Datasets:

tilyupo

/

nq_text

like 0

{ "text": "The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation, search The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Starring Andrew Lincoln Norman Reedus Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Danai Gurira Melissa McBride Lennie James Alanna Masterson Josh McDermitt Christian Serratos Seth Gilliam Ross Marquand Jeffrey Dean Morgan Austin Amelio Tom Payne Xander Berkeley Khary Payton Steven Ogg Katelyn Nacon Pollyanna McIntosh Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network AMC Original release October 22, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of The Walking Dead episodes The eighth season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 22, 2017, and will consist of 16 episodes split into two eight - episode parts, with the second part debuting on February 25, 2018. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the fifth consecutive season. The eighth season has received mostly positive reviews. This season adapts the `` All Out War '' story arc from the comics, with the survivors of the Alexandria Safe - Zone, the Hilltop, the Kingdom, and later the Scavengers taking on Negan ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) and the Saviors. Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 1.2. 1 Alexandria Safe - Zone 1.2. 2 The Hilltop 1.2. 3 The Saviors 1.2. 4 The Kingdom 1.2. 5 Oceanside 1.2. 6 The Scavengers 1.2. 7 Miscellaneous 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters Main cast ( edit ) The primary characters of the eighth season include ( from left to right ) : Rick, Carol, Morgan, Daryl, Carl, Enid, Rosita, Tara, Michonne, Gabriel, Aaron, Maggie, Jesus, Gregory, Shiva, Ezekiel, Jadis, Eugene, Simon, Dwight, and Negan The eighth season features twenty series regulars overall. For this season, Katelyn Nacon, Khary Payton, Steven Ogg, and Pollyanna McIntosh were promoted to series regular status, after previously having recurring roles, while Seth Gilliam and Ross Marquand were added to the opening credits. Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes, the series ' protagonist, a former sheriff and the leader of Alexandria, who is leading a new alliance to fight Negan and the Saviors. Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon, Rick 's right - hand man, the group 's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria. Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee, the pregnant widow of Glenn and a leading figure of the Hilltop. Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes, Rick 's bold and courageous teenage son. Danai Gurira as Michonne, Rick 's katana - wielding girlfriend, who acts as a mother figure to Carl and Judith. Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier, a fierce survivor who is spurred into fighting the Saviors as revenge for the deaths of her friends. Lennie James as Morgan Jones, the first survivor Rick had ever encountered, who now resides in the Kingdom and fights for his sanity. Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler, a caring, witty member of the group and supply runner for Alexandria who serves as a liaison with Oceanside. Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter, a timorous former member of the group whose resourcefulness leads Negan to take him under his wing. Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa, an impulsive member of the group, who is motivated to avenge her ex-boyfriend Spencer and Abraham 's death. Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes, a priest who has become hardened from his experiences with Rick 's group. Ross Marquand as Aaron, an Alexandrian recruiter who brought Rick 's group to Alexandria and is currently in the fight against the Saviors. Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan, the sociopathic and charismatic leader of the Saviors who serves as the season 's primary antagonist. Also starring ( edit ) Austin Amelio as Dwight, a former subordinate of Negan who now works for Rick as a double agent against the Saviors. Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia, a scout for the Hilltop. Xander Berkeley as Gregory, the selfish and hypocritical leader of the Hilltop whose influence diminished with Maggie 's prominence. Khary Payton as King Ezekiel, the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who allies with Rick against the Saviors. Steven Ogg as Simon, a former mortgage broker and Negan 's ruthless second - in - command. Katelyn Nacon as Enid, a former member of Alexandria who moved to Hilltop to be with Maggie, and has formed a relationship with Carl. Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis, the deceptive leader of the Scavengers who betrayed Rick 's group, and maintains a neutral stance in the war. Supporting cast ( edit ) Alexandria Safe - Zone ( edit ) Jason Douglas as Tobin, the foreman of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia. Jordan Woods - Robinson as Eric Raleigh, Aaron 's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner, who is now a member of Rick 's militia. Kenric Green as Scott, a supply runner in Alexandria and member of Rick 's militia. Dahlia Legault as Francine, a member of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia. Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara, resident of Alexandria. Ted Huckabee as Bruce, resident and member of Alexandria 's construction. The Hilltop ( edit ) James Chen as Kal, a guard of the Hilltop. Peter Zimmerman as Eduardo, a guard of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia. Karen Ceesay as Bertie, a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia. Jeremy Palko as Andy, a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia. Brett Gentile as Freddie, a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia. R. Keith Harris as Harlan Carson, is the doctor of the Hilltop, who was captured by Simon in the previous season. The Saviors ( edit ) Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin, one of Negan 's top lieutenants, who leads the weapons base. Traci Dinwiddie as Regina, one of Negan 's top lieutenants. Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat, one of Negan 's top lieutenants. Mike Seal as Gary, a member of the Saviors. Lindsley Register as Laura, a member of the Saviors. Juan Pareja as Morales, a survivor from Rick 's original Atlanta camp who joined the Saviors. Joshua Mikel as Jared, Benjamin 's killer, and a hostile member of the Saviors who antagonizes Morgan. Callan McAuliffe as Alden, a member of the Saviors who surrenders to Jesus at the satellite station outpost. Lindsey Garrett as Mara, a Savior who guards one of many outposts. Lee Norris as Todd, a timid member of the Saviors who works at the same outpost as Mara. Whitmer Thomas as Gunther, a member of the Saviors who tortures Ezekiel. Charles Halford as Yago, a Savior who manages Gavin 's weapons base. Ciera L. Payton as Zia, a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse. Adam Cronan as Leo, a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse. Chloe Aktas as Tanya, one of Negan 's wives. Adam Fristoe as Dean, a savior who tried to kill Jesus. The Kingdom ( edit ) Cooper Andrews as Jerry, Ezekiel 's loyal and good - natured bodyguard. Kerry Cahill as Dianne, one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers and a skilled archer. Daniel Newman as Daniel, one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers. Carlos Navarro as Alvaro, one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers. Macsen Lintz as Henry, a resident of the Kingdom and younger brother of the deceased Benjamin. Jason Burkey as Kevin, a resident of the Kingdom. Nadine Marissa as Nabila, a resident and gardener of the Kingdom. Oceanside ( edit ) Deborah May as Natania, the vigilant leader of Oceanside. Sydney Park as Cyndie, Natania 's granddaughter. Briana Venskus as Beatrice, one of Oceanside 's top soldiers. Nicole Barré as Kathy, one of Oceanside 's top soldiers. The Scavengers ( edit ) Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel, a leading member of the Scavengers. Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion, a leading member of the Scavengers. Miscellaneous ( edit ) Avi Nash as Siddiq, a mysterious vagabond survivor who befriends Carl. Production ( edit ) The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode eighth season on October 16, 2016, and that same month it was reported that Maria Bello would have a role on the show. Production began on April 25, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia. On July 12, 2017, production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed, after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor. Production resumed on July 17. The season premiere, which also serves as the series ' milestone 100th episode, was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero. In November 2017, it was announced that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones, would be leaving The Walking Dead after the conclusion of this season, and he will join the cast of the spin - off series Fear the Walking Dead. Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 100 `` Mercy '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 22, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 11.44 Rick, Maggie, and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan. Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan, but they all firmly stand behind Maggie. The group attacks the Sanctuary, taking down its fences and flooding the compound with walkers. With the Sanctuary defaced, everyone leaves except Gabriel, who reluctantly stays to save Gregory, but is left behind when Gregory abandons him. Surrounded by walkers, Gabriel hides in a trailer, where he is trapped inside with Negan. 101 `` The Damned '' Rosemary Rodriguez Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell October 29, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8.92 Rick 's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors ' outposts, during which many members of the group are killed ; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron. Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors. While clearing an outpost with Daryl, Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales, a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp, who is now with the Saviors. 102 `` Monsters '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell November 5, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 8.52 Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him ; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another outpost. Gregory returns to Hilltop, and after a heated argument, Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community. Eric dies from his injuries, leaving Aaron distraught. Despite Tara and Morgan 's objections, Jesus leads the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop. Ezekiel 's group attacks another Savior compound, during which several Kingdommers are shot while protecting Ezekiel. 103 `` Some Guy '' Dan Liu David Leslie Johnson November 12, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 8.69 Ezekiel 's group is overwhelmed by the Saviors, who kill all of them except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry. Carol clears the inside of the compound, killing all but two Saviors, who almost escape but are eventually caught by Rick and Daryl. En route to the Kingdom, Ezekiel, Jerry, and Carol are surrounded by walkers, but Shiva sacrifices herself to save them. The trio returns to the Kingdom, where Ezekiel 's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished. 104 5 `` The Big Scary U '' Michael E. Satrazemis Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang November 19, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 7.85 After confessing their sins to each other, Gabriel and Negan manage to escape from the trailer. Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other, knowing that Rick 's forces must have inside information. The workers in the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions, and a riot nearly ensues, until Negan returns and restores order. Gabriel is locked in a cell, where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering. Meanwhile, Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors, leading Daryl to abandon Rick. 105 6 `` The King, the Widow, and Rick '' John Polson Angela Kang & Corey Reed November 26, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 8.28 Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against Negan ; Jadis refuses, and locks Rick in a shipping container. Carl encounters Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria. Daryl and Tara plot to deviate from Rick 's plans by destroying the Sanctuary. Ezekiel isolates himself at the Kingdom, where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people need. Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop. 106 7 `` Time for After '' Larry Teng Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed December 3, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 7.47 After learning of Dwight 's association with Rick 's group, Eugene affirms his loyalty to Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary. With help from Morgan and Tara, Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary 's walls, flooding its interior with walkers, killing many Saviors. Rick finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him, and they plan to force the Saviors to surrender. However, when they arrive at the Sanctuary, Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd. 107 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang December 10, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 7.89 Eugene 's plan allows the Saviors to escape, and separately, the Saviors waylay the Alexandria, Hilltop, and Kingdom forces. The Scavengers abandon Rick, after which he returns to Alexandria. Ezekiel ensures that the Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community with the Saviors. Eugene aids Gabriel and Doctor Carson in escaping the Sanctuary in order to ease his conscience. Negan attacks Alexandria, but Carl devises a plan to allow the Alexandria residents to escape into the sewers. Carl reveals he was bitten by a walker while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria. 108 9 `` Honor '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell February 25, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 8.28 After the Saviors leave Alexandria, the survivors make for the Hilltop while Rick and Michonne stay behind to say their final goodbyes to a dying Carl, who pleads with Rick to build a better future alongside the Saviors before killing himself. In the Kingdom, Morgan and Carol launch a rescue mission for Ezekiel. Although they are successful and retake the Kingdom, the Saviors ' lieutenant Gavin is killed by Benjamin 's vengeful brother Henry. 109 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' TBA TBA March 4, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) TBD 110 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' TBA TBA March 11, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) TBD 111 12 `` The Key '' TBA TBA March 18, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) TBD Release ( edit ) The first trailer for the season was released on July 21, 2017, at San Diego Comic - Con. The second trailer was released on February 1, 2018, for the second part of the season. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The eighth season of The Walking Dead has received mostly positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 73 % with an average rating of 6.9 out of 10, based on 13 reviews, and an average episode score of 69 %. The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The Walking Dead 's eighth season energizes its characters with some much - needed angst and action, though it 's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward - moving plot progression. '' The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) No. Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Mercy '' October 22, 2017 5.0 11.44 2.2 4.28 7.2 15.74 `` The Damned '' October 29, 2017 4.0 8.92 2.0 4.16 6.0 13.10 `` Monsters '' November 5, 2017 3.8 8.52 2.2 4.47 6.0 13.01 `` Some Guy '' November 12, 2017 3.9 8.69 1.8 3.66 5.7 12.36 5 `` The Big Scary U '' November 19, 2017 3.4 7.85 1.7 3.58 5.3 11.87 6 `` The King, the Widow, and Rick '' November 26, 2017 3.6 8.28 4.44 5.7 12.73 7 `` Time for After '' December 3, 2017 3.3 7.47 1.9 4.15 5.2 11.63 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' December 10, 2017 3.4 7.89 2.0 4.23 5.4 12.13 9 `` Honor '' February 25, 2018 3.6 8.28 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' March 4, 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' March 11, 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` The Key '' March 18, 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available, so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan ( July 18, 2017 ). `` Walking Dead Gets Season 8 Premiere Date, Plus Fear TWD Return Date ''. TVLine. Retrieved July 18, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Hibberd, James ( October 16, 2016 ). `` Walking Dead gets early season 8 renewal ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Zalben, Alexander ( December 10, 2017 ). `` Here 's When The Walking Dead Will Return in 2018 ''. TV Guide. Retrieved January 15, 2018. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( April 17, 2017 ). `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes Trio to Series Regular for Season 8 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 4, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Ausiello, Michael ( April 17, 2017 ). `` The Walking Dead Promotes 3 Actors to Series Regular Ahead of Season 8 ''. TV Line. Retrieved October 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Peters, Megan ( October 30, 2016 ). `` Maria Bello Getting Role In The Walking Dead Season 8 ''. Comicbook.com. Retrieved July 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon ( April 24, 2017 ). `` The Walking Dead Cast And Crew Assemble For Season 8 ''. Comicbook.com. Retrieved July 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe ( July 13, 2017 ). `` ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman Dies After On - Set Accident ''. Variety. Retrieved July 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik ( July 17, 2017 ). `` ' Walking Dead ' Production Resumes After Stuntman 's Death ''. Deadline. Retrieved July 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon ( April 25, 2017 ). `` Exclusive : Greg Nicotero To Direct The Walking Dead Episode 100, Season 8 Premiere ''. Comicbook.com. Retrieved July 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Ross, Dalton ( November 26, 2017 ). `` The Walking Dead : Lennie James will cross over to Fear The Walking Dead ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 27, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 24, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' has lowest - rated premiere since Season 2 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 24, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 31, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' stumbles to 5 - year low ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 31, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 7, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Shameless ' has its best premiere in 4 - plus years ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 7, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 14, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' improves, ' Shameless ' dips in week 2 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 14, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 21, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : 6 - year low for ' The Walking Dead ' ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 21, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 29, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : Hallmark 's ' Switched for Christmas ' hits a high, ' Walking Dead ' rebounds some ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 29, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 5, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' goes low again ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 5, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 12, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' fall finale ticks up, Season 8 still way down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 12, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 27, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' returns a little higher ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Episode Guide ''. Zap2it. Retrieved February 6, 2018. Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan ( July 21, 2017 ). `` The Walking Dead season 8 trailer teases surprise flash - forward ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 22, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 8 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( November 3, 2017 ). `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere grows a lot, still trails Season 7 debut by a lot : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 16 - 22 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( November 9, 2017 ). `` ' Walking Dead, ' ' AHS : Cult ' way above everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 23 - 29 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( November 17, 2017 ). `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( November 19, 2017 ). `` ' The Walking Dead ' keeps pace in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 6 - 12 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( December 20, 2017 ). `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( December 7, 2017 ). `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( December 15, 2017 ). `` ' The Walking Dead ' outpaces everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( December 21, 2017 ). `` ' Top Chef ' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 - 10 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 21, 2017. External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge, Jury, Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King, the Widow, and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_8)&oldid=828222625 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018, at 07 : 54. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Walking Dead (season 8)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_8)&oldid=828222625" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "a rescue mission for Ezekiel. Although they are successful and retake the Kingdom, the Saviors ' lieutenant Gavin is killed by Benjamin 's vengeful brother Henry. 109 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' TBA TBA March 4, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) TBD 110 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' TBA TBA March 11, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) TBD 111 12 `` The Key '' TBA TBA March 18, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) TBD Release ( edit ) The first trailer for the season was released on July 21, 2017, at San Diego Comic - Con. The second trailer was released on February 1, 2018, for the second part of the season. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The eighth season of The Walking Dead has received mostly positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 73 % with an average rating of 6.9 out of 10, based on 13 reviews, and an average episode score of 69 %. The site" ], "id": [ "6782080525527814293" ], "short_answers": [ "March 18, 2018" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Persephone - Wikipedia Persephone This article is about the Greek goddess. For other uses, see Persephone ( disambiguation ). Persephone Goddess of the underworld, springtime, flowers and vegetation Statue of Persephone with a sistrum. Heraklion Archaeological Museum, Crete Abode The Underworld, Sicily, Mount Olympus Symbol Pomegranate, Seeds of Grain, Torch, Flowers and Deer Spouse Hades Children Melinoe, Zagreus Parents Zeus and Demeter Siblings Aeacus, Amphitheus I, Angelos, Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Arion, Artemis, Athena, Chrysothemis, Despoina, Dionysus, Eileithyia, Enyo, Eris, Ersa, Eubuleus, Hebe, Helen of Troy, Hephaestus, Heracles, Hermes, Minos, Pandia, Philomelus, Plutus, Perseus, Rhadamanthus, the Graces, the Horae, the Litae, the Muses, the Moirai Roman equivalent Proserpina ( Proserpine ) This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Part of a series on Ancient Greek religion Features ( show ) Greek mythology Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Greek religion Polytheism Henosis Monism Pantheism Orthopraxy Godheads ( show ) Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hades Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Lesser deities Alpheus Amphitrite Asclepius Bia Circe Deimos Eileithyia Enyo Eos Eris Harmonia Hebe Hecate Helios Heracles Iris Kratos Leto Metis Momus Morpheus Nemesis Nike Pan Persephone Phantasos Phobos Proteus Scamander Selene Thanatos Thetis Triton Zelus Ethics ( show ) Arete Hubris Xenia Ethic of reciprocity Practices ( show ) Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Funeral practices Greek hero cult Hieros gamos Iatromantis Libations Oracles Pharmakos Temples Votive offerings Festivals Daphnephoria Dionysia Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Panathenaic Games Panhellenic Games ( Isthmian Nemean Olympic Pythian ) Thesmophoria Sacred places ( show ) Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Texts ( show ) Argonautica Bibliotheca Corpus Hermeticum Delphic maxims Dionysiaca Epic Cycle Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Orphic Hymns Theogony Works and Days History ( show ) Mycenaean gods Decline of Hellenistic polytheism Julian restoration Hellenismos portal In Greek mythology, Persephone ( / pərˈsɛfəni / ; Greek : Περσεφόνη ), also called Kore ( / ˈkɔːriː / ; `` the maiden '' ), is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter and is the queen of the underworld. Homer describes her as the formidable, venerable majestic princess of the underworld, who carries into effect the curses of men upon the souls of the dead. Persephone was married to Hades, the god of the underworld. The myth of her abduction represents her function as the personification of vegetation, which shoots forth in spring and withdraws into the earth after harvest ; hence, she is also associated with spring as well as the fertility of vegetation. Similar myths appear in the Orient, in the cults of male gods like Attis, Adonis, and Osiris, and in Minoan Crete. Persephone as a vegetation goddess and her mother Demeter were the central figures of the Eleusinian mysteries, which promised the initiated a more enjoyable prospect after death. In some versions, Persephone is the mother of Zeus 's sons Dionysus, Iacchus, or Zagreus. The origins of her cult are uncertain, but it was based on very old agrarian cults of agricultural communities. Persephone was commonly worshipped along with Demeter and with the same mysteries. To her alone were dedicated the mysteries celebrated at Athens in the month of Anthesterion. In Classical Greek art, Persephone is invariably portrayed robed, often carrying a sheaf of grain. She may appear as a mystical divinity with a sceptre and a little box, but she was mostly represented in the process of being carried off by Hades. In Roman mythology, she is called Proserpina, and her mother, Ceres and her father Jupiter. Contents 1 Name 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Roman Proserpina 1.3 Nestis 2 Titles and functions 2.1 Epithets 3 Origins of the cult 3.1 Near East and Minoan Crete 3.2 Mycenean Greece 4 Mythology 4.1 Abduction myth 4.2 Interpretation of the myth 4.3 Arcadian myths 4.4 Queen of the Underworld 5 Cult of Persephone 5.1 Thesmophoria 5.2 Eleusinian mysteries 5.3 Local cults 6 Ancient literary references 7 Modern reception 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Sources 11 External links Name ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) Persephone or `` the deceased woman '' holding a pomegranate. Etruscan terracotta cinerary statue. National archaeological museum in Palermo, Italy In a Linear B ( Mycenean Greek ) inscription on a tablet found at Pylos dated 1400 -- 1200 BC, John Chadwick reconstructed the name of a goddess * Preswa who could be identified with Persa, daughter of Oceanus and found speculative the further identification with the first element of Persephone. Persephonē ( Greek : Περσεφόνη ) is her name in the Ionic Greek of epic literature. The Homeric form of her name is Persephoneia ( Περσεφονεία, Persephoneia ). In other dialects, she was known under variant names : Persephassa ( Περσεφάσσα ), Persephatta ( Περσεφάττα ), or simply Korē ( Κόρη, `` girl, maiden '' ). Plato calls her Pherepapha ( Φερέπαφα ) in his Cratylus, `` because she is wise and touches that which is in motion ''. There are also the forms Periphona ( Πηριφόνα ) and Phersephassa ( Φερσέφασσα ). The existence of so many different forms shows how difficult it was for the Greeks to pronounce the word in their own language and suggests that the name may have a Pre-Greek origin. Persephatta ( Περσεφάττα ) is considered to mean `` female thresher of grain '' ; the first constituent of the name originates in Proto - Greek `` perso - '' ( related to Sanskrit `` parṣa - '' ), `` sheaf of grain '' and the second constituent of the name originates in Proto - Indo European * - gwn - t - ih, from the root * gwhen - `` to strike ''. An alternative etymology is from φέρειν φόνον, pherein phonon, `` to bring ( or cause ) death ''. Roman Proserpina ( edit ) Cinerary altar with tabula representing the rape of Proserpina. White marble, Antonine Era, 2nd century Rome, Baths of Diocletian Persephone opening a cista containing the infant Adonis, on a pinax from Locri The Romans first heard of her from the Aeolian and Dorian cities of Magna Graecia, who used the dialectal variant Proserpinē ( Προσερπίνη ). Hence, in Roman mythology she was called Proserpina, a name erroneously derived by the Romans from proserpere, `` to shoot forth '' and as such became an emblematic figure of the Renaissance. At Locri, perhaps uniquely, Persephone was the protector of marriage, a role usually assumed by Hera ; in the iconography of votive plaques at Locri, her abduction and marriage to Hades served as an emblem of the marital state, children at Locri were dedicated to Proserpina, and maidens about to be wed brought their peplos to be blessed. Nestis ( edit ) In a Classical period text ascribed to Empedocles, c. 490 -- 430 BC, describing a correspondence among four deities and the classical elements, the name Nestis for water apparently refers to Persephone : `` Now hear the fourfold roots of everything : enlivening Hera, Hades, shining Zeus. And Nestis, moistening mortal springs with tears. '' Of the four deities of Empedocles ' elements, it is the name of Persephone alone that is taboo -- Nestis is a euphemistic cult title -- for she was also the terrible Queen of the Dead, whose name was not safe to speak aloud, who was euphemistically named simply as Kore or `` the Maiden '', a vestige of her archaic role as the deity ruling the underworld. Titles and functions ( edit ) The epithets of Persephone reveal her double function as chthonic and vegetation goddess. The surnames given to her by the poets refer to her character as Queen of the lower world and the dead, or her symbolic meaning of the power that shoots forth and withdraws into the earth. Her common name as a vegetation goddess is Kore, and in Arcadia she was worshipped under the title Despoina, `` the mistress '', a very old chthonic divinity. Plutarch identifies her with spring and Cicero calls her the seed of the fruits of the fields. In the Eleusinian mysteries, her return is the symbol of immortality and hence she was frequently represented on sarcophagi. In the mystical theories of the Orphics and the Platonists, Kore is described as the all - pervading goddess of nature who both produces and destroys everything, and she is therefore mentioned along or identified with other mystic divinities such as Isis, Rhea, Ge, Hestia, Pandora, Artemis, and Hecate. The Orphic Persephone is further said to have become by Zeus the mother of Dionysus, Iacchus, Zagreus, and the little - attested Melinoe. Epithets ( edit ) As a goddess of the underworld, Persephone was given euphemistically friendly names. However it is possible that some of them were the names of original goddesses : Despoina ( dems - potnia ) `` the mistress '' ( literally `` the mistress of the house '' ) in Arcadia. Hagne, `` pure '', originally a goddess of the springs in Messenia. Melindia or Melinoia ( meli, `` honey '' ), as the consort of Hades, in Hermione. ( Compare Hecate, Melinoe ) Melivia Melitodes Aristi cthonia, `` the best chthonic ''. Praxidike, the Orphic Hymn to Persephone identifies Praxidike as an epithet of Persephone : `` Praxidike, subterranean queen. The Eumenides ' source ( mother ), fair - haired, whose frame proceeds from Zeus ' ineffable and secret seeds. '' As a vegetation goddess, she was called : Kore, `` the maiden ''. Kore Soteira, `` the savior maiden '', in Megalopolis. Neotera, `` the younger '', in Eleusis. Kore of Demeter Hagne in the Homeric hymn. Kore memagmeni, `` the mixed daughter '' ( bread ). Demeter and her daughter Persephone were usually called : The goddesses, often distinguished as `` the older '' and `` the younger '' in Eleusis. Demeters, in Rhodes and Sparta The thesmophoroi, `` the legislators '' in the Thesmophoria. The Great Goddesses, in Arcadia. The mistresses in Arcadia. Karpophoroi, `` the bringers of fruit '', in Tegea of Arcadia. Origins of the cult ( edit ) Gold ring from Isopata tomb, near Knossos, Crete, 1400 -- 1500 BC. Depicted are female figures dancing among blossoming vegetation ; Heraklion Archaeological Museum The myth of a goddess being abducted and taken to the Underworld is probably Pre-Greek in origin. Samuel Noah Kramer, the renowned scholar of ancient Sumer, has posited that the Greek story of the abduction of Persephone may be derived from an ancient Sumerian story in which Ereshkigal, the ancient Sumerian goddess of the Underworld, is abducted by Kur, the primeval dragon of Sumerian mythology, and forced to become ruler of the Underworld against her own will. The location of Persephone 's abduction is different in each local cult. The Homeric Hymn to Demeter mentions the `` plain of Nysa ''. The locations of this probably mythical place may simply be conventions to show that a magically distant chthonic land of myth was intended in the remote past. Demeter found and met her daughter in Eleusis, and this is the mythical disguise of what happened in the mysteries. Persephone is an old chthonic deity of the agricultural communities, who received the souls of the dead into the earth, and acquired powers over the fertility of the soil, over which she reigned. The earliest depiction of a goddess who may be identified with Persephone growing out of the ground, is on a plate from the Old - Palace period in Phaistos. The goddess has a vegetable - like appearance, and she is surrounded by dancing girls between blossoming flowers. A similar representation, where the goddess appears to come down from the sky, is depicted on the Minoan ring of Isopata. Rape of Persephone. Hades with his horses and Persephone ( down ). An Apulian red - figure volute krater, c. 340 BC. Antikensammlung Berlin In some forms Hades appears with his chthonic horses. The myth of the rape of Kore was derived from the idea that Hades catches the souls of the dead and then carries them with his horses into his kingdom. This idea is vague in Homer, but appears in later Greek depictions, and in Greek folklore. `` Charos '' appears with his horse and carries the dead into the underworld. The cults of Persephone and Demeter in the Eleusinian mysteries and in the Thesmophoria were based on old agrarian cults. A lot of ancient beliefs were based on initiation into jealously - guarded mysteries ( secret rites ) because they offered prospects after death more enjoyable than the final end at the gloomy space of the Greek Hades. There is evidence that some practices were derived from the religious practices of the Mycenaean age. Kerenyi asserts that these religious practices were introduced from Minoan Crete., The idea of immortality which appears in the syncretistic religions of the Near East did not exist in the Eleusinian mysteries at the very beginning. Near east and Minoan Crete ( edit ) Lady of Auxerre Louvre - An Archaic ( 640 BC ) image from Crete. A version of a Minoan goddess who may be identified with Kore In the Near eastern myth of the early agricultural societies, every year the fertility goddess bore the `` god of the new year '', who then became her lover, and died immediately in order to be reborn and face the same destiny. Some findings from Catal Huyuk since the Neolithic age, indicate the worship of the Great Goddess accompanied by a boyish consort, who symbolizes the annual decay and return of vegetation. Similar cults of resurrected gods appear in the Near East and Egypt in the cults of Attis, Adonis and Osiris. In Minoan Crete, the `` divine child '' was related to the female vegetation divinity Ariadne who died every year. The Minoan religion had its own characteristics. The most peculiar feature of the Minoan belief in the divine, is the appearance of the goddess from above in the dance. Dance floors have been discovered in addition to `` vaulted tombs '', and it seems that the dance was ecstatic. Homer memorializes the dance floor which Daedalus built for Ariadne in the remote past. On the gold ring from Isopata, four women in festal attire are performing a dance between blossoming flowers. Above a figure apparently floating in the air seems to be the goddess herself, appearing amid the whirling dance. An image plate from the first palace of Phaistos, seems to be very close to the mythical image of the Anodos ( ascent ) of Persephone. Two girls dance between blossoming flowers, on each side of a similar but armless and legless figure which seems to grow out of the ground. The goddess is bordered by snake lines which give her a vegetable like appearance She has a large stylized flower turned over her head. The resemblance with the flower - picking Persephone and her companions is compelling. The depiction of the goddess is similar to later images of `` Anodos of Pherephata ''. On the Dresden vase, Persephone is growing out of the ground, and she is surrounded by the animal - tailed agricultural gods Silenoi. Kerenyi suggests that the name Ariadne ( derived from ἁγνή, hagne, `` pure '' ), was an euphemistical name given by the Greeks to the nameless `` Mistress of the labyrinth '' who appears in a Mycenean Greek inscription from Knossos in Crete. The Greeks used to give friendly names to the deities of the underworld. Cthonic Zeus was called Eubuleus, `` the good counselor '', and the ferryman of the river of the underworld Charon, `` glad ''. Despoina and `` Hagne '' were probably euphemistic surnames of Persephone, therefore he theorizes that the cult of Persephone was the continuation of the worship of a Minoan Great goddess. The labyrinth was both a winding dance - ground and, in the Greek view, a prison with the dreaded Minotaur at its centre. It is possible that some religious practices, especially the mysteries, were transferred from a Cretan priesthood to Eleusis, where Demeter brought the poppy from Crete. Besides these similarities, Burkert explains that up to now it is not known to what extent one can and must differentiate between Minoan and Mycenean religion. In the Anthesteria Dionysos is the `` divine child ''. Mycenean Greece ( edit ) Two women or goddesses on a chariot. Fresco from Tiryns, 1200 BC. National Archaeological Museum of Athens. There is evidence of a cult in Eleusis from the Mycenean period ; however, there are not sacral finds from this period. The cult was private and there is no information about it. As well as the names of some Greek gods in the Mycenean Greek inscriptions, also appear names of goddesses, like `` the divine Mother '' ( the mother of the gods ) or `` the Goddess ( or priestess ) of the winds '', who do n't have Mycenean origin. In historical times, Demeter and Kore were usually referred to as `` the goddesses '' or `` the mistresses '' ( Arcadia ) in the mysteries. In the Mycenean Greek tablets dated 1400 -- 1200 BC, the `` two queens and the king '' are mentioned. John Chadwick believes that these were the precursor divinities of Demeter, Persephone and Poseidon. Some information can be obtained from the study of the cult of Eileithyia at Crete, and the cult of Despoina. In the cave of Amnisos at Crete, Eileithyia is related with the annual birth of the divine child and she is connected with Enesidaon ( The earth shaker ), who is the chthonic aspect of the god Poseidon. Persephone was conflated with Despoina, `` the mistress '', a chthonic divinity in West - Arcadia. The megaron of Eleusis is quite similar with the `` megaron '' of Despoina at Lycosura. Demeter is united with the god Poseidon, and she bears a daughter, the unnameable Despoina. Poseidon appears as a horse, as it usually happens in Northern European folklore. The goddess of nature and her companion survived in the Eleusinian cult, where the following words were uttered `` Mighty Potnia bore a great sun ''. In Eleusis, in a ritual, one child ( `` pais '' ) was initiated from the hearth. The name pais ( the divine child ) appears in the Mycenean inscriptions, and the ritual indicates the transition from the old funerary practices to the Greek cremation. In Greek mythology Nysa is a mythical mountain with an unknown location. Nysion ( or Mysion ), the place of the abduction of Persephone was also probably a mythical place which did not exist on the map, a magically distant chthonic land of myth which was intended in the remote past. Mythology ( edit ) Abduction myth ( edit ) Sarcophagus with the abduction of Persephone. Walters Art Museum. Baltimore, Maryland The story of her abduction by Hades against her will is traditionally referred to as the Rape of Persephone. It is mentioned briefly in Hesiod 's Theogony, and told in considerable detail in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. Persephone used to live far away from the other gods, a goddess within Nature herself before the days of planting seeds and nurturing plants. In the Olympian telling, the gods Hermes and Apollo had wooed Persephone ; but Demeter rejected all their gifts and hid her daughter away from the company of the Olympian gods. Zeus, it is said, permitted Hades, who was in love with the beautiful Persephone, to abduct her as her mother Demeter was not likely to allow her daughter to go down to Hades. Persephone was gathering flowers with the Oceanids along with Artemis and Athena -- the Homeric Hymn says -- in a field when Hades came to abduct her, bursting through a cleft in the earth. Demeter, when she found her daughter had disappeared, searched for her all over the earth with Hecate 's torches. In most versions she forbids the earth to produce, or she neglects the earth and in the depth of her despair she causes nothing to grow. Helios, the sun, who sees everything, eventually told Demeter what had happened and at length she discovered the place of her abode. Finally, Zeus, pressed by the cries of the hungry people and by the other deities who also heard their anguish, forced Hades to return Persephone. The Rape of Proserpina by Gian Lorenzo Bernini at the Galleria Borghese in Rome. Hades indeed complied with the request, but first he tricked her, giving her some pomegranate seeds to eat. Persephone was released by Hermes, who had been sent to retrieve her, but because she had tasted food in the underworld, she was obliged to spend a third of each year ( the winter months ) there, and the remaining part of the year with the gods above. With the later writers Ovid and Hyginus, Persephone 's time in the underworld becomes half the year. Various local traditions place Persephone 's abduction in a different location. The Sicilians, among whom her worship was probably introduced by the Corinthian and Megarian colonists, believed that Hades found her in the meadows near Enna, and that a well arose on the spot where he descended with her into the lower world. The Cretans thought that their own island had been the scene of the rape, and the Eleusinians mentioned the Nysian plain in Boeotia, and said that Persephone had descended with Hades into the lower world at the entrance of the western Oceanus. Later accounts place the rape in Attica, near Athens, or near Eleusis. The return of Persephone, by Frederic Leighton ( 1891 ) The Homeric hymn mentions the Nysion ( or Mysion ) which was probably a mythical place. The location of this mythical place may simply be a convention to show that a magically distant chthonic land of myth was intended in the remote past. Before Persephone was abducted by Hades, the shepherd Eumolpus and the swineherd Eubuleus saw a girl in a black chariot driven by an invisible driver being carried off into the earth which had violently opened up. Eubuleus was feeding his pigs at the opening to the underworld when Persephone was abducted by Plouton. His swine were swallowed by the earth along with her, and the myth is an etiology for the relation of pigs with the ancient rites in Thesmophoria, and in Eleusis. In the hymn, Persephone returns and she is reunited with her mother near Eleusis. Demeter as she has been promised established her mysteries ( orgies ) when the Eleusinians built for her a temple near the spring of Callichorus. These were awful mysteries which were not allowed to be uttered. The uninitiated would spend a miserable existence in the gloomy space of Hades after death. In some versions, Ascalaphus informed the other deities that Persephone had eaten the pomegranate seeds. When Demeter and her daughter were reunited, the Earth flourished with vegetation and color, but for some months each year, when Persephone returned to the underworld, the earth once again became a barren realm. This is an origin story to explain the seasons. In an earlier version, Hecate rescued Persephone. On an Attic red - figured bell krater of c. 440 BC in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Persephone is rising as if up stairs from a cleft in the earth, while Hermes stands aside ; Hecate, holding two torches, looks back as she leads her to the enthroned Demeter. The 10th - century Byzantine encyclopedia Suda introduces a goddess of a blessed afterlife assured to Orphic mystery initiates. This Macaria is asserted to be the daughter of Hades, but no mother is mentioned. Interpretation of the myth ( edit ) Pinax of Persephone and Hades from Locri. Reggio Calabria, National Museum of Magna Graecia. In the myth Pluto abducts Persephone to be his wife and the queen of his realm. Pluto ( Πλούτων, Ploutōn ) was a name for the ruler of the underworld ; the god was also known as Hades, a name for the underworld itself. The name Pluton was conflated with that of Ploutos ( Πλούτος Ploutos, `` wealth '' ), a god of wealth, because mineral wealth was found underground, and because Pluto as a chthonic god ruled the deep earth that contained the seeds necessary for a bountiful harvest. Plouton is lord of the dead, but as Persephone 's husband he has serious claims to the powers of fertility. In the Theogony of Hesiod, Demeter was united with the hero Iasion in Crete and she bore Ploutos. This union seems to be a reference to a hieros gamos ( ritual copulation ) to ensure the earth 's fertility. This ritual copulation appears in Minoan Crete, in many Near Eastern agricultural societies, and also in the Anthesteria. Nilsson believes that the original cult of Ploutos ( or Pluto ) in Eleusis was similar with the Minoan cult of the `` divine child '', who died in order to be reborn. The child was abandoned by his mother and then it was brought up by the powers of nature. Similar myths appear in the cults of Hyakinthos ( Amyklai ), Erichthonios ( Athens ), and later in the cult of Dionysos. The Greek version of the abduction myth is related to grain -- important and rare in the Greek environment -- and the return ( ascent ) of Persephone was celebrated at the autumn sowing. Pluto ( Ploutos ) represents the wealth of the grain that was stored in underground silos or ceramic jars ( pithoi ), during summer months. Similar subterranean pithoi were used in ancient times for burials and Pluto is fused with Hades, the King of the realm of the dead. During summer months, the Greek grain - Maiden ( Kore ) is lying in the grain of the underground silos in the realm of Hades, and she is fused with Persephone, the Queen of the Underworld. At the beginning of the autumn, when the seeds of the old crop are laid on the fields, she ascends and is reunited with her mother Demeter, for at that time the old crop and the new meet each other. For the initiated, this union was the symbol of the eternity of human life that flows from the generations which spring from each other. Arcadian myths ( edit ) From L-R, Artemis, Demeter, Veil of Despoina, Anytus, Tritoness from the throne of Despoina at Lycosura. National Archaeological Museum of Athens The primitive myths of isolated Arcadia seem to be related to the first Greek - speaking people who came from the north - east during the bronze age. Despoina ( the mistress ), the goddess of the Arcadian mysteries, is the daughter of Demeter and Poseidon Hippios ( horse ), who represents the river spirit of the underworld that appears as a horse as often happens in northern - European folklore. He pursues the mare - Demeter and from the union she bears the horse Arion and a daughter who originally had the form or the shape of a mare. The two goddesses were not clearly separated and they were closely connected with the springs and the animals. They were related with the god of rivers and springs ; Poseidon and especially with Artemis, the Mistress of the Animals who was the first nymph. According to the Greek tradition a hunt - goddess preceded the harvest goddess. In Arcadia, Demeter and Persephone were often called Despoinai ( Δέσποιναι, `` the mistresses '' ) in historical times. They are the two Great Goddesses of the Arcadian cults, and evidently they come from a more primitive religion. The Greek god Poseidon probably substituted the companion ( Paredros, Πάρεδρος ) of the Minoan Great goddess in the Arcadian mysteries. Seated goddess, probably Persephone on her throne in the underworld, Severe style ca 480 -- 60, found at Tarentum, Magna Graecia ( Pergamon Museum, Berlin ) Queen of the underworld ( edit ) Persephone held an ancient role as the dread queen of the Underworld, within which tradition it was forbidden to speak her name. This tradition comes from her conflation with the very old chthonic divinity Despoina ( the mistress ), whose real name could not be revealed to anyone except those initiated to her mysteries. As goddess of death she was also called a daughter of Zeus and Styx, the river that formed the boundary between Earth and the underworld. Homer describes her as the formidable, venerable majestic queen of the shades, who carries into effect the curses of men upon the souls of the dead, along with her husband Hades. In the reformulation of Greek mythology expressed in the Orphic Hymns, Dionysus and Melinoe are separately called children of Zeus and Persephone. Groves sacred to her stood at the western extremity of the earth on the frontiers of the lower world, which itself was called `` house of Persephone ''. Her central myth served as the context for the secret rites of regeneration at Eleusis, which promised immortality to initiates. Cult of Persephone ( edit ) Persephone was worshipped along with her mother Demeter and in the same mysteries. Her cults included agrarian magic, dancing, and rituals. The priests used special vessels and holy symbols, and the people participated with rhymes. In Eleusis there is evidence of sacred laws and other inscriptions. The Cult of Demeter and the Maiden is found at Attica, in the main festivals Thesmophoria and Eleusinian mysteries and in a lot of local cults. These festivals were almost always celebrated at the autumn sowing, and at full - moon according to the Greek tradition. In some local cults the feasts were dedicated to Demeter. Thesmophoria ( edit ) Main article : Thesmophoria Kore, daughter of Demeter, celebrated with her mother by the Thesmophoriazusae ( women of the festival ). Acropolis Museum, Athens Thesmophoria, were celebrated in Athens, and the festival was widely spread in Greece. This was a festival of secret women - only rituals connected with marriage customs and commemorated the third of the year, in the month Pyanepsion, when Kore was abducted and Demeter abstained from her role as goddess of harvest and growth. The ceremony involved sinking sacrifices into the earth by night and retrieving the decaying remains of pigs that had been placed in the megara of Demeter ( trenches and pits or natural clefts in rock ), the previous year. These were placed on altars, mixed with seeds, then planted. Pits rich in organic matter at Eleusis have been taken as evidence that the Thesmophoria was held there as well as in other demes of Attica. This agrarian magic was also used in the cult of the earth - goddesses potniai ( mistresses ) in the Cabeirian, and in Knidos. The festival was celebrated over three days. The first was the `` way up '' to the sacred space, the second, the day of feasting when they ate pomegranate seeds and the third was a meat feast in celebration of Kalligeneia a goddess of beautiful birth. Zeus penetrated the mysteries as Zeus - Eubuleus which is an euphemistical name of Hades ( Chthonios Zeus ). In the original myth which is an etiology for the ancient rites, Eubuleus was a swineherd who was feeding his pigs at the opening to the underworld when Persephone was abducted by Plouton. His swine were swallowed by the earth along with her. Eleusinian mysteries ( edit ) Main article : Eleusinian mysteries The Eleusinian trio : Persephone, Triptolemus and Demeter on a marble bas - relief from Eleusis, 440 -- 430 BC. National Archaeological Museum of Athens The Eleusinian mysteries was a festival celebrated at the autumn sowing in the city of Eleusis. Inscriptions refer to `` the Goddesses '' accompanied by the agricultural god Triptolemos ( probably son of Ge and Oceanus ), and `` the God and the Goddess '' ( Persephone and Plouton ) accompanied by Eubuleus who probably led the way back from the underworld. The myth was represented in a cycle with three phases : the `` descent '', the `` search '', and the `` ascent '', with contrasted emotions from sorrow to joy which roused the mystae to exultation. The main theme was the ascent of Persephone and the reunion with her mother Demeter. The festival activities included dancing, probably across the Rharian field, where according to the myth the first grain grew. At the beginning of the feast, the priests filled two special vessels and poured them out, the one towards the west, and the other towards the east. The people looking both to the sky and the earth shouted in a magical rhyme `` rain and conceive ''. In a ritual, a child was initiated from the hearth ( the divine fire ). It was the ritual of the `` divine child '' who originally was Ploutos. In the Homeric hymn the ritual is connected with the myth of the agricultural god Triptolemos The high point of the celebration was `` an ear of grain cut in silence '', which represented the force of the new life. The idea of immortality did n't exist in the mysteries at the beginning, but the initiated believed that they would have a better fate in the underworld. Death remained a reality, but at the same time a new beginning like the plant which grows from the buried seed. In the earliest depictions Persephone is an armless and legless deity, who grows out of the ground. Local cults ( edit ) A mosaic of the Kasta Tomb in Amphipolis depicting the abduction of Persephone by Pluto, 4th century BC Hades abducting Persephone, wall painting in the small royal tomb at Vergina. Macedonia, Greece Italy. Renaissance relief, Rape of Persephone. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection Fragment of a marble relief depicting a Kore, 3rd century BC, from Panticapaeum, Taurica ( Crimea ), Bosporan Kingdom Local cults of Demeter and Kore existed in Greece, Asia Minor, Sicily, Magna Graecia, and Libya. Attica : Athens, in the mysteries of Agrae. This was a local cult near the river Ilissos. They were celebrated during spring in the month Anthesterion. Later they became an obligation for the participants of the `` greater '' Eleusinian mysteries. There was a temple of Demeter and Kore and an image of Triptolemos. Demeter drives her horse - drawn chariot containing her daughter Persephone at Selinunte, Sicily 6th century BC Piraeus : The Skirophoria, a festival related to the Thesmophoria. Megara : Cult of Demeter thesmophoros and Kore. The city was named after its megara. Aegina : Cult of Demeter thesmophoros and Kore. Phlya, near Koropi, in the mysteries of Phlya : These have very old roots and were probably originally dedicated to Demeter Anesidora, Kore, and Zeus Ktesios, who was the god of the underground stored grain. Pausanias mentions a temple of Demeter - Anesidora, Kore Protogone, and Zeus Ktesios. The surname Protogonos, indicates a later Orphic influence. It seems that the mysteries were related to the mysteries of Andania in Messene. Boeotia : Thebes, which Zeus is said to have given to her as an acknowledgement for a favour she had bestowed upon him. Pausanias records a grove of Cabeirian Demeter and the Maid, three miles outside the gates of Thebes, where a ritual was performed, so - called on the grounds that Demeter gave it to the Cabeiri, who established it at Thebes. The Thebans told Pausanias that some inhabitants of Naupactus had performed the same rituals there, and had met with divine vengeance. The Cabeirian mysteries were introduced from Asia Minor at the end of the archaic period. Nothing is known of the older cult, and it seems that the Cabeiri were originally wine - daemons. Inscriptions from the temple in Thebes mention the old one as Cabir, and the new one as son ( pais ), who are different. According to Pausanias, Pelarge, the daughter of Potnieus, was connected with the cult of Demeter in the Cabeirian ( potniai ). A feast in Boeotia, in the month Demetrios ( Pyanepsion ), probably similar with the Thesmophoria. Thebes : Cult of Demeter and Kore in a feast named Thesmophoria but probably different. It was celebrated in the summer month Bukatios. Peloponnese ( except Arcadia ) Hermione : An old cult of Demeter Chthonia, Kore, and Klymenos ( Hades ). Cows were pushed into the temple, and then they were killed by four women. It is possible that Hermione was a mythical name, the place of the souls. Asine : Cult of Demeter Chthonia. The cult seems to be related to the original cult of Demeter in Hermione. Lakonia : Temple of Demeter Eleusinia near Taygetos. The feast was named Eleuhinia, and the name was given before the relation of Demeter with the cult of Eleusis. Lakonia at Aigila : Dedicated to Demeter. Men were excluded. near Sparta : Cult of Demeter and Kore, the Demeters ( Δαμάτερες, `` Damaters '' ). According to Hesychius, the feast lasted three days ( Thesmophoria ). Corinth : Cult of Demeter, Kore, and Pluton. Triphylia in Elis : Cult of Demeter, Kore, and Hades. Pellene : Dedicated to the Mysian Demeter. Men were excluded. The next day, men and women became naked. Andania in Messenia ( near the borders of Arcadia ) : Cult of the Great goddesses, Demeter and Hagne. Hagne, a goddess of the spring, was the original deity before Demeter. The temple was built near a spring. Arcadia Pheneos : Mysteries of Demeter Thesmia and Demeter Eleusinia. The Eleusinian cult was introduced later. The priest took the holy book from a natural cleft. He used the mask of Demeter Kidaria, and he hit his stick on the earth, in a kind of agrarian magic. An Arcadian dance was named kidaris. Pallantion near Tripoli : Cult of Demeter and Kore. Karyai : Cult of Kore and Pluton. Tegea : Cult of Demeter and Kore, the Karpophoroi, `` Fruit givers ''. Megalopolis : Cult of the Great goddesses, Demeter and Kore Sotira, `` the savior ''. Mantineia : Cult of Demeter and Kore in the fest Koragia. Trapezus : Mysteries of the Great goddesses, Demeter and Kore. The temple was built near a spring, and a fire was burning out of the earth. near Thelpusa in Onkeion : Temple of Demeter Erinys ( vengeful ) and Demeter Lusia ( bathing ). In the myth Demeter was united with Poseidon Hippios ( horse ) and bore the horse Arion and the unnamed. The name Despoina was given in West Arcadia. Phigalia : Cult of the mare - headed Demeter ( black ), and Despoina. Demeter was depicted in her archaic form, a Medusa type with a horse 's head with snaky hair, holding a dove and a dolphin. The temple was built near a spring. Lycosura, Main article : Despoina Cult of Demeter and Despoina. In the portico of the temple of Despoina there was a tablet with the inscriptions of the mysteries. In front of the temple there was an altar to Demeter and another to Despoine, after which was one of the Great Mother. By the sides stood Artemis and Anytos, the Titan who brought up Despoine. Besides the temple, there was also a hall where the Arcadians celebrated the mysteries A fire was always burning in front of the temple of Pan ( the goat - god ), the god of the wild, shepherds and flocks. In a relief appear dancing animal - headed women ( or with animal - masks ) in a procession. Near the temple have been found terracotta figures with human bodies, and heads of animals. Islands Paros : Cult of Demeter, Kore, and Zeus - Eubuleus. Amorgos : Cult of Demeter, Kore, and Zeus - Eubuleus. Delos : Cult of Demeter, Kore, and Zeus - Eubuleus. Probably a different feast with the name Thesmophoria, celebrated in a summer month ( the same month in Thebes ). Two big loaves of bread were oferred to the two goddesses. Another feast was named Megalartia. Mykonos : Cult of Demeter, Kore, and Zeus - Buleus. Crete : Cult of Demeter and Kore, in the month Thesmophorios. Rhodes : Cult of Demeter and Kore, in the month Thesmophorios. The two goddesses are the Damaters in an inscription from Lindos Asia Minor Knidos : Cult of Demeter, Kore, and Pluton. Agrarian magic similar to the one used in Thesmophoria and in the cult of the potniai ( Cabeirian ). Ephesos : Cult of Demeter and Kore, celebrated at night - time. Priene : Cult of Demeter and Kore, similar to the Thesmophoria. Sicily Head of Persephone. Earthenware. From Sicily, Centuripae, c. 420 BC. The Burrell Collection, Glasgow, UK Syracuse : There was a harvest festival of Demeter and Persephone at Syracuse when the grain was ripe ( about May ). A fest Koris katagogi, the descent of Persephone into the underworld. Magna Graecia Epizephyrian Locri : A temple associated with childbirth ; its treasure was looted by Pyrrhus. Archaeological finds suggest that worship of Demeter and Persephone was widespread in Sicily and Greek Italy. Libya Cyrene : Temple of Demeter and Kore Ancient Literary references ( edit ) Homer : Iliad : `` the gods fulfilled his curse, even Zeus of the nether world and dread Persephone. '' ( 9, line 457 ; A.T. Murray, trans ) `` Althea prayed instantly to the gods, being grieved for her brother 's slaying ; and furthermore instantly beat with her hands upon the all - nurturing earth, calling upon Hades and dread Persephone '' ( 9, 569 ) Odyssey : `` And come to the house of Hades and dread Persephone to seek sooth saying of the spirit of Theban Teiresias. To him even in death Persephone has granted reason that... '' ( book 10, card 473 ) Hymns to Demeter Hymn 2 : `` Mistress Demeter goddess of heaven, which God or mortal man has rapt away Persephone and pierced with sorrow your dear heart? ( hymn 2, card 40 ) Hymn 13 : `` I start to sing for Demeter the lovely - faced goddess, for her and her daughter the most beautiful Persephone. Hail goddess keep this city safe! '' ( hymn 13, card 1 ) Pindar Olympian : `` Now go Echo, to the dark - walled home of Persephone. '' ( book O, poem 14 ) Isthmean : `` Aecus showed them the way to the house of Persephone and nymphs, one of them carrying a ball. '' ( book 1, poem 8 ) Nemean : `` Island which Zeus, the lord of Olympus gave to Persephone ; he nodded descent with his flowers hair. '' ( book N, poem 1 ) Pythian : `` You splendor - loving city, most beautiful on earth, home of Persephone. You who inhabit the hill of well - built dwellings. '' ( book P, poem 12 ) Aeschylus Libation bearers : Electra : `` O Persephone, grant us indeed a glorious victory! '' ( card 479 ) Aristophanes Thesmophoriazusae : Mnesilochos : `` Thou Mistress Demeter, the most valuable friend and thou Persephone, grant that I may be able to offer you! '' ( card 266 ) Euripides Alcestis : `` O you brave and best hail, sitting as attendand Beside 's Hades bride Persephone! '' ( card 741 ) Hecuba : `` It is said that any of the dead that stand beside Persephone, that the Danaids have left the plains to Troy. '' ( card 130 ) Bacchylides Epinicians : `` Flashing thunderbolt went down to the halls of slender - ankled Persephone to bring up into the light of Hades. '' ( book Ep. poem 5 ) Vergil The Aeneid : `` For since she had not died through fate, or by a well - earned death, but wretchedly, before her time, inflamed with sudden madness, Proserpine had not yet taken a lock of golden hair from her head, or condemned her soul to Stygian Orcus. '' ( IV. 696 -- 99 ) Modern reception ( edit ) Main article : Persephone in popular culture In 1934, Igor Stravinsky based his melodrama Perséphone on Persephone 's story. In 1961, Frederick Ashton of the Royal Ballet appropriated Stravinsky 's score, to choreograph a ballet starring Svetlana Beriosova as Persephone. Persephone also appears many times in popular culture. Featured in a variety of young adult novels such as `` Persephone '' by Kaitlin Bevis, `` Persephone 's Orchard '' by Molly Ringle, `` The Goddess Test '' by Aimee Carter, `` The Goddess Letters '' by Carol Orlock, and `` Abandon '' by Meg Cabot, her story has also been treated by Suzanne Banay Santo in `` Persephone Under the Earth '' in the light of women 's spirituality. Here Santo treats the mythic elements in terms of maternal sacrifice to the burgeoning sexuality of an adolescent daughter. Accompanied by the classic, sensual paintings of Frederic Lord Leighton and William - Adolphe Bouguereau, Santo portrays Persephone not as a victim but as a woman in quest of sexual depth and power, transcending the role of daughter, though ultimately returning to it as an awakened Queen. See also ( edit ) Greek mythology portal Hellenismos portal Eleusinian Mysteries Rape of Persephone Anthesphoria, festival honoring Proserpina, and Persephone Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The actual word in Linear B is 𐀟𐀩𐁚, pe - re - * 82 or pe - re-swa ; it is found on the PY Tn 316 tablet. Jump up ^ Empedocles was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher who was a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek colony in Sicily. Jump up ^ Kingsley 1995 identifies Nestis as a cult title of Persephone. Jump up ^ Hom. Hymn. to Demeter 470 : `` Awful mysteries which no one may in any way transgress or pry into or utter, for deep awe of the gods checks the voice. Happy is he among men upon earth who has seen these mysteries ; but he who is uninitiate and who has no part in them, never has lot of like good things once he is dead, down in the darkness and gloom ''. Jump up ^ `` This is the time when Zeus mated with Semele, who is also Persephone, and Dionysos was conceived. It is also the time when Dionysos took Ariadne to be His wife, and so we celebrate the marriage of the Basilinna ( religious Queen ) and the God ''. References ^ Jump up to : Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ). Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion Vol I pp 462 -- 463, 479 -- 480 Jump up ^ Fraser. The golden bough. Adonis, Attis and Osiris. Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ). Vol I, pp. 215 Jump up ^ Raymoure, K.A. `` pe - re - * 82 ''. Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean. `` PY 316 Tn ( 44 ) ''. DĀMOS : Database of Mycenaean at Oslo. University of Oslo. Jump up ^ Chadwick, John ( 1976 ). The Mycenaean World. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 0 - 521 - 29037 - 6. At Google Books. Jump up ^ Comments about the goddess pe - re - * 82 of Pylos tablet Tn 316, tentatively reconstructed as * Preswa `` It is tempting to see... the classical Perse... daughter of Oceanus... ; whether it may be further identified with the first element of Persephone is only speculative. '' John Chadwick. Documents in Mycenean Greek. Second Edition Jump up ^ Homer ( 1899 ). Odyssey. Clarendon Press. p. 230. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Jump up ^ H.G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek - English Lexicon Jump up ^ Martin P. Nilsson ( 1967 ), Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion, Volume I, C.F. Beck Verlag, p. 474. Jump up ^ R.S.P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, pp. 1179 -- 80. ^ Jump up to : Smith, `` Perse'phone '' Jump up ^ Cicero. De Natura Deorum 2.26 Jump up ^ Welch ( 2013 ), p. 164 Jump up ^ Christiane Sourvinou - Inwood, `` Persephone '' The Journal of Hellenic Studies 98 ( 1978 : 101 -- 121 ). Jump up ^ Peter Kingsley, in Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic : Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition ( Oxford University Press, 1995 ). Jump up ^ Orphic Hymn 29.16 Jump up ^ Schol. ad. Theocritus 2.12 Jump up ^ In the Hymn to Melinoe, where the father is Zeus Chthonios, either Zeus in his chthonic aspect, or Pluto ; Radcliffe G. Edmonds III, `` Orphic Mythology, '' in A Companion to Greek Mythology ( Blackwell, 2011 ), p. 100. ^ Jump up to : Rhode ( 1961 ), Psyche I, pp. 206 -- 210 ^ Jump up to : Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I, pp. 478 -- 480 Jump up ^ Orphic Hymn 29 to Persephone Jump up ^ `` PERSEPHONE - Greek Goddess of Spring, Queen of the Underworld ( Roman Proserpina ) ''. ^ Jump up to : Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I, pp. 463 -- 466 ^ Jump up to : Nilsson, pp. 477 -- 480 : `` The Arcadian Great goddesses '' Jump up ^ Pausanias. Description of Greece 5.15. 4, 5, 6 Jump up ^ Kramer, Samuel Noah. Sumerian Mythology : A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C. : Revised Edition. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1961, Philadelphia. ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1047 - 6 ( Pages 76 - 79 ) available at sacred-texts.com. `` Moreover, the crime involved is probably that of abducting a goddess ; it therefore brings to mind the Greek story of the rape of Persephone. '' Jump up ^ Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 17. Jump up ^ Nilsson ( 1967 ), Vol I, p. 463 ^ Jump up to : `` In Greek mythology Nysa is a mythical mountain with unknown location, the birthplace of the god Dionysos. '' : Fox, William Sherwood ( 1916 ), The Mythology of All Races, v. 1, Greek and Roman, General editor, Louis Herbert Gray, p. 217 ^ Jump up to : Burkert ( 1985 ), pp. 285 -- 290. ^ Jump up to : Burkert ( 1985 ) p. 42 Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I, pp. 453 -- 455 ^ Jump up to : Charon, `` glad '', probably euphemistically `` death ''. Liddell and Scott, A Greek - English Lexicon ( Oxford : Clarendon Press 1843, 1985 printing ), entries on χαροπός and χάρων, pp. 1980 -- 1981 ; Brill 's New Pauly ( Leiden and Boston 2003 ), vol. 3, entry on `` Charon '', pp. 202 -- 203. Jump up ^ Nilsson, Vol I, p. 470 Jump up ^ Dietrich `` The origins of the Greek Religion '' p. 220,221 Jump up ^ `` Kerenyi ( 1976 ), Dionysos, archetypal image of indestructible life. Princeton University Press. p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Karl Kerenyi ( 1967 ). Eleusis. Archetypal image of mother and daughter. Princeton University Press. p. 31f Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) p. 289 Jump up ^ `` According to the Greek popular belief, ἕν ἀνδρῶν, ἕν θεῶν γένος ''. ( One is the nature of men, another one the nature of gods ) : Erwin Rhode ( 1961 ), Psyche Band I, p. 293 Jump up ^ Burkert p. 12 Jump up ^ J. Frazer The Golden Bough, Part IV, Adonis, Attis and Osiris Jump up ^ F. Schachermeyer ( 1972 ), Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta, W. Kohlhammer Stuttgart, pp. 141, 308 Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) pp. 34 -- 40 Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ `` Hermes and the Anodos of Pherephata '' : Nilsson ( 1967 ) p. 509 taf. 39, 1 Jump up ^ Karl Kerenyi ( 1976 ), Dionysos : archetypal image of indestructible life, pp. 89, 90 ISBN 0 - 691 - 02915 - 6 Jump up ^ Hesychius, listing of ἀδνόν, a Cretan - Greek form for ἁγνόν, `` pure '' Jump up ^ Kerenyi ( 1976 ), p. 24 Jump up ^ `` To what extent one can and must differentiate between Minoan and Mycenaean religion is a question which has not yet found a conclusive answer '' :. Burkert ( 1985 ). p. 21. Jump up ^ G. Mylonas ( 1932 ). Eleusiniaka. I, 1 ff Jump up ^ Nilsson ( 1967 ), pp. 463 -- 465 Jump up ^ John Chadwick ( 1976 ). The Mycenean World. Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ `` Wa - na - ssoi, wa - na - ka - te, ( to the two queens and the king ). Wanax is best suited to Poseidon, the special divinity of Pylos. The identity of the two divinities addressed as wanassoi, is uncertain `` : George Mylonas ( 1966 ) Mycenae and the Mycenean age '' p. 159 : Princeton University Press ^ Jump up to : Dietrich p. 220,221 ^ Jump up to : `` Pausanias 8.37. 9 ''. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 July 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` In Greek mythology Achileus becomes immortal by the divine fire. His heel was his only mortal element, because it was not touched by the fire : Wunderlich ( 1972 ), The secret of Crete p. 134 Jump up ^ Nilsson, Vol I p. 463 ^ Jump up to : Hesiod, Theogony 914. Jump up ^ `` Loves of Hermes : Greek mythology ''. Theoi.com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 4 -- 20, 414 -- 434. ^ Jump up to : `` Theoi Project - Persephone ''. Theoi.com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ Gantz, p. 65. Jump up ^ Gantz, p. 67. ^ Jump up to : Reference to the Thesmophoria in Lucian 's Dialogues of the Courtesans 2.1. Jump up ^ The figures are unmistakable, as they are inscribed `` Persophata, Hermes, Hekate, Demeter '' ; Gisela M.A. Richter, `` An Athenian Vase with the Return of Persephone '' The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 26. 10 ( October 1931 : 245 -- 248 ) Jump up ^ Suidas s.v. Makariai, with English translation at Suda On Line, Adler number mu 51 Jump up ^ William Hansen ( 2005 ) Classical Mythology : A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans ( Oxford University Press, 2005 ), pp. 180 -- 182. Jump up ^ Hansen, Classical Mythology, p. 182. ^ Jump up to : Ap. Athanassakis ( 2004 ), Hesiod. Theogony, Works and Days, Shield, Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 56. Jump up ^ The Anthesteria Archived 20 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Bibliotheca Arcana ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ). Vol I, pp. 215 -- 219 ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Nilsson, The Greek popular religion, The religion of Eleusis, pp 51 - 54 ''. Sacred-texts.com. 2005 - 11 - 08. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I, pp. 473 -- 474. Jump up ^ Pausanias 2.30. 2 Jump up ^ Nilsson, VoI, p. 444 Jump up ^ Apollodorus, Library 1.3. Jump up ^ Homer. Odyssey, 10.494 Jump up ^ Orphica, 26, 71 Jump up ^ Odyssey 10.491, 10.509 Jump up ^ Károly Kerényi, Eleusis : Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter, 1967, passim Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ), pp. 285 -- 289 ^ Jump up to : Burkert ( 1985 ), pp. 240 -- 243 Jump up ^ Clinton, Greek Sanctuaries, p. 113. ^ Jump up to : Potniai : Pelarge daughter of Potnieus is connected with the cult of Demeter in the Cabeirian : Pausanias 9.25, 8, Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I pp. 151, 463 Jump up ^ Pseudo Apollodorus Biblioteca IV. 2 Jump up ^ Kevin Klinton ( 1993 ), Greek Sanctuaries : New Approaches, Routledge, p. 11 Jump up ^ Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I, pp. 463 -- 465 Jump up ^ Pausanias 1.14, 1 : Nilsson ( 1967 ), Vol I, pp. 668 -- 670 Jump up ^ Pausanias I 42, 6, Nilsson ( 1967 ), Vol I, p. 463 ^ Jump up to : Nilsson ( 1967 ), Vol I, pp. 668 -- 670 Jump up ^ Scholia ad. Euripides Phoen. 487 Jump up ^ Pausanias 9.25. 5 ^ Jump up to : Diodorus Siculus ( v. 4.7 ) : `` At Thebes or Delos the festival occurred two months earlier, so any seed - sowing connection was not intrinsic. '' Jump up ^ For Mantinea, see Brill 's New Pauly `` Persephone '', II D. Jump up ^ L.H. Jeffery ( 1976 ). Archaic Greece : The Greek city states c. 800 -- 500 B.C ( Ernest Benn Limited ) p. 23 ISBN 0 - 510 - 03271 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Pausanias 8.37. 1, 8.38. 2 ''. Theoi.com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Reconstruction of interior of Sanctuary of Despoina ''. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ Herodotus VI, 16 : Nilsson ( 1967 ), Vol I, p. 464 Jump up ^ Brill 's New Pauly, `` Persephone '', citing Diodorus 5.4 Jump up ^ Livy : 29.8, 29.18 ^ Jump up to : `` perseus tufts - persephone ''. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Virgil : Aeneid IV ''. Poetryintranslation.com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Persephone ( Daughters of Zeus, # 1 ) ''. Jump up ^ `` Persephone 's Orchard ''. Jump up ^ Santo, Suzanne Banay ( 2012 ). Persephone Under the Earth. Red Butterfly Publications. ISBN 0 - 9880914 - 0 - 2. Sources ( edit ) Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press ; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Bowra Maurice ( 1957 ), The Greek experience. The World Publishing Company, Cleveland and New York. Burkert Walter ( 1985 ). Greek Religion. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0 - 674 - 36281 - 0 Farnell, Lewis Richard ( 1906 ), The Cults of the Greek States, Volume 3 ( Chapters on : Demeter and Kore - Persephone ; Cult - Monuments of Demeter - Kore ; Ideal Types of Demeter - Kore ). Gantz, Early Greek Myth : A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes : ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5360 - 9 ( Vol. 1 ), ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5362 - 3 ( Vol. 2 ). Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph. D. in two volumes, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press ; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH. D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press ; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Janda, Michael ( 2010 ), Die Musik nach dem Chaos. Innsbruck Kerenyi Karl ( 1967 ), Eleusis : Archetypal image of mother and daughter. Princeton University Press. Kerenyi, Karl ( 1976 ), Dionysos : Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life, Princeton : Bollingen, Google Books preview Nilsson Martin ( 1967 ), Die Geschichte der Griechischen Religion, Vol I, C.F Beck Verlag, Muenchen. Revised ed. Nilsson Martin ( 1950 ), Minoan - Mycenaean Religion, and its Survival in Greek Religion, Lund : Gleerup. Revised 2nd ed. Pausanias, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt. D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press ; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Rohde Erwin ( 1961 ), Psyche. Seelenkult und Unsterblichkeitsglaube der Griechen. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellshaft. Darmstad. ( First edition 1893 ) : full text in German downloadable as pdf. Rohde Erwin ( 2000 ), Psyche : The Cult of Souls and the Belief in Immortality among the Greeks, trans. from the 8th edn. by W.B. Hillis ( London : Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1925 ; reprinted by Routledge, 2000 ), online Schachermeyr Fritz ( 1964 ), Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta, W. Kohlhammer Verlag Stuttgart. Stephen King ( 2008 ), Duma Key Smith, William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London ( 1873 ). `` Perse'phone '' Anthony Welch ( 2013 ), The Renaissance Epic and the Oral Past. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300178867 Zuntz Günther ( 1973 ), Persephone : Three Essays on Religion and Thought in Magna Graecia External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Persephone. Look up persephone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Martin Nilsson. The Greek popular religion Adams John Paul. Mycenean divinities Theoi project : Persephone Goddess Theoi project : The Rape of Persephone The Princeton Encyclopedia of classical sites : Despoina Theoi project : Despoine Kore Photographs Flickr users ' photos tagged with Persephone Ancient Greek deities by affiliation Primordial deities Achlys Aether Aion / Chronos Ananke Chaos Erebus Eros / Phanes Gaia Hemera Nyx The Ourea Pontus / Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Fates Atropos Clotho Lachesis Titan deities Titanes ( male ) Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Oceanus Ophion Titanides ( female ) Dione Eurybia Mnemosyne Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Hyperionides Eos Helios Selene Koionides Asteria Leto Lelantos Krionides Astraeus Pallas Perses Iapetionides Atlas Epimetheus Menoetius Prometheus Mousai ( Muses ) Aoide Arche Melete Mneme Olympian deities Dodekatheon Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Theoi Olympioi Asclepius Deimos Ganymede Eileithyia Enyo Eris Iris Harmonia Hebe Heracles Paean Pan Phobos Mousai ( Muses ) Daughters of Zeus Calliope Clio Euterpe Erato Melpomene Polyhymnia Terpsichore Thalia Urania Daughters of Apollo Apollonis Borysthenis Cephisso Muses of the Lyre Hypate Mese Nete Muses at Sicyon Polymatheia Charites ( Graces ) Aglaea Antheia Euphrosyne Hegemone Pasithea Thalia Horae ( Hours ) Dike Eirene Eunomia Styktides Bia Kratos Nike Zelos Aquatic deities Theoi Halioi Amphitrite Benthesikyme Brizo Calypso Ceto Glaucus The Ichthyocentaurs Kymopoleia Leucothea Melicertes Nereus Nerites The Nesoi Oceanus Phorcys Pontus / Thalassa Poseidon Proteus Rhodos Tethys Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Acaste Admete Adrasteia Amalthea Asia Callirrhoe Ceto Clytie Dione Dodone Doris Electra Eurynome Idyia Melia Metis Nemesis Perse Pleione Plouto Styx Telesto Zeuxo Nereides Amphitrite Arethusa Dynamene Galatea Galene Psamathe Thetis Potamoi Achelous Almo Alpheus Anapos Asopus Asterion Axius Caanthus Cebren Cephissus Clitumnus Enipeus Kladeos Meander Nilus Numicus Phyllis Peneus Rivers of the Underworld Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Sangarius Scamander Simoeis Strymon Naiads Aegina Achiroe Aganippe The Anigrides Argyra Bistonis Bolbe Caliadne Cassotis Castalia Cleocharia Creusa Daphne Drosera Harpina The Ionides Ismenis Larunda Lilaea Liriope Melite Metope Minthe Moria Nana Nicaea Orseis Pallas Pirene Salmacis Stilbe The Thriae Corycia Kleodora Melaina Tiasa Chthonic deities Theoi Chthonioi Angelos Demeter Gaia Hades Hecate The Lampads Macaria Melinoë Persephone Zagreus Erinyes ( Furies ) Alecto Megaera Tisiphone Earthborn Cyclopes Gigantes Hecatonchires Kouretes Meliae Telchines Typhon Apotheothenai Trophonius Triptolemus Orpheus Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Personifications Children of Nyx Achlys Apate Dolos Eleos Elpis Epiphron Eris Geras Hesperides Hybris Hypnos Ker The Keres The Moirai Aisa Clotho Lachesis Momus Moros Oizys The Oneiroi Epiales Morpheus Phantasos Phobetor Nemesis Philotes Sophrosyne Thanatos Children of Eris Algos Amphillogiai Ate The Androktasiai Dysnomia Horkos Hysminai Lethe Limos Machai Phonoi Ponos Neikea Pseudea Logoi Children of other gods Aergia Aidos Alala Aletheia Angelia Arete Bia Caerus The Younger Charites Eucleia Eupheme Euthenia Philophrosyne Corus Deimos The Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Hymen Eupraxia Hedone Homonoia Iacchus Kratos The Litae Homonoia Nike Peitho Phobos Tyche Zelos Others Adephagia Alala Alke Amechania Anaideia Alastor Apheleia Aporia The Arae Dikaiosyne Dyssebeia Ekecheiria Eulabeia Eusebeia Gelos Heimarmene Homados Horme Ioke Kakia Kalokagathia Koalemos Kydoimos Lyssa The Maniae Methe Nomos Palioxis Peitharchia Penia Penthus Pepromene Pheme Philotes Phrike Phthonus Pistis Poine Polemos Poros Praxidike Proioxis Prophasis Roma Soter Soteria Techne Thrasos Other deities Sky deities The Anemoi The Astra Planeti Stilbon Eosphorus Hesperus Pyroeis Phaethon Phaenon Aura Chione The Hesperides The Hyades Nephele The Pleiades Alcyone Sterope Celaeno Electra Maia Merope Taygete Agricultural deities Aphaea Ariadne Carmanor Demeter Despoina Eunostus Philomelus Plutus Health deities Asclepius Aceso Epione Iaso Hygieia Panacea Telesphorus Rustic deities Aetna The Alseids The Auloniads Amphictyonis The Anthousai Aristaeus Attis Britomartis The Cabeiri Comus The Dryades Erato Eurydice The Hamadryades Chrysopeleia The Epimeliades Hecaterus Leuce Ma The Maenades The Meliae The Napaeae The Nymphai Hyperboreioi The Oreads Adrasteia Echo Helike Iynx Nomia Oenone Pitys The Pegasides Priapus Rhapso Silenus Telete Others Acratopotes Adrasteia Agdistis Alexiares and Anicetus Aphroditus Astraea Circe Eiresione Enyalius Harpocrates Ichnaea Palaestra Ancient Greek religion and mythology Classical religious forms Ancient Greek religion Gnosticism Paleo - Balkan mythology Proto - Indo - European religion Hellenistic religion Alchemy Orphism Pythagoreanism Mycenaean deities Mystery religions and sacred mysteries Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Imbrian Mysteries Mithraism Samotracian Mysteries Main beliefs Apotheosis Euhemerism Greek Heroic Age Interpretatio graeca Monism Mythology Nympholepsy Paganism Paradoxography Polytheism Theism Texts / epic poems / odes Aretalogy Argonautica Bibliotheca Cyranides Derveni papyrus Ehoiai Greek Magical Papyri Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis Sibylline Books Telegony The golden verses of Pythagoras Theogony Works and Days Epic Cycle Theban Cycle Rites and practices Amphictyonic League Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Apotheosis Baptes Curse tablet Daduchos Delphinion Funeral and burial practices Hymns Hero cult Heroon Hierophany Hierophant Hierophylakes Hieros gamos Hypsistarians Iatromantis Interpretatio graeca Libations Mystagogue Nekyia Necromancy Necromanteion Nymphaeum Panegyris Pharmakos Prayers Orgia Sacrifices Temenos Temples Votive offerings Sacred places Oracle Sanctuaries - Necromanteion Aornum Delphi Didymaion Dodona Oracle of Menestheus Athenian sacred ships Cave of Zeus - Aydın Cave of Zeus - Crete Cretea Delos Eleusis Hiera Orgas Olympia Olympus Psychro Cave Sacred Way Mythical beings Dragons in Greek mythology Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures List of minor Greek mythological figures Deities Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Titans First generation Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Second generation Asteria Astraeus Atlas Eos Epimetheus Helios Leto Menoetius Metis Pallas Perses Prometheus Selene Third generation Hecate Hesperus Phosphorus Twelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Aquatic deities Amphitrite Alpheus Ceto Glaucus The Naiads The Nereids Nereus The Oceanids Phorcys Poseidon The Potamoi Potamides Proteus Scamander Thaumas Thetis Triton Love deities Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Himeros Hymen / Hymenaeus Pothos Aphrodite Aphroditus Philotes Peitho War deities Adrestia Alala Alke Amphillogiai Androktasiai Ares Athena Bia Deimos Enyalius Enyo Eris Gynaecothoenas Homados Hysminai Ioke Keres Kratos Kydoimos Ma Machai Nike Palioxis Pallas Perses Phobos Phonoi Polemos Proioxis Chthonic deities Psychopomps Hermanubis Hermes Thanatos Achlys Angelos Hades / Pluto Hecate Hypnos Keres Lampad Macaria Melinoe Persephone Health deities Aceso Aegle Artemis Apollo Asclepius Chiron Eileithyia Epione Hebe Hygieia Iaso Paean Panacea Telesphorus Sleep deities Empusa Epiales Hypnos Morpheus Pasithea Phantasos Phobetor Oneiroi Messenger deities Angelia Arke Hermes Iris Trickster deities Apate Dolos Hermes Momus Magic deities Circe Hecate Hermes Trismegistus Triple deity Other major deities Azone The Erinyes Harmonia The Muses Nemesis Pan Unknown God Zelus Heroes / heroines Abderus Achilles Actaeon Aeneas Argonauts Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Akademos Amphiaraus Amphitryon Antilochus Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Bouzyges Cadmus Chrysippus Cyamites Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri ( Castor and Pollux ) Echetlus Eleusis Erechtheus Eunostus Ganymede Hector Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Pandion Peleus Pelops Penthesilea Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Mythical tribes Amazons Anthropophage Atlantians Bebryces Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Lapiths Lotus - eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Telchines Oracles / seers Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Delphic Sibyl Elatus Ennomus Epimenides Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyl Telemus Theiodamas Theoclymenus Tiresias Magic Apotropaic magic Greek Magical Papyri Pella curse tablet Philia Mythical realms Aethiopia Atlantis Hyperborea Libya Nysa Ogygia Panchaia Scythia Themiscyra Underworld Entrances to the underworld Rivers Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Lakes / swamps Acherusia Avernus Lake Lerna Lake Caves Cave at Cape Matapan Cave Charonium Cave at Lake Avernus Cave at Heraclea Pontica Ploutonion Pluto 's Gate Places Elysium Erebus Fields of Asphodel Fields of Punishment Isles of the Blessed Tartarus Judges of the underworld Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Guards Cerberus Ferryman Charon Charon 's obol Symbols / objects Bident Cap of invisibility Animals / daemons / spirits Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Hade 's cattle Mythological wars Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Gigantomachy Cranes - Pygmies war Theomachy Titanomachy Trojan War Mythological and religious objects Adamant Aegis Ambrosia Apple of Discord Ara Baetylus Caduceus Cornucopia Dragon 's teeth Diipetes Galatea Golden apple Golden Fleece Gorgoneion Greek terracotta figurines Harpe Ichor Lotus tree Minoan sealstone Moly Necklace of Harmonia Omphalos Orichalcum Palladium Panacea Pandora 's box Petasos ( Winged helmet ) Philosopher 's stone Ring of Gyges Rod of Asclepius Sacrificial tripod Sceptre Shield of Achilles Shirt of Nessus Sword of Damocles Talaria Thunderbolt Thymiaterion Thyrsus Trident Trojan Horse Winnowing Oar Wheel of Fortune Wheel of fire Xoanon Symbols Arkalochori Axe Labrys Ouroboros Owl of Athena Mythological powers Anthropomorphism Divination Eternal youth Evocation Fortune - telling Immortality Language of the birds Nympholepsy Magic Ornithomancy Shamanism Shapeshifting Weather modification Storage containers / cups Amphora Calathus Chalice Ciborium Cotyla Hydria Hydriske Kalpis Kylix Kantharos Lebes Lekythos Loutrophoros Oenochoe Pelike Pithos Skyphos Stamnos Musical Instruments Aulos Barbiton Chelys Cithara Cochilia Crotalum ( Castanets ) Epigonion Kollops Lyre Pan flute Pandura Phorminx Psaltery Salpinx Sistrum Tambourine Trigonon Tympanum Water organ Games Panhellenic Games Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Agon Panathenaic Games Rhieia Festivals / feasts Actia Adonia Agrionia Amphidromia Anthesteria Apellai Apaturia Aphrodisia Arrhephoria Ascolia Bendidia Boedromia Brauronia Buphonia Chalceia Diasia Delphinia Dionysia Ecdysia Elaphebolia Gamelia Haloa Heracleia Hermaea Hieromenia Iolaia Kronia Lenaia Lykaia Metageitnia Munichia Oschophoria Pamboeotia Pandia Plynteria Pyanopsia Skira Synoikia Soteria Tauropolia Thargelia Theseia Thesmophoria Vessels Argo Phaeacian ships Modern offshoot religions Discordianism Gaianism Greco - Buddhism Hellenismos Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Modern popular culture Greek mythology in popular culture GND : 118511181 LCCN : no2014090208 VIAF : 25393432 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persephone&oldid=853636674 '' Categories : Greek goddesses Queens in Greek mythology Life - death - rebirth goddesses Eleusinian Mysteries Underworld goddesses Greek death goddesses Greek underworld Divine women of Zeus Chthonic beings Offspring of Demeter Rape of Persephone Mythological rape victims Nature goddesses Hidden categories : Articles containing Mycenaean Greek - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles containing Greek - language text Use dmy dates from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018, at 02 : 28 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Persephone", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Persephone&oldid=853636674" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "places ( show ) Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Texts ( show ) Argonautica Bibliotheca Corpus Hermeticum Delphic maxims Dionysiaca Epic Cycle Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Orphic Hymns Theogony Works and Days History ( show ) Mycenaean gods Decline of Hellenistic polytheism Julian restoration Hellenismos portal In Greek mythology, Persephone ( / pərˈsɛfəni / ; Greek : Περσεφόνη ), also called Kore ( / ˈkɔːriː / ; `` the maiden '' ), is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter and is the queen of the underworld. Homer describes her as the formidable, venerable majestic princess of the underworld, who carries into effect the curses of men upon the souls of the dead. Persephone was married to Hades, the god of the underworld. The myth of her abduction represents her function as the personification of vegetation, which shoots forth in spring and withdraws into the earth after harvest ; hence, she is also associated with spring as well as the fertility of vegetation. Similar myths appear in the Orient, in the cults of male gods like Attis, Adonis, and Osiris, and in Minoan Crete." ], "id": [ "7719528322202775345" ], "short_answers": [ "Persephone (/pərˈsɛfəni/; Greek: Περσεφόνη), also called Kore (/ˈkɔːriː/; \"the maiden\")" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Colony ( Biology ) - wikipedia Colony ( Biology ) Jump to : navigation, search In biology, a colony is composed of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another. This association is usually for mutual benefit such as stronger defense or the ability to attack bigger prey. It is a cluster of identical cells ( clones ) on the surface of ( or within ) a solid medium, usually derived from a single parent cell, as in bacterial colony. In contrast, a solitary organism is one in which all individuals live independently and have all of the functions needed to survive and reproduce. Colonies, in the context of development, may be composed of two or more unitary ( or solitary ) organisms or be modular organisms. Unitary organisms have determinate development ( set life stages ) from zygote to adult form and individuals or groups of individuals ( colonies ) are visually distinct. Modular organisms have indeterminate growth forms ( life stages not set ) through repeated iteration of genetically identical modules ( or individuals ), and it can be difficult to distinguish between the colony as a whole and the modules within. In the latter case, modules may have specific functions within the colony. Some organisms are primarily independent and form facultative colonies in reply to environmental conditions while others must live in a colony to survive ( obligate ). For example, some carpenter bees will form colonies when a dominant hierarchy is formed between two or more nest foundresses ( facultative colony ), while corals are animals that are physically connected by living tissue ( the coenosarc ) that contains a shared gastrovascular cavity. Contents ( hide ) 1 Colony types 1.1 Social colonies 1.2 Modular organisms 1.3 Microbial colonies 2 Life history 3 See also 4 References Colony types ( edit ) Social colonies ( edit ) A breeding colony of Northern gannets on the Heligoland archipelago in the North Sea. Unicellular and multicellular unitary organisms may aggregate to form colonies. For example, Protists such as slime molds are many unicellular organisms that aggregate to form colonies when food resources are hard to come by, as together they are more reactive to chemical cues released by preferred prey. Eusocial insects like ants and honey bees are multicellular animals that live in colonies with a highly organized social structure. Colonies of some social insects may be deemed superorganisms. Animals such as humans and rodents form breeding or nesting colonies, potentially for more successful mating and to better protect offspring. The Bracken Cave is the summer home to a colony of around 20 million Mexican free - tailed bats making it the largest known concentration of mammals. Modular organisms ( edit ) Modular organisms are those in which a genet ( or genetic individual formed from a sexually - produced zygote ) asexually reproduces to form genetically identical clones called ramets. A clonal colony is when the ramets of a genet live in close proximity or are physically connected. Ramets may have all of the functions needed to survive on their own or be interdependent on other ramets. For example, some sea anemones go through the process of pedal laceration in which a genetically identical individual is asexually produced from tissue broken off from the anemone 's pedal disc. In plants, clonal colonies are created through the propagation of genetically identical trees by stolons or rhizomes. Colonial organisms are clonal colonies composed of many physically connected, interdependent individuals. Colonial organisms can be unicellular, as in the alga Volvox ( a coenobium ), or multicellular, as in the phylum Bryozoa. The former type may have been the first step toward multicellular organisms. Individuals within a multicellular colonial organism may be called ramets, modules, or zooids. Structural and functional variation ( polymorphism ), when present, designates ramet responsibilities such as feeding, reproduction, and defense. To that end, being physically connected allows the colonial organism to distribute nutrients and energy obtained by feeding zooids throughout the colony. An example of colonial organisms that is well known are hydrozoans, like Portuguese man o ' wars. Microbial colonies ( edit ) A microbial colony is defined as a visible cluster of microorganisms growing on the surface of or within a solid medium, presumably cultured from a single cell. Because the colony is clonal, with all organisms in it descending from a single ancestor ( assuming no contamination ), they are genetically identical, except for any mutations ( which occur at low frequencies ). Obtaining such genetically identical organisms ( or pure strains ) can be useful ; this is done by spreading organisms on a culture plate and starting a new stock from a single resulting colony. A biofilm is a colony of microorganisms often comprising several species, with properties and capabilities greater than the aggregate of capabilities of the individual organisms. Life history ( edit ) Individuals in social colonies and modular organisms receive benefit to such a lifestyle. For example, it may be easier to seek out food, defend a nesting site, or increase competitive ability against other species. Modular organisms ' ability to reproduce asexually in addition to sexually allows them unique benefits that social colonies do not have. The energy required for sexual reproduction varies based on the frequency and length of reproductive activity, number and size of offspring, and parental care. While solitary individuals bear all of those energy costs, individuals in some social colonies share a portion of those costs. Modular organisms save energy by using asexual reproduction during their life. Energy reserved in this way allows them to put more energy towards colony growth, regenerating lost modules ( due to predation or other cause of death ), or response to environmental conditions. See also ( edit ) Look up colony in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Ant colony Beehive ( beekeeping ) Bird colony Clonal colony Colonisation ( biology ) Coral reef Eusociality Superorganism Swarm Birth colony Austroplatypus incompertus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jackson, J.B.C. ( 1977 ). `` Competition on Marine Hard Substrata : The Adaptive Significance of Solitary and Colonial Strategies ''. The American Naturalist. 111 ( 980 ) : 743 -- 767. doi : 10.1086 / 283203. Jump up ^ `` Colony -- Biology - Online Dictionary ''. www.biology-online.org. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06. Jump up ^ Begon, Michael ; et al. ( 2014 ). Essentials of Ecology ( 4th ed. ). Wiley. ISBN 0 - 470 - 90913 - 7. Jump up ^ Dunn, T. ; Richards, M.H. ( 2003 ). `` When to bee social : interactions among environmental constraints, incentives, guarding, and relatedness in a facultatively social carpenter bee ''. Behavioral Ecology. 14 ( 3 ) : 417 -- 424. doi : 10.1093 / beheco / 14.3. 417. Jump up ^ Grove, Noel ( December 1988 ). `` Quietly Conserving Nature ''. National Geographic. 174 ( 6 ) : 822. ^ Jump up to : Winston, J. ( 2010 ). `` Life in the Colonies : Learning the Alien Ways of Colonial Organisms ''. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 50 ( 6 ) : 919 -- 933. doi : 10.1093 / icb / icq146. PMID 21714171. Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce ; et al. ( 1994 ). Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 3rd ed. ). New York : Garland Science. ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1620 - 8. Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Hydrozoa ''. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06. Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard J. ; Berdell R., Funke ; Christine L., Case ( 2009 ). Microbiology, An Introduction. Berlin : Benjamin Cummings. pp. 170 -- 171. ISBN 0 - 321 - 58420 - 1. Jump up ^ Kunz, T.H. ; Orrell, K.S. ( 2004 ). `` Energy Costs of Reproduction ''. Encyclopedia of Energy. 5 : 423 -- 442. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colony_(biology)&oldid=835462497 '' Categories : Community ecology Microbiology terms Habitat Environmental terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano Kurdî Кыргызча Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018, at 21 : 15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Colony (biology)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Colony_(biology)&oldid=835462497" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "13676402902866580638" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search The Man in the High Castle Genre Alternate history Drama Dystopia Thriller Science fiction Created by Frank Spotnitz Based on The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick Starring Alexa Davalos Rupert Evans Luke Kleintank DJ Qualls Joel de la Fuente Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa Rufus Sewell Brennan Brown Callum Keith Rennie Bella Heathcote Opening theme `` Edelweiss '', performed by Jeanette Olsson Composer ( s ) Henry Jackman Dominic Lewis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ridley Scott Frank Spotnitz Christian Baute Isa Dick Hackett Stewart Mackinnon Christopher Tricarico Producer ( s ) Michael Cedar Jean Higgins Jordan Sheehan David W. Zucker Location ( s ) Seattle, Washington Monroe, Washington Vancouver, British Columbia Cinematography James Hawkinson Gonzalo Amat Editor ( s ) Kathrynn Himoff Running time 48 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Amazon Studios Scott Free Productions Electric Shepherd Productions Headline Pictures Big Light Productions Picrow Reunion Pictures Distributor Amazon.com Release Original network Amazon Video Original release January 15, 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) -- present External links Website www.amazon.com/The-Man-High-Castle/dp/B00RSGFRY8 The Man in the High Castle is an American dystopian alternative history television series produced by Amazon Studios, Scott Free Productions, Headline Pictures, Electric Shepherd Productions and Big Light Productions. The series is loosely based on the 1962 novel of the same name by science fiction author Philip K. Dick. In the series ' alternate version of 1962 America, the Axis powers have won World War II and divided the United States into two puppet states : the Greater Nazi Reich and the Japanese Pacific States. The series follows characters whose destinies intertwine after coming into contact with a series of propaganda films that show a vastly different history from that of their own. Premiering in January 2015, the pilot was Amazon 's `` most - watched since the original series development program began. '' The next month Amazon ordered episodes to fill out a ten - episode season, which was released in November, to positive reviews. A second season of ten episodes premiered in December 2016, with a third season announced a few weeks later to be released in 2018. Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Season one 1.2 Season two 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 John Smith 's family 2.2. 2 Juliana Crain 's family 2.2. 3 Nobusuke Tagomi 's family 2.2. 4 Historical figures 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 5.2 Advertising controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) The central characters are Juliana Crain, Frank Frink, Joe Blake, John Smith, Nobusuke Tagomi, and Takeshi Kido. The series takes place in an alternate 1962. Flag of the Greater Nazi Reich in America Flag of the Japanese Pacific States Juliana Crain is a San Francisco woman who becomes entangled with the resistance when her half - sister Trudy is killed by the Kempeitai, just after giving Juliana a film reel that contains newsreel - style footage depicting an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II and Germany and Japan were defeated. The film is entitled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy, and is part of a series of similar newsreels being collected by someone referred to as `` The Man in the High Castle ''. Juliana believes the newsreel reflects some sort of alternate reality and that it is part of some kind of larger truth about how the world should be. Her boyfriend, Frank Frink ( who keeps his Jewish roots hidden in order to avoid extradition and death at the hands of the Nazis ), believes that the newsreel has no relation to real - life events. Juliana learns Trudy was carrying the film to Canon City, Colorado, in the Neutral Zone, where she was going to meet someone. Juliana decides to travel there in Trudy 's place to find out what her half - sister 's mission was. When she arrives in Canon City, she encounters Joe Blake. Blake is a 27 - year - old New Yorker who is a double agent working for the Nazis under Obergruppenführer John Smith, a former US Army officer who joined the Nazis and rose through the ranks to become a senior officer in the SS. Blake is pretending to be a member of the resistance while he searches for the resistance contact in Canon City, which is Juliana, substituting for Trudy. Nobusuke Tagomi is a high - ranking Japanese official ( the Trade Minister ) in San Francisco. He meets in secret with Nazi official Rudolph Wegener, who is traveling incognito as Swedish businessman Victore Baynes. Tagomi and Wegener are concerned about the power vacuum that will exist when the Reich 's Führer Adolf Hitler dies, or is forced to step down due to his worsening Parkinson 's disease. Wegener explains that Hitler 's successor will want to use the Reich 's nuclear bombs against Japan to gain control of the rest of the former United States. Currently, however, Japan and the Third Reich are engaged in a cold war full of tension but no open warfare, with the Japanese lagging behind the Germans technologically. Frank Frink ends up being arrested when the Japanese and the Nazis become suspicious of Juliana 's activities. Not having the information they seek, he is unable to give the Japanese what they are looking for, and they kill Frink 's sister and her two children in retaliation, using their Jewish heritage as an excuse for their executions. This leads Frink to plan to kill the visiting Japanese Crown Prince and Princess, but he ultimately decides against going through with his plan. Season two ( edit ) Season Two of the show broadly encompasses Frank Frink deciding to forgo his hesitancy and relative pacifism and choosing to become a committed member of the American Resistance to the Japanese Empire inside the Pacific States, eventually participating in a successful terrorist bombing of a central - command building of the Pacific States government in downtown San Francisco. The attack kills many members of the Japanese military and other top - level leadership. Juliana Crain claims asylum in the Nazi Reich using their San Francisco Embassy so she can escape Japanese soldiers who hold her responsible for at least one murder. John Smith, seeing that her asylum claim is unlikely to succeed, steps in to the interrogation room and assumes command of her claim himself, ensuring it goes through, and he takes her to New York without Joe Blake 's knowledge. Joe Blake himself discovers he was a product of the Lebensborn programme, and also that he is the sole biological son of a top - ranking Nazi official in Berlin, Martin Heusmann. Eventually Blake reconciles with Heusmann on the personal level and, in so doing, becomes second - in - command of the Chancellorship after Adolf Hitler dies and the Nazi leadership in Berlin grants Heusmann the Reich 's Acting Chancellor title, which they do quickly and almost by default. Hitler 's death is abruptly pinned upon Japanese spies, and Heusmann suddenly announces on television that the Japanese agents whom he claims assassinated the Führer will be brought to justice by any means necessary, including war. John Smith is the only high - ranking Nazi official to be suspicious of the nature of Heusmann 's sudden announcement. To gain insight in to why it has happened, he interrogates another high - ranking Nazi, Reinhard Heydrich, who reveals a far - reaching conspiracy led by Heusmann designed to result in a Nazi nuclear onslaught against the Japanese Empire that will kill tens of millions of Japanese, decimate their Empire, level Tokyo, kill their Emperor, and force the surviving Japanese to permanently absorb themselves in to a global Nazi Reich. John Smith undertakes carefully - calculated stealth actions to disrupt and dismantle the Heusmann conspiracy and, as a final act, travels to Berlin and informs Heinrich Himmler -- the Nazi Reichsführer and not involved in the conspiracy -- of the existence of the conspiracy. Audiotapes, together with physical and written evidence reaching too deep within the existing Reich 's power structure to be dismissed as hearsay, are handed personally by John Smith over to the Reichsführer, who then angrily leads Smith and several of his closest Berlin subordinates in to the late Führer 's office occupied by the Acting Chancellor. He arrests Heusmann for high treason and the murder of Adolf Hitler, detains Joe Blake along with Heusmann, and then addresses the Volkshalle packed with hundreds of thousands of Reich civilians and uniformed stormtroopers, nixing the war - declaration speech meant to have been delivered by Heusmann and instead informing the Reich of Heusmann 's conspiracy and John Smith 's exposing of it. Upon learning this, the entire Volkshalle erupts in to a celebratory mood marked by repeated mass Nazi salutes of Himmler 's men in general and then John Smith in particular. The second season ends with Himmler and John Smith implicitly assuming command of the Reich, and an implied new era of peace and tranquility between the Japanese Empire and the Greater Nazi Reich. Juliana Crain continues to live out her asylum claim inside New York Nazi territory, and the final few minutes of the final episode of the second season show Trudy ( or an alternate - universe version of her ) alive and well. In a basement somewhere, John Smith is given access to a room filled to bursting with reels of films watched by the late Führer. Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alexa Davalos as Juliana Crain, a young woman from San Francisco who is outwardly happy living under Japanese control ; she has become an expert in aikido and is friendly with Japanese people living in San Francisco. Her mother harbors hatred of the Japanese, as they killed Juliana 's father during the war. Rupert Evans as Frank Frink, Juliana 's boyfriend. He works in a factory, creating replicas of pre-war American pistols that are prized by the Japanese, while on his own time he creates original jewelry and sketches. When Juliana vanishes just after the police kill her sister, Frank is taken into custody, which is particularly dangerous since he had a Jewish grandfather and would face execution if this fact were exposed. His experience with the Japanese causes him to turn against the state. Luke Kleintank as Joe Blake, a new recruit to the underground American resistance who is actually an agent working for the SS under Obergruppenführer John Smith. He transports a copy of a reel of the forbidden film The Grasshopper Lies Heavy to the neutral Rocky Mountain States as part of his mission to infiltrate the American resistance. DJ Qualls as Ed McCarthy, Frank 's co-worker and friend. He closely follows politics and cares very much about Juliana and Frank 's well being. Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa as Nobusuke Tagomi, the Trade Minister of the Pacific States of America. His true loyalties are ambiguous throughout the first season. Rufus Sewell as John Smith, an SS Obergruppenführer investigating the Resistance in New York. He is a natural - born American who previously served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and lives a comfortable suburban life with a wife and three children. It is implied that he embraced Nazism because he grew up in poverty as a result of the Great Depression. Joel de la Fuente as Chief Inspector Takeshi Kido, the ruthless head of the Kempeitai stationed in San Francisco. Brennan Brown as Robert Childan, an antique store owner who makes secret deals with Frank. ( recurring, season 1 ; main, season 2 ) Callum Keith Rennie as Gary Connell, leader of the West Coast Resistance movement and enforcer for Abendsen. ( season 2 ) Bella Heathcote as Nicole Dörmer, a young Berlin - born filmmaker who will cross paths with Joe. ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Carsten Norgaard as Rudolph Wegener, a disillusioned high - ranking Nazi official who trades secrets with Tagomi. Rick Worthy as Lemuel `` Lem '' Washington, owner of the Sunrise Diner in Canon City and member of the Resistance. Camille Sullivan as Karen Vecchione, a leader of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance. Lee Shorten as Sergeant Hiroyuki Yoshida, Inspector Kido 's right - hand man. Arnold Chun as Kotomichi, Tagomi 's assistant. Hank Harris as Randall Becker, a member of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance Christine Chatelain as Laura Crothers, Frank 's sister. Allan Havey as the Origami Man, a Nazi spy sent to Canon City to eliminate members of the Resistance. Burn Gorman as the Marshal, a bounty hunter searching for concentration camp escapees. Shaun Ross as the Shoe Shine Boy, a young albino man living in Canon City. Rob LaBelle as Carl, a bookstore clerk in Canon City who is revealed to be a concentration camp escapee named David P. Frees. Geoffrey Blake as Jason Meyer, a Jewish member of the Resistance. Michael Gaston as Mark Sampson, a Jew living in the Pacific States ; he is Frank 's friend Louis Ozawa Changchien as Paul Kasoura, a wealthy lawyer who collects pre-war American memorabilia. Tao Okamoto as Betty, Paul 's wife. Daisuke Tsui as the Crown Prince of Japan Mayumi Yoshida as the Crown Princess of Japan Amy Okuda as Christine Tanaka, an office worker in the Nippon building. Hiro Kanagawa as Taishi Okamura, the leader of a Yakuza based in the Pacific States. Stephen Root as Hawthorne Abendsen / The Man in the High Castle. ( season 2 ) Sebastian Roché as Reichsminister Martin Heusmann, Joe Blake 's estranged father and high - ranking member of the Reich. ( season 2 ) Cara Mitsuko as Sarah, a Japanese American Resistance member, confidante of Frank and survivor of the Manzanar concentration camp. ( season 2 ) Tate Donovan as George Dixon, a mysterious friend of the Crains ( season 2 ). Michael Hogan as Hagan, an ex-preacher and leader in the San Francisco resistance. ( season 2 ) Tzi Ma as General Hidehisa Onoda, a leading member of the Japanese military. ( season 2 ) John Smith 's family ( edit ) Chelah Horsdal as Helen Smith, John 's wife. Quinn Lord as Thomas Smith, John and Helen 's son and the eldest child. A member of the Hitler Youth, it is later revealed that he has inherited a form of muscular dystrophy from his father 's side of the family. Gracyn Shinyei as Amy Smith, John and Helen 's daughter. Genea Charpentier as Jennifer Smith, John and Helen 's daughter. Juliana Crain 's family ( edit ) Daniel Roebuck as Arnold Walker, Juliana 's stepfather and Trudy 's father. Macall Gordon as Anne Crain Walker, Juliana 's mother who is still bitter about losing her husband in World War II. Conor Leslie as Trudy Walker, Juliana 's half sister who is shot dead by the Kempeitai. However, she is shown alive at the end of the second season. Nobusuke Tagomi 's family ( edit ) Yukari Komatsu as Michiko Tagomi, Nobusuke 's wife. ( season 2 ) Eddie Shin as Noriaki Tagomi, Nobusuke and Michiko 's son. ( season 2 ) Historical Figures ( edit ) Wolf Muser as Adolf Hitler. Ray Proscia as SS - Oberst - Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich. Kenneth Tigar as SS - Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler ( season 2 ) Peter Anderson as Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Minister of Propaganda ( season 2 ) Lisa Paxton as Eva Braun, Hitler 's wife ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The pilot and the second episode were screened at a special Comic - Con event. The season premiered on November 20, 2015. No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The New World '' David Semel Frank Spotnitz January 15, 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) A young man, Joe Blake, volunteers to serve the resistance by driving a truck from Nazi New York to the neutral zone in the Rockies. In Japan - occupied San Francisco, Juliana Crain receives a package from her sister Trudy, only to see her get shot by the Japanese police. She returns home where her boyfriend Frank urges her to go to the police and tell them she had nothing to do with Trudy 's treason. The package contains film of the Allies winning World War II, which Juliana watches. She boards a bus to the Neutral Zone to deliver the film in Trudy 's place. A female agent on the bus attempts to steal the film but only escapes with decoys. Joe befriends Juliana in Canon City while in San Francisco, Frank is arrested by the Kempeitai, who want to know Juliana 's destination. Joe calls a Nazi commandant, Smith, revealing that he is working for them. `` Sunrise '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz October 23, 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) In the Canon City diner, Juliana meets a man she assumes is her contact. Smith tells Joe that the contact is a Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) agent trying to stop the resistance, and orders him not to intervene. However, when the SD agent tries to kill Juliana, Joe drives up, and she is able to throw the agent over the railing to his death. In New York, Smith is attacked by resistance fighters. In prison, Frank meets a resistance fighter who convinces him not to inform on Juliana. The Kempeitai kill Frank 's sister and her children, but do not kill him when the woman who stole Juliana 's bag is found with fake film reels. `` The Illustrated Woman '' Ken Olin Thomas Schnauz and Evan Wright November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe spots a Nazi bounty hunter in town, looking for the man Juliana killed. They go to dispose of his body and car, but find a map which leads them to a cave where they find a dead woman and list of names. They realize that Juliana 's boss from the diner was her actual contact. Frank breaks the news of his sister and her children 's deaths to his brother - in - law. Frank returns to work where he makes a real gun. The bounty hunter realizes Juliana 's identity and tries to kill her. `` Revelations '' Michael Rymer Thomas Schnauz and Jace Richdale November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe quickly saves Juliana from the Marshal. Joe and Juliana confront Lemuel who leads them into the woods, where they are surrounded by resistance fighters, who force them to give them the films and leave. Joe and Juliana are attacked again by the Marshal, causing Joe to reveal to the Marshal that he is a Nazi agent. The Marshal pursues Juliana on the highway. When Juliana gets far enough, she burns her car and hides. When the Marshal reaches the car, he assumes that she has died. Back in the Reich, SS Captain Connolly is suspected by Smith for telling the resistance members who attacked him, which route he was taking to work. In the Pacific States, Frank heads to the Crown Prince 's speech with a gun to assassinate him, but hesitates to do so. The Crown Prince is then shot by an unseen gunman. 5 5 `` The New Normal '' Bryan Spicer Rob Williams November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) The Crown Prince is rushed to the hospital after the attack, and the captain of the Imperial Guard is ordered to commit seppuku, for not protecting the Crown Prince. Kido then states that if he can not find the gunman, he will do the same. Meanwhile, Juliana returns home to find an angry Frank, who alludes to his time in prison. Juliana visits her parents and learns the Japanese killed Frank 's sister and children. When she later reports to the Japanese military, she is interrogated and asked about Trudy 's partner Randall but is ultimately let go. She then visits Simone and meets an agent of the resistance who gives her a visitor 's card to the government building. Joe returns to New York from the Neutral Zone and is kidnapped by Gestapo agents and brought to Smith 's office. He is then forced to tell Smith what happened in Canon City. Smith tells Joe he has failed in his mission because the leader of the resistance escaped. Smith believes Joe is being truthful and invites him over for VA day ( Victory in America day ). 6 6 `` Three Monkeys '' Nelson McCormick Rob Williams November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe celebrates VA day at Smith 's house. Juliana accepts a job working for Tagomi as she continues her search for answers. Smith, who has received intelligence about Wegener 's activities but also happens to be an old friend, intercepts him at the airport and invites him for dinner hoping to probe Wegener for answers. Smith has Wegener arrested. Smith catches Joe sneaking through his files. 7 7 `` Truth '' Brad Anderson Emma Frost November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana makes a startling discovery about her sister 's death. Frank reflects on recent events and makes an important decision about his future, and Tagomi gains greater insight into Juliana 's past. Smith catches Joe in his home office and interrogates him about Juliana and Canon City. 8 8 `` End of the World '' Karyn Kusama Walon Green November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana and Frank make plans to escape the Pacific States, only to be dragged back into danger by Joe as he tries to retrieve a new film, and walks directly into the Kempeitai 's ambush. Meanwhile, Smith 's loyalty is put to the ultimate test when confronted with a startling family discovery. The episode is named after the song of the same name, which is performed by Lini Evans during the episode with Japanese lyrics she co-wrote. 9 9 `` Kindness '' Michael Slovis Jace Richdale November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) With time running out, a desperate Frank is forced to put his life on the line to help Joe. The pieces finally fall into place for Smith as he uncovers who was behind the assassination attempt. Tagomi is devastated when he is confronted with the consequences of his scheming, and Kido 's investigation takes a dramatic turn when he makes an important discovery. Meanwhile, Frank and Juliana, after taking possession of the new film, decide to watch it, but they are shocked to find out that the film describes, apparently in the near future, a nuclear - bombed San Francisco where the SS are rounding up and executing survivors ; Frank is shown being executed by Joe, who is wearing an SS uniform. 