, there is a sound argument for why the Liberals will sell NBNco. ", "And that starts with the realisation that they can be predicted on two simple premises. ", "First, ideology. ", "They believe that privatisation cures all. ", "Second, political expediency. ", "They don’t want to “own” a redesign of the network. ", "They want to disown it as soon as possible. ", "Let people blame Telstra. ", "But by no means do they want to end up at another election with a million odd people connected to fibre, a few thousand people on trial FTTN sites and the overwhelming weight of public opinion coming down in favour of fibre.", "\n\nThink about it carefully. ", "The only sane conclusion you can come to is the Liberals will want to get it out of their hands as quickly as possible and the quickest path is for them to instruct NBNco in a manner that ensures it will become privately owned. ", "And quite probably in the hands of Telstra or a subsidiary.", "\n\nIt doesn’t make sense for the Liberals to flog off little bits and pieces of the NBN either. ", "Its a lot easier for them politically to do their dirty work via their control (as shareholder) of NBNco and thus destroy the NBN as we know it.", "\n\nThe future under the Liberals is a Telstra FTTH monopoly. ", "And by then there will be nothing a future government can do about.", "\n\nHaven’t had the time to read all the comments, so sorry if already covered.", "\n1) Too many True Believers still holding T2 and T1 shares they were conned into paying $7 for\n2) Telstra’s NBN plans appear to be designed to discourage migration to the NBN\n3) Telstra is currently madly installing Top Hats (FTTN) effectively shutting out competitor products and stitching up 2 year contracts ahead of NBN\n4) The NBN contracts with telstra and penalties, remember Telstra Ducting, Trenches and Pits, plus much leased telstra Dark Fibre in use\n\nAbbott will just hand the NBN assets to Telstra with exemption from ACCC oversight to wipe the Debt Commitment to Telstra..\n\nIMO Telstra is intentionally setting out to minimise NBN takeup in full knowledge if the ideological and political factors. ", "I don’t blame them, the National best interest is meaningless to them, their obligations is to their shareholders and rightly so.", "\nLow uptake guaranteed sale and destruction of an advanced ubiquitous affordable business upgradeable wholesale network. ", "Telstra will have 90+% of the Nations communications infrastructure and competition will be effectively impossible.", "\n\nI can’t help but believe that that is the Coalitions intent, bugger the nation and our future, look after a select group of investors\n\nI don’t really care who owns the NBN, as long as the existing regulatory legislation remains in place for any new owner – and I can’t see why it wouldn’t.", "\n\nThe main problem for the NBN under non government ownership at this point is that it can’t raise funds at the bargain basement government rated interest rate around 3-4%, which almost certainly means they would have to increase prices to cover the higher borrowing costs and probably they would expect a slightly higher rate of return for the increased risk factor.", "\n\nThe only white elephant i can see in the room is you sir and you need to go quick for the sake of this countries future. ", "Who wants to vote for a party that only knows to do nothing and destroy things for the sake of their own egos, sure Labor isn’t perfect but atleast they do things. ", "You know the word ‘do’? ", "you want to look it up some time things don’t magically appear out of thin air they need to be built.", "\n\nComments are closed.", "\n\nBook now available\n\nWritten by Delimiter Publisher Renai LeMay, The Frustrated State is the first in-depth book examining of how Australia’s political sector is systematically mismanaging technological change and crushing hopes that our nation will ever take its rightful place globally as a digital powerhouse and home of innovation.", "\n\nWelcome! ", "We were an energetic and engaged community of Australians who worked with or who were interested in technology -- all sorts of IT professionals, IT managers, CIOs, tech policy-makers and tech enthusiasts." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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