10 10 `` A Way Out '' Daniel Percival Rob Williams November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Frank and Juliana angrily confront Joe as a Nazi agent. He goes to the Nazi embassy with the film. Joe learns that Heydrich is preparing a trap. Kido acts on the information from the Yakuza and kills the Nazi sniper that shot the Crown Prince. Ed is caught with Frank 's gun and is used as a scapegoat for the attempted assassination of the Crown Prince, averting the need for Kido to commit seppuku. Heydrich demands Smith 's loyalty ahead of Wegener assassinating Hitler. Wegener says goodbye to his family and travels to Hitler 's alpine castle ( filmed at Hohenwerfen Castle ), but after confronting Hitler ( who is watching the alternate newsreels in his huge film vault saying that he learns something every time he watches ), kills himself instead. Smith captures the traitor Heydrich and reports such to Hitler. Joe evades Lem 's ambush and boards a boat to Mexico in Juliana 's place. Frank finds out that Ed has been arrested and returns to the Kempeitai headquarters to find him being detained. Tagomi goes to Union Square to meditate with Juliana 's charm and opens his eyes to find himself in an alternate 1962 where the Allies won World War II and America is in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The second season was released on December 16, 2016. No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` The Tiger 's Cave '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Joe returns to New York to hand over the film to Smith and request for his resignation, but Smith denies his request before delivering the film to Hitler. Karen and Lem confront Juliana for not shooting Joe before she is tranquilized. She wakes up in the home of Hawthorne Abendsen, The Man in the High Castle, and his vast film collection. Meanwhile, General Onoda reveals to Tagomi and his staff that the capsule Science Minister Shimada found in his pocket contains the plans for a nuclear weapon that the Empire intends to use to crush the Nazis, much to Tagomi 's dismay. Frank confronts Arnold about spying over his own family. Desperate to clear Ed 's name, Frank goes to Childan and asks for his help. Juliana attempts to get answers from an evasive Abendsen and receives a clue which may help to avert nuclear war. Gary Connell, leader of the West Coast Resistance, goes against orders and tries to kill Juliana, but she escapes at a Kempeitai checkpoint. A gunfight ensues between the Resistance members and the Japanese soldiers. Karen is killed in the crossfire. 12 `` The Road Less Traveled '' Colin Bucksey Rob Williams December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Kido investigates the shootout at the checkpoint and suspects Juliana is involved. Frank decides to get Paul Kasoura, who is a defense lawyer, to help Ed. In desperation, he reveals to Kasoura that the antique goods he and Childan sold him are fake, leading the pair to be imprisoned by the Yakuza, to whom Kasoura has a connection. Frank is almost killed by Okamura, the Yakuza leader, in the previous incident with Joe. However, he manages to convince Okamura to allow him to repay his debt for the forgery, with a condition that Ed is to work with him as his assistant. Kido is forced by Okamura to release Ed. He later pins the assassination of the Crown Prince on the deceased Karen. Joe is ordered by Smith to visit his father, a Reichminister named Heusmann, in Berlin. Smith tells Joe that Juliana is possibly dead. Meanwhile, Juliana evades Gary and Lem and tries to convince her parents to leave San Francisco, to no avail. Using the clue on a mysterious man that Abendsen is fixated on, Juliana discovers the man is a family friend named George Dixon, who is Trudy 's real father. Learning he may be in Brooklyn, Juliana risks her life to reach the Nazi embassy and request asylum, while leaving a letter to Frank. 13 `` Travelers '' Daniel Sackheim Erik Oleson December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith is warned by Dr. Adler, the family physician, to end his son Thomas 's life, as the boy 's incurable illness prevents him from being accepted in the Reich. Juliana makes it to New York and is questioned by Smith, who is notified of her arrival and arranges her stay. He keeps this a secret from Joe. Frank learns of Juliana 's defection to the Nazi states, though he does not believe Gary on her betrayal. While he works with Ed and Childan to create forgeries for the Yakuza to repay his debt, Frank is convinced by the Resistance to help them liberate innocent citizens from the Kempeitai in retaliation for the checkpoint murders. While saving a Resistance member named Sarah, Frank commits his first kill against the Japanese. Juliana looks for Joe but is told by his ex-lover that he has rejoined the Nazis, leading her to think he may have betrayed her. Joe travels to Berlin and meets with his father but is distant due to the latter 's treatment of his mother. He crosses paths with Nicole Becker, a filmmaker. Smith is unable to kill his son when given the chance to do so. He meets with Dr. Adler and kills him to ensure his silence. 14 `` Escalation '' David Petrarca Wesley Strick December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana adjusts to life in the Reich under the tutelage of Smith 's wife Helen and Thomas. While looking for George Dixon at his old apartment, she is pursued by two unknown agents and almost killed. General Onoda has the Kempeitai execute numerous citizens for the murder of the Japanese soldiers during the Resistance rescue. Enraged, Frank starts to neglect his debt with the Yakuza and accepts a risky assignment to siphon materials from an unexploded Japanese bomb for a Resistance mission, much to Ed 's dismay. Frank begins to get close with Sarah during the assignment. Smith reveals to a suspecting Helen that he killed Dr. Adler to keep their son 's illness a secret. Kido gets Onoda drunk and tricks him into approving an unknown order. After escaping from her pursuers, Juliana is approached by Dixon. Tagomi travels to the alternate timeline once again and sees his still - living wife Michiko, who is deceased in his own timeline. 15 5 `` Duck and Cover '' John Fawcett Erik Oleson & Rick Cleveland December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Dixon is revealed to be a Resistance leader and meets up with Juliana after she tells him that the Man in the High Castle sent her. Juliana tells him he may be somehow involved in the possible San Francisco bombing as he has appeared several times in the films. Dixon forces Juliana to spy on Smith and his family to redeem her betrayal when she allowed Joe to escape with the film. Joe is upset when his father brings him to his place of birth and reveals he is one of the Lebensborn, an experiment to perfect racial purity. Despite this, he takes up his father 's offer to remain in Berlin for a few more days. Kido attempts to use Onoda 's approval to extradite Juliana from the Nazi states, though he fails and reveals his motive for visiting Smith for an unknown reason. Frank becomes further involved with the Resistance while Ed is revealed to be under the control of the Kempeitai to report on the Yakuza 's counterfeiting activities in exchange for his and Frank 's lives. Lem assists Abendsen in moving to a new location under the possibility the location of the High Castle is compromised and Abendsen destroys most of the films before leaving. Tagomi reveals himself to the alternate Michiko and his son Noriyuke, but discovers the alternate Tagomi 's relationship with them is estranged. He is shocked to see Noriyuke married to an alternate Juliana with their son. 16 6 `` Kintsugi '' Paul Holahan Francesca Gardiner December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana starts to socialize with the Ladies Committee as planned and gains the support of one of the members, Lucy. Helen discovers Thomas has been selected by the Hitler Youth group to go for an expedition in South America. She forbids her son to go until she finds out that Smith arranged to have their son disappear from society by staging a fake abduction and live a life of anonymity. Joe starts to get closer to Nicole, who reveals herself as one of the Lebensborn and brings him to meet with some of the others. After spending the night with Nicole, Joe begins to embrace his real heritage. Tagomi attempts to mend his alternate self 's relationship with his family, and is dismayed by the alternate Noriyuke 's foregoing of the Japanese culture. Kido is informed by his right hand man, Yoshida, that they have found Abendsen 's burnt hideout and learns the Yakuza is also looking for the films. 17 7 `` Land O ' Smiles '' Karyn Kusama Rob Williams December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Ed and Childan go to Okamura to repay their debt with the sale from Frank 's forgery but are locked up in a storage room when Kido and his men pay a visit. Kido kills Okamura and the Yakuza members present for treason as he has deduced the Yakuza are working with the Nazis. Yoshida discovers Ed and Childan but lets them go. Frank is tasked to plant a bomb at the harbor where General Onoda is visiting. However, Frank aborts the mission when he discovers that the Japanese are secretly building an atomic bomb there and alerts the Resistance of this information. While at Adler 's funeral, Smith is dismayed when Adler 's wife Alice raises her suspicion on her husband 's sudden death and plans to have an autopsy performed. Juliana also attends the funeral and while talking to Thomas, she notices he has a seizure and covers for him. Later, she promises Helen that she will not reveal Thomas 's condition. Smith has further troubles when Heinrich Himmler informs him that Hitler has suffered a collapse. 18 8 `` Loose Lips '' Alex Zakrzewski Rick Cleveland December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith questions Juliana about Joe 's film and learns of San Francisco 's impending destruction. Lucy tells Juliana she knows that supposedly live footage of Hitler is actually archival because her husband manages the TV broadcast. Juliana shares with Dixon her belief that Hitler may be dead. The Resistance decide it is time to stage an uprising, leaving Juliana concerned that she may have caused the nuclear catastrophe she is trying to prevent. Heusmann is made Acting Chancellor while Joe decides to support his father. Frank learns from Arnold that Juliana has warned them to leave San Francisco and has not betrayed him. Enraged, he confronts Gary but the Resistance is determined to go ahead with the uprising. Armed with the knowledge from Juliana and Kido, Smith misleads a secretly imprisoned Heydrich into thinking Germany and Japan are already at war, leading Heydrich to confirm what Smith has suspected : a conspiracy to create a pretext for war with the Japanese exists among the Nazi ranks. Smith executes Heydrich, but not before learning he is not the mastermind behind the rush to war. Hitler passes away, leaving Heusmann in charge, and the new Chancellor is revealed to have orchestrated the looming conflict. 19 9 `` Detonation '' Chris Long Wesley Strick December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi watches a film with his alternate family showing the recent test detonation of a hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll. Finally resolved to stop war between Japan and the Nazis, Tagomi takes the film and returns to his reality. Thomas confides to Juliana about his condition, unaware that their conversation is being recorded. Smith later learns of the tape and takes it to protect Thomas ' secret. In a televised address, Heusmann frames the Japanese for Hitler 's death by poison and promises retaliation much to Joe 's horror. Frank decides to assist the Resistance in assassinating Onoda using their homemade bombs. Before the operation, he convinces Ed and Childan to leave San Francisco. Frank and Sarah smuggle a car bomb into the Kempeitai HQ underground parking garage. They set the bomb timer and attempt to leave the building, but are spotted by Kido, which starts a gunfight in the lobby. Just as Tagomi arrives, the bomb detonates, killing General Onoda and his staff and collapsing most of the building. Frank and Sarah 's fate is not shown. 20 10 `` Fallout '' Daniel Percival Erik Oleson December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi and Kido, who survived the bombing, deal with the aftermath of the destruction of the Kempeitai HQ. Afterwards, Kido travels to New York and plays the film for Smith appearing to provide evidence that the Japanese possess a hydrogen bomb. The resistance attempts to avenge Karen 's death by killing Juliana, but she escapes and kills Susan in the process. She then confronts and kills Dixon, who was threatening to expose Smith by broadcasting the tape of her conversation with Thomas. Smith travels to Berlin with the film to convince the Nazi higher - ups not to attack Japan out of fear of nuclear retaliation and meets privately with Himmler, exposing Heusmann as the traitor. After arresting Heusmann and Joe, Himmler addresses the worldwide public from the Volkshalle, possibly assuming control of the Reich, and rewards Smith for his service. The recognition Smith receives inspires Thomas to turn himself over to the Public Health Department to be euthanized. After traveling to the Neutral Zone, a bereft Juliana learns from Abendsen that hope remains and that her sister is alive. Finally, Lem hands over Abendsen 's remaining films to Tagomi. Production ( edit ) In 2010, it was announced that the BBC would co-produce a four - part TV adaptation of The Man in the High Castle for BBC One together with Headline Pictures, FremantleMedia Enterprises and Scott Free Films. Director Ridley Scott was to act as executive producer of the adaptation by Howard Brenton. On February 11, 2013, Variety reported that Syfy was adapting the book as a four - part miniseries, with Ridley Scott and Frank Spotnitz as executive producers, co-produced with Scott Free Prods., Headline Pictures and Electric Shepherd Prods. On October 1, 2014, Amazon.com began filming the pilot episode in Roslyn, Washington, for a new television drama to be aired on their Prime web video streaming service. This has been adapted by Frank Spotnitz and is being produced for Amazon by Ridley Scott, David Zucker and Jordan Sheehan for Scott Free, Stewart Mackinnon and Christian Baute for Headline Pictures, Isa Hackett and Kalen Egan for Electric Shepherd and Spotnitz 's Big Light Productions. The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15, 2015. Amazon Studios ' production process is somewhat different from those of other conventional television channels. They produce pilot episodes of a number of different prospective programs, then release them and gather data on their success. The most promising shows are then picked up as regular series. On February 18, 2015, Amazon.com announced that The Man in the High Castle was given the green - light along with four other series, and a full season would be produced. Production for the pilot episode began in October 2014. Principal filming took place in Seattle, with the city standing in for San Francisco and locations in New York City, as well as Roslyn, Washington, which was the long - time shooting location for Northern Exposure. Sites used in Seattle include the Seattle Center Monorail, the Paramount Theatre, a newspaper office in the Pike Place Market area, as well as various buildings in the city 's Capitol Hill, International District, and Georgetown neighborhoods. In Roslyn, the production used external shots of the Roslyn Cafe which featured prominently in Northern Exposure along with several local businesses and scenery. In April 2015, filming took place in Vancouver, British Columbia, in the downtown area of West Georgia Street, along the promenade of the Coast Capital Savings building. In May and June 2015 filming also took place at the University of British Columbia. Exterior shots of Hohenwerfen Castle in Werfen, Austria, were filmed in September 2015 for the tenth episode of the first season. Amazon announced that they were bringing on new executive producer and showrunner Eric Overmyer for season three to replace Frank Spotnitz after his sudden departure from the show during the middle of season two. Reception ( edit ) The first season of The Man in the High Castle received acclaim from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives season 1 an approval rating of 95 % based on reviews from 58 critics, with an average rating of 7.54 out of 10. The site 's critical consensus states, `` By executive producer Ridley Scott, The Man in the High Castle is unlike anything else on TV, with an immediately engrossing plot driven by quickly developed characters in a fully realized post-WWII dystopia. '' Metacritic gives the first season a score of 77 out of 100, based on reviews from 30 critics, indicating `` generally favorable reviews ''. Meredith Woerner from io9 wrote, `` I can honestly say I loved this pilot. It 's an impressive, streamlined undertaking of a fairly complicated and very beloved novel. '' Matt Fowler from IGN gave 9.2 out of 10 and described the series as a `` a superb, frightening experience filled with unexpected twists and ( some sci - fi ) turns. '' Brian Moylan of The Guardian was positive and praised the convincing depiction as well as the complex, and gripping, plot. The Los Angeles Times described the pilot as `` provocative '' and `` smartly adapted by The X-Files ' Frank Spotnitz. '' The Daily Telegraph said it was `` absorbing '' and Wired called it `` must - see viewing. '' Entertainment Weekly said it was `` engrossing '' and `` a triumph in world - building, '' cheering, `` The Man in the High Castle is king. '' After its first season, Rolling Stone included it on a list of the forty best science fiction television shows of all time. Amazon subsequently announced it was the service 's most - streamed original series and had been renewed for a second season. Season 2 was met with mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 63 % based on reviews from 19 critics, with an average rating of 6.86 out of 10. The site 's critical consensus states, `` Although its plot is admittedly unwieldy, The Man in the High Castle 's second season expands its fascinating premise in powerful new directions, bolstered by stunning visuals, strong performances, and intriguing new possibilities. '' Metacritic gives season 2 a score of 62 out of 100, based on reviews from ten critics. Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 IGN Awards Best New TV Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated South by Southwest Awards Excellence in Title Design Patrick Clair Nominated 2016 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Television Movie, Mini-Series or Pilot James Hawkinson ( Episode : `` The New World '' ) Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series James Hawkinson Won Outstanding Main Title Design Patrick Clair, Paul Kim, Jose Limon, Raoul Marks Won Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton, Linda King, Brenda Meyers - Ballard Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects The Man in the High Castle Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Rufus Sewell Nominated Monte - Carlo Television Festival Best TV Series Drama The Man in the High Castle Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Television Script Frank Spotnitz and Philip K. Dick Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode, Commercial, or Real - Time Project Casi Blume, David Andrade, Nick Chamberlain, Lawson Deming Nominated Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Lawson Deming, Cory Jamieson, Casi Blume, Nick Chamberlain Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Recurring Young Actor ( 14 -- 21 ) Quinn Lord Nominated 2017 Artios Awards Television Pilot And First Season - Drama Denise Chamian, Liz Ludwitzke, Candice Elzinga, Patti Kalles Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) James Hawkinson Nominated Outstanding Original Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program `` Resistance Radio '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton, Dawn Swiderski, Jon Lancaster Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects Lawson Deming, Cory Jamieson, Casi Blume, Nick Chamberlain, David Andrade, Bill Parker, Justin Fox, Danielle Malambri Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series J.R. Hawbaker Nominated Leo Awards Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Kurt Evans Nominated Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Chelah Horsdal Won Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series Nicole Noelle Chartrand, Robert Murdoch Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated Advertising controversy ( edit ) As part of an advertising campaign for the release of the first season, one entire New York City Subway car was covered with Nazi and Imperial Japanese imagery as seen in the show, including multiple American flags with the Nazi eagle emblem in place of the 50 stars and multiple flags of the fictional Pacific States. In response to criticism from `` state lawmakers and city leaders '', the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) released a statement saying that there were no grounds to reject the ads due to the fact that neutral content subway ad standards only prohibit advertising that is a political advertisement or disparages an individual or group. MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz stated that, `` The MTA is a government agency and ca n't accept or reject ads based on how we feel about them ; we have to follow the standards approved by our board. Please note they 're commercial ads. '' Spokesperson Adam Lisberg said, `` This advertising, whether you find it distasteful or not, obviously they 're not advertising Nazism ; they 're advertising a TV show. '' After complaints from New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, initial reports indicated that Amazon pulled the advertisement from the subway. It was later announced that it was the MTA, not Amazon, that pulled the ad, due to pressure from Governor Cuomo. See also ( edit ) SS - GB, 2017 TV series Fatherland, 1994 TV movie References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Review : The Man in the High Castle ''. Variety. November 18, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle ''. Amazon Prime. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle ''. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved January 18, 2015. Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy. `` Amazon orders 5 original series including Man in the High Castle, Mad Dogs ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 18, 2015. Jump up ^ Spotnitz, Frank ( @ FrankSpotnitz ) ( August 17, 2015 ). `` @ dlairman @ HighCastleTV Ten '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Fienberg, Daniel ( @ TheFienPrint ) ( August 3, 2015 ). `` Time for ' Man in the High Castle, ' which premieres on November 20 on # Amazon. # TCA15 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' season 2 premiere date : Season releases Dec. 16 ''. Den of Geek. August 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Trendacosta, Katharine ( January 3, 2017 ). `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' Gets Another Season and Another Showrunner ''. Gizmodo. Retrieved May 30, 2017. Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP9wkTEgORI Jump up ^ Petski, Denise ( April 15, 2016 ). `` Callum Keith Rennie joins Amazon 's Man in the High Castle ; Rafael de la Fuente in When We Rise ABC Miniseries ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved April 17, 2016. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise ( April 6, 2016 ). `` Bella Heathcote joins Man in the High Castle ; Warren Christie in Eyewitness ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ `` FX 's Tyrant casts Annet Mahendru ; Sebastian Roché in Amazon 's Man in the High Castle ''. Deadline.com. Jump up ^ `` A New Trailer for The Man in the High Castle and Episode Two Preview ''. Newsweek. July 13, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015. Jump up ^ Jarvey, Natalie ( August 3, 2015 ). `` The Man in the High Castle Creator Frank Spotnitz on Creating Alternate Histories ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 Release Date, Trailer, and Review ''. Den of Geek. December 12, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016. Jump up ^ Sweney, Mark ( October 7, 2010 ). `` Ridley Scott to return to work of sci - fi icon for BBC mini-series ''. The Guardian. Retrieved October 7, 2010. Jump up ^ Marechal, A.J. ( February 10, 2013 ). `` Syfy, Ridley Scott, Frank Spotnitz set miniseries ''. Variety. Retrieved August 17, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Muir, Pat ( October 6, 2014 ). `` Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame : The Man in the High Castle ''. Yakima Herald - Republic. Archived from the original on December 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( July 24, 2014 ). `` Amazon Studios adds drama The Man in the High Castle, comedy Just Add Magic to pilot slate ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved August 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1, Episode 1 ''. Amazon.com. January 15, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Amazon greenlights full seasons of Mad Dogs, The Man in the High Castle, The New Yorker Presents, and children 's shows Just Add Magic and The Stinky & Dirty Show '' ( Press release ). Amazon.com. February 18, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Amazon builds film sets around DJC Building ''. Daily Journal of Commerce. October 9, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Shoot : The Man in the High Castle 's American Nazi John Smith ( Rufus Sewell ) films at Vancouver 's Arthur Erickson - designed concrete tower ''. YVRShoots.com. April 21, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2015. Jump up ^ Hauen, Jack ( June 1, 2015 ). `` The Man in the High Castle is filming at UBC ''. The Ubyssey. Retrieved August 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Hakenkreuzflagge flatterte auf der Burg Hohenwerfen '' ( Swastika flag flutters on Hohenwerfen Castle ). Salzburger Nachrichten ( in German ). September 16, 2015. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( January 3, 2017 ). `` ' The Man In the High Castle ' Renewed For Season 3 By Amazon, Gets A Showrunner ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved May 22, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 1 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved January 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Woerner, Meredith ( January 16, 2015 ). `` Man in the High Castle is wildly different from the book but still great ''. io9. Retrieved January 18, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Series 1 review ''. IGN. November 20, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : the Nazis win, but so do viewers ''. The Guardian. November 20, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2015. Jump up ^ Adams, Sam ; Collins, Sean T. ; Fear, David ; Murray, Noel ; Scherer, Jenna ; Tobias, Scott ( May 26, 2016 ). `` 40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle is Amazon 's most - watched Original ''. The Hollywood Reporter. December 21, 2015. Retrieved December 21, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle, Recently Renewed for Season Two, Marks Biggest Launch Month in Prime Video History '' ( Press release ). Amazon Studios. December 21, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 2 reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved January 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Best New Series - IGN 's Best of 2015 - IGN ''. IGN. Retrieved 4 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` The ASC -- Past ASC Awards ''. www.theasc.com. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle ''. Emmys. Retrieved September 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Best Picture - Critics ' Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Bryant, Jacob ( February 24, 2016 ). `` ' Star Wars, ' ' Mad Max, ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations ''. Variety. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` USC Scripter Awards Nominations ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( January 10, 2017 ). `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange, ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2016 Young Artist Awards '' Young Artist Awards ``. web.archive.org. 30 October 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Casting Society of America ''. www.castingsociety.com. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle ''. Emmys. Retrieved September 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Fantasy Television Series ''. costumedesignersguild.com. Retrieved February 18, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards, Nominees by Name 2017 ''. www.leoawards.com. Retrieved May 2, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series - ' Hidden Figures, ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 26, 2017. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( March 2, 2017 ). `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One, ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead ''. Variety. Retrieved March 2, 2017. Jump up ^ `` New York Subway pulls Nazi - themed ads for new show, Man in the High Castle ''. NPR. November 25, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Man in the High Castle subway ads, featuring Nazi symbols, removed from trains ''. CBS New York. November 24, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Official website The Man in the High Castle on IMDb Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Man in the High Castle. Amazon Video original programming Original series Current Bosch ( 2014 -- present ) Mozart in the Jungle ( 2014 -- present ) Transparent ( 2014 -- present ) Just Add Magic ( 2015 -- present ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) One Mississippi ( 2015 -- present ) Patriot ( 2015 -- present ) Sneaky Pete ( 2015 -- present ) Kamen Rider Amazons ( 2016 -- present ) The Collection ( 2016 -- present ) Crayon Shin - chan Gaiden ( 2016 -- present ) Fleabag ( 2016 -- present ) Goliath ( 2016 -- present ) The Grand Tour ( 2016 -- present ) I Love Dick ( 2016 -- present ) Jean - Claude Van Johnson ( 2016 -- present ) The Tick ( 2016 -- present ) Inside Edge ( 2017 -- present ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017 -- present ) Comrade Detective ( 2017 -- present ) Lore ( 2017 -- present ) Former Alpha House ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Hand of God ( 2014 -- 17 ) Red Oaks ( 2014 -- 17 ) Z : The Beginning of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Mad Dogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) Good Girls Revolt ( 2015 -- 16 ) The New Yorker Presents ( 2016 ) The Last Tycoon ( 2016 -- 17 ) American Playboy : The Hugh Hefner Story ( 2017 ) The Idolmaster KR ( 2017 ) Continuations Ripper Street ( series 3 -- 5 ; 2014 -- 16 ) Children 's programming Creative Galaxy ( 2013 -- present ) Tumble Leaf ( 2014 -- present ) Gortimer Gibbon 's Life on Normal Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Annedroids ( 2015 -- present ) Wishenpoof! ( 2015 -- present ) Danger & Eggs ( 2015 -- present ) Niko and the Sword of Light ( 2015 -- present ) The Stinky & Dirty Show ( 2015 -- present ) The Kicks ( 2015 -- present ) Little Big Awesome ( 2016 -- present ) Lost In Oz ( 2017 -- present ) If You Give a Mouse a Cookie ( 2017 -- present ) Upcoming The Romanoffs ( 2018 ) Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ( 2018 ) Carnival Row ( 2019 ) Good Omens ( 2019 ) Homecoming ( TBA ) Tong Wars ( TBA ) Works by Philip K. Dick Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney, or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots, Androids, and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster, You 're Dead! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh, to Be a Blobel! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln, Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)&oldid=816091741 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2015 American television series debuts Alternate history television series Amazon Video original programming Dystopian television series Fictional states of the United States Nazism in fiction Television programs based on works by Philip K. Dick Television series by Scott Free Productions Television series produced in British Columbia Television series set in 1962 Television shows set in Colorado Television shows set in New York City Television shows set in San Francisco World War II alternate histories Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use American English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles containing German - language text Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017, at 05 : 54. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Man in the High Castle (TV series)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)&oldid=816091741" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "7446307064203576492" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of heads of state of Nigeria - wikipedia List of heads of state of Nigeria Jump to : navigation, search Nigeria This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nigeria Constitution Human rights President ( list ) Muhammadu Buhari Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Cabinet Federal Parastatals National Assembly Senate House of Representatives Supreme Court Subdivisions States State governors Local Government Areas Recent elections Presidential : 2011 2015 Parliamentary : 2011 2015 Political parties Foreign relations Nigeria portal Other countries Atlas This is a list of the heads of state of Nigeria, from independence in 1960 to the present day. From 1960 to 1963 the head of state under the Nigeria Independence Act 1960 was the Queen of Nigeria, Elizabeth II, who was also monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen was represented in Nigeria by a Governor - General. Nigeria became a federal republic under the Constitution of 1963 and the monarch and Governor - General were replaced by a ceremonial President. In 1979, under the 1979 Constitution, the President gained executive powers, becoming head of both state and government. Since 1994, under the 1993 Constitution and the current 1999 Constitution, the head of state and government has been called the President. Contents ( hide ) 1 Monarchs ( 1960 -- 1963 ) 1.1 Governors - General 2 First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) 3 Military rule ( 1966 -- 1979 ) 4 Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) 5 Military rule ( 1983 -- 1993 ) 6 Third Republic ( 1993 ) 7 Military rule ( 1993 -- 1999 ) 8 Fourth Nigerian Republic 9 Living former heads of state 10 References 11 External links Monarchs ( 1960 -- 1963 ) ( edit ) The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne. Queen Reign Royal House Prime Minister No Portrait Name Start End Duration Elizabeth II ( 1926 -- ) 1 October 1960 1 October 1963 7003109500000000000 ♠ 3 years, 0 days Windsor Balewa Governors - General ( edit ) Standard of the Governor - General of Nigeria The Governor - General was the representative of the monarch in Nigeria and exercised most of the powers of the monarch. The Governor - General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the monarch. Since Nigeria was granted independence by the Nigeria Independence Act 1960, rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor - General was appointed solely on the advice of the Nigerian cabinet without the involvement of the British government, with the sole of exception of James Robertson, the former colonial governor, who served as Governor - General temporarily until he was replaced by Nnamdi Azikiwe. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice would have served as Officer Administering the Government. Governor - General Term of office Monarch Prime Minister No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration Sir James Robertson ( 1899 -- 1983 ) 1 October 1960 16 November 1960 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 days Elizabeth II Balewa Nnamdi Azikiwe ( 1904 -- 1996 ) 16 November 1960 1 October 1963 7003104900000000000 ♠ 2 years, 319 days Elizabeth II Balewa First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Under the 1963 Constitution, the first constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President replaced the monarch as ceremonial head of state. The President was elected by Parliament for a five - year term. In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate would have served as Acting President. President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) Prime Minister ( s ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration Nnamdi Azikiwe ( 1904 -- 1996 ) 1 October 1963 16 January 1966 ( deposed. ) 7002838000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 107 days National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons Balewa Military rule ( 1966 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu led a coup d'état in 1966 which overthrew President Azikiwe and his government. Head of State Term of Office Military No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration Major - General Johnson Aguiyi - Ironsi ( 1924 -- 1966 ) 16 January 1966 12 July 1966 ( assassinated. ) 7002177000000000000 ♠ 177 days Federal Military Government General Yakubu Gowon ( 1934 -- ) 1 August 1966 29 July 1975 ( deposed. ) 7003328400000000000 ♠ 8 years, 362 days Federal Military Government General Murtala Mohammed ( 1938 -- 1976 ) 29 July 1975 13 February 1976 ( assassinated. ) 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 days Federal Military Government 5 Major - General Olusegun Obasanjo ( 1937 -- ) 13 February 1976 1 October 1979 ( resigned. ) 7003135400000000000 ♠ 3 years, 258 days Federal Military Government Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) Under the 1979 Constitution, the second constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President was head of both state and government. The President was elected by for a four - year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice President would have served as Acting President. President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration 6 Shehu Shagari ( 1925 -- ) 1 October 1979 31 December 1983 ( deposed. ) 7003155200000000000 ♠ 4 years, 91 days National Party of Nigeria Military rule ( 1983 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Major - General Muhammadu Buhari led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shagari and his government. Head of State Term of Office Military No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration 7 Major - General Muhammadu Buhari ( 1942 -- ) 31 December 1983 27 August 1985 ( deposed. ) 1 year, 239 days Supreme Military Council 8 General Ibrahim Babangida ( 1941 -- ) 27 August 1985 26 August 1993 ( resigned. ) 7003292100000000000 ♠ 7 years, 364 days Armed Forces Ruling Council Third Republic ( 1993 ) ( edit ) The Third Republic was the planned republican government of Nigeria in 1993 which was to be governed by the Third Republican constitution. The constitution of the Third Republic was drafted in 1989, when General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida ( IBB ), the military Head of State, promised to terminate military rule by 1990 -- a date which was subsequently pushed back to 1993. IBB lifted the ban on political activity in the spring of 1989, and his government established two political parties : the center - right National Republican Convention ( NRC ) and the center - left Social Democratic Party ( SDP ). Gubernatorial and state legislative elections were conducted in December 1991, while the presidential election was postponed till 12 June 1993 -- due to political unrest. M.K.O. Abiola, a wealthy Yoruba businessman, won a decisive victory in the presidential elections on the SDP platm. President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration 9 Ernest Shonekan ( 1936 -- ) 26 August 1993 17 November 1993 ( deposed. ) 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 days Independent Military rule ( 1993 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) General Sani Abacha led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shonekan and his government. Head of State Term of Office Military No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration 10 General Sani Abacha ( 1943 -- 1998 ) 17 November 1993 8 June 1998 ( died in office. ) 7003166400000000000 ♠ 4 years, 203 days Provisional Ruling Council 11 General Abdulsalami Abubakar ( 1942 -- ) 8 June 1998 29 May 1999 ( resigned. ) 7002355000000000000 ♠ 355 days Provisional Ruling Council Fourth Nigerian Republic ( edit ) Under the fourth Constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President is head of both state and government. The President is elected by for a four - year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice President serves as Acting President. Status Denotes Vice President acting as President President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration 12 Olusegun Obasanjo ( 1937 -- ) 29 May 1999 29 May 2007 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years, 0 days People 's Democratic Party 13 Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ( 1951 -- 2010 ) 29 May 2007 5 May 2010 ( died in office. ) 7003107200000000000 ♠ 2 years, 341 days People 's Democratic Party 14 Goodluck Jonathan ( 1957 -- ) 5 May 2010 29 May 2015 7003185100000000000 ♠ 5 years, 25 days People 's Democratic Party 15 Muhammadu Buhari ( 1942 -- ) 29 May 2015 Incumbent 7002886000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 155 days All Progressives Congress Living former heads of state ( edit ) Name Term / Reign Office Date of birth Elizabeth II 1952 -- 1961 Queen of Nigeria ( 1926 - 04 - 21 ) April 21, 1926 ( age 91 ) Yakubu Gowon 1966 -- 1975 Military ruler ( 1934 - 10 - 19 ) October 19, 1934 ( age 83 ) Olusegun Obasanjo 1976 -- 1979 1999 -- 2007 Military ruler President of Nigeria ( 1937 - 03 - 05 ) March 5, 1937 ( age 80 ) Shehu Shagari 1979 -- 1983 President of Nigeria ( 1925 - 02 - 25 ) February 25, 1925 ( age 92 ) Ibrahim Babangida 1985 -- 1993 Military ruler ( 1941 - 08 - 17 ) August 17, 1941 ( age 76 ) Ernest Shonekan President of Nigeria ( 1936 - 05 - 09 ) May 9, 1936 ( age 81 ) Abdulsalami Abubakar 1998 -- 1999 Military ruler ( 1942 - 06 - 13 ) June 13, 1942 ( age 75 ) Goodluck Jonathan 2010 -- 2015 President of Nigeria ( 1957 - 11 - 20 ) November 20, 1957 ( age 59 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Past Presidents & Heads of State ''. StateHouse, Federal Republic of Nigeria. Jump up ^ Goodluck Jonathan was Acting President from 9 February to 5 May 2010 External links ( edit ) State House of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Heads of State of Nigeria Queen ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Elizabeth II President of the First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) Azikiwe Military regime ( 1966 -- 1979 ) Aguiyi - Ironsi Gowon Mohammed Obasanjo President of the Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) Shehu Shagari Military regime ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Buhari Babangida Shonekan ( interim ) * Abacha Abubakar President of the Fourth Republic ( from 1999 ) Obasanjo Yar'Adua Jonathan Buhari * civilian ; headed transition to abortive Third Republic Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions National Counsellors of State United Kingdom Governors - general Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu Sub-national Australia Governors New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada Lieutenant governors Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Realm of New Zealand Governor - general Niue, New Zealand Queen 's Representative Cook Islands Administrator Tokelau United Kingdom Lords lieutenant England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland ( list Former Governors general Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Irish Free State ( now Ireland ) Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Sierra Leone Union of South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nigeria&oldid=808050051 '' Categories : Government of Nigeria Lists of political office - holders in Nigeria Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Esperanto فارسی Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Latviešu Norsk Occitan Suomi Svenska Türkçe Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017, at 15 : 48. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of heads of state of Nigeria", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nigeria&oldid=808050051" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "3569531263672159632" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of Awards and Nominations received by Game of Thrones - wikipedia List of Awards and Nominations received by Game of Thrones Jump to : navigation, search List of awards won by Game of Thrones ( show ) Awards and nominations Award Won Nominated Art Directors Guild 5 7 American Cinema Editors 6 AFI Awards 6 6 Annie Awards 0 British Academy Television Awards 8 American Society of Cinematographers 10 Artios Awards 7 Cinema Audio Society 5 7 Costume Designers Guild 7 Critics ' Choice Television Awards 20 Directors Guild of America Awards 8 Primetime Emmy Awards 38 110 GLAAD Media Awards 0 Golden Globe Awards 6 Grammy Award 0 Golden Nymph Awards 5 Golden Reel Awards 11 22 Hollywood Post Alliance 7 19 Irish Film & Television Academy 27 Kerrang! Awards Location Managers Guild Awards 5 National Television Awards 0 Peabody Awards People 's Choice Awards 0 12 Producers Guild of America Awards 7 Royal Television Society Satellite Awards 14 Saturn Awards 25 Scream Awards 8 Screen Actors Guild Awards 7 18 TCA Awards 15 Visual Effects Society 26 47 Writers Guild of America Awards 0 10 Young Artist Awards 0 Total number of wins and nominations Totals 239 682 Ratio ( % ) 34 66 References Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created for HBO by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R.R. Martin 's series of fantasy novels. The story takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos, it has several plot lines and a large ensemble cast. The first story arc follows a dynastic conflict among competing claimants for succession to the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms, with other noble families fighting for independence from the throne. The second covers attempts to reclaim the throne by the exiled last scion of the realm 's deposed ruling dynasty ; the third chronicles the threat of the impending winter and the legendary creatures and fierce peoples of the North. The series, mostly written by Benioff, Weiss and Martin, has been nominated for many awards, including six Golden Globe Awards ( one win ), ten Writers Guild of America Awards, seven Producers Guild of America Awards ( one win ), eight Directors Guild of America Awards ( two wins ), eight Art Directors Guild Awards ( five wins ), twenty one Saturn Awards ( two wins ), fourteen Satellite Awards ( three wins ), and one Peabody Award. The series has received 110 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including six consecutive Outstanding Drama Series nominations, with 38 wins to date. Game of Thrones received many nominations, with awards recognizing various aspects of the series such as directing, writing, cast, visual effects, or overall quality. Peter Dinklage is the most rewarded member of the cast, with recognitions such as the Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor in a Series. In addition, cast members Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, Kit Harington, Maisie Williams, Diana Rigg, and Max von Sydow received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for their performances in the series. The rest of the cast was also very praised, many receiving various awards nominations, including six Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series nominations rewarding all of the main cast for seasons 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. In 2015, it set a record for winning the most number of Primetime Emmy Awards for a series in a single year, with 12 wins out of 24 nominations. In 2016, it became the most awarded series in Emmy Awards history, with a total of 38 wins. To date, Game of Thrones has won 239 awards out of 682 nominations. Game of Thrones also holds six world records from the Guinness Book of World Records : `` Most pirated TV program and Largest TV drama simulcast '' among others. Contents ( hide ) 1 Total nominations and awards for the cast 2 Emmy nominations and awards for the cast 3 Significant Guild and Peer Awards 3.1 AFI Awards 3.2 American Cinema Editors Awards 3.3 American Society of Cinematographers 3.4 Annie Awards 3.5 Australian Production Design Guild 3.6 Art Directors Guild Awards 3.7 Artios Awards 3.8 ASCAP Awards 3.9 ASTRA Awards 3.10 BAFTA Awards 3.10. 1 British Academy Television Awards 3.10. 2 British Academy Television Craft Awards 3.11 British Society of Cinematographers 3.12 Canadian Society of Cinematographers 3.13 Cinema Audio Society Awards 3.14 Costume Designers Guild Awards 3.15 Directors Guild of America Awards 3.16 Emmy Awards 3.16. 1 Primetime Emmy Awards 3.16. 2 Creative Arts Emmy Awards 3.17 Golden Reel Awards 3.18 Grammy Awards 3.19 Hollywood Post Alliance 3.20 Irish Film & Television Awards 3.21 Location Managers Guild Awards 3.22 Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards 3.23 Producers Guild of America Awards 3.24 Screen Actors Guild Awards 3.25 Society of Camera Operators Awards 3.26 Visual Effects Society 3.27 Writers Guild of America Awards 4 Significant critical awards 4.1 Critics ' Choice Television Awards 4.2 Golden Globe Awards 4.3 Guinness World Records 4.4 Hugo Awards 4.5 IGN Awards 4.6 IGN People 's Choice Award 4.7 National Television Awards 4.8 People 's Choice Awards 4.9 Peabody Awards 4.10 Poppy Awards 4.11 Satellite Awards 4.12 Saturn Awards 4.13 Scream Awards 4.14 Television Critics Association Awards 5 Other awards 5.1 Dorian Awards 5.2 Dragon Awards 5.3 Empire Awards 5.4 E! Online Best. Ever. TV. Awards 5.5 GLAAD Media Awards 5.6 Glamour Awards 5.7 Gold Derby TV Awards 5.8 Golden Nymph Awards 5.9 Gracie Allen Awards 5.10 Hollywood Music in Media Awards 5.11 Humanitas Prize 5.12 International Film Music Critics Association 5.13 Jupiter Awards 5.14 Kerrang! Awards 5.15 MTV Fandom Awards 5.16 MTV Millennial Awards 5.17 MTV Movie & TV Awards 5.18 NewNowNext Awards 5.19 Portal Awards 5.20 Royal Television Society 5.21 Screenwriters Choice Awards 5.22 SFX Awards 5.23 Shorty Awards 5.24 TV Choice Awards 5.25 USC Scripter Awards 5.26 Webby Awards 5.27 Women 's Image Network Awards 5.28 World Soundtrack Awards 5.29 Young Artist Awards 5.30 Young Hollywood Awards 5.31 Zulu Awards 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Total nominations and awards for the cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage is the series 's most successful cast member in terms of awards, having won seven awards and received 37 additional nominations Actor Character Tenure Nominations Awards Peter Dinklage Tyrion Lannister 2011 -- present 44 7 Lena Headey Cersei Lannister 2011 -- present 30 6 Emilia Clarke Daenerys Targaryen 2011 -- present 30 5 Maisie Williams Arya Stark 2011 -- present 20 5 Sophie Turner Sansa Stark 2011 -- present 13 Kit Harington Jon Snow 2011 -- present 19 Sean Bean Eddard `` Ned '' Stark 2011 8 Pedro Pascal Oberyn Martell 2014 5 Jack Gleeson Joffrey Baratheon 2011 -- 2014 12 Diana Rigg Olenna Tyrell 2013 -- 2017 8 Natalie Dormer Margaery Tyrell 2012 -- 2016 Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Jaime Lannister 2011 -- present 15 Michelle Fairley Catelyn Stark 2011 -- 2013 8 Liam Cunningham Davos Seaworth 2012 -- present 8 Charles Dance Tywin Lannister 2011 -- 2015 6 Iain Glen Jorah Mormont 2011 -- present 7 Isaac Hempstead Wright Brandon `` Bran '' Stark 2011 -- 2014, 2016 -- present 7 Gwendoline Christie Brienne of Tarth 2012 -- present 6 Conleth Hill Varys 2011 -- present 6 Nathalie Emmanuel Missandei 2013 -- present 6 Rory McCann Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane 2011 -- 2014, 2016 -- present 6 Ian McElhinney Barristan Selmy 2011, 2013 -- 2015 5 John Bradley Samwell Tarly 2011 -- present 5 Josef Altin Pypar 2011, 2013 -- 2014 Julian Glover Pycelle 2011 -- 2016 Mark Stanley Grenn 2011 -- 2014 Emmy nominations and awards for the cast ( edit ) Actor Character Category Seasons 5 6 Peter Dinklage Tyrion Lannister Supporting Actor Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Nominated Diana Rigg Olenna Tyrell Guest Actress Nominated Nominated Nominated Emilia Clarke Daenerys Targaryen Supporting Actress Nominated Nominated Nominated Lena Headey Cersei Lannister Supporting Actress Nominated Nominated Nominated Kit Harington Jon Snow Supporting Actor Nominated Maisie Williams Arya Stark Supporting Actress Nominated Max von Sydow Three - eyed Raven Guest Actor Nominated Significant Guild and peer Awards ( edit ) AFI Awards ( edit ) The AFI Award, created in 2000 by the American Film Institute, is given annually to ten films and ten television programs to acknowledge the `` most significant achievements in the art of the moving image ''. Game of Thrones has been awarded seven times. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 2012 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 2013 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 2014 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 2015 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 2016 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 2017 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won American Cinema Editors Awards ( edit ) Tim Porter won one American Cinema Editors Award in 2017 The American Cinema Editors presents annual awards for outstanding achievements in film editing. Game of Thrones has won one out of five nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Best Edited One - Hour Series For Non-Commercial Television Frances Parker ( for `` Baelor '' ) Nominated 2014 Best Edited One - Hour Series For Non-Commercial Television Oral Norrie Ottey ( for `` The Rains of Castamere '' ) Nominated 2016 Best Edited One - Hour Series For Non-Commercial Television Katie Weiland ( for `` The Dance of Dragons '' ) Nominated Tim Porter ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Nominated 2017 Best Edited One - Hour Series For Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Won 2018 Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated American Society of Cinematographers ( edit ) The American Society of Cinematographers presents annual awards for outstanding achievements in directors of photography and special effects for film and television. Game of Thrones has been nominated eight times, winning three times. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in One - Hour Episodic Television Series Kramer Morgenthau ( for `` The North Remembers '' ) Won 2013 One - Hour Episodic Television Series Jonathan Freeman ( for `` Valar Dohaeris '' ) Won Anette Haellmigk ( for `` Kissed by Fire '' ) Nominated 2014 Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series Anette Haellmigk ( for `` The Children '' ) Nominated Fabian Wagner ( for `` Mockingbird '' ) Nominated 2015 Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series Fabian Wagner ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Nominated 2016 Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series Fabian Wagner ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Won Anette Haellmigk ( for `` Book of the Stranger '' ) Nominated 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television Robert McLachlan ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Gregory Middleton ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Annie Awards ( edit ) First awarded in 1972, the Annie Awards are given exclusively for animation. Game of Thrones has been nominated twice. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2017 Outstanding Achievement, Character Animation in a Live Action Production Nicholas Tripodi, Dean Elliott, James Hollingworth, Matt Weaver ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Nominated 2018 Outstanding Achievement, Character Animation in a Live Action Production Paul Story, Todd Labonte, Matthew Muntean, Cajun Hylton, Georgy Arevshatov ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Australian production design Guild ( edit ) The Australian Production Design Guild are awarded annually. Game of Thrones has won three out of three nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2015 Production Design for a Television Drama Deborah Riley Won 2016 Production Design for a Television Drama Deborah Riley Won 3D Award for Visual Effects Design Iloura ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Won Art Directors Guild Awards ( edit ) The ADG Excellence in Production Design Award is presented each year by the American Art Directors Guild to recognize the best production design and art direction in the film and television industries. Game of Thrones has won four out of seven nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 One - Hour Single Camera Television Series Gemma Jackson ( for `` A Golden Crown '' ) Nominated 2013 One - Hour Single Camera Television Series Gemma Jackson ( for `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' ) Won 2014 One - Hour Single Camera Television Series Gemma Jackson ( for `` Valar Dohaeris '' ) Won 2015 One - Hour Single Camera Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley ( for `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' and `` The Mountain and the Viper '' ) Won 2016 One - Hour Single Camera Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley ( for `` High Sparrow '', `` Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken '', and `` Hardhome '' ) Won 2017 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley ( for `` Blood of My Blood '', `` The Broken Man '', and `` No One '' ) Nominated 2018 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley ( for `` Dragonstone '', `` The Queen 's Justice '', and `` Eastwatch '' ) Won Artios Awards ( edit ) The Casting Society of America awarded annually to honor the top works of casting directors in feature films, television and theatre. Game of Thrones has won one out of seven nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Pilot Drama Nina Gold Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nominated 2012 Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nina Gold Nominated 2013 Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nina Gold Nominated 2014 Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nina Gold Nominated 2015 Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nina Gold Won 2016 Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nina Gold, Robert Sterne, Carla Stronge Nominated ASCAP Awards ( edit ) Ramin Djawadi won two ASCAP Awards in 2012 and 2013 The ASCAP Awards are awarded annually to composers for outstanding achievements and contributions to the world of film and television music. Game of Thrones has won two out of two nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Top Television Series Ramin Djawadi Won 2013 Top Television Series Ramin Djawadi Won Astra Awards ( edit ) The ASTRA Awards awarded annually. According to the Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association ( ASTRA ), the awards `` recognise the wealth of talent that drives the Australian subscription television industry and highlight the creativity, commitment and investment in production and broadcasting. '' Game of Thrones has won three out of four nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Favourite Program -- International Drama Game of Thrones Won 2013 Favourite Program -- International Drama Game of Thrones Won 2014 Favourite Program -- International Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 2015 Favourite Program -- International Drama Game of Thrones Won BAFTA Awards ( edit ) The British Academy Television Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ). They have been awarded annually since 1955. It is the British equivalent to the Emmy Awards in the United States. Game of Thrones has won two out of eight nominations. British Academy Television Awards recognize outstanding work in British television programming, while the British Academy Television Craft Awards are presented to honor technical and creative achievements, and include categories recognising work of art directors, lighting and costume designers, cinematographers, casting directors, and other production - based personnel. British Academy Television Awards ( edit ) Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2013 Best International Programme David Benioff, D.B. Weiss, Carolyn Strauss, Frank Doelger Nominated Radio Times Audience Award Game of Thrones Won 2015 Radio Times Audience Award Game of Thrones Nominated 2017 Must - See Moment Battle of the Bastards Nominated 2018 Must - See Moment `` Viserion is Killed by the Night King '' ( for Beyond the Wall ) Pending British Academy Television Craft Awards ( edit ) Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2018 Costume Design Michele Clapton Pending Production Design Deborah Riley, Rob Cameron Pending Special Award Game of Thrones Won British Society of Cinematographers ( edit ) The British Society of Cinematographers Awards are awarded annually to honor the top works of cinematographers in feature films and television. Game of Thrones has been nominated five times, and won once. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Best Cinematography in a Television Drama Sam McCurdy ( for `` Blackwater '' ) Nominated 2015 Best Cinematography in a Television Drama Fabian Wagner ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Nominated ACO / BSC / GBCT Operators TV Drama Award David Morgan, Sean Savage, Ben Wilson, David Worley ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Won 2016 Best Cinematography in a Television Drama Fabian Wagner ( for `` The Winds of Winter '' ) Nominated ACO / BSC / GBCT Operators TV Drama Award Sean Savage, David Morgan & John Ferguson ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Nominated Canadian Society of Cinematographers ( edit ) The Canadian Society of Cinematographers Awards are awarded annually to honor the top works of cinematographers in feature films and television. Game of Thrones has been nominated four times and won twice. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2015 TV Series Cinematography Robert McLachlan ( for `` Oathkeeper '' ) Nominated 2016 TV Series Cinematography Robert McLachlan ( for `` The Dance of Dragons '' ) Won TV Series Cinematography Gregory Middleton ( for `` Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken '' ) Nominated 2017 TV Series Cinematography Gregory Middleton ( for `` Home '' ) Won Cinema Audio Society Awards ( edit ) The Cinema Audio Society presents annual awards for outstanding achievements in sound mixing. Game of Thrones has won five out of seven nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill, Mark Taylor ( for `` Baelor '' ) Nominated 2013 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill, Onnalee Blank, Mathew Waters, and Brett Voss ( for `` Blackwater '' ) Nominated 2014 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill, Onnalee Blank, Mathew Waters, and Brett Voss ( for `` The Rains of Castamere '' ) Won 2015 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill, Richard Dyer, Onnalee Blank, Mathew Waters, Brett Voss ( for `` The Children '' ) Won 2016 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill, Richard Dyer, Onnalee Blank, Mathew Waters, Brett Voss ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Won 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill, Onnalee Blank, Mathew Waters, Richard Dyer, Brett Voss ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Won 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill, Richard Dyer, Onnalee Blank, Mathew Waters, Brett Voss ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Costume Designers Guild Awards ( edit ) The Costume Designers Guild presents annual awards for excellence in costume design in motion pictures, television, and commercials. Game of Thrones has won four out of seven nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Outstanding Period / Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton Nominated 2013 Outstanding Period / Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton Nominated 2014 Outstanding Period / Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton Nominated 2015 Outstanding Period / Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton Won 2016 Outstanding Period / Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton Won 2017 Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton, April Ferry Won 2018 Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton Won Directors Guild of America Awards ( edit ) David Nutter won one Directors Guild of America Award for `` Mother 's Mercy '' in 2015 The Directors Guild of America Awards are awarded annually by the Directors Guild of America. Game of Thrones has been nominated for eight awards for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series, winning in 2015 and 2016. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Dramatic Series Tim Van Patten ( for `` Winter Is Coming '' ) Nominated 2014 Dramatic Series David Nutter ( for `` The Rains of Castamere '' ) Nominated 2015 Dramatic Series Alex Graves ( for `` The Children '' ) Nominated 2016 Dramatic Series David Nutter ( for `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) Won 2017 Dramatic Series Miguel Sapochnik ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Won 2018 Dramatic Series Jeremy Podeswa ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Matt Shakman ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Alan Taylor ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Emmy Awards ( edit ) D.B. Weiss and David Benioff received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for `` Mother 's Mercy '' in 2015 Lena Headey received her first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for her performance as Cersei Lannister in 2014 The Emmy Awards were established in 1949 in order to recognize excellence in the American television industry, and are bestowed by members of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Emmy Awards are given in different ceremonies presented annually ; Primetime Emmy Awards recognize outstanding work in American primetime television programming, while the Creative Arts Emmy Awards are presented to honor technical and creative achievements, and include categories recognising work of art directors, lighting and costume designers, cinematographers, casting directors, and other production - based personnel. The Emmy Award corresponds to the Academy Award ( for film ), the Tony Award ( for theatre ), and the Grammy Award ( for music ). Game of Thrones has won 38 out of 110 nominations. Peter Dinklage has been nominated for the best supporting actor six times in a row for playing Tyrion Lannister, with an win in 2011 and 2015. Showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss have won twice for writing. Game of Thrones has six nominations for the best drama series, winning two in 2015 and 2016. Both David Nutter and Miguel Sapochnik have won for directing. Game of Thrones holds the Emmy - award record for most wins for a scripted television series, ahead of Frasier ( which received 37 ). At the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards the show 's fifth season was nominated for 24 awards. The show ultimately won twelve awards, setting a new record for most Emmy wins by a series in a single year, replacing the previous holder The West Wing 's nine wins, and tying that show and Hill Street Blues for the most wins by a drama series throughout its run. At the nominee announcement for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards, the show 's sixth season received the most nominations of any show with 23. The show yet again won twelve awards, setting the same record for most Emmy wins by a series in a single year. Primetime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Outstanding Drama Series Vince Gerardis, Frank Doelger, Ralph Vicinanza, Mark Huffam, David Benioff, Carolyn Strauss, George R.R. Martin, Guymon Casady and D.B. Weiss Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Won Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Tim Van Patten ( for `` Winter Is Coming '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series David Benioff and D.B. Weiss ( for `` Baelor '' ) Nominated 2012 Outstanding Drama Series David Benioff, D.B. Weiss, Frank Doelger, Carolyn Strauss, George R.R. Martin, Vanessa Taylor, Alan Taylor, Guymon Casady, Vince Gerardis and Bernadette Caulfield Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated 2013 Outstanding Drama Series David Benioff, D.B. Weiss, Carolyn Strauss, Frank Doelger, Bernadette Caulfield, Guymon Casady, Vince Gerardis, George R.R. Martin, Vanessa Taylor, Chris Newman and Greg Spence Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series David Benioff and D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Rains of Castamere '' ) Nominated 2014 Outstanding Drama Series David Benioff, D.B. Weiss, Carolyn Strauss, Frank Doelger, Bernadette Caulfield, Guymon Casady, Vince Gerardis, George R.R. Martin, Chris Newman and Greg Spence Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Lena Headey Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Neil Marshall ( for `` The Watchers on the Wall '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series David Benioff & D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Children '' ) Nominated 2015 Outstanding Drama Series David Benioff, D.B. Weiss, Carolyn Strauss, Frank Doelger, Bernadette Caulfield, Guymon Casady, Vince Gerardis, George R.R. Martin, Chris Newman, Greg Spence, Lisa McAtackney and Bryan Cogman Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Lena Headey Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series David Nutter ( for `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) Won Jeremy Podeswa ( for `` Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series D.B. Weiss and David Benioff ( for `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) Won 2016 Outstanding Drama Series David Benioff, D.B. Weiss, Carolyn Strauss, Frank Doelger, Bernadette Caulfield, Vince Gerardis, Guymon Casady, George R.R. Martin, Bryan Cogman, Chris Newman, Greg Spence and Lisa McAtackney Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Kit Harington Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Lena Headey Nominated Maisie Williams Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Miguel Sapochnik ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Won Jack Bender ( for `` The Door '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series D.B. Weiss and David Benioff ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Won Creative Arts Emmy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold and Robert Sterne Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Series Michele Clapton and Rachael Webb - Crozier ( for `` The Pointy End '' ) Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander and Candice Banks ( for `` A Golden Crown '' ) Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Angus Wall, Hameed Shaukat, Kirk Shintani, and Robert Feng Won Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Paul Engelen and Melissa Lackersteen ( for `` Winter is Coming '' ) Nominated Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie or a Special Paul Engelen and Conor O'Sullivan ( for `` A Golden Crown '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Robin Quinn, Steve Fanagan, Eoghan McDonnell, Jon Stevenson, Tim Hands, Stefan Henrix, Caoimhe Doyle, Michelle McCormack and Andy Kennedy ( for `` A Golden Crown '' ) Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects Rafael Morant, Adam McInnes, Graham Hills, Lucy Ainsworth - Taylor, Stuart Brisdon, Damien Macé, Henry Badgett and Angela Barson ( for `` Fire and Blood '' ) Nominated Outstanding Stunt Coordination Paul Jennings for ( The Wolf and the Lion `` ) Nominated 2012 Outstanding Art Direction for a Single - Camera Series Gemma Jackson, Frank Walsh, and Tina Jones ( for `` Garden of Bones '', `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '', and `` A Man Without Honor '' ) ( shared with Boardwalk Empire ) Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold and Robert Sterne Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Series Michele Clapton, Alexander Fordham, and Chloe Aubry ( for `` The Prince of Winterfell '' ) Won Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media HBO Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander, Candice Banks, Rosalia Culora, and Gary Machin ( for `` The Old Gods and the New '' ) Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Paul Engelen and Melissa Lackersteen ( for `` The Old Gods and the New '' ) Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie or a Special Paul Engelen, Conor O'Sullivan, and Rob Trenton ( for `` Valar Morghulis '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Peter Brown, Kira Roessler, Tim Hands, Paul Aulicino, Stephen P. Robinson, Vanessa Lapato, Brett Voss, James Moriana, Jeffrey Wilhoit, and David Klotz ( for `` Blackwater '' ) Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One - Hour ) Matthew Waters, Onnalee Blank, Ronan Hill, and Mervyn Moore ( for `` Blackwater '' ) Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects Rainer Gombos, Juri Stanossek, Sven Martin, Steve Kullback, Jan Fiedler, Chris Stenner, Tobias Mannewitz, Thilo Ewers, and Adam Chazen ( for `` Valar Morghulis '' ) Won 2013 Outstanding Art Direction for a Single - Camera Series Gemma Jackson, Frank Walsh, and Tina Jones ( for `` Valar Dohaeris '' ) Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold and Robert Sterne Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series Rob McLachlan ( for `` Mhysa '' ) Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Series Michele Clapton, Alexander Fordham, and Chloe Aubry ( for `` Walk of Punishment '' ) Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Diana Rigg Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander, Candice Banks, Rosalia Culora, and Gary Machin ( for `` Second Sons '' ) Nominated Outstanding Interactive Program Game of Thrones Season Three Enhanced Digital Experience Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Paul Engelen and Melissa Lackersteen ( for `` Kissed by Fire '' ) Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie or a Special Paul Engelen, Conor O'Sullivan, and Rob Trenton ( for `` Valar Dohaeris '' ) Nominated Outstanding Single - camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Oral Ottey ( for `` The Rains of Castamere '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Peter Brown, Kira Roessler, Tim Hands, Paul Aulicino, Stephen P. Robinson, Vanessa Lapato, Brett Voss, James Moriana, Jeffrey Wilhoit, and David Klotz ( for `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series ( 1 hour ) Matthew Waters, Onnalee Blank, Ronan Hill, and Mervyn Moore ( for `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' ) Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects Doug Campbell, Rainer Gombos, Juri Stanossek, Sven Martin, Steve Kullback, Jan Fiedler, Chris Stenner, Tobias Mannewitz, Thilo Ewers, and Adam Chazen ( for `` Valar Dohaeris '' ) Won 2014 Outstanding Art Direction for a Single - Camera Fantasy Series Deborah Riley, Paul Ghirardani, and Rob Cameron ( for `` The Laws of Gods and Men '', and `` The Mountain and the Viper '' ) Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold and Robert Sterne Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series Anette Haellmigk ( for `` The Lion and the Rose '' ) Nominated Jonathan Freeman ( for `` Two Swords '' ) Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Series Michele Clapton, Sheena Wichary, Alexander Fordham, and Nina Ayres for ( The Lion and the Rose `` ) Won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Diana Rigg Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander, Candice Banks, Rosalia Culora, Gary Machin, and Nicola Mount for ( The Lion and the Rose `` ) Nominated Outstanding Interactive Program Game of Thrones Premiere -- Facebook Live and Instagram, by Sabrina Caluori, Paul Beddoe - Stephens, Jim Marsh, Michael McMorrow, Michael McMillian Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Jane Walker and Ann McEwan ( for `` Oathkeeper '' ) Nominated Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Original Dramatic Score ) Ramin Djawadi ( for `` The Mountain and the Viper '' ) Nominated Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Limited Series, Movie, or Special Jane Walker and Barrie Gower ( for `` The Children '' ) Won Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Tim Kimmel, Jed M. Dodge, Tim Hands, Paula Fairfield, David Klotz, Bradley C. Katona, Brett Voss, Jeffrey Wilhoit, and Dylan T. Wilhoit ( for `` The Watchers on the Wall '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series ( One Hour ) Ronan Hill, Richard Dyer, Onnalee Blank, and Mathew Waters ( for The Watchers on the Wall ) Nominated Outstanding Special And Visual Effects Joe Bauer, Joern Grosshans, Steve Kullback, Adam Chazen, Eric Carney, Sabrina Gerhardt, Matthew Rouleau, Thomas H. Schelesny, and Robert Simon ( for `` The Children '' ) Won Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Drama Series Paul Herbert Nominated 2015 Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold, Robert Sterne, and Carla Stronge Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series Fabian Wagner ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Nominated Anette Haellmigk ( for `` Sons of the Harpy '' ) Nominated Rob McLachlan ( for `` The Dance of Dragons '' ) Nominated Greg Middleton ( for `` Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken '' ) Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Fantasy Series Michele Clapton, Sheena Wichary, Nina Ayres, Alex Fordham ( for `` The Dance of Dragons '' ) Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Diana Rigg Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander, Candice Banks, Rosalia Culora, Gary Machin, Laura Pollock, Nicola Mount ( for `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) Nominated Outstanding Make - up for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Jane Walker and Nicola Matthews ( for `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) Won Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Program Deborah Riley, Paul Ghirardani, Rob Cameron ( for `` High Sparrow '', `` Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken '', and `` Hardhome '' ) Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series Jane Walker, Barrie Gower, and Sarah Gower ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Nominated Outstanding Single - camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Tim Porter ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Nominated Katie Weiland ( for `` The Dance of Dragons '' ) Won Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Tim Kimmel, Paula Fairfield, Bradley C. Katona, Peter Bercovitch, David Klotz, Jeffrey Wilhoit, Dylan T. Wilhoit ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Series Ronan Hill, Richard Dyer, Onnalee Blank, Mathew Waters ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects Steve Kullback, Joe Bauer, Adam Chazen, Jabbar Raisani, Eric Carney, Stuart Brisdon, Derek Spears, James Kinnings, Matthew Rouleau ( for `` The Dance of Dragons '' ) Won Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Series Rowley Irlam Won 2016 Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold, Robert Sterne, and Carla Stronge Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series Gregory Middleton ( for `` Home '' ) Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Fantasy Series Michele Clapton, Chloe Aubry, Sheena Wichary ( for `` The Winds of Winter '' ) Won Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Max von Sydow Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander, Candice Banks, Nicola Mount, Laura Pollock, Gary Machin, Rosalia Culora ( for `` The Door '' ) Nominated Outstanding Make - up for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Jane Walker, Kate Thompson, Nicola Mathews, Kay Bilk, Marianna Kyriacou, Pamela Smyth ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Won Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Program Deborah Riley, Paul Ghirardani, Rob Cameron ( for `` Blood of My Blood '', `` The Broken Man '', and `` No One '' ) Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series Jane Walker, Sarah Gower, Emma Sheffield, Tristan Versluis, Barrie Gower ( for `` The Door '' ) Won Outstanding Single - camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Tim Porter ( for Battle of the Bastards ) Won Katie Weiland ( for `` Oathbreaker '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Tim Kimmel, Tim Hands, Paul Bercovitch, Paula Fairfield, Bradley C. Katona, Michael Wabro, David Klotz, Brett Voss, Jeffrey Wilhoit, Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit ( for `` The Door '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Series Ronan Hill, Richard Dyer, Onnalee Blank, Mathew Waters ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects Steve Kullback, Joe Bauer, Adam Chazen, Derek Spears, Eric Carney, Sam Conway, Matthew Rouleau, Michelle Blok, Glenn Melenhorst ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Won Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Series Rowley Irlam Won Outstanding Interactive Program Game of Thrones Main Titles 360 Experience Nominated Golden Reel Awards ( edit ) The Golden Reel Award presents awards annually to sound editors in the several categories for feature film and television. Game of Thrones has received eleven awards out of twenty two nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Dialogue and ADR in Television Game of Thrones ( for `` Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things '' ) Won Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Sound Effects and Foley in Television Game of Thrones ( for `` Winter is Coming '' ) Won 2013 Best Sound Editing -- Long Form Dialogue and ADR in Television Game of Thrones ( for `` Valar Morghulis '' ) Won Best Sound Editing -- Long Form Sound Effects and Foley in Television Game of Thrones ( for `` Valar Morghulis '' ) Won Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Dialogue and ADR in Television Game of Thrones ( for `` Blackwater '' ) Nominated Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Music in Television Game of Thrones ( for `` Blackwater '' ) Nominated Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Sound Effects and Foley in Television Game of Thrones ( for `` Blackwater '' ) Nominated 2014 Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Dialogue and ADR in Television Jed Dodge and Tim Hands ( for `` The Rains of Castamere '' ) Won Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Music David Klotz ( for `` The Rains of Castamere '' ) Won Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Sound Effects and Foley Tim Kimmel ( for `` The Rains of Castamere '' ) Nominated 2015 Best Sound Editing in Television, Short Form : FX / Foley Game of Thrones ( for `` The Children '' ) Won Best Sound Editing in Television, Short Form : Dialogue / ADR Game of Thrones ( for `` The Children '' ) Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television, Short Form : Music Game of Thrones ( for `` The Watchers on the Wall '' ) Nominated 2016 Best Sound Editing in Television, Short Form : FX / Foley Tim Kimmel ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Won Best Sound Editing in Television, Short Form : Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Won Best Sound Editing in Television, Short Form : Music David Klotz ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Nominated 2017 Best Sound Editing in Television, Short Form : FX / Foley Tim Kimmel, Brett Voss, John Matter, Jeffrey Wilhoit, Dylan Wilhoit, Paula Fairfield and Bradley Katona ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television, Short Form : Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel and Tim Hands ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television, Short Form : Music David Klotz ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Nominated 2018 Best Sound Editing in Television, Short Form : FX / Foley Tim Kimmel, Paula Fairfield, Bradley Katona, Brett Voss and Jeffrey Wilhoit ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Best Sound Editing in Television, Short Form : Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel, Paul Bercovitch and Tim Hands ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Best Sound Editing in Television, Short Form : Music David Klotz ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Grammy Awards ( edit ) The Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the music industry. Game of Thrones has one nomination. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2018 Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media Ramin Djawadi ( for Game of Thrones Season 7 ) Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance ( edit ) The Hollywood Post Alliance presents awards to individuals and organizations to recognize the achievement of post production talent. Game of Thrones has received seven awards out of nineteen nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Outstanding Visual Effects -- Television The Prince of Winterfell Won 2013 Outstanding Color Grading -- Television Joe Finley ( for `` Kissed by Fire '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound -- Television Paula Fairfield, Brad Katona, Jed Dodge, Onnalee Blank and Mathew Waters ( for `` The Climb '' ) Won Outstanding Visual Effects -- Television Joe Bauer and Jabbar Raisani, Jörn Grosshans and Sven Martin, and Doug Campbell ( for `` Valar Dohaeris '' ) Won 2014 Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel, Onnalee Blank, Mathew Waters, Paula Fairfield, Brad Katona and Jed M. Dodge ( for `` The Children '' ) Nominated Outstanding Color Grading Joe Finley ( for `` Mockingbird '' ) Nominated Outstanding Visual Effects Joe Bauer, Sven Martin, Jörn Grosshans, Thomas Schelesny, Matthew Rouleau ( for `` The Children '' ) Won 2015 Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel, Paula Fairfield, Bradley Katona, Paul Bercovitch, Onnalee Blank, Mathew Waters ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Nominated Outstanding Color Grading Joe Finley ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Nominated Outstanding Visual Effects Joe Bauer, Steve Kullback, Derek Spears, Eric Carney, Jabbar Raisani ( for `` The Dance of Dragons '' ) Won 2016 Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel, Paula Fairfield, Mathew Waters, Onnalee Blank, Bradley Katona, Paul Bercovitch ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Won Outstanding Visual Effects Joe Bauer, Eric Carney, Derek Spears, Glenn Melenhorst, Matthew Rouleau ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Won 2017 Outstanding Color Grading Joe Finley ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter ( for `` Stormborn '' ) Nominated Jesse Parker ( for `` The Queen 's Justice '' ) Nominated Crispin Green ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel, Paula Fairfield, Mathew Waters, Onnalee Blank, Bradley C. Katona, Paul Bercovitch ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Irish Film & Television Awards ( edit ) Michelle Fairley won one Irish Film & Television Award in 2014 The Irish Film & Television Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the Irish Film & Television Academy. Game of Thrones has received four awards out of twenty - seven nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Best Television Drama Mark Huffam Nominated Best Director Television Drama Brian Kirk Nominated Best Actress -- Television Michelle Fairley Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Television Aidan Gillen Nominated Best Sound ( Film / TV Drama ) Ronan Hill Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill Nominated 2013 Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Best Director of Photography P.J. Dillon Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill, Mervyn Moore Nominated 2014 Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Nominated Aidan Gillen Nominated Actress in a Supporting Role -- Television Michelle Fairley Won Best Sound Ronan Hill Won 2015 Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Nominated Best Sound Game of Thrones Nominated 2016 Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Nominated 2017 Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill, Onnalee Blank and Matthew Waters Nominated Best VFX Ed Bruce & Nicholas Murphy Nominated 2018 Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Won Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Won Aidan Gillen Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill, Onnalee Blank and Matthew Waters Nominated Best VFX Ed Bruce & Nicholas Murphy Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards ( edit ) The Location Managers Guild Awards are awarded annually by the Location Managers Guild International. Game of Thrones took the most awards, two in total, and claimed the top TV award at the inaugural LMGA Awards in 2014. In 2016 the show became the first series to win multiple LMGI Awards, with Location Managers Robert Boake and Tate Araez taking home the award for Outstanding Locations in a Period Television Series. Nominated again in 2017 and 2018, Game of Thrones took back the period television throne from The Crown in 2018, and currently holds a record 4 LMGI Award wins out of 5 nominations. The film locations featured in Game of Thrones have also proven to be winners themselves, as the show has been responsible for driving a significant increase in tourism to the host regions filmed by the series. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2014 Outstanding Achievement by a Location Professional in Television Robert Boake Won Outstanding use of Locations in Television Game of Thrones Won 2016 Outstanding Locations in Period Television Robert Boake and Tate Araez Won 2017 Outstanding Locations in Period Television Matt Jones and Naomi Liston Nominated 2018 Outstanding Locations in a Period Television Series Robert Boake, Matt Jones, Tate Araez Won Makeup Artist and Hair stylist Guild Awards ( edit ) The Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild are awarded annually to make - up artists and hair stylist in feature films, television programs, commercials, live network events and theatrical productions in the United States. Game of Thrones has won six out of nine nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2014 Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Paul Engelen, Melissa Lackersteen Nominated 2016 Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander, Candice Banks Won 2017 Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker, Kay Bilk Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander, Candice Banks Won Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower, Sarah Gower Nominated 2018 Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker, Nicola Matthews Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander, Candice Banks Nominated Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower, Sarah Gower Won Producers Guild of America Awards ( edit ) The Producers Guild of America Award is bestowed by the Producers Guild of America to honor the work of producers in film and television. Game of Thrones has been nominated for seven awards for Best Episodic Drama, winning in 2016. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 `` Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama '' David Benioff, Frank Doelger, Mark Huffam, Carolyn Strauss, D.B. Weiss Nominated 2013 `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama '' David Benioff, Bernadette Caulfield, Frank Doelger, Carolyn Strauss, D.B. Weiss Nominated 2014 `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama '' David Benioff, Bernadette Caulfield, Frank Doelger, Christopher Newman, Greg Spence, Carolyn Strauss, and D.B. Weiss Nominated 2015 `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama '' David Benioff, Bernadette Caulfield, Frank Doelger, Chris Newman, Greg Spence, Carolyn Strauss, D.B. Weiss Nominated 2016 `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama '' David Benioff, D.B. Weiss, Bernadette Caulfield, Frank Doelger, Carolyn Strauss, Bryan Cogman, Lisa McAtackney, Chris Newman, Greg Spence Won 2017 `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama '' David Benioff, D.B. Weiss, Bernadette Caulfield, Frank Doelger, Carolyn Strauss, Bryan Cogman, Lisa McAtackney, Chris Newman, Greg Spence Nominated 2018 `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama '' David Benioff, D.B. Weiss, Bernadette Caulfield, Frank Doelger, Carolyn Strauss, Bryan Cogman, Lisa McAtackney, Chris Newman, Greg Spence Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards ( edit ) The Screen Actors Guild Award, given by the Screen Actors Guild ‐ American Federation of Television and Radio Artists ( SAG - AFTRA ), is an award dedicated to honor the best performances of actors in film and television. Game of Thrones has received seven awards out of fifteen nominations. Dinklage was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series in 2014, his first for the series. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Amrita Acharia, Mark Addy, Alfie Allen, Josef Altin, Sean Bean, Susan Brown, Emilia Clarke, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Peter Dinklage, Ron Donachie, Michelle Fairley, Jerome Flynn, Elyes Gabel, Aidan Gillen, Jack Gleeson, Iain Glen, Julian Glover, Kit Harington, Lena Headey, Isaac Hempstead Wright, Conleth Hill, Richard Madden, Jason Momoa, Rory McCann, Ian McElhinney, Luke McEwan, Roxanne McKee, Dar Salim, Mark Stanley, Donald Sumpter, Sophie Turner, and Maisie Williams Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Game of Thrones Won 2013 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Rob Cooper, Jamie Edgell, Dave Fisher, Dave Forman, Paul Herbert, Michelle McKeown, Sian Miline, Jimmy O'Dee, Domonkos Pardanyi, Marcus Shakesheff, CC Smiff, and Mark Southworth Won 2014 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Alfie Allen, John Bradley, Oona Chaplin, Gwendoline Christie, Emilia Clarke, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Mackenzie Crook, Charles Dance, Joe Dempsie, Peter Dinklage, Natalie Dormer, Nathalie Emmanuel, Michelle Fairley, Jack Gleeson, Iain Glen, Kit Harington, Lena Headey, Isaac Hempstead Wright, Kristofer Hivju, Paul Kaye, Sibel Kekilli, Rose Leslie, Richard Madden, Rory McCann, Michael McElhatton, Ian McElhinney, Philip McGinley, Hannah Murray, Iwan Rheon, Sophie Turner, Carice Van Houten, and Maisie Williams Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Rachelle Beinart, Richard Bradshaw, Ben Dimmock, Levan Doran, Jamie Edgell, Bradley Farmer, Jozsef Fodor, Dave Forman, Paul Herbert, Paul Howell, Daniel Naprous, Florian Robin, CC Smiff, and Roy Taylor Won 2015 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Lucy Allen, Cole Armitage, Gary Arthurs, Rachelle Beinart, Ferenc Berecz, Richard Bradshaw, Andy Butcher, Michael Byrch, Neil Chapelhow, Nick Chopping, Jonathan Cohen, Joel Conlan, Gary Connery, James Cox, Tom Cox, Jason Curle, Nicholas Daines, Bill Davey, Kelly J. Dent, Ben Dimmock, Levan Doran, Jamie Edgell, Bradley Farmer, Neil Finnighan, Jozsef Fodor, Dean Forster, David Garrick, James Grogan, Tim Halloran, Paul Heasman, Robert Hladik, Al Holland, Gergely Horpacsi, Paul Howell, Stewart James, Gary Kane, Ian Kay, Robbie Keane, George Kirby, Cristian Knight, Laszlo Kosa, Geza Kovacs, Norbert Kovacs, Guy List, Phil Lonergan, Russell Macleod, Tina Maskell, Adrian McGaw, Nick McKinless, Erol Mehmet, Andy Merchant, Sian Milne, Daniel Naprous, Chris Newton, Ray Nicholas, Bela Orsanyi, Sam Parham, Ian Pead, Justin Pearson, Martin Pemberton, Heather Phillips, Rashid Phoenix, Andy Pilgrim, Christopher Pocock, Curtis Rivers, Marcus Shakesheff, Matt Sherren, Anthony Skrimshire, Mark Slaughter, Karen Smithson, Mark Southworth, Helen Steinway Bailey, Shane Steyn, Matthew Stirling, John Street, Gaspar Szabo, Gabor Szeman, Roy Taylor, Gyula Toth, Tony Van Silva, Reg Wayment, Linda Weal, Richard J Wheeldon, Heron White, Maxine Whittaker, Simon Whyman, Donna C. Williams, Lou Wong, Annabel E. Wood, Liang Yang, and Steen Young Won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Josef Altin, Jacob Anderson, John Bradley, Dominic Carter, Gwendoline Christie, Emilia Clarke, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Ben Crompton, Charles Dance, Peter Dinklage, Natalie Dormer, Nathalie Emmanuel, Iain Glen, Julian Glover, Kit Harington, Lena Headey, Conleth Hill, Rory McCann, Ian McElhinney, Pedro Pascal, Daniel Portman, Mark Stanley, Sophie Turner, and Maisie Williams Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated 2016 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Boian Anev, Richard Bradshaw, Jonathan Cohen, Christopher Cox, Jacob Cox, Matt Crook, Rob DeGroot, Levan Doran, Clint Elvy, James Embree, Bradley Farmer, Richard Hansen, Bobby Holland - Hanton, Radoslav Ignatov, Borislav Iliev, Rowley Irlam, Erol Ismail, Milen Kaleychev, Paul Lowe, Jonathan McBride, Sian Milne, David Newton, Radoslav Parvanov, Ian Pead, Jan Petrina, Rashid Phoenix, Andy Pilgrim, Dominic Preece, Marc Redmond, Paul Shapcott, Ryan Stuart, Pablo Verdejo, Calvin Warrington - Heasman, Annabel E. Wood, Danko Yordanov, and Lewis Young Won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Alfie Allen, Ian Beattie, John Bradley, Gwendoline Christie, Emilia Clarke, Michael Condron, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Ben Crompton, Liam Cunningham, Stephen Dillane, Peter Dinklage, Nathalie Emmanuel, Tara Fitzgerald, Jerome Flynn, Brian Fortune, Joel Fry, Aidan Gillen, Iain Glen, Kit Harington, Lena Headey, Michiel Huisman, Hannah Murray, Brenock O'Connor, Daniel Portman, Iwan Rheon, Owen Teale, Sophie Turner, Carice Van Houten, Maisie Williams, and Tom Wlaschiha Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated 2017 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Boian Anev, Kristina Baskett, Rachelle Beinart, Richard Bradshaw, Michael Byrch, Nick Chopping, Christopher Cox, Jake Cox, David Cronnelly, Matt Crook, Levan Doran, Bradley Farmer, Vladimir Furdik, Richard Hansen, Rob Hayns, Paul Howell, Rowley Irlam, Erol Ismail, Milen Kaleychev, Leigh Maddern, Jonathan McBride, Leona McCarron, Kim McGarrity, Richard Mead, Casey Michaels, Sian Milne, David Newton, Jason Otelle, Radoslav Parvanov, Ian Pead, Rashid Phoenix, Andy Pilgrim, Marc Redmond, Paul Shapcott, Jonny Stockwell, Ryan Stuart, Edward Upcott, and Leo Woodruff Won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Alfie Allen, Jacob Anderson, Dean - Charles Chapman, Emilia Clarke, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Liam Cunningham, Peter Dinklage, Nathalie Emmanuel, Kit Harington, Lena Headey, Conleth Hill, Kristofer Hivju, Michiel Huisman, Faye Marsay, Jonathan Pryce, Sophie Turner, Carice Van Houten, Gemma Whelan, and Maisie Williams Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated 2018 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Alfie Allen, Jacob Anderson, Emilia Clarke, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Liam Cunningham, Peter Dinklage, Nathalie Emmanuel, James Faulkner, Jerome Flynn, Aidan Gillen, Iain Glen, Kit Harington, Lena Headey, Isacc Hempstead Wright, Conleth Hill, Kristofer Hivju, Tom Hopper, Anton Lesser, Rory McCann, Sophie Turner, Carice Van Houten, Gemma Whelan, Rupert Vansittart and Maisie Williams Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series N / A Won Society of Camera Operators Awards ( edit ) The Society of Camera Operators Awards are awarded annually to honor the creative contribution of the camera operator in the motion picture and television industries. Game of Thrones has been nominated one time. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2017 Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Sean Savage Nominated Visual Effects Society ( edit ) Visual Effects Society honors visual effects in film, television, commercials, music videos and video games. At the 11th annual Visual Effects Society awards, the show won four awards, the most of the TV shows nominated. In 2014 the show was the most successful TV nominee at the Visual Effects Society awards for the second year in a row, winning three of its four nominations. In 2015 Game of Thrones was the most successful TV nominee at the Visual Effects Society awards for the third consecutive year, winning three of its five nominations. In 2016 the show was the most successful TV nominee at the Visual Effects Society awards for the fourth consecutive year, winning four of its nine nominations. Game of Thrones has received twenty six awards out of forty seven nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Outstanding Animated Character in a Commercial or Broadcast Program Henry Badgett, Mark Brown, Rafael Morant, James Sutton ( for `` Fire and Blood '' ) Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in a Commercial or Broadcast Program Markus Kuha, Damien Macé, Dante Harbridge Robinson, Fani Vassiadi ( for `` The Icewall '' ) Won Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Broadcast Program Lucy Ainsworth - Taylor, Angela Barson, Ed Bruce, Adam McInnes ( for `` Winter Is Coming '' ) Won 2013 Outstanding Animated Character in a Commercial or Broadcast Program Irfan Celik, Florian Friedmann, Ingo Schachner, Chris Stenner ( for `` Training the Dragons '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Broadcast Program Falk Boje, Esther Engel, Alexey Kuchinsky, Klaus Wuchta ( for `` White Walker Army '' ) Won Outstanding Created Environment in a Commercial or Broadcast Program Rene Borst, Thilo Ewers, Adam Figielski, Jonas Stuckenbrock ( for `` Pyke '' ) Won Outstanding Visual Effects in a Broadcast Program Rainer Gombos, Steve Kullback, Sven Martin, Juri Stanossek ( for `` Valar Morghulis '' ) Won 2014 Outstanding Animated Character in a Broadcast Philip Meyer, Ingo Schachner, Travis Nobles, Florian Friedmann ( for `` Raising the Dragons '' ) Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Broadcast Program Kirk Brillon, Steve Gordon, Geoff Sayer, Winston Lee ( for `` The Climb '' ) Won Outstanding Created Environment in a Broadcast Program Patrick Zentis, Mayur Patel, Nitin Singh, Tim Alexander ( for `` The Climb '' ) Won Outstanding Visual Effects in a Broadcast Program Steve Kullback, Joe Bauer, Jörn Großhans, Sven Martin ( for `` Valar Dohaeris '' ) Won 2015 Outstanding Performance of an Animated Character in a Commercial, Broadcast Program, or Video Game Philip Meyer, Thomas Kutschera, Igor Majdandzic, and Mark Spindler ( for `` Drogon '' ) Nominated Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Photoreal / Live Action Broadcast Program Game of Thrones ( for `` The Children '' ) Won Outstanding Created Environment in a Commercial, Broadcast Program, or Video Game Rene Borst, Christian Zilliken, Jan Burda, Steffen Metzner ( for `` Braavos Establisher '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal / Live Action Broadcast Program Keegan Douglas, Okan Ataman, Brian Fortune, David Lopez ( for `` Wight Attack '' ) Nominated Dan Breckwoldt, Martin Furman, Sophie Marfleet, Eric Andrusyszyn ( for `` The Watchers on the Wall '' ) Won 2016 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer, Steve Kullback, Eric Carney, Derek Spears, Stuart Brisdon ( for `` The Dance of Dragons '' ) Won Outstanding Animated Performance in an Episode, Commercial, or Real - Time Project Florian Friedmann, Jonathan Symmonds, Sven Skoczylas, Sebastian Lauer ( for `` Mother 's Mercy '' -- `` Wounded Drogon '' ) Nominated James Kinnings, Michael Holzl, Joseph Hoback, Matt Derksen ( for `` The Dance of Dragons '' -- `` Drogon Arena Rescue '' ) Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode, Commercial, or Real - Time Project Dominic Piche, Christine Leclerc, Patrice Poissant, Thomas Montminy - Brodeur ( for `` City of Volantis '' ) Won Rajeev B R., Loganathan Perumal, Ramesh Shankers, Anders Ericson ( for `` Drogon Arena '' ) Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode, Commercial, or Real - Time Project David Ramos, Antonio Lado, Piotr Weiss, Félix Bergés ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Eduardo Díaz, Guillermo Orbe, Oscar Perea, Inmaculada Nadela ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Won Dan Breckwoldt, Martin Furman, Sophie Marfleet, Eric Andrusyszyn ( for `` Drogon Arena '' ) Nominated Travis Nobles, Mark Spindler, Max Riess, Nadja Ding ( for `` Drogon Lair '' ) Nominated 2017 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer, Steve Kullback, Glenn Melenhorst, Matthew Rouleau, Sam Conway ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Won Outstanding Animated Performance in an Episode or Real - Time Project James Kinnings, Michael Holzl, Matt Derksen, Joeseph Hoback ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- `` Drogon '' ) Won Sebastian Lauer, Jonathan Symmonds, Thomas Kutschera, Anthony Sieben ( for `` Home '' -- `` Emaciated Dragon '' ) Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode, Commercial or Real - Time Project Deak Ferrand, Dominic Daigle, François Croteau, Alexandru Banuta ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- `` Meereen City '' ) Won Edmond Engelbrecht, Tomoka Matsumura, Edwin Holdsworth, Cheri Fojtik ( for `` The Winds of Winter '' -- `` Citadel '' ) Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Patrick Tiberius Gehlen, Michelle Blok, Christopher Baird, Drew Wood - Davies ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode, Commercial, or Real - Time Project Kevin Blom, Sasmit Ranadive, Wanghua Huang, Ben Andersen ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Nominated Thomas Hullin, Dominik Kirouac, James Dong, Xavier Fourmond ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- `` Meereen City '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Thomas Montminy - Brodeur, Patrick David, Michael Crane, Joe Salazar ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- `` Meereen City '' ) Nominated Dominic Hellier, Morgan Jones, Thijs Noij, Caleb Thompson ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- `` Retaking Winterfell '' ) Won Eduardo Díaz, Aníbal Del Busto, Angel Rico, Sonsoles López - Aranguren ( for `` The Door '' -- `` Land of Always Winter '' ) Nominated 2018 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer, Steve Kullback, Chris Baird, David Ramos, Sam Conway ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real - Time Project Paul Story, Todd Labonte, Matthew Muntean, Nicholas Wilson ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Zombie Polar Bear '' ) Nominated Jonathan Symmonds, Thomas Kutschera, Philipp Winterstein, Andreas Krieg ( for `` Eastwatch '' -- `` Drogon Meets Jon '' ) Nominated Murray Stevenson, Jason Snyman, Jenn Taylor, Florian Friedmann ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Drogon Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode, Commercial or Real - Time Project Daniel Villalba, Antonio Lado, José Luis Barreiro, Isaac de la Pompa ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Won Patrice Poissant, Deak Ferrand, Dominic Daigle, Gabriel Morin ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode, Commercial, or Real - Time Project Manuel Ramírez, Óscar Márquez, Pablo Hernández, David Gacituaga ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Hullin, Dominik Kirouac, Sylvain Nouveau, Nathan Arbuckle ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' -- `` Wall Destruction '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Óscar Perea, Santiago Martos, David Esteve, Michael Crane ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Montminy Brodeur, Xavier Fourmond, Reuben Barkataki, Sébastien Raets ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Dom Hellier, Thijs Noij, Edwin Holdsworth, Giacomo Matteucci ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Writers Guild of America Awards ( edit ) First presented in 1949, the Writers Guild of America Award recognizes the work of film, television and radio screenwriters. Game of Thrones has been nominated ten times. In June 2013, the show was placed at number 40 on the list of the 101 best written shows of all time by the Writers Guild of America, assessing series from the previous 70 years. HBO had attempted to submit the show for a third consecutive Writers Guild Award for Best Drama Series, but a technical error during the process meant it was not submitted and the fault was discovered too late for the show to be entered. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 New Series David Benioff, Bryan Cogman, Jane Espenson, George R.R. Martin, D.B. Weiss Nominated Television Drama Series David Benioff, Bryan Cogman, Jane Espenson, George R.R. Martin, D.B. Weiss Nominated 2013 Television Drama Series David Benioff, Bryan Cogman, George R.R. Martin, Vanessa Taylor, D.B. Weiss Nominated 2015 Episodic Drama George R.R. Martin ( for `` The Lion and the Rose '' ) Nominated Television Drama Series David Benioff, Bryan Cogman, George R.R. Martin, D.B. Weiss Nominated 2016 Episodic Drama David Benioff and D.B. Weiss ( for `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) Nominated Television Drama Series David Benioff, Bryan Cogman, Dave Hill, D.B. Weiss Nominated 2017 Episodic Drama David Benioff and D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Winds of Winter '' ) Nominated Television Drama Series David Benioff, Bryan Cogman, Dave Hill, D.B. Weiss Nominated 2018 Television Drama Series David Benioff, Bryan Cogman, Dave Hill, D.B. Weiss Nominated Significant critical Awards ( edit ) Critics ' Choice Television Awards ( edit ) Kit Harington was nominated for a Critics ' Choice Television Award in 2016 The Critics ' Choice Television Award is an annual accolade given by the Broadcast Film Critics Association since 2011 in order to recognize the most significant achievements in television. Game of Thrones has won two out of seventeen nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated 2012 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated 2013 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series Diana Rigg Nominated 2014 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series Diana Rigg Nominated 2015 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Game of Thrones Nominated 2016 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Kit Harington Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Lena Headey Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Game of Thrones Nominated 2018 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) Peter Dinklage won one Golden Globe Award in 2012 The Golden Globe Awards are awarded annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association to honor the best achievements in film and television. In 2012, The show was nominated for 2 Golden Globe awards including Best Drama Series and Best Supporting Actor, taken by Dinklage. Game of Thrones has won one out of six nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries or Television Film Peter Dinklage Won Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 2015 Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 2016 Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 2017 Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series, Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated 2018 Best Television Series - Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Guinness World Records ( edit ) The Guinness World Records is a reference book published annually, containing a collection of world records. Game of Thrones currently holds six records. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2015 Most pirated TV program Game of Thrones Won Most viewers sharing a single torrent file simultaneously Game of Thrones Won 2016 Largest TV drama simulcast Game of Thrones Won Most `` in demand '' TV show Game of Thrones Won Most Emmy Awards for a drama series Game of Thrones Won Most VES Awards won by a TV series Game of Thrones Won Hugo Awards ( edit ) George R.R. Martin won a Hugo Award for `` Blackwater '', along with director Neil Marshall, in 2013 The Hugo Awards are a set of awards given annually for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. Game of Thrones has won three out of six nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form David Benioff, D.B. Weiss, Bryan Cogman, Jane Espenson, George R.R. Martin, Tim Van Patten, Brian Kirk, Daniel Minahan and Alan Taylor for Game of Thrones -- Season 1 Won 2013 Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form Neil Marshall ( director ) and George R.R. Martin ( writer ) ( for `` Blackwater '' ) Won 2014 Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form David Benioff ( writer ), D.B. Weiss ( writer ), and David Nutter ( director ) ( for `` The Rains of Castamere '' ) Won 2015 Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form David Benioff ( writer ), D.B. Weiss ( writer ), and Alex Graves ( director ) ( for `` The Mountain and the Viper '' ) Nominated 2017 Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form David Benioff ( writer ), D.B. Weiss ( writer ), and Miguel Sapochnik ( director ) ( for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) Nominated David Benioff ( writer ), D.B. Weiss ( writer ), and Jack Bender ( director ) ( for `` The Door '' ) Nominated IGN Awards ( edit ) Sean Bean won an IGN Awards in 2011 The IGN Awards are chosen annually by the IGN editors, honoring the best in film, television, games, comics and anime. Game of Thrones has won nine out of thirty two nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Best TV Hero Sean Bean as Ned Stark Won Best TV Hero Kit Harington as Jon Snow Nominated Best TV Twist `` Off with his head! '' Won Best TV Episode `` Baelor '' Won Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Best TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated Best TV Villain Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Nominated 2012 Best TV Episode `` Blackwater '' Won Best TV DVD or Blu - ray For the complete first season on Blu - ray Won Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Villain Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Nominated 2013 Best TV Episode `` The Rains of Castamere '' Nominated Best TV DVD or Blu - ray For the complete second season on Blu - ray Nominated Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Villain David Bradley as Walder Frey Nominated Best TV Villain Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Nominated 2014 Best TV Episode `` The Children '' Nominated Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won 2015 Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Episode `` Hardhome '' Won Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Villain Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton Nominated 2016 Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated 2017 Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won IGN People 's Choice Award ( edit ) Jack Gleeson won an IGN People 's Choice Award in 2012 and 2013 The IGN People 's Choice Awards are voted on annually by the general public, they honor the best in film, television, games, comics and anime Game of Thrones has won sixteen out of thirty two nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Best TV Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Hero Sean Bean as Ned Stark Won Best TV Hero Kit Harington as Jon Snow Nominated Best TV Twist `` Off with his head! '' Won Best TV Episode `` Baelor '' Nominated Best TV Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Best TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated Best TV Villain Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Nominated 2012 Best TV Episode `` Blackwater '' Won Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Villain Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Won Best TV DVD or Blu - ray For the complete first season on Blu - ray Won 2013 Best TV Episode `` The Rains of Castamere '' Nominated Best TV DVD or Blu - ray For the complete second season on Blu - ray Nominated Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Villain David Bradley as Walder Frey Nominated Best TV Villain Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Won 2014 Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Children '' Nominated Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated 2015 Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Episode `` Hardhome '' Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Villain Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton Nominated 2016 Best TV Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Won Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won 2017 Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won National Television Awards ( edit ) The National Television Awards are presented in an annual award show broadcast by the ITV network. The results are voted on by the general public. Game of Thrones has been nominated four times. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2015 Multichannel show Game of Thrones Nominated 2016 Best International Show Game of Thrones Nominated 2017 Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 2018 Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated People 's Choice Awards ( edit ) The People 's Choice Awards recognize the people and the work of popular culture. Game of Thrones has been nominated twelve times. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Favorite Cable TV Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 2013 Favorite Thriller Show Game of Thrones Nominated 2014 Favorite Premium Cable TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated Favorite TV Anti-Hero Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated 2015 Favorite TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated Favorite Cable Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated 2016 Favorite TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated Favorite Cable Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated Favorite Cable Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated 2017 Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated Peabody Awards ( edit ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau accepted the Peabody Award on behalf of the show in 2012 The Peabody Award recognizes excellence in various platforms of the media, including film, television, and radio. The award `` spotlight ( s ) instances of how electronic media can teach, expand our horizons, defend the public interest, or encourage empathy with others ''. Game of Thrones was honored with a Peabody Award in 2011 for its first season. The award association gave the following description of the show : `` Adapted from dark - age fantasy books by George R.R. Martin, the series immerses viewers in a multilayered, distinctly imagined world of mysticism and earthiness, fidelity and deceit, wonder and mayhem. '' Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Peabody Award Game of Thrones Won Poppy Awards ( edit ) Sophie Turner won one Poppy Award in 2016 The Poppy Awards, formerly known as the EWwys, honors the Emmy - snubbed shows and actors of the year. Game of Thrones has received six awards from ten nomination. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Best Supporting Actress, Drama Emilia Clarke Won Best Actor, Drama Sean Bean Nominated 2012 Best Supporting Actress, Drama Lena Headey Won 2013 Best Supporting Actress, Drama Natalie Dormer Won 2014 Best Supporting Actress, Drama Maisie Williams Won Best Supporting Actor, Drama Charles Dance Nominated Best Guest Actor, Drama Pedro Pascal Won 2015 Best Supporting Actress, Drama Maisie Williams Nominated Sophie Turner Nominated 2016 Best Supporting Actress, Drama Sophie Turner Won Satellite Awards ( edit ) Peter Dinklage won one Satellite Award in 2011 The Satellite Award is given annually by the International Press Academy ( IPA ) to honor the best work in the entertainment industry. Game of Thrones has received three awards out of fourteen nominations. In 2011, Dinklage received the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film, and received three more nominations ( 2012, 2014 -- 2015 ). In 2014, Game of Thrones won the Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Genre, while Nikolaj Coster - Waldau and Emilia Clarke received nominations for Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress, respectively. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film Peter Dinklage Won Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Nominated 2012 Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 2013 Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film Emilia Clarke Nominated Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Won 2014 Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Nominated 2015 Best Supporting Actor -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Nominated 2016 Best Supporting Actress -- Series, Miniseries, or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Nominated 2017 Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Won Saturn Awards ( edit ) Maisie Williams won one Saturn Award in 2015 The Saturn Awards are awarded annually by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Films to honor the top works mainly in science fiction, fantasy, and horror in film, television, and home video. In 2014, The show tie for most nominations with Breaking Bad and Falling Skies with five. Game of Thrones has won two out of twenty - one nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Best Television Presentation Game of Thrones Nominated Best Actor on Television Sean Bean Nominated Best Actress on Television Lena Headey Nominated Best Supporting Actor on Television Kit Harington Nominated 2013 Best Television Presentation Game of Thrones Nominated 2014 Best Television Presentation Game of Thrones Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor on Television Jack Gleeson Nominated Best Supporting Actor on Television Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Nominated Best Supporting Actress on Television Gwendoline Christie Nominated Best Supporting Actress on Television Michelle Fairley Nominated 2015 Best Limited Run Television Series Game of Thrones Won Best Performance by a Younger Actor on Television Maisie Williams Won Best Supporting Actress on Television Emilia Clarke Nominated 2016 Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor on Television Kit Harington Nominated Best Supporting Actress on Television Lena Headey Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series Maisie Williams Nominated Brenock O'Connor Nominated 2017 Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor on Television Kit Harington Nominated Best Actress on Television Lena Headey Nominated 2018 Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Pending Best Actress on a Television Series Lena Headey Pending Best Supporting Actor on a Television Series Kit Harington Pending Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Pending Scream Awards ( edit ) Emilia Clarke won one Scream Award in 2011 The Scream Awards were awarded annually to honor the top works mainly in the horror, sci - fi, and fantasy genres of feature films and television. Game of Thrones has won three out of eight nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Best Ensemble Amrita Acharia, Mark Addy, Alfie Allen, Josef Altin, Sean Bean, Susan Brown, Emilia Clarke, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Peter Dinklage, Ron Donachie, Michelle Fairley, Jerome Flynn, Elyes Gabel, Aidan Gillen, Jack Gleeson, Iain Glen, Julian Glover, Kit Harington, Lena Headey, Isaac Hempstead Wright, Conleth Hill, Richard Madden, Jason Momoa, Rory McCann, Ian McElhinney, Luke McEwan, Roxanne McKee, Dar Salim, Mark Stanley, Donald Sumpter, Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams Nominated Best Fantasy Actor Sean Bean Nominated Best Fantasy Actress Lena Headey Nominated Best Supporting Actor Peter Dinklage Won Best TV Show Game of Thrones Won Breakout Performance -- Female Emilia Clarke Won Most Memorable Mutilation `` Head covered in molten gold '' ( from `` A Golden Crown '' ) Nominated The Ultimate Scream Game of Thrones Nominated Television Critics Association Awards ( edit ) The TCA Awards are awarded annually by the Television Critics Association for outstanding achievements in television. Game of Thrones has won three out of fifteen nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Individual Achievement in Drama Peter Dinklage Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Outstanding New Program Game of Thrones Won Program of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated 2012 Program of the Year Game of Thrones Won Individual Achievement in Drama Peter Dinklage Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 2013 Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Won Program of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated 2014 Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Program of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated 2015 Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Program of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated 2016 Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Program of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated Other Awards ( edit ) Dorian Awards ( edit ) The Dorian Awards are awarded annually by the Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association. Game of Thrones has been nominated twice. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2013 TV Drama of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated 2017 TV Drama of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated Dragon Awards ( edit ) The Dragon Awards are awarded annually, winners are voted upon by the general public. Game of Thrones has won one out of one nomination. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2016 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Game of Thrones Won Empire Awards ( edit ) The cast won an Empire Award in 2015 The Empire Awards are awarded annually, winners are voted upon by the general public. Game of Thrones has won one out of three nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2015 Hero Award Josef Altin, Jacob Anderson, John Bradley, Thomas Brodie - Sangster, Dominic Carter, Dean - Charles Chapman, Gwendoline Christie, Emilia Clarke, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Ben Crompton, Liam Cunningham, Charles Dance, Peter Dinklage, Natalie Dormer, Nathalie Emmanuel, Iain Glen, Julian Glover, Kit Harington, Lena Headey, Isaac Hempstead - Wright, Conleth Hill, Rory McCann, Ian McElhinney, Pedro Pascal, Daniel Portman, Mark Stanley, Sophie Turner, Indira Varma and Maisie Williams Won 2016 Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated 2017 Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated E! Online Best. Ever. TV. Awards ( edit ) The E! Online Best. Ever. TV. Awards are awarded annually. Game of Thrones has been nominated once. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2015 Outstanding Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated GLAAD Media Awards ( edit ) The GLAAD Media Awards are awarded annually by the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. Game of Thrones has been nominated once. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2015 Outstanding Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated GLAMOUR Awards ( edit ) The Glamour Awards are awarded annually. Game of Thrones has won two out of two nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2016 Best UK TV Actress Sophie Turner Won 2017 Best UK TV Actress Sophie Turner Won Gold Derby TV Awards ( edit ) Diana Rigg won a Gold Derby TV Awards in 2013 and 2015 The Gold Derby TV Awards are awarded annually to the best of television. Game of Thrones has won thirteen out of forty nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated 2012 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actress Lena Headey Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Maisie Williams Nominated Ensemble of the Year The cast of Game of Thrones Nominated 2013 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated Michelle Fairley Nominated Best Drama Guest Actress Diana Rigg Won Best Drama Episode `` The Rains of Castamere '' Won Ensemble of the Year The cast of Game of Thrones Won 2014 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Charles Dance Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated Lena Headey Nominated Best Drama Guest Actor Pedro Pascal Won Best Drama Guest Actress Diana Rigg Nominated Best Drama Episode `` The Lion and the Rose '' Nominated `` The Watchers on the Wall '' Nominated Ensemble of the Year The cast of Game of Thrones Nominated 2015 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best Drama Supporting Actor Peter Dinklage Won Best Drama Supporting Actress Lena Headey Won Best Drama Guest Actress Diana Rigg Won Best Drama Episode `` Hardhome '' Nominated `` Mother 's Mercy '' Won Ensemble of the Year The cast of Game of Thrones Won 2016 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Ensemble of the Year The cast of Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Kit Harington Won Best Drama Supporting Actress Lena Headey Won Best Drama Guest Actor Ian McShane Nominated Max von Sydow Nominated Best Drama Episode `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Golden Nymph Awards ( edit ) The Golden Nymph Awards are awarded annually at the Monte - Carlo Television Festival. Game of Thrones has won one out of five nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Outstanding International Producer David Benioff, Frank Doelger, Carolyn Strauss and D.B. Weiss Won Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Lena Headey Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Kit Harington Nominated Gracie allen Awards ( edit ) The Gracie Award was established in 1975 by the Alliance for Women in Media to recognize the best representation of women in the media. The award is given to various types of programming or individuals. Game of Thrones has won one out of one nomination. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Outstanding Female Rising Star in a Drama Series or Special Emilia Clarke Won Hollywood Music in Media Awards ( edit ) The Hollywood Music in Media Awards are awarded annually to recognize the music of visual mediums such as film, television, movie trailers, video games and commercials. Game of Thrones has been nominated one time. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2014 Best Original Score -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Ramin Djawadi Nominated Humanitas Prize ( edit ) The Humanitas Prize are awarded annually to film and television writing intended to promote human dignity, meaning, and freedom. Game of Thrones has been nominated one time. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2017 60 Minute Network or Syndicated Television David Benioff, D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated International Film Music Critics Association ( edit ) The International Film Music Critics Association are awarded annually to film and television composers. Game of Thrones has been nominated four times, and won once. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Best Original Score for a Television Series Ramin Djawadi Nominated 2013 Best Original Score for a Television Series Ramin Djawadi Nominated 2016 Best Original Score for a Television Series Ramin Djawadi Won Film Music Composition of the Year Ramin Djawadi for `` Light of the Seven '' Nominated Jupiter Awards ( edit ) The Jupiter Awards are awarded annually. Game of Thrones has won once. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2014 Best International TV Series Game of Thrones Won Kerrang! Awards ( edit ) The Kerrang! Awards are awarded annually. Game of Thrones has won two out of two nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Best TV Show Game of Thrones Won 2014 Best TV Show Game of Thrones Won MTV Fandom Awards ( edit ) The MTV Fandom Awards are awarded annually, voted by the public. Game of Thrones has won one out of two nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2014 OMG Moment of the Year Game of Thrones -- The Purple Wedding Won 2016 Fan Freak Out of the Year Game of Thrones -- Resurrection of Jon Snow Nominated MTV Millennial Awards ( edit ) The MTV Millennial Awards are annual awards that celebrates the music, videos and digital culture of the Millennial Generation in Latin America. Game of Thrones has won one out of one nomination. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2016 Killer Serie del Año Game of Thrones Won MTV Movie & TV Awards ( edit ) The MTV Movie & TV Awards is an annual award show presented by MTV to honor outstanding achievements in film and television. Founded in 1992, the winners of the awards are decided online by the audience. Game of Thrones has been nominated three times. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2017 Show of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated Best Actor in a Show Emilia Clarke Nominated Tearjerker Hodor 's ( Kristian Nairn ) death Nominated NewNowNext Awards ( edit ) The NewNowNext Awards are awarded annually. Game of Thrones has been nominated three times. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 TV You Betta Watch Game of Thrones Nominated 2013 Cause You 're Hot Richard Madden Nominated 2014 Best New Television Actor Pedro Pascal Nominated Portal Awards ( edit ) The Portal Awards are awarded annually for genre television and movies. Game of Thrones has won seven out of sixteen nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Best Actor Sean Bean Won Best Actress Lena Headey Nominated Best Supporting Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Episode Winter Is Coming Won Best Series Game of Thrones Won Best Young Actor Isaac Hempstead - Wright Nominated Maisie Williams Nominated 2012 Best Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Actress Lena Headey Won Best Supporting Actor Aidan Gillen Nominated Best Supporting Actress Michelle Fairley Nominated Maisie Williams Won Best Episode The Ghost of Harrenhal Nominated Best Series Game of Thrones Won Best Young Actor Jack Gleeson Nominated Maisie Williams Won Royal Television Society ( edit ) The Royal Television Society presents annual awards honoring the best in television. In 2014, the show won the International Program Award at the in 2014. Game of Thrones has won one out of one nomination. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2014 International Program Game of Thrones Won Screenwriters Choice Awards ( edit ) The Screenwriters Choice Awards are awarded annually. Game of Thrones has won one out of two nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2015 Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 2016 Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Won SFX Awards ( edit ) The SFX Awards are awarded annually to celebrate achievements in science fiction and are voted on by the readers of the SFX magazine. Game of Thrones has won two out of thirteen nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2012 Best New TV Show David Benioff and D.B. Weiss Won Best TV Show David Benioff and D.B. Weiss Nominated Best Actress Maisie Williams Nominated Best Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated 2013 Best Actress Emilia Clarke Won Best Actress Lena Headey Nominated Best Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated 2015 Best Actress Maisie Williams Nominated Best Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Villain Charles Dance as Tywin Lannister Nominated Biggest Disappointment No Hodor in Game of Thrones season five Nominated Best TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Episode The Mountain and the Viper Nominated Shorty Awards ( edit ) The Shorty Awards are annual awards, recognizing the people and organizations producing real - time short form content across social media. Game of Thrones has been nominated twice. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2016 Favorite TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated GIF of The Year Game of Thrones Come at Me Bro Nominated TV Choice Awards ( edit ) The TV Choice Awards are awarded annually, the nominees are selected by the editors at TV Choice magazine and the winners are chosen by voting of the general public. Game of Thrones has won two out of two nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2014 Best International Show Game of Thrones Won 2016 Best International Show Game of Thrones Won USC Scripter Awards ( edit ) The USC Scripter Awards are awarded annually by the USC Libraries Board of Councilors in recognition of the year 's best adaptation of the printed word into film. Game of Thrones has been nominated two times. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2016 Best Adapted Screenplay David Benioff and D.B. Weiss ( for `` Hardhome '' ) Nominated 2017 Best Adapted Screenplay David Benioff and D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Winds of Winter '' ) Nominated Webby Awards ( edit ) The Webby Awards are awards for excellence on the Internet presented annually by the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences. Game of Thrones has won three awards out of five nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2016 Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Won 2017 Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Won Unscripted ( Branded ) Battle of the Bastards Featurette Won 2018 Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Pending Best Trailer Game of Thrones Pending Women 's Image Network Awards ( edit ) The Women 's Image Network Awards are annual awards presented to individuals who promote women and girls in the media... Game of Thrones has won one out of two nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2011 Actress Drama Series Lena Headey Nominated 2014 Actress Drama Series Lena Headey Won World Soundtrack Awards ( edit ) The World Soundtrack Academy presents annual awards honoring the music professionals involved in film and television. Game of Thrones has one nomination. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2016 Television Composer of the Year Ramin Djawadi Nominated Young Artist Awards ( edit ) The Young Artist Awards are awarded annually to young artists. Game of Thrones has been nominated three times. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2013 Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actor Isaac Hempstead - Wright Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actress Sophie Turner Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actress Maisie Williams Nominated Young Hollywood Awards ( edit ) The Young Hollywood Awardss are bestowed annually to honor the achievements in pop music, film and television, sports, fashion and social media. Game of Thrones has won one out of three nominations. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2013 Actor of the Year Kit Harington Won 2014 We Love to Hate You Jack Gleeson Nominated Bingeworthy TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated Zulu Awards ( edit ) The Zulu Awards are awarded annually, nominees are selected by Danish broadcaster Zulu and the winners are voted upon by the general public. Game of Thrones has been nominated one time. Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 2017 Best Actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meslow, Scott. `` How ' Game of Thrones ' Masters the Art of Adapting Novels for TV ''. The Atlantic. Retrieved July 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jennifer ( April 4, 2011 ). `` ' Game of Thrones ' : George R.R. Martin talks HBO show ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Fowler, Matt ( April 8, 2011 ). `` Game of Thrones : `` Winter is Coming '' Review ``. IGN. Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones ''. www.goldenglobes.com. Retrieved 9 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Previous Nominees & Winners ''. awards.wga.org. Retrieved 9 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Award Recipients ''. www.saturnawards.org. Retrieved 9 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Complete List of Recipients of the 71st Annual Peabody Awards ''. Peabody Award. April 4, 2012. Archived from the original on June 1, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` ' Game of Thrones ' makes Emmy history : Most awards ever ''. EW.com. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : Hipes, Patrick ( September 20, 2015 ). `` Primetime Emmy Awards Winners : The Complete List ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Globes 2012 : The Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. January 15, 2012. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones ''. Emmy Award. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences / National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Advanced Search Screen Actors Guild Awards ''. www.sagawards.org. Retrieved 9 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : Prudom, Laura ( September 20, 2015 ). `` ' Game of Thrones ' Sets Record for Most Emmy Wins in a Year ''. Variety. ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Lawrence, Game of Thrones, Frozen among new entertainment record holders in Guinness World Records 2015 book ''. Guinness World Records. September 3, 2014. Archived from the original on December 6, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Lynch, Kevin ( August 31, 2015 ). `` Maisie Williams overjoyed as Game of Thrones marches into Guinness World Records 2016 ''. Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` About AFI Awards ''. American Film Institute. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2011 ''. American Film Institute. 2011. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012. Jump up ^ Abramovitch, Seth ( December 10, 2012 ). `` AFI Names Best Movies and TV Series of 2012 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 10, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( December 9, 2013 ). `` TV Nominees For PGA Awards Unveiled ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` American Film Institute ''. AFI. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Nemetz, Dave ( December 8, 2016 ). `` AFI Awards : This Is Us, Stranger Things, Atlanta Make TV 's Top 10 of 2016 ''. TVLine. Retrieved December 9, 2016. Jump up ^ http://www.afi.com/afiawards/AFI-Awards-2017.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` American Cinema Editors Announce Nominees for the 62nd Annual ACE Eddie Awards ''. Studio Daily. January 17, 2012. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Film Editors Unveil ACE Eddie Award Nominations ''. Deadline.com. January 10, 2014. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014. Jump up ^ L. Sklar, Debbie ( January 4, 2016 ). `` American Cinema Editors ' 66th annual ACE Eddie Awards announced ''. MyNewsLA.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Grobar, Matthew ; Pedersen, Erik. `` ACE Eddie Awards : ' Mad Max ' & ' The Big Short ' Take Top Prizes ; TV Trophies To ' Mad Men ', ' Amy Schumer ' -- Winners List ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( January 27, 2017 ). `` ' Arrival, ' ' La La Land ' Top American Cinema Editors Eddie Awards ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( January 26, 2018 ). `` Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television - Eddie Awards : ' Dunkirk, ' ' I, Tonya ' Top American Cinema Editors ' Honors ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 28, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Yamato, Jen ( February 1, 2014 ). `` 28th Annual ASC Awards : ' Gravity 's Emmanuel Lubezki Wins Feature Film Honor ; TV Winners Include ' Killing Lincoln ', ' Game Of Thrones ', ' Drunk History ' ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` The ASC -- Past ASC Awards ''. American Society of Cinematographers. Archived from the original on August 8, 2011. Jump up ^ `` HBO, Starz Lead ASC TV Nominees ''. Deadline.com. November 20, 2013. Archived from the original on November 20, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 30th ASC Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography ''. American Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved December 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( February 4, 2017 ). `` ' Lion ' Tops ASC Cinematographer Awards ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Tapley, Kristopher. `` ' Blade Runner, ' ' Mudbound, ' ' Game of Thrones ' Land ASC Cinematography Nominations ''. Variety. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` ' Zootopia ' and ' Kubo ' Lead Annie Awards Nominations ; ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Civil War ' Land Nods ''. Collider.com. November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Annie Awards Nominees ''. Annieawards.org. Retrieved November 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick ( December 4, 2017 ). `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved December 4, 2017. Jump up ^ `` AWARDS ''. APDG. Retrieved 9 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` The 2015 APDG Awards Winners ''. APDG. Retrieved February 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The 2016 APDG Awards Winners ''. APDG. Retrieved November 15, 2016. Jump up ^ Wolfe, Jennifer ( February 2, 2015 ). `` ' Grand Budapest Hotel, ' ' Birdman, ' ' Guardians ' Top 19th Annual ADG Awards '' ( Press release ). Animation World Network. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg ( January 3, 2012 ). `` Art Directors Nominate Movies as Different as ' Harry Potter ' and ' The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 2, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Yamato, Jen ( February 2, 2013 ). `` Art Directors Guild Awards : ' Skyfall ', ' Life Of Pi ', ' Anna Karenina ' Take Film Honors ; Also ' Game Of Thrones ', ' American Horror Story : Asylum ', ' Girls ', 84th Oscars, ' SNL ' ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Art Directors Guild Film, TV Nominees Announced ''. Deadline.com. January 9, 2014. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014. Jump up ^ `` 2014 Winners Announced ''. Art Directors Guild. February 8, 2014. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ADG Awards : ' Birdman ', ' Grand Budapest Hotel ', & ' Guardians ' Take Top Film Prizes -- ' Game Of Thrones ', ' True Detective Among TV Winners ''. Deadline.com. January 31, 2015. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015. Jump up ^ `` 2016 Art Directors Guild Awards Winners -- Deadline ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick ( January 5, 2017 ). `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ', ' Game Of Thrones ' & More ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2017. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave. `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi, ' ' Dunkirk, ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations ''. Variety. Retrieved 4 January 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 Artios Casting Award Winners Announced -- Once, Venus in Fur & More ''. Broadway World. October 30, 2012. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Artios Award Winners ''. Casting Society of America. 2011. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012. Jump up ^ Weisman, Jon ( August 19, 2013 ). `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals 2013 Nominees ''. Variety. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Casting Society of America Artios Awards Nominess 2015 ''. Casting Society of America. August 21, 2015. Archived from the original on July 18, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Casting Society of America Artios Awards Winners 2015 ''. Casting Society of America. January 22, 2016. Archived from the original on July 17, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ THR Staff ( September 27, 2016 ). `` Artios Awards Unveil 2017 Nominees ; Joel McHale to Host L.A. Ceremony ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ASCAP : We Create Music : Events and Awards ''. American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved April 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Honors Top Film and Television Music Composers at 27th Annual Awards Celebration ''. American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Honors Top Film and Television Music Composers at 28th Annual Awards Celebration ''. American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Astra About ''. Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association. Retrieved February 23, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Home -- Astra : Subscription Television Australia ''. Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Winners List Of ASTRA Awards : With Interviews On Red Carpet ''. Hush Hush Biz. March 31, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2014 Awards Astra : Subscription Television Australia ''. Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association. Retrieved April 11, 2017. Jump up ^ `` About ''. www.bafta.org. Retrieved 9 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Craft Awards : Ten Years of Talent - Craft Awards - Television - The BAFTA site ''. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. April 7, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Television in 2013 ''. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 2013. Archived from the original on March 8, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Television in 2015 ''. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original on October 20, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones, Line of Duty and Strictly Come Dancing are up for Virgin TV 's Must - See Moment at BAFTA TV Awards ''. Digital Spy. April 10, 2017. Archived from the original on April 10, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Battles It Out With ' Black Mirror ' & ' Line Of Duty ' As BAFTA TV Nominations Are Unveiled ''. Deadline Hollywood. April 4, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018. Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' & ' Taboo ' Lead BAFTA TV Craft Nominations -- Full List ''. Deadline Hollywood. March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' to Receive Special BAFTA Award ''. Variety. April 15, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018. Jump up ^ `` About the BSC ''. British Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved April 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Best Cinematography in a Television Drama Award ''. British Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved January 31, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Past nominees '' ( PDF ). British Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved April 9, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Past winners '' ( PDF ). British Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved April 9, 2017. Jump up ^ `` About the CSC ''. Canadian Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved April 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` CSC Awards 2015 ''. Canadian Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved October 7, 2016. Jump up ^ `` CSC Awards 2016 ''. Canadian Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved April 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` CSC Awards 2017 ''. Canadian Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved April 8, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Pond, Steve ( February 21, 2016 ). `` ' The Revenant ' Sounds Best to Cinema Audio Society ''. TheWrap. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( January 19, 2012 ). `` ' Hanna, ' ' Hugo ' and ' Moneyball ' Nominated for Cinema Audio Society Awards ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 16, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Cinema Audio Society Sound Mixing Noms ''. Deadline.com. January 8, 2013. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cinema Audio Society Awards : ' Gravity ', ' Frozen ' Take Film Honors ''. Deadline.com. February 22, 2014. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2014. Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick ( February 14, 2015 ). `` Cinema Audio Society Winners : ' Birdman ', ' Big Hero 6 ′ & ' Game Of Thrones ' Take Top Honors ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2015. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( February 18, 2017 ). `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 19, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( February 24, 2018 ). `` Cinema Audio Society Awards : Sound Mixers Hear ' Dunkirk ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 24, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees for the 17th Costume Designers Guild Awards Announced ''. Costume Designers Guild. February 17, 2015. Archived from the original on March 5, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015. Jump up ^ Carlson, Erin ( January 19, 2012 ). `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : The Nominees List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Costume Designers Unveil CDG Awards Nominees ''. Deadline.com. January 17, 2013. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Articles & Videos ''. Costume Designers Guild. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 18th CDGA Winners and Honoree Information ''. Costume Designers Guild. Archived from the original on October 20, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Calvario, Liz ; Pedersen, Erik ( February 21, 2017 ). `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' La La Land, ' ' Hidden Figures ' & ' The Crown ' Among Winners -- Complete List ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' Greatest Showman, ' ' Young Pope, ' ' Phantom Thread ' Earn Costume Designers Guild Nominations ''. Variety. January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Chitwood, Adam ( January 14, 2015 ). `` DGA Awards Nominations For Television Include True Detective, Game of Thrones, And Louie ''. Collider.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2015. Jump up ^ `` 64th Guild Award ''. DGA. January 28, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` DGA Awards TV Nominations Unveiled ''. Deadline.com. January 9, 2014. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014. Jump up ^ `` DGA Winners for Television ''. DGA. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( February 4, 2017 ). `` Damien Chazelle Wins Directors Guild 's Top Film Award for ' La La Land ' ''. Variety. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Marotta, Jenna ( February 4, 2018 ). `` DGA Awards 2018 : Full Winners List, from Guillermo del Toro to Jordan Peele ''. IndieWire. Retrieved February 4, 2018. Jump up ^ `` About the Academy ''. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Awards ''. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved October 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Dockterman, Eliana ( September 18, 2016 ). `` Game of Thrones Now Has the Most Emmy Wins Ever ''. Time. Retrieved July 9, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Emmy winners complete list ''. The Washington Post. September 19, 2011. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Finke, Nikki ; Andreeva, Nellie ( September 15, 2012 ). `` HBO Leads With 17 Creative Arts Emmys, CBS 13, PBS 11 ; ' Undercover Boss ' Wins Reality Emmy ; ' Daily Show ' Writers, Jimmy Fallon, Kathy Bates, Jeremy Davies, Martha Plimpton Win Emmys ; ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' & ' The Penguins of Madagascar ' ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved September 16, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Finke, Nikki ( September 23, 2012 ). `` Nikki Finke : Live - Snarking The 64th Emmys ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Finke, Nikki ( July 18, 2012 ). `` 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations ( LIVE ) ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( September 15, 2013 ). `` HBO, ' Behind The Candelabra ' Lead Creative Arts Emmy Awards ; Bob Newhart, Dan Bucatinsky, Melissa Leo, Carrie Preston, Heidi Klum & Tim Gunn, ' Undercover Boss ', ' South Park ' & Tony Awards Among Winners ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2013. Retrieved September 16, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Primetime Emmys : Full List Of Nominees ''. Deadline.com. July 10, 2014. Archived from the original on July 10, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Brown, Tracy ( July 10, 2014 ). `` Emmys 2014 : Complete list of nominees ''. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 10, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Hipes, Patrick ( July 16, 2015 ). `` Emmy Nominations 2015 -- Full List ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Prudom, Laura ( July 14, 2016 ). `` ' Game of Thrones ' Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations ''. Variety. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( August 16, 2014 ). `` Creative Arts Emmy Awards : ' Saturday Night Live ' Top Winner, HBO Grabs Most Trophies ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on August 17, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Moraes, Lisa ; Lincoln, Ross A. ; Haithman, Diane ( September 12, 2015 ). `` Creative Arts Emmy Awards : HBO, ' Game Of Thrones ' Lead The Way ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on September 13, 2015. Retrieved September 14, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Sound Editors Announce Nominations For Golden Reel Awards ''. Deadline.com. January 17, 2013. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2012 Golden Reel Award Nominees : Television ''. Golden Reel Award. Motion Picture Sound Editors. February 19, 2012. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2012. Jump up ^ `` MPSE Golden Reel Awards : ' Life Of Pi ', ' Les Misérables ', ' Skyfall ', ' Wreck - It Ralph ', ' Game Of Thrones ', ' Fringe ' ''. Deadline.com. February 17, 2013. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2013. Jump up ^ `` UPDATE : Motion Picture Sound Editors Unveil Full List Of Golden Reel Nominees ''. Deadline.com. January 17, 2014. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Complete list of 2014 Golden Reel award winners ''. Los Angeles Times. February 16, 2014. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014. Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik ( February 15, 2015 ). `` ' Birdman ', ' American Sniper ' Top Golden Reel Awards : MPSE Winners List ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( January 14, 2015 ). `` Motion Picture Sound Editors Announce Golden Reel Nominees ''. Variety. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( February 27, 2016 ). `` Golden Reel Awards : The Complete Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( February 19, 2017 ). `` Golden Reel Awards : ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Tops Feature Competition at Sound Editors ' Ceremony ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( February 18, 2018 ). `` Golden Reel Awards : Oscar Nominees ' Blade Runner 2049, ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Sound Editor Winners ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 19, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Grammys 2018 : See the Complete List of Winners ''. Billboard. Retrieved 30 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Nominations Sought for 2012 HPA Awards ''. TV Technology. May 16, 2012. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The 7th Annual Hollywood Post Alliance Awards Winners Unveiled ''. Hollywood Post Alliance. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Rose, Lacey ( September 4, 2013 ). `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness, ' ' Pacific Rim, ' ' Iron Man 3 ' Lead HPA Awards Feature Nominations ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 4, 2013. Retrieved September 4, 2013. Jump up ^ Ma, Max ( November 8, 2013 ). `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness, ' ' Pacific Rim, ' ' Iron Man 3 ' Lead HPA Awards Feature Nominations ''. Hollywood Post Alliance. Archived from the original on November 20, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Hollywood Post Alliance Announces Nominees for the 2014 HPA Awards ''. Hollywood Post Alliance. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2014 Hollywood Professional Alliance Award Winners Announced ''. Hollywood Post Alliance. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Post Alliance Announces 2015 Award Winners HPA Awards Honors Artists and Innovators at 10th Anniversary Gala ''. Shoot. November 12, 2015. Archived from the original on December 17, 2015. Jump up ^ THR Staff ( November 12, 2015 ). `` Hollywood Post Alliance Reveals Winners at 10th Annual Awards ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' The Jungle Book ' Claims VFX Trophy at HPA Awards ''. Yahoo!. November 18, 2016. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature ''. The Hollywood Reporter. November 16, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Ifta Film & Drama Awards ''. Irish Film & Television Academy. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2017. Jump up ^ `` IFTA 2012 Winners Announced -- The Irish Film & Television Network ''. Irish Film & Television Academy. February 11, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Irish Film & Television Academy -- Irish Film & Television Awards ''. Irish Film & Television Academy. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` IFTA Award Winners ''. Irish Film & Television Academy. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Lubin, Rhian ( May 24, 2015 ). `` IFTA Awards 2015 : It 's a gongsters ' paradise as Love / Hate cleans house ''. Irish Mirror. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ IFTA Staff. `` IFTA 2016 Nominees And Winners ''. Irish Film & Television Academy. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards ''. entertainment.ie. March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Ifta Awards 2018 : the full list of nominations ''. The Irish Times. January 11, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` IFTAs : Full list of winners as Gabriel Byrne is honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award ''. Irish Independent. February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` ' Game of Thrones, ' ' The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, ' ' Iron Man 3 ′ Win Top Honors at First Annual Location Managers Guild Awards ''. Deadline.com. March 29, 2014. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Giardina, Carolyn ( April 3, 2016 ). `` Location Managers Awards : The Complete Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Bukszpan, Daniel ( March 8, 2016 ). `` Where ' Game of Thrones ' Fans Go on Vacation ''. Fortune Magazine. Retrieved 24 February 2018. Jump up ^ Zuo, Mandy ( August 26, 2017 ). `` From King 's Landing to Winterfell, Chinese tourists flock to locations made famous by TV shows such as Game of Thrones ''. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 24 February 2018. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( April 8, 2017 ). `` ' Hidden Figures, ' ' La La Land ' Win Location Managers Guild Awards ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Caranicas, Peter ( 7 April 2018 ). `` ' Dunkirk, ' ' Baby Driver ' Score Motion Picture Wins at LMGI Awards ''. Variety. Retrieved 8 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` About Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Local 706 ''. Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild. Retrieved March 1, 2015. Jump up ^ McKenzie, Lesley ( February 15, 2015 ). `` Inside the Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2017. Jump up ^ Stephanie Chan ( January 14, 2014 ). `` Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Guild Awards Nominations Announced ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( February 21, 2016 ). `` Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Guild Awards : The Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( February 19, 2017 ). `` ' Suicide Squad, ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( February 24, 2018 ). `` ' Darkest Hour ' Tops Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` PGA Announced Theatrical Motion Picture and Long - Form Television Nominations for 2012 PGA Awards ''. TVLine. January 3, 2012. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012. Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam ( November 28, 2012 ). `` Homeland, Game of Thrones, Modern Family, and Louie Lead Television Nominations for 2013 Producers Guild Awards ''. Collider.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2012. Jump up ^ `` TV Nominees For PGA Awards Unveiled ''. Deadline.com. December 3, 2013. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' American Sniper, ' ' Birdman ' & ' Boyhood ' Among PGA Awards Nominees ''. Deadline.com. January 5, 2015. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015. Jump up ^ `` ' Big Short ' takes home top prize at Producers Guild of America awards ''. Fox News. January 24, 2016. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Jump up ^ DeSantis, Rachel ( January 5, 2017 ). `` People v. O.J., Stranger Things score Producers Guild Award nominations ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Dupre, Elyse ( 5 January 2018 ). `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees ''. E! News. Retrieved 5 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Screen Actors Guild Award -- About ''. SAG - AFTRA. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` SAG Awards Nominations : ' 12 Years A Slave ' And ' Breaking Bad ' Lead Way ''. Deadline.com. December 11, 2013. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ''. Screen Actors Guild Award. Screen Actors Guild. January 29, 2012. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Screen Actors Guild 2013 Awards : ' Argo ' Cast, Daniel Day - Lewis In ' Lincoln ', Jennifer Lawrence In ' Silver Linings Playbook ', Anne Hathaway in ' Les Miserables ', Tommy Lee Jones In ' Lincoln ', ' Downton Abbey ' Cast, Bryan Cranston In ' Breaking Bad ', Claire Danes In ' Homeland ', Julianne Moore In ' Game Change ', Kevin Costner in ' Hatfields & McCoy ', ' Modern Family ' Cast, Tiny Fey & Alec Baldwin In ' 30 Rock ' ''. Deadline.com. January 27, 2013. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : ' Lone Survivor ', ' Game Of Thrones ' Win Stunt Honors ''. Deadline.com. January 18, 2014. Archived from the original on January 19, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick ( December 10, 2014 ). `` SAG Awards Nominations : ' Birdman ' & ' Boyhood ' Lead Film Side, HBO & ' Modern Family ' Rule TV -- Full List ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015. Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick ( January 25, 2015 ). `` SAG Awards : ' Birdman ' Flies Even Higher & ' Orange Is The New Black ' Shines -- List Of Winners ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015. Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. January 30, 2016. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Nolfi, Joey ( December 14, 2016 ). `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2016. Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick ( 13 December 2017 ). `` SAG Awards Nominations : ' Three Billboards ' Tops Film List, Netflix Leads In TV ''. Deadline. Retrieved 13 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Society of Camera Operators Lifetime Achievement Awards ''. Society of Operating Cameramen. Retrieved April 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( January 11, 2017 ). `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 16, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Giardina, Carolyn ( February 5, 2013 ). `` VES Awards 2013 : ' Life of Pi ' Wins Top Prize ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 6, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` VES Awards : ' Gravity ' Wins 6 Including Top Prize ; ' Frozen ' Goes 4 - For - 4 ; 3 Nods For ' Game Of Thrones ' ''. Deadline.com. February 12, 2014. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Visual Effects Society Awards Nominations Announced ''. Deadline.com. January 13, 2015. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015. Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik ; Bloom, David ( February 4, 2015 ). `` VES Awards : ' Apes ' Wins Top Live - Action Movie Prize ; ' Big Hero 6 ′ Leads All With Five Nods ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Giardina, Carolyn ( February 3, 2016 ). `` Visual Effect Society Awards Unveils Winners ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual VES Awards ''. Visual Effects Society. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Bacardi, Francesca ( January 14, 2014 ). `` ' Gravity ' Tops Visual Effects Society Nominations ''. Variety. Archived from the original on January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2014. Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik ; Bloom, David ( February 4, 2015 ). `` VES Awards : ' Apes ' Wins Top Live - Action Movie Prize ; ' Big Hero 6 ′ Leads All With Five Nods ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( January 10, 2017 ). `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange, ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( February 7, 2017 ). `` ' The Jungle Book ' Takes Top Visual Effects Society Honors ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( February 13, 2018 ). `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Wins Big ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Writing Awards Database ''. Writers Guild Foundation. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time ' From WGA / TV Guide : Complete List ''. Deadline.com. June 2, 2013. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2013. Jump up ^ The Deadline Team. `` ' 101 Best Written TV Series Of All Time ' From WGA / TV Guide : Complete List ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( November 22, 2013 ). `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Wo n't Compete in 2014 WGA Awards Drama Series Category ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on November 23, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013. Jump up ^ A. Fernandez, Jay ( February 19, 2012 ). `` Writers Guild Awards : Complete Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012. Jump up ^ `` WGA Announces TV Nominations ''. The Hollywood Reporter. December 6, 2012. Archived from the original on December 6, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2012. Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick ( December 4, 2014 ). `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' True Detective ' & ' Louie ' Lead Way, Amazon Breaks Through With ' Transparent ' ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2015. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( February 13, 2016 ). `` WGA Honors ' Big Short, ' ' Spotlight, ' ' Mad Men ' at 68th Awards ''. Variety. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2016. Jump up ^ O'Connell, Michael ( December 5, 2016 ). `` WGA TV Nominations Include ' Westworld, ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Stranger Things ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia. `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans, ' ' Handmaid 's Tale, ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions ''. Variety. Retrieved December 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill ( June 20, 2011 ). `` ' Mad Men, ' Hamm take Critics ' Choice Television Awards ''. USA Today. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( June 6, 2011 ). `` Mad Men, Fringe, Good Wife, Modern Family, Community, Justified Lead Critics Choice Kudos ''. TVLine. Archived from the original on October 14, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015. Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberly ( June 5, 2012 ). `` Community, Breaking Bad, Parks and Rec, Mad Men, Girls Lead Critics ' Choice Nominations ''. Producers Guild of America. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012. Jump up ^ `` HBO, FX Lead Critics ' Choice TV Awards -- But Where Are ' Mad Men ', ' Modern Family '? ''. Deadline.com. May 22, 2013. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2013 Critics ' Choice TV Awards : ' Big Bang Theory, ' ' Behind The Candelabra, ' ' American Horror Story, ' ' Breaking Bad ' ''. Deadline.com. June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013. Jump up ^ Bacle, Ariana ( May 28, 2014 ). `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards 2014 : And the nominees are... '' Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on July 16, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Keene, Allison ( March 6, 2015 ). `` Critics ' Choice Tv Award Nominations Spotlight Justified, Silicon Valley, And More ''. Collider.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2015. Jump up ^ Winfrey, Graham ( November 14, 2016 ). `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : HBO Leads With 22 Nominations ''. IndieWire. Archived from the original on January 17, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Fan Favorite Most Bingeworthy Show ''. A&E. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2016. Jump up ^ Costantino, George ( December 12, 2016 ). `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2016 : Complete Winners List ''. ABC News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete ( 6 December 2017 ). `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' Leads With 14 ; Netflix Tops TV Contenders ''. Deadline. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Golden Globes -- Trivia ''. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Nominations and Winners 2011 ''. Golden Globe Award. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. January 15, 2012. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012. Jump up ^ `` 2015 Golden Globe Nominations ''. Golden Globe Award. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. December 11, 2014. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb ( January 10, 2016 ). `` Golden Globes : Mr. Robot and Mozart Win Big ; Taraji P. Henson, Lady Gaga, Jon Hamm, Rachel Bloom Grab Gold ''. TVLine. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The 74th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 2017 ) ''. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Miller, Liz Shannon ( January 8, 2018 ). `` Golden Globes 2018 Winners List : Every Film and TV Award Here ''. IndieWire. Retrieved January 8, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Corporate ''. Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on March 19, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Swatman, Rachel ( July 14, 2017 ). `` Game of Thrones : 10 records deserving of the Iron Throne ''. Guinness World Records. Retrieved February 16, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Hugo Awards : Introduction ''. World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2012 Hugo Award Winners ''. World Science Fiction Society. September 2, 2012. Archived from the original on September 3, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` 2013 Hugo Award Winners ''. World Science Fiction Society. September 1, 2013. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2014 Hugo Award Winners ''. World Science Fiction Society. August 17, 2014. Archived from the original on August 17, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2014. Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nominations ''. World Science Fiction Society. April 4, 2015. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Gartenberg, Chaim ( April 4, 2017 ). `` Here are the 2017 Hugo Award nominees ''. The Verge. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017. Retrieved April 5, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2016 Awards - IGN ''. IGN. Retrieved 9 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2011 ''. IGN. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2012 ''. IGN. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2013 ''. IGN. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2014 ''. IGN. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2015 ''. IGN. January 28, 2016. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2016 ''. IGN. December 18, 2016. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2017 ''. IGN. ^ Jump up to : Hogan, Michael ( January 20, 2016 ). `` National Television Awards 2016 Nominations ''. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 1, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Denham, Jess ( January 21, 2015 ). `` National Television Awards 2015 : Nominations in full as Mary Berry battles Simon Cowell ''. The Independent. Archived from the original on January 22, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2015. Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2016 Nominations ''. National Television Awards. January 20, 2016. Archived from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Harp, Justin ( January 3, 2017 ). `` National Television Awards reveals its 2017 nominees -- check out the full rundown and vote now ''. Digital Spy. Archived from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2017. Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2017 : Mary Berry triumphs and Casualty wins over Game of Thrones, plus full list of winners ''. The Daily Telegraph. January 26, 2017. Archived from the original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Lewis, Rebecca. `` National Television Awards 2018 winners ''. Metro. Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice ''. People 's Choice Awards. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016. Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Award Winners ''. USA Today. January 12, 2012. Archived from the original on February 29, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Nominees Announced for the ' People 's Choice Awards 2013 ' ''. TV by the Numbers. January 12, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Toomey, Alyssa ( November 4, 2014 ). `` Glee, Katy Perry Lead People 's Choice Award Nominations, 2 Broke Girls ' Kat Dennings and Beth Behrs to Hos ''. EOnline. Archived from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Toomey, Alyssa ( November 4, 2014 ). `` Jennifer Lawrence, Shailene Woodley and Robert Downey Jr. Among People 's Choice Nominees, Plus Find Out Who 's Hosting! ''. EOnline. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Nominees and Winners 2016 ''. People 's Choice Awards. November 3, 2015. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2015. Jump up ^ Johnson, Zach ( November 15, 2016 ). `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations ''. EOnline. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Peabody Awards -- Who We Are ''. The Peabody Awards. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Poppy Awards 2016 : Vote for your favorite limited series / movie nominees ''. Entertainment Weekly. August 25, 2016. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Darq ( September 17, 2011 ). `` The 2011 EWwy Award Winners Announced ( EW.com Awards ) ''. Spoilertv.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` EWwys 2012 : Meet Your Winners! ''. Entertainment Weekly. September 14, 2012. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Bierly, Mandi ( September 13, 2013 ). `` EWwy Awards 2013 : Meet Your 10 Winners! ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Wehelie, Benazir ( August 18, 2014 ). `` And your 2014 EWwy Award winners are... ''. SiriusXM. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` EWwy Awards 2015 : Meet Your Winners ''. Entertainment Weekly. August 11, 2015. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Poppy Awards 2016 : Meet Your Winners ''. Entertainment Weekly. September 13, 2016. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2016. Jump up ^ `` About the IPA ''. International Press Academy. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Kilday, Gregg ( December 3, 2012 ). `` Satellite Awards Nominates 10 Films for Best Motion Picture ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` The International Press Academy Announces Nominations for the 18th Annual Satellite Awards ''. PR Newswire. December 2, 2013. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2011 Winners ''. Satellite Award. International Press Academy. 2011. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012. Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg ( February 23, 2014 ). `` Satellite Awards : ' 12 Years a Slave ' Wins Best Motion Picture ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2014. Jump up ^ Pond, Steve ( December 1, 2014 ). `` ' Birdman ' Leads Satellite Awards Nominations ''. TheWrap. Archived from the original on October 14, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015. Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg ( February 21, 2016 ). `` Satellite Awards : ' Spotlight ' Collects Four Prizes, Including Best Picture ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 27, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg ( November 29, 2016 ). `` Satellite Award Nominees Revealed ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 25, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The International Press Academy Announces Winners For The 21 Annual Satellite Awards '' ( PDF ). International Press Academy. December 18, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2017 NOMINEES ''. International Press Academy. Retrieved February 12, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Goldberg, Matt ( February 26, 2014 ). `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; Gravity and the Hobbit : The Desolation Of Smaug Lead With 8 Nominations Each ''. Collider.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 38th Annual Saturn Awards ''. Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films. February 29, 2012. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Truit, Brian ( February 20, 2013 ). `` ' The Hobbit ' leads Saturn Awards with nine nominations ''. USA Today. Archived from the original on February 20, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Foutch, Haleigh ( March 3, 2015 ). `` Interstellar and the Winter Soldier Lead Saturn Award Nominations ''. Collider.com. Archived from the original on March 5, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The 41st Annual Saturn Awards Winners 2015 ''. Saturn Award. Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films. 2015. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Bryant, Jacob ( February 24, 2016 ). `` ' Star Wars, ' ' Mad Max, ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations ''. Variety. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Couch, Aaron ( March 2, 2017 ). `` ' Rogue One, ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2017. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( 15 March 2018 ). `` ' Black Panther, ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations ''. Variety. Retrieved 15 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` 2011 Spike TV Scream Award Winners ''. ScienceFiction.com. 17 October 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2017. Jump up ^ Murray, Rebecca. `` 2011 SCREAM Awards Nominees and Winners ''. About.com. IAC. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` The Television Critics Association Announces 2011 TCA Awards Nominees ''. TCA Awards. Television Critics Association. June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2012. Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan ( August 7, 2011 ). `` ' Friday Night Lights, ' ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Mad Men ' win big at the TCA Awards ''. HitFix. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2012. Jump up ^ Bettinger, Brendan ( June 6, 2012 ). `` 2012 TCA Award Nominations -- Breaking Bad, Game of Thrones, Homeland, Mad Men, and Downton Abbey Vie for Program of the Year ''. Collider.com. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Television Critics Association Announces 2012 TCA Awards Winners '' ( Press release ). Television Critics Association. July 28, 2012. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Webb, Matt ( June 5, 2012 ). `` TCA Awards 2013 : The Americans, Breaking Bad Lead Nominees ; Orphan Black Scores Twin Nods ''. TVLine. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013. Jump up ^ Rose, Lacey ( August 3, 2013 ). `` ' Breaking Bad, ' ' The Americans ' Top TCA Awards ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 4, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Television Critics Association Unveils Nominees For TCA Awards ''. Deadline.com. May 27, 2014. Archived from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved May 27, 2014. Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda ( June 4, 2015 ). `` 2015 TCA Award Nominees Include ' Game of Thrones ', ' Empire ', ' The Americans ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2015. Jump up ^ Prudom, Laura ( June 22, 2016 ). `` ' Mr. Robot, ' ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' Lead TCA Awards Nominations ''. Variety. Retrieved June 22, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Dry, Jude ( January 12, 2017 ). `` Gay and Lesbian Critics Association Honor ' Moonlight ' and ' Jackie ' with Dorian Award Noms ''. IndieWire. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2013 Dorian Award Winners - Galeca - Argo - New Normal - Happy Endings - homorazzi.com ''. Homorazzi.com. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Liptak, Andrew ( 13 August 2016 ). `` The first ever Dragon Awards shortlist aims to be the next major award for science fiction fans ''. The Verge. Retrieved 9 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Winners -- The Dragon Award ''. Dragon Con. September 4, 2016. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Barraclough, Leo ( March 30, 2015 ). `` ' Interstellar ' wins Film, Director at Empire Awards ''. Variety. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Lewis, Rebecca ( February 18, 2016 ). `` Mad Max : Fury Road leads the pack at the 2016 Jameson Empire Awards ''. Metro. Archived from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2017 Three Empire Awards -- Nominations ''. Wemakemoviesonweekends.com. February 8, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` E! Online Award Winners 2015 : ' Outlander ' ' Game of Thrones ' ( Full List ) -- eonline ''. EOnline. Retrieved January 31, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Blake, Meredith ( January 21, 2015 ). `` GLAAD Media Award nominees include ' Transparent, ' ' Game of Thrones, ' ' Looking ' ''. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 22, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` GLAMOUR Awards 2017 : All the talking points ''. Glamour. June 7, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Here 's who won what at the GLAMOUR Awards ''. Glamour. 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Montgomery, Daniel ( September 7, 2016 ). `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads winners, ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Veep ' also prevail ''. Gold Derby. Retrieved September 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Montgomery, Daniel ( July 26, 2011 ). `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2011 : Complete List of Nominations ''. Gold Derby. Retrieved August 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Montgomery, Daniel ( September 20, 2012 ). `` ' Breaking Bad ' and ' Community ' win top honors at the Gold Derby TV Awards ''. Gold Derby. Retrieved August 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Montgomery, Daniel ( September 18, 2013 ). `` ' Breaking Bad, ' ' Parks and Rec ' win big at Gold Derby TV Awards! ''. Gold Derby. Retrieved August 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Montgomery, Daniel ( August 20, 2014 ). `` ' Orange is the New Black, ' ' Breaking Bad ' sweep Gold Derby TV Awards ''. Gold Derby. Retrieved August 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Montgomery, Daniel ( September 17, 2015 ). `` Gold Derby TV Awards : ' Game of Thrones ' sweeps, big wins for Amy Schumer, ' Parks and Rec ' ''. Gold Derby. Retrieved August 20, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Leffler, Rebecca ( June 14, 2012 ). `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones, ' ' Game Change ' Win Top Prizes at Monte Carlo TV Festival ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2012. Jump up ^ `` ' Downton Abbey ', ' Game of Thrones ' nominated for Monte Carlo TV awards ''. Digital Spy. April 5, 2012. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Advancing Women in Media -- About ''. Advancing Women in Media. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2012 Gracie Awards Winners ''. Alliance for Women in Media. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Nominations Announced ''. Filmmusicreporter.com. October 8, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones, ' ' Black - ish ' Top Humanitas Prize Finalists ''. Variety. January 11, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2013 -- IFMCA : the International Film Music Critics Association ''. International Film Music Critics Association. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2011 -- IFMCA : the International Film Music Critics Association ''. International Film Music Critics Association. Retrieved February 23, 2017. Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Winners 2016 IFMCA : International Film Music Critics Association ''. International Film Music Critics Association. Retrieved April 9, 2017. Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 IFMCA : International Film Music Critics Association ''. International Film Music Critics Association. Retrieved April 9, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Der Jupiter Award 2014 in der Presse... -- Cinema Blog ''. Cinema Blog. Retrieved January 31, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` The Kerrang! Awards Fuelled By Relentless Energy Drink 2012 -- The Winners! ''. Kerrang!. June 7, 2012. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Emily. `` Relentless Kerrang! Awards 2014 Winners List ''. Kerrang. Archived from the original on June 14, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Nikolaj Coster - Waldau And Natalie Dormer Accept The Award For OMG Moment Of The Year ''. MTV. July 27, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` MTV Fandom Awards : Game of Thrones, Hamilton among nominees ''. Entertainment Weekly. June 22, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Killer Serie Del Anio ''. Archived from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Feeney, Nolan ( March 4, 2015 ). `` Here Are the Nominees for the MTV Movie Awards ''. Time. Archived from the original on July 24, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Johnson, Zach ( April 6, 2017 ). `` Guardians of the Galaxy Lands 7 MTV Movie Awards Nominations ''. E!. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Stransky, Tanner ( February 27, 2012 ). `` ' Revenge, ' ' Magic Mike, ' and Jessie J lead nominees for the 2012 ' NewNowNext Awards ' -- Exclusive ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2013 Logo NewNowNext Awards : And The Nominees Are... ''. Newnownext.com. March 15, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2014 New Now Next Awards Nominees Announced ''. The Huffington Post. November 13, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Hinman, Michael ( August 19, 2011 ). `` ' Game of Thrones, ' ' Fringe ' Split 2011 Portal Awards ''. Airlockalpha.com. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Conquers With 4 Portal Awards ''. airlockalpha.com. September 17, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Kemp, Stuart ( March 19, 2014 ). `` ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Royal Television Society Award ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 19, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Screenwriters Choice Awards ''. Finaldraft.com. February 12, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Lewis, Hilary ( February 11, 2016 ). `` Final Draft Screenwriters Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 9, 2016. ^ Jump up to : SFX Staff ( February 12, 2015 ). `` Vote in the SFX Awards 2015! POLL NOW CLOSED ''. GamesRadar+. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` List of winners from the SFX 2012 awards ''. Hypable. February 6, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ van Oosten de Boer, Caroline ; Vermeulen, Milo. `` Vote in The SFX Awards 2013 - Fandom&Fun - Whedonesque.com ''. Whedonesque.com. Retrieved January 31, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Lee, Ashley ( January 19, 2016 ). `` Shorty Awards Nominees Include Adele, Kevin Hart, Amy Schumer ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 12, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Shorty Awards Winners ''. Shorty Awards. April 11, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Sanusi, Hassan ( September 6, 2016 ). `` Game of Thrones wins at 2016 TV Choice Awards as Big Bang Theory, The Walking Dead lose out ''. The Net. Retrieved September 6, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Sherlock And EastEnders Win at TV Choice Awards ''. MTV. September 9, 2014. Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2014. ^ Jump up to : THR Staff ( January 7, 2016 ). `` USC Scripter Awards Unveils Film Nominations, Expands into TV ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( January 11, 2017 ). `` ' Arrival, ' ' Fences, ' ' Game of Thrones ' Earn USC Scripter Award Nominations ''. Variety. Retrieved January 11, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Webby Awards : Lady Gaga, Kimmel 's Mean Tweets, and ' Mr. Robot ' Among Winners ''. Variety. April 25, 2017. Archived from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Social Presence 2016 -- The Webby Awards ''. Webby Award. April 26, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Film & Video - Unscripted ( Branded ) ''. Webby Award. Retrieved April 25, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Social - Features Best Overall Social Presence Media / Entertainment ''. Webby Award. Retrieved April 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Film & Video - Trailer ''. Webby Award. Retrieved April 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Women 's Image Network Awards 13 Nominees ''. Women 's Image Network Awards. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Women 's Image Network Awards ''. Retrieved January 31, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Gent, Film Fest. `` 16th World Soundtrack Awards announces first wave of nominees ''. Film Fest Gent. Retrieved 6 July 2017. Jump up ^ Tech, Simon. `` About - Young Artist Awards ''. www.youngartistawards.org. Retrieved 9 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards ''. Young Artist Award. 2013. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2014 Young Hollywood Awards Nominees Include ' Pretty Little Liars, ' ' Fault in Our Stars ' ''. Variety. June 26, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2014 Award Winners ''. Young Hollywood Awards. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Nominees and Winners ''. Young Hollywood Awards. Jump up ^ `` 2014 Young Hollywood Awards Nominees Include ' Pretty Little Liars, ' ' Fault in Our Stars ' ''. Variety. June 26, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Stem På Årets Skuespiller - Afstemning afsluttet ''. TV2. January 10, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2017. External links ( edit ) Official U.S. website HBO Game of Thrones on IMDb Game of Thrones at TV.com Official UK website HBO UK George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Game_of_Thrones&oldid=836796412 '' Categories : Game of Thrones Lists of awards by television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা فارسی Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018, at 22 : 08. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Game_of_Thrones&oldid=836796412" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "14840975513360924403" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Judaism - wikipedia Judaism This article is about the Jewish religion. For consideration of ethnic, historic and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity, see Jews. Judaica ( clockwise from top ) : Shabbat candlesticks, handwashing cup, Chumash and Tanakh, Torah pointer, shofar and etrog box Part of a series on Judaism Movements ( show ) Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Conservative Reform Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic Haymanot Philosophy ( show ) Principles of faith Kabbalah Messiah Ethics Chosenness Names of God Musar movement Texts ( show ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Ḥumash Siddur Piyutim Zohar Rabbinic Mishnah Talmud Midrash Tosefta Law ( show ) Mishneh Torah Tur Shulchan Aruch Mishnah Berurah Aruch HaShulchan Kashrut Tzniut Tzedakah Niddah Noahide laws Holy cities / places ( show ) Jerusalem Safed Hebron Tiberias Synagogue Beth midrash Mikveh Sukkah Chevra kadisha Holy Temple Tabernacle Important figures ( show ) Abraham Isaac Jacob Moses Aaron David Solomon Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles ( show ) Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva Mohel Kohen Culture and education ( show ) Brit Pidyon haben Bar and Bat Mitzvah Marriage Bereavement Yeshiva Kolel Cheder Ritual objects ( show ) Sefer Torah Tallit Tefillin Tzitzit Kippah Mezuzah Menorah Shofar Four species Etrog Lulav Hadass Arava Kittel Gartel Prayers ( show ) Shema ( Sh'ma ) Amidah Aleinu Kaddish Minyan Birkat Hamazon Shehecheyanu Hallel Havdalah Tachanun Kol Nidre Selichot ( S'lichot ) Major holidays ( show ) Rosh Hashana Yom Kippur Sukkot Pesach Shavuot Other religions ( show ) Judaism and Christianity Hinduism Islam Abrahamic religions Judeo - Christian Pluralism Related topics ( show ) Jews Zionism Israel Criticism Antisemitism Anti-Judaism Holocaust theology Music Jesus Muhammad Judaism portal Judaism ( originally from Hebrew יהודה ‬, Yehudah, `` Judah '' ; via Latin and Greek ) is the religion of the Jewish people. It is an ancient, monotheistic, Abrahamic religion with the Torah as its foundational text. It encompasses the religion, philosophy, and culture of the Jewish people. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel. Judaism encompasses a wide corpus of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. The Torah is part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or the Hebrew Bible, and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth largest religion in the world. Within Judaism there are a variety of movements, most of which emerged from Rabbinic Judaism, which holds that God revealed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah. Historically, this assertion was challenged by various groups such as the Sadducees and Hellenistic Judaism during the Second Temple period ; the Karaites and Sabbateans during the early and later medieval period ; and among segments of the modern non-Orthodox denominations. Modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be nontheistic. Today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism ( Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism ), Conservative Judaism, and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between these groups are their approaches to Jewish law, the authority of the Rabbinic tradition, and the significance of the State of Israel. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, and that they should be strictly followed. Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditionalist interpretation of Judaism 's requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews. Historically, special courts enforced Jewish law ; today, these courts still exist but the practice of Judaism is mostly voluntary. Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization, but in the sacred texts and the rabbis and scholars who interpret them. The history of Judaism spans more than 3,000 years. Judaism has its roots as an organized religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions. The Hebrews and Israelites were already referred to as `` Jews '' in later books of the Tanakh such as the Book of Esther, with the term Jews replacing the title `` Children of Israel ''. Judaism 's texts, traditions and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including Christianity, Islam and the Baha'i Faith. Many aspects of Judaism have also directly or indirectly influenced secular Western ethics and civil law. Hebraism was just as important a factor in the ancient era development of Western civilization as Hellenism, and Judaism, as the background of Christianity, has considerably shaped Western ideals and morality since Early Christianity. Jews are an ethnoreligious group including those born Jewish, in addition to converts to Judaism. In 2015, the world Jewish population was estimated at about 14.3 million, or roughly 0.2 % of the total world population. About 43 % of all Jews reside in Israel and another 43 % reside in the United States and Canada, with most of the remainder living in Europe, and other minority groups spread throughout Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Contents 1 Defining characteristics and principles of faith 1.1 Defining characteristics 1.2 Core tenets 2 Jewish religious texts 2.1 Jewish legal literature 2.2 Jewish philosophy 2.3 Rabbinic hermeneutics 3 Jewish identity 3.1 Origin of the term `` Judaism '' 3.2 Distinction between Jews as a people and Judaism 3.3 Who is a Jew? 3.4 Jewish demographics 4 Jewish religious movements 4.1 Rabbinic Judaism 4.1. 1 Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism 4.1. 2 Jewish movements in Israel 4.2 Karaites and Samaritans 4.3 Haymanot ( Ethiopian Judaism ) 5 Jewish observances 5.1 Jewish ethics 5.2 Prayers 5.3 Religious clothing 5.4 Jewish holidays 5.4. 1 Shabbat 5.4. 2 Three pilgrimage festivals 5.4. 3 High Holy Days 5.4. 4 Purim 5.4. 5 Hanukkah 5.4. 6 Fast days 5.4. 7 Israeli holidays 5.5 Torah readings 5.6 Synagogues and religious buildings 5.7 Dietary laws : kashrut 5.8 Laws of ritual purity 5.8. 1 Family purity 5.9 Life - cycle events 6 Community leadership 6.1 Classical priesthood 6.2 Prayer leaders 6.3 Specialized religious roles 7 History 7.1 Origins 7.2 Antiquity 7.3 Historical Jewish groupings ( to 1700 ) 7.4 Persecutions 7.5 Hasidism 7.6 The Enlightenment and new religious movements 7.7 Spectrum of observance 8 Judaism and other religions 8.1 Christianity and Judaism 8.2 Islam and Judaism 8.3 Syncretic movements incorporating Judaism 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Defining characteristics and principles of faith Defining characteristics Glass platter inscribed with the Hebrew word zokhreinu -- ( god ) remember us A 19th - century silver Macedonian Hanukkah menorah Unlike other ancient Near Eastern gods, the Hebrew God is portrayed as unitary and solitary ; consequently, the Hebrew God 's principal relationships are not with other gods, but with the world, and more specifically, with the people he created. Judaism thus begins with ethical monotheism : the belief that God is one and is concerned with the actions of mankind. According to the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ), God promised Abraham to make of his offspring a great nation. Many generations later, he commanded the nation of Israel to love and worship only one God ; that is, the Jewish nation is to reciprocate God 's concern for the world. He also commanded the Jewish people to love one another ; that is, Jews are to imitate God 's love for people. These commandments are but two of a large corpus of commandments and laws that constitute this covenant, which is the substance of Judaism. Thus, although there is an esoteric tradition in Judaism ( Kabbalah ), Rabbinic scholar Max Kadushin has characterized normative Judaism as `` normal mysticism '', because it involves everyday personal experiences of God through ways or modes that are common to all Jews. This is played out through the observance of the Halakha ( Jewish law ) and given verbal expression in the Birkat Ha - Mizvot, the short blessings that are spoken every time a positive commandment is to be fulfilled. The ordinary, familiar, everyday things and occurrences we have, constitute occasions for the experience of God. Such things as one 's daily sustenance, the very day itself, are felt as manifestations of God 's loving - kindness, calling for the Berakhot. Kedushah, holiness, which is nothing else than the imitation of God, is concerned with daily conduct, with being gracious and merciful, with keeping oneself from defilement by idolatry, adultery, and the shedding of blood. The Birkat Ha - Mitzwot evokes the consciousness of holiness at a rabbinic rite, but the objects employed in the majority of these rites are non-holy and of general character, while the several holy objects are non-theurgic. And not only do ordinary things and occurrences bring with them the experience of God. Everything that happens to a man evokes that experience, evil as well as good, for a Berakah is said also at evil tidings. Hence, although the experience of God is like none other, the occasions for experiencing Him, for having a consciousness of Him, are manifold, even if we consider only those that call for Berakot. Whereas Jewish philosophers often debate whether God is immanent or transcendent, and whether people have free will or their lives are determined, Halakha is a system through which any Jew acts to bring God into the world. Ethical monotheism is central in all sacred or normative texts of Judaism. However, monotheism has not always been followed in practice. The Jewish Bible ( Tanakh ) records and repeatedly condemns the widespread worship of other gods in ancient Israel. In the Greco - Roman era, many different interpretations of monotheism existed in Judaism, including the interpretations that gave rise to Christianity. Moreover, some have argued that Judaism is a non-creedal religion that does not require one to believe in God. For some, observance of Jewish law is more important than belief in God per se. In modern times, some liberal Jewish movements do not accept the existence of a personified deity active in history. The debate about whether one can speak of authentic or normative Judaism is not only a debate among religious Jews but also among historians. Core tenets Main article : Jewish principles of faith 13 Principles of Faith : I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, is the Creator and Guide of everything that has been created ; He alone has made, does make, and will make all things. I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, is One, and that there is no unity in any manner like His, and that He alone is our God, who was, and is, and will be. I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, has no body, and that He is free from all the properties of matter, and that there can be no ( physical ) comparison to Him whatsoever. I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, is the first and the last. I believe with perfect faith that to the Creator, Blessed be His Name, and to Him alone, it is right to pray, and that it is not right to pray to any being besides Him. I believe with perfect faith that all the words of the prophets are true. I believe with perfect faith that the prophecy of Moses our teacher, peace be upon him, was true, and that he was the chief of the prophets, both those who preceded him and those who followed him. I believe with perfect faith that the entire Torah that is now in our possession is the same that was given to Moses our teacher, peace be upon him. I believe with perfect faith that this Torah will not be exchanged, and that there will never be any other Torah from the Creator, Blessed be His Name. I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, knows all the deeds of human beings and all their thoughts, as it is written, `` Who fashioned the hearts of them all, Who comprehends all their actions '' ( Psalms 33 : 15 ). I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, rewards those who keep His commandments and punishes those that transgress them. I believe with perfect faith in the coming of the Messiah ; and even though he may tarry, nonetheless, I wait every day for his coming. I believe with perfect faith that there will be a revival of the dead at the time when it shall please the Creator, Blessed be His name, and His mention shall be exalted for ever and ever. -- Maimonides Scholars throughout Jewish history have proposed numerous formulations of Judaism 's core tenets, all of which have met with criticism. The most popular formulation is Maimonides ' thirteen principles of faith, developed in the 12th century. According to Maimonides, any Jew who rejects even one of these principles would be considered an apostate and a heretic. Jewish scholars have held points of view diverging in various ways from Maimonides ' principles. In Maimonides ' time, his list of tenets was criticized by Hasdai Crescas and Joseph Albo. Albo and the Raavad argued that Maimonides ' principles contained too many items that, while true, were not fundamentals of the faith. Along these lines, the ancient historian Josephus emphasized practices and observances rather than religious beliefs, associating apostasy with a failure to observe Jewish law and maintaining that the requirements for conversion to Judaism included circumcision and adherence to traditional customs. Maimonides ' principles were largely ignored over the next few centuries. Later, two poetic restatements of these principles ( `` Ani Ma'amin '' and `` Yigdal '' ) became integrated into many Jewish liturgies, leading to their eventual near - universal acceptance. In modern times, Judaism lacks a centralized authority that would dictate an exact religious dogma. Because of this, many different variations on the basic beliefs are considered within the scope of Judaism. Even so, all Jewish religious movements are, to a greater or lesser extent, based on the principles of the Hebrew Bible and various commentaries such as the Talmud and Midrash. Judaism also universally recognizes the Biblical Covenant between God and the Patriarch Abraham as well as the additional aspects of the Covenant revealed to Moses, who is considered Judaism 's greatest prophet. In the Mishnah, a core text of Rabbinic Judaism, acceptance of the Divine origins of this covenant is considered an essential aspect of Judaism and those who reject the Covenant forfeit their share in the World to Come. Establishing the core tenets of Judaism in the modern era is even more difficult, given the number and diversity of the contemporary Jewish denominations. Even if to restrict the problem to the most influential intellectual trends of the nineteenth and twentieth century, the matter remains complicated. Thus for instance, Joseph Soloveitchik 's ( associated with the Modern Orthodox movement ) answer to modernity is constituted upon the identification of Judaism with following the halakha whereas its ultimate goal is to bring the holiness down to the world. Mordecai Kaplan, the founder of the Reconstructionist Judaism, abandons the idea of religion for the sake of identifying Judaism with civilization and by means of the latter term and secular translation of the core ideas, he tries to embrace as many Jewish denominations as possible. In turn, Solomon Schechter 's Conservative Judaism was identical with the tradition understood as the interpretation of Torah, in itself being the history of the constant updates and adjustment of the Law performed by means of the creative interpretation. Finally, David Philipson draws the outlines of the Reform movement in Judaism by opposing it to the strict and traditional rabbinical approach and thus comes to the conclusions similar to that of the Conservative movement. Jewish religious texts The following is a basic, structured list of the central works of Jewish practice and thought. Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ) and Rabbinic literature Mesorah Targum Jewish Biblical exegesis ( also see Midrash below ) Works of the Talmudic Era ( classic rabbinic literature ) Mishnah and commentaries Tosefta and the minor tractates Talmud : The Babylonian Talmud and commentaries Jerusalem Talmud and commentaries Midrashic literature : Halakhic Midrash Aggadic Midrash Halakhic literature Major Codes of Jewish Law and Custom Mishneh Torah and commentaries Tur and commentaries Shulchan Aruch and commentaries Responsa literature Jewish Thought and Ethics Jewish philosophy Musar literature and other works of Jewish ethics Kabbalah Hasidic works Siddur and Jewish liturgy Piyyut ( Classical Jewish poetry ) Many traditional Jewish texts are available online in various Torah databases ( electronic versions of the Traditional Jewish Bookshelf ). Many of these have advanced search options available. Jewish legal literature Main article : Halakha The basis of Jewish law and tradition ( halakha ) is the Torah ( also known as the Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses ). According to rabbinic tradition, there are 613 commandments in the Torah. Some of these laws are directed only to men or to women, some only to the ancient priestly groups, the Kohanim and Leviyim ( members of the tribe of Levi ), some only to farmers within the Land of Israel. Many laws were only applicable when the Temple in Jerusalem existed, and only 369 of these commandments are still applicable today. While there have been Jewish groups whose beliefs were based on the written text of the Torah alone ( e.g., the Sadducees, and the Karaites ), most Jews believe in the oral law. These oral traditions were transmitted by the Pharisee school of thought of ancient Judaism and were later recorded in written form and expanded upon by the rabbis. According to Rabbinical Jewish tradition, God gave both the Written Law ( the Torah ) and the Oral law to Moses on Mount Sinai. The Oral law is the oral tradition as relayed by God to Moses and from him, transmitted and taught to the sages ( rabbinic leaders ) of each subsequent generation. For centuries, the Torah appeared only as a written text transmitted in parallel with the oral tradition. Fearing that the oral teachings might be forgotten, Rabbi Judah haNasi undertook the mission of consolidating the various opinions into one body of law which became known as the Mishnah. The Mishnah consists of 63 tractates codifying Jewish law, which are the basis of the Talmud. According to Abraham ben David, the Mishnah was compiled by Rabbi Judah haNasi after the destruction of Jerusalem, in anno mundi 3949, which corresponds to 189 CE. Over the next four centuries, the Mishnah underwent discussion and debate in both of the world 's major Jewish communities ( in Israel and Babylonia ). The commentaries from each of these communities were eventually compiled into the two Talmuds, the Jerusalem Talmud ( Talmud Yerushalmi ) and the Babylonian Talmud ( Talmud Bavli ). These have been further expounded by commentaries of various Torah scholars during the ages. In the text of the Torah, many words are left undefined and many procedures are mentioned without explanation or instructions. Such phenomena are sometimes offered to validate the viewpoint that the Written Law has always been transmitted with a parallel oral tradition, illustrating the assumption that the reader is already familiar with the details from other, i.e., oral, sources. Halakha, the rabbinic Jewish way of life, then, is based on a combined reading of the Torah, and the oral tradition -- the Mishnah, the halakhic Midrash, the Talmud and its commentaries. The Halakha has developed slowly, through a precedent - based system. The literature of questions to rabbis, and their considered answers, is referred to as responsa ( in Hebrew, Sheelot U-Teshuvot. ) Over time, as practices develop, codes of Jewish law are written that are based on the responsa ; the most important code, the Shulchan Aruch, largely determines Orthodox religious practice today. Jewish philosophy Main article : Jewish philosophy Jewish philosophy refers to the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology. Major Jewish philosophers include Solomon ibn Gabirol, Saadia Gaon, Judah Halevi, Maimonides, and Gersonides. Major changes occurred in response to the Enlightenment ( late 18th to early 19th century ) leading to the post-Enlightenment Jewish philosophers. Modern Jewish philosophy consists of both Orthodox and non-Orthodox oriented philosophy. Notable among Orthodox Jewish philosophers are Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler, Joseph B. Soloveitchik, and Yitzchok Hutner. Well - known non-Orthodox Jewish philosophers include Martin Buber, Franz Rosenzweig, Mordecai Kaplan, Abraham Joshua Heschel, Will Herberg, and Emmanuel Lévinas. Rabbinic hermeneutics 13 Principles of Hermeneutics : A law that operates under certain conditions will surely be operative in other situations where the same conditions are present in a more acute form A law operating in one situation will also be operative in another situation if the text characterizes both situations in identical terms. A law that clearly expresses the purpose it was meant to serve will also apply to other situations where the identical purpose may be served. When a general rule is followed by illustrative particulars, only those particulars are to be embraced by it. A law that begins with specifying particular cases, and then proceeds to an all - embracing generalization, is to be applied to particulars cases not specified but logically falling into the same generalization. A law that begins with a generalization as to its intended applications, then continues with the specification of particular cases, and then concludes with a restatement of the generalization, can be applied only to the particular cases specified. The rules about a generalization being followed or preceded by specifying particulars ( rules 4 and 5 ) will not apply if it is apparent that the specification of the particular cases or the statement of the generalization is meant purely for achieving a greater clarity of language. A particular case already covered in a generalization that is nevertheless treated separately suggests that the same particularized treatment be applied to all other cases which are covered in that generalization. A penalty specified for a general category of wrongdoing is not to be automatically applied to a particular case that is withdrawn from the general rule to be specifically prohibited, but without any mention of the penalty. A general prohibition followed by a specified penalty may be followed by a particular case, normally included in the generalization, with a modification in the penalty, either toward easing it or making it more severe. A case logically falling into a general law but treated separately remains outside the provisions of the general law except in those instances where it is specifically included in them. Obscurities in Biblical texts may be cleared up from the immediate context or from subsequently occurring passages Contradictions in Biblical passages may be removed through the mediation of other passages. -- R. Ishmael Orthodox and many other Jews do not believe that the revealed Torah consists solely of its written contents, but of its interpretations as well. The study of Torah ( in its widest sense, to include both poetry, narrative, and law, and both the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud ) is in Judaism itself a sacred act of central importance. For the sages of the Mishnah and Talmud, and for their successors today, the study of Torah was therefore not merely a means to learn the contents of God 's revelation, but an end in itself. According to the Talmud, These are the things for which a person enjoys the dividends in this world while the principal remains for the person to enjoy in the world to come ; they are : honoring parents, loving deeds of kindness, and making peace between one person and another. But the study of the Torah is equal to them all. ( Talmud Shabbat 127a ). In Judaism, `` the study of Torah can be a means of experiencing God ''. Reflecting on the contribution of the Amoraim and Tanaim to contemporary Judaism, Professor Jacob Neusner observed : The rabbi 's logical and rational inquiry is not mere logic - chopping. It is a most serious and substantive effort to locate in trivialities the fundamental principles of the revealed will of God to guide and sanctify the most specific and concrete actions in the workaday world... Here is the mystery of Talmudic Judaism : the alien and remote conviction that the intellect is an instrument not of unbelief and desacralization but of sanctification. '' To study the Written Torah and the Oral Torah in light of each other is thus also to study how to study the word of God. In the study of Torah, the sages formulated and followed various logical and hermeneutical principles. According to David Stern, all Rabbinic hermeneutics rest on two basic axioms : first, the belief in the omni - significance of Scripture, in the meaningfulness of its every word, letter, even ( according to one famous report ) scribal flourish ; second, the claim of the essential unity of Scripture as the expression of the single divine will. These two principles make possible a great variety of interpretations. According to the Talmud, A single verse has several meanings, but no two verses hold the same meaning. It was taught in the school of R. Ishmael : ' Behold, My word is like fire -- declares the Lord -- and like a hammer that shatters rock ' ( Jer 23 : 29 ). Just as this hammer produces many sparks ( when it strikes the rock ), so a single verse has several meanings. '' ( Talmud Sanhedrin 34a ). Observant Jews thus view the Torah as dynamic, because it contains within it a host of interpretations According to Rabbinic tradition, all valid interpretations of the written Torah were revealed to Moses at Sinai in oral form, and handed down from teacher to pupil ( The oral revelation is in effect coextensive with the Talmud itself ). When different rabbis forwarded conflicting interpretations, they sometimes appealed to hermeneutic principles to legitimize their arguments ; some rabbis claim that these principles were themselves revealed by God to Moses at Sinai. Thus, Hillel called attention to seven commonly used hermeneutical principles in the interpretation of laws ( baraita at the beginning of Sifra ) ; R. Ishmael, thirteen ( baraita at the beginning of Sifra ; this collection is largely an amplification of that of Hillel ). Eliezer b. Jose ha - Gelili listed 32, largely used for the exegesis of narrative elements of Torah. All the hermeneutic rules scattered through the Talmudim and Midrashim have been collected by Malbim in Ayyelet ha - Shachar, the introduction to his commentary on the Sifra. Nevertheless, R. Ishmael 's 13 principles are perhaps the ones most widely known ; they constitute an important, and one of Judaism 's earliest, contributions to logic, hermeneutics, and jurisprudence. Judah Hadassi incorporated Ishmael 's principles into Karaite Judaism in the 12th century. Today R. Ishmael 's 13 principles are incorporated into the Jewish prayer book to be read by observant Jews on a daily basis. Jewish identity Origin of the term `` Judaism '' A mezuzah case The term `` Judaism '' derives from Iudaismus, a Latinized form of the Ancient Greek Ioudaismos ( Ἰουδαϊσμός ) ( from the verb ἰουδαΐζειν, `` to side with or imitate the ( Judeans ) '' ), and it was ultimately inspired by the Hebrew יהודה, Yehudah, `` Judah '' ; in Hebrew : יַהֲדוּת, Yahadut. The term Ἰουδαϊσμός first appears in the Hellenistic Greek book of 2 Maccabees in the 2nd century BCE. In the context of the age and period it meant `` seeking or forming part of a cultural entity '' and it resembled its antonym hellenismos, a word that signified a people 's submission to Hellenic ( Greek ) cultural norms. The conflict between iudaismos and hellenismos lay behind the Maccabean revolt and hence the invention of the term iudaismos. Shaye J.D. Cohen writes in his book The Beginnings of Jewishness : We are tempted, of course, to translate ( Ioudaïsmós ) as `` Judaism, '' but this translation is too narrow, because in this first occurrence of the term, Ioudaïsmós has not yet been reduced to the designation of a religion. It means rather `` the aggregate of all those characteristics that makes Judaeans Judaean ( or Jews Jewish ). '' Among these characteristics, to be sure, are practices and beliefs that we would today call `` religious, '' but these practices and beliefs are not the sole content of the term. Thus Ioudaïsmós should be translated not as `` Judaism '' but as Judaeanness. The earliest instance in Europe where the term was used to mean `` the profession or practice of the Jewish religion ; the religious system or polity of the Jews '' is Robert Fabyan 's The newe cronycles of Englande and of Fraunce a 1513. `` Judaism '' as a direct translation of the Latin Iudaismus first occurred in a 1611 English translation of the apocrypha ( Deuterocanon in Catholic and Eastern Orthodoxy ), 2 Macc. ii. 21 : `` Those that behaved themselves manfully to their honour for Iudaisme. '' Distinction between Jews as a people and Judaism According to Daniel Boyarin, the underlying distinction between religion and ethnicity is foreign to Judaism itself, and is one form of the dualism between spirit and flesh that has its origin in Platonic philosophy and that permeated Hellenistic Judaism. Consequently, in his view, Judaism does not fit easily into conventional Western categories, such as religion, ethnicity, or culture. Boyarin suggests that this in part reflects the fact that much of Judaism 's more than 3,000 - year history predates the rise of Western culture and occurred outside the West ( that is, Europe, particularly medieval and modern Europe ). During this time, Jews experienced slavery, anarchic and theocratic self - government, conquest, occupation, and exile. In the Diaspora, they were in contact with, and influenced by, ancient Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian, and Hellenic cultures, as well as modern movements such as the Enlightenment ( see Haskalah ) and the rise of nationalism, which would bear fruit in the form of a Jewish state in their ancient homeland, the Land of Israel. They also saw an elite population convert to Judaism ( the Khazars ), only to disappear as the centers of power in the lands once occupied by that elite fell to the people of Rus and then the Mongols. Thus, Boyarin has argued that `` Jewishness disrupts the very categories of identity, because it is not national, not genealogical, not religious, but all of these, in dialectical tension. '' In contrast to this point of view, practices such as Humanistic Judaism reject the religious aspects of Judaism, while retaining certain cultural traditions. Who is a Jew? Main article : Who is a Jew? According to Rabbinic Judaism, a Jew is anyone who was either born of a Jewish mother or who converted to Judaism in accordance with Jewish Law. Reconstructionist Judaism and the larger denominations of worldwide Progressive Judaism ( also known as Liberal or Reform Judaism ) accept the child as Jewish if one of the parents is Jewish, if the parents raise the child with a Jewish identity, but not the smaller regional branches. All mainstream forms of Judaism today are open to sincere converts, although conversion has traditionally been discouraged since the time of the Talmud. The conversion process is evaluated by an authority, and the convert is examined on his or her sincerity and knowledge. Converts are called `` ben Abraham '' or `` bat Abraham '', ( son or daughter of Abraham ). Conversions have on occasion been overturned. In 2008, Israel 's highest religious court invalidated the conversion of 40,000 Jews, mostly from Russian immigrant families, even though they had been approved by an Orthodox rabbi. Rabbinical Judaism maintains that a Jew, whether by birth or conversion, is a Jew forever. Thus a Jew who claims to be an atheist or converts to another religion is still considered by traditional Judaism to be Jewish. According to some sources, the Reform movement has maintained that a Jew who has converted to another religion is no longer a Jew, and the Israeli Government has also taken that stance after Supreme Court cases and statutes. However, the Reform movement has indicated that this is not so cut and dried, and different situations call for consideration and differing actions. For example, Jews who have converted under duress may be permitted to return to Judaism `` without any action on their part but their desire to rejoin the Jewish community '' and `` A proselyte who has become an apostate remains, nevertheless, a Jew ''. Karaite Judaism believes that Jewish identity can only be transmitted by patrilineal descent. Although a minority of modern Karaites believe that Jewish identity requires that both parents be Jewish, and not only the father. They argue that only patrilineal descent can transmit Jewish identity on the grounds that all descent in the Torah went according to the male line. The question of what determines Jewish identity in the State of Israel was given new impetus when, in the 1950s, David Ben - Gurion requested opinions on mihu Yehudi ( `` Who is a Jew '' ) from Jewish religious authorities and intellectuals worldwide in order to settle citizenship questions. This is still not settled, and occasionally resurfaces in Israeli politics. Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud, around 200 CE. Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh, such as Deuteronomy 7 : 1 -- 5, by Jewish sages, are used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites because `` ( the non-Jewish husband ) will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods ( i.e., idols ) of others. '' Leviticus 24 : 10 says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is `` of the community of Israel. '' This is complemented by Ezra 10 : 2 -- 3, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their gentile wives and their children. A popular theory is that the rape of Jewish women in captivity brought about the law of Jewish identity being inherited through the maternal line, although scholars challenge this theory citing the Talmudic establishment of the law from the pre-exile period. Since the anti-religious Haskalah movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, halakhic interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged. Jewish Demographics Main article : Jewish population by country The total number of Jews worldwide is difficult to assess because the definition of `` who is a Jew '' is problematic ; not all Jews identify themselves as Jewish, and some who identify as Jewish are not considered so by other Jews. According to the Jewish Year Book ( 1901 ), the global Jewish population in 1900 was around 11 million. The latest available data is from the World Jewish Population Survey of 2002 and the Jewish Year Calendar ( 2005 ). In 2002, according to the Jewish Population Survey, there were 13.3 million Jews around the world. The Jewish Year Calendar cites 14.6 million. Jewish population growth is currently near zero percent, with 0.3 % growth from 2000 to 2001. Jewish religious movements Main article : Jewish religious movements Rabbinic Judaism Rabbinic Judaism ( or in some Christian traditions, Rabbinism ) ( Hebrew : `` Yahadut Rabanit '' -- יהדות רבנית ) has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Talmud. It is characterised by the belief that the Written Torah ( Written Law ) can not be correctly interpreted without reference to the Oral Torah and the voluminous literature specifying what behavior is sanctioned by the Law. The Jewish Enlightenment of the late 18th century resulted in the division of Ashkenazi ( Western ) Jewry into religious movements or denominations, especially in North America and Anglophone countries. The main denominations today outside Israel ( where the situation is rather different ) are Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform. Orthodox Judaism holds that both the Written and Oral Torah were divinely revealed to Moses and that the laws within it are binding and unchanging. Orthodox Jews generally consider commentaries on the Shulchan Aruch ( a condensed codification of halakha that largely favored Sephardic traditions ) to be the definitive codification of Jewish law. Orthodoxy places a high importance on Maimonides ' 13 principles as a definition of Jewish faith. Orthodoxy is often divided into Modern Orthodox Judaism and Haredi Judaism. Haredi Judaism is less accommodating to modernity and has less interest in non-Jewish disciplines, and it may be distinguished from Modern Orthodox Judaism in practice by its styles of dress and more stringent practices. Subsets of Haredi Judaism include Hasidic Judaism, which is rooted in the Kabbalah and distinguished by reliance on a Rebbe or religious teacher ; and Sephardic Haredi Judaism, which emerged among Sephardic ( Asian and North African ) Jews in Israel. Conservative Judaism is characterized by a commitment to traditional Jewish laws and customs, including observance of Shabbat and kashrut, a deliberately non-fundamentalist teaching of Jewish principles of faith, a positive attitude toward modern culture, and an acceptance of both traditional rabbinic and modern scholarship when considering Jewish religious texts. Conservative Judaism teaches that Jewish law is not static, but has always developed in response to changing conditions. It holds that the Torah is a divine document written by prophets inspired by God and reflecting his will, but rejects the Orthodox position that it was dictated by God to Moses. Conservative Judaism holds that the Oral Law is divine and normative, but holds that both the Written and Oral Law may be interpreted by the rabbis to reflect modern sensibilities and suit modern conditions. Reform Judaism, called Liberal or Progressive Judaism in many countries, defines Judaism in relatively universalist terms, rejects most of the ritual and ceremonial laws of the Torah while observing moral laws, and emphasizes the ethical call of the Prophets. Reform Judaism has developed an egalitarian prayer service in the vernacular ( along with Hebrew in many cases ) and emphasizes personal connection to Jewish tradition. A Reform synagogue with mixed seating and equal participation of men and women Reconstructionist Judaism, like Reform Judaism, does not hold that Jewish law, as such, requires observance, but unlike Reform, Reconstructionist thought emphasizes the role of the community in deciding what observances to follow. Jewish Renewal is a recent North American movement which focuses on spirituality and social justice but does not address issues of Jewish law. Men and women participate equally in prayer. Humanistic Judaism is a small non-theistic movement centered in North America and Israel that emphasizes Jewish culture and history as the sources of Jewish identity. Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism While traditions and customs ( see also `` Sephardic law and customs '' ) vary between discrete communities, it can be said that Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish communities do not generally adhere to the `` movement '' framework popular in and among Ashkenazi Jewry. Historically, Sephardi and Mizrahi communities have eschewed denominations in favour of a `` big tent '' approach. This is particularly the case in contemporary Israel, which is home to the largest communities of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews in the world. ( However, individual Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews may be members of or attend synagogues that do adhere to one Ashkenazi - inflected movement or another. ) Sephardi and Mizrahi observance of Judaism tends toward the conservative, and prayer rites are reflective of this, with the text of each rite being largely unchanged since their respective inception. Observant Sephardim may follow the teachings of a particular rabbi or school of thought ; for example, the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel. Jewish movements in Israel Main article : Religion in Israel Most Jewish Israelis classify themselves as `` secular '' ( hiloni ), `` traditional '' ( masorti ), `` religious '' ( dati ) or Haredi. The term `` secular '' is more popular as a self - description among Israeli families of western ( European ) origin, whose Jewish identity may be a very powerful force in their lives, but who see it as largely independent of traditional religious belief and practice. This portion of the population largely ignores organized religious life, be it of the official Israeli rabbinate ( Orthodox ) or of the liberal movements common to diaspora Judaism ( Reform, Conservative ). The term `` traditional '' ( masorti ) is most common as a self - description among Israeli families of `` eastern '' origin ( i.e., the Middle East, Central Asia, and North Africa ). This term, as commonly used, has nothing to do with the Conservative Judaism, which also names itself `` Masorti '' outside North America. There is a great deal of ambiguity in the ways `` secular '' and `` traditional '' are used in Israel : they often overlap, and they cover an extremely wide range in terms of worldview and practical religious observance. The term `` Orthodox '' is not popular in Israeli discourse, although the percentage of Jews who come under that category is far greater than in the diaspora. What would be called `` Orthodox '' in the diaspora includes what is commonly called dati ( religious ) or haredi ( ultra-Orthodox ) in Israel. The former term includes what is called `` Religious Zionism '' or the `` National Religious '' community, as well as what has become known over the past decade or so as haredi - leumi ( nationalist haredi ), or `` Hardal '', which combines a largely haredi lifestyle with nationalist ideology. ( Some people, in Yiddish, also refer to observant Orthodox Jews as frum, as opposed to frei ( more liberal Jews ) ). Haredi applies to a populace that can be roughly divided into three separate groups along both ethnic and ideological lines : ( 1 ) `` Lithuanian '' ( non-hasidic ) haredim of Ashkenazic origin ; ( 2 ) Hasidic haredim of Ashkenazic origin ; and ( 3 ) Sephardic haredim. Karaites and Samaritans Karaite Judaism defines itself as the remnants of the non-Rabbinic Jewish sects of the Second Temple period, such as the Sadducees. The Karaites ( `` Scripturalists '' ) accept only the Hebrew Bible and what they view as the Peshat ( `` simple '' meaning ) ; they do not accept non-biblical writings as authoritative. Some European Karaites do not see themselves as part of the Jewish community at all, although most do. The Samaritans, a very small community located entirely around Mount Gerizim in the Nablus / Shechem region of the West Bank and in Holon, near Tel Aviv in Israel, regard themselves as the descendants of the Israelites of the Iron Age kingdom of Israel. Their religious practices are based on the literal text of the written Torah ( Five Books of Moses ), which they view as the only authoritative scripture ( with a special regard also for the Samaritan Book of Joshua ). Haymanot ( Ethiopian Judaism ) See also : Haymanot ; Beta Israel. Haymanot ( meaning `` religion '' in Ge'ez and Amharic ) refers the Judaism practiced by Ethiopian Jews. This version of Judaism differs substantially from Rabbinic, Karaite, and Samaritan Judaisms, Ethiopian Jews having diverged from their coreligionists earlier. Sacred scriptures ( the Orit ) are written in Ge'ez, not Hebrew, and dietary laws are based strictly on the text of the Orit, without explication from ancillary commentaries. Holidays also differ, with some Rabbinic holidays not observed in Ethiopian Jewish communities, and some additional holidays, like Sigd. Jewish observances Jewish ethics Main article : Jewish ethics Jewish ethics may be guided by halakhic traditions, by other moral principles, or by central Jewish virtues. Jewish ethical practice is typically understood to be marked by values such as justice, truth, peace, loving - kindness ( chesed ), compassion, humility, and self - respect. Specific Jewish ethical practices include practices of charity ( tzedakah ) and refraining from negative speech ( lashon hara ). Proper ethical practices regarding sexuality and many other issues are subjects of dispute among Jews. Prayers Main article : Jewish services A Yemenite Jew at morning prayers, wearing a kippah skullcap, prayer shawl and tefillin Traditionally, Jews recite prayers three times daily, Shacharit, Mincha, and Ma'ariv with a fourth prayer, Mussaf added on Shabbat and holidays. At the heart of each service is the Amidah or Shemoneh Esrei. Another key prayer in many services is the declaration of faith, the Shema Yisrael ( or Shema ). The Shema is the recitation of a verse from the Torah ( Deuteronomy 6 : 4 ) : Shema Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Echad -- `` Hear, O Israel! The Lord is our God! The Lord is One! '' Most of the prayers in a traditional Jewish service can be recited in solitary prayer, although communal prayer is preferred. Communal prayer requires a quorum of ten adult Jews, called a minyan. In nearly all Orthodox and a few Conservative circles, only male Jews are counted toward a minyan ; most Conservative Jews and members of other Jewish denominations count female Jews as well. In addition to prayer services, observant traditional Jews recite prayers and benedictions throughout the day when performing various acts. Prayers are recited upon waking up in the morning, before eating or drinking different foods, after eating a meal, and so on. The approach to prayer varies among the Jewish denominations. Differences can include the texts of prayers, the frequency of prayer, the number of prayers recited at various religious events, the use of musical instruments and choral music, and whether prayers are recited in the traditional liturgical languages or the vernacular. In general, Orthodox and Conservative congregations adhere most closely to tradition, and Reform and Reconstructionist synagogues are more likely to incorporate translations and contemporary writings in their services. Also, in most Conservative synagogues, and all Reform and Reconstructionist congregations, women participate in prayer services on an equal basis with men, including roles traditionally filled only by men, such as reading from the Torah. In addition, many Reform temples use musical accompaniment such as organs and mixed choirs. Religious clothing Further information : kippah, tzitzit, and tefillin A kippah ( Hebrew : כִּפָּה, plural kippot ; Yiddish : יאַרמלקע, yarmulke ) is a slightly rounded brimless skullcap worn by many Jews while praying, eating, reciting blessings, or studying Jewish religious texts, and at all times by some Jewish men. In Orthodox communities, only men wear kippot ; in non-Orthodox communities, some women also wear kippot. Kippot range in size from a small round beanie that covers only the back of the head to a large, snug cap that covers the whole crown. Tzitzit ( Hebrew : צִיציִת ) ( Ashkenazi pronunciation : tzitzis ) are special knotted `` fringes '' or `` tassels '' found on the four corners of the tallit ( Hebrew : טַלִּית ) ( Ashkenazi pronunciation : tallis ), or prayer shawl. The tallit is worn by Jewish men and some Jewish women during the prayer service. Customs vary regarding when a Jew begins wearing a tallit. In the Sephardi community, boys wear a tallit from bar mitzvah age. In some Ashkenazi communities, it is customary to wear one only after marriage. A tallit katan ( small tallit ) is a fringed garment worn under the clothing throughout the day. In some Orthodox circles, the fringes are allowed to hang freely outside the clothing. Tefillin ( Hebrew : תְפִלִּין ), known in English as phylacteries ( from the Greek word φυλακτήριον, meaning safeguard or amulet ), are two square leather boxes containing biblical verses, attached to the forehead and wound around the left arm by leather straps. They are worn during weekday morning prayer by observant Jewish men and some Jewish women. A kittel ( Yiddish : קיטל ), a white knee - length overgarment, is worn by prayer leaders and some observant traditional Jews on the High Holidays. It is traditional for the head of the household to wear a kittel at the Passover seder in some communities, and some grooms wear one under the wedding canopy. Jewish males are buried in a tallit and sometimes also a kittel which are part of the tachrichim ( burial garments ). Jewish holidays Main article : Jewish holiday Jewish holidays are special days in the Jewish calendar, which celebrate moments in Jewish history, as well as central themes in the relationship between God and the world, such as creation, revelation, and redemption. Shabbat Main article : Shabbat Two braided Shabbat challahs placed under an embroidered challah cover at the start of the Shabbat meal Shabbat, the weekly day of rest lasting from shortly before sundown on Friday night to nightfall on Saturday night, commemorates God 's day of rest after six days of creation. It plays a pivotal role in Jewish practice and is governed by a large corpus of religious law. At sundown on Friday, the woman of the house welcomes the Shabbat by lighting two or more candles and reciting a blessing. The evening meal begins with the Kiddush, a blessing recited aloud over a cup of wine, and the Mohtzi, a blessing recited over the bread. It is customary to have challah, two braided loaves of bread, on the table. During Shabbat, Jews are forbidden to engage in any activity that falls under 39 categories of melakhah, translated literally as `` work ''. In fact the activities banned on the Sabbath are not `` work '' in the usual sense : They include such actions as lighting a fire, writing, using money and carrying in the public domain. The prohibition of lighting a fire has been extended in the modern era to driving a car, which involves burning fuel and using electricity. Three pilgrimage festivals Main article : Shalosh regalim Some sukkot in Jerusalem Jewish holy days ( chaggim ), celebrate landmark events in Jewish history, such as the Exodus from Egypt and the giving of the Torah, and sometimes mark the change of seasons and transitions in the agricultural cycle. The three major festivals, Sukkot, Passover and Shavuot, are called `` regalim '' ( derived from the Hebrew word `` regel '', or foot ). On the three regalim, it was customary for the Israelites to make pilgrimages to Jerusalem to offer sacrifices in the Temple. Passover ( Pesach ) is a week - long holiday beginning on the evening of the 14th day of Nisan ( the first month in the Hebrew calendar ), that commemorates the Exodus from Egypt. Outside Israel, Passover is celebrated for eight days. In ancient times, it coincided with the barley harvest. It is the only holiday that centers on home - service, the Seder. Leavened products ( chametz ) are removed from the house prior to the holiday and are not consumed throughout the week. Homes are thoroughly cleaned to ensure no bread or bread by - products remain, and a symbolic burning of the last vestiges of chametz is conducted on the morning of the Seder. Matzo is eaten instead of bread. Shavuot ( `` Pentecost '' or `` Feast of Weeks '' ) celebrates the revelation of the Torah to the Israelites on Mount Sinai. Also known as the Festival of Bikurim, or first fruits, it coincided in biblical times with the wheat harvest. Shavuot customs include all - night study marathons known as Tikkun Leil Shavuot, eating dairy foods ( cheesecake and blintzes are special favorites ), reading the Book of Ruth, decorating homes and synagogues with greenery, and wearing white clothing, symbolizing purity. Sukkot ( `` Tabernacles '' or `` The Festival of Booths '' ) commemorates the Israelites ' forty years of wandering through the desert on their way to the Promised Land. It is celebrated through the construction of temporary booths called sukkot ( sing. sukkah ) that represent the temporary shelters of the Israelites during their wandering. It coincides with the fruit harvest and marks the end of the agricultural cycle. Jews around the world eat in sukkot for seven days and nights. Sukkot concludes with Shemini Atzeret, where Jews begin to pray for rain and Simchat Torah, `` Rejoicing of the Torah '', a holiday which marks reaching the end of the Torah reading cycle and beginning all over again. The occasion is celebrated with singing and dancing with the Torah scrolls. Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah are technically considered to be a separate holiday and not a part of Sukkot. High holy days Yom Kippur by Maurycy Gottlieb ( 1878 ) Main article : High Holidays The High Holidays ( Yamim Noraim or `` Days of Awe '' ) revolve around judgment and forgiveness. Rosh Hashanah, ( also Yom Ha - Zikkaron or `` Day of Remembrance '', and Yom Teruah, or `` Day of the Sounding of the Shofar '' ). Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year ( literally, `` head of the year '' ), although it falls on the first day of the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar, Tishri. Rosh Hashanah marks the beginning of the 10 - day period of atonement leading up to Yom Kippur, during which Jews are commanded to search their souls and make amends for sins committed, intentionally or not, throughout the year. Holiday customs include blowing the shofar, or ram 's horn, in the synagogue, eating apples and honey, and saying blessings over a variety of symbolic foods, such as pomegranates. Yom Kippur, ( `` Day of Atonement '' ) is the holiest day of the Jewish year. It is a day of communal fasting and praying for forgiveness for one 's sins. Observant Jews spend the entire day in the synagogue, sometimes with a short break in the afternoon, reciting prayers from a special holiday prayerbook called a `` Machzor ''. Many non-religious Jews make a point of attending synagogue services and fasting on Yom Kippur. On the eve of Yom Kippur, before candles are lit, a prefast meal, the `` seuda mafseket '', is eaten. Synagogue services on the eve of Yom Kippur begin with the Kol Nidre prayer. It is customary to wear white on Yom Kippur, especially for Kol Nidre, and leather shoes are not worn. The following day, prayers are held from morning to evening. The final prayer service, called `` Ne'ilah '', ends with a long blast of the shofar. Pûrîm Main article : Purim Purim street scene in Jerusalem Torah reading, France, 1860 Museum of Jewish Art and History Purim ( Hebrew : פורים ( help info ) Pûrîm `` lots '' ) is a joyous Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Persian Jews from the plot of the evil Haman, who sought to exterminate them, as recorded in the biblical Book of Esther. It is characterized by public recitation of the Book of Esther, mutual gifts of food and drink, charity to the poor, and a celebratory meal ( Esther 9 : 22 ). Other customs include drinking wine, eating special pastries called hamantashen, dressing up in masks and costumes, and organizing carnivals and parties. Purim has celebrated annually on the 14th of the Hebrew month of Adar, which occurs in February or March of the Gregorian calendar. Hanukkah Main article : Hanukkah Hanukkah ( Hebrew : חֲנֻכָּה ‎, `` dedication '' ) also known as the Festival of Lights, is an eight - day Jewish holiday that starts on the 25th day of Kislev ( Hebrew calendar ). The festival is observed in Jewish homes by the kindling of lights on each of the festival 's eight nights, one on the first night, two on the second night and so on. The holiday was called Hanukkah ( meaning `` dedication '' ) because it marks the re-dedication of the Temple after its desecration by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Spiritually, Hanukkah commemorates the `` Miracle of the Oil ''. According to the Talmud, at the re-dedication of the Temple in Jerusalem following the victory of the Maccabees over the Seleucid Empire, there was only enough consecrated oil to fuel the eternal flame in the Temple for one day. Miraculously, the oil burned for eight days -- which was the length of time it took to press, prepare and consecrate new oil. Hanukkah is not mentioned in the Bible and was never considered a major holiday in Judaism, but it has become much more visible and widely celebrated in modern times, mainly because it falls around the same time as Christmas and has national Jewish overtones that have been emphasized since the establishment of the State of Israel. Fast days Main articles : Tisha B'Av, Seventeenth of Tamuz, 10th of Tevet, and Tzom Gedaliah Tisha B'Av ( Hebrew : תשעה באב ‎ or ט ׳ באב, `` the Ninth of Av '' ) is a day of mourning and fasting commemorating the destruction of the First and Second Temples, and in later times, the expulsion of the Jews from Spain. There are three more minor Jewish fast days that commemorate various stages of the destruction of the Temples. They are the 17th Tamuz, the 10th of Tevet and Tzom Gedaliah ( the 3rd of Tishrei ). Israeli holidays Main articles : Yom Hashoah, Yom Hazikaron, and Yom Ha'atzmaut The modern holidays of Yom Ha - shoah ( Holocaust Remembrance Day ), Yom Hazikaron ( Israeli Memorial Day ) and Yom Ha'atzmaut ( Israeli Independence Day ) commemorate the horrors of the Holocaust, the fallen soldiers of Israel and victims of terrorism, and Israeli independence, respectively. There are some who prefer to commemorate those who were killed in the Holocaust on the 10th of Tevet. Torah readings Main article : Torah reading The core of festival and Shabbat prayer services is the public reading of the Torah, along with connected readings from the other books of the Tanakh, called Haftarah. Over the course of a year, the whole Torah is read, with the cycle starting over in the autumn, on Simchat Torah. Synagogues and religious buildings Main article : Synagogue Interior of the Belz Great Synagogue in Jerusalem. Synagogues are Jewish houses of prayer and study. They usually contain separate rooms for prayer ( the main sanctuary ), smaller rooms for study, and often an area for community or educational use. There is no set blueprint for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary greatly. The Reform movement mostly refer to their synagogues as temples. Some traditional features of a synagogue are : The ark ( called aron ha - kodesh by Ashkenazim and hekhal by Sephardim ) where the Torah scrolls are kept ( the ark is often closed with an ornate curtain ( parochet ) outside or inside the ark doors ) ; The elevated reader 's platform ( called bimah by Ashkenazim and tebah by Sephardim ), where the Torah is read ( and services are conducted in Sephardi synagogues ) ; The eternal light ( ner tamid ), a continually lit lamp or lantern used as a reminder of the constantly lit menorah of the Temple in Jerusalem The pulpit, or amud, a lectern facing the Ark where the hazzan or prayer leader stands while praying. In addition to synagogues, other buildings of significance in Judaism include yeshivas, or institutions of Jewish learning, and mikvahs, which are ritual baths. Dietary laws : kashrut Main article : Kashrut The Jewish dietary laws are known as kashrut. Food prepared in accordance with them is termed kosher, and food that is not kosher is also known as treifah or treif. People who observe these laws are colloquially said to be `` keeping kosher ''. Many of the laws apply to animal - based foods. For example, in order to be considered kosher, mammals must have split hooves and chew their cud. The pig is arguably the most well - known example of a non-kosher animal. Although it has split hooves, it does not chew its cud. For seafood to be kosher, the animal must have fins and scales. Certain types of seafood, such as shellfish, crustaceans, and eels, are therefore considered non-kosher. Concerning birds, a list of non-kosher species is given in the Torah. The exact translations of many of the species have not survived, and some non-kosher birds ' identities are no longer certain. However, traditions exist about the kashrut status of a few birds. For example, both chickens and turkeys are permitted in most communities. Other types of animals, such as amphibians, reptiles, and most insects, are prohibited altogether. In addition to the requirement that the species be considered kosher, meat and poultry ( but not fish ) must come from a healthy animal slaughtered in a process known as shechitah. Without the proper slaughtering practices even an otherwise kosher animal will be rendered treif. The slaughtering process is intended to be quick and relatively painless to the animal. Forbidden parts of animals include the blood, some fats, and the area in and around the sciatic nerve. Jewish law also forbids the consumption of meat and dairy products together. The waiting period between eating meat and eating dairy varies by the order in which they are consumed and by community, and can extend for up to six hours. Based on the Biblical injunction against cooking a kid in its mother 's milk, this rule is mostly derived from the Oral Torah, the Talmud and Rabbinic law. Chicken and other kosher birds are considered the same as meat under the laws of kashrut, but the prohibition is Rabbinic, not Biblical. The use of dishes, serving utensils, and ovens may make food treif that would otherwise be kosher. Utensils that have been used to prepare non-kosher food, or dishes that have held meat and are now used for dairy products, render the food treif under certain conditions. Furthermore, all Orthodox and some Conservative authorities forbid the consumption of processed grape products made by non-Jews, due to ancient pagan practices of using wine in rituals. Some Conservative authorities permit wine and grape juice made without rabbinic supervision. The Torah does not give specific reasons for most of the laws of kashrut. However, a number of explanations have been offered, including maintaining ritual purity, teaching impulse control, encouraging obedience to God, improving health, reducing cruelty to animals and preserving the distinctness of the Jewish community. The various categories of dietary laws may have developed for different reasons, and some may exist for multiple reasons. For example, people are forbidden from consuming the blood of birds and mammals because, according to the Torah, this is where animal souls are contained. In contrast, the Torah forbids Israelites from eating non-kosher species because `` they are unclean ''. The Kabbalah describes sparks of holiness that are released by the act of eating kosher foods, but are too tightly bound in non-kosher foods to be released by eating. Survival concerns supersede all the laws of kashrut, as they do for most halakhot. Laws of ritual purity Main article : Tumah A silver matchbox holder for ritual use on Shabbat with inscription in Hebrew The Tanakh describes circumstances in which a person who is tahor or ritually pure may become tamei or ritually impure. Some of these circumstances are contact with human corpses or graves, seminal flux, vaginal flux, menstruation, and contact with people who have become impure from any of these. In Rabbinic Judaism, Kohanim, members of the hereditary caste that served as priests in the time of the Temple, are mostly restricted from entering grave sites and touching dead bodies. During the Temple period, such priests ( Kohanim ) were required to eat their bread offering ( Terumah ) in a state of ritual purity, which laws eventually led to more rigid laws being enacted, such as hand - washing which became a requisite of all Jews before consuming ordinary bread. Family purity 18th - century circumcision chair Museum of Jewish Art and History Main article : Niddah An important subcategory of the ritual purity laws relates to the segregation of menstruating women. These laws are also known as niddah, literally `` separation '', or family purity. Vital aspects of halakha for traditionally observant Jews, they are not usually followed by Jews in liberal denominations. Especially in Orthodox Judaism, the Biblical laws are augmented by Rabbinical injunctions. For example, the Torah mandates that a woman in her normal menstrual period must abstain from sexual intercourse for seven days. A woman whose menstruation is prolonged must continue to abstain for seven more days after bleeding has stopped. The Rabbis conflated ordinary niddah with this extended menstrual period, known in the Torah as zavah, and mandated that a woman may not have sexual intercourse with her husband from the time she begins her menstrual flow until seven days after it ends. In addition, Rabbinical law forbids the husband from touching or sharing a bed with his wife during this period. Afterwards, purification can occur in a ritual bath called a mikveh. Traditional Ethiopian Jews keep menstruating women in separate huts and, similar to Karaite practice, do not allow menstruating women into their temples because of a temple 's special sanctity. Emigration to Israel and the influence of other Jewish denominations have led to Ethiopian Jews adopting more normative Jewish practices. Life - cycle events Life - cycle events, or rites of passage, occur throughout a Jew 's life that serves to strengthen Jewish identity and bind him / her to the entire community. Brit milah -- Welcoming male babies into the covenant through the rite of circumcision on their eighth day of life. The baby boy is also given his Hebrew name in the ceremony. A naming ceremony intended as a parallel ritual for girls, named zeved habat or brit bat, enjoys limited popularity. Bar mitzvah and Bat mitzvah -- This passage from childhood to adulthood takes place when a female Jew is twelve and a male Jew is thirteen years old among Orthodox and some Conservative congregations. In the Reform movement, both girls and boys have their bat / bar mitzvah at age thirteen. This is often commemorated by having the new adults, male only in the Orthodox tradition, lead the congregation in prayer and publicly read a `` portion '' of the Torah. Marriage -- Marriage is an extremely important lifecycle event. A wedding takes place under a chuppah, or wedding canopy, which symbolizes a happy house. At the end of the ceremony, the groom breaks a glass with his foot, symbolizing the continuous mourning for the destruction of the Temple, and the scattering of the Jewish people. Death and Mourning -- Judaism has a multi-staged mourning practice. The first stage is called the shiva ( literally `` seven '', observed for one week ) during which it is traditional to sit at home and be comforted by friends and family, the second is the shloshim ( observed for one month ) and for those who have lost one of their parents, there is a third stage, avelut yud bet chodesh, which is observed for eleven months. Community leadership Classical priesthood Jewish students with their teacher in Samarkand, Uzbekistan c. 1910. The role of the priesthood in Judaism has significantly diminished since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE when priests attended to the Temple and sacrifices. The priesthood is an inherited position, and although priests no longer have any but ceremonial duties, they are still honored in many Jewish communities. Many Orthodox Jewish communities believe that they will be needed again for a future Third Temple and need to remain in readiness for future duty. Kohen ( priest ) -- patrilineal descendant of Aaron, brother of Moses. In the Temple, the kohanim were charged with performing the sacrifices. Today, a Kohen is the first one called up at the reading of the Torah, performs the Priestly Blessing, as well as complying with other unique laws and ceremonies, including the ceremony of redemption of the first - born. Levi ( Levite ) -- Patrilineal descendant of Levi the son of Jacob. In the Temple in Jerusalem, the levites sang Psalms, performed construction, maintenance, janitorial, and guard duties, assisted the priests, and sometimes interpreted the law and Temple ritual to the public. Today, a Levite is called up second to the reading of the Torah. Prayer leaders From the time of the Mishnah and Talmud to the present, Judaism has required specialists or authorities for the practice of very few rituals or ceremonies. A Jew can fulfill most requirements for prayer by himself. Some activities -- reading the Torah and haftarah ( a supplementary portion from the Prophets or Writings ), the prayer for mourners, the blessings for bridegroom and bride, the complete grace after meals -- require a minyan, the presence of ten Jews. The most common professional clergy in a synagogue are : Rabbi of a congregation -- Jewish scholar who is charged with answering the legal questions of a congregation. This role requires ordination by the congregation 's preferred authority ( i.e., from a respected Orthodox rabbi or, if the congregation is Conservative or Reform, from academic seminaries ). A congregation does not necessarily require a rabbi. Some congregations have a rabbi but also allow members of the congregation to act as shatz or baal kriyah ( see below ). Hassidic Rebbe -- rabbi who is the head of a Hasidic dynasty. Hazzan ( note : the `` h '' denotes voiceless pharyngeal fricative ) ( cantor ) -- a trained vocalist who acts as shatz. Chosen for a good voice, knowledge of traditional tunes, understanding of the meaning of the prayers and sincerity in reciting them. A congregation does not need to have a dedicated hazzan. Jewish prayer services do involve two specified roles, which are sometimes, but not always, filled by a rabbi or hazzan in many congregations. In other congregations these roles are filled on an ad - hoc basis by members of the congregation who lead portions of services on a rotating basis : Shaliach tzibur or Shatz ( leader -- literally `` agent '' or `` representative '' -- of the congregation ) leads those assembled in prayer and sometimes prays on behalf of the community. When a shatz recites a prayer on behalf of the congregation, he is not acting as an intermediary but rather as a facilitator. The entire congregation participates in the recital of such prayers by saying amen at their conclusion ; it is with this act that the shatz 's prayer becomes the prayer of the congregation. Any adult capable of reciting the prayers clearly may act as shatz. In Orthodox congregations and some Conservative congregations, only men can be prayer leaders, but all Progressive communities now allow women to serve in this function. The Baal kriyah or baal koreh ( master of the reading ) reads the weekly Torah portion. The requirements for being the baal kriyah are the same as those for the shatz. These roles are not mutually exclusive. The same person is often qualified to fill more than one role and often does. Often there are several people capable of filling these roles and different services ( or parts of services ) will be led by each. Many congregations, especially larger ones, also rely on a : Gabbai ( sexton ) -- Calls people up to the Torah, appoints the shatz for each prayer session if there is no standard shatz, and makes certain that the synagogue is kept clean and supplied. The three preceding positions are usually voluntary and considered an honor. Since the Enlightenment large synagogues have often adopted the practice of hiring rabbis and hazzans to act as shatz and baal kriyah, and this is still typically the case in many Conservative and Reform congregations. However, in most Orthodox synagogues these positions are filled by laypeople on a rotating or ad - hoc basis. Although most congregations hire one or more Rabbis, the use of a professional hazzan is generally declining in American congregations, and the use of professionals for other offices is rarer still. Specialized religious roles Dayan ( judge ) -- An ordained rabbi with special legal training who belongs to a beth din ( rabbinical court ). In Israel, religious courts handle marriage and divorce cases, conversion and financial disputes in the Jewish community. Mohel ( circumciser ) -- An expert in the laws of circumcision who has received training from a previously qualified mohel and performs the brit milah ( circumcision ). Shochet ( ritual slaughterer ) -- In order for meat to be kosher, it must be slaughtered by a shochet who is an expert in the laws of kashrut and has been trained by another shochet. Sofer ( scribe ) -- Torah scrolls, tefillin ( phylacteries ), mezuzot ( scrolls put on doorposts ), and gittin ( bills of divorce ) must be written by a sofer who is an expert in Hebrew calligraphy and has undergone rigorous training in the laws of writing sacred texts. Rosh yeshiva -- A Torah scholar who runs a yeshiva. Mashgiach of a yeshiva -- Depending on which yeshiva, might either be the person responsible for ensuring attendance and proper conduct, or even supervise the emotional and spiritual welfare of the students and give lectures on mussar ( Jewish ethics ). Mashgiach -- Supervises manufacturers of kosher food, importers, caterers and restaurants to ensure that the food is kosher. Must be an expert in the laws of kashrut and trained by a rabbi, if not a rabbi himself. History Main article : Jewish history This section is about the history of Judaism. For the book on Ancient Judaism, see Ancient Judaism ( book ). Origins Main article : Origins of Judaism Further information : Ancient Canaanite religion and Ancient Semitic religion Scenes from the Book of Esther decorate the Dura - Europos synagogue dating from 244 CE At its core, the Tanakh is an account of the Israelites ' relationship with God from their earliest history until the building of the Second Temple ( c. 535 BCE ). Abraham is hailed as the first Hebrew and the father of the Jewish people. As a reward for his act of faith in one God, he was promised that Isaac, his second son, would inherit the Land of Israel ( then called Canaan ). Later, the descendants of Isaac 's son Jacob were enslaved in Egypt, and God commanded Moses to lead the Exodus from Egypt. At Mount Sinai, they received the Torah -- the five books of Moses. These books, together with Nevi'im and Ketuvim are known as Torah Shebikhtav as opposed to the Oral Torah, which refers to the Mishnah and the Talmud. Eventually, God led them to the land of Israel where the tabernacle was planted in the city of Shiloh for over 300 years to rally the nation against attacking enemies. As time went on, the spiritual level of the nation declined to the point that God allowed the Philistines to capture the tabernacle. The people of Israel then told Samuel the prophet that they needed to be governed by a permanent king, and Samuel appointed Saul to be their King. When the people pressured Saul into going against a command conveyed to him by Samuel, God told Samuel to appoint David in his stead. The Western Wall in Jerusalem is a remnant of the wall encircling the Second Temple. The Temple Mount is the holiest site in Judaism. Once King David was established, he told the prophet Nathan that he would like to build a permanent temple, and as a reward for his actions, God promised David that he would allow his son, Solomon, to build the First Temple and the throne would never depart from his children. Rabbinic tradition holds that the details and interpretation of the law, which are called the Oral Torah or oral law, were originally an unwritten tradition based upon what God told Moses on Mount Sinai. However, as the persecutions of the Jews increased and the details were in danger of being forgotten, these oral laws were recorded by Rabbi Judah HaNasi ( Judah the Prince ) in the Mishnah, redacted circa 200 CE. The Talmud was a compilation of both the Mishnah and the Gemara, rabbinic commentaries redacted over the next three centuries. The Gemara originated in two major centers of Jewish scholarship, Palestine and Babylonia. Correspondingly, two bodies of analysis developed, and two works of Talmud were created. The older compilation is called the Jerusalem Talmud. It was compiled sometime during the 4th century in Palestine. The Babylonian Talmud was compiled from discussions in the houses of study by the scholars Ravina I, Ravina II, and Rav Ashi by 500 CE, although it continued to be edited later. Some critical scholars oppose the view that the sacred texts, including the Hebrew Bible, were divinely inspired. Many of these scholars accept the general principles of the documentary hypothesis and suggest that the Torah consists of inconsistent texts edited together in a way that calls attention to divergent accounts. Many suggest that during the First Temple period, the people of Israel believed that each nation had its own god, but that their god was superior to other gods. Some suggest that strict monotheism developed during the Babylonian Exile, perhaps in reaction to Zoroastrian dualism. In this view, it was only by the Hellenic period that most Jews came to believe that their god was the only god and that the notion of a clearly bounded Jewish nation identical with the Jewish religion formed. John Day argues that the origins of biblical Yahweh, El, Asherah, and Ba'al, may be rooted in earlier Canaanite religion, which was centered on a pantheon of gods much like the Greek pantheon. Antiquity Main articles : Ancient Israel and Judah, Babylonian captivity, Hellenistic Judaism, Hasmonean Kingdom, Iudaea Province, and Bar Kokhba revolt According to the Hebrew Bible, the United Monarchy was established under Saul and continued under King David and Solomon with its capital in Jerusalem. After Solomon 's reign, the nation split into two kingdoms, the Kingdom of Israel ( in the north ) and the Kingdom of Judah ( in the south ). The Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Assyrian ruler Sargon II in the late 8th century BCE with many people from the capital Samaria being taken captive to Media and the Khabur River valley. The Kingdom of Judah continued as an independent state until it was conquered by a Babylonian army in the early 6th century BCE, destroying the First Temple that was at the center of ancient Jewish worship. The Judean elite was exiled to Babylonia and this is regarded as the first Jewish Diaspora. Later many of them returned to their homeland after the subsequent conquest of Babylonia by the Persians seventy years later, a period known as the Babylonian Captivity. A new Second Temple was constructed, and old religious practices were resumed. During the early years of the Second Temple, the highest religious authority was a council known as the Great Assembly, led by Ezra of the Book of Ezra. Among other accomplishments of the Great Assembly, the last books of the Bible were written at this time and the canon sealed. Hellenistic Judaism spread to Ptolemaic Egypt from the 3rd century BCE. After the Great Revolt ( 66 -- 73 CE ), the Romans destroyed the Temple. Hadrian built a pagan idol on the Temple grounds and prohibited circumcision ; these acts of ethnocide provoked the Bar Kokhba revolt 132 -- 136 CE after which the Romans banned the study of the Torah and the celebration of Jewish holidays, and forcibly removed virtually all Jews from Judea. In 200 CE, however, Jews were granted Roman citizenship and Judaism was recognized as a religio licita ( `` legitimate religion '' ) until the rise of Gnosticism and Early Christianity in the fourth century. Following the destruction of Jerusalem and the expulsion of the Jews, Jewish worship stopped being centrally organized around the Temple, prayer took the place of sacrifice, and worship was rebuilt around the community ( represented by a minimum of ten adult men ) and the establishment of the authority of rabbis who acted as teachers and leaders of individual communities ( see Jewish diaspora ). Historical Jewish groupings ( to 1700 ) The Torah Ark of the Beth Jakov synagogue in Macedonia Around the 1st century CE, there were several small Jewish sects : the Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, Essenes, and Christians. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, these sects vanished. Christianity survived, but by breaking with Judaism and becoming a separate religion ; the Pharisees survived but in the form of Rabbinic Judaism ( today, known simply as `` Judaism '' ). The Sadducees rejected the divine inspiration of the Prophets and the Writings, relying only on the Torah as divinely inspired. Consequently, a number of other core tenets of the Pharisees ' belief system ( which became the basis for modern Judaism ), were also dismissed by the Sadducees. ( The Samaritans practiced a similar religion, which is traditionally considered separate from Judaism. ) Like the Sadducees who relied only on the Torah, some Jews in the 8th and 9th centuries rejected the authority and divine inspiration of the oral law as recorded in the Mishnah ( and developed by later rabbis in the two Talmuds ), relying instead only upon the Tanakh. These included the Isunians, the Yudganites, the Malikites, and others. They soon developed oral traditions of their own, which differed from the rabbinic traditions, and eventually formed the Karaite sect. Karaites exist in small numbers today, mostly living in Israel. Rabbinical and Karaite Jews each hold that the others are Jews, but that the other faith is erroneous. Over a long time, Jews formed distinct ethnic groups in several different geographic areas -- amongst others, the Ashkenazi Jews ( of central and Eastern Europe ), the Sephardi Jews ( of Spain, Portugal, and North Africa ), the Beta Israel of Ethiopia, and the Yemenite Jews from the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. Many of these groups have developed differences in their prayers, traditions and accepted canons ; however, these distinctions are mainly the result of their being formed at some cultural distance from normative ( rabbinic ) Judaism, rather than based on any doctrinal dispute. Persecutions Main articles : Persecution of Jews, Antisemitism, and History of antisemitism Antisemitism arose during the Middle Ages, in the form of persecutions, pogroms, forced conversions, expulsions, social restrictions and ghettoization. This was different in quality from the repressions of Jews which had occurred in ancient times. Ancient repressions were politically motivated and Jews were treated the same as members of other ethnic groups. With the rise of the Churches, the main motive for attacks on Jews changed from politics to religion and the religious motive for such attacks was specifically derived from Christian views about Jews and Judaism. During the Middle Ages, Jewish people who lived under Muslim rule generally experienced tolerance and integration, but there were occasional outbreaks of violence like Almohad 's persecutions. Hasidism Main article : Hasidic Judaism Hasidic Judaism was founded by Yisroel ben Eliezer ( 1700 -- 1760 ), also known as the Ba'al Shem Tov ( or Besht ). It originated in a time of persecution of the Jewish people when European Jews had turned inward to Talmud study ; many felt that most expressions of Jewish life had become too `` academic '', and that they no longer had any emphasis on spirituality or joy. Its adherents favored small and informal gatherings called Shtiebel, which, in contrast to a traditional synagogue, could be used both as a place of worship and for celebrations involving dancing, eating, and socializing. Ba'al Shem Tov 's disciples attracted many followers ; they themselves established numerous Hasidic sects across Europe. Unlike other religions, which typically expanded through word of mouth or by use of print, Hasidism spread largely owing to Tzadiks, who used their influence to encourage others to follow the movement. Hasidism appealed to many Europeans because it was easy to learn, did not require full immediate commitment, and presented a compelling spectacle. Hasidic Judaism eventually became the way of life for many Jews in Eastern Europe. Waves of Jewish immigration in the 1880s carried it to the United States. The movement itself claims to be nothing new, but a refreshment of original Judaism. As some have put it : `` they merely re-emphasized that which the generations had lost ''. Nevertheless, early on there was a serious schism between Hasidic and non-Hasidic Jews. European Jews who rejected the Hasidic movement were dubbed by the Hasidim as Misnagdim, ( lit. `` opponents '' ). Some of the reasons for the rejection of Hasidic Judaism were the exuberance of Hasidic worship, its deviation from tradition in ascribing infallibility and miracles to their leaders, and the concern that it might become a messianic sect. Over time differences between the Hasidim and their opponents have slowly diminished and both groups are now considered part of Haredi Judaism. The Enlightenment and new religious movements Main articles : Haskalah and Jewish religious movements In the late 18th century CE, Europe was swept by a group of intellectual, social and political movements known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment led to reductions in the European laws that prohibited Jews to interact with the wider secular world, thus allowing Jews access to secular education and experience. A parallel Jewish movement, Haskalah or the `` Jewish Enlightenment '', began, especially in Central Europe and Western Europe, in response to both the Enlightenment and these new freedoms. It placed an emphasis on integration with secular society and a pursuit of non-religious knowledge through reason. With the promise of political emancipation, many Jews saw no reason to continue to observe Jewish law and increasing numbers of Jews assimilated into Christian Europe. Modern religious movements of Judaism all formed in reaction to this trend. In Central Europe, followed by Great Britain and the United States, Reform ( or Liberal ) Judaism developed, relaxing legal obligations ( especially those that limited Jewish relations with non-Jews ), emulating Protestant decorum in prayer, and emphasizing the ethical values of Judaism 's Prophetic tradition. Modern Orthodox Judaism developed in reaction to Reform Judaism, by leaders who argued that Jews could participate in public life as citizens equal to Christians while maintaining the observance of Jewish law. Meanwhile, in the United States, wealthy Reform Jews helped European scholars, who were Orthodox in practice but critical ( and skeptical ) in their study of the Bible and Talmud, to establish a seminary to train rabbis for immigrants from Eastern Europe. These left - wing Orthodox rabbis were joined by right - wing Reform rabbis who felt that Jewish law should not be entirely abandoned, to form the Conservative movement. Orthodox Jews who opposed the Haskalah formed Haredi Orthodox Judaism. After massive movements of Jews following The Holocaust and the creation of the state of Israel, these movements have competed for followers from among traditional Jews in or from other countries. Spectrum of observance Judaism is practised in all parts of the world, for example in a synagogue in downtown Mumbai. Countries such as the United States, Israel, Canada, United Kingdom, Argentina and South Africa contain large Jewish populations. Jewish religious practice varies widely through all levels of observance. According to the 2001 edition of the National Jewish Population Survey, in the United States ' Jewish community -- the world 's second largest -- 4.3 million Jews out of 5.1 million had some sort of connection to the religion. Of that population of connected Jews, 80 % participated in some sort of Jewish religious observance, but only 48 % belonged to a congregation, and fewer than 16 % attend regularly. Birth rates for American Jews have dropped from 2.0 to 1.7. ( Replacement rate is 2.1. ) Intermarriage rates range from 40 -- 50 % in the US, and only about a third of children of intermarried couples are raised as Jews. Due to intermarriage and low birth rates, the Jewish population in the US shrank from 5.5 million in 1990 to 5.1 million in 2001. This is indicative of the general population trends among the Jewish community in the Diaspora, but a focus on total population obscures growth trends in some denominations and communities, such as Haredi Judaism. The Baal teshuva movement is a movement of Jews who have `` returned '' to religion or become more observant. Judaism and other religions Christianity and Judaism Main article : Christianity and Judaism See also : Christianity and antisemitism and Christian -- Jewish reconciliation Christianity was originally a sect of Second Temple Judaism, but the two religions diverged in the first century. The differences between Christianity and Judaism originally centered on whether Jesus was the Jewish Messiah but eventually became irreconcilable. Major differences between the two faiths include the nature of the Messiah, of atonement and sin, the status of God 's commandments to Israel, and perhaps most significantly of the nature of God himself. Due to these differences, Judaism traditionally regards Christianity as Shituf or worship of the God of Israel which is not monotheistic. Christianity has traditionally regarded Judaism as obsolete with the invention of Christianity and Jews as a people replaced by the Church, though a Christian belief in dual - covenant theology emerged as a phenomenon following Christian reflection on how their theology influenced the Nazi Holocaust. Since the time of the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church upheld the Constitution pro Judæis ( Formal Statement on the Jews ), which stated We decree that no Christian shall use violence to force them to be baptized, so long as they are unwilling and refuse... Without the judgment of the political authority of the land, no Christian shall presume to wound them or kill them or rob them of their money or change the good customs that they have thus far enjoyed in the place where they live. '' Until their emancipation in the late 18th and the 19th century, Jews in Christian lands were subject to humiliating legal restrictions and limitations. They included provisions requiring Jews to wear specific and identifying clothing such as the Jewish hat and the yellow badge, restricting Jews to certain cities and towns or in certain parts of towns ( ghettos ), and forbidding Jews to enter certain trades ( for example selling new clothes in medieval Sweden ). Disabilities also included special taxes levied on Jews, exclusion from public life, restraints on the performance of religious ceremonies, and linguistic censorship. Some countries went even further and completely expelled Jews, for example, England in 1290 ( Jews were readmitted in 1655 ) and Spain in 1492 ( readmitted in 1868 ). The first Jewish settlers in North America arrived in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam in 1654 ; they were forbidden to hold public office, open a retail shop, or establish a synagogue. When the colony was seized by the British in 1664 Jewish rights remained unchanged, but by 1671 Asser Levy was the first Jew to serve on a jury in North America. In 1791, Revolutionary France was the first country to abolish disabilities altogether, followed by Prussia in 1848. Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom was achieved in 1858 after an almost 30 - year struggle championed by Isaac Lyon Goldsmid with the ability of Jews to sit in parliament with the passing of the Jews Relief Act 1858. The newly united German Empire in 1871 abolished Jewish disabilities in Germany, which were reinstated in the Nuremberg Laws in 1935. Jewish life in Christian lands was marked by frequent blood libels, expulsions, forced conversions and massacres. An underlying source of prejudice against Jews in Europe was religious. Christian rhetoric and antipathy towards Jews developed in the early years of Christianity and was reinforced by ever increasing anti-Jewish measures over the ensuing centuries. The action taken by Christians against Jews included acts of violence, and murder culminating in the Holocaust. These attitudes were reinforced in Christian preaching, art and popular teaching for two millennia, containing contempt for Jews, as well as statutes which were designed to humiliate and stigmatise Jews. The Nazi Party was known for its persecution of Christian Churches ; many of them, such as the Protestant Confessing Church and the Catholic Church, as well as Quakers and Jehovah 's Witnesses, aided and rescued Jews who were being targeted by the antireligious régime. The attitude of Christians and Christian Churches toward the Jewish people and Judaism, have been changed mostly positive since World War II. Pope John Paul II and the Catholic Church have `` upheld the Church 's acceptance of the continuing and permanent election of the Jewish people '' as well as a reaffirmation of the covenant between God and the Jews. In December 2015, the Vatican released a 10,000 - word document that, among other things, stated that Catholics should work with Jews to fight antisemitism. Islam and Judaism Main article : Islam and Judaism Both Judaism and Islam arose from the patriarch Abraham, and they are therefore considered Abrahamic religions. In both Jewish and Muslim tradition, the Jewish and Arab peoples are descended from the two sons of Abraham -- Isaac and Ishmael, respectively. While both religions are monotheistic and share many commonalities, they differ based on the fact that Jews do not consider Jesus or Muhammad to be prophets. The religions ' adherents have interacted with each other since the 7th century when Islam originated and spread in the Arabian peninsula. Indeed, the years 712 to 1066 CE under the Ummayad and the Abbasid rulers have been called the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain. Non-Muslim monotheists living in these countries, including Jews, were known as dhimmis. Dhimmis were allowed to practice their own religions and administer their own internal affairs, but they were subject to certain restrictions that were not imposed on Muslims. For example, they had to pay the jizya, a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males, and they were also forbidden to bear arms or testify in court cases involving Muslims. Many of the laws regarding dhimmis were highly symbolic. For example, dhimmis in some countries were required to wear distinctive clothing, a practice not found in either the Qur'an or the hadiths but invented in early medieval Baghdad and inconsistently enforced. Jews in Muslim countries were not entirely free from persecution -- for example, many were killed, exiled or forcibly converted in the 12th century, in Persia, and by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in North Africa and Al - Andalus, as well as by the Zaydi imams of Yemen in the 17th century ( see : Mawza Exile ). At times, Jews were also restricted in their choice of residence -- in Morocco, for example, Jews were confined to walled quarters ( mellahs ) beginning in the 15th century and increasingly since the early 19th century. In the mid-20th century, Jews were expelled from nearly all of the Arab countries. Most have chosen to live in Israel. Today, antisemitic themes including Holocaust denial have become commonplace in the propaganda of Islamic movements such as Hizbullah and Hamas, in the pronouncements of various agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and even in the newspapers and other publications of Refah Partisi. Syncretic movements incorporating Judaism There are some movements that combine elements of Judaism with those of other religions. The most well - known of these is Messianic Judaism, a religious movement, which arose in the 1960s, that incorporates elements of Judaism with the tenets of Christianity. The movement generally states that Jesus is the Jewish Messiah, that he is one of the Three Divine Persons, and that salvation is only achieved through acceptance of Jesus as one 's savior. Some members of the movement argue that Messianic Judaism is a sect of Judaism. Jewish organizations of every denomination reject this, stating that Messianic Judaism is a Christian sect, because it teaches creeds which are identical to those of Pauline Christianity. Other examples of syncretism include Semitic neopaganism, a loosely organized sect which incorporates pagan or Wiccan beliefs with some Jewish religious practices ; Jewish Buddhists, another loosely organized group that incorporates elements of Asian spirituality in their faith ; and some Renewal Jews who borrow freely and openly from Buddhism, Sufism, Native American religions, and other faiths. The Kabbalah Centre, which employs teachers from multiple religions, is a New Age movement that claims to popularize the kabbalah, part of the Jewish esoteric tradition. See also Judaism portal Religion portal Book : Abrahamic religions Book : Judaism Anti-Judaism Criticism of Judaism Frankism Jewish assimilation Jewish culture Jewish views of religious pluralism Judaism by country List of converts to Judaism Outline of Judaism Sabbateanism Sumer References Jump up ^ `` The Bible and Interpretation ''. Jump up ^ `` Oxford Dictionaries -- Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar ''. Jump up ^ Shaye J.D. Cohen 1999 The Beginnings of Jewishness : Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties, Berkeley : University of California Press ; p. 7 Jump up ^ Jacobs, Louis ( 2007 ). `` Judaism ''. In Fred Skolnik. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 11 ( 2d ed. ). Farmington Hills, Mich. : Thomson Gale. p. 511. ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865928 - 2. Judaism, the religion, philosophy, and way of life of the Jews. Jump up ^ `` Knowledge Resources : Judaism ''. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Retrieved 22 November 2011. Jump up ^ 14.3 million ( core Jewish population ) to 17.4 million ( including non-Jews who have a Jewish parent ), according to : DellaPergola, Sergio ( 2015 ). World Jewish Population, 2015 ( Report ). Berman Jewish DataBank. Retrieved 4 May 2016. 14 -- 14.5 million according to : `` Worldwide Jewry numbers 14 million ''. Ynet. Retrieved 21 October 2013. `` Jewish Population ''. Judaism101. Retrieved 20 September 2013. Daniel J. Elazar. `` How Strong is Orthodox Judaism -- Really? The Demographics of Jewish Religious Identification ''. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 20 September 2013. `` The Global Religious Landscape -- Jews ''. Pew Research Center. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` What is the oral Torah? ''. Torah.org. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Karaite Jewish University ''. Kjuonline.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Society for Humanistic Judaism ''. Shj.org. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Jewish Denominations ''. ReligionFacts. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Reform Judaism ''. ReligionFacts. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` What is Reform Judaism? ''. Reformjudaism.org. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. `` Britannica Online Encyclopedia : Bet Din ''. Britannica.com. Retrieved 22 August 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Judaism 101 : Rabbis, Priests and Other Religious Functionaries ''. Jewfaq.org. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ David P Mindell ( 30 June 2009 ). The Evolving World. Harvard University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04108 - 0. Jump up ^ `` History of Judaism until 164 BCE ''. History of Judaism. BBC. Jump up ^ `` Religion & Ethics -- Judaism ''. BBC. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ Religion : Three Religions, One God PBS Jump up ^ Settings of silver : an introduction to Judaism p. 59 by Stephen M. Wylen, Paulist Press, 2000 Jump up ^ Heribert Busse ( 1998 ). Islam, Judaism, and Christianity : Theological and Historical Affiliations. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 63 -- 112. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 144 - 5. Jump up ^ Irving M. Zeitlin ( 2007 ). The Historical Muhammad. Polity. pp. 92 -- 93. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3999 - 4. Jump up ^ Jewish Contributions to Civilization : An Estimate ( book ) Jump up ^ Cambridge University Historical Series, An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects, p. 40 : Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all - important factor in the development of Western Civilization ; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era. Jump up ^ See, for example, Deborah Dash Moore, American Jewish Identity Politics, University of Michigan Press, 2008, p. 303 ; Ewa Morawska, Insecure Prosperity : Small - Town Jews in Industrial America, 1890 -- 1940, Princeton University Press, 1999. p. 217 ; Peter Y. Medding, Values, interests and identity : Jews and politics in a changing world, Volume 11 of Studies in contemporary Jewry, Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 64 ; Ezra Mendelsohn, People of the city : Jews and the urban challenge, Volume 15 of Studies in contemporary Jewry, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 55 ; Louis Sandy Maisel, Ira N. Forman, Donald Altschiller, Charles Walker Bassett, Jews in American politics : essays, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, p. 158 ; Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism : A Double - Edged Sword, W.W. Norton & Company, 1997, p. 169. ^ Jump up to : `` World Jewish Population 2015 ''. Retrieved 8 August 2016. Jump up ^ Nahum Sarna 1969 Understanding Genesis. New York : Schocken Jump up ^ Neusner, Jacob ( 2003 ). `` Defining Judaism ''. In Neusner, Jacob ; Avery - Peck, Alan. The Blackwell companion to Judaism. Blackwell. p. 3. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57718 - 059 - 3. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ Gen. 17 : 3 -- 8 Genesis 17 : 3 -- 8 : Abram fell facedown, and God said to him, `` As for me, this is my covenant with you : You will be the father of many nations. No longer will you be called Abram ; your name will be Abraham, for I have made you a father of many nations. I will make you very fruitful ; I will make nations of you, and kings will come from you. I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after you. The whole land of Canaan, where you are now an alien, I will give as an everlasting possession to you and your descendants after you ; and I will be their God ; '' Gen. 22 : 17 -- 18 Genesis 22 : 17 -- 18 : I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies, and through your offspring, all nations on earth will be blessed, because you have obeyed me. '' Jump up ^ Exodus 20 : 3 `` You shall have no other gods before me ; Deut. 6 : 5 Deuteronomy 6 : 5 `` Love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength. '' Jump up ^ Lev. 19 : 18 Leviticus 19 : 18 : `` ' Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against one of your people, but love your neighbor as yourself. I am the Lord '' Jump up ^ Kadushin, Max, 1972 The Rabbinic Mind. New York : Bloch Publishing Company. p. 194 Jump up ^ Kadushin, Max, 1972 The Rabbinic Mind. New York : Bloch Publishing Company. p. 203 Jump up ^ The Books of Melachim ( Kings ) and Book of Yeshaiahu ( Isaiah ) in the Tanakh contain a few of the many Biblical accounts of Israelite kings and segments of ancient Israel 's population worshiping other gods. For example : King Solomon 's `` wives turned away his heart after other gods... ( and he ) did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, and went not fully after the LORD '' ( elaborated in 1 Melachim 11 : 4 -- 10 ) ; King Ahab `` went and served Baal, and worshiped him... And Ahab made the Asherah ( a pagan place of worship ) ; and Ahab did yet more to provoke the LORD, the God of Israel, than all the kings of Israel that were before him '' ( 1 Melachim 16 : 31 -- 33 ) ; the prophet Isaiah condemns the people who `` prepare a table for ( the idol ) Fortune, and that offer mingled wine in full measure unto ( the idol ) Destiny '' ( Yeshaiahu 65 : 11 -- 12 ). Translation : JPS ( Jewish Publication Society ) edition of the Tanakh, from 1917, available at Mechon Mamre. Jump up ^ Newman, Carey C. ; Davila, James R. ; Lewis, Gladys S., eds. ( 1999 ). The Jewish roots of Christological monotheism : papers from the St. Andrews conference on the historical origins of the worship of Jesus. Brill. ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11361 - 9. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ Steinberg, Milton 1947 Basic Judaism New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 36 Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : Movements of Judaism ''. Jewfaq.org. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Theology on Tap Winter 2014 under way in Mandeville : Keeping the Faith ''. NOLA.com. Jump up ^ Langton, Daniel R. ( 2011 ). Normative Judaism? Jews, Judaism and Jewish Identity. Gorgias press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 60724 - 161 - 4. Jump up ^ Rabbi S. of Montpelier, Yad Rama, Y. Alfacher, Rosh Amanah. Jump up ^ `` Maimonides ' 13 Foundations of Judaism ''. Mesora. However if he rejects one of these fundamentals he leaves the nation and is a denier of the fundamentals and is called a heretic, a denier, etc. Jump up ^ Rabbi Mordechai Blumenfeld. `` Maimonides, 13 Principles of Faith ''. Aish HaTorah. According to the Rambam, their acceptance defines the minimum requirement necessary for one to relate to the Almighty and His Torah as a member of the People of Israel ^ Jump up to : Daniel Septimus. `` The Thirteen Principles of Faith ''. MyJewishLearning.com. Jump up ^ Ronald L. Eisenberg ( 2004 ). The JPS guide to Jewish traditions. Jewish Publication Society. p. 509. ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0760 - 1. The concept of `` dogma '' is... not a basic idea in Judaism. Jump up ^ Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought, Menachem Kellner. Jump up ^ `` The Thirteen Principles of the Jewish Faith ''. Hebrew4Christians. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` What Do Jews Believe? ''. Mechon Mamre. The closest that anyone has ever come to creating a widely accepted list of Jewish beliefs is Maimonides ' thirteen principles of faith. Jump up ^ The JPS guide to Jewish traditions, p. 510, `` The one that eventually secured almost universal acceptance was the Thirteen Principles of faith '' Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : What Do Jews Believe? ''. Jewfaq.org. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Description of Judaism, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance ''. Religioustolerance.org. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : The Patriarchs and the Origins of Judaism ''. Jewfaq.org. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ Rietti, Rabbi Jonathan. `` How Do You Know the Exodus Really Happened? ''. Archived from the original on 18 September 2004. The word `` emunah '' has been translated incorrectly by the King James Bible as merely `` belief '' or `` faith '', when in actuality, it means conviction, which is a much more emphatic knowledge of God based on experience. Jump up ^ `` Jewish Sacred Texts ''. ReligionFacts. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ M. San 10 : 1. Translation available here ( 1 ). Jump up ^ Kosior, Wojciech ( 2015 ). Some Remarks on the Self - Images of the Modern Judaism. Textual Analysis. Filozofia kultury. Kraków. pp. 91 -- 106. Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : A Glossary of Basic Jewish Terms and Concepts ''. Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations in America. 12 April 2006. Archived from the original on 19 February 2001. Jump up ^ Danzinger, Eliezer. `` How Many of the Torah 's Commandments Still Apply? ''. Chabad.org. Retrieved 5 June 2017. Jump up ^ Codex Judaica Kantor 2006, page 146 '' ( as cited on Judah haNasi ) Jump up ^ Abraham ben David, Seder Ha - Kabbalah Leharavad, Jerusalem 1971, p. 16 ( Hebrew ) ( as cited on Judah haNasi ) Jump up ^ Student, Gil. `` Proofs for the Oral Law ''. The AishDas Society. Retrieved 5 June 2017. Jump up ^ The Prayer book : Weekday, Sabbath, and Festival translated and arranged by Ben Zion Bokser. New York : Hebrew Publishing Company. pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Kadushin, Max 1972 The Rabbinic Mind New York : Bloch Publishing. p. 213 Jump up ^ Neusner, Jacob 2003 Invitation to the Talmud Stipf and Son, Oregon xvii -- xxii Jump up ^ Stern, David `` Midrash and Indeterminacy '' in Critical Inquiry, Vol. 15, No. 1 ( Autumn, 1988 ), p. 151. Jump up ^ Neusner, Jacob 2003 Invitation to the Talmud Stipf and Son, Oregon xvii - vix ; Steinsaltz, Adin 1976 The Essential Talmud New York : Basic Books. 3 -- 9 ; Strack, Hermann 1980 Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud New York : Atheneum. 95 ; Stern, David `` Midrash and Indeterminacy '' in Critical Inquiry, Vol. 15, No. 1 ( Autumn, 1988 ), pp. 132 -- 161 Jump up ^ Stern, David `` Midrash and Indeterminacy '' in Critical Inquiry, Vol. 15, No. 1 ( Autumn, 1988 ), p. 147. Jump up ^ Cohen, Abner 1949 Everyman 's Talmud New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. xxiv ; Strack, Hermann 1980 Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud New York : Atheneum. 95 Jump up ^ Cohen, Abner 1949 Everyman 's Talmud New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. xxiv ; Steinsaltz, Adin 1976 The Essential Talmud New Yorki : Basic Books. 222 ; Strack, Hermann 1980 Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud New York : Atheneum. 95 Jump up ^ Strack, Hermann 1980 Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud New York : Atheneum. p. 95 Jump up ^ סדור רינת ישראל לבני חוײל Jerusalem : 1974, pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Chief Rabbi Sir Jonathan Sacks, 2006 The Koren Sacks Siddur : Hebrew / English Prayer Book : The Authorized Daily Prayer Book of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth London : Harper Collins Publishers pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Nosson Scherman 2003 The Complete Artscroll Siddur Third Edition Brooklyn, N.Y. : Mesorah Publications pp. 49 -- 53 Jump up ^ Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, Nissen Mangel, 2003 Siddur Tehillat Hashem Kehot Publication Society. pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ ἰουδαΐζειν. Liddell, Henry George ; Scott, Robert ; An Intermediate Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ `` Methods and Categories : Judaism and Gospel ''. Bibleinterp.com. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ Judaism, AskOxford Archived 31 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : Skarsaune, Oskar ( 2002 ). In the Shadow of the Temple : Jewish Influences on Early Christianity. InterVarsity Press. pp. 39ff. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 2670 - 4. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ Shaye J.D. Cohen 1999 The Beginnings of Jewishness : Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties University of California Press. 105 -- 106 Jump up ^ The Oxford English Dictionary. Jump up ^ Boyarin, Daniel ( 14 October 1994 ). `` Introduction ''. A radical Jew : Paul and the politics of identity. Berkeley, California : University of California Press. pp. 13 -- 38. ISBN 0 - 520 - 08592 - 2. LCCN 93036269. Retrieved 15 June 2006. Paul was motivated by a Hellenistic desire for the One, which among other things produced an ideal of a universal human essence, beyond difference and hierarchy. This universal humanity, however, was predicated ( and still is ) on the dualism of the flesh and the spirit, such that while the body is particular, marked through practice as Jew or Greek, and through anatomy as male or female, the spirit is universal. Paul did not, however, reject the body -- as did, for instance, the gnostics -- but rather promoted a system whereby the body had its place, albeit subordinated to the spirit. Paul 's anthropological dualism was matched by a hermeneutical dualism as well. Just as the human being is divided into a fleshy and a spiritual component, so also is language itself. It is composed of outer, material signs and inner, spiritual significations. When this is applied to the religious system that Paul inherited, the physical, fleshy signs of the Torah, of historical Judaism, are re-interpreted as symbols of that which Paul takes to be universal requirements and possibilities for humanity. Jump up ^ Boyarin, Daniel ( 1994 ). `` Answering the Mail ''. A radical Jew : Paul and the politics of identity. Berkeley, California : University of California Press. ISBN 0 - 520 - 08592 - 2. Jewishness disrupts the very categories of identity, because it is not national, not genealogical, not religious, but all of these, in dialectical tension with one another. Jump up ^ Weiner, Rebecca ( 2007 ). `` Who is a Jew? ''. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 6 October 2007. Jump up ^ Samuel G. Freedman, `` Strains Grow Between Israel and Many Jews in the U.S. '' The New York Times, 6 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` Reform 's Position On... What is unacceptable practice? ''. Faqs.org. 29 June 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ Heschel, Susannah ( 1998 ) Abraham Geiger and the Jewish Jesus. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 157. ISBN 0 - 226 - 32959 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Law of Return 5710 - 1950 ''. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2007. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2007. Jump up ^ Jacob, Walter ( 1987 ). Contemporary American Reform Responsa. Mars, Pa. : Central Conference of American Rabbis. pp. 100 -- 106. ISBN 0 - 88123 - 003 - 0. Retrieved 28 September 2011. Jump up ^ `` Karaite FAQ : Frequently Asked Questions About Karaism ''. Jump up ^ `` What is the origin of Matrilineal Descent? ''. Shamash.org. 4 September 2003. Retrieved 9 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` What is the source of the law that a child is Jewish only if its mother is Jewish? ''. Torah.org. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2009. Jump up ^ Emma Klein ( 27 July 2016 ). Lost Jews : The Struggle for Identity Today. Springer. pp. 6 --. ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 24319 - 8. Jump up ^ Robin May Schott ( 25 October 2010 ). Birth, Death, and Femininity : Philosophies of Embodiment. Indiana University Press. pp. 67 --. ISBN 0 - 253 - 00482 - 9. Jump up ^ Dosick ( 2007 ), pp. 56 -- 57. Jump up ^ Robert Gordis. `` Torah MiSinai : Conservative Views ''. A Modern Approach to a Living Halachah. Masorti World. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007. The Torah is an emanation of God... This conception does not mean, for us, that the process of revelation consisted of dictation by God. Jump up ^ `` Conservative Judaism ''. Jewlicious. We therefore understand this term as a metaphor to mean that the Torah is divine and that it reflects God 's will. Jump up ^ Elazar, Daniel. `` Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed? ''. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 15 May 2018. Jump up ^ Jager, Elliot. `` Sephardi Judaism Straining to Stay Non-Denominational ''. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 15 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Tefillin '', `` The Book of Jewish Knowledge '', Nathan Ausubel, Crown Publishers, NY, 1964, p. 458 Jump up ^ `` Shabbat ''. Judaism 101. 12 April 2006. ^ Jump up to : `` Judaism 101 : Kashrut ''. Jewfaq.org. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ Chaya Shuchat. `` The Kosher Pig? ''. It is also the most quintessentially `` treif '' of animals, with its name being nearly synonymous with non-kosher... Although far from alone in the litany of non-kosher animals, the pig seems to stand in a class of its own. Jump up ^ `` Tamar Levy, St. Louis, MO -- Block Yeshiva High School, Grade 9 ''. OUkosher.org. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah, ( 87 : 3 ) Jump up ^ Elliot Dorff, `` '' On the Use of All Wines `` '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 December 2009. ( 2.19 MB ), YD 123 : 1.1985, pp. 11 -- 15. Jump up ^ `` Kashrut Facts ''. Religionfacts.com. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : Kashrut : Jewish Dietary Laws ''. Jewfaq.org. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ Vayyiqra ( Leviticus ) 11 Jump up ^ Rice, Yisrael ( 10 June 2007 ). `` Judaism and the Art of Eating ''. Chabad. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ Jewish life in WWII England : `` there was a... special dispensation... that allowed Jews serving in the armed services to eat `` non-kosher '' when no Jewish food was available ; that deviation from halacha was allowed ' in order to save a human life including your own. ' '' Jump up ^ Y. Lichtenshtein M.A. `` Weekly Pamphlet # 805 ''. Bar - Ilan University, Faculty of Jewish Studies, Rabbinical office... certain prohibitions become allowed without a doubt because of lifethreatening circumstances, like for example eating non-kosher food ^ Jump up to : Vayyiqra ( Leviticus ) 15. Jump up ^ Bamidbar ( Numbers ) 19. Jump up ^ Avi Kehat. `` Torah tidbits ''. Ou.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Judaism 101 : Kosher Sex ''. Jewfaq.org. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Karaites ''. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ Wasserfall, Rahel ( 1999 ). Women and water : menstruation in Jewish life and law. Brandeis University Press. ISBN 0 - 87451 - 960 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Wilhelm Bacher. `` Talmud ''. Jewish Encyclopedia. Jump up ^ Yehezkal Kauffman, The Religion of Israel Jump up ^ Robert Alter The Art of Biblical Poetry Jump up ^ E.A. Speiser Genesis ( The Anchor Bible ) Jump up ^ John Bright A History of Israel Jump up ^ Martin Noth The History of Israel Jump up ^ Ephraim Urbach The Sages Jump up ^ Shaye Cohen The beginnings of Jewishness Jump up ^ John Day Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan, page 68. Jump up ^ Sara E. Karesh ; Mitchell M. Hurvitz ( 2005 ). Encyclopedia of Judaism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 444 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6982 - 8. The Sadducees disappeared when the second Temple was destroyed in the year 70 C.E and Pharisaic Judaism became the preeminent Jewish sect. Jump up ^ Langmuir, Gavin ( 1993 ). History, religion, and antisemitism. University of California Press. ISBN 0 - 520 - 07728 - 8. Jump up ^ Cohen, Mark R. `` The Neo-Lachrymose Conception of Jewish - Arab History. '' Tikkun 6.3 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Amira K. Bennison and María Ángeles Gallego. `` Jewish Trading in Fes On The Eve of the Almohad Conquest. '' MEAH, sección Hebreo 56 ( 2007 ), 33 -- 51 Jump up ^ Stampfer, Shaul. How and Why Did Hasidism Spread?. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. pp. 205 -- 207. Jump up ^ Stampfer, Shaul. How and Why Did Hasidism Spread?. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. pp. 202 -- 204. Jump up ^ `` National Jewish Population Survey ( NJPS ) 2000 -- 01 ''. Jump up ^ Taylor, Humphrey ( 15 October 2003 ). `` While Most Americans Believe in God, Only 36 % Attend a Religious Service Once a Month or More Often '' ( PDF ). HarrisInteractive. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2010. Jump up ^ This is My Beloved, This is My Friend : A Rabbinic Letter on Intimate relations, p. 27, Elliot N. Dorff Jump up ^ R. Kendall Soulen, The God of Israel and Christian Theology, ( Minneapolis : Fortress, 1996 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2883 - 3 Jump up ^ Baskin, Judith R. ; Seeskin, Kenneth ( 12 July 2010 ). The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture. Cambridge University Press. p. 120. ISBN 9780521869607. Jump up ^ `` New Amsterdam 's Jewish Crusader ''. Jewish Virtual Library. Jump up ^ `` Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, 1st Baronet ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Jump up ^ Richard Harries. After the evil : Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust. Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 926313 - 4 Jump up ^ Hans Küng. On Being a Christian. Doubleday, Garden City, N.Y., 1976 ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 02712 - 0 Jump up ^ Lucy Dawidowicz The War Against the Jews, 1933 -- 1945. First published 1975 ; this Bantam edition 1986, p. 23. ISBN 0 - 553 - 34532 - X Jump up ^ Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 5 May 2009. The Origins of Christian Anti-Semitism : Interview with Pieter van der Horst Jump up ^ Gill, Anton ( 1994 ). An Honourable Defeat ; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler. Heinemann Mandarin. 1995 paperback ISBN 978 - 0 - 434 - 29276 - 9 ; p. 57 Jump up ^ Gottfried, Ted ( 2001 ). Heroes of the Holocaust. Twenty - First Century Books. pp. 24 -- 25. ISBN 9780761317173. Retrieved 14 January 2017. Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature. One of these was the Confessing Church, a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934, the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany. One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law `` which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent. '' Another was to help those `` who suffered through repressive laws, or violence. '' About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church. Much of their work has one unrecognized, but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife. Sheltered in sixty - six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church, they owe them their lives. German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry. More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster. He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time... Members of the Society of Friends -- German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries -- were particularly successful in rescuing Jews... Jehovah 's Witnesses, themselves targeted for concentration camps, also provided help to Jews. Jump up ^ Wigoder, Geoffrey ( 1988 ). Jewish - Christian Relations Since the Second World War. Manchester University Press. p. 87. ISBN 9780719026393. Retrieved 14 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` Vatican issues new document on Christian - Jewish dialogue ''. ^ Jump up to : Lewis ( 1984 ), pp. 10, 20 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1984 ), pp. 9, 27 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1999 ), p. 131 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1984 ), pp. 17, 18, 52, 94, 95 ; Stillman ( 1979 ), pp. 27, 77 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1984 ), p. 28 Jump up ^ `` Why Jews Fled the Arab Countries ''. Middle East Forum. Retrieved on 28 July 2013. Jump up ^ Shumsky, Dmitry. ( 12 September 2012 ) `` Recognize Jews as refugees from Arab countries ''. Haaretz. Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28. Jump up ^ Meir, Esther. ( 9 October 2012 ) `` The truth about the expulsion ''. ' Haaretz. Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28. Jump up ^ Bernard Lewis ( June 1998 ). `` Muslim Anti-Semitism ''. Middle East Quarterly. Jump up ^ Feher, Shoshanah. Passing over Easter : Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism, Rowman Altamira, 1998, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 8953 - 0, p. 140. `` This interest in developing a Jewish ethnic identity may not be surprising when we consider the 1960s, when Messianic Judaism arose. '' Jump up ^ Ariel, Yaakov ( 2006 ). `` Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism ''. In Gallagher, Eugene V. ; Ashcraft, W. Michael. Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. 2. Westport, Conn : Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 191. ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98714 - 5. LCCN 2006022954. OCLC 315689134. In the late 1960s and 1970s, both Jews and Christians in the United States were surprised to see the rise of a vigorous movement of Jewish Christians or Christian Jews. Jump up ^ Ariel, Yaakov ( 2006 ). `` Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism ''. In Gallagher, Eugene V. ; Ashcraft, W. Michael. Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. 2. Westport, Conn : Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 194. ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98714 - 5. LCCN 2006022954. OCLC 315689134. The Rise of Messianic Judaism. In the first phase of the movement, during the early and mid-1970s, Jewish converts to Christianity established several congregations at their own initiative. Unlike the previous communities of Jewish Christians, Messianic Jewish congregations were largely independent of control from missionary societies or Christian denominations, even though they still wanted the acceptance of the larger evangelical community. ^ Jump up to : Melton, J. Gordon. Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase Publishing, 2005, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5456 - 5, p. 373. `` Messianic Judaism is a Protestant movement that emerged in the last half of the 20th century among believers who were ethnically Jewish but had adopted an Evangelical Christian faith... By the 1960s, a new effort to create a culturally Jewish Protestant Christianity emerged among individuals who began to call themselves Messianic Jews. '' Jump up ^ Ariel, Yaakov ( 2006 ). `` Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism ''. In Gallagher, Eugene V. ; Ashcraft, W. Michael. Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. 2. Westport, Conn : Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 191. ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98714 - 5. LCCN 2006022954. OCLC 315689134. While Christianity started in the first century of the Common Era as a Jewish group, it quickly separated from Judaism and claimed to replace it ; ever since the relationship between the two traditions has often been strained. But in the twentieth century groups of young Jews claimed that they had overcome the historical differences between the two religions and amalgamated Jewish identity and customs with the Christian faith. Jump up ^ Ariel, Yaakov ( 2006 ). `` Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism ''. In Gallagher, Eugene V. ; Ashcraft, W. Michael. Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. 2. Westport, Conn : Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 194 -- 195. ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98714 - 5. LCCN 2006022954. OCLC 315689134. When the term resurfaced in Israel in the 1940s and 1950s, it designated all Jews who accepted Christianity in its Protestant evangelical form. Missionaries such as the Southern Baptist Robert Lindsey noted that for Israeli Jews, the term nozrim, `` Christians '' in Hebrew, meant, almost automatically, an alien, hostile religion. Because such a term made it nearly impossible to convince Jews that Christianity was their religion, missionaries sought a more neutral term, one that did not arouse negative feelings. They chose Meshichyim, Messianic, to overcome the suspicion and antagonism of the term nozrim. Meshichyim as a term also had the advantage of emphasizing messianism as a major component of the Christian evangelical belief that the missions and communities of Jewish converts to Christianity propagated. It conveyed the sense of a new, innovative religion rather that ( sic ) an old, unfavorable one. The term was used in reference to those Jews who accepted Jesus as their personal savior, and did not apply to Jews accepting Roman Catholicism who in Israel have called themselves Hebrew Christians. The term Messianic Judaism was adopted in the United States in the early 1970s by those converts to evangelical Christianity who advocated a more assertive attitude on the part of converts towards their Jewish roots and heritage. Jump up ^ Cohn - Sherbok, Dan ( 2000 ). `` Messianic Jewish mission ''. Messianic Judaism. London : Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 179. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 5458 - 4. OCLC 42719687. Retrieved 10 August 2010. Evangelism of the Jewish people is thus at the heart of the Messianic movement. Jump up ^ Ariel, Yaakov S. ( 2000 ). `` Chapter 20 : The Rise of Messianic Judaism ''. Evangelizing the chosen people : missions to the Jews in America, 1880 -- 2000. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. p. 223. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4880 - 7. OCLC 43708450. Retrieved 10 August 2010. Messianic Judaism, although it advocated the idea of an independent movement of Jewish converts, remained the offspring of the missionary movement, and the ties would never be broken. The rise of Messianic Judaism was, in many ways, a logical outcome of the ideology and rhetoric of the movement to evangelize the Jews as well as its early sponsorship of various forms of Hebrew Christian expressions. The missions have promoted the message that Jews who had embraced Christianity were not betraying their heritage or even their faith but were actually fulfilling their true Jewish selves by becoming Christians. The missions also promoted the dispensationalist idea that the Church equals the body of the true Christian believers and that Christians were defined by their acceptance of Jesus as their personal Savior and not by their affiliations with specific denominations and particular liturgies or modes of prayer. Missions had been using Jewish symbols in their buildings and literature and called their centers by Hebrew names such as Emanuel or Beth Sar Shalom. Similarly, the missions ' publications featured Jewish religious symbols and practices such as the lighting of a menorah. Although missionaries to the Jews were alarmed when they first confronted the more assertive and independent movement of Messianic Judaism, it was they who were responsible for its conception and indirectly for its birth. The ideology, rhetoric, and symbols they had promoted for generations provided the background for the rise of a new movement that missionaries at first rejected as going too far but later accepted and even embraced. Jump up ^ `` What are the Standards of the UMJC? ''. Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations. June 1998. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015. 1. We believe the Bible is the inspired, the only infallible, authoritative Word of G-d. 2. We believe that there is one G-d, eternally existent in three persons, Father, Son and Holy Spirit. 3. We believe in the deity of the L - RD Yeshua, the Messiah, in His virgin birth, in His sinless life, in His miracles, in His vicarious and atoning death through His shed blood, in His bodily resurrection, in His ascension to the right hand of the Father, and in His personal return in power and glory. Jump up ^ Israel b. Betzalel ( 2009 ). `` Trinitarianism ''. JerusalemCouncil.org. Retrieved 3 July 2009. This then is who Yeshua is : He is not just a man, and as a man, he is not from Adam, but from God. He is the Word of HaShem, the Memra, the Davar, the Righteous One, he did n't become righteous, he is righteous. He is called God 's Son, he is the agent of HaShem called HaShem, and he is `` HaShem '' who we interact with and not die. Jump up ^ `` Do I need to be Circumcised? ''. JerusalemCouncil.org. 10 February 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2010. To convert to the Jewish sect of HaDerech, accepting Yeshua as your King is the first act after one 's heart turns toward HaShem and His Torah -- as one can not obey a commandment of God if they first do not love God, and we love God by following his Messiah. Without first accepting Yeshua as the King and thus obeying Him, then getting circumcised for the purpose of Jewish conversion only gains you access to the Jewish community. It means nothing when it comes to inheriting a place in the World to Come... Getting circumcised apart from desiring to be obedient to HaShem, and apart from accepting Yeshua as your King, is nothing but a surgical procedure, or worse, could lead to you believe that Jewish identity grants you a portion in the World to Come -- at which point, what good is Messiah Yeshua, the Word of HaShem to you? He would have died for nothing!... As a convert from the nations, part of your obligation in keeping the Covenant, if you are a male, is to get circumcised in fulfillment of the commandment regarding circumcision. Circumcision is not an absolute requirement of being a Covenant member ( that is, being made righteous before HaShem, and thus obtaining eternal life ), but it is a requirement of obedience to God 's commandments, because circumcision is commanded for those who are of the seed of Abraham, whether born into the family, adopted, or converted... If after reading all of this you understand what circumcision is, and that is an act of obedience, rather than an act of gaining favor before HaShem for the purpose of receiving eternal life, then if you are male believer in Yeshua the Messiah for the redemption from death, the consequence of your sin of rebellion against Him, then pursue circumcision, and thus conversion into Judaism, as an act of obedience to the Messiah. Jump up ^ * `` Jewish Conversion -- Giyur ''. JerusalemCouncil.org. JerusalemCouncil.org. 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009. We recognize the desire of people from the nations to convert to Judaism, through HaDerech ( The Way ) ( Messianic Judaism ), a sect of Judaism. Jump up ^ Orthodox Simmons, Shraga. `` Why Jews Do n't Believe in Jesus ''. Aish HaTorah. Retrieved 28 July 2010. Jews do not accept Jesus as the messiah because : # Jesus did not fulfill the messianic prophecies. # Jesus did not embody the personal qualifications of the Messiah. # Biblical verses `` referring '' to Jesus are mistranslations. # Jewish belief is based on national revelation. Conservative Waxman, Jonathan ( 2006 ). `` Messianic Jews Are Not Jews ''. United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. Archived from the original on 28 June 2006. Retrieved 14 February 2007. Hebrew Christian, Jewish Christian, Jew for Jesus, Messianic Jew, Fulfilled Jew. The name may have changed over the course of time, but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon : one who asserts that s / he is straddling the theological fence between Christianity and Judaism, but in truth is firmly on the Christian side... we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well - known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community. Reform `` Missionary Impossible ''. Hebrew Union College. 9 August 1999. Archived from the original on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 14 February 2007. Missionary Impossible, an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers, educators, and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to `` Jews - for - Jesus, '' `` Messianic Jews, '' and other Christian proselytizers, has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion 's Cincinnati School. The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries. Reconstructionist / Renewal `` FAQ 's About Jewish Renewal ''. Aleph.org. 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2007. What is ALEPH 's position on so called messianic Judaism? ALEPH has a policy of respect for other spiritual traditions, but objects to deceptive practices and will not collaborate with denominations which actively target Jews for recruitment. Our position on so - called `` Messianic Judaism '' is that it is Christianity and its proponents would be more honest to call it that. Bibliography Marc Lee Raphael, Judaism in America ( Columbia University Press, 2003 ) Avery - Peck, Alan, and Neusner, Jacob ( eds. ), The Blackwell reader in Judaism ( Blackwell, 2001 ) Cohn - Sherbok, Dan, Judaism : history, belief, and practice ( Routledge, 2003 ) Avery - Peck, Alan, and Neusner, Jacob ( eds. ), The Blackwell Companion to Judaism ( Blackwell, 2003 ) Boyarin, Daniel ( 1994 ). A Radical Jew : Paul and the Politics of Identity. Berkeley : University of California Press. Max Weber, Ancient Judaism, Free Press, 1967, ISBN 0 - 02 - 934130 - 2. Wayne Dosick, Living Judaism : The Complete Guide to Jewish Belief, Tradition and Practice. Neil Gillman, Conservative Judaism : The New Century, Behrman House. Jeffrey S. Gurock, American Jewish Orthodoxy in Historical Perspective. 1996, Ktav. Julius Guttmann, trans. by David Silverman, Philosophies of Judaism. JPS. 1964 Barry W. Holtz, ed., Back to the Sources : Reading the Classic Jewish Texts. Summit Books. Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews. HarperCollins, 1988 Jack Wertheime, A People Divided : Judaism in Contemporary America, Brandeis University Press, 1997. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Keter Publishing, CD - ROM edition, 1997 Egon Mayer, Barry Kosmin and Ariela Keysar, `` The American Jewish Identity Survey '', a subset of The American Religious Identity Survey, City University of New York Graduate Center. An article on this survey is printed in The New York Jewish Week, 2 November 2001. Lewis, Bernard ( 1984 ). The Jews of Islam. Princeton : Princeton University Press. ISBN 0 - 691 - 00807 - 8. Lewis, Bernard ( 1999 ). Semites and Anti-Semites : An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0 - 393 - 31839 - 7. Stillman, Norman ( 1979 ). The Jews of Arab Lands : A History and Source Book. Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0198 - 0. Day, John. Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. Chippenham : Sheffield Academic Press, 2000. Dever, William G. Did God Have a Wife?. Grand Rapids : Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2005. Walsh, J.P.M. The Mighty from Their Thrones. Eugene : Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1987. Finkelstein, Israel ( 1996 ). `` Ethnicity and Origin of the Iron I Settlers in the Highlands of Canaan : Can the Real Israel Please Stand Up? '' The Biblical Archaeologist, 59 ( 4 ). Jews in Islamic countries : A. Khanbaghi. The Fire, the Star and the Cross : Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran ( IB Tauris, 2006 ). External links Find more aboutJudaismat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity General Judaism 101, an extensive FAQ written by a librarian. Judaism article from the 1901 -- 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Shamash 's Judaism resource page Orthodox / Haredi Orthodox Judaism -- The Orthodox Union Chabad - Lubavitch Rohr Jewish Learning Institute The Various Types of Orthodox Judaism Aish HaTorah Ohr Somayach Traditional / Conservadox Union for Traditional Judaism Conservative The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism Masorti ( Conservative ) Movement in Israel United Synagogue Youth Reform / Progressive The Union for Reform Judaism ( USA ) Reform Judaism ( UK ) Liberal Judaism ( UK ) World Union for Progressive Judaism ( Israel ) Reconstructionist Jewish Reconstructionist Federation Renewal ALEPH : Alliance for Jewish Renewal OHALAH Association of Rabbis for Jewish Renewal Humanistic Society for Humanistic Judaism Karaite World Movement for Karaite Judaism Jewish religious literature and texts Complete Tanakh ( in Hebrew, with vowels ). Parallel Hebrew - English Tanakh English Tanakh from the 1917 Jewish Publication Society version. The Judaica Press Complete Tanach with Rashi in English Torah.org. ( also known as Project Genesis ) Contains Torah commentaries and studies of Tanakh, along with Jewish ethics, philosophy, holidays and other classes. The complete formatted Talmud online. Audio files of lectures for each page from an Orthodox viewpoint are provided in French, English, Yiddish and Hebrew. Reload the page for an image of a page of the Talmud. See also Torah database for links to more Judaism e-texts. Wikimedia Torah study projects Wikisource has original text related to this article : Pentateuch Text study projects at Wikisource. In many instances, the Hebrew versions of these projects are more fully developed than the English. Mikraot Gedolot ( Rabbinic Bible ) in Hebrew ( sample ) and English ( sample ). Cantillation at the `` Vayavinu Bamikra '' Project in Hebrew ( lists nearly 200 recordings ) and English. Mishnah in Hebrew ( sample ) and English ( sample ). Shulchan Aruch in Hebrew and English ( Hebrew text with English translation ). Links to related articles Jews and Judaism Outline of Judaism Index of Jewish history - related articles History Timeline Israelites Origins of Judaism Ancient Israel and Judah Second Temple period Rabbinic Judaism Middle Ages Haskalah Zionism Population Assimilation Diaspora Ashkenazi Sephardi Mizrahi Languages Hebrew Judeo - Arabic Judaeo - Spanish Yiddish Lists of Jews Persecution Antisemitism Philosophy Beliefs Mitzvah Chosen people Conversion Eschatology Messiah Ethics God Halakha Kabbalah Land of Israel Who is a Jew? Schisms Religious movements Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Conservative Reform Karaite relations Secularism Literature Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Rabbinic Mishnah Talmud Midrash Kabbalah texts Zohar Shulchan Aruch Siddur Hebrew literature Culture Calendar Holidays Cuisine Kashrut Education Leadership Rabbi Marriage Music Names Politics Prayer Synagogue Hazzan Symbolism Studies Ashkenazi intelligence Genetics Jew ( word ) Jewish Virtual Library Relations with other Abrahamic religions Christianity Islam Category : Jews and Judaism Judaism portal Judaism -- Wikipedia book Religion Major religious groups and religious denominations Abrahamic Judaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Conservative Reform Karaite Samaritanism Haymanot Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic Christianity Catholic Church Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodoxy Assyrian Church Ancient Church Protestantism Waldensians Moravian Church Lutheranism Calvinism / Presbyterianism Anabaptism Anglicanism Methodism Baptists Quakerism Evangelicalism Restorationism Adventism Pentecostalism ( Charismatic ) Independent Catholicism Nontrinitarianism Unitarianism Swedenborgianism Mormonism Christadelphians Jehovah 's Witnesses Spiritual Esoteric Nondenominational Islam Sunni Hanafi Maliki Shafi'i Hanbali Salafism Wahhabism Ahl al - Hadith Shia Twelver Zaidiyyah Isma'ilism Alawis Sufism Khawarij Ibadi Alevism Ahmadi Mahdavia Quranism Non-denominational Others Bábism Azali Bahá'í Druze Ali - Illahism Yarsanism Mandaeism Rastafarianism Dharmic Hinduism Vaishnavism Srivaishnavism Krishnaism Ramaism Mahanubhava Varkari Shaivism Siddhantism Kaumaram Lingayatism Nath Shaktism Smartism Tantrism Bhakti Ayyavazhi Balinese Neohinduism Buddhism Theravada Mahayana Chan / Zen Amidism Nichiren Vajrayana Tibetan Neo-Buddhism Others Jainism Digambara Śvētāmbara Sikhism Kalash Iranian Zoroastrianism Yazidis Ossetian European Armenian Baltic Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism Italo - Roman Romanian Slavic Uralic Estonian Finnish Hungarian Mari Mordvin Sami Udmurt Siberian Turkic - Mongolic Tengrism Burkhanism Vattisen Yaly Tungusic Manchu Evenki Nivkh Chinese Confucianism Taoism Folk Taoism Yao Taoism Nuo Salvationist Yiguandao Luoism Tibetic Bon Burmese Benzhuism Bimoism Bathouism Bongthingism Donyi - Polo Kiratism Sanamahism Korean Sindoism Cheondoism Jeungsanism Japanese Shinto Tenrikyo Ryukyuan Austroasiatic Vietnamese Caodaism Đạo Mẫu Hoahaoism Sarnaism Austronesian Batak Parmalim Dayak Kaharingan Javanese Kejawèn Karo Pemena Malaysian Philippine Dayawism Tagalog Polynesian Hawaiian Sumbese Marapu Sundanese Wiwitan African Traditional Akan Akamba Baluba Bantu Berber Bushongo Dinka Efik Fon and Ewe Guanche Igbo Isoko Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti San Serer Tumbuka Waaq Yoruba Zulu Diasporic Candomblé Kumina Obeah Quimbanda Palo Santería Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Other groups Circassian Dravidian Hmongism Mo Satsana Phi Inuit Native American Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Aboriginal Australian Papuan Recent Agni Yoga Anthroposophy Discordianism Eckankar Falun Gong Fourth Way Goddess movement Japanese Jediism Modekngei Neopaganism Neoshamanism New Acropolis New Age New Thought Osho Raëlism Satanism Scientology Spiritism Subud Tensegrity Thelema Theosophy Transcendental Meditation UFO religion Unitarian Universalism White Brotherhood Wicca Historical religions Paleolithic Harappan Egyptian Atenism Mesopotamian Sumerian Semitic Canaanite Yahwism Arabian Somali Hurrian Urartu Etruscan Basque Georgian Vainakh Proto - Indo - European Proto - Indo - Iranian Vedic Mazdaism Hittite Armenian Albanian Thracian Greek Mysteries Orphism Gnosticism Hermeticism Greco - Buddhism Roman Imperial cult Mithraism Manichaeism Mazdakism Scythian Germanic Anglo - Saxon Continental Frankish Norse Celtic Baltic Slavic Finnish Hungarian Rapa Nui Ainu Inca Topics Aspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation Behaviour Beliefs Clergy Conversion Deities Entheogens Ethnic religion Denomination Faith Fire Folk religion God Meditation Monasticism monk nun Mysticism Mythology Nature Ordination Orthodoxy Orthopraxy Prayer Prophesy Religious experience Ritual liturgy sacrifice Spirituality Supernatural Symbols Truth Water Worship Theism Animism Deism Dualism Henotheism Monotheism Nontheism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Religious studies Anthropology Cognitive science Comparative Development Evolutionary origin Evolutionary psychology History Philosophy Neurotheology Psychology Sociology Theology Theories Women Religion and society Agriculture Business Clergy monasticism ordination Conversion evangelism missionary proselytism Education Fanaticism Freedom pluralism syncretism toleration universalism Fundamentalism Growth Happiness Homosexuality Minorities National church National religiosity levels Religiocentrism Political science Populations Schism Science State Theocracy Vegetarianism Video games Violence persecution terrorism war Wealth Secularism and irreligion Antireligion Deism Agnosticism Atheism Criticism LaVeyan Satanism Deconstruction Humanistic Judaism Irreligion by country Objectivism Secular humanism Secular theology Secularization Separation of church and state Unaffiliated Overviews and lists Index Outline Timeline Abrahamic prophets Deification Deities Founders Mass gatherings New religious movements Organizations Religions and spiritual traditions Scholars Portal BNE : XX4659796 BNF : cb133184292 ( data ) GND : 4114087 - 4 LCCN : sh85070835 LIR : 1117 NARA : 10639246 NDL : 00574409 NKC : ph114838 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judaism&oldid=856463208 '' Categories : Judaism Abrahamic religions Monotheistic religions Ethnic religion Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2018 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LIR identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лакку Лезги ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 ГӀалгӀай Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 175 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018, at 11 : 39 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Judaism", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Judaism&oldid=856463208" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "oral tradition, illustrating the assumption that the reader is already familiar with the details from other, i.e., oral, sources. Halakha, the rabbinic Jewish way of life, then, is based on a combined reading of the Torah, and the oral tradition -- the Mishnah, the halakhic Midrash, the Talmud and its commentaries. The Halakha has developed slowly, through a precedent - based system. The literature of questions to rabbis, and their considered answers, is referred to as responsa ( in Hebrew, Sheelot U-Teshuvot. ) Over time, as practices develop, codes of Jewish law are written that are based on the responsa ; the most important code, the Shulchan Aruch, largely determines Orthodox religious practice today. Jewish philosophy Main article : Jewish philosophy Jewish philosophy refers to the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology. Major Jewish philosophers include Solomon ibn Gabirol, Saadia Gaon, Judah Halevi, Maimonides, and Gersonides. Major changes occurred in response to the Enlightenment ( late 18th to early 19th century ) leading to the post-Enlightenment Jewish philosophers. Modern Jewish philosophy consists of both Orthodox and non-Orthodox oriented philosophy. Notable among Orthodox Jewish philosophers are Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler, Joseph B. Soloveitchik, and Yitzchok Hutner. Well - known non-Orthodox Jewish philosophers include Martin Buber, Franz Rosenzweig, Mordecai Kaplan, Abraham Joshua Heschel, Will Herberg" ], "id": [ "17072764687132696888" ], "short_answers": [ "the Shulchan Aruch" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Hanggang Makita Kang Muli - Wikipedia Hanggang Makita Kang Muli Jump to : navigation, search Hanggang Makita Kang Muli Title card Also known as Until We Meet Again Genre Drama Created by Wiro Michael Ladera Written by Christine Badillo - Novicio Rhoda Sulit - Marino Roan Sales Wiro Michael Ladera Directed by Laurice Guillen Creative director ( s ) Roy Iglesias Starring Bea Binene Opening theme `` Hanggang Makita Kang Muli '' by Aicelle Santos Country of origin Philippines Original language ( s ) Tagalog No. of episodes 93 Production Executive producer ( s ) Rebya V. Upalda Producer ( s ) Elvie J. Sicangco Location ( s ) Manila, Philippines Quezon City, Philippines Pangasinan, Philippines San Francisco, United States Cinematography Jay Abello Boy Arnaldo Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Running time 19 - 29 minutes Production company ( s ) GMA Entertainment TV Release Original network GMA Network Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release March 7 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) -- July 15, 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) External links Website Hanggang Makita Kang Muli ( International title : Until We Meet Again / lit. Until I See You Again ) is a 2016 Philippine television drama series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Laurice Guillen, it stars Bea Binene. It premiered on March 7, 2016 on the network 's Afternoon Prime line up replacing Buena Familia and worldwide on GMA Pinoy TV. The series concluded on July 15, 2016 with a total of 93 episodes. It was replaced by Sinungaling Mong Puso on its timeslot. The series is streaming online on YouTube. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 2.3 Extended cast 2.4 Guest cast 3 Ratings 4 International broadcast 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The story revolves around the life of Ana ( Bea Binene ), who was separated from her parents, Evelyn ( Angelika Dela Cruz ) and Larry ( Raymart Santiago ) because of Odessa ( Ina Feleo ). Odessa has kept Ana in a warehouse with a dog all her life, causing her to become feral. Suddenly a fire started which made Ana escape. Ana met Calvin ( Derrick Monasterio ), a camper who helped Ana to live. Calvin named her Angela since he does n't know her identity. Calvin brought Angela to Manila and there, Angela became aware of her surroundings. Calvin brought Angela to Dr. Evelyn and took care of her. Evelyn volunteered to be the doctor of Angela and in which she does n't know Angela 's identity. Angela will learn new things of being a human. Claire ( Kim Rodriguez ), the adoptive daughter of Evelyn, is jealous of Angela spite that the time of Evelyn goes to Angela instead of her. Claire also has a crush on Calvin making her more jealous of Angela because of their closeness. Soon, Claire will make a way to outcast Angela to their house. When Angela is lost, Dr. Francis ( Ramon Christopher ), a doctor who wants to hold the feral child case, will steal Angela from Evelyn which they refused at first but later will give up. Angela had therapy with Dr. Francis and learnt many things of being social to others. Later, Angela was healed and she was able to talk to others again. She met Calvin once again and became much closer. Angela worked at Larry 's farm with Calvin. She met her new, friend Patricia and her new enemy Myla ( Coleen Perez ). Calvin and Angela developed a relationship together but will later be broken because of Claire being pregnant and proves that Calvin is the father even though he was not. The baby dies later. Calvin broke up with Angela and causes her to become sad. Later, Angela got a new therapist in America named Dr. John which changed her life. 10 months later, Angela went back to the Philippines. She went back transformed and changed. Angela now is intelligent and acts like a human. Angela learnt to fight Claire and seeks revenge to anyone who hurt her before. She also stayed away from Calvin now because of what Calvin did. Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Bea Binene as Ana Isabelle Medrano / Angela -- Evelyn and Larry 's missing child. Because of having no background about care and affection, she grew up as a `` feral child ''. She acted like an animal because her only friend during that time was a dog. But when she met Calvin, does she feel the true love? Derrick Monasterio as Calvin Manahan -- The engineering student that came from luxurious family. He located Ana and he adopted and taught her as a human. He even has a girlfriend, he could not endear Ana. In the end, how can he fight the love he feels? Raymart Santiago as Larry Medrano -- Father of Ana and ex-husband of Evelyn. Larry is the one who lost Ana in the mall when he saw his ex-girlfriend, Odessa. Angelika dela Cruz as Evelyn Esguerra -- Larry 's lovable wife and Ana 's mother. Her world collapsed because of losing her child. Ina Feleo as Odessa Luna / Margaret Herrero - Medrano -- Larry 's ex-girlfriend, Evelyn 's ex-bestfriend, Lola Conching 's niece and Ana 's evil guardian. She eventually destroys the family of Larry and Evelyn. She kidnapped and tortured Ana to get revenge to Larry and Evelyn. But when she becomes Margaret, she wants to give a chance to Angela to make her life better and comfortable and she is lovable wife to Larry. Supporting cast ( edit ) Kim Rodriguez as Claire Sandoval - Esguerra -- Evelyn 's adopted child. She loves Calvin. She is filled with envy and anger. She will do everything to seize the love that Ana enjoyed. Rita Avila as Glenda Manahan -- Calvin 's overprotective mother and Evelyn 's best friend. For a while, she is kidnapped and badly tortured by Margaret and Calvin is worried about his mother. Many fishermen found her laying on the beach unconscious. They brought her to the hospital and Calvin did n't know what happened to her. At the same time, she woke up and tell Calvin and Francis who is the one who kidnapped her. Ramon Christopher Gutierrez as Dr. Francisco `` Francis '' Manahan -- The psychiatrist, Calvin 's father and Glenda 's abusive and innocent husband. He has an intense interest on Ana 's case as a `` feral child '' so that he placed Ana on the psych facility to learn. Luz Valdez as Conching Luna -- Odessa 's aunt that tried to stop her on that evil plan. She knows Odessa 's past, that 's why her niece is crazy and evil - looking. Marco Alcaraz as Dominic Reyes -- Larry 's best friend that he wants to help to raise Larry 's family. Jak Roberto as Elmo Manahan - Villamor -- Calvin 's close friend with his secret look to Claire. Shyr Valdez as Helen Esguerra - Borja -- The older sister is the cornerstore and adviser to Evelyn. She hates Claire when it comes to Angela. Extended cast ( edit ) Frank Magalona as Bernard Vivas Elle Ramirez as Charmaine `` Charm '' Alvarez Coleen Perez as Myla Allan Paule as Lando Sandoval Dexter Doria as Manang Yolanda Kevin Sagra as Jomar Avery Paraiso as Marlon Santos Kyle Vergara as Louie del Castillo Shermaine Santiago as Jelly Guest cast ( edit ) Ar Angel Aviles as young Odessa Jayzelle Suan as young Ana Lawrence Marasigan as young Calvin Thom Brickman as Dr. John Ratings ( edit ) According to AGB Nielsen Philippines ' Mega Manila household television ratings, the pilot episode of Hanggang Makita Kang Muli earned a 13.8 % rating. While the final episode scored an 18.9 % rating. International broadcast ( edit ) Country Network Title Date Ref. Ecuador Oromar Televisión Cautiva October 3, 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.gmaworldwide.tv/programs/1/series/1/contemporary-drama/1/show/389/until-we-meet-again/2016 Jump up ^ Caligan, Michelle ( January 17, 2016 ). `` ' Hanggang Makita Kang Muli ', pagbibidahan ni Bea ''. Retrieved January 27, 2016. Jump up ^ Rodriguez, Bea ( February 23, 2016 ). `` ' Bea Binene para daw nagwo - workout habang nagte - taping para sa Hanggang Makita Kang Muli ''. Retrieved February 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Ruiz, Marah ( February 16, 2016 ). `` ' Bea Binene, gaganap bilang taong asal - hayop sa Hanggang Makita Kang Muli ''. Retrieved February 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Hanggang Makita Kang Muli ( Full Episodes ) - YouTube ''. Retrieved February 16, 2018. Jump up ^ Ching, Mark Angelo ( April 13, 2016 ). `` AGB Mega Manila Ratings ( March 1 - 10, 2016 ) : Wowowin outperforms Game ng Bayan ''. Retrieved January 24, 2018. Jump up ^ Ching, Mark Angelo ( January 1, 2017 ). `` AGB : 10 Top - rating Pilot and Finale Daytime episodes in 2016 ''. Retrieved January 24, 2018. Jump up ^ http://oromartv.com/cautiva/ External links ( edit ) Official website Hanggang Makita Kang Muli on IMDb GMA Network drama series 1980s debuts Anna Liza Yagit 1990s debuts Anna Karenina Click Del Tierro Di Ba 't Ikaw Ganyan Kita Kamahal Growing Up Halik Sa Apoy Ikaw Na Sana Kadenang Kristal Kirara, Ano Ang Kulay ng Pag - ibig? Liwanag Ng Hatinggabi Mia Gracia Pintados Rio Del Mar T.G.I.S. Valiente Villa Quintana 2000s debuts Adik Sa'Yo Agawin Mo Man Ang Lahat Agos Ako si Kim Samsoon All About Eve All My Life Ang Babaeng Hinugot sa Aking Tadyang Ang Iibigin Ay Ikaw Ang Iibigin Ay Ikaw Pa Rin Asian Treasures Atlantika Babangon Ako 't Dudurugin Kita Bakekang Biglang Sibol, Bayang Impasibol Captain Barbell Codename : Asero Dangal Dapat Ka Bang Mahalin? Darna ( 2005 ) Darna ( 2009 ) Duyan Dyesebel Encantadia Encantadia : Pag - ibig Hanggang Wakas E.S.P. Etheria Fantastic Man Fantastikids Forever in My Heart Full House Gaano Kadalas ang Minsan? Gagambino Ganti Habang Kapiling Ka Hanggang Kailan Hawak Ko Ang Langit Hongkong Flight 143 I Luv NY Ikaw Lang Ang Mamahalin Ikaw sa Puso Ko Ikaw Sana Impostora Joaquin Bordado Joyride Kahit Kailan Kamandag Kaputol ng Isang Awit Kaya Kong Abutin Ang Langit Kung Aagawin Mo Ang Lahat Sa Akin Kung Mahawi Man Ang Ulap Kung Mawawala Ka La Vendetta LaLola Leya, Ang Pinakamagandang Babae Sa Ilalim Ng Lupa Linlang Luna Mystika Lupin Magdusa Ka Maging Akin Ka Lamang Majika Makita Ka Lang Muli MariMar Marinara Mga Mata ni Anghelita Mukha Mulawin Muli Munting Anghel My Only Love Narito Ang Puso Ko Ngayon at Kailanman Paano Ba Ang Mangarap? Pasan Ko Ang Daigdig Pati Ba Pintig ng Puso Pinakamamahal Princess Charming Rosalinda Saan Darating Ang Umaga? Saang Sulok ng Langit Sana Ay Ikaw Na Nga Sana Ngayong Pasko Sinasamba Kita Stairway to Heaven Sugo Super Twins Tasya Fantasya Te Amo, Maging Sino Ka Man Tinig Tinik Sa Dibdib Totoy Bato Twin Hearts Umulan Man o Umaraw Una Kang Naging Akin Walang Hanggan Zaido : Pulis Pangkalawakan Zorro 2010s debuts Adarna Akin Pa Rin ang Bukas Alakdana Alice Bungisngis and her Wonder Walis Alyas Robin Hood Amaya Ang Dalawang Mrs. Real Ang Forever Ko'y Ikaw Ang Lihim ni Annasandra Anna Karenina Aso ni San Roque Bantatay Basahang Ginto Beautiful Strangers Beauty Queen Because of You Binoy Henyo Biritera Blusang Itim The Borrowed Wife Broken Vow Buena Familia Bukod Kang Pinagpala Calle Siete Mars Ravelo 's Captain Barbell Carmela : Ang Pinakamagandang Babae sa Mundong Ibabaw Cielo de Angelina Coffee Prince Contessa The Cure D ' Originals Dading Dangwa Daldalita Destined to be Yours Destiny Rose Diva Dormitoryo Dwarfina Encantadia Endless Love Extraordinary Love Faithfully First Time Forever Futbolilits G.R.I.N.D. Get Ready It 's a New Day Genesis The Good Daughter Grazilda Gumapang Ka Sa Lusak Hahamakin ang Lahat The Half Sisters Hanggang Makita Kang Muli Haplos Healing Hearts Hindi Ka Na Mag - iisa Hindi Ko Kayang Iwan Ka Hiram na Alaala Hiram na Puso Home Sweet Home I Heart Davao I Heart You, Pare! Iglot Ika - 6 na Utos Ikaw Lang ang Mamahalin Ilumina Ilustrado Impostora Ina, Kasusuklaman Ba Kita? Inday Will Always Love You Indio Innamorata InstaDad Jillian : Namamasko Po Juan Happy Love Story Kahit Nasaan Ka Man Kailan Ba Tama ang Mali? Kakambal ni Eliana Kambal, Karibal Kambal Sirena Karibal Ko ang Aking Ina Kasalanan Bang Ibigin Ka? Katipunan Kokak Koreana Kung Aagawin Mo Ang Langit Langit sa Piling Mo The Last Prince Legacy Legally Blind Let the Love Begin Little Nanay Little Star Love & Lies Luna Blanca Machete Magdalena Maghihintay Pa Rin Magic Palayok Magkaibang Mundo Magkano Ba ang Pag - ibig? Makapiling Kang Muli MariMar Meant to Be Mga Basang Sisiw The Millionaire 's Wife Mistaken Identity More Than Words Mulawin vs. Ravena Mundo Mo'y Akin Munting Heredera My Beloved My BFF My Daddy Dearest My Destiny My Faithful Husband My Guitar Princess My Husband 's Lover My Korean Jagiya My Love from the Star My Lover, My Wife My Mother 's Secret Naku, Boss Ko! Niño Nita Negrita Oh, My Mama! Once Again Once Upon a Kiss The One That Got Away One True Love Pahiram ng Isang Ina Pahiram ng Sandali Panday Kids Paraiso Ko'y Ikaw Pari ' Koy Paroa : Ang Kuwento ni Mariposa Pilyang Kerubin Pinulot Ka Lang sa Lupa Poor Señorita Princess in the Palace Prinsesa ng Buhay Ko Pyra : Babaeng Apoy Reel Love Presents Tween Hearts Rhodora X The Rich Man 's Daughter Sa Piling ni Nanay Sa Puso ni Dok Sana Ay Ikaw Na Nga Second Chances Sherlock Jr. Sinner or Saint Sinungaling Mong Puso Sirkus Sisid Someone to Watch Over Me The Stepdaughters Strawberry Lane Super Ma'am Teen Gen Temptation of Wife That 's My Amboy Time of My Life Together Forever Trops Trudis Liit Unforgettable Villa Quintana Wish I May With a Smile Yagit Yesterday 's Bride Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanggang_Makita_Kang_Muli&oldid=832512069 '' Categories : GMA Network drama series Philippine television series Philippine drama television series Philippine telenovelas 2010s Philippine television series 2016 Philippine television series debuts 2016 Philippine television series endings Fantaserye and telefantasya Television shows set in San Francisco Television shows set in the Philippines Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018, at 13 : 16. About Wikipedia", "title": "Hanggang Makita Kang Muli", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Hanggang_Makita_Kang_Muli&oldid=832512069" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "8882372654595768334" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Football in Spain - wikipedia Football in Spain Football in Spain Santiago Bernabeu, Real Madrid 's Stadium. Country Spain Governing body RFEF National team Spain First played 1920 Registered players 942,674 Clubs 20,588 National competitions FIFA World Cup Confederations Cup European Championship Club competitions List ( show ) League : Primera División Segunda División Segunda División B Tercera División Divisiones Regionales Cups : Copa del Rey Copa Federación Supercopa de España International competitions FIFA Club World Cup Champions League Europa League Super Cup Association football is the most popular sport in Spain, followed by basketball and bullfighting. Football is a widespread passion among the people of Spain. Football is the sport with the most registered players ( a total of 942,674 of which 898,551 are men and 44,123 women ), and most registered clubs ( a total of 20,588 ) among all Spanish sport federations according to data issued by the sports administration of Spain 's government in 2016. In a survey of sports habits of the Spanish population made in 2010, football was the second most popular recreational sport practised by the population ( 17.9 % ). A total of 75.9 % of people said they had ever bought tickets to attend a football match. In addition, a total of 67.3 % of the people said that they saw all, almost all, many, or some of the football matches broadcast on television. In another survey made in 2014, the practice of football decreased to 14 % of the population, being overtaken by other sports, such as running, cycling and swimming for recreation. However, in this survey football was still the sport that interests the majority of Spain 's people ( 48 % ). A total of 67 % of the population said they were fans or had sympathy for a particular club. In addition, 74.9 % said they watched, whenever possible, the matches broadcast on television regarding their favorite teams ; and 42.4 % had, flags, badges or objects of their favorite teams. Data of this survey confirmed the widespread impression that most of Spain 's people are supporters of Real Madrid ( 37.9 % ) or FC Barcelona ( 25.4 % ), and the other teams have fewer supporters nationwide, as Atlético de Madrid ( 16.1 % ), Valencia CF ( 3.5 % ), Athletic Bilbao ( 3.3. ) or Sevilla FC ( 3.2 % ). A relationship between football, politics, identity and attitudes towards regionalism in Spain has also been reported. The Royal Spanish Football Federation ( Spanish : Real Federación Española de Fútbol ) is the national governing body, and it organises two Cup competitions ( the Copa del Rey, and the Supercopa de España ), and the Spain national football team. The Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) ( English : Professional Football League ), integrated by a total of 42 football clubs, forms part of the Royal Spanish Football Federation ( RFEF ) but has autonomy in its organisation and functioning. It is responsible for the organisation of state football leagues, in coordination with RFEF. The Spanish national football team have won the FIFA World Cup once, and has also been successful in the UEFA European Championship and the Olympic tournament. The biggest success achieved by the Spain national football team was the historic treble winning three tournaments in a row : UEFA European Championship in 2008, FIFA World Cup in 2010, and UEFA European Championship in 2012. The men 's national teams of Spain, in all categories, have won a total of 26 titles in FIFA, UEFA, and Olympic tournaments. The First Division of the Liga de Fútbol Profesional, commonly known in the English - speaking world as La Liga, is one of the strongest football leagues in both Europe and the world. At club level, the Spanish football clubs have won a total of 66 international tournaments. They are the most successful in different current European competitions, such as UEFA Champions League, UEFA Super Cup ( shared ), and UEFA Europa League ; and they also were the most successful in the extinct Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. The characteristic football style of play developed by FC Barcelona, and later by the Spanish national football team is Tiki - taka. This football style is characterised by possessing the ball for large portions of the game, moving the ball quickly from one player to the next, with short and quick passes, keeping the ball away from your opponent, and then to deliver that killer pass to score goal. Professional football in Spain is a sociocultural event that make a significant contribution to the Spanish economy in terms of both demand and supply. In economic terms, during 2013 professional football generated more than € 7.6 billion including direct, indirect and induced effects, representing 0.75 % of Spanish GPD. Moreover, as a result of financial crisis in the last years, many Spanish football clubs in the top two divisions have been facing serious economic troubles due to pay the bank debts. In addition, the European Union authorities have warned to Spanish authorities in order to halt public funding of debt - ridden clubs. Spain national futsal team is one of the strongest teams in the world, being six times champion in the UEFA Futsal Championship, and two times champion in the FIFA Futsal World Championship. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Spanish national football team ( La Roja ) 3 Football club competitions 4 League ( La Liga ) 5 King 's Cup ( Copa del Rey ) 6 Spanish Supercup ( Supercopa de España ) 7 Spanish clubs in international competitions 8 Women 's football 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Modern football was introduced to Spain in the late 19th century by a combination of mostly British immigrant workers, visiting sailors and Spanish students coming from Britain. The oldest football clubs in Spain are Recreativo de Huelva and Sevilla FC. Although Gimnàstic de Tarragona was formed in 1886, the club did not form an actual football team until 1914. The first official football game played in Spain took place in Seville on 8 March 1890 at the Tablada Hippodrome. Sevilla FC played against Recreativo de Huelva. With the exception of two Spanish players on the Huelva team and another two players on the Seville team, all the players on both sides were British. Sevilla FC won 2 -- 0. In the Basque Country during the early 1890s, British shipyard workers and miners formed the Bilbao Football Club and Basque students returning from Britain founded the Athletic Club in 1898. This early British influence was reflected in the use of English names such as Recreation Club, Athletic Club and Football Club. In Catalonia, which had the most developed industry in Spain, there was an important British colony. The first games played by Britishmen and Catalan people who had studied in the United Kingdom were documented in 1882 in Barcelona. However, the first official and registered football club was Palamós FC ( Costa Brava, North of Catalonia ) in 1898. The Swiss Hans Gamper founded FC Barcelona on 29 November 1899. Other clubs were founded in 1900, such as Sant Andreu, Hispania FC and the Sociedad Española de Football ( one year later the founders changed the name to Real Club Deportivo Español ). The Catalan Football Federation ( Catalan : Federació Catalana de Futbol ), responsible for administering football in Catalonia, was the first football association founded in Spain. It was formed on 11 November 1900 as the Football Association of Catalonia ( Catalan : Football Associació de Catalunya ). The Catalan Football Federation organised the Catalan football championship ( Catalan : Campionat de Catalunya ) that was the first football competition in Spain. In Madrid, the first games were promoted by Institución Libre de Enseñanza ( ILE ) ( English : Free Educational Institution ), an educational and cultural centre. The first club of Madrid was Football Club Sky, founded in 1897, but the club separated into two new clubs in 1890. Then, several clubs also emerged in Madrid, most notably Madrid Football Club, founded in 1902 by Catalan brothers Juan and Carlos Padrós. The Copa del Rey ( English : King 's Cup ) competition was founded in 1903, one year after a previous football tournament named Coronation Cup. It was Spain 's football national Championship from 1903 until the establishment of the League Championship in 1928. The Spanish Federation of Football Clubs was formed in 1909, but there were discrepancies between the member clubs years later, and some of the clubs formed other association called Royal Spanish Union of Clubs of Football. Finally, the two associations reached an agreement and the Royal Spanish Football Federation was founded in 1913, which allowed the Spanish football to enter in FIFA. In these years, Athletic was the most dominant club in the country, and the first idols in Spain began to appear, like Pichichi and Paulino Alcántara. The Spain national team was created in 1920 on the occasion of the dispute of the Olympic Games in Antwerp. The importance of the success of the Spain national team in the Olympic games, which won the silver medal, was huge in the development of football as mass social event in Spain. The interest on football grew, more people attended to the stadiums, more informations about football appeared in the newspapers, and football was used as element of national prestige and political propaganda. After the Olympic triumph, football was more popular among Spanish fans, the attendances to the stadiums increased, and the pressure of professionalism grew. Spanish football turned professional in 1925. An agreement between several clubs was made on 23 November 1928 which officially established Spain 's national football division, and the birth of the Spanish League. The first league championship began in 1929. The Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) brought disruption to the national competitions. Although the Spanish League was suspended, the Catalan and Valencian clubs continued contesting in the Mediterranean League in early 1937. Barcelona later toured Mexico and the United States, raising support for the Spanish Republic. The Spanish League and the Cup were restored in the 1939 -- 40 season after Civil War had ended. Francisco Franco 's regime, a fascist political system, began to use football as a propaganda tool for the new regime. In 1941, as part of his policy of eradicating regional identities, the Franco 's regime banned the use of non-Castilian names. As a result, many clubs that had chosen English prefixes previously, such as Athletic or Football club, had to amend their initial names, for other Castilian ( as Atlético, or Club de Fútbol ). The Catalan Championship was banned and the Catalan shield taken from FC Barcelona 's badge. Spanish football began to rebuild slowly after the War, but Spain 's isolated international position meant they did not properly re-enter International football until 1950. Later, Franco 's regime was able to use the football, based on the European triumphs of Real Madrid in the 1950s for political purposes. In this manner, Real Madrid was used as a Spanish brand of success to promote Spain 's image abroad, as well as the pride of being Spanish in the country itself. Spain was selected as host of the 1982 FIFA World Cup. Until the 1984 -- 85 season, the Royal Spanish Football Federation ( RFEF ) was responsible for organizing the league tournament. Since then, the competition was organized by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) ( English : Professional Football League ), an independent body which was formed at the initiative of the clubs themselves after disagreements with the RFEF regarding the management professionalization and economic division of the League benefits. Since the entry into force of Spanish Law 10 / 1990, almost all of the clubs competing professionally in Spain are actually companies under the legal status of sports companies, whose ownership is in the hands of its shareholders. Only three professional clubs ( Athletic Club, Barcelona and Real Madrid ) kept its original structure, such as sports clubs directly controlled by their members. After the appearance of private television in Spain, football clubs hugely increased its income thanks to the lucrative contracts to broadcast matches on television. This allowed them to hire many of the best players in the world, but most of the clubs also increased vastly their spending. In the last years La Liga is living in a big financial turmoil. Although the two big powerful clubs, Real Madrid and Barcelona, are at the top in Forbes ' football rich list, the rest of Spanish clubs are weighed down by a colossal debt around € 4.1 billion. For this reason, most of the clubs had to cut their budgets drastically. Spanish national football team ( La Roja ) ( edit ) Main article : Spain national football team Main article : List of Spain international footballers Within Spain, regional teams, most notably the football team of Catalonia, the football team of Basque Country, and even the football team of Galicia, began to compete against each other from 1915 onwards. Despite not being officially recognised by FIFA, these regional teams still occasionally play friendly games with some national team players playing for both teams. Some autonomous governments and social sectors in the historical communities ( especially in Catalonia and Basque Country ) prefer to call their regional teams as national team, while claiming to participate in international tournaments. The Spain national team, commonly referred to as La selección ( English : The selection ) or La Roja ( English : The Red one ), made their international debut at the 1920 Olympic Games in Belgium and came away with the silver medal. Since then the Spanish national team has participated in a total of fourteen out twenty FIFA World Cup and nine out fourteen UEFA European Championship. Historically, the Spanish national team did not achieve important results, in terms of trophies or develop an attractive playing style. Surprisingly, this fact contrasted with the huge success obtained by the main Spanish football clubs at the European level. Nevertheless, the triumphs of Spanish national team in 2008 and 2012 European Championship, and in 2010 FIFA World Cup, with an attractive playing style, marked a point of inflection that divided the history of Spanish national football team in two parts. The Spanish national football team has been the winner of FIFA Team of Year in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, as well as the winner of Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year in 2011. The Spanish national football team have won four trophies in FIFA and UEFA tournaments : one FIFA World Cup in 2010, and three UEFA European Championship in 1964, 2008 and 2012. In addition, it was runner - up in the UEFA European Championship in 1984 and in the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2013. The Spain national under - 23 team won the gold medal in 1992 Olympic tournament and the silver medal in 2000. The Spain national football team won the gold medal at the Mediterranean Games in 2005 and 2007, the silver medal in 1955, and the bronze medal in 1963 and 1967. In addition, the honours list includes numerous titles at junior level teams : UEFA European Under - 21 Championship in 1986, 1998, 2011, and 2013. FIFA U-20 World Cup in 1999. UEFA European Under - 19 Championship ( formerly Under - 18 ) in 1995, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2011 2012 and 2015. UEFA European Under - 17 Championship ( formerly Under - 16 ) in 1986, 1988, 1991, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2007 and 2008. 1999 Meridian Cup. Spain have won the Maurice Burlaz Trophy, the prize awarded to the national association that has achieved the best results in UEFA 's men 's youth competitions ( UEFA European Under - 19 Championship and UEFA European Under - 17 championship ) over the previous two seasons, in 1994, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, and 2011. A short list of some of the top Spanish football players ( grouped by playing positions and era ) which have ever played for the Spanish national team include : Goalkeepers : Ricardo Zamora ( 1920s / 1930s ), Antoni Ramallets ( 1940s / 1960s ), José Ángel Iribar ( 1960s / 1980s ), Luis Arconada ( 1970s / 1980s ), Andoni Zubizarreta ( 1970s / 1990s ), Iker Casillas ( 1990s / 2010s ), Víctor Valdés ( 2000s / 2010s ), David de Gea ( 2010s ) Defenders : Jacinto Quincoces ( 1920s / 1930s ), Joan Segarra ( 1950s / 1960s ), Jesús Garay ( 1950s / 1960s ), José Santamaría ( 1950s / 1960s ), Feliciano Rivilla ( 1960s ), José Antonio Camacho ( 1970s / 1980s ), Antonio Maceda ( 1980s ), Rafael Gordillo ( 1970s / 1990s ), Miguel Ángel Nadal ( 1990s / 2000s ), Fernando Hierro ( 1980s / 2000s ), Abelardo Fernández ( 1990s / 2000s ), Carles Puyol ( 1990s / 2010s ), Sergio Ramos ( 2000s / 2010s ), Gerard Piqué ( 2000s / 2010s ), Jordi Alba ( 2010s ) Midfielders : Josep Samitier ( 1920s / 1930s ), Martín Marculeta ( 1920s / 1930s ), Leonardo Cilaurren ( 1920s / 1930s ), José Luis Panizo ( 1940s / 1950s ), Antonio Puchades ( 1940s / 1950s ), Alfredo Di Stéfano ( 1950s / 1960s ), Luis del Sol ( 1960s / 1970s ), Luis Suárez ( 1960s / 1970s ), Luis Aragonés ( 1960s / 1970s ), Jesús María Pereda ( 1960s ), Pirri ( 1960s / 1970s ), Jesús María Zamora ( 1970s / 1980s ), Míchel ( 1980s / 1990s ), José Luis Pérez Caminero ( 1990s ), Luis Enrique ( 1990s / 2000s ), Pep Guardiola ( 1990s / 2000s ), Julen Guerrero ( 1990s ), Gaizka Mendieta ( 1990s / 2000s ), Xavi ( 1990s / 2010s ), Xabi Alonso ( 2000s / 2010s ), Andrés Iniesta ( 2000s / 2010s ), Santi Cazorla ( 2000s / 2010s ), David Silva ( 2000s / 2010s ), Cesc Fàbregas ( 2000s / 2010s ), Juan Mata ( 2000s / 2010s ), Sergio Busquets ( 2000s / 2010s ) Forwards : Pichichi ( 1910s / 20s ), Paulino Alcántara ( 1910s / 1920s ), Luis Regueiro ( 1920s / 1930s ), Isidro Lángara ( 1930s ), César ( 1940s / 1950s ), Telmo Zarra ( 1940s / 1950s ), Agustín Gaínza ( 1940s / 1950s ), Estanislau Basora ( 1940s / 1950s ), László Kubala ( 1950s / 1960s ), Ferenc Puskás ( 1960s ), Francisco Gento ( 1950s / 1960s ), Amancio Amaro ( 1960s / 1970s ), Santillana ( 1970s / 1980s ), Juanito ( 1970s / 1980s, Quini ( 1970s / 1980s ), Roberto López Ufarte ( 1970s / 1980s ), Emilio Butragueño ( 1980s / 1990s ), Julio Salinas ( 1980s / 1990s ), Raúl ( 1990s / 2000s ), Fernando Morientes ( 1990s / 2000s ), David Villa ( 2000s / 2010s ), Fernando Torres ( 2000s / 2010s ) Football Club competitions ( edit ) Main article : List of football clubs in Spain Main article : Football records in Spain Currently, the three most important competitions between clubs in Spain are La Liga ( English : League ), the Copa del Rey ( English : King 's Cup ) and the Supercopa de España ( English : Spanish Supercup ). Other extinct competitions were the League Cup, the Eva Duarte Cup and the President 's Cup of the Spanish Football Federation. Up to a total of fifteen clubs have been winners of some of the official competitions in Spain at the highest level, and FC Barcelona is the most awarded club with seventy - two national titles, The Spanish football league system consists of several leagues bound together hierarchically by promotion and relegation. In addition, Spanish Royal Federation Cup is a football competition for teams from the Segunda División B, the Tercera División and sometimes from the Preferente Regional who have failed to qualify or have been eliminated in the first round of the Copa del Rey. League ( La Liga ) ( edit ) Main article : La Liga Main article : List of Spanish football champions Main article : Football records in Spain In April 1927, Álvaro Trejo, a director at Arenas Club de Getxo, first proposed the idea of a national league in Spain. After much debate about the size of the league and who would take part, the RFEF eventually agreed on the ten teams who would form the first Primera División in 1928. FC Barcelona, Real Madrid, Athletic Bilbao, Real Sociedad, Arenas Club de Getxo and Real Unión were all selected as previous winners of the Copa del Rey. Athletic Madrid, RCD Español and CE Europa qualified as Copa del Rey runners - up and Racing de Santander qualified through a knock - out competition against Sevilla FC. Barcelona was the first winner of the competition. Only three of the founding clubs, Real Madrid, Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao, have never been relegated from the Primera Division ; six other clubs have never been below the top two tiers : Sevilla, Real Sociedad, Sporting de Gijón, Valencia, Espanyol and Atlético Madrid. Historically, some of the best football players in the world have played in the Spanish football league, including Ricardo Zamora, Josep Samitier, Alfredo Di Stéfano, Ladislav Kubala, Ferenc Puskás, Raymond Kopa, Héctor Rial, Telmo Zarra, Francisco Gento, Luis Suárez, Johan Cruyff, Diego Maradona, Bernd Schuster, Andoni Zubizarreta, Michael Laudrup, Hristo Stoichkov, Romário, Zinedine Zidane, Rivaldo, Ronaldo, Raúl, Ronaldinho, Carles Puyol, Xavi, Andrés Iniesta, Iker Casillas, Cristiano Ronaldo, and Lionel Messi, among others. La Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) is the association responsible for administering the two professional football leagues in Spain. Professional Spanish football is divided into the Primera División ( First Division ) and Segunda División ( Second Division ). The First Division is also known as Liga Santander, for sponsorship reasons, while the Second Division is officially called Liga 1 2 3. The First Division consists of 20 professional teams and the Second Division has 22. There are also lower Spanish national football divisions. Every year, the three lowest ranked teams in the First Division pass to the Second Division and the top three ranked teams in the Second Division pass to the First Division. La Liga is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world. The average stadium attendance was 21,000 in the 2014 -- 15 season, with a range of average attendance from 4,780 people in the stadium with the lowest average attendance to 77,632 people in the stadium with highest average attendance. In La Liga 's 89 - year history ( with the exeception of the three seasons that the league was suspended due to the civil war ), Barcelona and Real Madrid have won 55 titles between them. Barcelona and Real Madrid are two fierce rivals clubs, and the matches between both two clubs are named as El Clásico. Those football matches are one of the most viewed sports events in the world. Although a total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception, only nine clubs have won the title : Real Madrid ( 33 ), Barcelona ( 25 ), Atlético Madrid ( 10 ), Athletic Bilbao ( 8 ), Valencia ( 6 ), Real Sociedad ( 2 ), Sevilla ( 1 ), Deportivo de La Coruña ( 1 ), and Real Betis ( 1 ). King 's Cup ( Copa del Rey ) ( edit ) Main article : Copa del Rey Main article : Football records in Spain In 1902, Carlos Padrós, later president of Madrid FC ( later to be Real Madrid ), suggested a football competition to celebrate the coronation of Alfonso XIII. Four other teams entered the Copa del Ayuntamiento de Madrid, which would later develop into the Copa del Rey ( English : `` King 's Cup '' ). These included Barcelona, Club Español de Fútbol, Club Bizcaya and New Foot - Ball de Madrid. The competition featured the first recorded game between Barcelona and Madrid FC, with the former emerging 3 -- 1 winners. Club Bizcaya, which consisted of players from both Basque teams, eventually beat Barcelona in the final. Alfonso XIII subsequently became the patron of many Spanish football clubs, granting them permission to use `` Real '' ( Spanish for `` royal '' ) in their names. Among the many clubs to add the prefix to their name was Madrid FC, which subsequently became Real Madrid. Fourteen clubs have won the title : Barcelona ( 30 ), Athletic Bilbao ( 23 ), Real Madrid ( 19 ), Atlético Madrid ( 10 ), Valencia ( 7 ), Real Zaragoza ( 6 ), Sevilla ( 5 ), Espanyol ( 4 ), Real Union ( 4 ), Real Betis ( 2 ), Deportivo de La Coruña ( 2 ), Real Sociedad ( 2 ), Arenas Club de Getxo ( 1 ) and Mallorca ( 1 ). Spanish Supercup ( Supercopa de España ) ( edit ) Main article : Supercopa de España The Spanish Super Cup ( Spanish : Supercopa de España ) is a championship organized by Royal Spanish Football Federation and contested by the winners of La Liga and Copa del Rey. The competition was founded in 1982. Ten clubs have won the title : Barcelona ( 12 ), Real Madrid ( 10 ), Deportivo de La Coruña ( 3 ), Atlético Madrid ( 2 ), Athletic Bilbao ( 2 ), Valencia ( 1 ), Real Zaragoza ( 1 ), Mallorca ( 1 ), Sevilla ( 1 ) and Real Sociedad ( 1 ). Spanish clubs in international competitions ( edit ) Main article : Spanish football clubs in international competitions The Spanish football clubs are very successful in international competitions. They are the most successful in different current European competitions, such as UEFA Champions League, UEFA Super Cup, and UEFA Europa League ; and they also were the most successful in the extinct Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. The most successful clubs in international competitions are Barcelona and Real Madrid. In addition, other Spanish clubs have also won titles in international tournaments, such as Atlético Madrid, Valencia, Sevilla, Real Zaragoza, Villarreal, Deportivo de La Coruña, Celta de Vigo and Málaga. Spanish football clubs hold different records in international competitions. Real Madrid is the most successful club in the European Cup / UEFA Champions League. They have won 13 titles and were runners - up three times. Real Madrid is also the most successful club in the Intercontinental Cup ( three titles, shared record with A.C. Milan, Peñarol, Boca Juniors, Nacional ) and FIFA Club World Cup ( three titles, shared record with Barcelona ). Barcelona is the most successful club in the FIFA Club World Cup ( three titles, shared record with Real Madrid ), and it is also the most successful club in the UEFA Super Cup ( five titles, shared record with Milan ). In addition, Barcelona became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year ( 2009 ) completing the sextuple, and the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice ( 2009 and 2015 ). Sevilla is the most successful club in the UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League, with five titles. In total, the Spanish football clubs have won 73 international titles as of 2018. Over the years, Spanish clubs have won the European Cups / Champions League 18 times, the UEFA Super Cup 14 times, the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 7 times, the UEFA Europa League 11 times, the UEFA Intertoto Cup 7 times and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 6 times. In addition, Spanish clubs have also won the Intercontinental Cup 4 times, and the FIFA Club World Cup 6 times. Women 's football ( edit ) Main article : Women 's football in Spain Women 's football is a minor sport in Spain. Unlike the men 's football, women 's football is an amateur sport in Spain. Currently there are two national competitions, the League and the Copa de la Reina ( English : Queen 's Cup ), in the semi-professional clubs involved structure. The first teams and the first informal women 's football competitions in Spain emerged in the 1970s, although they were not officially recognized by the Royal Spanish Football Federation until 1980, with the founding of the National Women 's Football Committee. The first official national competition was the Championships of Spain ( Copa de la Reina ), established in 1983. The women 's national league began to dispute the 1988 - 89 season. The Spain women 's national football team has been qualified only once in the FIFA Women 's World Cup, and twice in the UEFA Women 's Championship. Its youth division have had success in recent times. The Spain women 's national under - 19 football team won the UEFA Women 's Under - 19 Championship in 2004. The Spain women 's national under - 19 football team won the UEFA Women 's Under - 17 Championship in 2010, 2011, and 2015, as well as their third - place at the FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Spanish football : Well red ''. The Economist. 2012 - 06 - 09. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Memory 2016. Licensing and clubs ( Document in Spanish ) '' ( PDF ). Consejo Superior de Deportes ( CSD ) ( Sports Council ). Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Sports habits IV. Study number 2,833. March - april 2010 ( Document in Spanish ) '' ( PDF ). Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas ( Centre for Sociological Research ). Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23. ^ Jump up to : `` June Barometer. Study number 3,029. June 2014 ( Document in Spanish ) '' ( PDF ). Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas ( Centre for Sociological Research ). Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ James Lawton. `` La Roja : a journey through Spanish football, by Jimmy Burns ''. The Independent. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ Sid Lowe. `` Morbo : The story of Spanish football by Phil Ball ( London : WSC Books, 2001 ) ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20. ^ Jump up to : Aakriti Mehrotra ( 2014 - 05 - 22 ). `` Fascism & Football : The political history of Spanish football ''. Outside of the boot. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09. ^ Jump up to : Austin Esecson ; Remy Lupica ; Neel Muthama. `` El Clasico as Spanish History ''. Soccer Politics Pages, Soccer Politics Blog, Duke University. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25. Jump up ^ `` La Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) ''. LaLiga. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21. Jump up ^ Graham Hunter. `` Spain : the inside story of La Roja 's historic treble -- extract Football ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30. Jump up ^ Ahmed, Rizwan ( 2011 - 06 - 28 ). `` The Success Of Spain : A Lesson For Every Football Nation ''. Thehardtackle.com. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30. Jump up ^ Tim Vickery. `` Tim Vickery : Spain success built on clear football identity ''. BBC. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30. Jump up ^ Paul Wilson. `` How England could learn from Spain 's approach to youth Football ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Associations. Spain. Association Information. Real Federación Española de Fútbol. Honours ''. FIFA.com. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23. ^ Jump up to : `` Spain. Royal Spanish Football Federation. Spanish health good from top to bottom. Honours by National Teams ''. UEFA.org. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ `` UEFA ranking for club competitions ''. uefa.com. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ Andy Mitten. `` La Liga tops Premier League as Spain 's European superiority continues ''. espn.com. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ `` The strongest national league of the world ''. iffhs.de. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Spain. Royal Spanish Football Federation. Honours by Clubs ''. UEFA.org. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ `` International Club Cup ''. rsssf.com. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Championship ''. rsssf.com. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23. ^ Jump up to : `` Fairs ' Cup ''. rsssf.com. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23. ^ Jump up to : `` European Champions ' Cup ''. rsssf.com. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23. ^ Jump up to : `` European Super Cup ''. rsssf.com. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23. ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Cup ''. rsssf.com. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ `` Tiki Taka Football ( The Barcelona style of play ) ''. Soccer Training Info. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01. Jump up ^ James Vaughan. `` Creative team cultures : How Spanish football put the ' I ' back in team ''. bluestoneedge.com. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Socieconomic impact of professional football in Spain '' ( PDF ). KMG Sports. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ Giles Tremlet. `` EU prepares to blow final whistle on Spain 's debt - ridden football clubs ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ Jae Allen. `` The history of football in Spain ''. Livestrong.com. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20. ^ Jump up to : Juan A. Gisbert. `` Total Football : History of Spanish football ( I ) : The Origins ''. tikitaka - futbol. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24. ^ Jump up to : Sam Attard. `` A history of La Liga and Spanish football ''. Espagnol.com. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21. Jump up ^ `` The British Newspaper Archive ''. The British Newspaper Archive. Retrieved October 5, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Courier ''. The Courier. Archived from the original on February 13, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Marca ''. Marca. Retrieved October 9, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Evening Times ''. Evening Times. Retrieved October 11, 2012. Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert. `` The history of football in Spain ( II ) : 1900 - 1905, The first tournaments ''. tikitaka - futbol. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31. Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert. `` The history of football in Spain ( III ) : 1905 - 1910, The years of crisis and division ''. tikitaka - futbol. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31. ^ Jump up to : Juan A. Gisbert. `` The history of football in Spain ( IV ) : 1911 - 1915, the creation of RFEF, Athletic dominance and first idols ''. tikitaka - futbol. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31. Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert. `` Pichichi : The myth ''. tikitaka - futbol. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31. ^ Jump up to : Juan A. Gisbert. `` The history of football in Spain ( V ) : 1916 - 1920, the Basque power, the Madrid - Barça rivalry and the `` furia roja '' ``. tikitaka - futbol. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31. Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert. `` The sports newspapers in Spain ''. tikitaka - futbol. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31. Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert. `` The history of football in Spain ( VI ) : 1921 - 1925, Basque - Catalan dominance, the Real Madrid - Athletic Madrid rivalry and first stepts of professionalism ''. tikitaka - futbol. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31. Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert. `` The history of football in Spain ( VII ) : 1926 - 1928, the professional football and Samitier 's golden era ''. tikitaka - futbol. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31. Jump up ^ `` Spanish soccer league ''. donquijote.com. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ Austin Esecson ; Remy Lupica ; Neel Muthama. `` El Clasico as Spanish History. Origins the rivalry ''. Soccer Politics Pages, Soccer Politics Blog, Duke University. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25. Jump up ^ Austin Esecson ; Remy Lupica ; Neel Muthama. `` El Clasico as Spanish History. Franco gets his man ''. Soccer Politics Pages, Soccer Politics Blog, Duke University. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25. Jump up ^ Pete Jensen. `` Pain in Spain : La Liga in financial turmoil ''. The independent. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ Ian Hawkey. `` Catalonia and Basque Country reignite call for independent national identities ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Spain win Maurice Burlaz Trophy ''. UEFAorg. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Primera División 2015 / 2016 ''. worldfootball.net. Retrieved 14 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Spain. Primera División 2014 / 2015. Attendance. Home matches ''. worldfootball.net. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ Sid Lowe. `` Review : The Story of Spanish Football Football ''. theguardian.com. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Why Spain is absent from the World Cup ''. Fox Soccer. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Spain 's women add to La Roja euphoria ''. FIFA. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07. Further reading ( edit ) Ball, Phil. Morbo. The story of the Spanish football. WSC Books Ltd, 2011. ISBN 9780956101129 Burns, Jimmy. La Roja : A journey through Spanish football. Simon & Schuster Ltd, 2012. ISBN 978 - 0 - 85720 - 652 - 7 ( Hardback ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 85720 - 653 - 4 ( Trade paperback ) Burns, Jimmy. La Roja : How soccer conquered Spain and how Spanish soccer conquered the world. Nations books, 2012. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 717 - 2 ( pbk. ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 718 - 9 ( e-book ) Lowe, Sid. Fear and Loathing in la Liga. Barcelona vs Madrid. Yellow Jersey Press, 2013. ISBN 9780224091787 ( Hardback ) ISBN 9780224091794 ( Trade paperback ) Hunter, Graham. Spain : The inside history of la Roja 's historic treble. BackPage Press, 2013. ISBN 978 - 1 - 909430 - 13 - 6. Quiroga, Alejandro. Football and national identities in Spain : the strange death of Don Quixote. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 35540 - 8 Vaczi, Mariann. Soccer, culture and society in Spain. An ethnography of Basque fandom. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2015. ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 77830 - 6 ( hbk ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 315 - 77207 - 3 ( ebk ) Llopis - Goig, Ramón. Spanish football and social change. Sociological investigations. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 46794 - 2 External links ( edit ) Official RFEF Site Official LFP Site ( in English ) La Liga and Spanish Football in English Sport in Spain Athletics Basketball Disability Football Futsal Handball Motorsport Rugby Tennis Water polo Spain at Olympics Paralympics Deaflympics World Games Team sport Football in Spain AFE ANEF CTA CSD COE LFP RFEF National teams Men 's National team U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Women 's National team U-20 U-19 U-17 League system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División Level 3 Segunda División B ( 4 groups ) Level 4 Tercera División ( 18 groups ) Levels 5 -- 10 Divisiones Regionales ( Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Basque Canary Cantabria Castile - La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencia Ceuta, Melilla ) Women 's league system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División ( 7 groups ) Levels 3 -- 5 Ligas Regionales ( Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic, Basque, Canary, Cantabria, Castile - La Mancha, Castile and León, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, Valencia, Ceuta, Melilla ) Youth league system División de Honor Juvenil ( 7 groups ) Liga Nacional Juvenil ( 21 groups ) Domestic cups Copa del Rey Copa de la Liga ( defunct ) Copa Eva Duarte ( replaced ) Supercopa de España Copa Federación Spanish stage of the UEFA Regions ' Cup Women 's domestic cups Copa de la Reina Youth domestic cups Copa de Campeones Juvenil Copa del Rey Juvenil Clubs Stadiums Records Foreign players Champions Football in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Football_in_Spain&oldid=843210105 '' Categories : Football in Spain Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Türkçe Lingua Franca Nova 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018, at 17 : 04. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Football in Spain", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Football_in_Spain&oldid=843210105" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "in 2014, the practice of football decreased to 14 % of the population, being overtaken by other sports, such as running, cycling and swimming for recreation. However, in this survey football was still the sport that interests the majority of Spain 's people ( 48 % ). A total of 67 % of the population said they were fans or had sympathy for a particular club. In addition, 74.9 % said they watched, whenever possible, the matches broadcast on television regarding their favorite teams ; and 42.4 % had, flags, badges or objects of their favorite teams. Data of this survey confirmed the widespread impression that most of Spain 's people are supporters of Real Madrid ( 37.9 % ) or FC Barcelona ( 25.4 % ), and the other teams have fewer supporters nationwide, as Atlético de Madrid ( 16.1 % ), Valencia CF ( 3.5 % ), Athletic Bilbao ( 3.3. ) or Sevilla FC ( 3.2 % ). A relationship between football, politics, identity and attitudes towards regionalism in Spain has also been reported. The Royal Spanish Football Federation ( Spanish : Real Federación Española de Fútbol ) is the national governing body, and it organises two Cup competitions ( the Copa del Rey, and the Supercopa de España ), and the Spain national football team. The Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP )" ], "id": [ "6941694715118069526" ], "short_answers": [ "Real Madrid" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Robot - assisted surgery - wikipedia Robot - assisted surgery Jump to : navigation, search This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A robotically assisted surgical system used for prostatectomies, cardiac valve repair and gynecologic surgical procedures Robotic surgery, computer - assisted surgery, and robotically - assisted surgery are terms for technological developments that use robotic systems to aid in surgical procedures. Robotically - assisted surgery was developed to overcome the limitations of pre-existing minimally - invasive surgical procedures and to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery. In the case of robotically - assisted minimally - invasive surgery, instead of directly moving the instruments, the surgeon uses one of two methods to control the instruments ; either a direct telemanipulator or through computer control. A telemanipulator is a remote manipulator that allows the surgeon to perform the normal movements associated with the surgery whilst the robotic arms carry out those movements using end - effectors and manipulators to perform the actual surgery on the patient. In computer - controlled systems the surgeon uses a computer to control the robotic arms and its end - effectors, though these systems can also still use telemanipulators for their input. One advantage of using the computerised method is that the surgeon does not have to be present, but can be anywhere in the world, leading to the possibility for remote surgery. In the case of enhanced open surgery, autonomous instruments ( in familiar configurations ) replace traditional steel tools, performing certain actions ( such as rib spreading ) with much smoother, feedback - controlled motions than could be achieved by a human hand. The main object of such smart instruments is to reduce or eliminate the tissue trauma traditionally associated with open surgery without requiring more than a few minutes ' training on the part of surgeons. This approach seeks to improve open surgeries, particularly cardio - thoracic, that have so far not benefited from minimally - invasive techniques. Robotic surgery has been criticized for its expense, by one estimate costing $1,500 to $2000 more per patient. Contents ( hide ) 1 Comparison to traditional methods 2 Uses 2.1 General surgery 2.2 Cardiothoracic surgery 2.3 Cardiology and electrophysiology 2.4 Colon and rectal surgery 2.5 Gastrointestinal surgery 2.6 Gynecology 2.7 Neurosurgery 2.8 Ophthalmology 2.9 Orthopedics 2.10 Children 2.11 Radiosurgery 2.12 Spine surgery 2.13 Transplant surgery 2.14 Urology 2.15 Vascular surgery 3 Miniature robotics 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Comparison to traditional methods ( edit ) Major advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery, minimally invasive surgery and unmanned surgery. Due to robotic use, the surgery is done with precision, miniaturization, smaller incisions ; decreased blood loss, less pain, and quicker healing time. Articulation beyond normal manipulation and three - dimensional magnification helps resulting in improved ergonomics. Due to these techniques there is a reduced duration of hospital stays, blood loss, transfusions, and use of pain medication. The existing open surgery technique has many flaws like limited access to surgical area, long recovery time, long hours of operation, blood loss, surgical scars and marks. The robot normally costs $1,390,000 and while its disposable supply cost is normally $1,500 per procedure, the cost of the procedure is higher. Additional surgical training is needed to operate the system. Numerous feasibility studies have been done to determine whether the purchase of such systems are worthwhile. As it stands, opinions differ dramatically. Surgeons report that, although the manufacturers of such systems provide training on this new technology, the learning phase is intensive and surgeons must operate on twelve to eighteen patients before they adapt. During the training phase, minimally invasive operations can take up to twice as long as traditional surgery, leading to operating room tie ups and surgical staffs keeping patients under anesthesia for longer periods. Patient surveys indicate they chose the procedure based on expectations of decreased morbidity, improved outcomes, reduced blood loss and less pain. Higher expectations may explain higher rates of dissatisfaction and regret. Compared with other minimally invasive surgery approaches, robot - assisted surgery gives the surgeon better control over the surgical instruments and a better view of the surgical site. In addition, surgeons no longer have to stand throughout the surgery and do not tire as quickly. Naturally occurring hand tremors are filtered out by the robot 's computer software. Finally, the surgical robot can continuously be used by rotating surgery teams. Critics of the system, including the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, say there is a steep learning curve for surgeons who adopt use of the system and that there 's a lack of studies that indicate long - term results are superior to results following traditional laparoscopic surgery. Articles in the newly created Journal of Robotic Surgery tend to report on one surgeon 's experience. A Medicare study found that some procedures that have traditionally been performed with large incisions can be converted to `` minimally invasive '' endoscopic procedures with the use of the Da Vinci Surgical System, shortening length - of - stay in the hospital and reducing recovery times. But because of the hefty cost of the robotic system it is not clear that it is cost - effective for hospitals and physicians despite any benefits to patients since there is no additional reimbursement paid by the government or insurance companies when the system is used. Robot - assisted pancreatectomies have been found to be associated with `` longer operating time, lower estimated blood loss, a higher spleen - preservation rate, and shorter hospital stay ( s ) '' than laparoscopic pancreatectomies ; there was `` no significant difference in transfusion, conversion to open surgery, overall complications, severe complications, pancreatic fistula, severe pancreatic fistula, ICU stay, total cost, and 30 - day mortality between the two groups. '' For surgical removal of the uterus and cervix for early cervical cancer robotic and laparoscopic surgery resulted in similar outcomes with respect to the cancer. Uses ( edit ) General surgery ( edit ) In early 2000 the field of general surgical interventions with the daVinci device was explored by surgeons at Ohio State University. Reports were published in esophageal and pancreatic surgery for the first time in the world and further data were subsequently published by Horgan and his group at the University of Illinois and then later at the same institution by others. In 2007, the University of Illinois at Chicago medical team, led by Prof. Pier Cristoforo Giulianotti, reported a pancreatectomy and also the Midwest 's first fully robotic Whipple surgery. In April 2008, the same team of surgeons performed the world 's first fully minimally invasive liver resection for living donor transplantation, removing 60 % of the patient 's liver, yet allowing him to leave the hospital just a couple of days after the procedure, in very good condition. Furthermore, the patient can also leave with less pain than a usual surgery due to the four puncture holes and not a scar by a surgeon. Cardiothoracic surgery ( edit ) Robot - assisted MIDCAB and Endoscopic coronary artery bypass ( TECAB ) operations are being performed with the Da Vinci system. Mitral valve repairs and replacements have been performed. The Ohio State University, Columbus has performed CABG, mitral valve, esophagectomy, lung resection, tumor resections, among other robotic assisted procedures and serves as a training site for other surgeons. In 2002, surgeons at the Cleveland Clinic in Florida reported and published their preliminary experience with minimally invasive `` hybrid '' procedures. These procedures combined robotic revascularization and coronary stenting and further expanded the role of robots in coronary bypass to patients with disease in multiple vessels. Ongoing research on the outcomes of robotic assisted CABG and hybrid CABG is being done. Cardiology and electrophysiology ( edit ) As of 2004, three types of heart surgery are being performed on a routine basis using robotic surgery systems. These three surgery types were : Atrial septal defect repair -- the repair of a hole between the two upper chambers of the heart, Mitral valve repair -- the repair of the valve that prevents blood from regurgitating back into the upper heart chambers during contractions of the heart, Coronary artery bypass -- rerouting of blood supply by bypassing blocked arteries that provide blood to the heart. Colon and rectal surgery ( edit ) Many studies have been undertaken in order to examine the role of robotic procedures in the field of colorectal surgery. Results to date indicate that robotic - assisted colorectal procedures outcomes are `` no worse '' than the results in the now `` traditional '' laparoscopic colorectal operations. Robotic - assisted colorectal surgery appears to be safe as well. Most of the procedures have been performed for malignant colon and rectal lesions. However, surgeons are now moving into resections for diverticulitis and non-resective rectopexies ( attaching the colon to the sacrum in order to treat rectal prolapse. ) When evaluated for several variables, robotic - assisted procedures fare equally well when compared with laparoscopic, or open abdominal operations. Study parameters have looked at intraoperative patient preparation time, length of time to perform the operation, adequacy of the removed surgical specimen with respect to clear surgical margins and number of lymph nodes removed, blood loss, operative or postoperative complications and long - term results. More difficult to evaluate are issues related to the view of the operative field, the types of procedures that should be performed using robotic assistance and the potential added cost for a robotic operation. Many surgeons feel that the optics of the 3 - dimensional, two camera stereo optic robotic system are superior to the optical system used in laparoscopic procedures. The pelvic nerves are clearly visualized during robotic - assisted procedures. Less clear however is whether or not these supposedly improved optics and visualization improve patient outcomes with respect to postoperative impotence or incontinence, and whether long - term patient survival is improved by using the 3 - dimensional optic system. Additionally, there is often a need for a wider, or `` larger '' view of the operative field than is routinely provided during robotic operations., The close - up view of the area under dissection may hamper visualization of the `` bigger view '', especially with respect to ureteral protection. Questions remain unanswered, even after many years of experience with robotic - assisted colorectal operations. Ongoing studies may help clarify many of the issues of confusion associated with this novel surgical approach. Gastrointestinal surgery ( edit ) Multiple types of procedures have been performed with either the ' Zeus ' or da Vinci robot systems, including bariatric surgery and gastrectomy for cancer. Surgeons at various universities initially published case series demonstrating different techniques and the feasibility of GI surgery using the robotic devices. Specific procedures have been more fully evaluated, specifically esophageal fundoplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia. Other gastrointestinal procedures including colon resection, pancreatectomy, esophagectomy and robotic approaches to pelvic disease have also been reported. Gynecology ( edit ) Robotic surgery in gynecology is of uncertain benefit with it being unclear if it affects rates of complications. Gynecologic procedures may take longer with robot - assisted surgery but may be associated with a shorter hospital stay following hysterectomy. In the United States, robotic - assisted hysterectomy for benign conditions has been shown to be more expensive than conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy, with no difference in overall rates of complications. This includes the use of the da Vinci surgical system in benign gynecology and gynecologic oncology. Robotic surgery can be used to treat fibroids, abnormal periods, endometriosis, ovarian tumors, uterine prolapse, and female cancers. Using the robotic system, gynecologists can perform hysterectomies, myomectomies, and lymph node biopsies. Neurosurgery ( edit ) Several systems for stereotactic intervention are currently on the market. The NeuroMate was the first neurosurgical robot, commercially available in 1997. Originally developed in Grenoble by Alim - Louis_Benabid 's team, it is now owned by Renishaw. With installations in the United States, Europe and Japan, the system has been used in 8000 stereotactic brain surgeries by 2009. IMRIS Inc. 's SYMBIS ( TM ) Surgical System will be the version of NeuroArm, the world 's first MRI - compatible surgical robot, developed for world - wide commercialization. Medtech 's Rosa is being used by several institutions, including the Cleveland Clinic in the U.S, and in Canada at Sherbrooke University and the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital in Montreal ( MNI / H ). Between June 2011 and September 2012, over 150 neurosurgical procedures at the MNI / H have been completed robotized stereotaxy, including in the placement of depth electrodes in the treatment of epilepsy, selective resections, and stereotaxic biopsies. Ophthalmology ( edit ) The first robotic operation inside the eye took place at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford on 9 September 2016. The robot was developed by Preceyes BV and the surgery was performed by Robert MacLaren, Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Oxford. They operated successfully on the Reverend Dr William Beaver, a 70 year old man with a macular hole. The researchers commented that robotic eye surgery has taken longer to develop due to the need to miniaturise the components. They observed that the robot could make controlled movements inside the eye as small as 100th of a millimetre. Orthopedics ( edit ) The ROBODOC system was released in 1992 by Integrated Surgical Systems, Inc. which merged into CUREXO Technology Corporation. Also, The Acrobot Company Ltd. developed the `` Acrobot Sculptor '', a robot that constrained a bone cutting tool to a pre-defined volume. The `` Acrobot Sculptor '' was sold to Stanmore Implants in August 2010. Stanmore received FDA clearance in February 2013 for US surgeries but sold the Sculptor to Mako Surgical in June 2013 to resolve a patent infringement lawsuit. Another example is the CASPAR robot produced by U.R.S. which is used for total hip replacement, total knee replacement and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. MAKO Surgical Corp ( founded 2004 ) produces the RIO ( Robotic Arm Interactive Orthopedic System ) which combines robotics, navigation, and haptics for both partial knee and total hip replacement surgery. Blue Belt Technologies received FDA clearance in November 2012 for the Navio Surgical System. The Navio System is a navigated, robotics - assisted surgical system that uses a CT free approach to assist in partial knee replacement surgery. Children ( edit ) Surgical robotics has been used in many types of pediatric surgical procedures including : tracheoesophageal fistula repair, cholecystectomy, nissen fundoplication, morgagni 's hernia repair, kasai portoenterostomy, congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair, and others. On 17 January 2002, surgeons at Children 's Hospital of Michigan in Detroit performed the nation 's first advanced computer - assisted robot - enhanced surgical procedure at a children 's hospital. The Center for Robotic Surgery at Children 's Hospital Boston provides a high level of expertise in pediatric robotic surgery. Specially - trained surgeons use a high - tech robot to perform complex and delicate operations through very small surgical openings. The results are less pain, faster recoveries, shorter hospital stays, smaller scars, and happier patients and families. In 2001, Children 's Hospital Boston was the first pediatric hospital to acquire a surgical robot. Today, surgeons use the technology for many procedures and perform more pediatric robotic operations than any other hospital in the world. Children 's Hospital physicians have developed a number of new applications to expand the use of the robot, and train surgeons from around the world on its use. Radiosurgery ( edit ) The CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System uses image guidance and computer controlled robotics to treat tumors throughout the body by delivering multiple beams of high - energy radiation to the tumor from virtually any direction. The system uses a German KUKA KR 240. Mounted on the robot is a compact X-band linac that produces 6MV X-ray radiation. Mounting the radiation source on the robot allows very fast repositioning of the source, which enables the system to deliver radiation from many different directions without the need to move both the patient and source as required by current gantry configurations. Spine surgery ( edit ) Robotic devices started to be used in minimally invasive spine surgery starting in the mid-2000s. As of 2014, there were too few randomized clinical trials to allow judgements as to whether robotic spine surgery is more or less safe than other approaches. Transplant surgery ( edit ) Transplant surgery ( organ transplantation ) has been considered as highly technically demanding and virtually unobtainable by means of conventional laparoscopy. For many years, transplant patients were unable to benefit from the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. The development of robotic technology and its associated high resolution capabilities, three dimensional visual system, wrist type motion and fine instruments, gave opportunity for highly complex procedures to be completed in a minimally invasive fashion. Subsequently, the first fully robotic kidney transplantations were performed in the late 2000s. After the procedure was proven to be feasible and safe, the main emerging challenge was to determine which patients would benefit most from this robotic technique. As a result, recognition of the increasing prevalence of obesity amongst patients with kidney failure on hemodialysis posed a significant problem. Due to the abundantly higher risk of complications after traditional open kidney transplantation, obese patients were frequently denied access to transplantation, which is the premium treatment for end stage kidney disease. The use of the robotic - assisted approach has allowed kidneys to be transplanted with minimal incisions, which has virtually alleviated wound complications and significantly shortened the recovery period. The University of Illinois Medical Center reported the largest series of 104 robotic - assisted kidney transplants for obese recipients ( mean body mass index > 42 ). Amongst this group of patients, no wound infections were observed and the function of transplanted kidneys was excellent. In this way, robotic kidney transplantation could be considered as the biggest advance in surgical technique for this procedure since its creation more than half a century ago. Urology ( edit ) Robotic surgery in the field of urology has become very popular, especially in the United States. It has been most extensively applied for excision of prostate cancer because of difficult anatomical access. It is also utilized for kidney cancer surgeries and to lesser extent surgeries of the bladder. As of 2014, there is little evidence of increased benefits compared to standard surgery to justify the increased costs. Some have found tentative evidence of more complete removal of cancer and less side effects from surgery for prostatectomy. In 2000, the first robot - assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed. Vascular surgery ( edit ) In September 2010, the first robotic operations with Hansen Medical 's Magellan Robotic System at the femoral vasculature were performed at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana ( UMC Ljubljana ), Slovenia. The research was led by Borut Geršak, the head of the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery at the centre. Geršak explained that the robot used was the first true robot in the history of robotic surgery, meaning the user interface was not resembling surgical instruments and the robot was not simply imitating the movement of human hands but was guided by pressing buttons, just like one would play a video game. The robot was imported to Slovenia from the United States. Miniature robotics ( edit ) As scientists seek to improve the versatility and utility of robotics in surgery, some are attempting to miniaturize the robots. For example, the University of Nebraska Medical Center has led a multi-campus effort to provide collaborative research on mini-robotics among surgeons, engineers and computer scientists. History ( edit ) The first robot to assist in surgery was the Arthrobot, which was developed and used for the first time in Vancouver in 1983. Intimately involved were biomedical engineer, Dr. James McEwen, Geof Auchinleck, a UBC engineering physics grad, and Dr. Brian Day as well as a team of engineering students. The robot was used in an orthopaedic surgical procedure on 12 March 1984, at the UBC Hospital in Vancouver. Over 60 arthroscopic surgical procedures were performed in the first 12 months, and a 1985 National Geographic video on industrial robots, The Robotics Revolution, featured the device. Other related robotic devices developed at the same time included a surgical scrub nurse robot, which handed operative instruments on voice command, and a medical laboratory robotic arm. A YouTube video entitled Arthrobot illustrates some of these in operation. In 1985 a robot, the Unimation Puma 200, was used to place a needle for a brain biopsy using CT guidance. In 1992, the PROBOT, developed at Imperial College London, was used to perform prostatic surgery by Dr. Senthil Nathan at Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospital, London. This was the first pure robotic surgery in the world. The PROBOT was specifically designed for transurethral resection of the prostate. Meanwhile, when PROBOT was being developed, ROBODOC, a robotic system designed to assist hip replacement surgeries was the first surgical robot that was approved by the FDA. The ROBODOC from Integrated Surgical Systems ( working closely with IBM ) was introduced in 1992 to mill out precise fittings in the femur for hip replacement. The purpose of the ROBODOC was to replace the previous method of carving out a femur for an implant, the use of a mallet and broach / rasp. Further development of robotic systems was carried out by SRI International and Intuitive Surgical with the introduction of the da Vinci Surgical System and Computer Motion with the AESOP and the ZEUS robotic surgical system. The first robotic surgery took place at The Ohio State University Medical Center in Columbus, Ohio under the direction of Robert E. Michler. Examples of using ZEUS include a fallopian tube reconnection in July 1998, a beating heart coronary artery bypass graft in October 1999, and the Lindbergh Operation, which was a cholecystectomy performed remotely in September 2001. The original telesurgery robotic system that the da Vinci was based on was developed at SRI International in Menlo Park with grant support from DARPA and NASA. Although the telesurgical robot was originally intended to facilitate remotely performed surgery in battlefield and other remote environments, it turned out to be more useful for minimally invasive on - site surgery. The patents for the early prototype were sold to Intuitive Surgical in Mountain View, California. The da Vinci senses the surgeon 's hand movements and translates them electronically into scaled - down micro-movements to manipulate the tiny proprietary instruments. It also detects and filters out any tremors in the surgeon 's hand movements, so that they are not duplicated robotically. The camera used in the system provides a true stereoscopic picture transmitted to a surgeon 's console. Examples of using the da Vinci system include the first robotically assisted heart bypass ( performed in Germany ) in May 1998, and the first performed in the United States in September 1999 ; and the first all - robotic - assisted kidney transplant, performed in January 2009. The da Vinci Si was released in April 2009, and initially sold for $1.75 million. In May 2006 the first artificial intelligence doctor - conducted unassisted robotic surgery on a 34 - year - old male to correct heart arythmia. The results were rated as better than an above - average human surgeon. The machine had a database of 10,000 similar operations, and so, in the words of its designers, was `` more than qualified to operate on any patient ''. In August 2007, Dr. Sijo Parekattil of the Robotics Institute and Center for Urology ( Winter Haven Hospital and University of Florida ) performed the first robotic assisted microsurgery procedure denervation of the spermatic cord for chronic testicular pain. In February 2008, Dr. Mohan S. Gundeti of the University of Chicago Comer Children 's Hospital performed the first robotic pediatric neurogenic bladder reconstruction. On 12 May 2008, the first image - guided MR - compatible robotic neurosurgical procedure was performed at University of Calgary by Dr. Garnette Sutherland using the NeuroArm. In June 2008, the German Aerospace Centre ( DLR ) presented a robotic system for minimally invasive surgery, the MiroSurge. In September 2010, the Eindhoven University of Technology announced the development of the Sofie surgical system, the first surgical robot to employ force feedback. In September 2010, the first robotic operation at the femoral vasculature was performed at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana by a team led by Borut Geršak. See also ( edit ) Bone segment navigation Computer - assisted surgery Computer - integrated surgery Minimally invasive surgery Patient registration Stereolithography ( medicine ) Surgical Segment Navigator Telemedicine References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kolata, Gina ( 13 February 2010 ). `` Results Unproven, Robotic Surgery Wins Converts ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 11 March 2010. ^ Jump up to : Estey, EP ( 2009 ). `` Robotic prostatectomy : The new standard of care or a marketing success? ''. Canadian Urological Association Journal. 3 ( 6 ) : 488 -- 90. PMC 2792423. PMID 20019980. Jump up ^ O'Toole, M.D. ; Bouazza - Marouf, K. ; Kerr, D. ; Gooroochurn, M. ; Vloeberghs, M. ( 2009 ). `` A methodology for design and appraisal of surgical robotic systems ''. Robotica. 28 ( 2 ) : 297 -- 310. doi : 10.1017 / S0263574709990658. ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein J ; Eckersberger E ; Sadri H ; Taneja SS ; Lepor H ; Djavan B ( 2010 ). `` Open Versus Laparoscopic Versus Robot - Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy : The European and US Experience ''. Reviews in Urology. 12 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 43. PMC 2859140. PMID 20428292. Jump up ^ Gerhardus, D ( July -- August 2003 ). `` Robot - assisted surgery : the future is here ''. Journal of Healthcare Management. 48 ( 4 ) : 242 -- 251. PMID 12908224. Jump up ^ Breeden, James T., MD, President of ACOG, ( 1 ) Statement on Robotic Surgery, 14 March 2013 Jump up ^ Zhou, JY ; Xin, C ; Mou, YP ; Xu, XW ; Zhang, MZ ; Zhou, YC ; Lu, C ; Chen, RG ( 2016 ). `` Robotic versus Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy : A Meta - Analysis of Short - Term Outcomes ''. PLoS ONE. 11 ( 3 ) : e0151189. Bibcode : 2016PLoSO... 1151189Z. PMC 4790929. PMID 26974961. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0151189. Jump up ^ Zanagnolo, V ; Garbi, A ; Achilarre, MT ; Minig, L ( 16 January 2017 ). `` Robot - assisted surgery in Gynecologic cancers. ''. Journal of minimally invasive gynecology. 24 : 379 -- 396. PMID 28104497. doi : 10.1016 / j. jmig. 2017.01. 006. Jump up ^ Melvin, W.S. ; Needleman, B.J. ; Krause, K.R. ; Ellison, E.C. ( February 2003 ). `` Robotic Resection of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor ''. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. 13 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 36. doi : 10.1089 / 109264203321235449. ^ Jump up to : Talamini, M.A. ; Chapman, S. ; Horgan, S. ; Melvin, W.S. ( October 2003 ). `` A prospective analysis of 211 robotic - assisted surgical procedures ''. Surgical Endoscopy. 17 ( 10 ) : 1521 -- 1524. PMID 12915974. doi : 10.1007 / s00464 - 002 - 8853 - 3. Jump up ^ Ahmed, K. ; Khan, M.S. ; Vats, A. ; Nagpal, K. ; Priest, O. ; Patel, V. ; Vecht, J.A. ; Ashrafian, H. ; et al. ( October 2009 ). `` Current status of robotic assisted pelvic surgery and future developments ''. International Journal of Surgery. 7 ( 5 ) : 431 -- 440. PMID 19735746. doi : 10.1016 / j. ijsu. 2009.08. 008. Jump up ^ Kypson, Alan P ; Chitwood Jr., W. Randolph ( 2004 ). `` Robotic Applications in Cardiac Surgery ''. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems. 1 ( 2 ) : 87 -- 92. Bibcode : 2004cs... 12055K. arXiv : cs / 0412055. Jump up ^ D'Annibale, A et al. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. December 2004. Volume 47, issue 12, pp. 2162 -- 2168 Jump up ^ Spinoglio, G. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. November 2008. Volume 51, issue 11, pp. 1627 -- 1632 Jump up ^ Delaney, C. et al. Diseases of the colon and rectum. December 2003. Volume 46, pp. 1633 -- 1639 Jump up ^ Braumann, C. et al. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. December 2005. Volume 48, Number 9, pp1820 - 1827. Jump up ^ Myung - Han, Hyun ; Chung - Ho Lee ; Hyun - Jung Kim ; YiXin Tong ; Sung - Soo Park ( November 2013 ). `` Systematic review and meta - analysis of robotic surgery compared with conventional laparoscopic and open resection for gastric carcinoma ''. British Journal of Surgery. 100 ( 12 ) : 1566 -- 78. PMID 24264778. doi : 10.1002 / bjs. 9242. Jump up ^ Melvin, W. Scott ; Needleman, Bradley J. ; Krause, Kevin R. ; Schneider, Carol ; Ellison, E. Christopher ( 2002 ). `` Computer - Enhanced vs. Standard Laparoscopic Antireflux Surgery ''. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 6 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 15 ; discussion 15 -- 6. PMID 11986012. doi : 10.1016 / S1091 - 255X ( 01 ) 00032 - 4. Jump up ^ Melvin, W.S. ; Dundon, J.M. ; Talamini, M. ; Horgan, S. ( October 2005 ). `` Computer - enhanced robotic telesurgery minimizes esophageal perforation during Heller myotomy ''. Surgery. 138 ( 4 ) : 553 -- 558 ; discussion 558 -- 9. PMID 16269282. doi : 10.1016 / j. surg. 2005.07. 025. Jump up ^ Shaligram A ; Unnirevi J ; Simorov A ; Kothari VM ; Oleynikov D ( April 2012 ). `` How does the robot affect outcomes? A retrospective review of open, laparoscopic, and robotic Heller myotomy for achalasia ''. Surgical Endoscopy. 26 ( 4 ) : 1047 -- 50. PMID 22038167. doi : 10.1007 / s00464 - 011 - 1994 - 5. Jump up ^ Liu, H ; Lawrie, TA ; Lu, D ; Song, H ; Wang, L ; Shi, G ( 10 December 2014 ). `` Robot - assisted surgery in gynaecology ''. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 12 ( 12 ) : CD011422. PMID 25493418. doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD011422. Jump up ^ `` Committee Opinion : Robotic Surgery in Gynecolgy ''. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 125 ( 3 ) : 760 -- 767. March 2015. doi : 10.1097 / 01. AOG. 0000461761.47981. 07. Jump up ^ `` Robot - Assisted Surgery : Neurosurgery ''. Biomed.brown.edu. Retrieved 25 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` SYMBIS Homepage on IMRIS Website ''. Jump up ^ `` Surgeons use robot to operate inside eye in world first ''. 9 September 2016 -- via The Guardian. Jump up ^ Walsh, Fergus ( 9 September 2016 ). `` Robot operates inside eye in world first '' -- via www.bbc.co.uk. Jump up ^ UK surgeons carry out world 's first robot eye surgery. ITV News, 9 September 2016. Jump up ^ ROBODOC history. Robodoc.com. Retrieved 29 November 2011. Jump up ^ Acrobot Sculptor Jump up ^ Siebert, W. ; Mai, Sabine ; Kober, Rudolf ; Heeckt, Peter F. ( 30 December 2004 ). `` Chapter 12 -- Total knee replacement : robotic assistive technique ''. In DiGioia, Anthony M. ; Jaramaz, Branislav ; Picard, Frederic ; Nolte, Lutz - Peter. Computer and robotic assisted hip and knee surgery. Oxford University Press. pp. 127 -- 156. ISBN 0 - 19 - 850943 - X. Jump up ^ `` Home MAKO Surgical Corp ''. Makosurgical.com. 3 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Home Blue Belt Technologies, Inc. ''. Bluebelttech.com. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Robotic Surgery ''. Children 's Hospital Center. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2011. ^ Jump up to : Shweikeh, Faris ; Amadio, Jordan P. ; Arnell, Monica ; Barnard, Zachary R. ; Kim, Terrence T. ; Johnson, J. Patrick ; Drazin, Doniel ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ). `` Robotics and the spine : a review of current and ongoing applications ''. Neurosurgical Focus. 36 ( 3 ) : E10. PMID 24580002. doi : 10.3171 / 2014.1. focus13526. Jump up ^ Giulianotti PC, Gorodner V, Sbrana F, Tzvetanov I, Jeon H, Bianco F, Kinzer K, Oberholzer J, Benedetti E ( 2010 ). `` Robotic Trans - Abdominal Kidney Transplantation in a Morbidly Obese Patient ''. AJT. 10 : 1 -- 5. Jump up ^ Oberholzer J, Giulianotti P, Danielson KK, Spaggiari M, Bejarano - Pineda L, Bianco F, Tzvetanov I, Ayloo S, Jeon H, Garcia - Roca R, Thielke J, Tang I, Akkina S, Becker B, Kinzer K, Patel A, Benedetti E ( 2013 ). `` Minimally invasive robotic kidney transplantation for obese patients previously denied access to transplantation ''. American Journal of Transplantation. 13 ( 3 ) : 721 -- 8. PMC 3647345. PMID 23437881. doi : 10.1111 / ajt. 12078. Jump up ^ Tzvetanov I, Giulianotti PC, Bejarano - Pineda L, Jeon H, Garcia - Roca R, Bianco F, Oberholzer J, Benedetti E ( December 2013 ). `` Robotic - assisted kidney transplantation ''. Surg Clin North Am. 93 ( 6 ) : 1309 -- 23. PMID 24206853. doi : 10.1016 / j. suc. 2013.08. 003. Jump up ^ Lee, DI ( April 2009 ). `` Robotic prostatectomy : what we have learned and where we are going ''. Yonsei Med J. 50 ( 2 ) : 177 -- 81. PMC 2678689. PMID 19430547. doi : 10.3349 / ymj. 2009.50. 2.177. Jump up ^ Williams, SB ; Prado, K ; Hu, JC ( November 2014 ). `` Economics of robotic surgery : does it make sense and for whom? ''. The Urologic clinics of North America. 41 ( 4 ) : 591 -- 6. PMID 25306170. doi : 10.1016 / j. ucl. 2014.07. 013. Jump up ^ Ramsay, C ; Pickard, R ; Robertson, C ; Close, A ; Vale, L ; Armstrong, N ; Barocas, DA ; Eden, CG ; Fraser, C ; Gurung, T ; Jenkinson, D ; Jia, X ; Lam, TB ; Mowatt, G ; Neal, DE ; Robinson, MC ; Royle, J ; Rushton, SP ; Sharma, P ; Shirley, MD ; Soomro, N ( 2012 ). `` Systematic review and economic modelling of the relative clinical benefit and cost - effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery for removal of the prostate in men with localised prostate cancer. ''. Health technology assessment ( Winchester, England ). 16 ( 41 ) : 1 -- 313. PMC 4780976. PMID 23127367. doi : 10.3310 / hta16410. ^ Jump up to : `` V UKC Ljubljana prvič na svetu uporabili žilnega robota za posege na femoralnem žilju '' ( The First Use of a Vascular Robot for Procedures on Femoral Vasculature ) ( in Slovenian ). 8 November 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` UKC Ljubljana kljub finančnim omejitvam uspešen v razvoju medicine '' ( UMC Ljubljana Successfully Develops Medicine Despite Financial Limitations ) ( in Slovenian ). 30 March 2011. Jump up ^ Graham - Rowe, Duncan ( 26 January 2006 ). `` Robot set loose to film your insides ''. New Scientist ( 2536 ). Retrieved 29 November 2011. Jump up ^ `` Medical Post 23 : 1985 '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ Kwoh, Y.S. ; Hou, J. ; Jonckheere, E.A. & Hayall, S. ( February 1988 ). `` A robot with improved absolute positioning accuracy for CT guided stereotactic brain surgery ''. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 35 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 161. doi : 10.1109 / 10.1354. Jump up ^ Lanfranco, Anthony R. ; Castellanos, Andres E. ; Desai, Jaydev P. ; Meyers, William C. ( 2004 ). `` Robotic Surgery ''. Annals of Surgery. 239 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 21. PMC 1356187. PMID 14685095. doi : 10.1097 / 01. sla. 0000103020.19595. 7d. Jump up ^ `` ROBODOC : Surgical Robot Success Story '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 25 June 2013. Jump up ^ Meadows, Michelle. `` Computer - Assisted Surgery : An Update ''. FDA Consumer magazine. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Jump up ^ McConnell, PI ; Schneeberger, EW ; Michler, RE ( 2003 ). `` History and development of robotic cardiac surgery ''. Problems in General Surgery. 20 ( 2 ) : 20 -- 30. doi : 10.1097 / 01. sgs. 0000081182.03671. 6e. Jump up ^ Leslie Versweyveld ( 29 September 1999 ). `` ZEUS robot system reverses sterilization to enable birth of baby boy ''. Virtual Medical Worlds Monthly. Jump up ^ `` Robotics : the Future of Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery ''. Biomed.brown.edu. 6 October 1999. Retrieved 29 November 2011. Jump up ^ `` Linbergh Operation -- IRCAD / EITS Laparoscopic Center ''. Retrieved 19 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Telerobotic Surgery ''. SRI International. Retrieved 30 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` New Robot Technology Eases Kidney Transplants ''. CBS News. 22 June 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009. Jump up ^ `` da Vinci Si Surgical System ''. Intuitive Surgical. Retrieved 30 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` Autonomous Robotic Surgeon performs surgery on first live human ''. Engadget. 19 May 2006. Jump up ^ `` Robot surgeon carries out 9 - hour operation by itself ''. Phys.Org. Jump up ^ Parekattil, Sijo. `` Robotic Infertility ''. Retrieved 11 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Surgeons perform world 's first pediatric robotic bladder reconstruction ''. Esciencenews.com. 20 November 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2011. Jump up ^ `` neuroArm : revolutionary procedure a world first ''. ucalgary.ca. 16 May 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2012. Jump up ^ Hagn, U. ; Nickl, M. ; Jörg, S. ; Tobergte, A. ; Kübler, B. ; Passig, G. ; Gröger, M. ; Fröhlich, F. ; Seibold, U. ; Konietschke, R. ; Le - Tien, L. ; Albu - Schäffer, A. ; Grebenstein, M. ; Ortmaier, T. & Hirzinger, G. ( 2008 ). `` DLR MiroSurge -- towards versatility in surgical robotics ''. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Computer und Roboterassistierte Chirurgie ; Proceedings of CURAC. 7 : 143 -- 146. Jump up ^ `` Beter opereren met nieuwe Nederlandse operatierobot Sofie '' ( in Dutch ). TU / e. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surgical robots. Robotics Main articles Outline Glossary Index History Future Geography Hall of Fame Ethics Laws AI competitions Types Anthropomorphic Humanoid Android Cyborg Animatronic Industrial Articulated arm Domestic Entertainment Juggling Military Surgery Service Disability Agricultural Food service Retailing BEAM robotics Soft robotics Uncrewed vehicle Classifications Aerial Ground Mobile robot navigation Microbotics Nanorobotics Space Swarm Underwater Locomotion Tracks Walking Hexapod Climbing Self - balancing unicycle Research Evolutionary Kits Simulator Suite Open - source Software Adaptable Developmental Paradigms Ubiquitous Related Technological unemployment Fictional robots Category Portal Emerging technologies Fields Agriculture Agricultural robot Closed ecological systems Cultured meat Genetically modified food Precision agriculture Vertical farming Architecture Arcology Building printing Contour crafting D - Shape Domed city Biomedical Artificial uterus Ampakine Brain transplant Cryonics Cryoprotectant Cryopreservation Vitrification Suspended animation De-extinction Genetic engineering Gene therapy Head transplant Isolated brain Life extension Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence Nanomedicine Nanosensors Personalized medicine Regenerative medicine Stem - cell therapy Tissue engineering Robot - assisted surgery Synthetic biology Synthetic genomics Virotherapy Oncolytic virus Tricorder Whole genome sequencing Displays Next generation FED FLCD iMoD Laser LPD OLED OLET QD - LED SED TPD TDEL TMOS Screenless Bionic contact lens Head - mounted display Head - up display Optical head - mounted display Virtual retinal display Other Autostereoscopy Flexible display Holographic display Computer - generated holography Multi-primary color display Ultra HD Volumetric display Electronics Electronic nose E-textiles Flexible electronics Molecular electronics Nanoelectromechanical systems Memristor Spintronics Thermal copper pillar bump Energy Production Airborne wind turbine Artificial photosynthesis Biofuels Carbon - neutral fuel Concentrated solar power Fusion power Home fuel cell Hydrogen economy Methanol economy Molten salt reactor Nantenna Photovoltaic pavement Space - based solar power Vortex engine Storage Beltway battery Compressed air energy storage Flywheel energy storage Grid energy storage Lithium -- air battery Molten salt battery Nanowire battery Research in lithium - ion batteries Silicon -- air battery Thermal energy storage Ultracapacitor Other Smart grid Wireless power Information and communications Ambient intelligence Internet of Things Artificial intelligence Applications of artificial intelligence Progress in artificial intelligence Machine translation Machine vision Semantic Web Speech recognition Atomtronics Carbon nanotube field - effect transistor Cybermethodology Fourth - generation optical discs 3D optical data storage Holographic data storage GPGPU Memory CBRAM FRAM Millipede MRAM NRAM PRAM Racetrack memory RRAM SONOS Optical computing RFID Chipless RFID Software - defined radio Three - dimensional integrated circuit Manufacturing 3D printing Claytronics Molecular assembler Utility fog Materials science Aerogel Amorphous metal Artificial muscle Conductive polymer Femtotechnology Fullerene Graphene High - temperature superconductivity High - temperature superfluidity Linear acetylenic carbon Metamaterials Metamaterial cloaking Metal foam Multi-function structures Nanotechnology Carbon nanotubes Molecular nanotechnology Nanomaterials Picotechnology Programmable matter Quantum dots Silicene Superalloy Synthetic diamond Military Antimatter weapon Caseless ammunition Directed - energy weapon Laser Maser Particle - beam weapon Sonic weapon Coilgun Railgun Plasma weapon Pure fusion weapon Stealth technology Vortex ring gun Neuroscience Artificial brain Blue Brain Project Brain -- computer interface Electroencephalography Mind uploading Brain - reading Neuroinformatics Neuroprosthetics Bionic eye Brain implant Exocortex Retinal implant Quantum Quantum algorithms Quantum amplifier Quantum bus Quantum channel Quantum circuit Quantum complexity theory Quantum computing Quantum cryptography Quantum dynamics Quantum electronics Quantum error correction Quantum imaging Quantum information Quantum key distribution Quantum logic Quantum logic gates Quantum machine Quantum machine learning Quantum metamaterial Quantum metrology Quantum network Quantum neural network Quantum optics Quantum programming Quantum sensing Quantum simulator Quantum teleportation Robotics Domotics Nanorobotics Powered exoskeleton Self - reconfiguring modular robot Swarm robotics Uncrewed vehicle Space science Launch Fusion rocket Non-rocket spacelaunch Mass driver Orbital ring Skyhook Space elevator Space fountain Space tether Reusable launch system Propulsion Beam - powered propulsion Ion thruster Laser propulsion Plasma propulsion engine Helicon thruster VASIMR Project Orion Nuclear pulse propulsion Solar sail Other Interstellar travel Propellant depot Transport Aerial Adaptive compliant wing Aeroscraft Backpack helicopter Delivery drone Flying car High - altitude platform Jet pack Pulse detonation engine Scramjet Spaceplane Skylon Supersonic transport Land Airless tire Tweel Alternative fuel vehicle Hydrogen vehicle Driverless car Ground effect train Maglev train Personal rapid transit Vactrain ET3 Global Alliance Hyperloop Vehicular communication systems Pipeline Pneumatic transport Automated vacuum collection Foodtubes Other Anti-gravity Cloak of invisibility Digital scent technology Force field Plasma window Immersive virtual reality VirtuSphere Magnetic refrigeration Phased - array optics Topics Collingridge dilemma Differential technological development Ephemeralization Exploratory engineering Fictional technology Proactionary principle Technological change Technological unemployment Technological convergence Technological evolution Technological paradigm Technology forecasting Accelerating change Moore 's law Technological singularity Technology scouting Technology readiness level Technology roadmap Transhumanism Category List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&oldid=799980818 '' Categories : Publishing Surgery Computer - assisted surgery Surgical robots Telehealth Health informatics Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2011 CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with a promotional tone from December 2014 All articles with a promotional tone Use dmy dates from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Eesti Español 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Русский తెలుగు Українська Žemaitėška Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017, at 23 : 37. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Robot-assisted surgery", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&oldid=799980818" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "the robot was not simply imitating the movement of human hands but was guided by pressing buttons, just like one would play a video game. The robot was imported to Slovenia from the United States. Miniature robotics ( edit ) As scientists seek to improve the versatility and utility of robotics in surgery, some are attempting to miniaturize the robots. For example, the University of Nebraska Medical Center has led a multi-campus effort to provide collaborative research on mini-robotics among surgeons, engineers and computer scientists. History ( edit ) The first robot to assist in surgery was the Arthrobot, which was developed and used for the first time in Vancouver in 1983. Intimately involved were biomedical engineer, Dr. James McEwen, Geof Auchinleck, a UBC engineering physics grad, and Dr. Brian Day as well as a team of engineering students. The robot was used in an orthopaedic surgical procedure on 12 March 1984, at the UBC Hospital in Vancouver. Over 60 arthroscopic surgical procedures were performed in the first 12 months, and a 1985 National Geographic video on industrial robots, The Robotics Revolution, featured the device. Other related robotic devices developed at the same time included a surgical scrub nurse robot, which handed operative instruments on voice command, and a medical laboratory robotic arm. A YouTube video entitled Arthrobot illustrates some of these in operation." ], "id": [ "11764659222333308910" ], "short_answers": [ "1983" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of the Fast and the Furious characters - wikipedia List of the Fast and the Furious characters Jump to : navigation, search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Fast and the Furious is an American action film series, centered around cars produced by Neal H. Moritz and distributed by Universal Pictures. Consisting of eight films and two short films, the following is a list of characters from The Fast and the Furious. Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters table 2 Main characters 2.1 Dominic Toretto 2.2 Brian O'Conner 2.3 Letty Ortiz 2.4 Mia Toretto 2.5 Roman Pearce 2.6 Tej Parker 2.7 Sean Boswell 2.8 Han Lue 2.9 Gisele Yashar 2.10 Luke Hobbs 3 Supporting characters 3.1 The Fast and the Furious 3.1. 1 Vince 3.1. 2 Leon 3.1. 3 Jesse 3.1. 4 Hector 3.2 2 Fast 2 Furious 3.2. 1 Suki 3.2. 2 Jimmy 3.2. 3 Slap Jack 3.2. 4 Orange Julius 3.3 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 3.3. 1 Twinkie 3.3. 2 Neela 3.3. 3 Earl 3.3. 4 Reiko 3.4 Fast & Furious 3.4. 1 Rico Santos 3.4. 2 Tego Leo 3.4. 3 Cara 3.5 Fast Five 3.5. 1 Elena Neves 3.6 Furious 7 3.6. 1 Ramsey 3.6. 2 Safar 3.6. 3 Mando 3.7 The Fate of the Furious 3.7. 1 Magdalene Shaw 4 Antagonists 4.1 The Fast and the Furious 4.1. 1 Johnny Tran 4.1. 2 Lance Nguyen 4.2 2 Fast 2 Furious 4.2. 1 Carter Verone 4.2. 2 Enrique 4.2. 3 Roberto 4.3 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 4.3. 1 Takashi 4.3. 2 Morimoto 4.3. 3 Clay 4.4 Fast & Furious 4.4. 1 Arturo Braga 4.4. 2 Fenix Calderon 4.4. 3 Ramon Campos 4.5 Fast Five 4.5. 1 Hernan Reyes 4.5. 2 Zizi 4.6 Fast & Furious 6 4.6. 1 Owen Shaw 4.6. 2 Agent Riley Hicks 4.6. 3 Vegh 4.6. 4 Klaus 4.6. 5 Jah 4.6. 6 Denlinger 4.6. 7 Adolfson 4.6. 8 Oakes 4.6. 9 Ivory 4.6. 10 Firuz 4.7 Furious 7 4.7. 1 Deckard Shaw 4.7. 2 Mose Jakande 4.7. 3 Kiet 4.7. 4 Kara 4.8 The Fate of the Furious 4.8. 1 Cipher 4.8. 2 Connor Rhodes 5 Law enforcement officials and federal agents 5.1 The Fast and the Furious 5.1. 1 Agent Bilkins 5.1. 2 Sergeant Tanner 5.2 2 Fast 2 Furious 5.2. 1 Agent Markham 5.2. 2 Monica Fuentes 5.3 Fast & Furious 5.3. 1 Agent Penning 5.3. 2 Agent Sophie Trinh 5.3. 3 Agent Michael Stasiak 5.4 Fast Five 5.4. 1 Agent Wilkes 5.4. 2 Macroy 5.4. 3 Fusco 5.4. 4 Chato 5.5 Furious 7 5.5. 1 Mr. Nobody 5.5. 2 Agent Sheppard 5.6 The Fate of the Furious 5.6. 1 Little Nobody 6 References Characters table ( edit ) Key Main Indicates character had a main role in the film Archive Indicates the character only appears in archive footage Cameo Indicates the character had a minor or cameo appearance Photo Indicates that the character had a non-physical picture appearance Character Portrayed by Film The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Principal characters Dominic Toretto Vin Diesel Main Archive Cameo Main Brian O'Conner Paul Walker Main Main Letty Ortiz Michelle Rodriguez Main Main Photo Main Mia Toretto Jordana Brewster Main Main Roman Pearce Tyrese Gibson Main Main Tej Parker Ludacris Main Main Sean Boswell Lucas Black Main Archive Cameo Han Lue Sung Kang Main Archive Gisele Yashar Gal Gadot Main Archive Luke Hobbs Dwayne Johnson Main Primary supporting characters Vince Matt Schulze Main Main Archive Jesse Chad Lindberg Main Leon Johnny Strong Main Monica Fuentes Eva Mendes Main Cameo Suki Devon Aoki Main Archive Neela Nathalie Kelley Main Archive Twinkie Bow Wow Main Archive Tego Leo Tego Calderón Main Archive Cameo Rico Santos Don Omar Main Archive Cameo Elena Neves Elsa Pataky Main Mr. Nobody Kurt Russell Main Ramsey Nathalie Emmanuel Main Little Nobody Scott Eastwood Main Secondary supporting characters Hector Noel Gugliemi Main Cameo Edwin Ja Rule Main Agent Bilkins Thom Barry Main Main Sergeant Tanner Ted Levine Main Girl Minka Kelly Main Agent Markham James Remar Main Orange Julius Amaury Nolasco Main Archive Slap Jack Michael Ealy Main Archive Jimmy MC Jin Main Major Boswell Brian Goodman Main Mrs. Boswell Lynda Boyd Main Earl Jason Tobin Main Reiko Keiko Kitagawa Main Elvis Juan Fernández Main Cara Mirtha Michelle Main Agent Michael Stasiak Shea Whigham Main Cameo Agent Penning Jack Conley Main Agent Sophie Trinh Liza Lapira Main Agent Wilkes Fernando Chien Main Agent Fusco Alimi Ballard Main Agent Chato Yorgo Constantine Main Agent Macroy Geoff Meed Main Rosa Jeimy Osorio Main Jack O'Conner Max William Crane, Charlie & Miller Kimsey Main Samantha Hobbs Eden Estrella Main Mando Romeo Santos Main Agent Sheppard John Brotherton Main Magdalene Shaw Helen Mirren Main Raldo Celestino Cornielle Main Fernando Janmarco Santiago Main Brian Marcos Toretto Carlos De La Hoz, James Ayoub Main Primary antagonists Johnny Tran Rick Yune Main Carter Verone Cole Hauser Main D.K. / Takashi Brian Tee Main Arturo Braga John Ortiz Main Cameo Hernan Reyes Joaquim de Almeida Main Owen Shaw Luke Evans Main Cameo Deckard Shaw Jason Statham Cameo Main Cipher Charlize Theron Main Secondary antagonists Lance Nguyen Reggie Lee Main Enrique Mo Gallini Main Roberto Roberto Sanchez Main Morimoto Leonardo Nam Main Kamata Sonny Chiba Main Fenix Calderon Laz Alonso Main Archive Zizi Michael Irby Main Agent Riley Hicks Gina Carano Main Vegh Clara Paget Main Klaus Kim Kold Main Jah Joe Taslim Main Adolfson Benjamin Davies Main Denlinger Samuel M. Stewart Main Mose Jakande Djimon Hounsou Main Photo Kiet Tony Jaa Main Kara Ronda Rousey Main Connor Rhodes Kristofer Hivju Main During the production of Furious 7, Paul Walker died in a single - vehicle accident on November 30, 2013. As a result, his character Brian O'Conner was written out as retired. Walker 's brothers, Caleb and Cody, were used among others as stand - ins to complete his remaining scenes, and the film is dedicated to him. Main characters ( edit ) Dominic Toretto ( edit ) Main article : Dominic Toretto Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto appears in all of the films in the series but 2 Fast 2 Furious, in which he is only mentioned. An elite street racer, auto mechanic, and ex-convict, Dominic is the brother of Mia, husband of Letty Ortiz, brother - in - law of Brian O'Conner, and father of Brian Toretto. In the first film The Fast and the Furious, Dom leads a double - life in Los Angeles with his sister Mia, his girlfriend Letty, best friend Vince, and teammates Leon and Jesse. During the day, he tunes performance vehicles out of the auto shop behind his family 's grocery store ( which is run by Mia ). At night, Dom and his team participate in illegal street racing in and around downtown LA. When they 're not racing or working in the garage, the team performs precision hijackings out of three black high - performance Honda Civics, targeting semi-trucks on LA freeways transporting electronic merchandise valued at hundreds of thousands or millions of dollars. LAPD police officer Brian O'Connor infiltrates the group while working undercover, using the alias of Brian Spilner and the guise of a new racer eager to participate in high - stakes matches. On his first night, he challenges Dom by buying into a race using the pink slip for his Mitsubishi Eclipse ( later said to be valued at $80,000 ). Brian ultimately loses the race, and a subsequent run - in with Dom 's rival Johnny Tran leads to the Eclipse 's destruction. The result places Brian in debt to Dom for an equally capable vehicle that can run a quarter - mile in ten seconds. Over the following weeks and months, and much to the chagrin of Vince, Brian works closely with Dom and his team to restore a Toyota Supra in time to participate in Race Wars, a legal racing event held in the desert outside of LA that attracts hundreds of participants. Dom ultimately discovers Brian 's identity when Brian is forced to expose himself to save Vince after their final daytime hijacking goes awry. Vince, having sustained physical trauma from the endeavor, is bleeding out, forcing Brian to call for medevac and announce himself as an LAPD officer. This deception infuriates Dom, who immediately departs with Mia, Leon and Letty. By the time Vince is loaded onto the medevac, Dom is speeding away in the last remaining Civic with the remnants of Dom 's team. Brian catches up to Dom at his home in LA, Leon and Letty having already fled to avoid arrest. When Tran and his cousin Lance attempt a drive - by shooting on dirt bikes as revenge for an earlier dispute, Brian and Dom pursue them in separate cars. Dom, in his late father 's 1970 Dodge Charger, manages to incapacitate Lance while Brian pursues Tran in his Supra and kills him after shooting him in the side, causing him to crash at high speed on his motorcycle. Dom then challenges Brian to a race, pitting the Charger vs. the Supra on a quarter - mile strip with a railroad crossing as the finish line. The two engage in the high - speed drag race ultimately against an oncoming train. Barely surviving the train, Dom immediately collides with a semi-truck pulling out of a side street causing the Charger to flip multiple times. Brian, rushing to his aid, understands Dom 's plight and fulfilling his commitment to give Dom a ten - second car, hands over the keys to his Supra. Dom departs as the sound of police sirens approaches, leaving Brian to answer for his failure. In a post-credits scene, Dom is seen driving a Chevrolet Chevelle in Baja California, having eluded capture. In The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift he makes a cameo appearance at the end of the film as an old friend of the now deceased Han. In Fast & Furious, Dominic and Brian reunite in the wake of Letty 's death to stop drug lord Arturo Braga. In Fast Five, Dominic and Brian make a plot to steal all of Hernan Reyes ' money in an attempt to buy their freedom. During a talk with Brian, Dominic recalls his happy childhood with his father and Mia. Dominic, Brian, and Mia recruit many of their allies for the heist, while at the same time trying to evade capture by the DSS agent Luke Hobbs and Rio police officer Elena Neves. Hobbs and Elena become allies to Dominic after his team saves them from Reyes 's men. With the help of his team, Dominic 's heist is successful, and goes into hiding with Mia and Brian and starts a relationship with Elena. In Fast & Furious 6, Dominic lives with Elena. He is approached by Hobbs, who asks him to help take down Owen Shaw, whose second - in - command is revealed to be an amnesiac but still - alive Letty. With Elena 's support, Dominic regroups with his team and tries to talk to Letty to remember him and her former friends. Through numerous actions, he eventually gains Letty 's trust, and defeats Shaw. His group is given full pardons from their crimes, and they return to the United States. Elena becomes Hobbs 's new partner so that Dominic can be with Letty and start anew. In a post credit scene, he would later get a call with a threatening message from a man related to Owen Shaw. In Furious 7 he is seeking revenge on Owen Shaw 's brother Deckard, who is revealed to have deliberately caused the crash that had killed Han in Tokyo Drift ( thus leading to Dom 's cameo in the third film ) and also destroyed Dom 's home. While he pursues Shaw he is recruited by mysterious government agent ' Mr Nobody ' to rescue Ramsey, a hacker with a device known as ' God 's Eye ' able to locate anyone on Earth, who has been captured by Mose Jakande with the promise of help in finding Shaw after Ramsey is safe. Dom and his crew save Ramsey - who is revealed to be female much to the surprise of her rescuers. Shaw and Jakande ultimately team up to kill Dom and the crew but they are defeated after a lengthy and violent battle. After this Dom bids an emotional farewell to Brian, who is retiring from the fast - paced, dangerous life to be with his son and the pregnant again Mia. In The Fate of the Furious, Dominic is on his honeymoon with Letty, when Cipher forces him to work for her and betray his friends and family by holding Elena hostage. He helps her steal the `` God Eye '' and all the equipment for her plan to start a war. On Cipher 's plan he learns he and Elena had a son while they were in a relationship. After nearly losing the nuclear warheads to Letty and the team. He watches in horror as Cipher 's henchman Connor Rhodes kills Elena on Cipher 's orders. In the film it is later revealed that throughout he made a deal with Deckard Shaw 's mother to have Deckard and Owen rescue his son from Cipher by helping Deckard fake his death. Once Deckard rescues his son, he turns on Cipher and helps his team stop her plans. He makes peace with Deckard and names his son Brian after his friend and `` brother '' Brian O'Connor. Dominic is tough and street smart. Although he owned a red Mazda RX - 7 and a fleet of black Honda Civic ( fifth generation ) for his heists in the first film, he is more interested in the American muscle cars, owning a 900 hp Dodge Charger R / T he built with his father, on which he is especially proud of. He also owned a Buick GNX, Pontiac Bonneville Convertible, Plymouth Road Runner, Dodge Challenger SRT8 and a Chevrolet Chevelle SS. Dominic Toretto is portrayed by Vin Diesel. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( flashbacks ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( cameo ) Los Bandoleros Fast & Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Cars driven 1993 Mazda RX - 7, first film 1995 Honda Civic, first film 1970 Dodge Charger R / T, first, fourth, fifth and seventh film 1994 Toyota Supra, with Bomex body kit first film 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle, first and fourth film 1970 Plymouth Road Runner, third and seventh film 1966 Pontiac Bonneville Convertible, Los Bandoleros 1987 Buick Grand National, fourth film 2009 Subaru Impreza WRX STI, fourth film 1973 Chevrolet Camaro F - Bomb, fourth film 1963 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Grand Sport, fifth film 2011 Dodge Charger R / T Police Car, fifth film 2010, 2012 Dodge Charger SRT8, fifth and sixth film 2009 Dodge Challenger SRT8, fifth and sixth film 2010 BMW E60 M5, sixth film 1969 Dodge Charger Daytona, sixth film 1974 Plymouth Barracuda, seventh film 2015 Dodge Charger R / T, seventh film 2014 Lykan HyperSport, seventh film 1968 Dodge Charger R / T, seventh & Ice Charger eighth films 1961 Chevrolet Impala Sport Coupe, eighth film 1950 Chevrolet Fleetline, eighth film 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon, eighth film 1972 Plymouth Road Runner GTX, eighth film Brian O'Conner ( edit ) Main article : Brian O'Conner Brian O'Conner appears in all of the films in the series except for The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift and The Fate of the Furious. During the events of The Fast and the Furious, Brian is undercover for an LAPD - FBI task force under the alias Brian Spilner. As part of his investigation into a string of hijackings that have resulted in millions of dollars in electronic merchandise being stolen, Brian is charged with infiltrating the Los Angeles street racing scene, as the evidence suggests the culprits are talented racers. His initial contact with Dom and his team goes poorly as Dom 's best friend Vince antagonizes Brian into a fight, which leads to Dom banishing him from the store and garnering Brian the nickname `` the buster '' from the team. However, Brian re-engages them later that night when he lays the pink slip for his Mitsubishi Eclipse down as a wager in a high - stakes race near downtown LA. Dom accepts, but is unable to collect when an LAPD raid leads to the frantic dispersal of all the racers. Dom abandons his car in a parking garage, and is rescued by Brian from being captured by an LAPD patrol officer. Fleeing the police, the duo accidentally enter into the territory of Dom 's rival, Johnny Tran, resulting in the destruction of Brian 's Eclipse. Due to the earlier terms of the race, Dom holds Brian to his debt, but lets him into his inner - circle. Brian presents a totaled Toyota Supra as payment, proposing that if they restore it that it will meet Dom 's demands. As they restore the car Brian becomes closer to both Dom and his sister Mia, whom he begins to date. Both his friendship to Dom and romance with Mia upset Dom 's best friend Vince. Under pressure from his superiors with the LAPD and FBI, Brian presses Dom harder to understand where he gets the money to pay for such high - end upgrades to their vehicles. Dom implies that if Brian proves himself at a big upcoming racing event called Race Wars, then he 'll reveal his secret. During the event, Dom and his crew depart in the middle of the night to hijack a semi truck. Brian reveals his identity to Mia and coerces information out of her to help Dom. The two of them subsequently pursue the crew near Thermal, and find them in the middle of a hijacking gone wrong. Vince, stuck on the truck and wounded by the armed truck driver, is rescued by Brian after Letty is incapacitated. Brian is then forced to reveal his identity to Dom as he calls for an emergency medevac to airlift Vince to safety. Infuriated, Dom leaves with Mia, Leon and Letty. Brian pursues them to the Toretto household, but Leon and Letty have already fled to avoid arrest. At that same time, Johnny Tran and his cousin Lance perform a drive - by shooting over an earlier dispute, prompting Brian and Dom to pursue them in separate cars. Dom disables Lance in his Dodge Charger while Brian kills Tran by shooting him in the side, causing him to fall off of his dirt bike at high speed. Dom then challenges Brian to a quarter - mile drag race on a stretch of road that has a railroad crossing as the finish line. The two finish in a tie, narrowly beating an oncoming train, but Dom immediately collides with a semi truck advancing from a side street, causing his vehicle to flip multiple times. Running to Dom 's aid, Brian understands Dom 's dilemma, and not wanting to send him back to prison, hands over the keys to his Supra so that Dom can escape capture by the police. In a short film to bridge the events of The Fast and the Furious and 2 Fast 2 Furious, Brian is shown to have surrendered his gun and badge at his home in LA, escaping as a SWAT team raids his house. He goes on the run in a red Dodge Stealth, earning money via street racing. Losing the Dodge when he 's forced to abandon it after police officers recognize the vehicle, he replaces it with a used Nissan Skyline that he repairs and restores with money he earns from subsequent races. He ultimately ends up in Miami, setting the stage for the second film. In the second film, he is living in Miami as a street racer, but gets caught by U.S. Customs agents. He is offered a deal to take part in a joint Customs / FBI operation in exchange for the cleansing of his criminal record. He and childhood friend Roman Pearce go undercover as street racers to track down the apprehend the ruthless drug lord, Carter Verone. In the fourth film, after having his crimes pardoned, O'Conner becomes an FBI agent and is given the task of bringing down Arturo Braga ( Ramon Campos ), a known drug trafficker. O'Conner, as well as Toretto, both infiltrate Braga 's crew. While Braga is eventually apprehended, Toretto is arrested and sentenced to prison as well, resulting in O'Conner, Mia, and members of Toretto 's crew intercepting the prison bus to free Dominic from custody. In the fifth film, O'Conner and Toretto get caught in a crossfire with corrupt businessman and ruthless drug lord Hernan Reyes in Rio de Janeiro and plot to steal all of Reyes ' money to buy their freedom. It is revealed in Fast Five that O'Conner's father was not there for him and O'Conner does not know anything about him, unlike the close bond that Toretto 's father had with both his children. He is often worried that he will behave in the manner that his father did, but Toretto reassured him that he wo n't because he will keep an eye on him if he does. O'Conner had been in juvenile detention with Roman before he became a cop. O'Conner has also rekindled his relationship with Mia, and she becomes pregnant with his child. In the sixth film, O'Conner, Toretto, and Mia live peacefully in the Canary Islands in Spain, where Mia gives birth to their son. O'Conner joins Toretto 's team in complying with the request of Agent Hobbs to take down rival gang leader Owen Shaw. When the team realizes that Braga worked for Shaw, O'Conner decides to enter the United States to interrogate him about Shaw. After successfully questioning Braga and returning to London, O'Conner starts to feel guilty for letting Letty go undercover, which led to her amnesia and subsequent work for Shaw. The group captures Shaw and convinces Letty to side with them. O'Conner apologizes to Letty, who says that she might not remember him, but if she did work for him, she would have done of her own free will. Shaw reveals that he had captured Mia, leading to a high - speed chase after Shaw 's airplane, where Mia is rescued and Shaw is crippled and put into a coma. Hobbs then grants the group 's amnesty, and the entire crew move back to America, where Mia, Toretto and O'Conner have decided to reside in the old Toretto home. In the seventh and final film as a main character, O'Conner is in Los Angeles, where he is getting accustomed to life as a father. When Dom 's house is destroyed, he joins Dom 's crew in a series of missions to find and capture the bomber Deckard Shaw. The missions include an airdrop over the Caucasus Mountains to ambush Jakande 's convoy ; he jumps onto the bus to rescue the hacktivist Ramsey. At Abu Dhabi, he and Dominic break into a billionaire 's apartment room to recover the flash drive containing the God 's Eye program. He joins Dom and Mr. Nobody, along with a covert ops unit, to try to capture Shaw but is ambushed by Jakande and his militants, who have allied with Deckard. When Jakande goes after Dom 's crew in Los Angeles, he is part of the driving team carrying Ramsay, but after his car is destroyed, goes on foot to restore the cell tower connection so that God 's Eye can be hacked. Following the defeat of Jakande and Shaw, he and Mia return to normal family life by playing with their son at the beach. When Dom leaves, he notices and pulls up beside Dom 's car in his white Toyota Supra, asking Dom `` You thought you could leave without saying goodbye? '' They look at each other and smile, then drive together for a bit and then branch off in separate directions. In the eighth film, O'Conner is mentioned by Letty and Roman as when Dom betrays the team due to Cipher 's actions. Roman suggests Brian be called in to help. But Letty refuses reminding him that team agreed to keep Brian and Mia out any conflict they are a part of. Dom later names his son after O'Connor. O'Conner was first unknown with the car tuning ( he owned a tuned Mitsubishi Eclipse in the first film, but its hinted this was paid for by the LAPD - FBI task force he had gone undercover for ), but after with meeting Toretto, he became more positive, active in racing scene, becoming a skilled mechanic. He is very interested in tuners, especially Nissan Skyline models. He owned two Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 's ( one in the second movie and one in the fourth ), Nissan C10 Skyline and finally a Nissan GT - R. Paul Walker 's death Brian was portrayed by actor Paul Walker. Due to Walker 's death in a single - vehicle accident on November 30, 2013 -- with Furious 7 being incomplete, filming was put on hold to allow the cast and crew of the film to grieve. The writers took this time to determine how to handle the fate of O'Conner in the film and decided that Walker 's character will be retired from the franchise rather than killed. The film used some voice clips and cut scenes from previous installments, his look - alike brothers Caleb and Cody plus his CGI - generated face to complete filming. The film ends with a tribute to Walker including highlights of Walker 's time in the Fast and Furious franchise and Walker 's co-star and close friend Vin Diesel giving an in - character voice over of how he will always be his brother, before the words `` For Paul '' are displayed on screen. The song `` See You Again '' by American rapper Wiz Khalifa and American singer Charlie Puth was dedicated to Walker. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious 2 Fast 2 Furious Fast & Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 Cars driven 1995 Mitsubishi Eclipse RS, first film 2000 Ford Lightning, first film 1994 Toyota Supra, Targa with a 2JZ - GE Engine when it was a salvage car, later the engine changed to a 2JZ - GTE with Bomex body kit first filmurbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious 1999 Nissan Skyline GT - R R34, The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious and second film 2002 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VII, with Mitsubishi Lancer O-Z Rally Edition, taillights and DAMD body kit second film 1969 Chevrolet Yenko Camaro S / T, second film 1998 Ford Crown Victoria Undercover Police Car, fourth film 1998 Nissan Skyline GT - T R34, with GT - R parts and engine for better drifts with RWD, fourth film 2002 Hummer H1, fourth film 1970 Dodge Charger R / T, fourth and fifth film 2009 Subaru Impreza WRX STI, fourth and seventh film 1969 Nissan C10 Skyline 2000 GT - R, fifth film 2001 Porsche 911, with 911 GT3 RS, logos, stickers, and body parts fifth film 2011 Dodge Charger R / T Police Car, fifth film 2010 Dodge Charger SRT8, fifth film 2011 Nissan GT - R, fifth and sixth film 2010 BMW E60 M5, sixth film 1970 Ford Escort Mark I Mexico, sixth film 2012 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Quadrifoglio Verde, sixth film 2013 Chrysler Town & Country, seventh film 1989 Nissan Skyline GT - R R32, seventh film 2012 Nissan GT - R ( R35 ) Black Edition, seventh film 2011 McLaren 12C, seventh film 2008 Chevrolet Suburban, seventh film 1998 Toyota Supra turbo, seventh film 2015 Lykan Hypersport, seventh film Letty Ortiz ( edit ) Main article : Letty Ortiz Leticia `` Letty '' Ortiz is Dominic 's girlfriend and later his wife. She is also a highly skilled street racer and mechanic. In The Fast and the Furious, Letty expresses some concern about Dominic 's carjacking scheme, but goes along to back him up despite her concerns. In the end, during a botched highway robbery, she rolls her car and is injured, but survives. During the events of Fast & Furious, she is on Dominic 's crew in his heists of fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic, but when the local law enforcement starts closing in, he leaves her behind to protect her from harm. Several weeks later, Mia calls Dominic to tell him Letty has been apparently murdered by Fenix. It is later revealed that after she could not find Dominic, Letty contacted FBI agent Brian O'Conner and became a double agent for Braga 's crime ring in order to clear Dominic 's charges and allow him to come home. In the post-credits scene of Fast Five, Luke Hobbs receives a file regarding a robbery, in which Letty 's photograph is attached, revealing that she is still alive ; Fenix did not, in fact, kill her, and instead involved her in the robbery of a German military convoy. In the sixth film, it is revealed that she has amnesia, and is part of a lethally skilled mercenary organization led by Owen Shaw, a criminal mastermind. Dominic makes several attempts to try and reach out to her. It was revealed that Brian felt guilty for having Letty be an informant for the FBI to help him to take down Arturo Braga and having this led to her being presumed dead. She is also described as a tough street woman by Riley, which is true during their first encounter. Shaw orders Letty to detach a cable line to Roman 's car that was holding the tank from escaping. While attempting to do so, she is rescued by Dominic, gaining her full trust in him. Brian attempts to apologize to her, but Letty tells him that she does n't remember much for being an informant and if she did, no one forces her to do something she does n't want to do. She assists Hobbs, Dom and the others in stopping both Owen and Riley. Despite not being able to remember her previous life with Dom, she returns home with him stating that `` it feels like home ''. In the seventh film, Letty temporarily leaves Dom to sort through her amnesia and find out who she is on her own. However, after Deckard Shaw kills Han and blows up Dom 's house, Letty rejoins the team. During the course of the mission, Letty 's memories come back after hitting her head in a fight with Kara, including that she and Dom were married some point before Fast & Furious. Letty is last seen with her husband and friends on the beach, commenting on how different things will be now that Brian O'Conner is retiring. In The Fate of the Furious, Letty and Dom are enjoying their honeymoon in Havana. Everyone is taken by surprise when Dom seemingly betrays them in Berlin. While the others are convinced of his betrayal, only Letty knew something was wrong and suspected someone was blackmailing him. Her suspicion proved true when Cipher and Dom attacked Mr. Nobody 's secret base. She is last seen meeting Dom 's son with Elena, Brian. Letty is portrayed by Michelle Rodriguez. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious Los Bandoleros Fast & Furious Fast Five ( cameo / photo ) Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Cars driven 1997 Nissan 240SX, first film 1995 Honda Civic, first film 1973 Plymouth Road Runner, fourth film 1973 Jensen Interceptor, sixth film 1974 Plymouth Barracuda, seventh film 2015 Dodge Challenger, seventh film 2010 Dodge Viper, seventh film 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon, eighth film 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle, eighth film 1966 Chevrolet Corvette C2, eighth film Local Motors Rally Fighter, eighth film Mia Toretto ( edit ) Mia Toretto is Dominic 's sister and Brian 's love interest. Mia knows of her brother 's crimes, but disapproves and does not involve herself in them. Dominic 's friend, Vince, is shown to be attracted to her. Mia is also shown to be a proficient driver as she also grew up with Dominic under their race car driver father. In Fast & Furious, Mia is under surveillance by the FBI. She is seen at Letty 's funeral and is mostly seen afterwards either persuading Dominic not to get in danger, or talking to Brian about their past together. When Dominic gets injured, Brian calls her to help him. In Fast Five, she is happily living with Brian and reveals that she is pregnant with his baby. Throughout the film, she assists Dominic 's crew in the heist by driving and staying back at base with surveillance. In Fast & Furious 6, she and Brian now have a son named Jack. After Elena helps rescue Jack, Mia is kidnapped by Shaw 's henchmen Vegh and Klaus. She is rescued by Brian and returns to the US with Dom and the others. In Furious 7, Mia does not get involved in the team 's mission for revenge on Deckard Shaw, who has murdered their close friend Han and blown up the family home, as she stays to look after Jack and is pregnant with her second child. Mia is extremely worried that Brian will be killed but also confesses to her brother she fears the quiet life may not be for Brian due to him telling her he ' misses the bullets '. She is last seen on the beach playing with her family as the rest of the team look on. In The Fate of the Furious, Mia is mentioned by Letty as she reminds Roman that the team all agreed to keep Brian and her out of any conflict they are a part of. Mia Toretto is portrayed by Jordana Brewster. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 Cars driven 1994 Acura Integra Type R, first film 1994 Toyota Supra, first film 2002 Acura NSX - T, with Honda NSX Type R Badges and parts fourth and fifth film 1966 Ford GT40, fifth film 2012 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Quadrifoglio Verde, sixth film Roman Pearce ( edit ) Roman `` Rome '' Pearce is a childhood friend of Brian O'Conner. Originating from Barstow, California, Roman grew up alongside O'Conner. In 2 Fast 2 Furious, Brian says that he and Roman had met in juvenile detention. Two months after Brian finished Police Academy, Roman was arrested when he was found in a garage with eight stolen cars and sent to prison for three years, and after release, was prohibited to go more than a hundred yards from his home. Although Brian had no prior information for Roman 's arrest, Roman overall blamed Brian for the simple fact that he was a cop. Roman and Brian later mended their ways when Roman agreed to participate in a sting operation on Miami drug lord Carter Verone and later talked about opening their own high performance garage using pocketed amounts of Verone 's drug money. However, when Brian became an FBI agent, Roman started spending time and money gambling in Las Vegas, according to his Fast Five profile. Roman appears again in Fast Five as part of Dominic and Brian 's team as a `` fast - talker '' ( someone who can talk their way through anything, or as Dom puts it, `` bullshit his way through anything '' ) in their attempt to steal a vault from a corrupt Brazilian businessman. He is reluctant at first, thinking the mission is personal and not being good business until Dominic utters the vault is filled with one hundred million dollars in cash which is enough to change his mind. With his cut of the money, he buys a Koenigsegg CCXR Edition sports car and travels around the world in his own private jet. He helps Dominic take down Owen Shaw and returns to the U.S in the sixth film, helps Dom take down Owen 's brother Deckard Shaw in the seventh film and helps the team get Dom back and take down Cipher in the eighth film. He is portrayed by Tyrese Gibson. Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Upcoming film appearances Cars driven 1971 Chevrolet Monte Carlo, second film 2003 Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder GTS, second film 1970 Dodge Challenger R / T, second film 1995 Toyota Supra, fifth film 2011 Dodge Charger R / T Police Car, fifth film 2007 Koenigsegg CCXR, fifth film 2010 BMW E60 M5, sixth film 1969 Ford Anvil Mustang, sixth film 1968 Chevrolet Camaro Z28, seventh film 2012 Bugatti Veyron, seventh film 1985 Chevrolet Caprice Classic, seventh film 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon, eighth film Bentley Continental GT, eighth film Lamborghini Murcielago LP640, eighth film Tej Parker ( edit ) Tej Parker is an old friend of Brian who allows him to participate in races hosted by him near his garage in Miami. Tej does not race anymore, preferring to referee and make money off selling parts out of his garage and also due to what he claims to have stopped him from racing, an injured leg. He has an off - on relationship with Suki. When Brian needs a place to stay, he allows Brian and Roman to stay in his garage rooms for a while. Later, when Brian needs to orchestrate a `` scramble '' to escape detection by the FBI, Tej shows him another large car garage owned by him, which they use for the scramble. Tej and Suki drive Brian and Roman 's Mitsubishis out to be intercepted by the FBI, allowing them to continue their mission which shows that he still can drive as well. Tej also appeared in Fast Five, Fast & Furious 6, Furious 7 and The Fate of the Furious as part of Dominic and Brian 's crew, brought on as their technician expert. Tej Parker is portrayed by Ludacris. Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Upcoming film appearances Cars driven 2002 Acura NSX, second film 2001 Dodge Ram, second film 2002 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VII, with Mitsubishi Lancer O-Z Rally Edition taillights and DAMD body kit second film 1963 Ford Galaxie 500, fifth film 1994 Toyota Supra, fifth film 2003 Ferrari Enzo / FXX, sixth film 2010 BMW E60 M5, sixth film 2012 Lucra LC470, sixth film 2015 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited, seventh film 2010 Ferrari 458, seventh film 2016 Mercedes - AMG GT S, eighth film Howe & Howe Technologies Ripsaw, eighth film Sean Boswell ( edit ) Sean Boswell appears in The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift. He is a 17 - year - old loner in school during the events of the film. After having three strikes of street racing in the United States, Sean 's mother sent him to Tokyo, Japan, to live with his father and avoid jail time. In Japan he was introduced to the drift racing scene and made good friends with Han, a former member of Dominic Toretto 's crew and Sean 's supporter throughout the film. He eventually met Dominic at the end of the film and raced him through a parking garage. Aside from Han and Dominic, Sean has no connection to any other major characters in the series. He appears in Furious 7 when he talks with Dominic after their unseen race ( from Tokyo Drift ) and gives him some of Han 's things that were found after the crash. Sean Boswell is portrayed by Lucas Black. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Furious 7 ( cameo ) Upcoming film appearances Cars driven 1971 Chevrolet Monte Carlo, third film 2003 Volkswagen Touran, with The Incredible Hulk paint and body scheme third film 1999 Nissan Silvia S15 with a Nissan RB Engine, third film 1994 Mazda RX - 7, with Veilside body kit third film ( Han Instructed to drive ) 2006 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII, with an APR wide - body aero kit and RWD conversion, third and sixth ( post-credits ) film 1967 Ford Mustang GT with a Nissan RB Engine, third film 2001 Nissan Silvia S15, third and seventh film Han Lue ( edit ) Main article : Han Lue Han Lue ( Chinese : 韓 哥 Hán Gē ), also known by the alias Han Seoul - Oh is an aloof former gang member and street racer, a member of Dominic 's crew in Fast & Furious, Fast Five and Fast & Furious 6, and Sean Boswell 's mentor and friend in The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift. Chronologically, in Fast & Furious he steals fuel tankers with Dominic, while in Fast Five he joins Dom and Brian 's heist team as a precision driver and a `` chameleon ''. While planning the heist in Fast Five, Gisele attributes Han 's constant need to occupy his hands to him being a former smoker. After the heist, Han and Gisele start a relationship and travel together through Europe, starting with Berlin. They assist Dom and his crew in taking down Owen Shaw. In Tokyo Drift, Han hires Sean Boswell as a delivery driver and teaches him how to race against Takashi. During a climatic getaway, a silver Mercedes crashes into his car, causing it to flip over and then explode. In the post-credits scene of Fast & Furious 6, Deckard Shaw ( portrayed by Jason Statham ) is revealed to have driven the Mercedes after tracking the street racers on a police radio. Dominic goes to Japan to retrieve his body, he and his crew have a funeral for him in Furious 7. Han is portrayed by Sung Kang. In the Fast & Furious 6 production notes, his last name is listed as Lue, while in Furious 7, his name appears in the DSS files as Han Seoul - Oh, a nod to Han Solo from Star Wars. Director Justin Lin has stated that Seoul - Oh is a fake ID. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Los Bandoleros Fast & Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 ( archive footage / photo ) Cars driven 1994 Mazda RX - 7, with Veilside, body kit third film, and sixth ( post-credits ) film 1967 Chevrolet C - Series, with a custom tail trailer and truck tires, fourth film 1970 Ford Maverick, fifth film 2011 Subaru Impreza WRX STI, Sedan fifth film 2011 Dodge Charger R / T Police Car, fifth film 2012 Lexus LFA, fifth film 2010 BMW E60 M5, sixth film 2012 Dodge Charger SRT8, sixth film Gisele Yashar ( edit ) Main article : Gisele Yashar Gisele was the liaison for Braga who developed feelings for Dominic, who does not reciprocate. She warns him of potential danger that awaits him after delivering Braga 's heroin across the border. Dominic saves her life in the chaos surrounding the heroin exchange meant as a trap for Braga. She returns the favor by giving the location of Braga 's hideout in Mexico. Gisele re-appears alongside Dominic 's crew assisting him and Brian in their heist as their weapons expert, where it is revealed that she is a former Mossad agent. She and Han eventually start a relationship and take off to Europe together after the heist in Rio de Janeiro. Gisele reappears in Fast & Furious 6, along with Han, and helps Dom and the gang take on a rival gang of hijacking, car criminals. In a running gag, she takes pride in her ability to accomplish objectives on her own where men would fail, that is, using her attractiveness to infiltrate Herman Reyes 's bodyguards and Owen Shaw 's security. She falls from the roof of an airborne car to her death while shooting the man who would have shot Han. Her last name in the sixth film 's production notes is Harabo, while her file in the fifth film presents it as Yashar. However, Lin has said that, like Han, she was not given a last name. She is portrayed by Gal Gadot. Film appearances Fast & Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 ( flashbacks / photo / archive footage ) Cars driven 2007 Porsche Cayman, TECHART GTsport, fourth film 2009 Nissan 370Z, fifth film 1993 Ford Club Wagon, fifth film 2010 BMW E60 M5, sixth film Luke Hobbs ( edit ) Agent Luke Hobbs is a United States Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent and bounty hunter. In Fast Five, he is trying to bring down Toretto 's crew which is his number one priority when he believes that Toretto 's crew killed the DEA agents in the train. After outsmarting Toretto and ambushing him, Mia, Brian, and Vince in their base, he takes them into custody to take back to the United States for prosecution. When his team is killed in an ambush by Hernan Reyes en route to the airport to take the fugitives home, he joins Toretto 's team to steal Reyes ' money, and personally kills a badly - injured Reyes, avenging his team. Faced with the chance to arrest the team after Reyes ' death, he instead offers them a 24 - hour head start to get to safety before he will start the search again. In Fast & Furious 6, he comes to Toretto for help to bring down Owen Shaw, the leader of an international crime syndicate, recognizing that Toretto 's team are the best candidates to match Shaw 's own skills. He partners up with DSS Agent, Riley Hicks, who turns out to be a double agent who double crossed Hobbs and Toretto 's team. While Riley and Letty are fighting with each other in the airplane, Hobbs tosses a harpoon to Letty, who in return uses it to impale Riley off the airplane, killing her on impact. After the mission is completed, Hobbs grants amnesty to Toretto and his team, the two men publicly disagreeing on which of them was in charge during that mission but privately acknowledging that they trust each other. In Furious 7, Shaw 's older brother, Deckard, breaks into Hobbs ' DSS office to extract profiles of Dom 's crew. After revealing his identity, Shaw engages Hobbs in a fight and later escapes by detonating a bomb that sends Hobbs and his partner Elena, flying out of a window and onto a car parked below. He is injured by the fall, and rushed to the hospital by Elena. Dom later visits Hobbs in the hospital, where he learns that Shaw is a rogue British Special Forces assassin seeking to avenge his brother, Owen. During the final climactic scene, Hobbs, seeing that the team is being hunted by a Predator UAV drone, leaves the hospital - even breaking his own cast - and destroys the UAV drone by ramming it with an ambulance. Later, Hobbs plays a part in taking down Jakande when he shoots a belt of grenades that was slung onto Jakande 's chopper by Toretto destroying the helicopter and killing Jakande. He later imprisons Shaw in a maximum security prison. In The Fate of the Furious, Hobbs initially appears coaching his daughter Samantha 's sports team, before being approached by a government contact to conduct an off - the - books mission to retrieve an EMP device from a facility in Berlin, and warned that he will be acting unofficially and will face arrest if captured. Although he claims the device with the aid of Dom 's team, he is captured after Dom steals the device himself due to the blackmail of cyber-terrorist Cipher, resulting in Hobbs being sent to the same prison as Shaw. However, he is swiftly ' released ' by Mr. Nobody to help Dom 's team track down Dom and Cipher, learning that she is seeking to gain control of nuclear launch codes to appoint herself to a position of power over the world. Despite the odds against them, Hobbs and Dom 's team manage to track Cipher while Dom sets plans in motion to escape her blackmail himself, culminating in the destruction of the converted Russian nuclear submarine Cipher was planning to use to launch her stolen missiles. Although offered reinstatement after the threat is over, Hobbs decides to remain officially retired to spend more time with his daughter and his new `` family '', being Dom 's team. Luke Hobbs is portrayed by Dwayne Johnson. Film appearances Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Cars driven GURKHA Armored Vehicle, fifth film Navistar MXT, sixth film International 4000 ambulance, seventh film Land Rover Defender, eighth film International MXT, eighth film Dodge Ram modified for ice, eighth film Supporting characters ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious ( edit ) Vince ( edit ) Vince is a childhood friend and street racer under Dominic Toretto. He opposed O'Conner's inclusion into Dominic 's crew especially since his sister favored O'Conner over him. During Race Wars, Johnny Tran blames Dominic for the SWAT forces that came into his house, disrespecting his whole family for being narced out by someone and they get into a fight. Vince then leads Dominic away telling him to chill out. Near the end of the first film, Vince is seriously injured when he is shot by a trucker whose shipments he attempted to hijack. He recovers from his injuries, escapes from the hospital, and goes to Rio de Janeiro. He is not present or mentioned in Fast & Furious, but can be seen in a picture with Letty and Dominic at Letty 's funeral, although his face is not clear. Vince re-appears in Fast Five living in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro with his wife, Rosa and infant son, Nico ( who is named after Dominic ). He tries to steal one of three cars on a train he attempted to hijack in an earlier mission, but it goes awry. Dominic 's trust in his longtime friend is strained for a time when he was caught hiding information from the team, but ultimately regains that trust after saving Mia from being killed and joins Dominic 's heist team. Before the crew could perform their heist on Reyes, he is later captured by Hobbs along with Dominic, Brian and Mia, but is fatally wounded while saving the cop from Zizi 's ambush on the convoy. Before he dies, Dominic promises Vince that he will watch over Rosa and Nico. After the successful heist on Reyes, Dominic gives Vince 's share to Rosa and Nico, promising to visit soon. Vince is portrayed by Matt Schulze. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious Fast and Furious ( photo ) Fast Five Fast and Furious 6 ( archive footage / photo ) Cars driven 1998 Nissan Maxima with Dodge Viper GTS Blue Paint, first film 1995 Honda Civic, first film 1971 DeTomaso Pantera GT5 - S, fifth film Leon ( edit ) Leon is a friend and street racer under Dominic Toretto. Leon acts as a dispatcher during the street race at the beginning of the film alerting everyone of police presence, and is a participant in the truck heist gone bad. His whereabouts after the first film are unknown and is presumed to be devastated over the death of Jesse by Johnny Tran and Lance and as well as Vince by Hernan Reyes and his men. Leon is portrayed by Johnny Strong. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious Fast and Furious ( photo ) Cars driven 1996 Nissan Skyline R33 GT - R 1995 Volkswagen Jetta GLX 1995 Honda Civic Jesse ( edit ) Jesse is a street racer and the brains of Dominic 's operations, and he is a wheelman in the heists. Jesse admits to having ADD and is shown often stuttering in his speeches and acting very nervous. Despite this setback, he is the computer nerd of the group as he is responsible for creating the designs, doing background checks on people, and hacking the engine characteristics of Toretto 's race vehicles with precise calculations ( a potential characteristic of those with ADD as they may at times have high IQs ). He is somewhat reckless and irresponsible as he later raced Johnny Tran for pink slips against the wishes of both Brian and Toretto who warned him that Tran had over $100,000 under the hood of his vehicle. This proved to be true as Jesse lost to Tran, later driving off and escaping his loss. An enraged Tran and an accomplice later pull a drive - by shooting at Toretto 's house missing everyone but Jesse, who gets hit, killing him instantly. Brian and Dominic chase after Tran, shooting him dead and avenging Jesse 's death. Jesse is portrayed by Chad Lindberg. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious Cars driven 1995 Volkswagen Jetta 1995 Honda Civic Hector ( edit ) Hector is a former street racer and organizer. He is a friend to both Dominic and Brian. In the first movie, Hector organizes and attends the original race in which Dominic and Brian participate, which is later interrupted by the police ; he has a last name, but claims he `` ca n't pronounce it ''. Brian begins investigating Hector and Tran 's activities and is convinced that Tran is behind the hijackings, believing his suspicions are founded when he discovers an unusual purchase made by Hector in The Racer 's Edge ( the parts shop where Brian works ). Hector later throws a party at El Gato Negro, but his whereabouts after this party are unknown. Hector returns in Furious 7, where he takes an accidental punch from Letty at the Race Wars after she has a traumatic flashback when the girl fans from the race wars pick on her, but Hector is not angry ; Dominic jokes that he `` never could take a punch ''. Hector is portrayed by Noel Gugliemi. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious Furious 7 2 Fast 2 Furious ( edit ) Suki ( edit ) Suki is a friend of Brian and sometimes girlfriend of Tej Parker. She is shown to have a highly competitive nature but she is also an excellent driver by handling losses easily. Despite that Brian has won against her numerous times, they remain good friends, and she later helps Brian and Pearce out by driving Pearce 's Mitsubishi along with Tej to allow the pair to escape custody. Suki is portrayed by Devon Aoki. Suki 's car had appeared in the music videos Ludacris ' `` Act a Fool '' and Lindsay Lohan 's `` First ''. Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Cars driven 2000 Honda S2000 2003 Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder GTS Jimmy ( edit ) Jimmy is a mechanic who works for Tej and is a close friend of Brian. He makes a few appearances in 2 Fast 2 Furious, including one which he freestyle raps during a poker game at Tej 's garage. He is portrayed by MC Jin. Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Slap Jack ( edit ) Slap Jack is one of the street racers in the first race of the movie. While trying to beat Brian O'Conner's Skyline using nitrous, Brian outsmarts him also using the nitrous and jumping first off the bridge. After jumping the draw bridge, his Supra gets severely damaged, crash lands and crashes into a Pepsi billboard while Brian wins the race. Although his Supra is rebuilt during the scramble scene. He is portrayed by Michael Ealy. Slap Jack 's car Toyota Supra made appearances in the short film The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious, as well as music videos Ludacris ' `` Act a Fool '' and Lindsay Lohan 's `` First ''. Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Cars driven 1993 Toyota Supra Mark IV Orange Julius ( edit ) Orange Julius is another street racer during the first race of the film. He wears an orange cap and an orange suit to hint his name. During the race, he tries to reach the bridge jump, but just stopped instead, refusing to finish the race. It is unknown if he finished the race or not if the bridge closed or opened. He is also seen during the scramble sequence in the end of the movie. His name has nothing to do with the Dairy Queen 's joint bevarage drink restaurant. His RX - 7 is similar to Dominic Torreto 's RX - 7 from the first film minus the spoiler. He is portrayed by Amaury Nolasco. Orange Julius ' car made appearances in the television film The Last Ride, and the short film The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious, as well as music videos Ludacris ' `` Act a Fool '' and Lindsay Lohan 's `` First ''. Film appearances ; 2 Fast 2 Furious Cars driven 1992 FD Mazda RX - 7 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( edit ) Twinkie ( edit ) Twinkie is Sean 's first friend he meets in Tokyo. He takes and introduces him to the world of drifting where Sean wrecks Han 's favorite car. He is one of Han 's crew who helps Sean in the movie. He is a mechanic more than a street racer and also sells pre-owned goods. Twinkie is portrayed by Bow Wow. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Furious 7 ( archive footage ) Cars driven 2003 Volkswagen Touran with The Incredible Hulk paint and body scheme, third film 2005 Volkswagen Golf R32 ( deleted scene ) Neela ( edit ) Neela is the love interest of Sean Boswell. When Sean arrives in Japan and goes to school, he meets Neela in class. When Sean goes to the drifting world with Twinkie, he sees Neela and begins talking to her then he realizes that she is with Takashi when confronted by him. Later, Neela claims that she grew up with Takashi after her mother died. As the movie goes on, she starts to like Sean even more. When Han is killed by Deckard Shaw, she was taken by Takashi. Eventually in the end, she ends up with Sean after he defeats Takashi on a final race down a mountain. She soon discovered it was Deckard Shaw who caused Han to crash and killed. Neela is portrayed by Nathalie Kelley. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Furious 7 ( archive footage ) Cars driven 2004 Mazda RX - 8, third film Earl ( edit ) Earl is one of Han 's friends and crew member who tunes for racers, using stand - alone fuel management systems to control fuel and timing. Earl is portrayed by Jason Tobin. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Reiko ( edit ) Reiko is the other friend and crew member of Han 's. She is a data - log analyzer that helps Earl tune by checking the driving habits and various engine telemetry stored in data - logs. Reiko is portrayed by Keiko Kitagawa. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Cars driven 2005 Volkswagen Golf R32 ( deleted scenes ) Fast & Furious ( edit ) Rico Santos ( edit ) Rico Santos was a member of Toretto 's crew in the beginning of the film and then in the end when they are busting Dominic out of the prison bus. He is in Dominic 's crew assisting with the heist in Rio de Janeiro. Rico does not join Dom and his crew in capturing Owen Shaw in Fast & Furious 6, his absence explained as him having been last seen at a casino with Tego in Monte Carlo. In The Fate of the Furious, he is seen with Tego on the ambulance taking Deckard Shaw to hospital. Rico Santos is portrayed by Don Omar. Film appearances Los Bandoleros Fast & Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 ( Archive footage ) Furious 7 ( Archive footage ) The Fate of the Furious ( cameo ) Cars driven 1993 Ford Club Wagon, fifth film 1994 Toyota Supra, fifth film Tego Leo ( edit ) Tego Leo is a member of Toretto 's crew in the beginning of the film. Drives the car at the end of the film with Santos when they go with Brian and Mia to get Dominic out of the prison bus. He is in Dominic 's crew assisting with the heist in Rio de Janeiro. Afterwards, Tego and his friend Rico were last seen in a casino in Monte Carlo and do not join Dom and his crew in their mission to capture Owen Shaw. In The Fate of the Furious, Tego is seen with Rico on the ambulance taking Deckard Shaw to hospital. Leo Tego is portrayed by Tego Calderón. Film appearances Los Bandoleros Fast & Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 ( Archive footage ) Furious 7 ( Archive footage ) The Fate of the Furious ( cameo ) Cars driven 1989 Chevrolet R3500 Crew Cab, fourth film 1978 Pontiac Trans Am, fourth and fifth film 2009 Nissan 370Z, fifth film Cara ( edit ) Cara is Han 's girlfriend and member of Toretto 's crew in the beginning of the film and she stays with Han during the heist. She presumably breaks up with Han afterward, since Han is single in Fast Five and begins a relationship with Gisele at the end of the film. Cara Mirtha is portrayed by Mirtha Michelle. Film appearances Los Bandoleros Fast & Furious Fast Five ( edit ) Elena Neves ( edit ) Officer Elena Neves was a member of the Rio military police ( PMERJ ) assigned to Hobbs ' DSS team to track down Dom and Brian for killing three DEA agents. She was chosen because of her knowledge of the favelas and the fact that she was the only incorruptible officer. Her police officer husband 's death had motivated her to join the force, preventing her from being bribed by Reyes like the rest of the police. When Dom saved her from a shootout in the favelas orchestrated by Reyes to prevent the theft of his drug money, she starts to believe they are innocent of killing the DEA agents. Elena later assisted Hobbs in aiding Dom and Brian in stealing Hernan Reyes cash supply and started a relationship with Dom after the job is done. Upon discovering that Dom 's wife, Letty, was still alive and currently working for Owen Shaw, Elena encouraged Dom to find her by joining Hobbs. She assisted Mia when Shaw 's crew attacks them and takes care of Jack during Mia 's kidnapping. After Letty was successfully convinced to rejoin Dom, Elena joined the DSS as Hobbs ' new partner to let the couple live together. Elena was present at the DSS HQ to check on Hobbs, and as she headed home, Hobbs gave her a letter of recommendation for her request to join Interpol. When Deckard Shaw breaks into the HQ to hack Hobbs computer to find out who crippled his brother, she assist Hobbs in attempt to bring him. Hobbs is left injured, so Elena informs Dom to visit him as she takes care of Hobbs 's daughter, Samantha. She was later kidnapped by Cipher in order to blackmail Dom into abandoning his family and retrieve nuclear launch codes, after it was revealed that Dom had fathered a child with Elena in Letty 's absence. After failing to retrieve the launch codes from Letty after an encounter in New York City, Dom returned to the base of operations to find Elena tied to a chair, with Cipher holding Dom 's son. As punishment for Dom being unable to shoot Letty to retrieve the launch codes, Cipher ordered one of her henchmen, Rhodes, to execute Elena by shooting her head and body in cold blood. Dom later avenges Elena 's death by killing Rhodes and promises to her that their son will always be safe. She is a main character in Fast Five and a supporting character in Fast & Furious 6, Furious 7 and The Fate of the Furious. Despite the fact she was a Rio police officer, she did n't work for the regular Rio de Janeiro police department because they were owned by the corrupt Hernan Reyes, shown by the fact that she takes out one of the officers in the climax of the movie. Elena is portrayed by Elsa Pataky. Film appearances Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Cars driven GURKHA Armored Vehicle, fifth film Ford Escape, seventh film Furious 7 ( edit ) Ramsey ( edit ) Ramsey is a British computer hacker and the creator of God 's Eye, a program capable of tracking a specific person through digital services and coveted by mercenary Mose Jakande. Ramsey was a prisoner of Jakande, until Dom and his crew rescue her. Subsequently, she assists Dom and his crew in collecting the God 's Eye, stating that she trusts them more than her previous captors as the team is clearly brought together by respect and trust rather than the fear that kept her captors loyal. When she makes contact with her associate Safar, she learns that the hard drive has been sold away to a Jordanian prince despite her previous warning to keep it safe. When they lose the program to Jakande, Ramsey helps the crew to hack and regain control of it, then shuts it down. Ramsey returns in The Fate of the Furious, having joined Dom 's team as secondary technical advisor to Tej. Due to being the newest member, she was the one who doubted Dom the most after his betrayal. Throughout the film, she is constantly in the middle of Roman and Tej 's respective advances towards her : after Cipher is defeated, she admits she likes both of them but would only choose one of them if they figured out what her last name is. Ramsey is portrayed by Nathalie Emmanuel. Film appearances Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Safar ( edit ) Safar is an Emirati mechanic and Ramsey 's associate in Abu Dhabi. He was given by Ramsey a flash drive containing the God 's Eye program, but, not knowing its importance, sold it to a Jordanian prince. To make amends, Safar tips Dom and his crew on where the drive is located. Safar is portrayed by Ali Fazal. Film appearances Furious 7 Mando ( edit ) Mando is Dom 's friend who lives in the Dominican Republic. He invites Brian, Mia and Jack to his place to hide from Deckard Shaw. While Dom, Brian and their crew are going after Shaw, he watches over Mia. While Brian and Mia were staying at his place, Brian built a surveillance hub in Mando 's garage. Mando is portrayed by Romeo Santos. Film appearances Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious ( edit ) Magdalene Shaw ( edit ) Magdalene Shaw is the mother of Deckard and Owen Shaw. Dominic arranges a private meeting with her to make a deal that he 'll arrange her sons ' freedom from government custody if she has them rescue his son from Cipher 's plane. Magdalene Shaw is portrayed by Helen Mirren. Antagonists ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious ( edit ) Johnny Tran ( edit ) Johnny Tran is the head of an opposing race crew to Dominic Toretto 's, and implied to be involved in some form of organized crime. He is first seen blowing up Brian O'Conner's car, originally owned by Sgt. Tanner, with his gang 's machine guns near the beginning of the film. It is soon revealed that their business deal went sour when Johnny found his sister sleeping with Dominic. Later, as O'Conner and Dominic spy on Tran at his garage, he is seen with his accomplice ( and cousin ) Lance interrogating a man named Ted Gassner regarding engines in his vehicles, which is also where they spot several boxes of merchandise in his garage ( the kind being robbed in the film from truckers ). This leads Brian O'Conner to organize a large SWAT assault team to invade Tran 's house, only to find a few minor weapons charges and other minor issues. Tran gets slapped by his father for this and learned he destroyed Sgt. Tanner 's car and pays $80,000 of the car. After being bailed out, Tran is later seen at the Race Wars, racing Jesse for pink slips. Both Dominic and Brian warn Jesse about Tran 's vehicle having over $100,000 worth of upgrades, but Jesse ignores them and races Tran anyway. After Tran wins, he then confronts Dominic, accusing him of the SWAT team invasion of his home, which disrespected him in front of his entire family ( unaware that the man responsible, Brian O'Conner, is right there in front of him ; he soon becomes aware of this near the end ). Dominic then delivers a right hook to Tran 's face, and the two men scuffle on the ground before being broken up by the crowd. After Tran and Lance kill Jesse in a drive - by shooting while driving motorcycles, Brian and Dominic chase after the two, ending with Brian shooting Tran in the side while Tran is fleeing on his motorcycle, sending Tran head - first into a curbside, breaking his neck. Johnny Tran is portrayed by Rick Yune. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious Cars driven 2000 Honda S2000 Lance Nguyen ( edit ) Lance Nguyen is Johnny 's cousin and henchman, who is known for his love of Snakeskin pants. He also destroyed Brian O'Conner's car owned by Sgt Tanner. He is arrested by Sgt. Tanner the owner of the car he and his cousin destroyed and later released from jail and Tran 's father pays $80,000 of the vehicle that Lance and Tran destroyed. Tran and his accomplice Lance later pull a drive by at Dominic 's house narrowly missing everyone except Jesse who was killed in the process. Dominic drives his 70 Dodge Charger into his dirt bike. Lance was injured in a motorcycle accident. Lance is portrayed by Reggie Lee. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious 2 Fast 2 Furious ( edit ) Carter Verone ( edit ) Carter Verone is a drug dealer in Miami in 2 Fast 2 Furious who puts out the word that he needs drivers to deliver a `` package '', leading Customs and the FBI to place Brian O'Conner and Roman Pearce undercover as drivers in order to land charges on him. When O'Conner and Pearce learn that Verone plans to execute the two of them after his package is delivered, they hatch a plot to thwart him. O'Conner and Pearce successfully capture Verone at the end of the film. Carter Verone is portrayed by Cole Hauser. Enrique ( edit ) Enrique is Verone 's henchman. He is beaten up by Brian and Roman after trying to kill Brian. Enrique is portrayed by Matt Gallini. Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Roberto ( edit ) Roberto is Verone 's other henchman. He is thrown out of Roman 's car by an ejector seat. Roberto is portrayed by Roberto Sanchez. Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Cars driven 1968 Cadillac DeVille convertible 1998 Dodge Durango The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( edit ) Takashi ( edit ) Takashi is a street racer who was acknowledged as the best drift racer in Tokyo given the title `` DK '' ( Drift King ). He first confronts Sean at the drift race when Sean is talking to Neela. In the first race between them he easily beats Sean while Sean demolishes Han 's favorite car. Then when Takashi 's uncle Kamata comes to town he realizes that Han has been skimming money from their business. He goes to confront and chase Han and Sean down. During the chase, Han is killed by an unseen figure and he takes Neela back. At the end he is beaten by Sean going down the mountain but still survives the crash. It is unknown what happened to him after the race, but in a deleted scene, he was apprehended by his uncle 's henchmen. Takashi is portrayed by Brian Tee. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Cars driven 2002 Nissan Fairlady 350Z w / Veilside Mk. III Wide - body kit. Morimoto ( edit ) Morimoto was Takashi 's close friend. Morimoto confronts Sean with Han and Takashi when Sean is talking to Neela at the drifting site. He also confronts and beats up Twinkie when he believes Twinkie sold him a broken iPod until Sean breaks up the fight who gives Morimoto his own iPod to replace the broken one. When Takashi goes to confront Han about skimming money from Takashi 's business, Morimito accompanies him. While chasing Han and Sean he crashes into another car and presumably dies instantly on impact. Morimoto is portrayed by Leonardo Nam. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Cars driven 2002 Nissan Fairlady 350Z with Top Secret wide - body kit Clay ( edit ) Clay is a high school student. He appears at the beginning of the film when he agrees to race Sean after witnessing Sean talking to his girlfriend which caused a fight to occur at the school. He crashes during the race but manages to escape punishment with the help of his parents due to their wealth, leading Sean to go to Tokyo. Clay is portrayed by Zachery Ty Bryan. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Cars Driven 2006 Dodge Viper Fast & Furious ( edit ) Arturo Braga ( edit ) Arturo Braga is a drug trafficker who first appears as `` Ramon Campos '' in Fast & Furious. During a botched sting operation, it is revealed that `` Campos '' is Arturo Braga himself and he escapes to Mexico. Brian and Dominic capture him and bring him back to the USA. Arturo Braga is portrayed by John Ortiz. He returns making a cameo appearance in the sixth film being in jail having a connection with Shaw and O'Conner returns in the U.S. as a prisoner to gain access to Braga, who discloses how Letty survived the explosion that was thought to have killed her. Film appearances Fast & Furious Fast & Furious 6 Fenix Calderon ( edit ) Fenix Calderon was Braga 's right - hand man who was responsible for murdering Letty in Fast & Furious. However Letty is shown alive in Fast & Furious 6 it means Fenix failed to kill her. In the climatic chase through the tunnels, he T - bones Brian 's car, causing him to crash. When Brian crawls out of the car, Fenix kicks him a few times and is about to shoot when Dominic comes out of the tunnel and impales him with a car, killing him. Fenix Calderon is portrayed by Laz Alonso. Film appearances Fast & Furious Fast & Furious 6 ( Flashbacks ) Cars driven 1972 Ford Gran Torino Ramon Campos ( edit ) Ramon Campos was Braga 's double and a recruiter for drivers in the shipment of drugs in and out of Los Angeles. Ramon Campos is portrayed by Robert Miano. Film appearances Fast & Furious Fast Five ( edit ) Hernan Reyes ( edit ) Hernan Reyes is a corrupt businessman and ruthless Brazilian drug lord who provides resources to the favelas in Rio de Janeiro to gain control over them. He also has most of the Rio civil and military police and local division of the Brazilian federal highway police ( PRF ) on his payroll, which allows him to hide his money inside a vault in their evidence room. He wants Toretto and O'Conner dead when they plot to steal his money. He has Hobbs ' team and Vince killed on his orders, forcing a vengeful Hobbs to join Toretto. After, Dom crashed the vault to Reyes in a car accident, leaving Hernan badly injured. Reyes was subsequently shot and killed by Hobbs in revenge for murdering Hobbs ' team and Vince, ending his reign of terror. Hernan Reyes is portrayed by Joaquim de Almeida. Film appearances Fast Five Zizi ( edit ) Zizi is a lead henchman for Hernan Reyes. He enlists Vince, who brings Brian, Mia, and Dominic, to help him steal three confiscated cars off a moving train. However, when Mia drives the GT40 away from the intended destination, he turns on Dominic and Brian, shooting the DEA agents in the process. He also leads the ambush on Hobbs ' convoy, killing most of Hobbs ' team before his hit squad is wiped out by Toretto, Brian, and Vince, allowing them, Hobbs, Mia, and Elena to escape. Towards the end of the film, he is shot and killed by Brian when he tries to kill Dominic after surviving having Reyes ' money vault slammed into the vehicle he was driving with Reyes in the back. Zizi is portrayed by Michael Irby. Film appearances Fast Five Cars driven 2002 Volkswagen Touareg Fast & Furious 6 ( edit ) Owen Shaw ( edit ) Owen Shaw is a paramilitary - trained criminal mastermind. Formerly with the Special Air Service, ( the special ops of the British Army ), Shaw has assembled a team of mercenaries to rob high - tech devices worth billions in the black market. While trying to escape the plane with the chip, Dom stops him and Shaw is thrown out of the car and plane falling to the ground. Lin describes him as `` an antagonist that 's worthy of Dominic Toretto '' and `` that had the opposite philosophy to Dom. Dom often goes with trusting his gut, whereas Shaw is more about the analytics where there is no room for weakness. '' In Furious 7, it is revealed that Shaw survived his injuries from Fast & Furious 6 but is still in a coma. In The Fate of the Furious, Shaw is shown to have fully recovered, and is shown aiding his older brother in saving Dominic 's baby son from the terrorist Cipher. Shaw is portrayed by Luke Evans. Originally the role was earmarked for Jason Statham, who would later join the franchise in the sequel as Owen 's older brother Deckard Shaw. Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 ( cameo ) The Fate of the Furious ( cameo ) Cars driven Flip Car ( One - seated, open - wheeled sports car similar to a cross of a dune buggy and a Formula car ) 2005 Aston Martin DB9 2013 Mercedes - Benz G - Class Agent Riley Hicks ( edit ) Riley Hicks was a member of Hobbs ' team, presumably helping him and Dom 's team try to take down Shaw and his team of mercenaries. However unbeknownst to them, she is actually a double agent that secretly helps Shaw and the others escape custody. Near the end of the film, Dominic 's team and Hobbs discover Riley 's true allegiance to Shaw as his second - in - command and lover. She engages in a second fight with Letty aboard the cargo plane and is eventually killed after Letty shoots her out of the plane using a harpoon gun given to her by Hobbs himself. Riley is portrayed by Gina Carano. Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Vegh ( edit ) Vegh is a female assassin in Shaw 's team. She is his right - hand woman and one of the two drivers for the flip cars. She and Klaus both play an important role in kidnapping Mia. Vegh is killed by Brian by having her crash her car into an airline bumper. She is portrayed by Clara Paget. Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Cars driven Flip Car ( Three - seated, open - wheeled sports car similar to a dune buggy ) Klaus ( edit ) Klaus is a body builder and the strongman in Shaw 's team, but also a hacker with ease. He is the one who kidnapped Mia as leverage so Shaw could be freed. He is knocked out by Dom and Hobbs during a fight aboard the cargo plane and is killed in the plane 's fiery crash. Klaus is portrayed by Kim Kold. Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Jah ( edit ) Jah is a cold blooded killer in Shaw 's team who uses his martial arts and parkour to battle both Han and Roman, beating them up with ease. He is killed along with Denlinger when their vehicle is caught by the cargo plane 's crosswind. Jah is portrayed by Joe Taslim. Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Cars driven 2007 Range Rover Denlinger ( edit ) Denlinger is a member of Shaw 's crew, acting mainly as driver and he is a jeep support during the tank heist. He is killed along with Jah when their vehicle is caught by the cargo plane 's crosswind. Denlinger is portrayed by Samuel M. Stewart. Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Adolfson ( edit ) Adolfson is a member of Shaw 's team, acting as sniper and infiltrator. He dies after Han throws him into one of the cargo plane 's jet engines, after Giselle sacrifices herself to stop him from hurting Han. Adolfson is portrayed by Benjamin Davies. Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Cars driven 2007 Range Rover Oakes ( edit ) Oakes is a former member of Shaw 's team, who is captured by Interpol. Hobbs came to confront him in the Interpol interrogation room. Oakes defiantly refuses to cooperate, which results in him getting badly beaten up and left in a trashed out interrogation room by Hobbs. He is killed by Shaw in London for betraying him, giving him a bag with a bomb inside it. Oakes is portrayed by Matthew Stirling. Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Ivory ( edit ) Ivory is a member of Shaw 's team. During a shootout at one of Shaw 's hideouts, Ivory attempts to flee on motorcycle, but is shot dead by Gisele. Ivory is portrayed by David Ajala. Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Firuz ( edit ) Firuz is a mechanic in London, who provides Shaw 's team with the flips cars and the harpoon guns. He is killed when Ivory and Jah shoot up his garage in an attempt to kill Gisele and Riley. Firuz is portrayed by Thure Lindhardt. Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 ( edit ) Deckard Shaw ( edit ) Deckard Shaw is a UKSF assassin and the older brother of Owen Shaw, who was injured and put into a critical condition by Dominic in Fast & Furious 6. Seeking to avenge his comatose brother, he meets him in London, in a secure hospital. Shaw sends a message to Dominic by killing Han during Tokyo Drift in a car chase in Tokyo, Japan and blowing up Dominic 's old house in Los Angeles in the seventh film. By the climactic ending, Deckard is captured and put into a CIA Detention Black Site prison, promising to escape and continue his revenge though Hobbs expresses doubts about it. In The Fate of the Furious, Shaw is recruited into the crew by Mr. Nobody as an ally, as part of the quest to figure out why Dominic has betrayed them. Shaw has his own motives to destroy Cipher who has blackmailed Dom and admitted his past conflict with her when the former tried to recruit him in her plans, which started the chain of events that led to the Shaw brothers ' feud with Dom and his crew. He is seemingly shot by Dom before Letty grabs the briefcase and tries to escape. As the film goes on, Shaw ultimately redeems himself, and in the climax, along with the recovered Owen, he saves Dominic 's baby son from Cipher, although Cipher manages to escape to parts unknown. Shaw is last seen attending the crew 's celebratory lunch in the end, where he makes peace with Dominic by presenting to him his son and joins the team. Shaw is portrayed by Jason Statham. Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 ( cameo ) Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Cars driven 1994 Mercedes - Benz W140, sixth film 2008 Aston Martin DB9, seventh film 2011 Lamborghini Aventador, seventh film 2014 Maserati Ghibli, seventh film 2014 Jaguar F - Type R Coupe, seventh film Fast Attack Vehicle, seventh film 2016 Jaguar F - Type R Coupe, eighth film Mose Jakande ( edit ) Mose Jakande was a Somalian terrorist who led a Private Military Base that allies to Shaw. He is powerful and violent with no allegiance to anyone. He wants the hacker known as `` Ramsey '', who has created a device called God 's Eye, which can find anyone on Earth, for use as a personal toy. He teams up with Deckard Shaw in order to take on Dominic and his team after they rescue Ramsey from his henchmen, but soon turns on Shaw when faced with a chance to take out Toretto during a fight between the two men on top of a car park. He is killed in the ending climactic scene after Dom plants Deckard Shaw 's bag of grenades on his helicopter, which Hobbs shoots, destroying the helicopter with Jakande still inside. In the Fate of the Furious, it was revealed Jakande was working for Cipher for information on Toretto. Mose Jakande is portrayed by Djimon Hounsou. Film appearances Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious ( photo ) Kiet ( edit ) Kiet is Jakande 's henchman. A powerful martial artist, he fights Brian when the latter 's team tries to hijack the convoy in the mountains, and defeats him, leaving him and the bus to fall over a steep cliff. He later encounters Brian, but is killed when Brian knocks a reeling piece attached to a rope wrapped on his feet, which pulls him down a shaft to his death. Kiet is portrayed by martial artist and stunt coordinator Tony Jaa. Film appearances Furious 7 Kara ( edit ) Kara is the leader of an all - female bodyguard team protecting a billionaire Jordanian prince. During a party at Abu Dhabi, she fights Letty one - on - one, but is knocked out long enough for Letty to escape with Roman. Kara is portrayed by UFC Fighter Ronda Rousey. Film appearances Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious ( edit ) Cipher ( edit ) Cipher is a criminal mastermind and cyberterrorist who blackmails Dom into working against his allies by kidnapping Dom 's son and Elena. It is revealed that she was the one who hired Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device after his brother Deckard Shaw refused to do the work himself and she also hired Mose Jakande to steal the God 's Eye. She plans to hijack a Russian nuclear submarine and then fire one of its missiles into the air, claiming that by doing this, she will let the world 's superpowers that she 'll hold them `` accountable '' should any one of them `` cross the line. '' She survives by jumping out of a flying plane before Deckard can kill her, though her plans are foiled by Dom and his crew, and Dom 's son is saved by Deckard. It is mentioned at the end by Mr. Nobody that Cipher is still at large and is rumored to be hiding in Athens, though thanks to Dom and his crew, she wo n't have the power to nuke any cities anytime soon. She is portrayed by Charlize Theron. Connor Rhodes ( edit ) Connor Rhodes is the ruthless henchmen of Cipher and a former teammate of Owen Shaw. He kills Elena under Cipher 's orders after Dom disobeyed her during the heist in New York. When he tries to shoot Letty from afar, Dom rebels against Cipher and kills Rhodes by breaking his neck, stating this was for Elena. He is portrayed by Kristofer Hivju. Cars driven 2011 Toyota FJ Cruiser Law enforcement officials and federal agents ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious ( edit ) Agent Bilkins ( edit ) Bilkins is an FBI agent who was seen in The Fast and the Furious and 2 Fast 2 Furious. He is Brian 's former boss while he was in the LAPD. Bilkins is shown to have doubts about Brian in The Fast and the Furious. He also complained at Brian 's car being destroyed at the hands of Johnny Tran and Lance Nguyen. In 2 Fast 2 Furious, Bilkins showed more sympathy towards Brian than Markham. When he came to Barstow with Brian, Bilkins manages to convince Roman to help Customs catch Verone in exchange of their criminal record being cleaned. He is portrayed by Thom Barry. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious 2 Fast 2 Furious Cars driven 1998 Mercury Grand Marquis second film Sergeant Tanner ( edit ) Tanner is an LAPD officer in charge of the undercover operation in The Fast and the Furious, which Brian is assigned to solve. He serves as a father figure to Brian during the operation. He also financed $80,000 to buy Brian 's car, which was destroyed by Johnny Tran and Lance Nguyen. Tanner is portrayed by Ted Levine. Film appearances The Fast and the Furious 2 Fast 2 Furious ( edit ) Agent Markham ( edit ) Markham is a U.S. Customs agent responsible for taking down drug kingpin Carter Verone in 2 Fast 2 Furious. Markham initially opposes the inclusion of Brian and his partner Roman Pearce in the undercover sting operation. During the film, Markham shows no trust in Brian and Roman to the point of nearly blowing their cover during the first part of their mission. However, the duo gain his trust after stopping Verone from fleeing the country. Markham is portrayed by James Remar. Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Cars driven 1995 Ford Crown Victoria Undercover Police Car Monica Fuentes ( edit ) Agent Monica Fuentes is a U.S. Customs ( U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement or ICE in Fast Five ) federal agent. Monica has been working undercover as an assistant for drug kingpin Carter Verone for nearly a year when Brian and Roman are brought in. She falls in love with Brian, but earns Roman 's mistrust. Monica later warns Brian that after the mission Verone has assigned them, he intends to kill them. She blows her cover by telling Brian about the airstrip, being the only person Verone notified about it. She is then taken captive aboard his private yacht, but Brian and Roman jump their Camaro onto the boat, saving Monica and capturing Verone. In the mid-credits scene of Fast Five, Hobbs receives a file from Monica regarding a robbery, in which Letty 's photograph is attached, revealing that she is still alive, and is involved with the military convoy robbery in Berlin. Monica is portrayed by Eva Mendes. Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Fast Five ( cameo ) Fast & Furious ( edit ) Agent penning ( edit ) Penning is a Supervisory Special Agent ( SSA ) for the FBI field office in Los Angeles, California. He is Brian 's supervisor and one of the leaders of the team of federal agents looking to take down drug lord Arturo Braga. Penning is portrayed Jack Conley. Film appearances Fast & Furious Agent sophie Trinh ( edit ) Sophie Trinh is an FBI agent who assists Brian in tracking down Braga. She also helps him acquire a Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 SpecV from a local impound for his mission. Sophie is portrayed by Liza Lapira. Film appearances Fast & Furious Agent Michael Stasiak ( edit ) Michael Stasiak is an FBI agent who is at odds with Brian. During an altercation over Brian interrupting Stasiak 's interrogation of Mia, Brian shoves Stasiak 's face against the wall, breaking his nose. He returns in Fast & Furious 6, where he covertly helps Brian enter a prison to obtain information from convicted drug lord Arturo Braga. As a means to get himself locked in solitary to get closer to Braga, Brian once again breaks Stasiak 's nose. Stasiak is portrayed by Shea Whigham. Film appearances Fast & Furious Fast & Furious 6 Cars driven 1998 Ford Crown Victoria Undercover Police Car sixth film Fast Five ( edit ) Agent Wilkes ( edit ) Wilkes was a DSS federal agent. He was on Luke Hobbs ' team whose job was to capture Dominic Toretto and Brian O'Conner in Fast Five. After apprehending Dom, Brian, Mia and Vince, the convoy is ambushed by Hernan Reyes ' henchmen, led by Zizi. One of them fires a rocket at Wilkes ' vehicle, killing him and Macroy ; every DSS agent is taken out with the exception of Hobbs. Agent Wilkes is portrayed by Fernando Chien. Film appearances Fast Five Cars driven GURKHA Armored Vehicle, fifth film Macroy ( edit ) Macroy was a DSS federal agent and a part of Luke Hobbs ' team tasked with apprehending Dominic Toretto and Brian O'Conner. He was also tasked with reassembling a Ford GT40. He met his end when Zizi along with Reyes ' other henchmen killed him in an ambush by blowing up Wilkes ' vehicle. The other agents were gunned down as well, Hobbs being the only DSS agent to survive. Agent Macroy is portrayed by Geoff Meed. Film appearances Fast Five Fusco ( edit ) Fusco is a member of Hobbs team and helps disassemble and consequently reassemble the stolen car in the hope of finding what is missing and finding a lead on the whereabouts of Dominic and his team. Fusco is present during the subsequent chase and kills Reyes ' hit men alongside his fellow agents. He accompanies Hobbs to the ' meeting ' with Toretto and after being threatened by Dom 's fellow Brazilian street racers he and the team leave, but not before Tej places a tracking device on the agents ' truck. After the tracking signal is reversed Fusco and the rest of Hobbs team turn up at the garage to arrest Dom, Mia, Brian and Vince. On their way to the airport, however, they were suddenly ambushed by Reyes men, led by Zizi. One of them fires a rocket - propelled projectile at Fusco 's vehicle, sending it hurling off the road. As he lies injured, three grenades are suddenly thrown aside him as Hobbs watches on helplessly. He casts a final glare at his boss before they explode, killing him in the blasts. Agent Fusco is portrayed by Alimi Ballard. Film appearances Fast Five Cars driven GURKHA Armored Vehicle, fifth film Chato ( edit ) Chato was a DSS federal agent. He was a member of Luke Hobbs ' team, tasked with capturing Dominic Toretto and his crew. He was killed during an ambush by Zizi and his men when he was rushing to help a wounded Hobbs. Agent Chato is portrayed by Yorgo Constantine. Film appearances Fast Five Cars driven GURKHA Armored Vehicle, fifth film Furious 7 ( edit ) Mr. Nobody ( edit ) Mr. Nobody is a government agent and the leader of an unknown covert ops team wanting to capture Mose Jakande, a mercenary coveting the God 's Eye, a program capable of tracking a specific individual using anything on a digital network. He approaches and convinces Dom to assist him in collecting the God 's Eye and rescuing its creator, Ramsey, in return for using the program to locate Deckard Shaw. He assembles Dom 's crew upon the latter 's agreement on the deal. While fighting Deckard and Jakande along with his mercenaries, he is shot by Kiet but tells Dom to move on without him and stop Jakande and Deckard while he is evacuated for medical treatment. Mr. Nobody is portrayed by Kurt Russell. Originally referred to as Frank Petty several weeks before the premiere, he was later noted to just be Mr. Nobody when Russell interviewed on Jimmy Kimmel Live. His real name is unknown. Film appearances Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Agent Sheppard ( edit ) Sheppard is Mr. Nobody 's assistant and a tactical leader and member of his ops team. He was first seen when they attempt to attack Deckard causing him to flee and believe Dom is actually a criminal causing Dom to put him on chokehold, but Mr. Nobody stops him when they see Dom as an ally, leaving him passed out and later helps plan out Dom and his crew for their rescue of Ramsey and also participates in the infiltration to capture Deckard Shaw. Sheppard is killed by Mose Jakande during a shootout, leaving the God 's Eye to be taken by Jakande. Mr. Nobody avenges his death by killing several of Jakande 's men, although Hobbs would be the one who truly avenges Sheppard 's death by killing Jakande himself in the film 's climax. Sheppard is portrayed by John Brotherton. Film appearances Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious ( edit ) Little Nobody ( edit ) Eric Reisner is a law enforcement agent working under Mr. Nobody. In the film he is referred to as `` Little Nobody ''. He is portrayed by Scott Eastwood Cars driven 2013 Subaru BRZ, eighth film 2016 Subaru WRX STI, eighth film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker died due to road accident ''. Daily Mail. London : Hazel Jones. April 1, 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker 's Surprising Replacement in Fast & Furious 7 ''. Time.com. Nolan Feeney. April 15, 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` A guide to the cars of Fast and Furious 7 ''. Telegraph.co.uk. 3 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Fast and the Furious Hollywood Supra ''. Supra Store.co Dodge Stealthm. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28. ^ Jump up to : `` The Cars of Fast & Furious 6 ''. Los Angeles Times,. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 27. ^ Jump up to : Production 2015. Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker 's co-stars ' too distraught ' to film ''. ^ Jump up to : Jitchotvisut, Janaki ( 2013 - 05 - 23 ). `` 2002 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VII ''. Complex Cars. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Han Seoul - Oh Is The Greatest `` Fast And Furious '' Character ``. buzzfeed.com. ^ Jump up to : `` Fast & Furious 6 production notes '' ( PDF ). Universal Pictures. 2013. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 -- via Visual Hollywood. Jump up ^ Willmore, Alison ( April 8, 2015 ). `` Han Seoul - Oh Is The Greatest `` Fast And Furious '' Character ``. BuzzFeed. Retrieved 29 May 2015. ^ Jump up to : Lin, Justin ( May 30, 2013 ). `` hanseoulo ''. You Offend Me, You Offend My Family. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015. ( Q ) : What is Gisele 's last name? I 've seen two different ones. Yashar and Harabo. It 's driving me crazy ( A ) : We do n't give up Gisele and Han 's name. By the way, Han Seoul - Oh is a fake ID. Jump up ^ `` FAST & FURIOUS 6 - Movie Production Notes... CinemaReview.com ''. cinemareview.com. Jump up ^ `` FAST & FURIOUS 6 - Movie Production Notes... CinemaReview.com ''. cinemareview.com. Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Luke Evans Offered Villain Role in Fast Six ''. Twitch. Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 02. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 27. Jump up ^ Foundas, Scott ( 2012 - 07 - 27 ). `` ' Raid ' actor joins ' Fast and Furious 6 ′ ''. Variety. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 29. Jump up ^ Frappier, Rob ( June 2013 ). `` Jason Statham Talks Fast & Furious 7 ''. Screen Rant. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 26. ^ Jump up to : `` ' Fast and Furious ' : ' Furious 7 ' villain Jason Statham drives a Jaguar F - Type - Business Insider ''. Business Insider. 4 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015. Jump up ^ Taylor, Drew ( March 18, 2015 ). `` This Exclusive ' Furious 7 ' Scene Will Really Rev Your Engine ( VIDEO ) ''. The Moviefone Blog. Retrieved May 25, 2015. Jump up ^ McCarthy, Tyler ( April 1, 2015 ). `` ' Furious 7 ' Cast Member Kurt Russell Reveals Plot Details, Teases Eighth Movie ( VIDEO ) ''. International Business Times. Retrieved May 25, 2015. Documents `` Fast Five '' ( PDF ). Official Fast Five website. Universal Pictures. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 8, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2012. Universal Pictures. `` Universal Pictures ' Furious 7 ' Starring Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, & Dwayne Johnson In Theaters April 3, 2015 ''. Retrieved June 2, 2015 -- via The Videography Blog. ( hide ) The Fast and the Furious Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Letty Ortiz Han Lue Gisele Yashar Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Television series Fast & Furious Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious : Showdown Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Fast_and_the_Furious_characters&oldid=842455387 '' Categories : The Fast and the Furious characters Fictional government agents Fictional mechanics Fictional outlaws Fictional racing drivers Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from May 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Русский Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018, at 15 : 37. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of The Fast and the Furious characters", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Fast_and_the_Furious_characters&oldid=842455387" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "3111499919664149200" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Tom Paris - wikipedia Tom Paris Jump to : navigation, search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This Star Trek - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tom Paris Star Trek character Portrayed by Robert Duncan McNeill Information Family Owen Paris ( father ) Julia Paris ( mother ) Children Miral Paris Species Human Affiliation United Federation of Planets Starfleet Maquis Posting Helmsman and medic, USS Voyager Rank Field commissioned lieutenant, junior grade, briefly demoted to ensign Thomas Eugene `` Tom '' Paris, played by Robert Duncan McNeill, is a character in the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Voyager. Paris serves as the chief helmsman and an auxiliary medic aboard the USS Voyager. The character 's middle name, `` Eugene '', is a tribute to Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry. Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Personality 3 Character background 4 Voyager relaunch novels 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Biography ( edit ) Tom Paris is the son of Starfleet Admiral Owen Paris and a scion of a family with a long history of illustrious service in Starfleet. Following in his family 's tradition, Paris attended Starfleet Academy sometime in the 2350s and majored in astrophysics. A gifted pilot, Paris earned an assignment to the Academy 's honor squadron. His relationship with his father was not a good one ; while Tom wanted to join the Federation Naval Patrol, Owen wanted him to enlist at Starfleet Academy. Admiral Paris often disapproved of his son 's tendency to get into fights and his resulting punishments. Soon after his graduation from Starfleet Academy, Tom crashed a shuttle he was piloting near Caldik Prime, killing three other Starfleet officers. Afraid he would lose his commission, Paris falsified records that would later reveal the cause of the accident as pilot error. His efforts to cover up the error succeeded, yet still, overwhelmed by guilt and regret, he confessed. He was court martialed for his actions and was dishonorably discharged from Starfleet. This caused a major rift between Paris and his father. Following his discharge, Paris left San Francisco for Marseille, where he started spending his time drinking and playing pool in Sandrine 's, a waterfront bar. There, Chakotay, a former Starfleet officer now serving with the Maquis, recruited him to serve as a mercenary pilot for the Maquis Rebellion against the Federation. This adventure went no better than his earlier stint in Starfleet as Paris was captured by Starfleet while piloting his first mission for the Maquis. Tried and convicted of treason for aiding the Maquis Rebellion, Paris was sentenced to serve time in the Federation penal settlement near Auckland, New Zealand. Kathryn Janeway, captain of the starship USS Voyager, obtained Paris ' temporary release from the penal colony. Janeway, charged with finding and capturing the Maquis ship commanded by Chakotay, offered Paris early parole in exchange for serving as her informant on Chakotay and the Maquis. Janeway and the crew of Voyager, while searching for the Maquis ship, were thrown into the Delta Quadrant by a massive energy wave created by an alien known as the Caretaker. Once there, they successfully located the Maquis ship docked at the Caretaker 's array. The survivors of the incident became stranded about 70,000 light - years away from Earth. The Maquis ship was destroyed and its crew joined the Federation crew on Voyager. The marooning of Voyager in the Delta Quadrant provided Paris with a new beginning. Janeway gave Paris a field commission as a Starfleet lieutenant and made him chief helmsman of Voyager. He had a rough start, however, as Starfleet and Maquis alike viewed Paris with suspicion. Paris worked hard to earn his crewmates ' respect. During this time, he became best friends with Ensign Harry Kim, a young officer on his first mission who defied his crewmates to befriend Paris. Eventually, Paris was accepted by the crew and became one of Janeway 's valued officers. Paris ' duties were not limited to piloting Voyager. On Janeway 's orders, he trained as a field medic and assisted The Doctor until the Doctor recruited Kes as his primary assistant. Following Kes 's departure ( `` The Gift '' ) Paris once again served regular duty shifts in sickbay. In the episode `` Thirty Days '', while disobeying direct orders in order to do what he felt was morally right, he was reduced to ensign and thrown in Voyager 's brig for a period of 30 days. About a year later, after working diligently at his duties, he regained his former rank. This occurred just before the events of `` Unimatrix Zero '', during which it is revealed that he is fourth in the chain of command. While serving on Voyager, Paris nurtured a long - hidden talent for holo - programming, devising several programs for the entertainment of his fellow crewmembers. His most popular programs included a re-creation of Sandrine 's bar, an Irish town called Fair Haven, and a 1930s - era sci - fi movie serial entitled Captain Proton. Paris married Lieutenant B'Elanna Torres, Voyager 's half - Klingon chief engineer, in 2377. Torres gave birth to their daughter Miral Paris during the events that led to Voyager 's return to the Alpha Quadrant and Earth. Personality ( edit ) Tom Paris at times displayed resentment toward his father, Owen Paris. This situation improved substantially over the course of the journey, due to Janeway 's willingness to offer him redemption, and later to his relationship with B'Elanna Torres. Paris also has a deep interest in 20th - century Earth pop - culture, often utilizing such in his holo - programs. The knowledge helped the crew during time - travel incidents. He became good friends with Harry Kim from the start and at times displayed protectiveness in the face of Harry 's customary naiveté. In the first episode he rescues the ensign from Quark, a manipulative Ferengi. The only member of the crew with whom Paris initially had a somewhat difficult relationship was Chakotay because of their history in the Maquis. However, throughout Voyager 's seven - year journey home, Paris and Chakotay reconciled ( in part due to Paris having earned Chakotay 's trust ) and became good friends. Tom was a full lieutenant at the very beginning of the series, then a lieutenant junior grade in the first - season episode `` Faces ''. Character background ( edit ) The writers planned to use the character of Nicolas Locarno as a template for Tom Paris, who was played by McNeill in the Next Generation episode `` The First Duty ''. As a result, Voyager 's writers created an entirely new character sharing many of Locarno 's attributes. The Tom Paris character has two backstories. The original backstory, and the only one acknowledged onscreen, cast Paris as a disgraced officer dishonorably discharged from Starfleet for covering up pilot error following a shuttle accident on Caldik Prime. In her published novel, Pathways, Voyager producer Jeri Taylor provided an alternative story much more similar to Locarno 's, moving the accident to Paris ' Starfleet Academy years and making his fellow cadets the victims of his recklessness. An unproduced Voyager script was to have had a flashback to his time attending Starfleet Academy, and shown that Ro Laren, the Bajoran character from Star Trek : The Next Generation was among his classmates. Voyager relaunch novels ( edit ) In the non-canonical Voyager relaunch novels, written by Christie Golden, Paris was promoted two steps in rank, like many of the Voyager crew, and is now a lieutenant commander. He serves as First Officer of Voyager, under the command of now - Captain Chakotay. See also ( edit ) Star Trek portal Fictional characters portal Star Trek : Voyager List of Star Trek : Voyager episodes Star Trek References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. ( 1997 ). The star trek encyclopedia : A reference guide to the future ( Updat and expand ed. ). New York : Pocket Books. P. 374 Jump up ^ Star Trek The Next Generation DVD set Season 5, Disk 7, `` Memorable Missions '' featurette External links ( edit ) Tom Paris at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) `` Tom Paris '' at STARTREK.COM ( hide ) Star Trek : Voyager Characters Reginald Barclay Chakotay The Doctor Kathryn Janeway Kes Harry Kim Neelix Tom Paris Seven of Nine B'Elanna Torres Tuvok Other topics Episodes season 4 Awards Cast Novels String Theory : Cohesion Kazon Vidiians The Maquis The Borg Species 8472 USS Voyager Janeway Lambda one Video games Voyager Elite Force The Arcade Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Paris&oldid=808470504 '' Categories : Fictional aviators Fictional ensigns Fictional lieutenants Star Trek : Voyager characters Fictional mechanics Fictional medical personnel Fictional nurses Starfleet officers Starfleet nurses Starfleet ensigns Starfleet lieutenants Fictional characters introduced in 1995 Fictional military brats Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2013 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Star Trek articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017, at 01 : 49. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Tom Paris", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Tom_Paris&oldid=808470504" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "13306123758205215060" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Roger Miller - wikipedia Roger Miller Jump to : navigation, search For other people named Roger Miller, see Roger Miller ( disambiguation ). Roger Miller Roger Miller in 1975 Roger Dean Miller, Sr. ( 1936 - 01 - 02 ) January 2, 1936 Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. October 25, 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 25 ) ( aged 56 ) Los Angeles, California, U.S. Nationality American Other names Roger Miller, Sr. Roger D. Miller, Sr. `` The Wild Child '' Occupation Singer, songwriter, musician, actor Years active 1957 -- 1992 Spouse ( s ) Barbara ( m. 19?? ; div. 19?? ) Leah Kendrick ( m. 1964 ; div. 1976 ) Mary Arnold ( m. 1977 ) Children 7 Website www.rogermiller.com Musical career Origin Erick, Oklahoma Genres Country Instruments Vocals, guitar, fiddle, drums Associated acts Bill Anderson, George Jones, Dean Miller, Willie Nelson, Johnny Paycheck, Minnie Pearl, Ray Price, Jim Reeves, Sheb Wooley, Dwight Yoakam, Faron Young, Thumbs Carllile, John Denver, Mel Tillis, Glen Campbell, Dean Martin Roger Dean Miller, Sr. ( January 2, 1936 -- October 25, 1992 ) was an American singer - songwriter, musician, and actor, best known for his honky - tonk - influenced novelty songs. His most recognized tunes included the chart - topping country and pop hits `` King of the Road '', `` Dang Me '', and `` England Swings '', all from the mid-1960s Nashville sound era. After growing up in Oklahoma and serving in the United States Army, Miller began his musical career as a songwriter in the late 1950s, writing such hits as `` Billy Bayou '' and `` Home '' for Jim Reeves and `` Invitation to the Blues '' for Ray Price. He later began a recording career and reached the peak of his fame in the mid-1960s, continuing to record and tour into the 1990s, charting his final top 20 country hit `` Old Friends '' with Willie Nelson in 1982. He also wrote and performed several of the songs for the 1973 Disney animated film Robin Hood. Later in his life, he wrote the music and lyrics for the 1985 Tony - award winning Broadway musical Big River, in which he acted. Miller died from lung cancer in 1992 and was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame three years later. His songs continued to be recorded by other singers, with covers of `` Tall, Tall Trees '' by Alan Jackson and `` Husbands and Wives '' by Brooks & Dunn ; both reached the number one spot on country charts in the 1990s. The Roger Miller Museum in his home town of Erick, Oklahoma, was a tribute to Miller. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Nashville songwriter 2.2 Recording career 2.3 Late career 3 Style 4 Personal life and death 5 In popular culture 6 Filmography 7 Discography 7.1 Main albums 7.2 # 1 singles 8 Awards 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Early life ( edit ) Roger Miller was born in Fort Worth, Texas, the third son of Jean and Laudene ( Holt ) Miller. Jean Miller died from spinal meningitis when Miller was a year old. Unable to support the family during the Great Depression, Laudene sent her three sons to live with three of Jean 's brothers. Thus, Miller grew up on a farm outside Erick, Oklahoma, with Elmer and Armelia Miller. As a boy, Miller did farm work, such as picking cotton and plowing. He would later say he was `` dirt poor '' and that as late as 1951 the family did not own a telephone. He received his primary education at a one - room schoolhouse. Miller was an introverted child, and would often daydream or compose songs. One of his earliest compositions went : `` There 's a picture on the wall. It 's the dearest of them all, Mother. '' Miller was a member of the National FFA Organization in high school. He listened to the Grand Ole Opry and Light Crust Doughboys on a Fort Worth station with his cousin 's husband, Sheb Wooley. Wooley taught Miller his first guitar chords and bought him a fiddle. Wooley, Hank Williams, and Bob Wills were the influences that led to Miller 's desire to be a singer - songwriter. He began to run away and perform in Oklahoma and Texas. At 17, he stole a guitar out of desperation to write songs ; however, he turned himself in the next day. He chose to enlist in the United States Army to avoid jail. He later quipped, `` My education was Korea, Clash of ' 52. '' Near the end of his military service, while stationed in Atlanta, Georgia, Miller played fiddle in the `` Circle A Wranglers, '' a military musical group started by Faron Young. While Miller was stationed in South Carolina, an army sergeant whose brother was Kenneth C. `` Jethro '' Burns, from the musical duo Homer and Jethro, persuaded him to head to Nashville after his discharge. Career ( edit ) Nashville songwriter ( edit ) On leaving the Army, Miller traveled to Nashville to begin his musical career. He met with Chet Atkins, who asked to hear him sing, loaning him a guitar since Miller did not own one. Out of nervousness, Miller played the guitar and sang a song in two different keys. Atkins advised him to come back later, when he had more experience. Miller found work as a bellhop at Nashville 's Andrew Jackson Hotel, and he was soon known as the `` singing bellhop. '' He was finally hired by Minnie Pearl to play the fiddle in her band. He then met George Jones, who introduced him to music executives from the Starday Records label who scheduled an audition. Impressed, the executives set up a recording session with Jones in Houston. Jones and Miller collaborated to write `` Tall, Tall Trees '' and `` Happy Child. '' The human mind is a wonderful thing. It starts working before you 're even born and does n't stop again until you sit down to write a song. Roger Miller After marrying and becoming a father, Miller put aside his music career to be a fireman in Amarillo, Texas. A fireman by day, he performed at night. Miller said that as a fireman he saw only two fires, one in a `` chicken coop '' and another he `` slept through, '' after which the department `` suggested that... ( he ) seek other employment. '' Miller met Ray Price, and became a member of his Cherokee Cowboys. He returned to Nashville and wrote `` Invitation to the Blues, '' which was covered by Rex Allen and later by Ray Price, whose recording was a number three hit on country charts. Miller then signed with Tree Publishing on a salary of $50 a week. He wrote : `` Half a Mind '' for Ernest Tubb, `` That 's the Way I Feel '' for Faron Young ; and his first number one, `` Billy Bayou, '' which along with `` Home '' was recorded by Jim Reeves. Miller became one of the biggest songwriters of the 1950s ; however, Bill Anderson would later remark that `` Roger was the most talented, and least disciplined, person that you could imagine, '' citing the attempts of Miller 's Tree Publishing boss, Buddy Killen to force him to finish a piece. He was known to give away lines, inciting many Nashville songwriters to follow him around since, according to Killen, `` everything he said was a potential song. '' Recording career ( edit ) Miller signed a recording deal with Decca Records in 1958. He was paired with singer Donny Lytle, who later gained fame under the name Johnny Paycheck, to perform the Miller - written `` A Man Like Me, '' and later `` The Wrong Kind of Girl. '' Neither of these honky - tonk - style songs charted. His second single with the label, featuring the B - side `` Jason Fleming, '' foreshadowed Miller 's future style. To make money, Miller went on tour with Faron Young 's band as a drummer, although he had never drummed. During this period, he signed a record deal with Chet Atkins at RCA Victor, for whom Miller recorded `` You Do n't Want My Love '' ( also known as `` In the Summertime '' ) in 1960, which marked his first appearance on country charts, peaking at No. 14. The next year he made an even bigger impact, breaking through the top 10 with his single `` When Two Worlds Collide '', co-written with Bill Anderson. But Miller soon tired of writing songs, divorced his wife, and began a party lifestyle that earned him the moniker `` wild child. '' He was dropped from his record label and began to pursue other interests. Miller performing `` Husbands and Wives '' on the set of his television show in 1966 After numerous appearances on late night comedy shows, Miller decided that he might have a chance in Hollywood as an actor. Short of money, he signed with the up - and - coming label Smash Records, asked the label for $1,600 in cash in exchange for recording 16 sides. Smash agreed to the proposal, and Miller performed his first session for the company early in 1964, when he recorded the hits `` Dang Me '' and `` Chug - a-Lug ''. Both were released as singles, peaking at No. 1 and No. 3 respectively on country charts ; both fared well on the Billboard Hot 100 reaching No. 7 and No. 9. The songs transformed Miller 's career, although the former was penned by Miller in just four minutes. Later that year, he recorded the No. 15 hit `` Do - Wacka - Do, '' and soon after, the biggest hit of his career `` King of the Road '', which topped Country and Adult Contemporary charts while peaking at No. 4 on the Billboard 100. It also reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart for one week in May 1965. The song was inspired by a sign in Chicago that read `` Trailers for Sale or Rent '' and a hobo who happened upon Miller at an airport in Boise, but Miller needed months to write the song, which was certified gold in May 1965 after selling a million copies. It won numerous awards and earned a royalty check of $160,000 that summer. Later in the year Miller scored hits with `` Engine Engine No. 9 '', `` Kansas City Star '' ( a Top Ten country hit in 1965 about a local television children 's show personality who would rather stay in the safety and security of his success in Kansas City than become a bigger star -- or risk failure -- in Omaha ), and `` England Swings '' ( an adult contemporary No. 1 ). He began 1966 with the hit `` Husbands and Wives. '' Miller was given his own TV show on NBC in September 1966 but it was canceled after 13 weeks in January 1967. During this period Miller recorded songs written by other songwriters. The final hit of his own composition was `` Walkin in the Sunshine, '' which reached No. 7 and No. 6 on the country and adult contemporary charts in 1967. Later in the year he scored his final top 10 hit with a lowkey cover of Bobby Russell 's `` Little Green Apples ''. The next year, he was first to cover Kris Kristofferson 's `` Me and Bobby McGee, '' taking the song to No. 12 on country charts. In 1970, Miller recorded the album A Trip in the Country, honky - tonk - style standards penned by Miller, including `` Tall, Tall Trees. '' Later that year, after Smash Records folded, Miller was signed by Columbia Records, for whom he released Dear Folks : Sorry I Have n't Written Lately in 1973. Later that year, Miller wrote and performed three songs in the Walt Disney animated feature Robin Hood as the rooster and minstrel Allan - a-Dale, including `` Whistle - Stop '' which was sampled for use in the popular Hampster Dance web site. The other songs are Oo - De-Lally and Not In Nottingham. He provided the voice of Speiltoe, the equine narrator of the Rankin / Bass holiday special Nestor the Long - Eared Christmas Donkey in 1977. Miller collaborated with Willie Nelson on an album titled Old Friends. The title track was based on a song he had previously penned for his family in Oklahoma. The song, with guest vocals from Ray Price, was the last hit of Miller 's career, peaking at No. 19 on country charts in 1982. Late career ( edit ) He continued to record for different record labels and charted a few songs, but stopped writing in 1978, feeling that his more `` artistic '' works were not appreciated. This was the time when his only visit to England led him to Kippax. He played the social club there but was outdone by 17 Elvis performers. He was absent from the entertainment business following the release of Old Friends in 1981, but returned after receiving an offer to write a Broadway score for a musical based upon Mark Twain 's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Although he had not read the novel, Miller accepted the offer after discovering how the story brought him back to his childhood in rural Oklahoma. It took a year and a half to write the opening, but he eventually finished it. The work, entitled Big River premiered at Eugene O'Neill Theatre in New York on April 25, 1985. The musical received glowing reviews, earning seven Tony Awards including `` Best Score '' for Miller. He acted the part of Huck Finn 's father Pap for three months after the exit of actor John Goodman, who left for Hollywood. In 1983, Miller played a dramatic role on an episode of Quincy, M.E. He played a country and western singer who is severely burned while freebasing cocaine. Miller left for Santa Fe to live with his family following the success of Big River. He co-wrote Dwight Yoakam 's hit `` It Only Hurts When I Cry '' from his 1990 album If There Was a Way, and supplied background vocals. The song was released as a single in 1991, peaking at No. 7 on country charts. He began a solo guitar tour in 1990, ending the following year after being diagnosed with lung cancer. His last performance on television occurred on a special tribute to Minnie Pearl which aired on TNN on October 26, 1992, the day after Miller 's death. Style ( edit ) Although he is usually grouped with country music singers, Miller 's unique style defies easy classification. Many of his recordings were humorous novelty songs with whimsical lyrics, coupled with scat singing or vocalese riffs filled with nonsense syllables. Others were sincere ballads which caught the public 's fancy, like his signature song, `` King of the Road. '' The biographical book Ai n't Got No Cigarettes described Miller as an `` uncategorizable talent '' and stated that many regarded him as a genius. Miller 's whimsical lyrics and nonsense sounding style led to him writing and performing songs for childrens ' films such as `` Oo - de-Lally '' for the Disney animated film Robin Hood. During his most successful years as a songwriter and singer, Miller 's music was placed in the country genre due to his somewhat country or folk sounding voice and the use of an acoustic guitar, although his lyrics were found to be sporadic and random at times. Yet even Miller 's lyrics pointed his music toward country because of their having a `` bluegrass '' ring to them, most commonly found in his most recognizable song, `` King of the Road ''. On his own style, Miller remarked that he `` tried to do '' things like other artists but that it `` always came out different '' so he got `` frustrated '' until realizing `` I 'm the only one that knows what I 'm thinking. '' He commented that the favorite song that he wrote was `` You Ca n't Rollerskate in a Buffalo Herd. '' Johnny Cash discussed Miller 's bass vocal range in his 1997 autobiography. He stated that it was the closest to his own that he had heard. Personal life and death ( edit ) Miller was married three times and fathered seven children. Miller married Barbara Crow, from Shamrock, Texas, when she was 17. Together the couple had four children, the first of whom died shortly after birth. As Miller 's young family grew, his desire for fame and success continued to grow, as well. After moving the family to California for a short time, Miller and Barbara divorced. Subsequent public interest in Miller led to the success he had long hoped for but brought with it struggles for the performer that are often associated with life in the entertainment business : depression, insomnia and drug addiction. Miller married Leah Kendrick of San Antonio in 1964. Together the couple had two children, Roger Dean Miller, Jr. and Shannon Elizabeth. The Christmas song `` Old Toy Trains '' was written by Miller, Sr. about his son, who was two years old when it was released in 1967. `` Shannon 's Song '' was written for his youngest biological child and was included as a track on Miller 's album, `` Dear Folks, Sorry I Have n't Written Lately ''. After 14 years, Miller 's personal struggles finally took their toll on Miller 's marriage to Leah and they divorced in the mid-seventies. Miller eventually married Mary Arnold, whom he met through Kenny Rogers. Arnold was a replacement member in The First Edition, a band that included Rogers. They adopted two children. After the break - up of The First Edition, she performed with her husband Miller on tours as a back up singer. In 2009, she was inducted into the Iowa Rock ' n ' Roll Hall of Fame. She currently manages Roger Miller 's estate. She sued Sony for copyright infringement in the 2007 case Roger Miller Music, Inc. v. Sony / ATV Publishing, LLC, which went to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Arnold was ultimately awarded nearly $1 million in royalties and rights to the songs Miller wrote in 1964. Miller was a lifelong cigarette smoker. During a television interview, Miller explained that he composed his songs from `` bits and pieces '' of ideas he wrote on scraps of paper. When asked what he did with the unused bits and pieces, he half - joked, `` I smoke ' em! '' He also wrote a song about his habit, titled `` Dad Blame Anything A Man Ca n't Quit ''. Miller died of lung and throat cancer in 1992, at age 56, shortly after the discovery of a malignant tumor under his vocal cords. His remains were cremated. A main street in Erick, Oklahoma was named Roger Miller Boulevard in his memory. He was posthumously inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1995. In popular culture ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1969, Miller appeared on the television show Daniel Boone as American folk hero Johnny Appleseed. In Miller 's version of Appleseed, singing was quite common. In 2007, music of `` King of the Road '' was used in a scene in the film Into The Wild, where a character in the film makes a mention of the song in writing a letter. He composed and performed a number of songs in the Disney animated film Robin Hood ( 1973 ). The Roger Miller song `` Whistle - Stop '' was whistled by the rooster character Alan - a-Dale. Other Miller songs sung by him included `` Oo - De-Lally '' in two versions and `` Not In Nottingham ''. The `` Hampster Dance '' single in 2000 was based on the melody of `` Whistle Stop ''. The Internet meme on which `` Hampster Dance '' was based used a sped - up version of Roger Miller 's recording. The commercial song for Hampton the Hamster was altered to a sound - alike sample when the producers failed to obtain the rights to the original song. A bluegrass version of `` Boeing Boeing 707 '' written by Roger Miller was released by Chris Roberts in January 2018. The song features Chris Roberts as vocalist. Musicians Ronnie McCoury ( Mandolin ), Cody Kilby ( Acoustic Guitar ), Dennis Crouch ( Bass ), Aubrey Haynie ( Fiddle ), Scott Vestal ( Banjo ) and Wes Hightower ( Harmonies ) are also featured on the recording. Produced by Adam Engelhardt and Glen Duncan. Mastered by Eric Conn. Filmography ( edit ) Waterhole No. 3 ( 1967 ) - Balladeer ( voice ) Daniel Boone ( 1969 ) - Johnny Appleseed Robin Hood ( 1973 ) - Alan - a-Dale - The Rooster ( voice ) Nestor, the Long -- Eared Christmas Donkey ( 1977 ) - Steel Toe The Muppet Show Season 3, Episode 21 ( Airdate : May 10, 1979 ) - Himself Murder, She Wrote Season 1, Episode 5, It 's A Dog 's Life ( Airdate : Nov. 4, 1984 ) the Sheriff Lucky Luke ( 1991 ) - Jolly Jumper ( voice ). Quincy, M.E. ( 1983 ) On Dying High S8 / Ep16 ( undated CF 2825 well ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Roger Miller discography Roger Miller discography Studio albums 19 Live albums Compilation albums 69 Singles 37 No. 1 Single Main albums ( edit ) Roger and Out ( 1964 ) The Return of Roger Miller ( 1965 ) The 3rd Time Around ( 1965 ) Words and Music ( 1966 ) Walkin ' in the Sunshine ( 1967 ) A Tender Look at Love ( 1968 ) Roger Miller ( 1969 ) Roger Miller Featuring Dang Me! ( 1969 ) A Trip in the Country ( 1970 ) Roger Miller 1970 ( 1970 ) Dear Folks, Sorry I Have n't Written Lately ( 1973 ) Celebration ( 1976 ) Painted Poetry ( 1977 ) Off the Wall ( 1978 ) Waterhole No. 3 ( 1978 ) Making a Name for Myself ( 1979 ) Old Friends ( with Willie Nelson ) ( 1982 ) The Country Side of Roger Miller ( 1986 ) Green Green Grass of Home ( 1994 ) King of the Road : The Genius of Roger Miller ( 1995 ) # 1 singles ( edit ) Released and recorded by Miller `` Dang Me '' ( 1964 ) `` King of the Road '' ( 1965 ) `` England Swings '' ( 1966 ) Recorded and released by other artists `` Billy Bayou '' -- Jim Reeves ( 1958 ) `` Do n't We All Have the Right '' -- Ricky Van Shelton ( 1988 ) `` Tall, Tall Trees '' -- Alan Jackson ( 1995 ) `` Husbands and Wives '' -- Brooks & Dunn ( 1998 ) Awards ( edit ) In addition to 11 Grammy Awards, Roger Miller won Broadway 's Tony Award for writing the music and lyrics for Big River, which won a total of 7 Tony 's including best musical in 1985. He was voted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1973 and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1995. Miller 's 11 Grammy Awards held the record as the most won by a single artist until Michael Jackson 's 1982 album Thriller. In Erick, Oklahoma where he grew up, a thoroughfare was renamed `` Roger Miller Boulevard '' and a museum dedicated to Miller was built on the road in 2004. Below is a list of awards won by Miller : 1964 -- Grammy Award : Best Country Song : `` Dang Me '' 1964 -- Grammy Award : Best New Country and Western Artist 1964 -- Grammy Award : Best Country and Western Recording, Single : `` Dang Me '' 1964 -- Grammy Award : Best Country and Western Performance, Male : `` Dang Me '' 1964 -- Grammy Award : Best Country and Western Album : `` Dang Me '' / `` Chug - a-Lug '' 1965 -- Jukebox Artist of the Year 1965 -- Grammy Award : Best Country Song : `` King of the Road '' 1965 -- Grammy Award : Best Country Vocal Performance, Male : `` King of the Road '' 1965 -- Grammy Award : Best Country and Western Recording, Single : `` King of the Road '' 1965 -- Grammy Award : Best Contemporary Vocal Performance, Male : `` King of the Road '' 1965 -- Grammy Award : Best Contemporary ( Rock ' N Roll ), Single : `` King of the Road '' 1965 -- Grammy Award : Best Country and Western Album : `` The Return of Roger Miller '' 1965 -- Academy of Country and Western Music : `` Best Songwriter '' 1965 -- Academy of Country and Western Music : `` Man of the Year '' 1973 -- Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame 1985 -- Tony Award for Best Score and Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics for Big River 1988 -- Academy of Country Music : Pioneer Award 1995 -- Country Music Hall of Fame 1997 -- Grammy Hall of Fame Song : `` Dang Me '' 1998 -- Grammy Hall of Fame Song : `` King of the Road '' 2003 -- CMT 's 40 Greatest Men of Country Music : Ranked No. 23. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Biography ''. rogermiller.com. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11. ^ Jump up to : Landon, Grelun ; Stambler, Irwin ; Stambler, Lyndon ( 2000 ), `` Roger Miller '', The Encyclopedia of Country Music, Macmillan, pp. 311 -- 314 ^ Jump up to : `` High School Papers ''. rogermiller.com. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Roger Miller Biography ''. CMT. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11. Jump up ^ Simpson, Paul ( 2003 ). The Rough Guide to Cult Pop. London : Rough Guides Ltd. p. 218. ISBN 1 - 84353 - 229 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Cooper, Daniel. `` The Roger Miller Story ''. Country Music Hall of Fame. Jump up ^ `` Country Music News - Nash Country Daily ''. ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Miller > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11. Jump up ^ Holden, Stephen ( October 27, 1992 ). `` Roger Miller, Quirky Country Singer and Songwriter, Is Dead at 56 ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Jurek, Thom. `` If There Was a Way ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11. Jump up ^ `` If There Was a Way > Chart & Awards > Billboard Singles ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11. Jump up ^ `` In brief : ''. New York Magazine : 85. October 26, 1992. Jump up ^ Malone, Bill C. ( 1969 ). Country music U.S.A : a fifty - year history. University of Texas Press. p. 261. ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71029 - 0. ^ Jump up to : `` The Unhokey Okie ''. Time. May 5, 1965. Jump up ^ Style, Lyle, Ai n't Got No Cigarettes, Great Plains Publications, p. 65, ISBN 978 - 1 - 894283 - 60 - 1 Jump up ^ Roger miller agrees ' words are his toys '. ( 1966, Sep 11 ). Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) Jump up ^ By, JON P. `` Music : Roger Miller. '' New York Times ( 1923 - Current file ), New York, N.Y., 1987. ^ Jump up to : Van Ostrand, Maggie ( October 26, 2006 ). `` Thirty or More Things You Should Know About Roger Miller ''. texasescapes.com. Jump up ^ `` Iowa Rock'n Roll Music Association 2009 Hall of Fame Inductee... '' Iowa Rock'n Roll Music Association. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Roger Miller Music, Inc., and Mary A. Miller v. Sont / ATV Publishing, LLC '' ( PDF ). United States Court of Appeals. February 13, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Roger Miller 's Widow Wins -- Court Victory Equals $900,000 in Royalties ''. National Ledger. March 23, 2010. Retrieved Mar 24, 2010. Jump up ^ Daniel Boone TV series season 6 episode 140, `` A Very Small Rifle. '' Jump up ^ `` Roger Miller > Discography > Main Albums ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11. Jump up ^ Flippo, Chet ( June 3, 2004 ). `` Nashville Skyline : Roger Miller Gets a Museum ''. CMT. Jump up ^ `` Roger Miller ''. Nashville Songwriter 's Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2010. Sources ( edit ) Cooper, Daniel. ( 1998 ). `` Roger Miller. '' In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Ed. New York : Oxford University Press. pp. 347 -- 8. External links ( edit ) All Roger Miller Songs Written and Released Episode of Quincy ME starring Roger Miller Roger Miller on IMDb Roger Miller at the Internet Broadway Database Roger Miller Museum in Erick, Oklahoma Roger Miller interview on the Pop Chronicles Roger Miller Studio albums Roger and Out The Return of Roger Miller The 3rd Time Around Words and Music Walkin ' in the Sunshine Waterhole # 3 ( Code of the West ) A Tender Look at Love Roger Miller Roger Miller Featuring Dang Me! Roger Miller 1970 A Trip in the Country Dear Folks, Sorry I Have n't Written Lately Celebration Painted Poetry Off the Wall Making a Name for Myself Old Friends with Willie Nelson Roger Miller The Country Side of Roger Miller Green Green Grass of Home Live albums Roger Miller Live! Live Hits You Remember : Live Singles 1950s -- 1960s `` Poor Little John '' `` You 're Forgettin ' Me '' `` On This Mountain Top '' `` Mine is a Lonely Life '' `` Wrong Kind of Girl '' `` Jason Fleming '' `` You Do n't Want My Love '' `` When Two Worlds Collide '' `` Fair Swiss Maiden '' `` Sorry Willie '' `` Hey Little Star '' `` Lock, Stock and Teardrops '' `` Dang Me '' `` Chug - a-Lug '' `` Do - Wacka - Do '' `` King of the Road '' `` Engine Engine # 9 '' `` One Dyin ' and a-Buryin ' '' `` It Happened Just That Way '' `` Kansas City Star '' `` England Swings '' `` Husbands and Wives '' `` I 've Been a Long Time Leaving ( But I 'll Be a Long Time Gone ) '' `` You Ca n't Rollerskate in a Buffalo Herd '' `` My Uncle Used to Love Me But She Died '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` Walkin ' in the Sunshine '' `` The Ballad of Waterhole # 3 ( Code of the West ) '' `` Old Toy Trains '' `` Little Green Apples '' `` Tolivar '' `` Vance '' `` Me and Bobby McGee '' `` Where Have All the Average People Gone '' 1970s -- 1980s `` The Tom Green County Fair '' `` South '' `` Tomorrow Night in Baltimore '' `` Lovin ' Her Was Easier ( Than Anything I 'll Ever Do Again ) '' `` We Found It in Each Other 's Arms '' `` Sunny Side of My Life '' `` Rings for Sale '' `` Hoppy 's Gone '' `` Open Up Your Heart '' `` I Believe in the Sunshine '' `` Whistle Stop '' `` Our Love '' `` I Love a Rodeo '' `` Baby Me Baby '' `` Oklahoma Woman '' `` The Hat '' `` Everyone Gets Crazy Now and Then '' `` Old Friends '' with Willie Nelson and Ray Price `` River in the Rain '' `` Some Hearts Get All the Breaks '' Compilations Golden Hits The Best of Roger Miller, Volume One : Country Tunesmith The Best of Roger Miller, Volume Two : King of the Road King of the Road 20th Century Masters : The Millennium Collection All Time Greatest Hits A Man Like Me Related articles Discography Robin Hood Dean Miller Country Music Hall of Fame 1990s Tennessee Ernie Ford ( 1990 ) Felice and Boudleaux Bryant ( 1991 ) George Jones ( 1992 ) Frances Preston ( 1992 ) Willie Nelson ( 1993 ) Merle Haggard ( 1994 ) Roger Miller ( 1995 ) Jo Walker - Meador ( 1995 ) Patsy Montana ( 1996 ) Buck Owens ( 1996 ) Ray Price ( 1996 ) Harlan Howard ( 1997 ) Brenda Lee ( 1997 ) Cindy Walker ( 1997 ) George Morgan ( 1998 ) Elvis Presley ( 1998 ) E.W. `` Bud '' Wendell ( 1998 ) Tammy Wynette ( 1998 ) Johnny Bond ( 1999 ) Dolly Parton ( 1999 ) Conway Twitty ( 1999 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics Fred Ebb ( 1969 ) Stephen Sondheim / Bertolt Brecht ( 1970 ) Stephen Sondheim ( 1971 ) John Guare ( 1972 ) Stephen Sondheim ( 1973 ) Al Carmines ( 1974 ) Charlie Smalls ( 1975 ) Edward Kleban ( 1976 ) Martin Charnin ( 1977 ) Carol Hall ( 1978 ) Stephen Sondheim ( 1979 ) Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Stephen Sondheim / Maury Yeston ( 1982 ) Howard Ashman ( 1983 ) Stephen Sondheim ( 1984 ) Roger Miller ( 1985 ) Stephen Sondheim ( 1988 ) David Zippel ( 1990 ) William Finn ( 1991 ) Susan Birkenhead ( 1992 ) Denis Markell and Douglas Bernstein ( 1993 ) Stephen Sondheim ( 1994 ) Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Gerard Alessandrini ( 1997 ) Lynn Ahrens ( 1998 ) Gerard Alessandrini ( 1999 ) Stephen Sondheim ( 2000 ) Mel Brooks ( 2001 ) Jason Robert Brown ( 2002 ) Scott Wittman and Marc Shaiman ( 2003 ) Stephen Schwartz ( 2004 ) Eric Idle ( 2005 ) Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison ( 2006 ) Steven Sater ( 2007 ) Stew ( 2008 ) Stephen Sondheim ( 2009 ) John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 2010 ) Trey Parker, Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2012 ) Tim Minchin ( 2013 ) Robert L. Freedman and Steven Lutvak ( 2014 ) Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2015 ) Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) David Yazbek ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Original Score 1947 - 1975 Street Scene by Kurt Weill ( 1947 ) Kiss Me, Kate by Cole Porter ( 1949 ) South Pacific by Richard Rodgers ( 1950 ) Call Me Madam by Irving Berlin ( 1951 ) No Strings by Richard Rodgers ( 1962 ) Oliver! by Lionel Bart ( 1963 ) Hello, Dolly! by Jerry Herman ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion ( 1966 ) Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1967 ) Hallelujah, Baby! by Jule Styne, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green ( 1968 ) Company by Stephen Sondheim ( 1971 ) Follies by Stephen Sondheim ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim ( 1973 ) Gigi by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( 1974 ) The Wiz by Charlie Smalls ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban ( 1976 ) Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Cy Coleman, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Stephen Sondheim ( 1979 ) Evita by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1981 ) Nine by Maury Yeston ( 1982 ) Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber and T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Jerry Herman ( 1984 ) Big River by Roger Miller ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Claude - Michel Schönberg, Herbert Kretzmer, and Alain Boublil ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim ( 1988 ) City of Angels by Cy Coleman and David Zippel ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies by Cy Coleman, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by John Kander and Fred Ebb / The Who 's Tommy by Pete Townshend ( 1993 ) Passion by Stephen Sondheim ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Don Black, and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Maury Yeston ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens ( 1998 ) Parade by Jason Robert Brown ( 1999 ) Aida by Elton John and Tim Rice ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers by Mel Brooks ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx ( 2004 ) The Light in the Piazza by Adam Guettel ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater ( 2007 ) In the Heights by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2008 ) Next to Normal by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey ( 2009 ) Memphis by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker, Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Newsies by Alan Menken and Jack Feldman ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots by Cyndi Lauper ( 2013 ) The Bridges of Madison County by Jason Robert Brown ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) VIAF : 112431543 LCCN : n85173065 ISNI : 0000 0001 1580 4202 GND : 131518941 SUDOC : 092151752 BNF : cb13897530t ( data ) BIBSYS : 7026997 MusicBrainz : 102045e3 - 577c - 4b10 - b01b - 424b7e461094 BNE : XX1225160 SNAC : w64b40ts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Miller&oldid=832977994 '' Categories : 1936 births 1992 deaths People from Fort Worth, Texas American country singers American country singer - songwriters American male singers American army personnel of the Korean War American novelty song performers Singers from Oklahoma Deaths from cancer in California Country Music Hall of Fame inductees Deaths from lung cancer Deaths from esophageal cancer Grammy Award winners Mercury Records artists People from Beckham County, Oklahoma RCA Victor artists Smash Records artists Starday Records artists Tony Award winners United States Army soldiers American male composers American composers 20th - century American singers American country guitarists Columbia Records artists American acoustic guitarists American male guitarists American country fiddlers American country drummers 20th - century American guitarists 20th - century American drummers Songwriters from Texas Songwriters from Oklahoma Guitarists from Oklahoma Guitarists from Texas Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox artist discography with unknown parameters Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018, at 00 : 34. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Roger Miller", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Roger_Miller&oldid=832977994" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "17531043523782062105" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "I Love It ( Icona Pop song ) - wikipedia I Love It ( Icona Pop song ) `` I Love It '' Single by Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX from the album Icona Pop and This Is... Icona Pop Released 9 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 09 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Electropop dance - pop Length 2 : 37 Label Ten Songwriter ( s ) Charlotte Aitchison Patrik Berger Linus Eklöw Producer ( s ) Patrik Berger Style of Eye Icona Pop singles chronology `` Mind Your Manners '' ( 2012 ) `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) `` We Got the World '' ( 2012 ) `` Mind Your Manners '' ( 2012 ) `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) `` We Got the World '' ( 2012 ) Charli XCX singles chronology `` Nuclear Seasons '' ( 2011 ) Nuclear Seasons 2011 `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) I Love It2012 `` You 're the One '' ( 2012 ) You 're the One 2012 `` I Love It '' is a song by Swedish DJ duo Icona Pop featuring vocals from British recording artist Charli XCX. It was released in May 2012 as a digital download in Sweden, where it peaked at number two on the singles chart. The song was added to their debut studio album, Icona Pop, as well as their EP Iconic and their debut international album, This Is... Icona Pop. The song received positive reviews from music critics, and publications Rolling Stone and Pitchfork included it on their year - end lists for 2012. The song went on to become Icona Pop and Charli XCX 's first US hit, peaking at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified double - platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, denoting over 2 million copies sold in the United States. In June 2013, over a year after it was released elsewhere, the song charted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart. It has gone on to sell 4.3 million certified downloads. Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Release and promotion 4 Critical reception 5 Music video 6 Track listing 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 All - time chart 8 Sales and certifications 9 Cover versions 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Singer Charli XCX co-wrote and recorded an earlier version of `` I Love It ''. The song was originally written by Charli XCX, whom Icona Pop met several times in London. Swedish producer Patrik Berger sent Charli two beats, and she quickly wrote songs for each of them, one of which became `` I Love It '' and the other of which became her following single `` You 're the One ''. However, she later stated that she knew she would not end up releasing it herself because she could not reconcile it with her sound. While recording `` Good for You '' with Icona Pop, Berger presented them with Charli 's work on `` I Love It ''. Band member Aino Jawo said she felt a connection to the song because it mirrored her own experiences, and the line `` You 're from the 70s but I 'm a 90s bitch '' reminded her of an older man she had known. Member Caroline Hjelt described Charli XCX 's original demo as `` more cute, in a way... really cool and cocky ''. Icona Pop approached Swedish producer Style of Eye to make a rougher version of the track, telling him, `` We want the punkiness. We want the ' fuck it ' feeling. '' Composition ( edit ) `` I Love It '' The song 's chorus features all three singers shouting `` I do n't care / I love it '' in unison. Problems playing this file? See media help. `` I Love It ( Original Demo ) '' The original version of the song before its composition was reworked. Problems playing this file? See media help. `` I Love It '' is set in common time with a tempo of 126 beats per minute ( Allegro ), and is described as an electropop and dance - pop song. It is written in A ♭ major, with an authentic cadence for the main chord progression. Billboard critic Jessica Hopper defined the instrumental by its `` swells of revving synths '' and prominent sub-bass sounds. Pitchfork writer Lindsay Zoladz commented that the song was `` basically just two - and - a-half minutes of drop '' ; colleague Larry Fitzmaurice noted the track 's maximalist approach fit the contemporary trends in electronic and pop music. The song 's lyrics describe breaking up with an older boyfriend. In its chorus, Icona Pop and Charli XCX shout in unison `` I do n't care / I love it ''. Critics compared the song 's breakup narrative to Kelly Clarkson 's 2004 single `` Since U Been Gone '', and journalist Chuck Eddy wrote in a piece for Spin that the track 's brattiness was similar to British band Shampoo. Release and promotion ( edit ) `` I Love It '' was released in Sweden in May 2012. It entered the Swedish Singles Chart the following month at number 48, and after two months on the chart, the song peaked at number two for three consecutive weeks. After its January 2013 appearance on an episode of Girls, the song performed better in digital downloads than it had upon initial release. Ten days later it entered the Billboard Hot 100, eventually climbing to number seven on the chart. Jawo and Hjelt 's first performance with Charli XCX happened in April 2013, after seeing her back stage at a South by Southwest showcase where both acts were playing. In June 2013, several cover versions of the song entered the UK Singles Chart, including one by vlogger Venus Angelic. When Icona Pop released their version, it entered at the top of the chart, overtaking Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' featuring T.I. and Pharrell Williams. Critical reception ( edit ) `` I Love It '' was met with positive reviews from music critics. The song placed 15th on The Village Voice 's 2012 Pazz & Jop list, and it rose to eighth place the following year. Pitchfork Media labeled it `` Best New Music '', calling the song `` delectable, empowering, infinitely repeatable ''. Pitchfork later listed the song number 50 on its `` Top 100 Tracks of 2012 '' list. Rolling Stone placed `` I Love It '' at number 35 on its year - end list, naming it `` the Euro - slut club jam of the summer ''. Amrit Singh for Stereogum described it as `` fun '', Heather Phares commented Jawo and Hjelt `` half - sung, half - shouted vocals and revved - up synths make the song inescapably catchy ''. Kat Bein of the Miami New Times called the song a `` feminist pop anthem ''. Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` I Love It '' was directed by Fredrik Etoall. The video was shot in a day by friends of the band while they were in Paris. It shows Jawo and Hjelt playing a show for a crowd shouting the lyrics and dancing, with additional shots from backstage and an after - party. It also includes outdoor shots of them wearing fringed jackets that they made. Charli XCX does not appear in the video. Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No. Title Length 1. `` I Love It '' ( featuring Charli XCX ) 2 : 37 Remixes No. Title Length 1. `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 33 2. `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 20 3. `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Remix ) 4 : 40 4. `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Club Edit ) 5 : 57 5. `` I Love It '' ( Sazon Booya Moombahton Remix ) 4 : 22 6. `` I Love It '' ( Volta Bureau Remix ) 5 : 25 7. `` I Love It '' ( Wayne G & LFB Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 44 8. `` I Love It '' ( Steven Redant ' 90s Bitch Club Mix ) 6 : 53 9. `` I Love It '' ( Tiësto 's Club Life Remix ) 4 : 30 Remixes ( Part 2 ) No. Title Length 1. `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) 7 : 00 2. `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Remix ) 6 : 45 3. `` I Love It '' ( Skitzofrenix Remix ) 6 : 03 4. `` I Love It '' ( Hot Mouth Remix ) 5 : 41 5. `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Dub ) 4 : 41 6. `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) 4 : 48 7. `` I Love It '' ( Apocalypto Remix ) 6 : 13 8. `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) 5 : 08 9. `` I Love It '' ( Wayne G & LFB Club Mix ) 6 : 27 10. `` I Love It '' ( Steven Redant ' 90s Bitch Club Mix ) 6 : 52 11. `` I Love It '' ( Solidisco Mix ) 5 : 18 CD single No. Title Length 1. `` I Love It '' ( Original Version ) 2 : 37 2. `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) 4 : 48 Beatport Remixes No. Title Length 1. `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) 7 : 00 2. `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Remix ) 6 : 45 3. `` I Love It '' ( Skitzofrenix Remix ) 6 : 03 4. `` I Love It '' ( Hot Mouth Remix ) 5 : 41 5. `` I Love It '' ( Sazon Booya Moombahton Remix ) 4 : 22 6. `` I Love It '' ( Volta Bureau Remix ) 5 : 24 7. `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Remix ) 4 : 39 8. `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Dub ) 4 : 41 9. `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) 4 : 48 10. `` I Love It '' ( Apocalypto Remix ) 6 : 13 11. `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) 5 : 08 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Dance ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia Dance ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 63 Brazil Hot Pop Songs 22 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 15 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 92 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) France ( SNEP ) 18 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 10 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 12 Mexico Top Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 Netherlands ( Mega Dance Top 30 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 16 Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 Portugal ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 15 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 25 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 24 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 41 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 29 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 19 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 12 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 25 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 US Billboard Hot 100 28 All - time chart ( edit ) Chart Position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 93 Australia ( ARIA ) 400 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 320,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 450,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 0 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Iconic EP version 87,650 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Single version 95,498 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 2,127,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) 2x Platinum 20,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Several cover versions have charted in the UK. Artist Peak position Reference Loreen Harris 74 Venus Angelic 71 Remix Junkies 49 Remix Chix 61 New Music Masters 51 In 2017, Swedish singer Moneybrother released a punk rock inspired cover version of the song as a part of the eighth season of Så mycket bättre. The track received mixed to positive reviews, ultimately failing to chart. Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Sweden 9 May 2012 Record Company TEN United States 5 February 2013 Mainstream Airplay Atlantic / Big Beat Records United Kingdom 21 June 2013 Digital EP Warner Records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Icona Pop 's ' All Night ' is now on the internet, as is the cover of their new album - Popjustice ^ Jump up to : Trust, Gary. `` Pink Holds at No. 1 on Hot 100 While Rihanna Rules at Radio ''. Retrieved 2 May 2013. ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz, Jason ( 16 February 2013 ). `` Icona Pop Makes Hot 100 Debut, Discusses The Anger Behind ' I Love It ' ''. Billboard. 125 ( 6 ) : 69. Retrieved 27 December 2013. Jump up ^ Nostro, Lauren ( 6 March 2013 ). `` Interview : Charli XCX Talks Debut Album, Internet Haters, and Writing Icona Pop 's ' I Love It ' ''. Complex. Retrieved 27 December 2013. Jump up ^ Savage, Mark ( 11 December 2013 ). `` Charli XCX : Pop, punk and synaesthesia ''. BBC News. Retrieved 28 December 2013. ^ Jump up to : Werthman, Christine ( 19 December 2012 ). `` Q&A : Icona Pop ''. CMJ. Retrieved 27 December 2013. ^ Jump up to : Grisham, Tyler ( 25 May 2012 ). `` Rising : Icona Pop ''. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 27 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Charli XCX : ' I do n't regret giving ' I Love It ' to Icona Pop ' ''. NME. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013. ^ Jump up to : Singh, Amrit ( 3 May 2013 ). `` Watch Icona Pop Play Fallon ''. Stereogum. Spin Media. Retrieved 19 May 2013. Jump up ^ Ferreiro, Laura ( 16 July 2013 ). `` Robin Thicke Covers Icona Pop 's Summer Hit `` I Love It '' ``. Yahoo Music. Yahoo!. Retrieved 16 July 2013. Jump up ^ Walters, Barry ( 19 September 2013 ). `` Icona Pop ( We Love It ) and Krewella ( We Do n't ) : Two Heroic, Sis - Centric Punk - Pop LPs ''. Spin. Retrieved 19 May 2015. Jump up ^ Eklöw, Linus ; Berger, Patrik ; Aitchison, Charlotte ( 2012 ). `` I Love It '' ( sheet music ). Musicnotes.com. Universal Music Publishing Group. Retrieved 29 December 2013. Jump up ^ Hopper, Jessica ( 31 August 2013 ). `` Pop 's New Icons ''. 125 ( 33 ). Billboard : 35. ^ Jump up to : Zoladz, Lindsay ( 17 October 2012 ). `` Icona Pop : The Iconic EP ''. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 12 January 2014. ^ Jump up to : Fitzmaurice, Larry ( 9 May 2012 ). `` Icona Pop : `` I Love It '' ``. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 27 December 2013. Jump up ^ Trageser, Stephen ( 8 August 2013 ). `` Icona Pop prepares to rule the global market in dance pop ''. Nashville Scene. Retrieved 12 January 2014. ^ Jump up to : Phillips, Amy ( 17 December 2012 ). `` Staff Lists : The Top 100 Tracks of 2012 ''. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 25 April 2013. Jump up ^ Eddy, Chuck ( 27 September 2013 ). `` Icona Pop 's Nightclubbing Catharsis Originated With ' 90s British Dance - Pop Duo Crush ''. Spin. Retrieved 12 January 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX -- I Love It ''. Singles Top 100. Retrieved 13 January 2014. Jump up ^ Unterberger, Andrew ( 28 January 2013 ). `` Is `` Girls '' Finally Gonna Make a Hit Out of Icona Pop 's `` I Love It ''? ``. Popdust Inc. Jump up ^ Cubarrubia, RJ ( 23 April 2013 ). `` Icona Pop, Charli XCX Party Through ' I Love It ' at SXSW ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 28 December 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Venus Angelic ''. The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 June 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` New York Pazz and Jop Singles ''. The Village Voice. Retrieved 28 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2013 Pazz & Jop Singles Winners ''. The Village Voice. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Songs of 2012 : Icona Pop, ' I Love It ' ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 28 December 2013. Jump up ^ Phares, Heather. `` Icona Pop : Iconic ''. Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 19 May 2013. Jump up ^ Bein, Kat ( 6 August 2013 ). `` Icona Pop 's Aino Jawo : `` We Are Feminists '' ``. Miami New Times. Retrieved 5 June 2015. Jump up ^ Robertson, Derek ( 27 September 2012 ). `` Icona Pop : A New Kind Of 90s Bitch ''. DIY. Retrieved 29 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX -- I Love It ''. ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 6 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in German ). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 16 January 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 16 January 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in French ). Ultratop 50. ^ Jump up to : BPP, ed. ( February -- March 2014 ). `` Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ''. Billboard Brasil ( 47 ). Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ). Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note : insert 201329 into search. Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ). Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note : insert 201432 into search. Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Icona Pop. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in French ). Les classement single. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX -- I Love It ''. GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 5 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ). Dance Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 08, 2013 ''. Irish Singles Chart. Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX -- I Love It Media Forest ''. Israeli Airplay Chart. Media Forest. Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Icona Pop -- I Love It ''. Top Digital Download. Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Ingles ''. Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ). RadioNotas. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX '' ( in Dutch ). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 5 December 2012. Jump up ^ Dance Top 30 : 02 / 02 / 2013 ( in Dutch ). dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 22 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Dutch ). Single Top 100. Retrieved 22 December 2013. Jump up ^ 3fm Mega Top 50 : 30 / 03 / 2013 ( in Dutch ). dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 22 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX -- I Love It ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 29 November 2012. Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs - September 14, 2013 ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ). Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note : insert 201327 into search. Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ). SloTop50. Retrieved 4 August 2013. Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX -- I Love It '' Canciones Top 50. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Icona Pop -- I Love It ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 24 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Rhythmic ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` Pop Rock General ''. Record Report ( in Spanish ). R.R. Digital C.A. 28 September 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Singles Chart ''. ARIA. Retrieved 7 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Canadian Hot 100 ''. Prometheus Gobal Media. Retrieved 13 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles Jahrescharts 2013 '' ( in German ). VIVA. Viacom International Media Networks. Retrieved 12 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 - radios 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ). MAHASZ. Retrieved 22 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles year end chart '' ( in Slovenian ). SloTop50. Retrieved 29 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2013 ''. Promuiscae.es. Retrieved 3 February 2014. Jump up ^ Lane, Daniel ( 1 January 2014 ). `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2013 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 -- Hot 100 Songs ''. Billboard.com. Retrieved 13 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time -- Singles ''. Charts. org. sw. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Best of all time chart -- Top 1000 Singles ''. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2018 Singles ''. Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 21 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' ( in German ). IFPI Austria. Enter Icona Pop in the field Interpret. Enter I Love It in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2013 ''. Ultratop. Hung Medien. Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It ''. Music Canada. Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX ; ' I Love It ' ) '' ( in German ). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Italian ). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Jump up ^ ``... : Certificaciones Mensuales 2015 :. '' Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Facebook. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It ''. Recorded Music NZ. Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION : South Korea ( Gaon Chart ). ^ Jump up to : `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART -- 2013 년 5 월 ''. Gaon Chart ( in Korean ). Korea Music Content Industry Association. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART -- 2013 년 6 월 ''. Gaon Chart ( in Korean ). Korea Music Content Industry Association. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION : South Korea ( Gaon Chart ). Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Singlar - Vecka 10, 10 maj 2013 '' ( in Swedish ). Swedish Recording Industry Association. 1 May 2013. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Icona Pop feat. Charli XCX ; ' I Love It ' ) ''. IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It ''. British Phonographic Industry. Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Enter I Love It in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It ''. Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Jason Lipshutz ( 11 December 2013 ). `` Icona Pop Looking Forward To Miley Cyrus & Katy Perry Tours In 2014 ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ APFV ( 30 November 2013 ). `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ). APFV. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` LOREEN HARRIS ''. The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` REMIX JUNKIES ''. The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` REMIX CHIX ''. The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` NEW MUSIC MASTERS ''. The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 7 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Som en lagom och uppsluppen personalfest ''. Aftonbladet. Retrieved 30 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Betyg : Så bra var tolkningar i `` Så mycket bättre '' ``. Expressen. Retrieved 30 March 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` I Love It -- Single ''. iTunes Store ( SE ). Apple Inc. Retrieved 29 November 2012. Jump up ^ `` I Love It -- EP ''. iTunes Store ( GB ). Apple Inc. Retrieved 20 May 2013. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` I Love It '' on YouTube Icona Pop Studio albums Icona Pop ( 2012 ) This Is... Icona Pop ( 2013 ) Singles `` I Love It '' `` We Got the World '' `` Girlfriend '' `` All Night '' `` Just Another Night '' `` Get Lost '' `` Emergency '' `` Girls Girls '' Featured singles `` Mind Your Manners '' `` Never Been In Love '' `` Let You Down '' Related articles Discography Charli XCX Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums True Romance Sucker Mixtapes Number 1 Angel Pop 2 Extended plays You 're the One Vroom Vroom Singles `` Nuclear Seasons '' `` You 're the One '' `` You ( Ha Ha Ha ) '' `` Boom Clap '' `` Break the Rules '' `` Doing It '' `` Famous '' `` SuperLove '' `` After the Afterparty '' `` Boys '' Featured singles `` I Love It '' `` Fancy '' `` Drop That Kitty '' `` Crazy Crazy '' `` Dirty Sexy Money '' `` Girls '' Concert tours Girl Power North America Tour Charli and Jack Do America Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_It_(Icona_Pop_song)&oldid=853013834 '' Categories : 2012 singles Songs written by Patrik Berger ( record producer ) Icona Pop songs Charli XCX songs Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Number - one singles in Scotland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Television theme songs Songs written by Charli XCX 2012 songs Songs with feminist themes Songs written by Style of Eye Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Cite certification used with missing parameters CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from July 2018 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Português Scots Simple English Slovenčina 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018, at 21 : 10 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "I Love It (Icona Pop song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I_Love_It_(Icona_Pop_song)&oldid=853013834" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "It '' is set in common time with a tempo of 126 beats per minute ( Allegro ), and is described as an electropop and dance - pop song. It is written in A ♭ major, with an authentic cadence for the main chord progression. Billboard critic Jessica Hopper defined the instrumental by its `` swells of revving synths '' and prominent sub-bass sounds. Pitchfork writer Lindsay Zoladz commented that the song was `` basically just two - and - a-half minutes of drop '' ; colleague Larry Fitzmaurice noted the track 's maximalist approach fit the contemporary trends in electronic and pop music. The song 's lyrics describe breaking up with an older boyfriend. In its chorus, Icona Pop and Charli XCX shout in unison `` I do n't care / I love it ''. Critics compared the song 's breakup narrative to Kelly Clarkson 's 2004 single `` Since U Been Gone '', and journalist Chuck Eddy wrote in a piece for Spin that the track 's brattiness was similar to British band Shampoo. Release and promotion ( edit ) `` I Love It '' was released in Sweden in May 2012. It entered the Swedish Singles Chart the following month at number 48, and after two months on the chart, the song peaked at number two for three consecutive weeks. After its January 2013 appearance on an episode of Girls, the song performed better in digital" ], "id": [ "9719944219524524621" ], "short_answers": [ "Icona Pop and Charli XCX" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Freedom of the city - wikipedia Freedom of the city For the Northern Irish play, see The Freedom of the City. For the role - playing game campaign setting, see Freedom City. `` Key to the City '' redirects here. For other meanings of the term, see Key to the City ( disambiguation ). Award to Robert Hadfield by the City of Sheffield Gold New York City ' Freedom of the City Box ' presented to Commodore Daniel Patterson, made by Jonathan Wilmarth, John L. Moffat, and Joseph Curtis, 1832 `` Ferdinand Receives the Keys of the City from the Virgin of Ghent '', print after a painting made by Antoon van den Heuvel for the Joyous Entry by the Cardinal - Infante Ferdinand into Ghent in 1635 The Freedom of the City is an honour bestowed by a municipality upon a valued member of the community, or upon a visiting celebrity or dignitary. Arising from the medieval practice of granting respected citizens freedom from serfdom, the tradition still lives on in countries such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand -- although today the title of `` freeman '' confers no special privileges. The Freedom of the City can also be granted by municipal authorities to military units which have earned the city 's trust ; in this context, it is sometimes called the Freedom of Entry. This allows them the freedom to parade through the city, and is an affirmation of the bond between the regiment and the citizenry. The honour was sometimes accompanied by a `` freedom box '', a small gold box inscribed to record the occasion ; these are not usual today. In some countries, such as the United States, esteemed residents and visitors may instead be presented with the Key to the City, a similarly symbolic honour. Other US cities award Honorary Citizenship, with just a certificate. Contents 1 Military privilege 2 Entitlement to civil privileges 2.1 United Kingdom 2.1. 1 Freedom of the City of London 2.1. 2 Freedom of the City of York 2.2 Ireland 3 Key to the city 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Military privilege ( edit ) Members of No. 28 Squadron RAAF marching through the centre of Canberra during the unit 's Freedom of the City parade in August 2013 Freedom of the City is an ancient honour granted to martial organisations, allowing them the privilege to march into the city `` with drums beating, colours flying, and bayonets fixed ''. This honour dates back to ancient Rome which regarded the `` pomerium '', the boundary of the city, as sacred. Promagistrates and generals were forbidden from entering it, and resigned their imperium immediately upon crossing it. An exception was made for victory celebrations ( called triumphs ), during which the victorious general would be permitted to enter for one day only. Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens : thus soldiers at their general 's triumph wore civilian dress. Weapons were also banned inside the pomerium for religious and traditional reasons. ( The assassination of Julius Caesar occurred outside this boundary. ) Similar laws were passed by other European cities throughout the Medieval era, to protect public security and civic rights, even against their own king 's troops. As a result, soldiers would be forced to camp outside the walls of the city during the winter months. The Freedom of the City was an honour granted only to troops which had earned the trust of the local populace, either through some valiant action or simply by being a familiar presence. Today, martial freedom of the city is an entirely ceremonial honour, usually bestowed upon a unit with historic ties to the area, as a token of appreciation for their long and dedicated service. The awarding of the Freedom is often accompanied by a celebratory parade through the city. Entitlement to civil privileges ( edit ) A slightly more common freedom of the city is connected to the medieval concept of `` free status '', when city and town charters drew a distinction between freemen and vassals of a feudal lord. As such, freemen actually pre-date ' boroughs '. Early freedom of the boroughs ceremonies had great importance in affirming that the recipient enjoyed privileges such as the right to trade and own property, and protection within the town. In modern society, the award of honorary freedom of the city or borough tends to be entirely ceremonial, given by the local government in many towns and cities on those who have served in some exceptional capacity, or upon any whom the city wishes to bestow an honour. United Kingdom ( edit ) A recipient of Freedom of the City of London, Nigel Cumberland, after his ceremony Before parliamentary reform in 1832, freedom of the city or town conferred the right to vote in the ' parliamentary boroughs ' for the MPs. Until the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 the freemen were the exclusive electorate for some of the boroughs. These two acts together curtailed the power of the freemen and extended the franchise to all ' householders ' ( defined as local rate payers ; in fact therefore property owners ). The private property belonging to the freemen collectively was retained. The freemen of York, Oxford and Newcastle upon Tyne still own considerable areas within their towns, although the income is effectively given to support charitable objects. The Local Government Act 1972 specifically preserved freemen 's rights. The Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 removed any restrictions entitling only men to be freemen. Today, the grant of honorary freedom in the United Kingdom is governed by the Local Government Act 1972 ( as amended by the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 ). The 1972 Act enabled the councils of cities, royal boroughs, boroughs, and parishes ( or, in Wales, communities ) with the status of a royal town to confer the status of honorary freeman on `` persons of distinction and persons who have, in the opinion of the council, rendered eminent services '' to the local area. The 2009 Act extends the ability to grant the status of honorary freeman to any county, city, district, borough, town, parish or community council ( so removing the requirement for the town to have ' royal ' status, and also enabling county councils to confer the honour ). A special meeting of the council can grant the honour by passing a resolution with a two - thirds majority at a specially convened meeting. The exact qualifications for borough freedom differ between each city or town, but generally fall into two categories, ' patrimony ' ( inheritance ) and ' servitude ' ( apprenticeship ). For example, in Chester, only the children or grandchildren of freemen may apply for admission. In York, this extends to great - and great - great - grandchildren, and apprenticeship to a freeman of the city will also allow admission. In Great Grimsby, the widow of a freeman passes his rights to her second husband, who retains the privilege after either divorce from or death of the widow. The borough freedom is strongest in York, Chester, Newcastle upon Tyne and Coventry ; in Coventry, freedom is qualified by having served an apprenticeship. Durham and Northampton have extended their admission criteria to those who have served an apprenticeship without being ' bound ' ( trained ) by a freeman directly. Freemen of Newcastle upon Tyne are bestowed the right to graze cattle on the town moor. Freedom of the city of London ( edit ) Lord Nelson 's certificate given him after becoming a Freeman of the City of London showing that he has Freedom Ari Norman 's Certificate of Freedom of the City of London Sir Tim Berners - Lee receiving the freedom of the City of London in 2014 In England, the most established borough freedom is that conferred by the Freedom of the City of London, first recorded in 1237. This is closely tied to the role and status of the livery companies. From 1835, the freedom `` without the intervention of a Livery Company '' has been bestowed by a general resolution of Common Council, by `` redemption '' ( purchase ), at one time for an onerous sum. Now the Freedom can be obtained by servitude, by patrimony, by nomination, or by presentation via a Livery Company. Freedom by nomination by two sponsors is available for a fee ( known as a `` fine '' ), of £ 100 as of 2018, and free to those on the electoral roll of the City. New freemen are enrolled in a ceremony in Guildhall, when they receive a guide to conducting their lives in an honourable fashion and an impressive sealed certificate. Freemen 's children get admission preference at the City of London Freemen 's School. There are a number of rights traditionally but apocryphally associated with freemen -- the right to drive sheep and cattle over London Bridge ; to a silken rope, if hanged ; to carry a naked sword in public ; or that if the City of London Police finds a freeman drunk and incapable, they will bundle him or her into a taxi and send them home rather than throw them into a cell. While sheep have occasionally been driven over London Bridge by Freemen on special occasions, these `` privileges '' are now effectively symbolic. Mark Stephens with a sheep on London Bridge in 2009 The right to herd sheep and cattle across London 's four bridges technically no longer applies, as there are no livestock markets in the city. Nevertheless, this right has been exercised, or the city has granted permission, on several occasions in modern times : On 19 August 1999, Jef Smith, a freeman of London walked two sheep over Tower Bridge to bring attention to the rights of older citizens. On 17 June 2006, a flock of about thirty sheep was driven across the Millennium Bridge to mark the start of London Architecture Week. On 31 August 2008, Amanda Cottrell, former High Sheriff of Kent, marched six rams across London Bridge to promote fundraising for the restoration of Canterbury Cathedral and `` a scheme backing local food production ''. On 17 September 2008, the Lord Mayor of London, David Lewis, and some 500 freemen drove a flock of Romney ewes in relay across London Bridge to raise funds for the Lord Mayor 's charities ( Orbis and Wellbeing of Women ). On 7 April 2013, actor and presenter Stephen Fry drove Grace, a year - old lamb, over London Bridge for a documentary about becoming a freeman, Stephen Fry 's Key To The City. By 2015, the driving of sheep across the bridge had become an annual event, organised by the Worshipful Company of Woolmen livery company, typically to raise funds for the Lord Mayor 's Appeal and the Worshipful Company of Woolmen. Freedom of the city of York ( edit ) York has a long history of freemen dating back to the Anglo - Saxon period, with records dating back to 1272. Freemen may claim their rights through patronage ( as far back as their great - great - grandparent, there are records of women being admitted in York in medieval times, a right forgotten for a time until the late 1970s when the gild carried out research and rediscovered it ) or apprenticeship. Once ' sworn in ', freemen can join the Gild ( archaic spelling used ) of Freemen who continue to take an interest in the affairs of the city. New admissions are made every year ( usually October ) following an admission ceremony with the Lord Mayor at the Guildhall. Ireland ( edit ) This section is about Ireland. For Freedom awarded specifically in Dublin, see Freedom of the City of Dublin. In Ireland, borough freedom of the city is generally given to noted foreign and national dignitaries and the list rarely exceeds a few dozen. As in the United Kingdom, the title generally comes with various ancient privileges -- for instance, freemen of Dublin are allowed the right to vote in certain elections, bring goods for sale in the city without customs and the right to pasture sheep on common ground such as College Green and St. Stephen 's Green. Key to the city ( edit ) Russian President Dmitry Medvedev received the Golden Key to the City of Madrid during his state visit to Spain in March 2009. See also : List of Keys to the City in the United States and List of Keys to the City in Canada For other uses, see Key to the City ( disambiguation ). In some countries, such as the United States, an ornamental key -- the `` key to the city '' -- is presented to esteemed visitors, residents, or others whom the city wishes to honour. This practice is a variation on the freedom of the city tradition, and has a similar symbolic meaning ; evoking medieval walled cities, the gates of which would be guarded during the day and locked at night, the key symbolises the freedom of the recipient to enter and leave the city at will, as a trusted friend of city residents. In some cities in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany, the key to the city is given to the so - called `` prince carnival ( nl ) '' who leads the carnivals which take place the week prior to Septuagesima. The tradition is that the mayor steps down for this period and power is transferred to the prince carnival, who then returns the key at the end of Shrove Tuesday / Mardi Gras. Today, the handing over of the key is mostly symbolic and marks the start and end of the carnival. In Calgary, Alberta, Canada, instead of a key, esteemed visitors receive a white cowboy hat and usually recite one of two oaths ( one formal, the other more silly ) to become honorary Calgarians. See also ( edit ) List of Freedom of the City recipients ( military ) Honorary citizenship References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 1985 -- 75th Anniversary Naval Service of Canada ''. Royal Canadian Navy. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012. Jump up ^ Section 248 of Text of the Local Government Act 1972 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ Sections 27 and 28 of the Text of the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ Text of the Section 249 of the Local Government Act 1972 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ Text of the Section 249 of the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ `` The Gild of Freemen of the City of York ''. Retrieved 24 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Moor ''. The Freemen of Newcastle upon Tyne. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` How to apply for the Freedom ''. City of London. Retrieved 30 September 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Protest Freeman herds sheep over Tower Bridge ''. BBC News. 19 August 1999. Retrieved 15 November 2010. Jump up ^ `` Sheep flock driven through city ''. BBC News. 17 June 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` Sheep marched over London Bridge ''. BBC News. 31 August 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` Sheep march over bridge for money ''. BBC News. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry on Twitter ''. Twitter. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry 's Key To The City ''. ITV. Retrieved 27 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` Why are there sheep being herded across London Bridge? ''. ITV News. Jump up ^ 30 September 2018. `` Alan Titchmarsh herds sheep over London Bridge ''. BBC News. Retrieved 30 September 2018. Jump up ^ `` Register of the Freemen of the City of York - British History Online ''. www.british-history.ac.uk. Jump up ^ `` Key to the City of New York ''. New York City Commission for the United Nations, Consular Corps and Protocol. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011. Jump up ^ `` White Hat Ceremony ''. Visit Calgary. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. External links ( edit ) Guild of Freemen of the City of London Freedom of the City of London The Gild of Freemen of the City of York Freemen of the City of Liverpool Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_City&oldid=863877299 '' Categories : Freedom of the City Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2015 EngvarB from July 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2018, at 17 : 25 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Freedom of the City", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_City&oldid=863877299" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "13151179608211357355" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Fast and the Furious - wikipedia The Fast and the Furious Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the film franchise. For the franchise 's first film, see The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ). For other uses, see The Fast and the Furious ( disambiguation ). The Fast and the Furious Created by Gary Scott Thompson Original work The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) Owner Universal Studios Films and television Film ( s ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Short film ( s ) The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Theatrical presentations Play ( s ) Fast & Furious Live Audio Original music BT ( The Fast and the Furious ) David Arnold ( 2 Fast 2 Furious ) Brian Tyler ( Tokyo Drift -- Fast Five, Furious 7 & The Fate of the Furious ) Lucas Vidal ( Fast & Furious 6 ) Miscellaneous Theme park attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged ( 2015 ) Official website http://www.fastandfurious.com/ The Fast and the Furious ( also known as Fast & Furious ) is an American franchise based on a series of action films that is largely concerned with illegal street racing, heists and espionage, and includes material in various other media that depicts characters and situations from the films. Distributed by Universal Pictures, the series was established with the 2001 film titled The Fast and the Furious ; this was followed by seven sequels, two short films that tie into the series, and as of May 2017, it has become Universal 's biggest franchise of all time, currently the sixth - highest - grossing film series of all time with a combined gross of over $5 billion. The spin - off film is set to be released on July 26, 2019. Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 1.2 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 1.3 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) 1.4 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) 1.5 Fast Five ( 2011 ) 1.6 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) 1.7 Furious 7 ( 2015 ) 1.8 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) 1.9 Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) 1.10 Future 2 Short films 2.1 The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 2.2 Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) 3 Storyline chronology 4 Characters 5 Cast and crew members 5.1 Characters 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical and public response 7 Franchise extension 7.1 Theme park attractions 7.2 Fast & Furious Live 7.2. 1 Tour overview 7.2. 2 UK tour dates 7.2. 3 Worldwide tour dates 7.3 Soundtracks 7.4 Video games 7.5 Toys and model kits 8 International locations 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Films ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ) The film is based on an article, titled `` Racer X '', about New York street clubs that race Japanese cars late at night, although the film is set primarily in Los Angeles. While elite street racer and ex-convict Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) and his crew : Jesse ( Chad Lindberg ), Leon ( Johnny Strong ), Vince ( Matt Schulze ) and Letty Ortiz ( Michelle Rodriguez ), are under suspicion of stealing expensive electronic equipment by hijacking moving trucks, Brian O'Conner ( Paul Walker ) is an undercover police officer who attempts to find out who exactly is stealing the equipment. He works for FBI agent Bilkins ( Thom Barry ) and LAPD Sgt. Tanner ( Ted Levine ). Falling for Dominic 's younger sister, Mia Toretto ( Jordana Brewster ), Brian confesses to her his status as an undercover police officer and convinces her to come with him to save her brother and his friends from the truck drivers, who have now armed themselves to combat the robberies. He tracks Dominic 's location by triangulating his cell phone signal and they arrive at the hijacking in progress to find Letty, badly injured in a car accident, and Vince critically wounded, having lacerated his arm and been shot by a truck driver. Brian and Mia work together with Dominic, Leon and Letty to rescue Vince. Brian then makes the difficult decision to blow his cover to the crew by phoning in for a medivac. The revelation enrages Dominic, who flees with Leon, Letty, and Mia as the medivac arrives for Vince. Brian soon follows Dominic to his house and holds him at gunpoint to prevent him from fleeing further. Jesse arrives shortly afterwards, apologizing for his actions at Race Wars and pleading for Dominic 's help with Johnny Tran ( Rick Yune ). Moments later, Tran and his cousin Lance Nguyen ( Reggie Lee ) perform a drive - by shooting, killing Jesse. Brian and Dominic chase them, with Dominic driving his late father 's modified 1970 Dodge Charger. Dominic forces Lance 's motorcycle off the road, severely injuring him, while Brian shoots and kills Tran. Afterwards, Brian and Dominic engage in an impromptu street race, narrowly avoiding a passing train. However, Dominic collides with a semitruck and rolls his car twice, injuring himself, and rendering the Charger undrivable. Instead of arresting him, Brian hands over the keys to his Supra and lets Dominic escape, using the line `` I owe you a ten - second car. '' 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2 Fast 2 Furious Watched by undercover Customs Agent Monica Fuentes ( Eva Mendes ), Brian is caught by US Customs agents and given a deal by FBI Agent Bilkins and Customs Agent Markham ( James Remar ) to go undercover and try to bring down drug lord Carter Verone ( Cole Hauser ) in exchange for the erasure of his criminal record. Brian agrees but only if he is given permission to choose his partner, refusing to partner with the agent assigned to watch him. Brian heads home to Barstow, California, where he recruits Roman Pearce ( Tyrese Gibson ), a childhood friend of Brian who had served jail time and is under house arrest, to help him. Pearce agrees, but only for the same deal Brian was offered, and with the help of Monica, Brian and Roman work together to take down Verone. After acquiring confiscated vehicles and being hired by Verone as his drivers, the duo return to a Customs / FBI hideout, where Roman confronts Markham over the latter 's interference with the mission. After the situation is cooled down, Brian tells Bilkins and Markham that Verone plans to smuggle the money into his private jet and fly off, but also suspects something wrong with Monica 's role in the mission. Later, Brian and Roman race two of Verone 's drivers for their cars and begin to devise a personal back up plan if the operation goes awry. Roman confronts Brian about his attraction to Monica and the constant threat of Verone 's men. On the day of the mission, Brian and Roman begin transporting duffel bags of Verone 's money, with two of Verone 's men Enrique ( Mo Gallini ) and Roberto ( Roberto Sanchez ) riding along to watch Brian and Roman. Before the 15 - minute window is set, the detective in charge, Whitworth ( Mark Boone Junior ), decides to call in the police to move in for the arrest, resulting in a high - speed chase across the city. The duo lead the police to a warehouse, where a scramble by dozens of street racers disorient the police. Following the scramble, police manage to pull over the Evo and the Eclipse, only to find out that they were driven by two members of Brian 's new crew, friends, Tej Parker ( Ludacris ) and Suki ( Devon Aoki ). As Brian approaches the destination point in a Yenko Camaro, Enrique tells him to make a detour away from the airfield. Meanwhile, Roman gets rid of Roberto by using an improvised ejector seat in his ( orange ) Dodge Challenger powered by nitrous oxide. At the airfield, Customs Agents have Verone 's plane and convoy surrounded, only to discover they are duped into a decoy maneuver while Verone is at a boatyard several miles away. As he knew Monica was an undercover agent, he gave her the wrong information on the destination point and plans to use her as leverage. When Brian arrives at the intended drop - off point, Enrique prepares to kill him when Roman suddenly appears and the both of them dispatch Enrique. Verone makes his escape aboard his private yacht, but Brian and Roman use the Yenko Camaro and drive off a ramp, crashing on top of the yacht. The duo manage to apprehend Verone and save Monica. With their crimes pardoned, Brian and Roman ponder on what to do next other than to settle in Miami when the former mentions starting a garage. Roman asks how they would afford that and Brian reveals that he took some of the money, as Roman also reveals that his pockets are n't empty, having taken money for himself. The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift This film 's story occurs sometime after Fast & Furious 6 with a scene that was later made concurrent with events in Furious 7. After totaling his car in an illegal street race, Sean Boswell ( Lucas Black ) is sent to live in Tokyo, Japan, with his father, a U.S. Navy officer, in order to avoid juvenile detention or even jail. While in school, he befriends Twinkie ( Bow Wow ), a `` military brat '' who introduces him to the world of drift racing in Japan. Though forbidden to drive, he decides to race against Takashi ( Brian Tee ) aka D.K. ( Drift King ). He borrows a Nissan Silvia from Han Lue ( Sung Kang ), now a business partner to Takashi, and loses, totaling the car because of his lack of knowledge of drifting. To repay his debt for the car he destroyed, Sean works for Han. Later on, Han becomes friends with Sean and teaches him how to drift. Takashi 's uncle Kamata ( Sonny Chiba ) ( the head of the Yakuza ) reprimands Takashi for allowing Han to steal from him. Takashi confronts Han, Sean and Neela ( Nathalie Kelley ), and in doing so, they flee. During the chase, Han is killed in a car accident when his car catches fire. Takashi, Sean, and his father become involved in an armed standoff which is resolved by Neela agreeing to leave with Takashi. Twinkie gives his money to Sean to replace the money Han stole, which Sean then returns to Kamata. Sean proposes a race against Takashi to determine who must leave Tokyo. Sean and Han 's friends then build a 1967 Ford Mustang, with an inline - 6 engine and other parts salvaged from Han 's Silvia that Sean had destroyed. Sean wins the race and is later challenged by Dominic Toretto. Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious ( 2009 film ) Fast & Furious, as well as its succeeding films, takes place before the events of The Fast and The Furious : Tokyo Drift. About five years after the events of the first film, Dominic and his new crew ( Letty, Han, Leo, Santos and Cara ) have been hijacking fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic. When their trail gets too hot, Dominic disbands the crew. However, he is later informed that Letty has been murdered. Dominic returns to Los Angeles where he finds traces of nitro - methane at the crash site, and tracks the buyer of the gas to David Park. Meanwhile, Brian O'Conner, who has been working as an FBI agent, is tracking down a drug trafficker named Arturo Braga. When Brian and Dominic cross paths at David Park 's apartment, Dominic is about to drop David out the window. But Brian intervenes, and works a scheme where he enters a street race where the winner would join Braga 's team of drivers. Although Dominic wins the four - car race by bumping Brian 's car, Brian later joins the team by replacing one of Braga 's other drivers. The team meets Fenix Calderon ( Laz Alonso ) who directs them to drive the heroin across the border using underground tunnels to avoid detection. Brian realizes that the drivers are to be killed following the mission, and when Fenix reveals to Dominic that he killed Letty, Dominic detonates the nitrous in his car, blowing up a bunch of vehicles. In the chaos, Brian hijacks the Hummer that is carrying the heroin. Dominic and Brian drive back to Los Angeles, hiding the heroin in an impound lot. When Dominic learns Brian was the last person to contact Letty, he attacks him until Brian reveals that Letty was working undercover for Brian, tracking down Braga in exchange for clearing Dominic 's name. Brian negotiates with the agency to free Dominic if they can lure Braga into personally coming to exchange the heroin for cash. However, at the drop site, it is revealed that the Braga they arrested was a decoy, and that the real Braga ( John Ortiz ) has escaped, fleeing to Mexico. Suspended from duty, Brian joins Dominic to go to Mexico and in hopes of catching Braga. Although Braga agreeably surrenders, they are pursued by Braga 's men through town and then the tunnels. Fenix T - bones Brian 's car right outside the tunnel exit, but before he can kill Brian, Dominic drives into and kills Fenix. As the police arrive, Dominic refuses to escape, saying he is tired of running. Despite Brian 's request for clemency, the judge sentences Dominic to 25 years to life. During the prison bus ride to Lompoc penitentiary, Brian and Mia, along with Leo and Santos, arrive in their cars and intercept the bus. Fast Five ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast Five This section is transcluded from Fast Five. ( edit history ) When Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto is being transported to Lompoc Prison by bus, his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian O'Conner lead an assault on the bus, causing it to crash and freeing Dom. While the authorities search for them, the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro. Awaiting Dom 's arrival, Mia and Brian join their friend Vince and other participants on a job to steal three cars from a train. Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property. When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants, he realizes that the lead participant, Zizi, is only interested in stealing one car - a Ford GT40. Dom has Mia steal the car herself before he and Brian fight Zizi and his henchmen, during which Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles. Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes, the owner of the cars and Zizi 's boss. Reyes orders the pair be interrogated to discover the location of the car, but they manage to escape and retreat to their safehouse. While Brian, Dom, and Mia examine the car to discover its importance, Vince arrives and is caught trying to remove a computer chip from it. He admits he was planning to sell the chip to Reyes on his own, and Dom forces him to leave. Brian investigates the chip and discovers it contains the complete financial details of Reyes ' criminal empire, including the locations of US $100 million in cash. Diplomatic Security Service agent Luke Hobbs and his team arrive in Rio to arrest Dom and Brian. With the help of local officer Elena Neves, they travel to Dom 's safehouse, but find it under assault by Reyes ' men. Brian, Dom and Mia escape ; Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio, but Mia announces she is pregnant with Brian 's child. Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal the money from Reyes to start a new life. They organize a team to perform the heist : Han, Roman, Tej, Gisele, Leo, and Santos. Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes ' men. Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom, Mia, Brian, and Vince. While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States, the convoy is attacked by Reyes ' men, who kill Hobbs ' team. Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom, Brian, Mia, and Vince as they fight back and escape, but Vince is shot in the process and dies. Wanting to avenge his murdered team, Hobbs and Elena agree to help with the heist. The gang break into the police station and tear the vault holding Reyes ' money from the building using their cars, dragging it through the city. After an extensive police chase, Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and the pursuing Reyes, using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles. Brian returns and kills Zizi while Reyes is badly injured by Dom 's assault. Hobbs arrives on the scene and executes Reyes to avenge his team. Though Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free, he gives them a 24 - hour head start to escape on the condition they leave the vault as it is. However, the vault is empty as it had been switched during the chase. After splitting the cash ( Vince 's share is given to his family ), they go their separate ways. On a tropical beach, Brian and a visibly pregnant Mia relax. They are met by Dom and Elena. Brian challenges Dom to a final, no - stakes race to prove who is the better driver. In a mid-credits scene, Hobbs is given a file by Monica Fuentes concerning the hijack of a military convoy in Berlin, where he discovers a recent photo of Dom 's former girlfriend Letty, who had been presumed dead. Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious 6 This section is transcluded from Fast & Furious 6. ( edit history ) Following their successful heist in Brazil, Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and his professional criminal crew have fled around the world : Dom lives with Elena ; his sister Mia lives with Brian O'Conner and their son, Jack ; Gisele and Han live together ; and Roman and Tej live in luxury. Meanwhile, DSS agent Luke Hobbs and Riley Hicks investigate the destruction of a Russian military convoy by a crew led by former British SAS Major and special ops soldier Owen Shaw. Hobbs persuades Dom to help capture Shaw by showing him a photo of the supposedly long - dead Letty Ortiz, Dom 's former lover. Dom and his crew accept the mission in exchange for their amnesty, allowing them to return to the United States. In London, Shaw 's hideout is found, but this is revealed to be a trap, distracting them and the police while Shaw 's crew performs a heist at an Interpol building. Shaw flees by car, detonating his hideout and disabling most of the police, leaving Dom, Brian, Tej, Han, Gisele, Hobbs, and Riley to pursue him. Letty arrives to help Shaw, shooting Dom without hesitation before escaping. Back at their headquarters, Hobbs tells Dom 's crew that Shaw is stealing components to create a deadly device, intending to sell it to the highest bidder. Meanwhile, Shaw 's investigation into the opposing crew reveals Letty 's relationship with Dom, but she is revealed to be suffering from amnesia. Dominic 's crew learns that Shaw is connected to a drug lord who was imprisoned by Brian, Arturo Braga. Brian returns to Los Angeles as a prisoner to question Braga, who says Letty survived the explosion that seemingly killed her ; Shaw took her in after discovering her amnesia. With FBI help, Brian is released from prison, regrouping with the team in London. Dom challenges Letty in a street racing competition ; afterwards, he returns her cross necklace he had kept. After Letty leaves, Shaw offers Dom a chance to walk away, threatening to otherwise hurt his family, but Dom refuses. Tej tracks Shaw 's next attack to a Spanish NATO base. Shaw 's crew assaults a highway military convoy carrying a computer chip to complete his deadly device. Dom 's crew interferes while Shaw, accompanied by Letty, commandeers a tank, destroying cars en route. Brian and Roman manage to flip the tank before it causes further damage, resulting in Letty being thrown from the vehicle and Dom risking his life to save her. Shaw and his crew are captured, but reveal Mia has been kidnapped by Shaw. Hobbs is forced to release Shaw, and Riley, revealed to be Shaw 's covert accomplice, leaves with him ; Letty chooses to remain with Dom. Shaw 's group board a large moving aircraft on a runway as Dom 's crew gives chase. Dom, Letty, and Brian board the craft ; Brian rescues Mia, escaping in an onboard car. The plane attempts take - off, but is held down by excess weight as the rest of the team tether the plane to their vehicles. Gisele sacrifices herself to save Han from Shaw 's henchman ; Letty kills Riley and escapes to safety, but Dom pursues Shaw and the computer chip. As the plane crashes into the ground, Shaw is thrown from it, seriously injuring him, and Dom drives a car out of the exploding plane. Dom reunites with his crew, and gives the chip to Hobbs to secure their pardons. Dom and the others return to his old family home in Los Angeles. Hobbs and Elena, now working together, arrive to confirm the crew 's freedom ; Elena accepts that Dom loves Letty. As Roman says grace over the crew 's meal, Dom asks Letty if the gathering feels familiar ; she answers `` no, but it feels like home. '' In a mid-credits scene, which takes place in Tokyo, Han is involved in a car chase when he is suddenly broadsided by an oncoming car. The driver walks away from the scene after leaving Letty 's cross necklace by the crash, and calls Dom as Han 's car fatally explodes, saying, `` You do n't know me. You 're about to. '' Furious 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Furious 7 This section is transcluded from Furious 7. ( edit history ) After defeating Owen Shaw and his crew and securing amnesty for their past crimes, Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto, Brian O'Conner and the rest of their team have returned to the United States to live normal lives again. Brian begins to accustom himself to life as a father, while Dom tries to help Letty Ortiz regain her memory. Meanwhile, Owen 's older brother, Deckard Shaw, breaks into the secure hospital that the comatose Owen is being held in and swears vengeance against Dom and his team, before breaking into Luke Hobbs ' Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) office to extract profiles of Dom 's crew. After revealing his identity, Shaw engages Hobbs in a fight, and escapes when he detonates a bomb that severely injures Hobbs. Dom later learns from his sister Mia that she is pregnant again and convinces her to tell Brian. However, a bomb, disguised in a package sent from Tokyo, explodes and destroys the Toretto house just seconds after Han, a member of Dom 's team, is killed by Shaw in Tokyo. Dom later visits Hobbs in a hospital, where he learns that Shaw is a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his brother. Dom then travels to Tokyo to claim Han 's body, and meets and races Sean Boswell, a friend of Han 's who gives him personal items found at Han 's crash site. Back at Han 's funeral in Los Angeles, Dom notices a car observing them, and after a chase, confronts its driver, who is revealed to be Shaw. Both prepare to fight, but Shaw flees when a covert ops team arrives and opens fire, led by Mr. Nobody. Nobody says that he will assist Dom in stopping Shaw if he helps him obtain God 's Eye, a computer program that uses digital devices to track down a person, and save its creator, a hacker named Ramsey, from a mercenary named Mose Jakande. Dom, Brian, Letty, Roman Pearce, and Tej Parker then airdrop their cars over the Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan, ambush Jakande 's convoy, and rescue Ramsey. The team then heads to Abu Dhabi, where a billionaire has acquired the flash drive containing God 's Eye, and manages to steal it from the owner. With God 's Eye near telecommunications repeaters, the team tracks down Shaw, who is waiting at a remote factory. Dom, Brian, Nobody and his team attempt to capture Shaw, but are ambushed by Jakande and his men and forced to flee while Jakande obtains God 's Eye. At his own request, the injured Nobody is left behind to be evacuated by helicopter while Brian and Dom continue without him. To reduce their disadvantage, the crew returns to Los Angeles to fight Shaw, Jakande and his men. Meanwhile, Brian promises Mia that once they deal with Shaw, he will retire and fully dedicate himself to their family. While Jakande pursues Brian and the rest of the team with a stealth helicopter and an aerial drone, Ramsey attempts to hack into God 's Eye. Hobbs, seeing the team in trouble, leaves the hospital and destroys the drone with an ambulance. Brian engages Jakande 's henchman Kiet and throws him down an elevator shaft, allowing Ramsey to regain control of God 's Eye and shut it down. Dom and Shaw engage in a one - on - one brawl on top of a public parking garage, before Jakande intervenes and attacks them both. Shaw is defeated when part of the parking garage collapses beneath him. Dom then launches his vehicle at Jakande 's helicopter, tossing Shaw 's bag of grenades onto its skids, before injuring himself when his car lands and crashes. Hobbs then shoots the bag of grenades from ground level, destroying the helicopter and killing Jakande. Dom is pulled from the wreckage of his car, believed to be dead. As Letty cradles Dom 's body in her arms, she reveals that she has regained her memories, and that she remembers their wedding. Dom regains consciousness soon after, remarking, `` It 's about time ''. Shaw is taken into custody by Hobbs and locked away in a secret, high - security prison. At a beach, Brian and Mia play with their son while Dom, Letty, Roman, Tej, and Ramsey observe, acknowledging that Brian is better off retired with his family. Dom silently leaves, Ramsey asks if he 's gon na say goodbye. Dom says, `` It 's never goodbye. '' He drives away, but Brian catches up with him at a crossroad. As Dom remembers the times that he had with Brian, they bid each other farewell and drive off in separate directions, as the screen fades to `` For Paul '' written on a white title screen. The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fate of the Furious This section is transcluded from The Fate of the Furious. ( edit history ) Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and Letty Ortiz are on their honeymoon in Havana when Dom 's cousin Fernando gets in trouble owing money to local racer Raldo. Sensing Raldo is a loan shark, Dom challenges Raldo to a race, pitting Fernando 's reworked car against Raldo 's, and wagering his own show car. After narrowly winning the race, Dom allows Raldo to keep his car, earning his respect, and instead leaves his cousin with his show car. The next day, Dom is approached by the elusive cyberterrorist Cipher who coerces him into working for her. Shortly afterwards, Dom and his team, comprising Letty, Roman Pearce, Tej Parker, and Ramsey, are recruited by Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs to help him retrieve an EMP device from a military outpost in Berlin. During the getaway, Dom goes rogue, forcing Hobbs off the road and stealing the device for Cipher. Hobbs is arrested and locked up in the same high - security prison he helped imprison Deckard Shaw in. After escaping, Deckard and Hobbs are recruited by intelligence operative Mr. Nobody and his protégé to help the team find Dom and capture Cipher. Deckard reveals that Cipher had hired his brother Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device and Mose Jakande to steal God 's Eye, Ramsey 's software program. The team tracks Dom and Cipher to their very location just as the latter two attack the base and steal God 's Eye. When Dom questions Cipher 's motives, she reveals that she has been holding hostage Dom 's ex-lover and DSS agent Elena Neves -- as well as their son, of whose existence Dom was previously unaware. Elena tells Dom that she wanted him to decide the child 's first name, having already given him the middle name Marcos. In New York City, Cipher sends Dom to retrieve a nuclear football held by the Russian Minister of Defence. Prior to the theft, Dom briefly evades Cipher and persuades Deckard and Owen 's mother, Magdalene Shaw, to help him. Cipher hacks into the electronics systems of a large number of cars, causing them to drive automatically and taking out the convoy so that Dom can take the football. The team intercepts Dom, but Dom escapes, shooting and apparently killing Deckard in the process. Letty catches up to Dom, but is ambushed and nearly killed by Cipher 's enforcer, Connor Rhodes, before Dom rescues her. In retaliation, Cipher has Rhodes execute Elena in front of Dom. Dom infiltrates a base in Russia to use the EMP device to disable their security and then to disable a nuclear submarine, enabling Cipher to hijack it and attempt to use its arsenal to trigger a nuclear war. They are once again intercepted by the team, who attempt to shut down the sub, and then drive out toward the gates that would prevent the sub from leaving into open waters. Meanwhile, Deckard, whose death was apparently faked, teams up with Owen, and under Magdalene 's behest, infiltrates Cipher 's plane to rescue Dom 's son. Once Deckard reports that the child is safe, Dom turns on Cipher and kills Rhodes, avenging Elena 's death, before rejoining his team. Outraged, Cipher fires an infrared homing missile at Dom, but he breaks away from his team and maneuvers around it, causing the missile to hit the submarine instead. The team quickly forms a vehicular blockade around Dom, shielding him from the ensuing explosion. When Deckard reaches the front of the plane and confronts a defeated Cipher, she makes her escape by parachuting out of the plane. Mr. Nobody and his protégé visit Dom and his team in New York City to report that Cipher is still at large in Athens. Hobbs is offered his DSS job back, but he declines in order to spend more time with his daughter. Deckard delivers Dom his son, putting his differences aside with Dom and Hobbs. Dom names his son Brian, after his friend and brother - in - law Brian O'Conner, and they celebrate. Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Vin Diesel announced in an interview with Variety that potential spin - offs for the series were in the early stages of development. A spin - off film centered around two characters Luke Hobbs and Deckard Shaw has been announced by Universal and has a release date of July 26, 2019, with Variety reporting that Shane Black is being considered to direct and Morgan returning to write the script. The announcement of the spin - off provoked a response on Instagram by Tyrese Gibson, criticizing Johnson for causing the ninth Fast & Furious film to be delayed for another year. On October 23, 2017, Dwayne Johnson posted a video on Instagram which showed the finished script for the spin - off, titled Hobbs and Shaw. In February 2018, David Leitch entered talks to direct the film. In March 2018, it was reported that the film will start production in September 2018. On April 12, 2018, it was announced that Leitch would direct the film. Future ( edit ) In February 2016, Diesel announced the ninth film and tenth film would be released on April 10, 2020, and April 2, 2021, respectively, and that the tenth film would serve as the final film in the series. Justin Lin is reportedly in line to direct the ninth installment. It was also announced that Jordana Brewster would return for the ninth installment. In September of the same year, both Caleb and Cody Walker revealed to Entertainment Tonight that their brother 's character may possibly return for another cameo in the franchise. On April 23, 2018, Universal and DreamWorks Animation are creating an animated series based on the franchise and will be launched on Netflix. Short films ( edit ) The turbo charged prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious The short film was included on a new print of the DVD of the first film in June 2003 to bridge the first two films. Brian O'Conner packs his bags and leaves Los Angeles, before the LAPD gets a chance to arrest him for letting Dominic escape. While the FBI launch a national manhunt for him, Brian travels across Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, winning every street race he participates in, with his red Dodge Stealth. However, he is forced to ditch his car at a motel in San Antonio when police officers are notified of his presence. When they collect the car, he manages to hitch a ride from an unknown woman ( Minka Kelly ), despite her knowing who he really is. She drops him at a used car lot, with him realizing she knows that he is a wanted man. There, he buys a green Nissan Skyline GT - R R34. Later, collecting money from street races, he modifies the car with new rims and repaints it silver before traveling eastbound and winning more races on the way. Upon reaching Jacksonville, Florida, Brian heads south toward Miami, where he sees Slap Jack 's Toyota Supra and Orange Julius ' Mazda RX - 7 ( both 2 Fast 2 Furious characters ) before the screen reads `` 2 be continued... ''. Los bandoleros ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Los Bandoleros ( film ) Tego Leo ( Tego Calderón ) is in a Dominican Republic prison, ranting about corporations holding back the electric car and starting wars for oil. Meanwhile, on the streets, Rico Santos ( Don Omar ) chats to an old man unable to find enough gas. Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) arrives and is collected from the airport by Cara ( Mirtha Michelle ) and Malo ( F. Valentino Morales ). They drive him back to Santos ' house, where his aunt Rubia ( Adria Carrasco ) is struggling with rising prices linked to the cost of gasoline and Dominic is working on his car. The team then enjoy a welcome meal with the family. After breaking Leo out of prison, they head to a club, where Han and Cara flirt, while Dominic meets up with local politician Elvis ( Juan Fernandez ), who informs them of a window of opportunity to hijack a gasoline shipment. While relaxing at the club afterwards, Dominic is surprised by the arrival of Letty, who has tracked him from Mexico. The two drive together to the beach, where they `` rekindle their relationship ''. Storyline chronology ( edit ) Below is a table of all films, both short and feature length, in chronological order. Real world release dates are also noted. Timeline order Title Release date The Fast and the Furious 2001 - 06 - 22! June 22, 2001 -- The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 03! June 3, 2003 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 06! June 6, 2003 -- Los Bandoleros 2009 - 07 - 28! July 28, 2009 Fast & Furious 2009 - 04 - 03! April 3, 2009 Fast Five 2011 - 04 - 29! April 29, 2011 5 Fast & Furious 6 2013 - 05 - 24! May 24, 2013 6 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 2006 - 06 - 16! June 16, 2006 7 Furious 7 2015 - 04 - 03! April 3, 2015 8 The Fate of the Furious 2017 - 04 - 12! April 14, 2017 Characters ( edit ) Observação * The dark grey - colored fields indicate that the character did not appear in the film Character Filme The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) Turbo - Charged Prelude ( 2003 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast Six ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Dominic Toretto Vin Diesel Vin Diesel Brian O'Conner Paul Walker Paul Walker Letty Ortiz Michelle Rodriguez Michelle Rodriguez Michelle Rodriguez Mia Toretto Jordana Brewster Jordana Brewster Roman Pearce Tyrese Gibson Tyrese Gibson Sean Boswell Lucas Black Lucas Black Tej Parker Ludacris Ludacris Han Seoul - Oh Sung Kang Tego Leo Tego Calderó Tego Calderón Rico Santos Don Omar Don Omar Gisele Yashar Gal Gadot Luke Hobbs Dwayne Johnson Twinkie Bow Wow ( rapper ) Bow Wow ( rapper ) Elena Neves Elsa Pataky Owen Shaw Luke Evans Deckard Shaw Jason Statham Neela Nathalie Kelley Nathalie Kelley Cast and crew members ( edit ) Crew / Detail The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Director Rob Cohen John Singleton Justin Lin James Wan F. Gary Gray Producer ( s ) Neal H. Moritz Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel, Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel, Clayton Townsend Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel, Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel, Michael Fottrell, Chris Morgan Writer ( s ) Screenplay by : Gary Scott Thompson Erik Bergquist David Ayer Based on : `` Racer X '' by Ken Li Screenplay by : Michael Brandt Derek Haas Story by : Michael Brandt Derek Haas Gary Scott Thompson Written by : Chris Morgan Based on characters by : Gary Scott Thompson Cinematographer ( s ) Ericson Core Matthew F. Leonetti Stephen F. Windon Amir Mokri Stephen F. Windon Stephen F. Windon Marc Spicer Stephen F. Windon Composer BT David Arnold Brian Tyler Lucas Vidal Brian Tyler Editor ( s ) Peter Honess Bruce Cannon Dallas Puett Kelly Matsumoto Dallas Puett Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Fred Raskin Kelly Matsumoto Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Dylan Highsmith Greg D'auria Leigh Folsom Boyd Christian Wagner Leigh Folsom Boyd Dylan Highsmith Kirk M. Morri Christian Wagner Paul Rubell Costume Designer ( s ) Sanja Milkovic Hays Production Designer Waldemar Kalinowski Keith Brian Burns Ida Random Peter Wenham Jan Roelfs Bill Brzeski Running time 106 minutes 107 minutes 104 minutes 107 minutes 131 minutes ( extended - 132 minutes ) 130 minutes ( extended - 131 minutes ) 137 minutes ( extended - 140 minutes ) 136 minutes ( extended, only on digital - 148 minutes ) MPAA rating PG - 13 PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended version ) PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended Director 's Cut, only on Digital ) Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Fast and the Furious characters Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film, see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article. Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget Box office gross Box office ranking Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time Other territories All time worldwide The Fast and the Furious June 22, 2001 $38,000,000 $144,533,925 $62,750,000 $207,283,925 # 299 # 573 2 Fast 2 Furious June 6, 2003 $76,000,000 $127,154,901 $109,195,760 $236,350,661 # 388 # 476 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift June 16, 2006 $85,000,000 $62,514,415 $95,953,877 $158,468,292 # 1,121 Fast & Furious April 3, 2009 $85,000,000 $155,064,265 $208,100,000 $363,164,265 # 281 # 257 # 244 Fast Five April 29, 2011 $125,000,000 $209,837,675 $416,300,000 $626,137,675 # 137 # 85 # 89 Fast & Furious 6 May 24, 2013 $160,000,000 $238,679,850 $550,000,000 $788,679,850 # 101 # 38 # 49 Furious 7 April 3, 2015 $190,000,000 $353,007,020 $1,163,038,891 $1,516,045,911 # 37 # 3 # 6 The Fate of the Furious April 14, 2017 $250,000,000 $226,008,385 $1,009,996,733 $1,236,005,118 # 140 # 6 # 11 Total $1,009,000,000 $1,516,800,436 $3,615,335,261 $5,132,135,697 10 - 6 List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film. Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fast and the Furious 53 % ( 147 reviews ) 58 ( 34 reviews ) 7001750000000000000 ♠ B+ 2 Fast 2 Furious 36 % ( 160 reviews ) 38 ( 36 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 37 % ( 114 reviews ) 45 ( 32 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast & Furious 29 % ( 175 reviews ) 46 ( 28 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast Five 77 % ( 196 reviews ) 66 ( 41 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Fast & Furious 6 69 % ( 198 reviews ) 61 ( 39 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Furious 7 80 % ( 240 reviews ) 67 ( 50 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A The Fate of the Furious 66 % ( 253 reviews ) 56 ( 45 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Franchise extension ( edit ) Theme Park attractions ( edit ) Universal has incorporated several theme park attractions involving the Fast & Furious franchise. Universal Studios Hollywood and its Studio Tour has featured several of the picture car vehicles. From 2006 to 2013, The Fast & The Furious : Extreme Close - Up attraction was part of the Studio Tour. On June 25, 2015, Universal Studios Hollywood allotted the final portion of their Studio Tour for the dark ride Fast and Furious : Supercharged. Universal Orlando announced the development of a ride of the same name to open in 2018. Fast & Furious live ( edit ) Fast & Furious Live is a live show that combines stunt drivers, pyrotechnics and projection mapping. The show had two preview shows on January 11 -- 12 at Liverpool 's Echo Arena. It officially began its tour at London 's The O2 Arena on January 19, 2018, followed by a worldwide tour until later in 2018. On March 1, 2018, it was revealed on the tour 's website that five new dates had been released for September. The following list is sourced from the tour 's website. Tour overview ( edit ) Tour Cities Shows Start date End date UK London ; Newcastle ; Manchester ; Birmingham ; Sheffield ; Belfast ; Glasgow 20 19 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 13 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) Worldwide Antwerp ; Vienna ; Munich ; Cologne ; Lisbon ; Zürich ; Stockholm ; Oslo ; Helsinki ; Copenhagen ; Berlin ; Paris ; Turin ; Amsterdam ; Prague 36 26 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 22 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 22 ) UK tour dates ( edit ) Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s ) The O2 Arena London 19 / 20 January 2018 Metro Radio Arena Newcastle 6 - 8 April 2018 Manchester Arena Manchester 13 - 15 April 2018 Arena Birmingham Birmingham 20 - 22 April 2018 The SSE Arena Belfast 27 - 29 April 2018 FlyDSA Arena Sheffield 4 - 6 May 2018 The SSE Hydro Glasgow 11 - 13 May 2018 Worldwide tour dates ( edit ) Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Country ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s ) Sportpaleis Antwerp Belgium 26 - 28 January 2018 Stadthalle Vienna Austria 9 - 11 February 2018 Olympiahalle Munich Germany 16 - 18 February 2018 Lanxess Arena Cologne 2 - 4 March 2018 Altice Arena Lisbon Portugal 17 March 2018 Hallenstadion Zürich Switzerland 18 - 20 May 2018 Ericsson Globe Stockholm Sweden 25 - 27 May 2018 Telenor Arena Oslo Norway 1 - 3 June 2018 Hartwall Arena Helsinki Finland 8 - 10 June 2018 Royal Arena Copenhagen Denmark 15 - 17 June 2018 Mercedes - Benz Arena Berlin Germany 22 - 24 June 2018 AccorHotels Arena Paris France 29 June -- 1 July 2018 Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 7 / 8 September 2018 Ziggo Dome Amsterdam The Netherlands 15 September 2018 O2 Arena Prague Czech Republic 21 / 22 September 2018 Soundtracks ( edit ) Fast & Furious soundtrack albums Title Release date The Fast and the Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2001 First soundtrack to the 2001 film More Fast and Furious 2001 Second soundtrack album to the 2001 film 2 Fast 2 Furious : Soundtrack 2003 Soundtrack to the 2003 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2006 First soundtrack to the 2006 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2006 Second soundtrack to the 2006 film Fast & Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2009 First soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast & Furious ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2009 Second soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast Five ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2011 First soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast Five : Original Motion Picture Score 2011 Second soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast & Furious 6 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2013 Soundtrack to the 2013 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2015 First soundtrack to the 2015 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Score 2015 Second soundtrack to the 2015 film The Fate of the Furious : The Album 2017 First soundtrack to the 2017 film The Fate of the Furious : Original Motion Picture Score 2017 Second soundtrack to the 2017 film Video games ( edit ) The film series has spawned several racing video games for various systems. The arcade game The Fast and the Furious ( known as Wild Speed in Japan ) was released by Raw Thrills in 2004. In 2006, the video game The Fast and the Furious was released for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable. Several games ( The Fast and the Furious : Pink Slip, Fast & Furious, Fast Five, Fast & Furious : Adrenaline, Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy ) have all been released for iOS and are available on the iTunes App Store ; for Android devices there is an official version of Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy. In 2013, Fast & Furious : Showdown was released for the PC ( Windows OS ), Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii U and Nintendo 3DS. Various cars, locations and characters from the series have also appeared in the Facebook game Car Town. In 2015, in a deal with Microsoft Studios, a standalone expansion of Forza Horizon 2 for Xbox One and Xbox 360 was released titled Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious. Toys and model kits ( edit ) Racing Champions released diecast metal replicas of the film 's cars in different scales from 1 / 18 to 1 / 64. RadioShack sold ZipZaps micro RC versions of the cars in 2002. 1 / 24 scale plastic model kits of the hero cars were manufactured by AMT Ertl. Johnny Lightning, under the JL Full Throttle Brand, released 1 / 64th and 1 / 24th models of the cars from Tokyo Drift. These models were designed by Diecast Hall of Fame designer Eric Tscherne. Greenlight has also sold cars from the new films in the series and some from the previous films. Hot Wheels has released 1 / 64 models since 2013. International locations ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious franchise was filmed in a number of countries including : Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Spain, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and the United States. See also ( edit ) List of highest - grossing film franchises References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Fast and the Furious Movies at the Box Office ''. Box Office Mojo. June 15, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2018. Jump up ^ David Gonzales ( 6 April 2015 ). `` ' Furious 7 ' Marks Universal 's Biggest Franchise Ever ''. Forbes. Retrieved 8 March 2017. Jump up ^ Lang, Brent ( November 16, 2015 ). `` ' Fast & Furious ' Spinoffs In the Works ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Variety. Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious 10 Cast and Crew ''. Fast and Furious. January 22, 2017. Archived from the original on May 4, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Fast & Furious : The Rock And Jason Statham Spin - Off Coming In 2019 ''. October 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin ( October 5, 2017 ). `` Dwayne Johnson and Jason Statham 's ' Fast and Furious ' Spinoff Gets 2019 Release Date ''. Jump up ^ `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Director in Early Talks for Dwayne Johnson 's ' Fast and Furious ' Spinoff ''. Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's Fast and Furious Spin - Off Begins Shooting This Fall ''. Jump up ^ Mendelson, Scott. `` Box Office : ' Fast And Furious 9 ' Delay Offers Answer To Universal 's ' Wicked ' Problem ''. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( October 4, 2017 ). `` ' Fast and Furious 9 ' Moved Back a Year to 2020 ''. Jump up ^ Rahman, Abid ( February 3, 2016 ). `` Universal Sets Dates for ' Fast & Furious ' Parts 9 and 10 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 10 will be the final movie of the series ''. April 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Kit, Borys. `` Fast and Furious Spinoff Gets July 2019 Release Date ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Michael, Alex ( April 14, 2017 ). `` EXCLUSIVE : Paul Walker 's brother Cody claims Fast & Furious : Ride or Die ' WILL be filmed and set in Australia ' ''. Daily Mail. Jump up ^ `` ' Fast and Furious ' Animated Series From DreamWorks Animation Set at Netflix ''. Variety. April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018. Jump up ^ aegies. `` The Fast & Furious Timeline ''. Polygon. Retrieved May 29, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Challenge ( 2006 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Challenge ''. The Numbers. Retrieved September 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious ( 2009 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ( 2011 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 ''. Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved October 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved June 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo Movie Franchises -- WORLDWIDE GROSSES - Overseas ''. Retrieved June 26, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 26, 2017. Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo Movie Franchises -- Franchise Index ''. Retrieved April 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Gross ''. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo -- Alltime Box Office -- Worldwide Grosses & # 1 - 100 ''. Retrieved May 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` TheNumbers Movie Franchises ''. The Numbers. Nash Information Services. Retrieved May 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) ''. Metacritic. Retrieved August 15, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore ''. cinemascore.com. Retrieved March 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ''. Metacritic. Retrieved August 15, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) ''. Metacritic. Retrieved August 15, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 5, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) ''. Metacritic. Retrieved August 15, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ( 2011 ) ''. Metacritic. Retrieved August 15, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved September 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) ''. Metacritic. Retrieved August 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 28, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) ''. Metacritic. Retrieved April 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) ''. Metacritic. Retrieved April 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` theStudioTour.com - Universal Studios Hollywood - The Fast and the Furious ''. thestudiotour.com. Retrieved December 15, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious attraction takes shape at Universal Studios Hollywood ''. Los Angeles Times. May 5, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2015. Jump up ^ IGN Cars ( July 11, 2006 ). `` Fast and Furious : Extreme Close Up ''. IGN. Retrieved December 15, 2015. Jump up ^ Marc Graser. `` ' Fast & Furious - Supercharged ' Opening at Universal Studios June 25 - Variety ''. Variety. Retrieved December 15, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Universal Orlando Close Up - New Fast & Furious Ride Coming - Universal Orlando Blog ''. Close Up. Jump up ^ Spectacular Fast and Furious car stunt live show is a £ 25m gamble - Mark Brown, The Guardian, 22 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on April 23, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2013. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on October 11, 2004. Retrieved May 21, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Mods -- RadioShack ZipZaps -- These Zaps Zip From Radio Shack ''. Micro RC Cars. November 25, 2002. Retrieved December 1, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on November 2, 2004. Retrieved May 21, 2011. Jump up ^ HW City / Speed Power Series ( 2013 New Model ) : Toyota Supra - Orange Track Diecast, 8 January 2016 Jump up ^ The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ), retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 External links ( edit ) Official website The Fast and the Furious on IMDb ( hide ) The Fast and the Furious Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Letty Ortiz Han Lue Gisele Yashar TV series Fast & Furious Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious : Showdown Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Cite error : There are < ref group = N > tags on this page, but the references will not show without a ( ( reflist group = N ) ) template ( see the help page ). Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fast_and_the_Furious&oldid=838040431 '' Categories : The Fast and the Furious Action films by series American action adventure films Action thriller films Auto racing films Crime films by series Crime thriller films Film series American road movies Techno - thriller films Thriller films by series Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from March 2016 Pages with reference errors Pages with missing references list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018, at 15 : 28. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Fast and the Furious", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Fast_and_the_Furious&amp;oldid=838040431" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "9474439465056030180" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Skywalker family - wikipedia Skywalker family Jump to : navigation, search `` Skywalker '' redirects here. For other uses, see Skywalker ( disambiguation ). This Star Wars - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Skywalker family is a fictional family in the Star Wars franchise. Within the series ' fictional universe, the Skywalkers are a bloodline with strong inherent capabilities related to the Force. Luke Skywalker, his twin sister Princess Leia, and their father Darth Vader are central characters in the original Star Wars film trilogy. Vader, in his previous identity as Anakin Skywalker, is a lead character in the prequel film trilogy. Luke, Leia, and Leia 's son Kylo Ren play crucial roles in the sequel trilogy of films. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Family members 2.1 Shmi Skywalker - Lars 2.2 Anakin Skywalker ( Darth Vader ) 2.3 Padmé Amidala 2.4 Luke Skywalker 2.5 Leia Organa 2.6 Ben Solo ( Kylo Ren ) 3 Family tree 4 Legends 4.1 Ben Skywalker 4.2 Nat Skywalker 4.3 Kol Skywalker 4.4 Cade Skywalker 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) In terms of the series ' internal chronology, the Skywalkers first appeared in the 1999 film Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace. In this film, Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn discovers Shmi Skywalker and her son Anakin as slaves on the planet Tatooine. Qui - Gon finds that Anakin has a higher count of midi - chlorians ( force - imparting microorganisms ) than any Jedi, even Yoda, counting to about 20,000. Shmi informs Qui - Gon that Anakin has no father, leading Qui - Gon to suggest that Anakin is a product of midi - chlorians, an example of a miraculous birth. As the film progresses, Anakin leaves Tatooine to begin his Jedi training. Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones reveals that, in Anakin 's absence, Shmi has married Cliegg Lars, becoming the stepmother of Owen. Owen tells Anakin they are stepbrothers. Owen later marries Beru Whitesun. As a Jedi Knight, Anakin secretly marries Padmé Amidala. In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Padme gives birth to twins, Luke and Leia. Luke is raised by Beru and Owen Lars on Tatooine. While Leia is raised by Senator Bail Organa and Queen Breha Organa on Alderaan. In Star Wars : The Force Awakens, Leia and her husband Han Solo, after marrying have a son named Ben Solo, who later adopts the name Kylo Ren. The family breaks apart following Ben 's descent into the dark side, with Leia and Han separating. Family members ( edit ) Shmi Skywalker - Lars ( edit ) Shmi Skywalker is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe, portrayed by Pernilla August. She appears in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace and Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones. She is the mother of Anakin Skywalker, paternal grandmother to Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa and paternal - maternal great - grandmother to Kylo Ren. Her first name is derived from Lakshmi, a Hindu goddess. In The Phantom Menace, she and her son are introduced as slaves of junk merchant Watto on the desert world Tatooine. She welcomes Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn ( Liam Neeson ) into their home, and tells him that Anakin has no father ; she simply `` became '' pregnant with him. Qui - Gon helps Anakin win his freedom, but can not get Shmi out of slavery. She allows Anakin to leave with Qui - Gon, assuring her heartbroken son that they will meet again. In Attack of the Clones, Anakin ( Hayden Christensen ), now a young adult Jedi apprentice, senses through the Force that she is in pain. He travels to Tatooine to find her, and, upon arriving, learns that she had been freed by and married to moisture farmer Cliegg Lars ( Jack Thompson ), but had recently been abducted by Tusken Raiders. He finds her inside one of their encampments, but it 's too late -- beaten and tortured beyond help, she dies in his arms. Heartbroken and enraged, Anakin slaughters every single Tusken in the camp, including the women and children. His mother 's death ignites a strong anger in Anakin, and sets him on the path to becoming Darth Vader. Anakin Skywalker ( Darth Vader ) ( edit ) Main article : Darth Vader Anakin Skywalker is the son of Shmi Skywalker and no father, due to being conceived through the force. Anakin is discovered on Tatooine by Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn who is sure that the boy is the `` Chosen One '' of Jedi Prophecy, who will bring balance to the Force. After the death of Qui - Gon, he becomes the Padawan of Obi - Wan Kenobi. He also forms a close bond with Padmé Amidala, the young senator of Naboo. The newly elected Chancellor of the Galactic Republic, Palpatine, also befriends Anakin, promising to watch the boy 's progress `` with great interest '' and advise him. Torn between his loyalty to the Jedi and his drive for power, Anakin succumbs to temptation and becomes Darth Vader. Padmé Amidala ( edit ) Main article : Padmé Amidala The secret wife of Anakin Skywalker, and mother of Luke and Leia and maternal grandmother of Kylo Ren. She served as Queen of Naboo, and later as a Senator for her planet. Her closest friend in the Senate was Senator Bail Organa. She reconnected and fell in love with Anakin Skywalker after he was assigned to protect her from an assassination attempt, and secretly married him shortly after the Battle of Geonosis, and died while giving birth to her children shortly after the first Empire Day. Obi - Wan and Yoda decided to separate the children in order to keep them hidden from Darth Vader. Luke Skywalker ( edit ) Main article : Luke Skywalker Luke Skywalker is the son of Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker and Senator of Naboo, Padmé Amidala. He is taken in by his uncle and aunt, Owen and Beru Lars, after the death of Padmé and Anakin 's fall to the dark side. He is force sensitive and skilled with a lightsaber. In Return of the Jedi, a dying Yoda confirms to Luke, that Darth Vader ( previously Anakin Skywalker ) is actually his father, despite Luke 's belief that Vader 's claim to fatherhood in The Empire Strikes Back was a ruse to pull Luke to the dark side. He also finds out from Obi - Wan 's force ghost that Princess Leia Organa is his sister. In The Force Awakens, as the last known Jedi, Luke is in hiding after failing to prevent his nephew Ben ( now Kylo Ren ) from turning to the dark side to join Supreme Leader Snoke. Leia Organa ( edit ) Main article : Princess Leia The daughter of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala, Leia Organa was adopted by Bail and Breha Organa of Alderaan. At age 19 she is the Princess of Alderaan, and is captured by Darth Vader while in the Tantive IV blockade runner on a so - called `` diplomatic mission ''. Leia is shown to be force sensitive. In The Empire Strikes Back, Leia professes her love for Han Solo when he is put into carbonite stasis, although it is originally Han and Luke who compete for her affections. In Return of the Jedi, planning to feed Luke, Han, and Chewbacca to the flesh eating Sarlacc, Jabba the Hutt is instead strangled to death by Leia by a chain he has on her. She later becomes involved in the Battle of Endor. In the years that follow, she becomes General Organa, the leader of the Resistance, a military organization unofficially backed by the New Republic to counter the First Order. She married Han Solo and had a son named Ben Solo, later Kylo Ren, whose turning to the dark side separated the couple before the events of The Force Awakens. Leia has been on a search to find her missing brother Luke and save her son from the dark side. Ben Solo ( Kylo Ren ) ( edit ) Main article : Kylo Ren Ben Solo is the son of Leia Organa and Han Solo. He initially trains to be a Jedi under his uncle, Luke Skywalker, before he falls to the dark side and becomes Kylo Ren, working for the First Order and under the influence of Supreme Leader Snoke. He is obsessed with the legacy of his grandfather, the Sith Lord Darth Vader, and aspires to finish what Vader started : the elimination of the Jedi. Family tree ( edit ) ( hide ) Skywalker family tree Aika Lars Cliegg Lars Shmi Skywalker Jobal Naberrie Ruwee Naberrie Beru Whitesun Owen Lars Anakin Skywalker Padmé Amidala Bail Organa Breha Organa Luke Skywalker Leia Organa Han Solo Ben Solo References : Jump up ^ Hidalgo, Pablo ( 2016 ). Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded. Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars ''. StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars ''. StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars ''. StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars ''. StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker ''. StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader ''. StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padmé Amidala ''. StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015. Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ). Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa ''. StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015. Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ). Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker ''. StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015. Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ), Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son, Ben Skywalker. Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa ''. StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015. ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015. Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity, Han and Leia have three children : Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo. Legends ( edit ) With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014. In the Star Wars expanded universe, Luke, following his sister 's marriage to Han Solo and the birth of the Solo children ( Anakin, Jacen, and Jaina ), marries Mara Jade, who has a son named Ben. A further complication in this continuity is the fact that the Return of the Jedi novelization includes a detail about Owen Lars being Obi - Wan Kenobi 's estranged brother. To explain subsequent references, Star Wars : Lone Wolf : A Tale of Obi - Wan and Luke introduces `` Owen Kenobi '', a personification of the bond Kenobi feels toward Owen Lars. In the Expanded Universe book Tatooine Ghost, Shmi 's granddaughter, Leia, is given Shmi 's old journal, which describes Anakin 's childhood. Leia learns, through Shmi 's love for Anakin, to forgive her father for his role in the destruction of Alderaan and for torturing her aboard the Death Star, as depicted in A New Hope. Ben Skywalker ( edit ) Luke Skywalker and Mara Jade Skywalker 's son. Named after Obi - Wan `` Ben '' Kenobi, Jedi Knight. Former student of Jacen Solo, his cousin. In Fate of the Jedi : Outcast, he voluntarily accompanies his father into exile. He proves himself as both a fighter and as an investigator to carry on his father 's name. His love interest is Vestara Khai, formerly a Sith apprentice, then a Jedi apprentice. The character was voted the 40th top Star Wars character by IGN and the top 6th Star Wars Expanded Universe character by UGO Networks. Nat Skywalker ( edit ) Nat is a former / returned Jedi master and the older brother of Kol. He took the name `` Bantha '' Rawk He was also with him all the time. Kol Skywalker ( edit ) Kol Skywalker is a character in Star Wars : Legacy. He is a descendant of Luke Skywalker and is a Jedi master. He is the father of Cade Skywalker. Cade Skywalker ( edit ) The descendant of Anakin Skywalker, Luke Skywalker, Mara Jade Skywalker and Ben Skywalker, and the son of Kol Skywalker. He is a protagonist of the Star Wars : Legacy comic series. According to the comic book series from Dark Horse called Star Wars : Legacy, which takes place 125 years after Return of the Jedi, Cade Skywalker, son of Kol Skywalker and a direct descendant of Luke Skywalker, is the last surviving Skywalker of his time. It is shown that he has completely abandoned the Jedi way after an attack by the New Sith Order on the Jedi Academy on Ossus. Nevertheless, he still encounters other Jedi, as well as the ghost of Luke Skywalker. The character was voted the 84th top Star Wars character by IGN. See also ( edit ) Solo family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Star Wars I : The Phantom Menace script Jump up ^ O'Keefe, Kevin. `` There 's Either an Error in the New ' Star Wars ' Crawl or a Big Surprise for Luke and Leia ''. Mic. Retrieved 24 December 2015. Jump up ^ Wendig, Chuck ( 2017 ). Star Wars : Aftermath : Empire 's End. Del Rey. ISBN 9781101966976. What is known is this : The child 's name is Ben, and he takes his father 's last name, even as Leia keeps only her own family name, Organa. Jump up ^ McMilian, Graeme ( April 25, 2014 ). `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page ''. StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line ''. StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016. Jump up ^ Kahn, James ( 1983 ). Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi. Del - Rey. ISBN 0 - 345 - 30767 - 4. Jump up ^ Watson, Jude ( 1999 ). Jedi Apprentice : The Hidden Past. Scholastic. ISBN 0590519336. Jump up ^ `` Rare Clone Wars Comics and Literature ''. Starwars.com. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 16. Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24. ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Star Wars Characters ''. IGN. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2010. Jump up ^ Adam Rosenberg ( 1 July 2008 ). `` Top 50 Star Wars Expanded Universe Characters ''. UGO Networks. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2010. External links ( edit ) Skywalker family on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Groups Militaries Clone trooper Stormtrooper Droid Army Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker Solo Music Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Species A -- E Bantha Droid Ewok F -- J Hutt K -- O P -- T Sarlacc Tusken Raiders U -- Z Wookiee List of creatures Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Spacecraft Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skywalker_family&oldid=843572122 '' Categories : Star Wars characters Fictional family trees Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2008 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Star Wars articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Français ქართული Polski Português Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 01 : 11. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Skywalker family", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Skywalker_family&amp;oldid=843572122" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "The Phantom Menace. In this film, Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn discovers Shmi Skywalker and her son Anakin as slaves on the planet Tatooine. Qui - Gon finds that Anakin has a higher count of midi - chlorians ( force - imparting microorganisms ) than any Jedi, even Yoda, counting to about 20,000. Shmi informs Qui - Gon that Anakin has no father, leading Qui - Gon to suggest that Anakin is a product of midi - chlorians, an example of a miraculous birth. As the film progresses, Anakin leaves Tatooine to begin his Jedi training. Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones reveals that, in Anakin 's absence, Shmi has married Cliegg Lars, becoming the stepmother of Owen. Owen tells Anakin they are stepbrothers. Owen later marries Beru Whitesun. As a Jedi Knight, Anakin secretly marries Padmé Amidala. In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Padme gives birth to twins, Luke and Leia. Luke is raised by Beru and Owen Lars on Tatooine. While Leia is raised by Senator Bail Organa and Queen Breha Organa on Alderaan. In Star Wars : The Force Awakens, Leia and her husband Han Solo, after marrying have a son named Ben Solo, who later adopts the name Kylo Ren. The family breaks apart following Ben 's descent into the", "discovers Shmi Skywalker and her son Anakin as slaves on the planet Tatooine. Qui - Gon finds that Anakin has a higher count of midi - chlorians ( force - imparting microorganisms ) than any Jedi, even Yoda, counting to about 20,000. Shmi informs Qui - Gon that Anakin has no father, leading Qui - Gon to suggest that Anakin is a product of midi - chlorians, an example of a miraculous birth. As the film progresses, Anakin leaves Tatooine to begin his Jedi training. Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones reveals that, in Anakin 's absence, Shmi has married Cliegg Lars, becoming the stepmother of Owen. Owen tells Anakin they are stepbrothers. Owen later marries Beru Whitesun. As a Jedi Knight, Anakin secretly marries Padmé Amidala. In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Padme gives birth to twins, Luke and Leia. Luke is raised by Beru and Owen Lars on Tatooine. While Leia is raised by Senator Bail Organa and Queen Breha Organa on Alderaan. In Star Wars : The Force Awakens, Leia and her husband Han Solo, after marrying have a son named Ben Solo, who later adopts the name Kylo Ren. The family breaks apart following Ben 's descent into the dark side, with Leia and Han separating. Family members (", "Anakin has a higher count of midi - chlorians ( force - imparting microorganisms ) than any Jedi, even Yoda, counting to about 20,000. Shmi informs Qui - Gon that Anakin has no father, leading Qui - Gon to suggest that Anakin is a product of midi - chlorians, an example of a miraculous birth. As the film progresses, Anakin leaves Tatooine to begin his Jedi training. Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones reveals that, in Anakin 's absence, Shmi has married Cliegg Lars, becoming the stepmother of Owen. Owen tells Anakin they are stepbrothers. Owen later marries Beru Whitesun. As a Jedi Knight, Anakin secretly marries Padmé Amidala. In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Padme gives birth to twins, Luke and Leia. Luke is raised by Beru and Owen Lars on Tatooine. While Leia is raised by Senator Bail Organa and Queen Breha Organa on Alderaan. In Star Wars : The Force Awakens, Leia and her husband Han Solo, after marrying have a son named Ben Solo, who later adopts the name Kylo Ren. The family breaks apart following Ben 's descent into the dark side, with Leia and Han separating. Family members ( edit ) Shmi Skywalker - Lars ( edit ) Shmi Skywalker is a fictional character in" ], "id": [ "5910515700180582461" ], "short_answers": [ "Shmi", "Anakin", "Padmé Amidala" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Clean Air Act ( United States ) - wikipedia Clean Air Act ( United States ) Clean Air Act Long title An Act to improve, strengthen, and accelerate programs for the prevention and abatement of air pollution. Acronyms ( colloquial ) CAA Nicknames Clean Air Act of 1963 Enacted by the 88th United States Congress Effective December 17, 1963 Citations Public law 88 - 206 Statutes at Large 77 Stat. 392 Codification Titles amended 42 U.S.C. : Public Health and Social Welfare U.S.C. sections amended 42 U.S.C. ch. 85, subch. I § 7401 et seq. Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 6518 by Kenneth A. Roberts ( D -- AL ) on July 9, 1963 Committee consideration by House Energy and Commerce Passed the House on July 24, 1963 ( 275 - 104 ) Passed the Senate on November 19, 1963 ( passed voice vote, in lieu of S. 432 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on December 5, 1963 ; agreed to by the House on December 10, 1963 ( 276 - 112 ) and by the Senate on December 10, 1963 ( passed voice vote ) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on December 17, 1963 Major amendments Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965 ( 79 Stat. 992, Pub. L. 89 -- 272 ) Air Quality Act of 1967 ( 81 Stat. 485, Pub. L. 90 -- 148 ) Clean Air Act Extension of 1970 ( 84 Stat. 1676, Pub. L. 91 -- 604 ) Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 ( 91 Stat. 685, Pub. L. 95 -- 95 ) Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 ( 104 Stat. 2468, Pub. L. 101 -- 549 ) United States Supreme Court cases Union Elec. Co. v. EPA, 427 U.S. 246 ( 1976 ) Chevron USA v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837 ( 1984 ) Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc., 531 U.S. 457 ( 2001 ) The Clean Air Act ( 42 U.S.C. § 7401 ) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. It is one of the United States ' first and most influential modern environmental laws, and one of the most comprehensive air quality laws in the world. As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes, it is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ), in coordination with state, local, and tribal governments. Its implementing regulations are codified at 40 C.F.R. Subchapter C, Parts 50 - 97. The 1955 Air Pollution Control Act was the first U.S. federal legislation that pertained to air pollution ; it also provided funds for federal government research of air pollution. The first federal legislation to actually pertain to `` controlling '' air pollution was the Clean Air Act of 1963. The 1963 act accomplished this by establishing a federal program within the U.S. Public Health Service and authorizing research into techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution. It was first amended in 1965, by the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act, which authorized the federal government to set required standards for controlling the emission of pollutants from certain automobiles, beginning with the 1968 models. A second amendment, the Air Quality Act of 1967, enabled the federal government to increase its activities to investigate enforcing interstate air pollution transport, and, for the first time, to perform far - reaching ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections. The 1967 act also authorized expanded studies of air pollutant emission inventories, ambient monitoring techniques, and control techniques. Amendments approved in 1970 greatly expanded the federal mandate, requiring comprehensive federal and state regulations for both stationary ( industrial ) pollution sources and mobile sources. It also significantly expanded federal enforcement. Also, EPA was established on December 2, 1970 for the purpose of consolidating pertinent federal research, monitoring, standard - setting and enforcement activities into one agency that ensures environmental protection. Further amendments were made in 1990 to address the problems of acid rain, ozone depletion, and toxic air pollution, and to establish a national permit program for stationary sources, and increased enforcement authority. The amendments also established new auto gasoline reformulation requirements, set Reid vapor pressure ( RVP ) standards to control evaporative emissions from gasoline, and mandated new gasoline formulations sold from May to September in many states. Reviewing his tenure as EPA Administrator under President George H.W. Bush, William K. Reilly characterized passage of the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act as his most notable accomplishment. The Clean Air Act was the first major environmental law in the United States to include a provision for citizen suits. Numerous state and local governments have enacted similar legislation, either implementing federal programs or filling in locally important gaps in federal programs. Contents 1 Summary 1.1 Title I : Programs and Activities 1.1. 1 Part A : Air Quality and Emissions Limitations 1.1. 2 Part B : Ozone Protection 1.1. 3 Part C - Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality 1.1. 4 Part D: Plan Requirements for Non-attainment Areas 1.2 Title II : Emission Standards for Moving Sources 1.2. 1 Part A : Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards 1.2. 2 Part B : Aircraft Emission Standards 1.2. 3 Part C : Clean Fuel Vehicles 1.3 Title III : General Provisions 1.4 Title IV : Noise Pollution 1.5 Title IV - A : Acid Deposition Control 1.6 Title V : Permits 1.7 Title VI : Stratospheric Ozone Protection 2 History 2.1 Legislation 2.2 History of the Clean Air Act 2.2. 1 Introduction 2.2. 2 Clean Air Act of 1970 2.2. 3 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 2.2. 4 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 2.2. 5 Milestones 2.3 Regulations 3 Roles of the federal government and states 3.1 State Programs 4 Interstate air pollution 5 Leak detection and repair 6 Application to greenhouse gas emissions 7 Clean Air Act and environmental justice 8 Clean Air Act violations 9 Effects 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Summary ( edit ) Counties in the United States with one or more National Ambient Air Quality Standards not met as of June 2017 Title I : programs and activities ( edit ) Graph showing decreases in US air pollution concentrations during 1990 to 2015 Part a : Air quality and emissions limitations ( edit ) This section of the act declares that protecting and enhancing the nation 's air quality promotes public health. The law encourages to prevent regional air pollution and control programs. It also provides technical and financial assistance for preventing air pollution at both state and local governments. Additional subchapters cover cooperation, research, investigation, training, and other activities. Grants for air pollution planning and control programs, and interstate air quality agencies and program cost limitations are also included in this section. The act even mandates air quality control regions, designated as attainment vs non-attainment. Non-attainment areas do not meet national standards for primary or secondary ambient air quality. Attainment areas meet these standards, while unclassifiable areas can not be classified based on the available information. Air quality criteria, national primary and secondary ambient air quality standards, state implementation plans and performance standards for new stationary sources are covered in Part A as well. The list of hazardous air pollutants that the act establishes includes compounds of acetaldehyde, benzene, chloroform, phenols, and selenium. The list also includes mineral fiber emissions from manufacturing or processing glass, rock or slag fibers as well as radioactive atoms. The list can periodically be modified. The act lists unregulated radioactive pollutants such as cadmium, arsenic, and polycyclic organic matter and it mandates listing them if they will cause or contribute to air pollution that endangers public health, under section 7408 or 7412. The remaining subchapters cover smokestack heights, state plan adequacy, and estimating emissions of carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and oxides of nitrogen from area and mobile sources. Measures to prevent unemployment or other economic disruption include using local coal or coal derivatives to comply with implementation requirements. The final subchapter in this act focuses on land use authority. Part B. : ozone Protection ( edit ) Because of advances in the atmospheric chemistry, this section was replaced by Title VI when the law was amended in 1990. This change in the law reflected significant changes in scientific understanding of ozone formation and depletion. Ozone absorbs UVC light and shorter wave UVB, and lets through UVA, which is largely harmless to people. Ozone exists naturally in the stratosphere, not the troposphere. It is laterally distributed because it is destroyed by strong sunlight, so there is more ozone at the poles. Ozone is created when O comes in contact with photons from solar radiation. Therefore, a decrease in the intensity of solar radiation also results in a decrease in the formation of ozone in the stratosphere. This exchange is known as the Chapman mechanism : O + UV photon → 2 O ( note that atmospheric oxygen as O is highly unstable ) O + O + M → O ( O is Ozone ) + M M represents a third molecule, needed to carry off the excess energy of the collision of O + O. Atmospheric freon and chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) contribute to ozone depletion ( Chlorine is a catalytic agent in ozone destruction ). Following discovery of the ozone hole in 1985, the 1987 Montreal Protocol successfully implemented a plan to replace CFCs and was viewed by some environmentalists as an example of what is possible for the future of environmental issues, if the political will is present. Part C - Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air quality ( edit ) The Clean Air Act requires permits to build or add to major stationary sources of air pollution. This permitting process, known as New Source Review ( NSR ), applies to sources in areas that meet air quality standards as well as areas that are unclassifiable. Permits in attainment or unclassifiable areas are referred to as Prevention of Significant Deterioration ( PSD ) permits, while permits for sources located in nonattainment areas are referred to as nonattainment area ( NAA ) permits. The fundamental goals of the PSD program are to : prevent new non-attainment areas by ensuring economic growth in harmony with existing clean air ; protect public health and welfare from any adverse effects ; preserve and enhance the air quality in national parks and other areas of special natural recreational, scenic, or historic value. Part d: Plan requirements for non-attainment areas ( edit ) Under the Clean Air Act states are required to submit a plan for non-attainment areas to reach attainment status as soon as possible but in no more than five years, based on the severity of the air pollution and the difficulty posed by obtaining cleaner air. The plan must include : an inventory of all pollutants permits control measures, means and techniques to reach standard qualifications contingency measures The plan must be approved or revised if required for approval, and specify whether local governments or the state will implement and enforce the various changes. Achieving attainment status makes a request for reevaluation possible. It must include a plan for maintenance of air quality. Title II : emission standards for moving sources ( edit ) Graph showing decreases in US air pollution emissions from transportation sources during 1980 - 2015, while US population and economic activity increased. Part a : motor vehicle emission and Fuel standards ( edit ) Subchapters of Title II cover state standards and grants, prohibited acts and actions to restrain violations, as well as a study of emissions from nonroad vehicles ( other than locomotives ) to determine whether they cause or contribute to air pollution. Motorcycles are treated in the same way as automobiles under the emission standards for new motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines. The last few subchapters deal with high altitude performance adjustments, motor vehicle compliance program fees, prohibition on production of engines requiring leaded gasoline and urban bus standards. This part of the bill was extremely controversial the time it was passed. The automobile industry argued that it could not meet the new standards. Senators expressed concern about impact on the economy. Specific new emissions standards for moving sources passed years later. Part B. : aircraft emission standards ( edit ) Many volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) are emitted over airports and affect the air quality in the region. VOCs include benzene, formaldehyde and butadienes which are known to cause health problems such as birth defects, cancer and skin irritation. Hundreds of tons of emissions from aircraft, ground support equipment, heating systems, and shuttles and passenger vehicles are released into the air, causing smog. Therefore, major cities such as Seattle, Denver, and San Francisco require a Climate Action Plan as well as a greenhouse gas inventory. Additionally, federal programs such as the Voluntary Airport Low Emissions Program ( VALE ) are working to offset costs for programs that reduce emissions. Title II sets emission standards for airlines and aircraft engines and adopts standards set by the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ). However aircraft carbon dioxide emission standards have not been established by either ICAO nor the EPA. It is the responsibility of the Secretary of Transportation, after consultation with the Administrator, to prescribe regulations that comply with 42 U.S. Code § 7571 ( Establishment of standards ) and ensure the necessary inspections take place. Part C : Clean Fuel vehicles ( edit ) Trucks and automobiles play a large role in deleterious air quality. Harmful chemicals such as nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide are released from motor vehicles. Some of these also react with sunlight to produce photochemicals. These harmful substances change the climate, alter ocean pH and include toxins that may cause cancer, birth defects or respiratory illness. Motor vehicles increased in the 1990s since approximately 58 percent of households owned two or more vehicles. The Clean Fuel Vehicle programs focused on alternative fuel use and petroleum fuels that met low emission vehicle ( LEV ) levels. Compressed natural gas, ethanol, methanol, liquefied petroleum gas and electricity are examples of cleaner alternative fuel. Programs such as the California Clean Fuels Program and pilot program are increasing demand that for new fuels to be developed to reduce harmful emissions. The California pilot program incorporated under this section focuses on pollution control in ozone non-attainment areas. The provisions apply to light - duty trucks and light - duty vehicles in California. The state also requires that clean alternative fuels for sale at numerous locations with sufficient geographic distribution for convenience. Production of clean - fuel vehicles is n't mandated except as part of the California pilot program. Title III : General provisions ( edit ) Under the law prior to 1990, EPA was required to construct a list of Hazardous Air Pollutants as well as health - based standards for each one. There were 187 air pollutants listed and the source from which they came. The EPA was given ten years to generate technology - based emission standards. Title III is considered a second phase, allowing the EPA to assess lingering risks after the enactment of the first phase of emission standards. Title III also enacts new standards with regard to the protection of public health. A citizen may file a lawsuit to obtain compliance with an emission standard issued by the EPA or by a state, unless there is an ongoing enforcement action being pursued by EPA or the appropriate state agency. Title IV : noise pollution ( edit ) This title pre-dates the Clean Air Act. With the passage of the Clean Air Act, it became codified as Title IV. However, another Title IV was enacted in the 1990 amendments. The second Title IV was then appended to this Title IV as Title IV - A ( see below ). This title established the EPA Office of Noise Abatement and Control to reduce noise pollution in urban areas, to minimize noise - related impacts on psychological and physiological effects on humans, effects on wildlife and property ( including values ), and other noise - related issues. The agency was also assigned to run experiments to study the effects of noise. See also : Noise Control Act Title IV - a : acid deposition control ( edit ) This title was added as part of the 1990 amendments. It addresses the issue of acid rain, which is caused by nitrogen oxides ( NO ) and sulfur dioxide ( SO ) emissions from electric power plants powered by fossil fuels, and other industrial sources. The 1990 amendments gave industries more pollution control options including switching to low - sulfur coal and / or adding devices that controlled the harmful emissions. In some cases plants had to be closed down to prevent the dangerous chemicals from entering the atmosphere. Title IV - A mandated a two - step process to reduce SO emissions. The first stage required more than 100 electric generating facilities larger than 100 megawatts to meet a 3.5 million ton SO emission reduction by January 1995. The second stage gave facilities larger than 75 megawatts a January 2000 deadline. Title v. : permits ( edit ) The 1990 amendments authorized a national operating permit program, covering thousands of large industrial and commercial sources. It required large businesses to address pollutants released into the air, measure their quantity, and have a plan to control and minimize them as well as to periodically report. This consolidated requirements for a facility into a single document. In non-attainment areas, permits were required for sources that emit as little as 50, 25, or 10 tons per year of VOCs depending on the severity of the region 's non-attainment status. Most permits are issued by state and local agencies. If the state does not adequately monitor requirements, the EPA may take control. The public may request to view the permits by contacting the EPA. The permit is limited to no more than five years and requires a renewal. Title VI : stratospheric ozone Protection ( edit ) Starting in 1990, Title VI mandated regulations regarding the use and production of chemicals that harm the Earth 's stratospheric ozone layer. This ozone layer protects against harmful ultraviolet B sunlight linked to several medical conditions including cataracts and skin cancer. The ozone - destroying chemicals were classified into two groups, Class I and Class II. Class I consists of substances, including chlorofluorocarbons, that have an ozone depletion potential ( ODP ) ( HL ) of 0.2 or higher. Class II lists substances, including hydrochlorofluorocarbons, that are known to or may be detrimental to the stratosphere. Both groups have a timeline for phase - out : For Class I substances, no more than seven years after being added to the list and For Class II substances no more than ten years. Title VI establishes methods for preventing harmful chemicals from entering the stratosphere in the first place, including recycling or proper disposal of chemicals and finding substitutes that cause less or no damage. The Significant New Alternatives Policy ( SNAP ) Program is EPA 's program to evaluate and regulate substitutes for the ozone - depleting chemicals that are being phased out under the stratospheric ozone protection provisions of the Clean Air Act. Over 190 countries signed the Montreal Protocol in 1987, agreeing to work to eliminate or limit the use of chemicals with ozone - destroying properties. History ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards. The specific problem is : There is a `` History '' subsection within this section ; redundant & confusing. Overlapping material should be consolidated or deleted as appropriate. Please help improve this section if you can. ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Legislation ( edit ) Congress passed the first legislation to address air pollution with the 1955 Air Pollution Control Act that provided funds to the U.S. Public Health service, but did not formulate pollution regulation. However, the Clean Air Act in 1963 created a research and regulatory program in the U.S. Public Health Service. The Act authorized development of emission standards for stationary sources, but not mobile sources of air pollution. The 1967 Air Quality Act mandated enforcement of interstate air pollution standards and authorized ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections. In the Clean Air Act Extension of 1970, Congress greatly expanded the federal mandate by requiring comprehensive federal and state regulations for both industrial and mobile sources. The law established four new regulatory programs : National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ). EPA was required to promulgate national standards for six criteria pollutants : carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, hydrocarbons and photochemical oxidants. ( Some of the criteria pollutants were revised in subsequent legislation. ) State Implementation Plans ( SIPs ) New Source Performance Standards ( NSPS ) ; and National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants ( NESHAPs ). The 1970 law is sometimes called the `` Muskie Act '' because of the central role Maine Senator Edmund Muskie played in drafting the bill. To implement the strict new Clean Air Act of 1970, during his first term as EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus spent 60 % of his time on the automobile industry, whose emissions were to be reduced 90 % under the new law. Senators had been frustrated at the industry 's failure to cut emissions under previous, weaker air laws. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 required Prevention of Significant Deterioration ( PSD ) of air quality for areas attaining the NAAQS and added requirements for non-attainment areas. The 1990 Clean Air Act added regulatory programs for control of acid deposition ( acid rain ) and stationary source operating permits. The amendments moved considerably beyond the original criteria pollutants, expanding the NESHAP program with a list of 189 hazardous air pollutants to be controlled within hundreds of source categories, according to a specific schedule. The NAAQS program was also expanded. Other new provisions covered stratospheric ozone protection, increased enforcement authority and expanded research programs. History of the Clean Air Act ( edit ) Introduction ( edit ) President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the 1967 Air Quality Act in the East Room of the White House, November 21, 1967. The legal authority for federal programs regarding air pollution control is based on the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments ( 1990 CAAA ). These are the latest in a series of amendments made to the Clean Air Act ( CAA ), often referred to as `` the Act. '' This legislation modified and extended federal legal authority provided by the earlier Clean Air Acts of 1963 and 1970. The 1955 Air Pollution Control Act was the first federal legislation involving air pollution ; it authorized $3 million per year to the U.S. Public Health Service for five years to fund federal level air pollution research, air pollution control research, and technical and training assistance to the states. Subsequently, the act was extended for four years in 1959 with funding levels at $5 million per year. The act was then amended in 1960 and 1962. Although the 1955 act brought the air pollution issue to the federal level, no federal regulations were formulated. Control and prevention of air pollution was instead delegated to state and local agencies. The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control. It established a federal program within the U.S. Public Health Service and authorized research into techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution. In 1967, the Air Quality Act was enacted in order to expand federal government activities. In accordance with this law, enforcement proceedings were initiated in areas subject to interstate air pollution transport. As part of these proceedings, the federal government for the first time conducted extensive ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections. The Air Quality Act of 1967 also authorized expanded studies of air pollutant emission inventories, ambient monitoring techniques, and control techniques. Clean Air Act of 1970 ( edit ) The Clean Air Act of 1970 ( 1970 CAA ) authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary ( industrial ) sources and mobile sources. Four major regulatory programs affecting stationary sources were initiated : the National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ( pronounced `` knacks '' ) ), State Implementation Plans ( SIPs ), New Source Performance Standards ( NSPS ), and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants ( NESHAPs ). Enforcement authority was substantially expanded. This very important legislation was adopted at approximately the same time as the National Environmental Policy Act. Clean Air Act amendments of 1977 ( edit ) Major amendments were added to the Clean Air Act in 1977 ( 1977 CAAA ). The 1977 Amendments primarily concerned provisions for the Prevention of Significant Deterioration ( PSD ) of air quality in areas attaining the NAAQS. The 1977 CAAA also contained requirements pertaining to sources in non-attainment areas for NAAQS. A non-attainment area is a geographic area that does not meet one or more of the federal air quality standards. Both of these 1977 CAAA established major permit review requirements to ensure attainment and maintenance of the NAAQS. Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 ( edit ) Another set of major amendments to the Clean Air Act occurred in 1990 ( 1990 CAAA ). The 1990 CAAA substantially increased the authority and responsibility of the federal government. New regulatory programs were authorized for control of acid deposition ( acid rain ) and for the issuance of stationary source operating permits. The NESHAPs were incorporated into a greatly expanded program for controlling toxic air pollutants. The provisions for attainment and maintenance of NAAQS were substantially modified and expanded. Other revisions included provisions regarding stratospheric ozone protection, increased enforcement authority, and expanded research programs. Milestones ( edit ) Some of the principal milestones in the evolution of the Clean Air Act are as follows : The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 First federal air pollution legislation Funded research on scope and sources of air pollution Clean Air Act of 1963 Authorized a national program to address air pollution Authorized research into techniques to minimize air pollution Air Quality Act of 1967 Authorized enforcement procedures involving interstate transport of pollutants Expanded research activities Clean Air Act of 1970 Established National Ambient Air Quality Standards Established requirements for State Implementation Plans to achieve them Establishment of New Source Performance Standards for new and modified stationary sources Establishment of National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Increased enforcement authority Authorized control of motor vehicle emissions 1977 Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1970 Authorized provisions related to prevention of significant deterioration Authorized provisions relating to non-attainment areas 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1970 Authorized programs for acid deposition control Authorized controls for 189 toxic pollutants, including those previously regulated by the national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants Established permit program requirements Expanded and modified provisions concerning National Ambient Air Quality Standards Expanded and modified enforcement authority Regulations ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : additional regulations. You can help by adding to it. ( June 2011 ) Since the initial establishment of six mandated criteria pollutants ( ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and lead ), advancements in testing and monitoring have led to the discovery of many other significant air pollutants. However, with the act in place and its many improvements, the U.S. has seen many pollutant levels and associated cases of health complications drop. According to the EPA, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments has prevented or will prevent : Year 2010 ( cases prevented ) Year 2020 ( cases prevented ) Adult Mortality - particles 160,000 230,000 Infant Mortality - particles 230 280 Mortality - ozone 4,300 71,000 Chronic Bronchitis 54,000 75,000 Heart Disease - Acute Myocardial Infarction 130,000 200,000 Asthma Exacerbation 1,700,000 2,400,000 Emergency Room Visits 86,000 120,000 School Loss Days 3,200,000 5,400,000 Lost Work Days 13,000,000 17,000,000 This chart shows the health benefits of the Clean Air Act programs that reduce levels of fine particles and ozone. In 1997 EPA tightened the NAAQS regarding permissible levels of the ground - level ozone that make up smog and the fine airborne particulate matter that makes up soot. The decision came after months of public review of the proposed new standards, as well as long and fierce internal discussion within the Clinton administration, leading to the most divisive environmental debate of that decade. The new regulations were challenged in the courts by industry groups as a violation of the U.S. Constitution 's nondelegation principle and eventually landed in the Supreme Court of the United States, whose 2001 unanimous ruling in Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc. largely upheld EPA 's actions. The Clean Air Act ( CAA or Act ) directs EPA to establish national ambient air quality standards ( NAAQS ) for pollutants at levels that will protect public health. EPA and American Lung Association promoted the 2011 Cross State Air Pollution Rule ( CSAPR ) to control ozone and fine particles. Aim was to cut emissions half from 2005 to 2014. It was claimed to prevent each year 400,000 asthma cases and save ca 2m work and schooldays lost by respiratory illness. Some states ( e.g. Texas ), cities and power companies sued the case ( EPA v EME Homer City Generation ). The appeals - court judges decided by two to one that the rule is too strict. Based on appeals the power companies were allowed to continue thousands of persons respiratory illnesses prolonged time in the USA. According to the Economist ( 2013 ) the Supreme Court decision may affect how the EPA regulates other pollutants, including the greenhouse gases. Roles of the federal government and States ( edit ) Although the 1990 Clean Air Act is a federal law covering the entire country, the states do much of the work to carry out the Act. The EPA has allowed the individual states to elect responsibility for compliance with and regulation of the CAA within their own borders in exchange for funding. For example, a state air pollution agency holds a hearing on a permit application by a power or chemical plant or fines a company for violating air pollution limits. However, election is not mandatory and in some cases states have chosen to not accept responsibility for enforcement of the act and force the EPA to assume those duties. In order to take over compliance with the CAA the states must write and submit a state implementation plan ( SIP ) to the EPA for approval. A state implementation plan is a collection of the regulations a state will use to clean up polluted areas. The states are obligated to notify the public of these plans, through hearings that offer opportunities to comment, in the development of each state implementation plan. The SIP becomes the state 's legal guide for local enforcement of the CAA. For example, Rhode Island law requires compliance with the Federal CAA through the SIP. The SIP delegates permitting and enforcement responsibility to the state Department of Environmental Management ( RI - DEM ). The federal law recognizes that states should lead in carrying out the Clean Air Act, because pollution control problems often require special understanding of local industries, geography, housing patterns, etc. However, states are not allowed to have weaker pollution controls than the national minimum criteria set by EPA. EPA must approve each SIP, and if a SIP is n't acceptable, EPA can take over CAA enforcement in that state. The United States government, through the EPA, assists the states by providing scientific research, expert studies, engineering designs, and money to support clean air programs. Metropolitan planning organizations must approve all federally funded transportation projects in a given urban area. If the MPO 's plans do not, Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Transit Administration have the authority to withhold funds if the plans do not conform with federal requirements, including air quality standards. In 2010, the EPA directly fined the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District $29 million for failure to meet ozone standards, resulting in fees for county drivers and businesses. This was the results of a federal appeals court case that required the EPA to continue enforce older, stronger standards, and spurred debate in Congress over amending the Act. State programs ( edit ) Many states, or concerned citizens of the state, have established their own programs to help promote pollution clean - up strategies. For example, ( in alphabetical order by state ) California - California 's Clean Air Project - designed to create a smoke - free gaming atmosphere in tribal casinos Georgia - The Clean Air Campaign Illinois - Illinois Citizens for Clean Air and Water - coalition of farmers and other citizens to reduce harmful effects of large - scale livestock production methods New York - Clean Air NY Oklahoma - `` Breathe Easy '' - Oklahoma Statutes on Smoking in Public Places and Indoor Workplaces ( Effective November 1, 2010 ) Oregon - Indoor Clean Air Act - Statutes on Smoking in Indoor Workplaces and Within 10ft of an Entrance Texas - Drive Clean Across Texas Virginia - Virginia Clean Cities, Inc. Interstate Air pollution ( edit ) Air pollution often travels from its source in one state to another state. In many metropolitan areas, people live in one state and work or shop in another ; air pollution from cars and trucks may spread throughout the interstate area. The 1990 Clean Air Act provides for interstate commissions on air pollution control, which are to develop regional strategies for cleaning up air pollution. The 1990 amendments include other provisions to reduce interstate air pollution. The Acid Rain Program, created under Title IV of the Act, authorizes emissions trading to reduce the overall cost of controlling emissions of sulfur dioxide. Leak Detection and repair ( edit ) The Act requires industrial facilities to implement a Leak Detection and Repair ( LDAR ) program to monitor and audit a facility 's fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds ( VOC ). The program is intended to identify and repair components such as valves, pumps, compressors, flanges, connectors and other components that may be leaking. These components are the main source of the fugitive VOC emissions. Testing is done manually using a portable vapor analyzer that read in parts per million ( ppm ). Monitoring frequency, and the leak threshold, is determined by various factors such as the type of component being tested and the chemical running through the line. Moving components such as pumps and agitators are monitored more frequently than non-moving components such as flanges and screwed connectors. The regulations require that when a leak is detected the component be repaired within a set amount of days. Most facilities get 5 days for an initial repair attempt with no more than 15 days for a complete repair. Allowances for delaying the repairs beyond the allowed time are made for some components where repairing the component requires shutting process equipment down. Application to greenhouse gas emissions ( edit ) Main article : Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act EPA began regulating greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) from mobile and stationary sources of air pollution under the Clean Air Act for the first time on January 2, 2011. Standards for mobile sources have been established pursuant to Section 202 of the CAA, and GHGs from stationary sources are controlled under the authority of Part C of Title I of the Act. Below is a table for the sources of greenhouse gases, taken from data in 2008. Of all greenhouse gases, about 76 percent of the sources are manageable under the CAA, marked with an asterisk ( * ). All others are regulated independently, if at all. Source Percentage Electric Generation * 34 % Industry * 15 % Large Non-Agricultural Methane Sources * 5 % Light -, Medium -, and Heavy - Duty Vehicles * 22 % Other Transport 7 % Commercial and Residential Heating 7 % Agriculture 7 % HFCs 2 % Other 1 % Clean Air Act and Environmental Justice ( edit ) By promoting pollution reduction, the Clean Air Act can help reduce heightened exposure to air pollution among communities of color and low - income communities. Environmental researcher Dr. Marie Lynn Miranda notes that African American populations are `` consistently overrepresented '' in areas with the poorest air quality. Dense populations of low - income and minority communities inhabit the most polluted areas across the United States, which is considered to exacerbate health problems among these populations. High levels of exposure to air pollution is linked to several health conditions, including asthma, cancer, premature death, and infant mortality, each of which disproportionately impact communities of color and low - income communities. The pollution reduction achieved by the Clean Air Act is associated with a decline in each of these conditions and can promote environmental justice for communities that are disproportionately impacted by air pollution and diminished health status. Clean Air Act violations ( edit ) Major cases of Clean Air Act violations include : The Volkswagen emissions scandal ( 2015 ) ; Caterpillar and five other manufacturers violated diesel engine emission standards ( consent decree, July 1999 ) Alleged violations by Hyundai and Kia which resulted in a total $100 million in civil penalties paid to the United States and to the California Air Resources Board. Effects ( edit ) A 2017 study found that the Clean Air Act of 1970 led to an over 10 percent reduction in pollution ( `` ambient TSP levels '' ) in counties that exceeded the pollution thresholds set by the Act in the three years after the regulation went into effect. The study found that this regulation - induced reduction in air pollution is caused affected workers to work more and earned one percent more in annual earnings. The authors estimate that cumulative lifetime income gain for each affected individual is approximately $4,300 in present value terms. A 2018 study found that the Clean Air Act contributed to the 60 % decline in pollution emissions by the manufacturing industry between 1990 and 2008. See also ( edit ) Clean Air Act ( disambiguation ) Air quality law United States environmental law Alan Carlin, controversy over the EPA carbon dioxide endangerment finding Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management Emission standard Emissions trading Environmental policy of the United States Startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions The Center for Clean Air Policy ( in the US ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act ''. Clean Air Act Overview. Washington, D.C. : US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ). April 2007. Jump up ^ `` Environmental Laws and Treaties ''. Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22. Jump up ^ Gordon, Erin L. `` History of the Modern Environmental Movement in America '' ( PDF ). ^ Jump up to : `` Summary of the Clean Air Act ''. EPA. Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22. Jump up ^ Shekhtman, Lonnie. `` Beijing smog : What makes some cities cleaner than others? ''. Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882 - 7729. Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22. Jump up ^ Yang,, Ming. Energy Efficiency : Benefits for Environment and Society. ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document `` History of the Clean Air Act, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ''. `` History of the Clean Air Act ''. Environmental Protection Agency. August 8, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2014. Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document `` EPA History, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ''. `` EPA History ''. Environmental Protection Agency. March 12, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Rinde, Meir ( 2017 ). `` Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism ''. Distillations. 3 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 29. Retrieved 4 April 2018. Jump up ^ EPA Alumni Association : EPA Administrator William K. Reilly describes why passage of the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments was vitally important. Reflections on US Environmental Policy : An Interview with William K. Reilly Video, Transcript ( see p10 ). ^ Jump up to : `` Clean Air Act : Title I - Air Pollution Prevention and Control ''. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ). Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012. Jump up ^ EPA. `` Clean Air Act : Title VI - Stratospheric Ozone Protection. '' Archived 2010 - 11 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. Updated 2008 - 12 - 19. Jump up ^ `` The Clean Air Act in a Nutshell : How It Works '' ( pdf ). Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 24. Collectively, the PSD permitting program and nonattainment area permitting program for major sources are known as `` New Source Review. '' Before starting the construction of a new major source located in an attainment, or unclassifiable area, or the modification of an existing major source that results in a significant emissions increase in such areas, the source must obtain a PSD permit under the Act. ^ Jump up to : EPA ( 1990 ). New Source Review Workshop Manual : Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Nonattainment Area Permitting. Jump up ^ `` Clean Air Act : Title II - Emission Standards for Moving Sources ''. EPA. Retrieved 30 April 2012. Jump up ^ Trendowski, John. `` Sustainability Trends -- Reducing Emissions at Airports '' ( PDF ). Airport Magazine. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 December 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Emissions Expected to Grow, but Technological and Operational Improvements and Government Policies Can Help Control Emissions '' ( PDF ). U.S. Government Accountability Office. Retrieved 22 April 2012. Report no. GAO - 09 - 554. Jump up ^ `` Clean Air Act ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 22 April 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` www.biodiesel.org '' ( PDF ). The Clean Air Act 's Clean - Fuel Vehicle Program. Retrieved 10 March 2012. Jump up ^ Shackleton, Abe ( 2011 - 06 - 06 ). `` What is Ethanol? ''. Open Fuel Standard. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06. Jump up ^ Shackleton, Abe ( 2011 - 05 - 31 ). `` What is Methanol? ''. Open Fuel Standard. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Title III : General '' Clean Air Act, United States. The Earth Encyclopedia. Updated : Apr 12, 2011. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Clean_Air_Act,_United_States Jump up ^ CAA section 304, 42 U.S.C. § 7604. ^ Jump up to : `` Title IV : Acid Deposition Control. Clean Air Act, United States. The Earth Encyclopedia. Updated : April 12, 2011 ''. ^ Jump up to : EPA. `` Permits and Enforcement. '' The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act. Revised 2011 - 11 - 08. ^ Jump up to : McCarthy, James. `` Clean Air Act : A Summary of the Act and its Major Requirements '' ( PDF ). CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved 23 April 2012. Jump up ^ EPA ( February 1998 ). `` Air Pollution Operating Permit Program Update : Key Features and Benefits. '' Document no. EPA / 451 / K - 98 / 002. p. 1. ^ Jump up to : EPA. `` Protecting the Stratospheric Ozone Layer. '' The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act. Revised 2011 - 11 - 08. ^ Jump up to : `` Title VI : Stratospheric Ozone Protection. Clean Air Act, United States. The Earth Encyclopedia. Updated : April 12, 2011 ''. Jump up ^ `` Significant New Alternatives Policy ( SNAP ) Program ''. US EPA. Retrieved 5 August 2013. ^ Jump up to : Jacobson, Mark Z. ( April 2012 ). Air Pollution and Global Warming History, Science, and Solutions ( Google Books ) ( 2nd ed. ). Cambridge University Press. pp. 175, 176. ISBN 9781107691155. Jump up ^ Clean Air Act of 1963, P.L. 88 - 206, 77 Stat. 392, 1963 - 12 - 17. ^ Jump up to : Jacobson, Mark Z. ( 2002 ). Atmospheric Pollution : History, Science, and Regulation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01044 - 3. Jump up ^ EPA. `` History of the Clean Air Act. '' Updated 2010 - 11 - 16. Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Extension of 1970, 84 Stat. 1676, P.L. 91 - 604, 1970 - 12 - 31. Jump up ^ EPA. `` National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ). '' Updated 2011 - 04 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Muskie Act ''. Toyota Motor Corp. Jump up ^ EPA Alumni Association : William Ruckelshaus in a 2013 interview discusses his first - term efforts at implementing the Clean Air Act of 1970, Video, Transcript ( see p14 ). Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, P.L. 95 - 95, 91 Stat. 685, 1977 - 08 - 07. Jump up ^ EPA. `` Reducing Toxic Air Pollutants. '' The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act. Revised 2011 - 11 - 08. Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, P.L. 101 - 549, 104 Stat. 2399, 1990 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ EPA. `` What Are the Six Common Air Pollutants? '' Revised 2010 - 07 - 01. Jump up ^ EPA ( 2011 ). `` The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act from 1990 to 2020. Final Report. '' ( also known as the `` Second Prospective Study. '' ) Jump up ^ Cushman Jr. ; John H. ( June 26, 1997 ). `` Clinton Sharply Tightens Air Pollution Regulations Despite Concern Over Costs ''. New York Times. ^ Jump up to : Chebium, Raju ( November 7, 2000 ). `` U.S. Supreme Court hears clean air cases regarding smog and soot standards ''. CNN. Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 19. Jump up ^ Cushman Jr. ; John H. ( June 25, 1997 ). `` D'Amato Vows to Fight for E.P.A. 's Tightened Air Standards ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda ( 2001 - 02 - 28 ). `` E.P.A. 's Right to Set Air Rules Wins Supreme Court Backing ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Supreme Court Of The United States Decided April 29, 2014 Jump up ^ Interstate pollution Smother my neighbour The Economist September 7th 2013 page 37 Jump up ^ Rhode Island General Law, Title 23, Chapter 23, Section 2 ( RIGL 23 - 23 - 2 ). Jump up ^ Texas Department of Transportation ( 2010 ). `` Metropolitan Planning Funds Administration. Section 5 : Planning Process Self - Certification. '' TxDOT Manual System. Jump up ^ Nelson, Gabriel ( 2011 - 07 - 01 ). `` D.C. Circuit Rejects EPA 's Latest Guidance on Smog Standards ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Nelson, Gabriel ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ). `` Republicans seek to spare smoggy Calif. areas from punishment ''. Environment & Energy News. E&E Publishing. Jump up ^ `` Breathe Easy OK - Secondhand Smoke Laws ''. Ok.gov. 2002 - 07 - 01. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Oregon ICAA ''. Oregon Health Authority. Oregon Public Health Division. Retrieved 27 April 2017. Jump up ^ EPA ( 2010 ). `` Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks : 1990 -- 2008. '' Document no. 430 - R - 10 - 006. Office of Atmospheric Programs. Jump up ^ EPA, OAR, US. `` Air Pollution : Current and Future Challenges ''. www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18. Jump up ^ Miranda, Marie Lynn ; Edwards, Sharon E. ; Keating, Martha H. ; Paul, Christopher J. ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ). `` Making the Environmental Justice Grade : The Relative Burden of Air Pollution Exposure in the United States ''. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 8 ( 6 ) : 1755 -- 1771. doi : 10.3390 / ijerph8061755. ISSN 1661 - 7827. PMC 3137995. PMID 21776200. Jump up ^ Massey, Rachel ( 2004 ). `` Environmental Justice : Income, Race, and Health '' ( PDF ). Tufts University Global Development And Environment Institute, Tufts University. ^ Jump up to : `` ADVANCING ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE THROUGH POLLUTION PREVENTION A Report developed from the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council Meeting of December 9 - 13, 2002 '' ( PDF ). Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Caterpillar Inc. # Clean Air Act violation Jump up ^ https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-11/documents/hyundai-kia-cd.pdf Jump up ^ Isen, Adam ; Rossin - Slater, Maya ; Walker, W. Reed ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ). `` Every Breath You Take -- Every Dollar You 'll Make : The Long - Term Consequences of the Clean Air Act of 1970 ''. Journal of Political Economy. doi : 10.1086 / 691465. ISSN 0022 - 3808. Jump up ^ `` Environmental regulations drove steep declines in U.S. factory pollution ''. Berkeley News. 2018 - 08 - 09. Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 11. Jump up ^ Shapiro, Joseph S. ; Walker, Reed. `` Why is Pollution from U.S. Manufacturing Declining? The Roles of Environmental Regulation, Productivity, and Trade ''. American Economic Review. doi : 10.1257 / aer. 20151272&&from = f. ISSN 0002 - 8282. Further reading ( edit ) EPA Alumni Association. `` Cleaning the Air We Breathe : A Half Century of Progress. ''. September 2016. External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Clean Air Act EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online United States environmental law Supreme Court decisions Missouri v. Holland ( 1920 ) Sierra Club v. Morton ( 1972 ) United States v. SCRAP ( 1973 ) Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill ( 1978 ) Vermont Yankee v. NRDC ( 1978 ) Hughes v. Oklahoma ( 1979 ) Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 1992 ) United States v. Bestfoods ( 1998 ) Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services ( 2000 ) SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers ( 2001 ) Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen ( 2004 ) Rapanos v. United States ( 2006 ) Massachusetts v. EPA ( 2007 ) National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 2007 ) Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council ( 2009 ) Major federal legislation and treaties Rivers and Harbors Act ( 1899 ) Lacey Act ( 1900 ) Weeks Act ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 ( 1911 ) Migratory Bird Treaty Act ( 1918 ) Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act ( 1934 ) Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act ( 1954 ) Clean Air Act ( 1963, 1970 ) National Environmental Policy Act ( 1970 ) Clean Water Act ( 1972 ) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act ( 1972 ) Noise Control Act ( 1972 ) Endangered Species Act ( 1973 ) Safe Drinking Water Act ( 1974 ) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( 1976 ) Toxic Substances Control Act ( 1976 ) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act ( 1977 ) CERCLA ( Superfund ) ( 1980 ) Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( 1986 ) Emergency Wetlands Resources Act ( 1986 ) Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act ( 2016 ) Federal agencies Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Council on Environmental Quality Office of Surface Mining United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Fish and Wildlife Service Regulations and concepts Best available technology Citizen suit Discharge Monitoring Report Effluent guidelines Environmental crime Environmental impact statement Environmental justice National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Priorities List New Source Performance Standard Not - To - Exceed ( NTE ) Right to know Total maximum daily load Toxicity category rating Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Hydro tidal wave Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources LCCN : n81077007 NARA : 10639941 VIAF : 88145857847123021522 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)&oldid=854505251 '' Categories : Air pollution in the United States Climate change in the United States United States federal environmental legislation 1970 in law 1990 in law 88th United States Congress 1963 in the environment 1970 in the environment 1970 in the United States 1990 in the United States Environmental law in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : missing author or editor Articles needing cleanup from March 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from March 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2017 Articles to be expanded from June 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 21 : 07 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Clean Air Act (United States)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)&amp;oldid=854505251" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "15311387958541726559" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Wikipedia : sauce for the goose is ( not ) sauce for the gander - Wikipedia Wikipedia : sauce for the goose is ( not ) sauce for the gander This page is an essay. It contains the advice or opinions of one or more Wikipedia contributors. This page is not one of Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines, as it has not been thoroughly vetted by the community. Some essays represent widespread norms ; others only represent minority viewpoints. Shortcuts WP : SAUCE WP : GOOSE WP : GANDER This page in a nutshell : This phrase is employed to expose holding forth a `` double standard. '' If some kind of behavior is wrong, it 's probably wrong for both sides, not just one. Do n't do it yourself either. There 's an old saying, `` What is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. '' This meshes well with the Golden Rule, or ethic of reciprocity, which is a key moral principle in many religions and philosophies, and is often stated as `` Do unto others as you wish to be done for you '', or conversely, `` Do n't do unto others what you would not wish to be done to you. '' Tasty sauces to enjoy on your stir - fried wikipedia. But are they reliable sauces? Look up sauce for the goose in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Unfortunately, when the infighting here in Wikipedia gets heated, participants often forget this principle and do unto their opponents things that would not be fair to be done unto them, and sometimes add insult to injury by crying `` fowl '' if their opponents do in fact raise similar objections to their own actions ( and those of their friends ) to the ones they raised against the opponents in the first place. These `` wars '' can easily turn both parties into hypocrites. Some of the sorts of things that violate this principle include : Trying to squelch or discredit an opposing viewpoint by associating it with a banned editor who espoused something similar, when in fact some of your own viewpoints are similar to those of a different banned editor. Insisting that some publication or Web site is not a reliable source when it 's being used to support viewpoints you oppose, but turning around and insisting the same or a similar site or publication is a reliable source when it supports a viewpoint you agree with. Demanding strict adherence to WP : BLP and WP : NPA when it comes to negative statements about yourself, your friends, and people you like, while making unrestrained ad hominem statements to badmouth people you dislike. Insisting that comments you dislike on others ' user pages be deleted under WP : SOAP, while defending similarly inflammatory comments on other user pages if you happen to agree or sympathize with them. Supporting the deletion of an article about a marginally notable person, company, organization, band, Web site, or other thing that you personally dislike, while opposing the deletion of another one of a similar level of notability that you personally like. Insisting that all policies and processes must be followed strictly when it suits you, but saying `` screw process! '' and Ignore All Rules when that suits you. Saying harsh things about the insubordinate ingrates who fail to completely love, honor, and obey the ArbCom, Jimbo, and the other Powers That Be in Wikipedia... until ArbCom, Jimbo, or other TPTBs issue a ruling that you disagree with, at which point raising a loud objection and challenging the legitimacy of this exercise of power is called for. Raising a major fuss about how your personal information has been `` outed '' by somebody else, and that they need to be immediately banned and the information oversighted right away... while you 're posting similar personal information about that person yourself. Demanding topic bans be strictly enforced where opponents of yours are concerned, while excusing ban violations on `` your side '' by saying an edit was just a trivial spelling correction, etc., and not really an actual violation even if it technically qualifies. Calling it `` harassment '' when somebody you dislike keeps leaving warnings against you on your talk page after you have removed their prior warnings... but also calling it `` harassment '' when somebody you dislike removes the warnings you left against them on their talk page. So what 's the point? Simply that consistency is a virtue ( never mind that other saying that `` a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds ''! ), and it 's best to step back and think a little before you take a position that will seem in the light of day to be purely self - serving and hypocritical. Do unto thine enemies what you 'd like to be done unto thy friends, and expect your good or bad karma to return threefold. See also ( edit ) Wikipedia : Do n't call the kettle black References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Emerson, Ralph Waldo, `` Self Reliance '', Essays : First Series, 1841 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sauce_for_the_goose_is_(not)_sauce_for_the_gander&oldid=839555764 '' Categories : Wikipedia essays Talk Project page Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018, at 05 : 25 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Wikipedia:Sauce for the goose is (not) sauce for the gander", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sauce_for_the_goose_is_(not)_sauce_for_the_gander&amp;oldid=839555764" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "17177188638129187178" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Zimbabwe - Wikipedia Zimbabwe This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 30 May 2018. Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the country. For the historical city, see Great Zimbabwe. For other uses, see Zimbabwe ( disambiguation ). `` ZWE '' redirects here. For other uses, see ZWE ( disambiguation ). Coordinates : 20 ° S 30 ° E  /  20 ° S 30 ° E  / - 20 ; 30 Republic of Zimbabwe Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Unity, Freedom, Work '' Anthem : `` Blessed be the land of Zimbabwe '' Location of Zimbabwe ( dark blue ) in the African Union ( light blue ) Capital and largest city Harare 17 ° 50 ′ S 31 ° 3 ′ E  /  17.833 ° S 31.050 ° E  / - 17.833 ; 31.050 Official languages 16 languages ( show ) Chewa Chibarwe English Kalanga `` Koisan '' ( presumably Tsoa ) Nambya Ndau Ndebele Shangani Shona `` sign language '' Sotho Tonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Ethnic groups ( 2012 ) 99.4 % Black African ( over 80 % Shona ; Ndebele are largest minority ) 0.2 % White African 0.4 % others, including Coloured and Indian Demonym Zimbabwean Zimbo ( colloquial ) Government Unitary dominant - party presidential republic ( de jure ) Military dictatorship under a presidential republic ( de facto ) President Emmerson Mnangagwa Vice President Constantino Chiwenga Vice President Kembo Mohadi Legislature Parliament Upper house Senate Lower house House of Assembly Independence from the United Kingdom Declared 11 November 1965 Republic 2 March 1970 Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1 June 1979 Republic of Zimbabwe 18 April 1980 Current constitution 15 May 2013 Area Total 390,757 km ( 150,872 sq mi ) ( 60th ) Water ( % ) Population 2016 estimate 16,150,362 ( 73rd ) 2012 census 12,973,808 Density 26 / km ( 67.3 / sq mi ) ( 170th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $33.872 billion Per capita $2,276 GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $17.105 billion Per capita $1,149 Gini ( 1995 ) 50.1 high HDI ( 2015 ) 0.516 low 154th Currency United States dollar ( official for government ), South African rand, and many other currencies, e.g. Botswana pula, euro, Chinese renminbi, Indian rupees, pound sterling, Australian dollars. Zimbabwean bond coins are used as a proxy for US dollar and cent coins. Zimbabwean bond notes for 2 and 5 dollars were introduced in 2016 at par value of the US dollar Time zone CAT ( UTC + 2 ) Drives on the left Calling code + 263 ISO 3166 code ZW Internet TLD. zw The Zimbabwean dollar is no longer in active use after it was officially suspended by the government due to hyperinflation. The United States dollar ( US $ ), Euro ( € ), South African rand ( R ), Botswana pula ( P ), Pound sterling ( £ ), Indian rupees ( ₹ ), Australian dollars ( A $ ), Chinese Renminbi ( 元 / ¥ ), and Japanese yen ( ¥ ) are legal tender. The United States dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions. Zimbabwe ( / zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ / ), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Mozambique. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly 16 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used. Since the 11th century, present - day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self - governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923. In 1965, the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a 15 - year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations, which it withdrew from in December 2003. It is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ), the African Union ( AU ), and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ). It was once known as the `` Jewel of Africa '' for its prosperity. Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980, when his ZANU - PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 until his resignation in 2017. Under Mugabe 's authoritarian regime, the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread human rights violations. Mugabe maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric of the Cold War era, blaming Zimbabwe 's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries. Contemporary African political leaders were reluctant to criticise Mugabe, who was burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials, though Archbishop Desmond Tutu called him `` a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator ''. The country has been in economic decline since the 1990s, experiencing several crashes and hyperinflation along the way. On 15 November 2017, in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe 's rapidly declining economy, Mugabe was placed under house arrest by the country 's national army in a coup d'état. On 19 November 2017, ZANU - PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader and appointed former Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa in his place. On 21 November 2017, Mugabe tendered his resignation prior to impeachment proceedings being completed. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-colonial era ( 1000 -- 1887 ) 2.2 Colonial era and Rhodesia ( 1888 -- 1964 ) 2.3 UDI and civil war ( 1965 -- 1980 ) 2.4 Independence era ( 1980 -- present ) 3 Geography and environment 3.1 Climate 3.2 Flora and fauna 3.3 Environmental issues 4 Government and politics 4.1 Human rights 4.2 Armed forces 4.3 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Tourism 5.3 Water supply and sanitation 6 Science and technology 7 Demographics 7.1 Largest cities 7.2 Language 7.3 Refugee crisis 7.4 Religion 8 Culture 8.1 Arts 8.2 Cuisine 8.3 Sports 8.4 Media 8.5 Scouting 8.6 National symbols 9 Health 10 Education 11 See also 12 Source 13 Notes 14 References 15 Sources 16 Further reading 17 External links Etymology ( edit ) Further information : Great Zimbabwe and Rhodesia ( name ) The name `` Zimbabwe '' stems from a Shona term for Great Zimbabwe, an ancient ruined city in the country 's south - east whose remains are now a protected site. Two different theories address the origin of the word. Many sources hold that `` Zimbabwe '' derives from dzimba - dza - mabwe, translated from the Karanga dialect of Shona as `` large houses of stone '' ( dzimba = plural of imba, `` house '' ; mabwe = plural of bwe, `` stone '' ). The Karanga - speaking Shona people live around Great Zimbabwe in the modern - day province of Masvingo. Archaeologist Peter Garlake claims that `` Zimbabwe '' represents a contracted form of dzimba - hwe, which means `` venerated houses '' in the Zezuru dialect of Shona and usually references chiefs ' houses or graves. Zimbabwe was formerly known as Southern Rhodesia ( 1898 ), Rhodesia ( 1965 ), and Zimbabwe Rhodesia ( 1979 ). The first recorded use of `` Zimbabwe '' as a term of national reference dates from 1960 as a coinage by the black nationalist Michael Mawema, whose Zimbabwe National Party became the first to officially use the name in 1961. The term `` Rhodesia '' -- derived from the surname of Cecil Rhodes, the primary instigator of British colonisation of the territory during the late 19th century -- was perceived by African nationalists as inappropriate because of its colonial origin and connotations. According to Mawema, black nationalists held a meeting in 1960 to choose an alternative name for the country, proposing names such as `` Matshobana '' and `` Monomotapa '' before his suggestion, `` Zimbabwe '', prevailed. A further alternative, put forward by nationalists in Matabeleland, had been `` Matopos '', referring to the Matopos Hills to the south of Bulawayo. It was initially unclear how the chosen term was to be used -- a letter written by Mawema in 1961 refers to `` Zimbabweland '' -- but `` Zimbabwe '' was sufficiently established by 1962 to become the generally preferred term of the black nationalist movement. In a 2001 interview, black nationalist Edson Zvobgo recalled that Mawema mentioned the name during a political rally, `` and it caught hold, and that was that ''. The black nationalist factions subsequently used the name during the Second Chimurenga campaigns against the Rhodesian government during the Rhodesian Bush War of 1964 -- 1979. Major factions in this camp included the Zimbabwe African National Union ( led by Robert Mugabe from 1975 ), and the Zimbabwe African People 's Union ( led by Joshua Nkomo from its founding in the early 1960s ). History ( edit ) Main article : History of Zimbabwe Precolonial era ( 1000 -- 1887 ) ( edit ) Further information : Bantu expansion Towers of Great Zimbabwe. Proto - Shona - speaking societies first emerged in the middle Limpopo valley in the 9th century before moving on to the Zimbabwean highlands. The Zimbabwean plateau eventually became the centre of subsequent Shona states, beginning around the 10th century. Around the early 10th century, trade developed with Arab merchants on the Indian Ocean coast, helping to develop the Kingdom of Mapungubwe in the 11th century. This was the precursor to the more impressive Shona civilisations that would dominate the region during the 13th to 15th centuries, evidenced by ruins at Great Zimbabwe, near Masvingo, and other smaller sites. The main archaeological site uses a unique dry stone architecture. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was the first in a series of sophisticated trade states developed in Zimbabwe by the time of the first European explorers from Portugal. They traded in gold, ivory, and copper for cloth and glass. From about 1300 until 1600, Mapungubwe was eclipsed by the Kingdom of Zimbabwe. This Shona state further refined and expanded upon Mapungubwe 's stone architecture, which survives to this day at the ruins of the kingdom 's capital of Great Zimbabwe. From c. 1450 to 1760, Zimbabwe gave way to the Kingdom of Mutapa. This Shona state ruled much of the area that is known as Zimbabwe today, and parts of central Mozambique. It is known by many names including the Mutapa Empire, also known as Mwene Mutapa or Monomotapa as well as `` Munhumutapa '', and was renowned for its strategic trade routes with the Arabs and Portugal. The Portuguese sought to monopolise this influence and began a series of wars which left the empire in near collapse in the early 17th century. As a direct response to increased European presence in the interior, and especially due to the increasing amount of Carnegie family farmers, a new Shona state emerged, known as the Rozwi Empire. Relying on centuries of military, political and religious development, the Rozwi ( meaning `` destroyers '' ) expelled the Portuguese from the Zimbabwean plateau by force of arms. They continued the stone building traditions of the Zimbabwe and Mapungubwe kingdoms while adding muskets to their arsenal and recruiting a professional army to defend recent conquests. Around 1821, the Zulu general Mzilikazi of the Khumalo clan successfully rebelled against King Shaka and created his own clan, the Ndebele. The Ndebele fought their way northwards into the Transvaal, leaving a trail of destruction in their wake and beginning an era of widespread devastation known as the Mfecane. When Dutch trekboers converged on the Transvaal in 1836, they drove the tribe even further northward. By 1838, the Rozwi Empire, along with the other smaller Shona states were conquered by the Ndebele and reduced to vassaldom. After losing their remaining South African lands in 1840, Mzilikazi and his tribe permanently settled in the southwest of present - day Zimbabwe in what became known as Matabeleland, establishing Bulawayo as their capital. Mzilikazi then organised his society into a military system with regimental kraals, similar to those of Shaka, which was stable enough to repel further Boer incursions. Mzilikazi died in 1868 and, following a violent power struggle, was succeeded by his son, Lobengula. Colonial era and Rhodesia ( 1888 -- 1964 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Company rule in Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Matabeleland in the 19th century. In the 1880s, white colonists arrived with Cecil Rhodes 's British South Africa Company ( BSAC ). In 1888, Rhodes obtained a concession for mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele peoples. He presented this concession to persuade the government of the United Kingdom to grant a royal charter to the company over Matabeleland, and its subject states such as Mashonaland as well. Rhodes used this document in 1890 to justify sending the Pioneer Column, a group of Europeans protected by well - armed British South Africa Police ( BSAP ) through Matabeleland and into Shona territory to establish Fort Salisbury ( now Harare ), and thereby establish company rule over the area. In 1893 and 1894, with the help of their new Maxim guns, the BSAP would go on to defeat the Ndebele in the First Matabele War. Rhodes additionally sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika, then known as `` Zambesia ''. In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties, mass settlement was encouraged, with the British maintaining control over labour as well as precious metals and other mineral resources. In 1895, the BSAC adopted the name `` Rhodesia '' for the territory, in honour of Rhodes. In 1898 `` Southern Rhodesia '' became the official name for the region south of the Zambezi, which later became Zimbabwe. The region to the north was administered separately and later termed Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ). Shortly after Rhodes ' disastrous Jameson Raid on the South African Republic, the Ndebele rebelled against white rule, led by their charismatic religious leader, Mlimo. The Second Matabele War lasted in Matabeleland until 1896, when Mlimo was assassinated. Shona agitators staged unsuccessful revolts ( known as Chimurenga ) against company rule during 1896 and 1897. Following these failed insurrections, the Ndebele and Shona groups were finally subdued by the Rhodes administration, which organised the land with a disproportionate bias favouring Europeans, thus displacing many indigenous peoples. The opening of the railway to Umtali in 1899. Southern Rhodesia was annexed by the United Kingdom on 12 September 1923. Shortly after annexation, on 1 October 1923, the first constitution for the new Colony of Southern Rhodesia came into force. Under the new constitution, Southern Rhodesia became a self - governing British colony, subsequent to a 1922 referendum. Rhodesians of all races served on behalf of the United Kingdom during the two World Wars. Proportional to the white population, Southern Rhodesia contributed more per capita to both the First and Second World Wars than any other part of the Empire, including Britain itself. In 1953, in the face of African opposition, Britain consolidated the two Rhodesias with Nyasaland ( Malawi ) in the ill - fated Central African Federation, which was essentially dominated by Southern Rhodesia. Growing African nationalism and general dissent, particularly in Nyasaland, persuaded Britain to dissolve the Union in 1963, forming three separate divisions. While multiracial democracy was finally introduced to Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, however, Southern Rhodesians of European ancestry continued to enjoy minority rule. With Zambian independence, Ian Smith 's Rhodesian Front ( RF ) dropped the designation `` Southern '' in 1964 and issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( commonly abbreviated to `` UDI '' ) from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965, intent on effectively repudiating the recently adopted British policy of `` no independence before majority rule ''. It was the first such course taken by a British colony since the American declaration of 1776, which Smith and others indeed claimed provided a suitable precedent to their own actions. UDI and civil War ( 1965 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Rhodesia, Rhodesian Bush War, Zimbabwe Rhodesia, and Lancaster House Agreement This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ian Smith signing the Unilateral Declaration of Independence on 11 November 1965 with his cabinet in audience. After the Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ), the British government petitioned the United Nations for sanctions against Rhodesia pending unsuccessful talks with Smith 's administration in 1966 and 1968. In December 1966, the organisation complied, imposing the first mandatory trade embargo on an autonomous state. These sanctions were expanded again in 1968. The United Kingdom deemed the Rhodesian declaration an act of rebellion, but did not re-establish control by force. A guerrilla war subsequently ensued when Joshua Nkomo 's Zimbabwe African People 's Union ( ZAPU ) and Robert Mugabe 's Zimbabwe African National Union ( ZANU ), supported actively by communist powers and neighbouring African nations, initiated guerilla operations against Rhodesia 's predominantly white government. ZAPU was supported by the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact and associated nations such as Cuba, and adopted a Marxist -- Leninist ideology ; ZANU meanwhile aligned itself with Maoism and the bloc headed by the People 's Republic of China. Smith declared Rhodesia a republic in 1970, following the results of a referendum the previous year, but this went unrecognised internationally. Meanwhile, Rhodesia 's internal conflict intensified, eventually forcing him to open negotiations with the militant nationalists. Bishop Abel Muzorewa signs the Lancaster House Agreement seated next to British Foreign Secretary Lord Carrington. In March 1978, Smith reached an accord with three African leaders, led by Bishop Abel Muzorewa, who offered to leave the white population comfortably entrenched in exchange for the establishment of a biracial democracy. As a result of the Internal Settlement, elections were held in April 1979, concluding with the United African National Council ( UANC ) carrying a majority of parliamentary seats. On 1 June 1979, Muzorewa, the UANC head, became prime minister and the country 's name was changed to Zimbabwe Rhodesia. The Internal Settlement left control of the Rhodesian Security Forces, civil service, judiciary, and a third of parliament seats to whites. On 12 June, the United States Senate voted to lift economic pressure on the former Rhodesia. Following the fifth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting ( CHOGM ), held in Lusaka, Zambia from 1 to 7 August in 1979, the British government invited Muzorewa, Mugabe, and Nkomo to participate in a constitutional conference at Lancaster House. The purpose of the conference was to discuss and reach an agreement on the terms of an independence constitution, and provide for elections supervised under British authority allowing Zimbabwe Rhodesia to proceed to legal independence. With Lord Carrington, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs of the United Kingdom, in the chair, these discussions were mounted from 10 September to 15 December in 1979, producing a total of 47 plenary sessions. On 21 December 1979, delegations from every major interest represented reached the Lancaster House Agreement, effectively ending the guerrilla war. On 11 December 1979, the Rhodesian House of Assembly voted 90 to nil to revert to British colonial status ( the ' aye ' votes included Ian Smith himself ). The bill then passed the Senate and was assented to by the President. With the arrival of Lord Soames, the new Governor, just after 2 p.m. on 12 December 1979, Britain formally took control of Zimbabwe Rhodesia as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia, although on 13 December Soames declared that during his mandate the name Rhodesia and Zimbabwe Rhodesia would continue to be used. Britain lifted sanctions on 12 December, and the United Nations on 16 December, before calling on its member states to do likewise on 21 December. Thus Zambia, Mozambique, Tanzania, Angola and Botswana lifted sanctions on 22 -- 23 December ; Australia partly pre-empted this, lifting all but trade sanctions on 18 December, and trade sanctions on 21 December. During the elections of February 1980, Robert Mugabe and the ZANU party secured a landslide victory. Prince Charles, as the representative of Britain, formally granted independence to the new nation of Zimbabwe at a ceremony in Harare in April 1980. Independence era ( 1980 -- present ) ( edit ) Trends in Zimbabwe 's Multidimensional Poverty Index, 1970 -- 2010. Zimbabwe 's first president after its independence was Canaan Banana in what was originally a mainly ceremonial role as Head of State. Robert Mugabe, leader of the ZANU party, was the country 's first Prime Minister and Head of Government. Opposition to what was perceived as a Shona takeover immediately erupted around Matabeleland. The Matabele unrest led to what has become known as Gukurahundi ( Shona : `` the early rain which washes away the chaff before the spring rains '' ). The Fifth Brigade, a North Korean - trained elite unit that reported directly to the Zimbabwean Prime Minister, entered Matabeleland and massacred thousands of civilians accused of supporting `` dissidents ''. Estimates for the number of deaths during the five - year Gukurahundi campaign ranged from 3,750 to 80,000. Thousands of others were tortured in military internment camps. The campaign officially ended in 1987 after Nkomo and Mugabe reached a unity agreement that merged their respective parties, creating the Zimbabwe African National Union -- Patriotic Front ( ZANU -- PF ). Elections in March 1990 resulted in another victory for Mugabe and the ZANU - PF party, which claimed 117 of the 120 contested seats. During the 1990s, students, trade unionists, and other workers often demonstrated to express their growing discontent with Mugabe and ZANU - PF party policies. In 1996, civil servants, nurses, and junior doctors went on strike over salary issues. The general health of the population also began to significantly decline ; by 1997 an estimated 25 % of the population had been infected by HIV in a pandemic that was affecting most of southern Africa. Land redistribution re-emerged as the main issue for the ZANU - PF government around 1997. Despite the existence of a `` willing - buyer - willing - seller '' land reform programme since the 1980s, the minority white Zimbabwean population of around 0.6 % continued to hold 70 % of the country 's most fertile agricultural land. In 2000, the government pressed ahead with its Fast Track Land Reform programme, a policy involving compulsory land acquisition aimed at redistributing land from the minority white population to the majority black population. Confiscations of white farmland, continuous droughts, and a serious drop in external finance and other supports led to a sharp decline in agricultural exports, which were traditionally the country 's leading export - producing sector. Some 58,000 independent black farmers have since experienced limited success in reviving the gutted cash crop sectors through efforts on a smaller scale. Map showing the food insecurity in Zimbabwe in June 2008 President Mugabe and the ZANU - PF party leadership found themselves beset by a wide range of international sanctions. In 2002, the nation was suspended from the Commonwealth of Nations due to the reckless farm seizures and blatant election tampering. The following year, Zimbabwean officials voluntarily terminated its Commonwealth membership. The Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 ( ZDERA ) went into effect in 2002, creating a credit freeze of the Zimbabwean government through Section 4 C, Multilateral Financing Restriction. The bill was sponsored by Bill Frist, and co-sponsored by US senators Hillary Clinton, Joe Biden, Russ Feingold and Jesse Helms. Through ZDERA Section 4C, the Secretary of the Treasury is ordered to direct US Directors at the International Financial Institutions listed in Section 3, `` to oppose and vote against -- ( 1 ) any extension by the respective institution of any loan, credit, or guarantee to the Government of Zimbabwe ; or ( 2 ) any cancellation or reduction of indebtedness owed by the Government of Zimbabwe to the United States or any international financial institution. '' Following elections in 2005, the government initiated `` Operation Murambatsvina '', an effort to crack down on illegal markets and slums emerging in towns and cities, leaving a substantial section of urban poor homeless. The Zimbabwean government has described the operation as an attempt to provide decent housing to the population, although according to critics such as Amnesty International, authorities have yet to properly substantiate their claims. On 29 March 2008, Zimbabwe held a presidential election along with a parliamentary election. The results of this election were withheld for two weeks, after which it was generally acknowledged that the Movement for Democratic Change -- Tsvangirai ( MDC - T ) had achieved a majority of one seat in the lower house of parliament. In late 2008, problems in Zimbabwe reached crisis proportions in the areas of living standards, public health ( with a major cholera outbreak in December ) and various basic affairs. In September 2008, a power - sharing agreement was reached between Tsvangirai and President Mugabe, permitting the former to hold the office of prime minister. Due to ministerial differences between their respective political parties, the agreement was not fully implemented until 13 February 2009. By December 2010, Mugabe was threatening to completely expropriate remaining privately owned companies in Zimbabwe unless `` western sanctions '' were lifted. Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe attended the Independence Day celebrations in South Sudan in July 2011 A 2011 survey by Freedom House suggested that living conditions had improved since the power - sharing agreement. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs stated in its 2012 -- 2013 planning document that the `` humanitarian situation has improved in Zimbabwe since 2009, but conditions remain precarious for many people ''. On 17 January 2013, Vice President John Nkomo died of cancer at St Anne 's Hospital, Harare at the age of 78. A new constitution approved in the Zimbabwean constitutional referendum, 2013 curtails presidential powers. Mugabe was re-elected president in the July 2013 Zimbabwean general election which The Economist described as `` rigged. '' and the Daily Telegraph as `` stolen ''. The Movement for Democratic Change alleged massive fraud and tried to seek relief through the courts. In a surprising moment of candour at the ZANU - PF congress in December 2014, President Robert Mugabe accidentally let slip that the opposition had in fact won the contentious 2008 polls by an astounding 73 %. After winning the election, the Mugabe ZANU - PF government re-instituted one party rule, doubled the civil service and, according to The Economist, embarked on `` misrule and dazzling corruption ''. A 2017 study conducted by the Institute for Security Studies ( ISS ) concluded that due to the deterioration of government and the economy `` the government encourages corruption to make up for its inability to fund its own institutions '' with widespread and informal police roadblocks to issue fines to travellers being one manifestation of this. In July 2016 nationwide protests took place regarding the economic collapse in the country, and the finance minister admitted `` Right now we literally have nothing. '' In November 2017, the army led a coup d'état following the dismissal of Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa, placing Mugabe under house arrest. The army denied that their actions constituted a coup. Mugabe resigned on 21 November 2017, after leading the country for 37 years. Although under the Constitution of Zimbabwe Mugabe should be succeeded by Vice President Phelekezela Mphoko, a supporter of Grace Mugabe, ZANU - PF chief whip Lovemore Matuke stated to the Reuters news agency that Mnangagwa would be appointed as president. In December 2017 the website Zimbabwe News, calculating the cost of the Mugabe era using various statistics, said that at the time of independence in 1980, the country was growing economically at about 5 per cent a year, and had done so for quite a long time. If this rate of growth had been maintained for the next 37 years, Zimbabwe would have in 2016 a GDP of US $52 billion. Instead it had a formal sector GDP of only US $14 billion, a cost of US $38 billion in lost growth. The population growth in 1980 was among the highest in Africa at about 3, 5 per cent per annum, doubling every 21 years. Had this growth been maintained, the population would have been 31 million. Instead, as of 2018, it is about 13 million. The discrepancies were believed to be partly caused by death from starvation and disease, and partly due to decreased fertility. The life expectancy has halved, and death from politically motivated violence sponsored by government exceeds 200,000 since 1980. The Mugabe government has directly or indirectly caused the deaths of at least 3 million Zimbabweans in 37 years. Geography and environment ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Geography of Zimbabwe The Zambezi River in the Mana Pools National Park. Zimbabwe map of Köppen climate classification. Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa, lying between latitudes 15 ° and 23 ° S, and longitudes 25 ° and 34 ° E. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west and southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east and northeast. Its northwest corner is roughly 150 meters from Namibia, nearly forming a four - nation quadripoint. Most of the country is elevated, consisting of a central plateau ( high veld ) stretching from the southwest northwards with altitudes between 1,000 and 1,600 m. The country 's extreme east is mountainous, this area being known as the Eastern Highlands, with Mount Nyangani as the highest point at 2,592 m. These highlands are renowned for their great natural beauty, with famous tourist destinations such as Nyanga, Troutbeck, Chimanimani, Vumba and Chirinda Forest at Mount Selinda. About 20 % of the country consists of low - lying areas, ( the low veld ) under 900m. Victoria Falls, one of the world 's biggest and most spectacular waterfalls, is located in the country 's extreme northwest and is part of the Zambezi river. Climate ( edit ) Zimbabwe has a tropical climate with many local variations. The southern areas are known for their heat and aridity, parts of the central plateau receive frost in winter, the Zambezi valley is also known for its extreme heat and the Eastern Highlands usually experience cool temperatures and the highest rainfall in the country. The country 's rainy season generally runs from late October to March and the hot climate is moderated by increasing altitude. Zimbabwe is faced with recurring droughts, the latest one commencing early in 2015 and ongoing into 2016. Severe storms are rare. Flora and fauna ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Wildlife of Zimbabwe An elephant at a water hole in Hwange National Park. The country is mostly savannah, although the moist and mountainous eastern highlands support areas of tropical evergreen and hardwood forests. Trees found in these Eastern Highlands include teak, mahogany, enormous specimens of strangling fig, forest newtonia, big leaf, white stinkwood, chirinda stinkwood, knobthorn and many others. In the low - lying parts of the country fever trees, mopane, combretum and baobabs abound. Much of the country is covered by miombo woodland, dominated by brachystegia species and others. Among the numerous flowers and shrubs are hibiscus, flame lily, snake lily, spider lily, leonotus, cassia, tree wisteria and dombeya. There are around 350 species of mammals that can be found in Zimbabwe. There are also many snakes and lizards, over 500 bird species, and 131 fish species. Environmental issues ( edit ) Large parts of Zimbabwe were once covered by forests with abundant wildlife. Deforestation and poaching has reduced the amount of wildlife. Wood land degradation and deforestation, due to population growth, urban expansion and lack of fuel, are major concerns and have led to erosion and land degradation which diminish the amount of fertile soil. Local farmers have also been criticised by environmentalists for burning off vegetation to heat their tobacco barns. Government and Politics ( edit ) Main articles : Politics of Zimbabwe and Elections in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe is a republic with a presidential system of government. The semi-presidential system was abolished with the adoption of a new constitution after a referendum in March 2013. Under the constitutional changes in 2005, an upper chamber, the Senate, was reinstated. The House of Assembly is the lower chamber of Parliament. Former President Robert Mugabe 's Zimbabwe African National Union -- Patriotic Front ( commonly abbreviated ZANU - PF ) has been the dominant political party in Zimbabwe since independence. In 1987 then - prime minister Mugabe revised the constitution, abolishing the ceremonial presidency and the prime ministerial posts to form an executive president, a Presidential system. His ZANU party has won every election since independence, in the 1990 election the second - placed party, Edgar Tekere 's Zimbabwe Unity Movement, won only 20 % of the vote. During the 1995 parliamentary elections most opposition parties, including the ZUM, boycotted the voting, resulting in a near - sweep by the ruling party. When the opposition returned to the polls in 2000, they won 57 seats, only five fewer than ZANU. Presidential elections were again held in 2002 amid allegations of vote - rigging, intimidation and fraud. The 2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections were held on 31 March and multiple claims of vote rigging, election fraud and intimidation were made by the MDC and Jonathan Moyo, calling for investigations into 32 of the 120 constituencies. Jonathan Moyo participated in the elections despite the allegations and won a seat as an independent member of Parliament. General elections were again held in Zimbabwe on 30 March 2008. The official results required a runoff between Mugabe and Morgan Tsvangirai, the opposition leader ; the MDC challenged these results, claiming widespread election fraud by the Mugabe government. The run - off was scheduled for 27 June 2008. On 22 June, citing the continuing unfairness of the process and refusing to participate in a `` violent, illegitimate sham of an election process '', Tsvangirai pulled out of the presidential run - off, the ZEC held the run - off and President Mugabe received a landslide majority. Supporters of the Movement for Democratic Change in 2005. The MDC - T led by Morgan Tsvangirai is now the majority in the Lower chamber of Parliament. The MDC split into two factions. One faction ( MDC - M ), now led by Arthur Mutambara contested the elections to the Senate, while the other, led by Tsvangirai, opposed to contesting the elections, stating that participation in a rigged election is tantamount to endorsing Mugabe 's claim that past elections were free and fair. The opposition parties have resumed participation in national and local elections as recently as 2006. The two MDC camps had their congresses in 2006 with Tsvangirai being elected to lead MDC - T, which has become more popular than the other group. Mutambara, a robotics professor and former NASA robotics specialist has replaced Welshman Ncube who was the interim leader of MDC - M after the split. Morgan Tsvangirai did not participate in the Senate elections, while the Mutambara faction participated and won five seats in the Senate. The Mutambara formation has been weakened by defections from MPs and individuals who are disillusioned by their manifesto. As of 2008, the Movement for Democratic Change has become the most popular, with crowds as large as 20,000 attending their rallies as compared to between 500 -- 5,000 for the other formation. On 28 April 2008, Tsvangirai and Mutambara announced at a joint news conference in Johannesburg that the two MDC formations were co-operating, enabling the MDC to have a clear parliamentary majority. Tsvangirai said that Mugabe could not remain President without a parliamentary majority. On the same day, Silaigwana announced that the recounts for the final five constituencies had been completed, that the results were being collated and that they would be published on 29 April. In mid-September 2008, after protracted negotiations overseen by the leaders of South Africa and Mozambique, Mugabe and Tsvangirai signed a power - sharing deal which would see Mugabe retain control over the army. Donor nations have adopted a ' wait - and - see ' attitude, wanting to see real change being brought about by this merger before committing themselves to funding rebuilding efforts, which are estimated to take at least five years. On 11 February 2009 Tsvangirai was sworn in as Prime Minister by President Mugabe. In November 2008, the government of Zimbabwe spent US $7.3 million donated by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. A representative of the organisation declined to speculate on how the money was spent, except that it was not for the intended purpose, and the government has failed to honour requests to return the money. In February 2013, Zimbabwe 's election chief, Simpson Mtambanengwe, resigned due to ill health. His resignation came months before the country 's constitutional referendum and elections. Human Rights ( edit ) Main article : Human rights in Zimbabwe This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A demonstration in London against Robert Mugabe. Protests are discouraged by Zimbabwean police in Zimbabwe. There are widespread reports of systematic and escalating violations of human rights in Zimbabwe under the Mugabe administration and the dominant party, the ZANU - PF. In 2011, there were reports of 640 corpses having been recovered from the Monkey William Mine in Chibondo. They were allegedly authenticated by the Fallen Heroes Trust of Zimbabwe and the Department of National Museums and Monuments who are leading the exhumation process as victims of the Ian Smith regime during the Rhodesian Bush War. One body was identified as a ZANLA cadre, Cde Rauya, by the Fallen Heroes Trust Chief exhumer. Government Minister Saviour Kasukuwere admitted the remains were discovered in 2008, but claimed the remains were decades old despite clear evidence the exhumed skeletons still had hair and clothes. Solidarity Peace Trust said that the presence of soft tissues `` is not necessarily an indicator that these bones entered the grave more recently, although it could be. '' Journalists found a body in the mine with ' what appeared to be blood and fluids dripping onto the skulls below '. The opposition MDC called for research on all violence that included killings of its supporters during disputed elections in 2008. Amnesty International ( AI ) expressed concern that `` international best practice on exhumations is not being adhered to... ( M ) ishandling of these mass graves has serious implications on potential exhumations of other sites in Zimbabwe. Thousands of civilians were also killed in Matabeleland and Midlands provinces in the mid 1980s and are allegedly buried in mine shafts and mass graves in these regions '', AI added. According to human rights organisations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch the government of Zimbabwe violates the rights to shelter, food, freedom of movement and residence, freedom of assembly and the protection of the law. In 2009, Gregory Stanton, then President of the International Association of Genocide Scholars, stated there was `` clear evidence that Mugabe government was guilty of crimes against humanity and that there was sufficient evidence of crimes against humanity to bring Mugabe to trial in front of the International Criminal Court. Male homosexuality is illegal in Zimbabwe. Since 1995, the government has carried out campaigns against both homosexual men and women. President Mugabe has blamed gays for many of Zimbabwe 's problems and viewed homosexuality as an `` un-African '' and immoral culture brought by European colonists and practiced by only `` a few whites '' in his country. Opposition gatherings are frequently the subject of brutal attacks by the police force, such as the crackdown on an 11 March 2007 Movement for Democratic Change ( MDC ) rally and several others during the 2008 election campaign. In the attacks of 2007, party leader Morgan Tsvangirai and 49 other opposition activists were arrested and severely beaten by the police. After his release, Morgan Tsvangirai told the BBC that he suffered head injuries and blows to the arms, knees and back, and that he lost a significant amount of blood and hundreds were killed. Police action was strongly condemned by the UN Secretary - General, Ban Ki - moon, the European Union and the United States. While noting that the activists had suffered injuries, but not mentioning the cause of them, the Zimbabwean state - owned daily newspaper The Herald claimed the police had intervened after demonstrators `` ran amok looting shops, destroying property, mugging civilians, and assaulting police officers and innocent members of the public ''. The newspaper argued that the opposition had been `` willfully violating the ban on political rallies ''. There are also abuses of media rights and access. The Zimbabwean government is accused of suppressing freedom of the press and freedom of speech. It has been repeatedly accused of using the public broadcaster, the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation, as a propaganda tool. Newspapers critical of the government, such as the Daily News, closed after bombs exploded at their offices and the government refused to renew their license. BBC News, Sky News, and CNN were banned from filming or reporting from Zimbabwe. In 2009 reporting restrictions on the BBC and CNN were lifted. Sky News continue to report on happenings within Zimbabwe from neighbouring countries like South Africa. Armed Forces ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Zimbabwe Defence Forces The flag of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces. The Zimbabwe Defence Forces were set up by unifying three insurrectionist forces -- the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ( ZANLA ), the Zimbabwe People 's Revolutionary Army ( ZIPRA ), and the Rhodesian Security Forces ( RSF ) -- after the Second Chimurenga and Zimbabwean independence in 1980. The integration period saw the formation of The Zimbabwe National Army ( ZNA ) and Air Force of Zimbabwe ( AFZ ) as separate entities under the command of Rtd General Solomon Mujuru and Air Marshal Norman Walsh who retired in 1982, and was replaced by Air Marshal Azim Daudpota who handed over command to the late Rtd Air Chief Marshal Josiah Tungamirai in 1985. In December 2003, General Constantine Chiwenga, was promoted and appointed Commander of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces. Lieutenant General P.V. Sibanda replaced him as Commander of the Army. The ZNA currently has an active duty strength of 30,000. The Air Force has about 5,139 standing personnel. The Zimbabwe Republic Police ( includes Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police ) is part of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces and numbers 25,000. Following majority rule in early 1980, British Army trainers oversaw the integration of guerrilla fighters into a battalion structure overlaid on the existing Rhodesian armed forces. For the first year, a system was followed where the top - performing candidate became battalion commander. If he or she was from ZANLA, then his or her second - in - command was the top - performing ZIPRA candidate, and vice versa. This ensured a balance between the two movements in the command structure. From early 1981, this system was abandoned in favour of political appointments, and ZANLA and ZANU fighters consequently quickly formed the majority of battalion commanders in the ZNA. The ZNA was originally formed into four brigades, composed of a total of 28 battalions. The brigade support units were composed almost entirely of specialists of the former Rhodesian Army, while unintegrated battalions of the Rhodesian African Rifles were assigned to the 1st, 3rd and 4th Brigades. The Fifth Brigade was formed in 1981 and disbanded in 1988 after the demonstration of mass brutality and murder during the brigade 's occupation of Matabeleland in what has become known as Gukurahundi ( Shona : `` the early rain which washes away the chaff before the spring rains '' ), the campaign which finished off Mugabe 's liberation struggle. The Brigade had been re-formed by 2006, with its commander, Brigadier - General John Mupande praising its `` rich history ''. Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : Provinces of Zimbabwe, Districts of Zimbabwe, and Wards of Zimbabwe Administrative divisions of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe has a centralised government and is divided into eight provinces and two cities with provincial status, for administrative purposes. Each province has a provincial capital from where government administration is usually carried out. Province Capital Bulawayo Bulawayo Harare Harare Manicaland Mutare Mashonaland Central Bindura Mashonaland East Marondera Mashonaland West Chinhoyi Masvingo Masvingo city Matabeleland North Lupane District Matabeleland South Gwanda Midlands Gweru The names of most of the provinces were generated from the Mashonaland and Matabeleland divide at the time of colonisation : Mashonaland was the territory occupied first by the British South Africa Company Pioneer Column and Matabeleland the territory conquered during the First Matabele War. This corresponds roughly to the precolonial territory of the Shona people and the Matabele people, although there are significant ethnic minorities in most provinces. Each province is headed by a Provincial Governor, appointed by the President. The provincial government is run by a Provincial Administrator, appointed by the Public Service Commission. Other government functions at provincial level are carried out by provincial offices of national government departments. The provinces are subdivided into 59 districts and 1,200 wards ( sometimes referred to as municipalities ). Each district is headed by a District Administrator, appointed by the Public Service Commission. There is also a Rural District Council, which appoints a chief executive officer. The Rural District Council is composed of elected ward councillors, the District Administrator and one representative of the chiefs ( traditional leaders appointed under customary law ) in the district. Other government functions at district level are carried out by district offices of national government departments. At the ward level there is a Ward Development Committee, comprising the elected ward councillor, the kraalheads ( traditional leaders subordinate to chiefs ) and representatives of Village Development Committees. Wards are subdivided into villages, each of which has an elected Village Development Committee and a Headman ( traditional leader subordinate to the kraalhead ). Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Zimbabwe A proportional representation of Zimbabwe 's exports, 2010 Minerals, gold, and agriculture are the main foreign exports of Zimbabwe. Tourism also plays a key role in its economy. The mining sector remains very lucrative, with some of the world 's largest platinum reserves being mined by Anglo American plc and Impala Platinum. The Marange diamond fields, discovered in 2006, are considered the biggest diamond find in over a century. They have the potential to improve the fiscal situation of the country considerably, but almost all revenues from the field have disappeared into the pockets of army officers and ZANU - PF politicians. In terms of carats produced, the Marange field is one of the largest diamond producing projects in the world, estimated to produce 12 million carats in 2014 worth over $350 million. Zimbabwe is the biggest trading partner of South Africa on the continent. Taxes and tariffs are high for private enterprises, while state enterprises are strongly subsidised. State regulation is costly to companies ; starting or closing a business is slow and costly. Government spending was predicted to reach 67 % of GDP in 2007. Tourism was an important industry for the country, but has been failing in recent years. The Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force released a report in June 2007, estimating 60 % of Zimbabwe 's wildlife has died since 2000 due to poaching and deforestation. The report warns that the loss of life combined with widespread deforestation is potentially disastrous for the tourist industry. The ICT sector of Zimbabwe has been growing at a fast pace. A report by the mobile internet browser company, Opera, in June / July 2011 has ranked Zimbabwe as Africa 's fastest growing market. A market in Mbare, Harare Since 1 January 2002, the government of Zimbabwe has had its lines of credit at international financial institutions frozen, through US legislation called the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 ( ZDERA ). Section 4C instructs the Secretary of the Treasury to direct directors at international financial institutions to veto the extension of loans and credit to the Zimbabwean government. According to the United States, these sanctions target only seven specific businesses owned or controlled by government officials and not ordinary citizens. The GDP per capita ( current ), compared to neighbouring countries ( world average = 100 ). Zimbabwe maintained positive economic growth throughout the 1980s ( 5 % GDP growth per year ) and 1990s ( 4.3 % GDP growth per year ). The economy declined from 2000 : 5 % decline in 2000, 8 % in 2001, 12 % in 2002 and 18 % in 2003. Zimbabwe 's involvement from 1998 to 2002 in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy. From 1999 -- 2009, Zimbabwe saw the lowest ever economic growth with an annual GDP decrease of 6.1 %. The downward spiral of the economy has been attributed mainly to mismanagement and corruption by the government and the eviction of more than 4,000 white farmers in the controversial land confiscations of 2000. The Zimbabwean government and its supporters attest that it was Western policies to avenge the expulsion of their kin that sabotaged the economy. By 2005, the purchasing power of the average Zimbabwean had dropped to the same levels in real terms as 1953. In 2005, the government, led by central bank governor Gideon Gono, started making overtures that white farmers could come back. There were 400 to 500 still left in the country, but much of the land that had been confiscated was no longer productive. By 2016 there were about 300 farms owned by white farmers left out of the original 4,500. The farms left were either too remote or their owners had paid for protection or collaborated with the regime. In January 2007, the government issued long term leases to some white farmers. At the same time, however, the government also continued to demand that all remaining white farmers, who were given eviction notices earlier, vacate the land or risk being arrested. Mugabe pointed to foreign governments and alleged `` sabotage '' as the cause of the fall of the Zimbabwean economy, as well as the country 's 80 % formal unemployment rate. Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32 % in 1998, to an official estimated high of 11,200,000 % in August 2008 according to the country 's Central Statistical Office. This represented a state of hyperinflation, and the central bank introduced a new 100 billion dollar note. On 29 January 2009, in an effort to counteract runaway inflation, acting Finance Minister Patrick Chinamasa announced that Zimbabweans will be permitted to use other, more stable currencies to do business, alongside the Zimbabwe dollar. In an effort to combat inflation and foster economic growth the Zimbabwean Dollar was suspended indefinitely on 12 April 2009. In 2016 Zimbabwe allowed trade in the United States dollar and various other currencies such as the rand ( South Africa ), the pula ( Botswana ), the euro, and the Pound Sterling ( UK ). After the formation of the Unity Government and the adoption of several currencies instead of the Zimbabwe dollar in 2009, the Zimbabwean economy rebounded. GDP grew by 8 -- 9 % a year between 2009 and 2012. In November 2010, the IMF described the Zimbabwean economy as `` completing its second year of buoyant economic growth ''. By 2014, Zimbabwe had recovered to levels seen in the 1990s but between 2012 and 2016 growth faltered. Zimplats, the nation 's largest platinum company, has proceeded with US $500 million in expansions, and is also continuing a separate US $2 billion project, despite threats by Mugabe to nationalise the company. The pan-African investment bank IMARA released a favourable report in February 2011 on investment prospects in Zimbabwe, citing an improved revenue base and higher tax receipts. In late January 2013, the Zimbabwean finance ministry reported that they had only $217 in their treasury and would apply for donations to finance the coming elections that is estimated to cost 107 million USD. As of October 2014, Metallon Corporation was Zimbabwe 's largest gold miner. The group is looking to increase its production to 500,000 troy ounces per annum by 2019. Agriculture ( edit ) Zimbabwe 's commercial farming sector was traditionally a source of exports and foreign exchange, and provided 400,000 jobs. However, the government 's land reform program badly damaged the sector, turning Zimbabwe into a net importer of food products. For example, between 2000 and 2016 annual wheat production fell from 250,000 tons to 60,000 tons, maize was reduced from two million tons to 500,000 tons and cattle slaughtered for beef fell from 605,000 to 244,000. Coffee production, once a prized export commodity came to a virtual halt after seizure or expropriation of white - owned coffee farms in 2000, and has never recovered. For the past ten years, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) has been assisting Zimbabwe 's farmers to adopt conservation agriculture techniques, a sustainable method of farming that can help increase yields. By applying the three principles of minimum soil disturbance, legume - based cropping and the use of organic mulch, farmers can improve infiltration, reduce evaporation and soil erosion, and build up organic soil content. Between 2005 and 2011, the number of smallholders practising conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe increased from 5000 to more than 150000. Cereal yields rose between 15 and 100 per cent across different regions. Tourism ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Tourism in Zimbabwe Victoria Falls, the end of the upper Zambezi and beginning of the middle Zambezi. Since the land reform programme in 2000, tourism in Zimbabwe has steadily declined. After rising during the 1990s, ( 1.4 million tourists in 1999 ) industry figures described a 75 % fall in visitors to Zimbabwe in 2000. By December, less than 20 % of hotel rooms had been occupied. In 2016, the total contribution of tourism to Zimbabwe was $1.1 billion ( USD ), or about 8.1 % of Zimbabwe 's GDP. It is expected to rise 1.4 % in 2017. Employment in travel and tourism, as well as industries travel and tourism indirectly supports, was 5.2 % of national employment and is expected to rise by 1.4 % in 2017. Several airlines pulled out of Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2007. Australia 's Qantas, Germany 's Lufthansa, and Austrian Airlines were among the first to pull out and in 2007 British Airways suspended all direct flights to Harare. The country 's flagship airline Air Zimbabwe, which operated flights throughout Africa and a few destinations in Europe and Asia, ceased operations in February 2012. As of 2017, several major commercial airlines had resumed flights to Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has several major tourist attractions. Victoria Falls on the Zambezi, which are shared with Zambia, are located in the north west of Zimbabwe. Before the economic changes, much of the tourism for these locations came to the Zimbabwe side but now Zambia is the main beneficiary. The Victoria Falls National Park is also in this area and is one of the eight main national parks in Zimbabwe, the largest of which is Hwange National Park. The Eastern Highlands are a series of mountainous areas near the border with Mozambique. The highest peak in Zimbabwe, Mount Nyangani at 2,593 m ( 8,507 ft ) is located here as well as the Bvumba Mountains and the Nyanga National Park. World 's View is in these mountains and it is from here that places as far away as 60 -- 70 km ( 37 -- 43 mi ) are visible and, on clear days, the town of Rusape can be seen. Zimbabwe is unusual in Africa in that there are a number of ancient ruined cities built in a unique dry stone style. The most famous of these are the Great Zimbabwe ruins in Masvingo. Other ruins include Khami Ruins, Zimbabwe, Dhlo - Dhlo and Naletale. The Matobo Hills are an area of granite kopjes and wooded valleys commencing some 22 miles ( 35 km ) south of Bulawayo in southern Zimbabwe. The Hills were formed over 2,000 million years ago with granite being forced to the surface, then being eroded to produce smooth `` whaleback dwalas '' and broken kopjes, strewn with boulders and interspersed with thickets of vegetation. Mzilikazi, founder of the Ndebele nation, gave the area its name, meaning ' Bald Heads '. They have become famous and a tourist attraction due to their ancient shapes and local wildlife. Cecil Rhodes and other early white pioneers like Leander Starr Jameson are buried in these hills at a site named World 's View. Water supply and sanitation ( edit ) Main article : Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe is defined by many small scale successful programs but also by a general lack of improved water and sanitation systems for the majority of Zimbabwe. According to the World Health Organization in 2012, 80 % of Zimbabweans had access to improved, i.e. clean, drinking - water sources, and only 40 % of Zimbabweans had access to improved sanitation facilities. Access to improved water supply and sanitation is distinctly less in rural areas. Public expenditure on education in Southern Africa as a share of GDP, 2012 or closest year. Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) There are many factors which continue to determine the nature, for the foreseeable future, of water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe. Three major factors are the severely depressed state of the Zimbabwean economy, the reluctance of foreign aid organizations to build and finance infrastructure projects, and the political instability of the Zimbabwean state. Science and Technology ( edit ) Main article : Science and technology in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe has relatively well - developed national infrastructure and a long - standing tradition of promoting research and development ( R&D ), as evidenced by the levy imposed on tobacco - growers since the 1930s to promote market research. The country also has a well - developed education system, with one in eleven adults holding a tertiary degree. Given the country 's solid knowledge base and abundant natural resources, Zimbabwe has the potential to figure among the countries leading growth in sub-Saharan Africa by 2020. Scientific research output in terms of publications in Southern Africa, cumulative totals by field, 2008 -- 2014. Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ), Figure 20.6 To do so, however, Zimbabwe will need to correct a number of structural weaknesses. For instance, it currently lacks the critical mass of researchers needed to trigger innovation. Although the infrastructure is in place to harness research and development to Zimbabwe 's socio - economic development, universities and research institutions lack the requisite financial and human resources to conduct research and the current regulatory environment hampers the transfer of new technologies to the business sector. The economic crisis has precipitated an exodus of university students and professionals in key areas of expertise ( medicine, engineering, etc. ) that is of growing concern. More than 22 % of Zimbabwean tertiary students were completing their degrees abroad in 2012, compared to a 4 % average for sub-Saharan Africa as a whole. In 2012, there were 200 researchers ( head count ) employed in the public sector, one - quarter of whom were women. This is double the continental average ( 91 in 2013 ) but only one - quarter the researcher density of South Africa ( 818 per million inhabitants ). The government has created the Zimbabwe Human Capital Website to provide information for the diaspora on job and investment opportunities in Zimbabwe. Despite the fact that human resources are a pillar of any research and innovation policy, the Medium Term Plan 2011 -- 2015 did not discuss any explicit policy for promoting postgraduate studies in science and engineering. The scarcity of new PhDs in science and engineering fields from the University of Zimbabwe in 2013 was symptomatic of this omission. Nor does the development agenda to 2018, the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Economic Transformation, contain any specific targets for increasing the number of scientists and engineers, or the staffing requirements for industry and other productive sectors. In addition, the lack of co-ordination and coherence among governance structures has led to a multiplication of research priorities and poor implementation of existing policies. Scientific publication trends in the most productive SADC countries, 2005 -- 2014. Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ), data from Thomson Reuters ' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded The country 's Second Science and Technology Policy was launched in June 2012, after being elaborated with UNESCO assistance. It replaces the earlier policy dating from 2002. The 2012 policy prioritizes biotechnology, information and communication technologies ( ICTs ), space sciences, nanotechnology, indigenous knowledge systems, technologies yet to emerge and scientific solutions to emergent environmental challenges. The Second Science and Technology Policy also asserts the government commitment to allocating at least 1 % of GDP to research and development, focusing at least 60 % of university education on developing skills in science and technology and ensuring that school pupils devote at least 30 % of their time to studying science subjects. In 2014, Zimbabwe counted 21 publications per million inhabitants in internationally catalogued journals, according to Thomson Reuters ' Web of Science ( Science Citation Index Expanded ). This placed Zimbabwe sixth out of the 15 SADC countries, behind Namibia ( 59 ), Mauritius ( 71 ), Botswana ( 103 ) and, above all, South Africa ( 175 ) and the Seychelles ( 364 ). The average for sub-Saharan Africa was 20 scientific publications per million inhabitants, compared to a global average of 176 per million. Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Zimbabwe Population in Zimbabwe Year Million 1950 2.7 2000 12.2 2016 16.2 A n'anga ( Traditional Healer ) of the majority ( 70 % ) Shona people, holding a kudu horn trumpet Zimbabwe 's total population is 12.97 million. According to the United Nations World Health Organisation, the life expectancy for men was 56 years and the life expectancy for women was 60 years of age ( 2012 ). An association of doctors in Zimbabwe has made calls for President Mugabe to make moves to assist the ailing health service. The HIV infection rate in Zimbabwe was estimated to be 14 % for people aged 15 -- 49 in 2009. UNESCO reported a decline in HIV prevalence among pregnant women from 26 % in 2002 to 21 % in 2004. Some 85 % of Zimbabweans are Christian ; 62 % of the population attends religious services regularly. The largest Christian churches are Anglican, Roman Catholic, Seventh - day Adventist and Methodist. As in other African countries, Christianity may be mixed with enduring traditional beliefs. Ancestral worship is the most practised non-Christian religion, involving spiritual intercession ; the mbira dzavadzimu, which means `` voice of the ancestors '', an instrument related to many lamellophones ubiquitous throughout Africa, is central to many ceremonial proceedings. Mwari simply means `` God the Creator '' ( musika vanhu in Shona ). Around 1 % of the population is Muslim. A group of women and children in Norton, Zimbabwe Bantu - speaking ethnic groups make up 98 % of the population. The majority people, the Shona, comprise 70 %. The Ndebele are the second most populous with 20 % of the population. The Ndebele descended from Zulu migrations in the 19th century and the other tribes with which they intermarried. Up to one million Ndebele may have left the country over the last five years, mainly for South Africa. Other Bantu ethnic groups make up the third largest with 2 to 5 % : these are Venda, Tonga, Shangaan, Kalanga, Sotho, Ndau, Nambya, Tswana, Xhosa and Lozi. Minority ethnic groups include white Zimbabweans, who make up less than 1 % of the total population. White Zimbabweans are mostly of British origin, but there are also Afrikaner, Greek, Portuguese, French and Dutch communities. The white population dropped from a peak of around 278,000 or 4.3 % of the population in 1975 to possibly 120,000 in 1999, and was estimated to be no more than 50,000 in 2002, and possibly much less. The 2012 census lists the total white population at 28,782 ( roughly 0.22 % of the population ), one - tenth of its 1975 estimated size. Most emigration has been to the United Kingdom ( between 200,000 and 500,000 Britons are of Rhodesian or Zimbabwean origin ), South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Coloureds form 0.5 % of the population, and various Asian ethnic groups, mostly of Indian and Chinese origin, are also 0.5 %. According to 2012 Census report, 99.7 % of the population is of African origin. Official fertility rates over the last decade were 3.6 ( 2002 Census ), 3.8 ( 2006 ) and 3.8 ( 2012 Census ). Largest cities ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in Zimbabwe http://www.geohive.com/cntry/zimbabwe.aspx Rank Name Province Pop. Harare Bulawayo Harare Harare 1,485,231 Mutare Bulawayo Bulawayo 653,337 Chitungwiza Harare 356,840 Mutare Manicaland 187,621 5 Epworth Harare 167,462 6 Gweru Midlands 157,865 7 Kwekwe Midlands 100,900 8 Kadoma Mashonaland West 92,469 9 Masvingo Masvingo 87,886 10 Chinhoyi Mashonaland West 77,929 Language ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Zimbabwe English is the main language used in the education and judiciary systems. The Bantu languages Shona and Sindebele are the principal indigenous languages of Zimbabwe. Shona is spoken by 70 % of the population, Sindebele by 20 %. Other minority Bantu languages include Venda, Tsonga, Shangaan, Kalanga, Sotho, Ndau and Nambya. Less than 2.5 %, mainly the white and `` coloured '' ( mixed race ) minorities, consider English their native language. Shona has a rich oral tradition, which was incorporated into the first Shona novel, Feso by Solomon Mutswairo, published in 1956. English is spoken primarily in the cities, but less so in rural areas. Radio and television news now broadcast in Shona, Sindebele and English. Zimbabwe has 16 official languages and under the constitution, an Act of Parliament may prescribe other languages as officially recognised languages. Refugee crisis ( edit ) The economic meltdown and repressive political measures in Zimbabwe have led to a flood of refugees into neighbouring countries. An estimated 3.4 million Zimbabweans, a quarter of the population, had fled abroad by mid-2007. Some 3,000,000 of these left for South Africa and Botswana. Apart from the people who fled into the neighbouring countries, there are approximately 36,000 internally displaced persons ( IDPs ). There is no current comprehensive survey, although the following figures are available : Survey Number Date Source National Survey 880 -- 960,000 2007 Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee Former Farm Workers 1,000,000 2008 UNDP Victims of Operation Murambatsvina 570,000 2005 UN People Displaced by Political Violence 36,000 2008 UN The above surveys do not include people displaced by Operation Chikorokoza Chapera or beneficiaries of the fast - track land reform programme but who have since been evicted. Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Zimbabwe Religion in Zimbabwe religion percent Protestantism 63 % Roman Catholicism 17 % Ethnic religion 11 % Irreligion 7 % Others 2 % An estimated 80 % of the country 's citizens identify themselves as Christians. Protestants ( mostly followers of Pentecostal African Churches ) are around 63 % of the population. Estimates from 2005 said there were 1,145,000 Roman Catholics in Zimbabwe. This is about 9 % of the total population. The followers of ethnic religions are around 11 %. Around 1 % are Muslims, mainly from Mozambique and Malawi, 0.1 % are Hindus and 0.3 % are Baha'is. Approximately 7 % of citizens have no religious practice or are atheist. Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe has many different cultures which may include beliefs and ceremonies, one of them being Shona, Zimbabwe 's largest ethnic group. The Shona people have many sculptures and carvings which are made with the finest materials available. Zimbabwe first celebrated its independence on 18 April 1980. Celebrations are held at either the National Sports Stadium or Rufaro Stadium in Harare. The first independence celebrations were held in 1980 at the Zimbabwe Grounds. At these celebrations doves are released to symbolise peace and fighter jets fly over and the national anthem is sung. The flame of independence is lit by the president after parades by the presidential family and members of the armed forces of Zimbabwe. The president also gives a speech to the people of Zimbabwe which is televised for those unable to attend the stadium. Zimbabwe also has a national beauty pageant, the Miss Heritage Zimbabwe contest which has been held annually ever since 2012. Arts ( edit ) Main article : Zimbabwean art See also : Music of Zimbabwe `` Reconciliation '', a stone sculpture by Amos Supuni Traditional arts in Zimbabwe include pottery, basketry, textiles, jewellery and carving. Among the distinctive qualities are symmetrically patterned woven baskets and stools carved out of a single piece of wood. Shona sculpture has become world - famous in recent years having found popularity in the 1940s. Most subjects of carved figures of stylised birds and human figures among others are made with sedimentary rocks such as soapstone, as well as harder igneous rocks such as serpentine and the rare stone verdite. Zimbabwean artefacts can be found in countries like Singapore, China and Canada. i.e. Dominic Benhura 's statue in the Singapore Botanic Gardens. Shona sculpture in has survived through the ages and the modern style is a fusion of African folklore with European influences. World - renowned Zimbabwean sculptors include Nicholas, Nesbert and Anderson Mukomberanwa, Tapfuma Gutsa, Henry Munyaradzi and Locardia Ndandarika. Internationally, Zimbabwean sculptors have managed to influence a new generation of artists, particularly Black Americans, through lengthy apprenticeships with master sculptors in Zimbabwe. Contemporary artists like New York sculptor M. Scott Johnson and California sculptor Russel Albans have learned to fuse both African and Afro - diasporic aesthetics in a way that travels beyond the simplistic mimicry of African Art by some Black artists of past generations in the United States. Several authors are well known within Zimbabwe and abroad. Charles Mungoshi is renowned in Zimbabwe for writing traditional stories in English and in Shona and his poems and books have sold well with both the black and white communities. Catherine Buckle has achieved international recognition with her two books African Tears and Beyond Tears which tell of the ordeal she went through under the 2000 Land Reform. The first Prime Minister of Rhodesia, Ian Smith, wrote two books -- The Great Betrayal and Bitter Harvest. The book The House of Hunger by Dambudzo Marechera won an award in the UK in 1979 and the Nobel Prize - winning author Doris Lessing 's first novel The Grass Is Singing, the first four volumes of The Children of Violence sequence, as well as the collection of short stories African Stories are set in Rhodesia. In 2013 NoViolet Bulawayo 's novel We Need New Names was shortlisted for the Booker Prize. The novel tells the story of the devastation and emigration caused by the brutal suppression of Zimbabwean civilians during the Gukurahundi in the early 1980s. Internationally famous artists include Henry Mudzengerere and Nicolas Mukomberanwa. A recurring theme in Zimbabwean art is the metamorphosis of man into beast. Zimbabwean musicians like Thomas Mapfumo, Oliver Mtukudzi, the Bhundu Boys ; Alick Macheso and Audius Mtawarira have achieved international recognition. Among members of the white minority community, Theatre has a large following, with numerous theatrical companies performing in Zimbabwe 's urban areas. Cuisine ( edit ) A meal of sadza ( right ), greens, and goat offal. The goat 's small intestines are wrapped around small pieces of large intestines before cooking. Like in many African countries, the majority of Zimbabweans depend on a few staple foods. `` Mealie meal '', also known as cornmeal, is used to prepare sadza or isitshwala, as well as porridge known as bota or ilambazi. Sadza is made by mixing the cornmeal with water to produce a thick paste / porridge. After the paste has been cooking for several minutes, more cornmeal is added to thicken the paste. This is usually eaten as lunch or dinner, usually with sides such as gravy, vegetables ( spinach, chomolia, or spring greens / collard greens ), beans, and meat ( stewed, grilled, roasted, or sundried ). Sadza is also commonly eaten with curdled milk ( sour milk ), commonly known as `` lacto '' ( mukaka wakakora ), or dried Tanganyika sardine, known locally as kapenta or matemba. Bota is a thinner porridge, cooked without the additional cornmeal and usually flavoured with peanut butter, milk, butter, or jam. Bota is usually eaten for breakfast. Graduations, weddings, and any other family gatherings will usually be celebrated with the killing of a goat or cow, which will be barbecued or roasted by the family. Raw boerewors Even though the Afrikaners are a small group ( 10 % ) within the white minority group, Afrikaner recipes are popular. Biltong, a type of jerky, is a popular snack, prepared by hanging bits of spiced raw meat to dry in the shade. Boerewors is served with sadza. It is a long sausage, often well - spiced, composed of beef rather than pork, and barbecued. As Zimbabwe was a British colony, some people there have adopted some colonial - era English eating habits. For example, most people will have porridge in the morning, as well as 10 o'clock tea ( midday tea ). They will have lunch, often leftovers from the night before, freshly cooked sadza, or sandwiches ( which is more common in the cities ). After lunch, there is usually 4 o'clock tea ( afternoon tea ), which is served before dinner. It is not uncommon for tea to be had after dinner. Rice, pasta, and potato - based foods ( french fries and mashed potato ) also make up part of Zimbabwean cuisine. A local favourite is rice cooked with peanut butter, which is taken with thick gravy, mixed vegetables and meat. A potpourri of peanuts known as nzungu, boiled and sundried maize, black - eyed peas known as nyemba, and bambara groundnuts known as nyimo makes a traditional dish called mutakura. Mutakura can also be the above ingredients cooked individually. One can also find local snacks, such as maputi ( roasted / popped maize kernels similar to popcorn ), roasted and salted peanuts, sugar cane, sweet potato, pumpkin, and indigenous fruits, such as horned melon, gaka, adansonia, mawuyu, uapaca kirkiana, mazhanje ( sugar plum ), and many others. Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe women 's national football team at the 2016 Olympic Games Football is the most popular sport in Zimbabwe. The Warriors have qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations three times ( 2004, 2006, 2017 ), and won the Southern Africa championship on four occasions ( 2000, 2003, 2005, 2009 ) and the Eastern Africa cup once ( 1985 ). Rugby union is a significant sport in Zimbabwe. The national side have represented the country at 2 Rugby World Cup tournaments in 1987 and 1991. The team are currently ranked 26 in the world by World Rugby. Cricket also has a following among the white minority. It is one of ten Test cricket playing nations and a ICC full member as well. Notable cricket players from Zimbabwe include Andy Flower, Heath Streak and Brendan Taylor. Zimbabwe has won eight Olympic medals, one in field hockey with the women 's team at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and seven by swimmer Kirsty Coventry, three at the 2004 Summer Olympics and four at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Zimbabwe has also done well in the Commonwealth Games and All - Africa Games in swimming with Kirsty Coventry obtaining 11 gold medals in the different competitions. Zimbabwe has also competed at Wimbledon and the Davis Cup in tennis, most notably with the Black family, which comprises Wayne Black, Byron Black and Cara Black. Zimbabwe has also done well in golf. The Zimbabwean Nick Price held the official World Number 1 status longer than any player from Africa has ever done in the 24 - year history of the ranking. Other sports played in Zimbabwe are basketball, volleyball, netball, and water polo, as well as squash, motorsport, martial arts, chess, cycling, polocrosse, kayaking and horse racing. However, most of these sports do not have international representatives but instead stay at a junior or national level. Zimbabwean professional rugby league players currently playing overseas are Masimbaashe Motongo and Judah Mazive. Former players include now SANZAAR CEO Andy Marinos who made an appearance for South Africa at the Super League World Nines and featured for the Sydney Bulldogs as well as Zimbabwe - born former Scotland rugby union international Scott Gray, who spent time at the Brisbane Broncos. Media ( edit ) Main article : Media of Zimbabwe The media of Zimbabwe is now once again diverse, having come under tight restriction between 2002 and 2008 by the government during the growing economic and political crisis in the country. The Zimbabwean constitution promises freedom of the media and expression. Since the appointment of a new media and information minister in 2013 the media is currently facing less political interference and the supreme court has ruled some sections of the strict media laws as unconstitutional. In July 2009 the BBC and CNN were able to resume operations and report legally and openly from Zimbabwe. CNN welcomed the move. The Zimbabwe Ministry of Media, Information and Publicity stated that, `` the Zimbabwe government never banned the BBC from carrying out lawful activities inside Zimbabwe ''. The BBC also welcomed the move saying, `` we 're pleased at being able to operate openly in Zimbabwe once again ''. In 2010 the Zimbabwe Media Commission was established by the inclusive, power - sharing government. In May 2010 the Commission licensed three new privately owned newspapers, including the previously banned Daily News, for publication. Reporters Without Borders described the decisions as a `` major advance ''. In June 2010 NewsDay became the first independent daily newspaper to be published in Zimbabwe in seven years. ZBC 's monopoly in the broadcasting sector was ended with the licensing of two private radio stations in 2012. Since the 2002 Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act ( AIPPA ) was passed, a number of privately owned news outlets were shut down by the government, including Daily News whose managing director Wilf Mbanga went on to form the influential The Zimbabwean. As a result, many press organisations have been set up in both neighbouring and Western countries by exiled Zimbabweans. Because the internet is currently unrestricted, many Zimbabweans are allowed to access online news sites set up by exiled journalists. Reporters Without Borders claims the media environment in Zimbabwe involves `` surveillance, threats, imprisonment, censorship, blackmail, abuse of power and denial of justice are all brought to bear to keep firm control over the news. '' The main published newspapers are The Herald and The Chronicle which are printed in Harare and Bulawayo respectively. The heavy - handedness on the media has progressively relaxed since 2009. In its 2008 report, Reporters Without Borders ranked the Zimbabwean media as 151st out of 173. The government also bans many foreign broadcasting stations from Zimbabwe, including the CBC, Sky News, Channel 4, American Broadcasting Company, Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ), and Fox News. News agencies and newspapers from other Western countries and South Africa have also been banned from the country. Scouting ( edit ) Main article : The Scout Association of Zimbabwe Baden - Powell 's drawing of Chief of Scouts Burnham, Matobo Hills, 1896 It was in the Matabeleland region in Zimbabwe that, during the Second Matabele War, Robert Baden - Powell, the founder of Scouting, and Frederick Russell Burnham, the American born Chief of Scouts for the British Army, first met and began their lifelong friendship. In mid-June 1896, during a scouting patrol in the Matobo Hills, Burnham began teaching Baden - Powell woodcraft. Baden - Powell and Burnham discussed the concept of a broad training programme in woodcraft for young men, rich in exploration, tracking, fieldcraft, and self - reliance. It was also during this time in the Matobo Hills that Baden - Powell first started to wear his signature campaign hat like the one worn by Burnham. Scouting in the former Rhodesia and Nyasaland started in 1909 when the first Boy Scout troop was registered. Scouting grew quickly and in 1924 Rhodesia and Nyasaland sent a large contingent to the second World Scout Jamboree in Ermelunden, Denmark. In 1959, Rhodesia hosted the Central African Jamboree at Ruwa. In 2009, Scouts celebrated 100 years of Scouting in Zimbabwe and hundreds of Scouts camped at Gordon Park, a Scout campground and training area, as part of these celebrations. Besides scouting, there are also leadership, life skills and general knowledge courses and training experiences mainly for school children ranging from pre-school to final year high school students and some times those beyond High school. These courses and outings are held at, for example, Lasting Impressions ( Lasting Impressions ~ Zimbabwe on YouTube ), Far and Wide Zimbabwe ( Far and wide. ) and Chimanimani Outward Bound ( Outwardbound Zimbabwe at the Wayback Machine ( archived 16 June 2007 ) ). National Symbols ( edit ) Traditional Zimbabwe Bird design The stone - carved Zimbabwe Bird appears on the national flags and the coats of arms of both Zimbabwe and Rhodesia, as well as on banknotes and coins ( first on Rhodesian pound and then Rhodesian dollar ). It probably represents the bateleur eagle or the African fish eagle. The famous soapstone bird carvings stood on walls and monoliths of the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe, built, it is believed, sometime between the 13th and 16th centuries by ancestors of the Shona. The ruins, which gave their name to modern Zimbabwe, cover some 1,800 acres ( 7.3 km ) and are the largest ancient stone construction in Zimbabwe. Balancing Rocks are geological formations all over Zimbabwe. The rocks are perfectly balanced without other supports. They are created when ancient granite intrusions are exposed to weathering, as softer rocks surrounding them erode away. They are often remarked on and have been depicted on both the banknotes of Zimbabwe and the Rhodesian dollar banknotes. The ones found on the current notes of Zimbabwe, named the Banknote Rocks, are located in Epworth, approximately 9 miles ( 14 km ) south east of Harare. There are many different formations of the rocks, incorporating single and paired columns of 3 or more rocks. These formations are a feature of south and east tropical Africa from northern South Africa northwards to Sudan. The most notable formations in Zimbabwe are located in the Matobo National Park in Matabeleland. The National Anthem of Zimbabwe is `` Blessed be the Land of Zimbabwe '' ( Shona : `` Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe '' ; Northern Ndebele : `` Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe '' ). It was introduced in March 1994 after a nationwide competition to replace `` Ishe Komborera Africa '' as a distinctly Zimbabwean song. The winning entry was a song written by Professor Solomon Mutswairo and composed by Fred Changundega. It has been translated into all three of the main languages of Zimbabwe. Health ( edit ) See also : HIV / AIDS in Zimbabwe and Zimbabwean cholera outbreak Map showing the spread of cholera in and around Zimbabwe put together from several sources. At independence, the policies of racial inequality were reflected in the disease patterns of the black majority. The first five years after independence saw rapid gains in areas such as immunisation coverage, access to health care, and contraceptive prevalence rate. Zimbabwe was thus considered internationally to have an achieved a good record of health development. Zimbabwe suffered occasional outbreaks of acute diseases ( such as plague in 1994 ). The gains on the national health were eroded by structural adjustment in the 1990s, the impact of the HIV / AIDS pandemic and the economic crisis since the year 2000. In 2006, Zimbabwe had one of the lowest life expectancies in the world according to UN figure -- 44 for men and 43 for women, down from 60 in 1990, but recovered to 60 in 2015. The rapid drop was ascribed mainly to the HIV / AIDS pandemic. Infant mortality rose from 6 % in the late 1990s to 12.3 % by 2004. By 2016 HIV / AIDS prevalence had been reduced to 13.5 % compared to 40 % in 1998. The health system has more or less collapsed. At the end of November 2008, some operations at three of Zimbabwe 's four major referral hospitals had shut down, along with the Zimbabwe Medical School, and the fourth major hospital had two wards and no operating theatres working. Due to hyperinflation, those hospitals still open were not able to obtain basic drugs and medicines. The situation changed drastically after the Unity Government and the introduction of the multi-currency system in February 2009 although the political and economic crisis also contributed to the emigration of the doctors and people with medical knowledge. In August 2008 large areas of Zimbabwe were struck by the ongoing cholera epidemic. By December 2008 more than 10,000 people had been infected in all but one of Zimbabwe 's provinces and the outbreak had spread to Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia. On 4 December 2008 the Zimbabwe government declared the outbreak to be a national emergency and asked for international aid. By 9 March 2009 The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimated that 4,011 people had succumbed to the waterborne disease since the outbreak began in August 2008, and the total number of cases recorded had reached 89,018. In Harare, the city council offered free graves to cholera victims. There had been signs that the disease is abating, with cholera infections down by about 50 % to around 4,000 cases a week. The 2014 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Zimbabwe was 614 compared to 960 in 2010 -- 11 and 232 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births was 75 in 2014 ( 94 in 2009 ). The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was unavailable in 2016 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 42. Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Zimbabwe St George 's College, Harare was established in 1896 by a French Jesuit Due to large investments in education since independence, Zimbabwe has the highest adult literacy rate in Africa which in 2013 was 90.70 %. This is lower than the 92 % recorded in 2010 by the United Nations Development Programme and the 97.0 % recorded in the 2002 census, while still substantially higher than 80.4 % recorded in the 1992 census. The education department has stated that 20,000 teachers have left Zimbabwe since 2007 and that half of Zimbabwe 's children have not progressed beyond primary school. The wealthier portion of the population usually send their children to independent schools as opposed to the government - run schools which are attended by the majority as these are subsidized by the government. School education was made free in 1980, but since 1988, the government has steadily increased the charges attached to school enrollment until they now greatly exceed the real value of fees in 1980. The Ministry of Education of Zimbabwe maintains and operates the government schools but the fees charged by independent schools are regulated by the cabinet of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe 's education system consists of 2 years of pre-school, 7 years of primary and 6 years of secondary schooling before students can enter university in the country or abroad. The academic year in Zimbabwe runs from January to December, with three terms, broken up by one month holidays, with a total of 40 weeks of school per year. National examinations are written during the third term in November, with `` O '' level and `` A '' level subjects also offered in June. There are seven public ( Government ) universities as well as four church - related universities in Zimbabwe that are fully internationally accredited. The University of Zimbabwe, the first and largest, was built in 1952 and is located in the Harare suburb of Mount Pleasant. Notable alumni from Zimbabwean universities include Welshman Ncube ; Peter Moyo ( of Amabhubesi ) ; Tendai Biti, Chenjerai Hove, Zimbabwean poet, novelist and essayist ; and Arthur Mutambara. Many of the current politicians in the government of Zimbabwe have obtained degrees from universities in USA or other universities abroad. National University of Science and Technology ( NUST ) is the second largest public research university in Zimbabwe located in Bulawayo. It was established in 1991. The National University of Science and Technology strives to become a flourishing and reputable institution not only in Zimbabwe and in Southern Africa but also among the international fraternity of Universities. Its guidance, cultural values is the encouragement of all its members and society of those attitudes of fair mindedness, understanding, tolerance and respect for people and views which are essential for the attainment and maintenance of justice, peace and harmony at all times. Africa University is a United Methodist related university institution located in Manicaland which attracts students from at least 36 African countries. The institution has been growing steadily and has steady study material and learning facilities. The highest professional board for accountants is the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Zimbabwe ( ICAZ ) with direct relationships with similar bodies in South Africa, Canada, the UK and Australia. A qualified Chartered Accountant from Zimbabwe is also a member of similar bodies in these countries after writing a conversion paper. In addition, Zimbabwean - trained doctors only require one year of residence to be fully licensed doctors in the United States. The Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers ( ZIE ) is the highest professional board for engineers. Education in Zimbabwe became under threat since the economic changes in 2000 with teachers going on strike because of low pay, students unable to concentrate because of hunger and the price of uniforms soaring making this standard a luxury. Teachers were also one of the main targets of Mugabe 's attacks because he thought they were not strong supporters. See also ( edit ) Zimbabwe portal Education in Zimbabwe Index of Zimbabwe - related articles Outline of Zimbabwe Source ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC - BY - SA IGO3. 0 UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030, UNESCO. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see Wikipedia : Adding open license text to Wikipedia. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The following languages, namely Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda and Xhosa, are the officially recognised languages of Zimbabwe. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe ''. The Beaver County Times. 13 September 1981. Retrieved 2 November 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- Zimbabwe ''. Central Intelligence Agency. Jump up ^ Constitution of Zimbabwe ( final draft ) ( PDF ), Kubatana Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. ). Jump up ^ `` Developments in English ''. International Association of University Professors of English Conference. Cambridge University Press. 31 October 2014 -- via Google Books. ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision ''. ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Census Results in Brief '' ( PDF ). Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe ''. International Monetary Fund. Jump up ^ `` GINI Index ''. World Bank. Retrieved 21 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ). United Nations Development Programme. 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2017. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Time ''. Greenwich Mean Time. Greenwich 2000. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe to make Chinese yuan legal currency after Beijing cancels debts '', The Guardian, France - Presse, 22 December 2015. Jump up ^ Hungwe, Brian ( 6 February 2014 ), `` Zimbabwe 's multi-currency confusion '', News, BBC, retrieved 26 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe ''. CIA World Factbook. CIA. ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference language was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ). Jump up ^ Johnson, Boris ( 15 November 2017 ). `` Robert Mugabe tarnished the jewel that is Zimbabwe. Now is its chance to shine again '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk. Jump up ^ Lessing, Doris ( 10 April 2003 ). `` The Jewel of Africa '' -- via www.nybooks.com. Jump up ^ Chifera, Irwin. `` What Happened to Zimbabwe, Once Known as The Jewel of Africa? ''. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe 2015 Human Rights Report ''. United States Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe 's Robert Mugabe ''. BBC. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Archbishop Desmond Tutu lambasts African silence on Zimbabwe ''. USA Today. 16 March 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` What Caused Zimbabwe 's Economic Crash? ''. Quora. 29 November 2015 -- via Slate. ^ Jump up to : McKenzie, David ; Swails, Brent ; Dewan, Angela. `` Zimbabwe in turmoil after apparent coup ''. CNN. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15. ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe 's Robert Mugabe confined to home as army takes control ''. The Guardian. 2017 Nov 15. Retrieved 15 November 2017. Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ruling party sacks Mugabe as leader ''. BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 19 November 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe 's President Mugabe ' resigns ' ''. BBC News. Retrieved 21 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe -- big house of stone ''. Somali Press. Retrieved 14 December 2008. Jump up ^ Lafon, Michel ( 1994 ). `` Shona Class 5 revisited : a case against * ri as Class 5 nominal prefix '' ( PDF ). Zambezia. 21 : 51 -- 80. Jump up ^ Vale, Lawrence J. ( 1999 ). `` Mediated monuments and national identity ''. Journal of Architecture. 4 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 408. doi : 10.1080 / 136023699373774. Jump up ^ Garlake, Peter ( 1973 ). Great Zimbabwe : New Aspects of Archaeology. London, UK : Thames & Hudson. p. 13. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8128 - 1599 - 3. ^ Jump up to : Fontein, Joost ( September 2006 ). The Silence of Great Zimbabwe : Contested Landscapes and the Power of Heritage ( First ed. ). London : University College London Press. pp. 119 -- 20. ISBN 978 - 1844721238. ^ Jump up to : Ndlovu - Gatsheni, Sabelo J. ( 2009 ). Do `` Zimbabweans '' Exist? Trajectories of Nationalism, National Identity Formation and Crisis in a Postcolonial State ( First ed. ). Bern : Peter Lang AG. pp. 113 -- 14. ISBN 978 - 3 - 03911 - 941 - 7. Jump up ^ `` What 's in a Name? Welcome to the ' Republic of Machobana ' ''. Read on. Harare : Training Aids Development Group : 40. 1991. ^ Jump up to : Hall, Martin ; Stephen W. Silliman ( 2005 ). Historical Archaeology. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 241 -- 44. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0751 - 8. Jump up ^ Nelson, Harold ( 1983 ). Zimbabwe : A Country Study. The Studies. pp. 1 -- 317. Jump up ^ `` So Who Was Shaka Zulu - Really? ''. The Odyssey. Retrieved 14 December 2008. Jump up ^ Hensman, Howard ( 1901 ). Cecil Rhodes : A Study of a Career. pp. 106 -- 07. ^ Jump up to : Parsons, pp. 178 -- 81. Jump up ^ Bryce, James ( 2008 ). Impressions of South Africa. p. 170 ; ISBN 055430032X. Jump up ^ Southern Rhodesia Order in Council of 20 October 1898 which includes at seection 4 thereof : `` The territory for the time being within the limits of this Order shall be known as Southern Rhodesia. '' Jump up ^ Gray, J.A. ( 1956 ). `` A Country in Search of a Name ''. The Northern Rhodesia Journal. 3 ( 1 ) : 78. Jump up ^ Southern Rhodesia ( Annexation ) Order in Council, 30 July 1923 which provided by section 3 thereof : `` From and after the coming into operation of this Order the said territories shall be annexed to and form part of His Majesty 's Dominions, and shall be known as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia. '' Jump up ^ Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder -- Burke, Fredrick Phillip George ( 1969 ) A.C 645 -- Authority for date of annexation having been 12 September 1923, being the date the Rhodesia ( Annexation ) Order in Council came into effect ^ Jump up to : Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law : United Nations Action in the Question of Southern Rhodesia by Vera Gowlland - Debbas Jump up ^ Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder -- Burke, Fredrick Phillip George ( 1969 ) A.C 645 Jump up ^ Southern Rhodesia Constitution Letters Patent, 1923 ^ Jump up to : Moorcraft, Paul ( 31 August 1990 ). `` Rhodesia 's War of Independence ''. History Today. 40 ( 9 ). ( P ) er head of ( white ) population Rhodesia had contributed more in both world wars than any other part of the empire, including the United Kingdom... There is little doubt now that after a few resignations here and there, the army, the Royal Navy and even the Royal Air Force ( supposedly the most disaffected service ) would have carried out any orders to subdue the first national treason against the Crown since the American War of Independence. Jump up ^ Parsons, p. 292. ^ Jump up to : Hastedt, Glenn P. ( 2004 ) Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, Infobase Publishing, p. 537 ; ISBN 143810989X. Jump up ^ `` On This Day ''. BBC News. 1 June 1979. Retrieved 14 December 2008. ^ Jump up to : Chung, Fay ( 2006 ). Re-living the Second Chimurenga : memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe, Preben ( INT ) Kaarsholm. p. 242 ; ISBN 9171065512. Jump up ^ Preston, Matthew ( 2004 ). Ending Civil War : Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective. p. 25 ; ISBN 1850435790. Jump up ^ Zimbabwe, May 1980 / Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, Canberra : Government Printer, 1980. p. 122. Jump up ^ George M. Houser. `` Letter by George M. Houser, Executive Director of the American Committee on Africa ( ACOA ), on the 1980 independence election in Rhodesia ''. Retrieved 1 December 2007. Jump up ^ Smith, Ian ( 2008 ). Bitter Harvest. London : John Blake Publishing Ltd. p. 367. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85782 - 604 - 3. Jump up ^ Godwin, Peter ; Hancock, Ian ( 1995 ) ( 1993 ). ' Rhodesians Never Die ' : The Impact of War and Political Change on White Rhodesia, c. 1970 -- 1980. Harare : Baobab Books. p. 312. ISBN 0 - 908311 - 82 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Nyarota, Geoffrey ( 2006 ). Against the Grain, Zebra, p. 134 ; ISBN 1770071121. ^ Jump up to : Meredith, Martin ( September 2007 ) ( 2002 ). Mugabe : Power, Plunder and the Struggle for Zimbabwe. New York : PublicAffairs. pp. 62 -- 73. ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 558 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Hill, Geoff ( 2005 ) ( 2003 ). The Battle for Zimbabwe : The Final Countdown. Johannesburg : Struik Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 978 - 1 - 86872 - 652 - 3. Jump up ^ `` Report on the 1980s disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands, by the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe, March 1997 -- Conclusion -- FINAL ESTIMATE : The figure for the dead and missing is not less than 3000. This statement is now beyond reasonable doubt. Adding up the conservative suggestions made above, the figure is reasonably certainly 3750 dead. More than that it is still not possible to say, except to allow that the real figure for the dead could be possibly double 3000, or even higher. Only further research will resolve the issue '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ `` Gukurahundi killed 80,000 : Eddie Cross ''. Jump up ^ Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe ; Legal Resources Foundation ( 1 January 1997 ). `` Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace '' -- via Internet Archive. Jump up ^ `` REPORT ON THE 1980s DISTURBANCES IN MATABELELAND & THE MIDLANDS ''. Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe. March 1997. Retrieved 8 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Zimbabwe ''. badley.info. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Zimbabwe ''. BBC News. 15 October 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : 1990 General Elections ''. EISA. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008. Jump up ^ Moyo, Jonathon M. `` Voting for Democracy : A Study of Electoral Politics in Zimbabwe ''. University of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original on 2 September 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Zimbabwe ''. about.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : ZANU PF hegemony and its breakdown ( 1990 -- 1999 ) ''. EISA. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` History of Zimbabwe ''. Infoplease. Jump up ^ `` History of HIV & AIDS in Africa ''. AVERT. Retrieved 8 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Britain 's troubles with Mugabe ''. BBC News. 3 April 2000. ^ Jump up to : `` Fast Track Land Reform in Zimbabwe '' ( PDF ). Human Rights Watch. ( 175 KB ) Jump up ^ Polgreen, Lydia ( 20 July 2012 ). `` In Zimbabwe Land Takeover, a Golden Lining ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Council Common Position renewing restrictive measures against Zimbabwe '' ( PDF ). Council of the European Union. 26 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Suspended Indefinitely from Commonwealth ''. Human Rights First. 8 December 2003. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth website confirms Zimbabwe `` terminated '' its membership with effect from 7 December 2003 ``. Thecommonwealth.org. 12 December 2003. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Jump up ^ `` Text of S. 494 ( 107th ) : Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 ( Passed Congress / Enrolled Bill version ) ''. GovTrack. 12 December 2001. Retrieved 29 December 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe destruction : One man 's story ''. BBC. 30 August 2005. Retrieved 19 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : Housing policy built on foundation of failures and lies -- Amnesty International ''. Web.archive.org. 9 August 2006. Archived from the original on 10 October 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2013. Jump up ^ Jacobson, Celean ( 24 November 2008 ). `` Carter warns situation appears dire in Zimbabwe ''. Fox News. Associated Press. Jump up ^ `` Mugabe wants sanctions removed ''. United Press International. 18 December 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2011. Jump up ^ Booysen, Susan ( 4 March 2011 ). Changing Perceptions in Zimbabwe -- Nationwide Survey of the Political Climate in Zimbabwe November 2010 -- January 2011 ( PDF ) ( Report ). Freedom House. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012. Jump up ^ OCHA in 2012 -- 2013 : Plan and Budget : Zimbabwe ( Report ). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. December 2011. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012. Jump up ^ Chinaka, Cris ( 17 January 2013 ). `` Mugabe deputy John Nkomo dies after cancer battle ''. Reuters. Retrieved 30 December 2013. Jump up ^ Dzirutwe, MacDonald. `` Zimbabweans start voting to adopt new constitution ''. Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Bailing out bandits ''. The Economist. 420 ( 8997 ). 9 July 2016. pp. 43 -- 44. ISSN 0013 - 0613. Retrieved 8 July 2016. ^ Jump up to : Fletcher, Martin ( 7 February 2017 ). `` Out of House and Home ''. The Telegraph ( Telegraph Magazine ed. ). p. 39. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe election : A guide to rigging allegations ''. BBC News. 7 August 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` As the House Burns, Whither the Zimbabwean Opposition? -- By Nicole Beardsworth -- African Arguments ''. Jump up ^ Matyszak, Derek ( 20 September 2017 ). `` Zimbabwe 's shady police roadblocks reflect its failing governance - ISS Africa ''. ISS Africa. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe ' shut down ' over economic collapse ''. BBC News. Retrieved 7 July 2016. Jump up ^ Raath, Jan ; Graham, Stuart ( 25 July 2016 ). `` Mugabe at war with militias that keep him in power ''. The Times. Retrieved 25 July 2016. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). Jump up ^ `` The costs of the Robert Mugabe era ''. newzimbabwe.com. Retrieved 12 March 2018. ^ Jump up to : Baughan, M. ( 2005 ). Continent in the Balance : Zimbabwe - Juvenile literature. Philadelphia, PA : Mason Crest Publishers ; ISBN 1590848101. Jump up ^ Chipika, J ; Kowero, G. ( 2000 ). `` Deforestation of woodlands in communal areas of Zimbabwe : is it due to agricultural policies? ''. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 79 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 175. doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 8809 ( 99 ) 00156 - 5. Jump up ^ `` Chaos as tobacco sales start ''. NewsdezeZimbabwe. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2015. Jump up ^ Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment ( No. 17 ) Act, 2005 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. NGO Network Alliance Project Jump up ^ Mugabe, Robert. ( 2007 ). Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite, Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica. Jump up ^ `` Tekere says Mugabe ' insecure ' in new book ''. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2008. ^ Jump up to : Frankel, Matthew. `` Myanmar Boycott is Misguided '' Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine., The Brookings Institution, 26 May 2010. Jump up ^ Zimbabwe : Election Fraud Report, 04 / 18 / 05. University of Pennsylvania, 18 April 2005. Jump up ^ `` Mugabe 's former ally accuses him of foul play '', Independent Online Zimbabwe, 12 March 2005. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe stands ' on a precipice ' ''. BBC News. 31 March 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` Mugabe critics predict fraud in Zimbabwe elections ''. CNN. 28 March 2008. Jump up ^ `` Mugabe rival quits election race ''. BBC News. 22 June 2008. ^ Jump up to : Latham, Brian ( 4 March 2002 ). `` Contrast in styles as contenders hold rallies in Harare townships ''. The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 29 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe 's MDC factions reunite ''. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2009., SABC News, 28 April 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Opposition reunites in Zimbabwe ''. BBC News. 28 April 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Jump up ^ Chinaka, Cris ( 29 April 2008 ) All eyes on Zim as ZEC wrap - up recount, Reuters via iol.co.za ; accessed 4 May 2016. Jump up ^ Dugger, Celia W. ( 3 November 2008 ). `` Aid Group Says Zimbabwe Misused $7.3 Million ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : Election chief Mutambanengwe resigns ''. BBC News. 2013. Jump up ^ `` Police baton charge Harare protesters ''. ABC News. 3 December 2008. Jump up ^ Howard - Hassmann, Rhoda E. ( 24 November 2010 ). `` Mugabe 's Zimbabwe, 2000 -- 2009 : Massive Human Rights Violations and the Failure to Protect ''. Human Rights Quarterly. 32 ( 4 ) : 898 -- 920. doi : 10.1353 / hrq. 2010.0030. ISSN 1085 - 794X. Jump up ^ `` Mass grave discovered ''. Manicapost.com. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Exhumation begins at the Rusape Heroes Acre ''. Bulawayo24.com. Retrieved 30 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` ZANLA cadre exhumed in Chibondo ''. Zbc.co.zw. 14 August 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe mass grave used as political propaganda ''. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : Mass grave bodies must be exhumed by forensic experts ''. Amnesty International. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe ''. Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe -- Events of 2006 ''. Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007. Jump up ^ Howard - Hassmann 2010, p. 909 Jump up ^ `` State Sponsored Homophobia 2016 : A world survey of sexual orientation laws : criminalisation, protection and recognition '' ( PDF ). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Africa - Zimbabwe gay rights face dim future ''. news.bbc.co.uk. Jump up ^ Whitaker, Raymond ( 22 June 2008 ). `` Zimbabwe election violence spreads to Harare ''. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 7 December 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Unbowed Tsvangirai urges defiance ''. BBC. 14 March 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007. ^ Jump up to : The Herald, Zimbabwe ( 14 March 2007 ). `` Opposition protesters ' case not heard ''. Archived from the original on 16 March 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2007. Jump up ^ Zimbabwe Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers Press Reference, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe newspaper bombed ''. BBC News. 28 January 2001. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Jump up ^ Wines, Michael ( 7 February 2004 ). `` Zimbabwe : Newspaper Silenced ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 6 June 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe lifts reporting ban on BBC and CNN '', The Daily Telegraph, 30 July 2009. Jump up ^ Nkosi, Milton ( 1 April 2005 ). `` Why did Zimbabwe ban the BBC? ''. BBC News. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera kicked out of Zimbabwe ''. Archived from the original on 23 June 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2016., zimbabwemetro.com, 22 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Ministry of Defence ''. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2007. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Defence Forces News ''. ZDF News. Retrieved 17 April 2009. Jump up ^ Chari, Freeman Forward ( 24 December 2007 ). `` MILITARISATION OF ZIMBABWE : Does the opposition stand a chance? ''. zimbabwejournalists.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Jump up ^ Godwin, Peter ( 1996 ). Mukiwa -- A White Boy in Africa. London, UK : Macmillan. ISBN 0 - 333 - 67150 - 3. Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Defence, Zimbabwe ''. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2007. Jump up ^ `` 5th Brigade gets new commander ''. Zimbabwe Defence Forces News. 22 February 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2009. Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe '' ( PDF ). Parliament of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Provincial Councils and Administration Act ( Chapter 29 : 11 ) '' ( PDF ). Parliament of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Rural District Councils Act ( Chapter 29 : 13 ) '' ( PDF ). Parliament of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Traditional Leaders Act ( Chapter 29 : 17 ) '' ( PDF ). Parliament of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Country Profile -- Zimbabwe ''. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2007. Since the country is well endowed with natural resources such as minerals, arable land and wildlife, many opportunities lie in resource - based activities such as mining, agriculture and tourism and their downstream industrial activities. ^ Jump up to : Madslien, Jorn ( 14 April 2008 ). `` No quick fix for Zimbabwe 's economy ''. BBC. Retrieved 19 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Diamond company in trouble with Harare MPs '', Independent Online, South Africa, 2 February 2010. Jump up ^ `` Diamonds in the rough, report by Human Rights Watch ''. Human Rights Watch. 26 June 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` Ranking Of The World 's Diamond Mines By Estimated 2013 Production '', Kitco, 20 August 2013. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe - South Africa economic relations since 2000 ''. Africa News. 31 October 2007. Archived from the original on 1 January 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2007. Zimbabwe remains South Africa 's most important trading partner in Africa. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Economy : Facts, Data, & Analysis on Economic Freedom ''. Heritage.org. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` FACTBOX : Zimbabwe 's meltdown in figures ''. Reuters. 29 June 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2010. Jump up ^ Wadhams, Nick ( 1 August 2007 ). `` Zimbabwe 's Wildlife Decimated by Economic Crisis ''. Nairobi : National Geographic News. Retrieved 5 August 2007. Jump up ^ Zimbabwe Ranked Fastest growing Internet Market. Biztechafrica.com ( 10 August 2011 ) ; retrieved 4 July 2013. Jump up ^ Why ICT is critical in ' illiterate ' Africa BiztechAfrica Business, Telecom, Technology & IT News Africa. Biztechafrica.com ( 3 December 2012 ) ; retrieved 4 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Democracy And Economic Recovery Act of 2001 at Govtrack.us News ''. 18 October 2011. Jump up ^ Boucher, Richard ( 2 March 2004 ). `` Zimbabwe : Sanctions Enhancement '' ( Press release ). United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 3 June 2006. Jump up ^ Richardson, Craig J. `` The loss of property rights and the collapse of Zimbabwe '' ( PDF ). Cato Journal. 25 : 541 -- 565. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2010. Jump up ^ `` Organised Violence and Torture in Zimbabwe in 1999 ''. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2007. CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ), Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum ( 1999 ). Jump up ^ Glenday, Craig ( 2013 ). Guinness Book of Records 2014. p. 123. ISBN 9781908843159. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe President Mugabe labels white farmers ' enemies ' ''. Archived from the original on 29 June 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2007. CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ). CNN ( 18 April 2000 ). Jump up ^ Robinson, Simon ( 18 February 2002 ). `` A Tale of Two Countries '', Time ; accessed 4 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe forbids white farmers to harvest ''. USA Today. 24 June 2002. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` White farmers under siege in Zimbabwe ''. BBC News. 15 August 2002. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Jump up ^ Mugabe Interview : The Full Transcript, News.sky.com ( 24 May 2004 ) ; retrieved 4 July 2013. Jump up ^ Clemens, Michael ; Moss, Todd ( 20 July 2005 ). Costs and Causes of Zimbabwe 's Crisis ( Report ). Center for Global Development. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ Meldrum, Andrew ( 21 May 2005 ). `` As country heads for disaster, Zimbabwe calls for return of white farmers ''. The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ Timberg, Craig ( 6 January 2007 ). `` White Farmers Given Leases in Zimbabwe ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe threatens white farmers ''. The Washington Post. Associated Press. 5 February 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ Chinaka, Cris ( 8 August 2007 ). `` Zimbabwe threatens white farmers on evictions ''. Reuters. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` How to stay alive when it all runs out ''. The Economist. 12 July 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe inflation hits 11,200,000 percent ''. CNN. 19 August 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe introduces 100 - billion - dollar note ''. Agence France - Presse. 19 July 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe abandons its currency ''. BBC News. 29 January 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Suspends Use of Own Currency ''. VOA News. 12 April 2009. Jump up ^ Giokos, Eleni ( 29 February 2016 ). `` This country has nine currencies ''. CNNMoney. Retrieved 8 January 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe Overview ''. The World Bank. World Bank Group. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe economy buoyant, more reform needed : IMF ''. Reuters. 8 November 2010. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe economy growing : IMF ''. talkzimbabwe.co. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Jump up ^ Chitiyo, Know ; Vines, Alex ; Vandome, Christopher ( September 2016 ). `` The Domestic and External Implications of Zimbabwe 's Economic Reform and Re-engagement Agenda '' ( PDF ). Chatham House. Royal Institute for International Affairs. Retrieved 8 January 2017. Jump up ^ Dube, Jennifer ( 3 April 2011 ). `` Zimplats ignores seizure threat ''. The Standard. Harare, Zimbabwe. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` IMARA : Global investors get upbeat briefing on Zim prospects '' ( Press release ). IMARA. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ Kitsepile, Nyathi ( 30 January 2013 ) Zimbabwe has only $217 in the bank, says finance minister : News, Africareview.com ; retrieved 4 July 2013. Jump up ^ Zimbabwe Claims Its Accounts Are Bare. Newsmax.com ( 30 January 2013 ) ; retrieved 4 July 2013. ^ Jump up to : Marawanyika, Godfrey, Biggest Zimbabwe Gold Miner to Rule on London Trade by March, Bloomberg News, 17 October 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2016. Jump up ^ Mumera, Wisdom ( 9 Jan 2016 ). `` Zimbabwe ` s Coffee Production Declines ''. newsofhesouth.com. Jump up ^ Conservation agriculture and microdosing in Zimbabwe, WRENmedia, January 2013 ^ Jump up to : Machipisa, Lewis ( 14 March 2001 ). `` Sun sets on Zimbabwe tourism ''. BBC News. Retrieved 16 November 2007. Jump up ^ `` Travel and tourism : Economic impact 2017 Zimbabwe '' ( PDF ). March 2017. Jump up ^ Berger, Sebastien ( 29 October 2007 ). `` British Airways abandons flights to Zimbabwe ''. The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. Archived from the original on 30 November 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2007. Jump up ^ Sibanda, Tichaona ( 23 February 2012 ). `` Zimbabwe : Air Zimbabwe Vanishes From the Skies Indefinitely ''. allAfrica.com. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Tourism Authority ''. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2007. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : The Spirit of Matobo ''. zimbabwe.safari.co.za. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` Exposure Data by Country '', World Health Organization ; accessed 19 October 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010, wsp.org ; accessed 4 May 2016. Jump up ^ ( http : / / www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf `` Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe 's Capital '' ), Human Rights Watch ( 2013 ). ^ Jump up to : Lemarchand, Guillermo A. ; Schneegans, Susan ( eds ) ( 2014 ). Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Zimbabwe ( PDF ). Paris : UNESCO. pp. Volume 2. GO -- SPIN Profiles in Science, Technology and Innovation. ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 100034 - 8. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( PDF ). Paris : UNESCO. 2015. pp. 535 -- 555. ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 100129 - 1. Jump up ^ `` WHO -- Zimbabwe ''. Retrieved 17 January 2015. Jump up ^ Thornycroft, Peta ( 10 April 2006 ). `` In Zimbabwe, life ends before 40 ''. The Sydney Morning Herald. Harare. Retrieved 10 April 2006. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe ''. UNAIDS. Retrieved 16 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` HIV Prevalence Rates Fall in Zimbabwe ''. UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2007. Jump up ^ MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2007. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe ''. Retrieved 22 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe -- International Religious Freedom Report 2005 ''. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 3 December 2007. An estimated 1 % of the total population is Muslim. Jump up ^ `` The People of Zimbabwe ''. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2007. ^ Jump up to : `` Ethnicity / Race of Zimbabwe ''. Retrieved 6 January 2008. Jump up ^ Wiley, David and Isaacman, Allen F. ( 1981 ). Southern Africa : society, economy, and liberation. Michigan State University, University of Minnesota. p. 55 Jump up ^ Quarterly Digest Of Statistics, Zimbabwe Printing and Stationery Office, 1999. Jump up ^ Quarterly Digest of Statistics, 1998, Zimbabwe Printing and Stationery Office. ^ Jump up to : Zimbabwe Population Census 2012 Archived 1 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine., zimstat.co.zw ; accessed 4 May 2016. Jump up ^ Zimbabwe Profile based on the 2002 Population Census Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine... zimstat.co.zw Jump up ^ Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2005 -- 06 Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine., zimstat.co.zw ; accessed 4 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2016., gapadventures.com ; accessed 4 May 2016. Jump up ^ Mother Tongue : Interviews with Musaemura B. Zimunya and Solomon Mutswairo University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Jump up ^ Meldrum, Andrew ( 1 July 2007 ). `` Refugees flood from Zimbabwe The Observer ''. The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 6 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwean refugees suffer in Botswana and South Africa ''. Sokwanele Civic Action Group. 20 July 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. ^ Jump up to : `` Displacement Monitoring Centre ( IDMC ), Internal displacement in Zimbabwe ''. Jump up ^ `` The Many Faces of Displacement : IDPs in Zimbabwe '' ( PDF ). Geneva : Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2010. Jump up ^ Tibaijuka, A.K. ( 2005 ). `` Report of the Fact - Finding Mission to Zimbabwe to assess the Scope and Impact of Operation Murambatsvina '' ( PDF ). Geneva : UN Special Envoy on Human Settlements Issues in Zimbabwe. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 July 2005. Retrieved 13 April 2009. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe in PEW - Templeton Global Religious Futures Project ''. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe in ARDA ''. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe at `` International Religious Freedom Report '', USA Departament of State ``. Jump up ^ Berliner, Paul ( June 1993 ). The Soul of Mbira : Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226043791. Jump up ^ Owomoyela, Oyekan ( 2002 ). Culture and Customs of Zimbabwe. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press. p. 77. ISBN 0 - 313 - 31583 - 3. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Celebrates 25 years of Independence ''. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. Archived from the original on 10 October 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` Charles Mungoshi ''. Zimbabwe -- Poetry International Web. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Jump up ^ `` Tribute to Cathy Buckle ''. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2007. Jump up ^ `` Cultural Origins of art ''. Archived from the original on 1 October 2000. Retrieved 6 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` African theatre - Southern and South Africa art ''. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Sadza ne Nyama : A Shona Staple Dish ''. Zambuko.com. Retrieved 3 November 2007. Jump up ^ Stephanie Hanes ( 20 September 2006 ). `` Biltong : much more than just a snack ''. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 3 October 2006. Jump up ^ worldrugby.org. `` World Rugby ''. Jump up ^ `` 2004 Olympic Games swimming results ''. CNN. Archived from the original on 9 May 2006. Retrieved 22 July 2007. Jump up ^ `` Montreal 2005 Results ''. Archived from the original on 28 January 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007. Jump up ^ `` 12th FINA World Championships ''. Archived from the original on 6 June 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007. Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport Commonwealth Games 2002 Statistics ''. BBC News. Retrieved 29 August 2007. Jump up ^ Gold, Jack Of ( 29 May 2012 ). `` Africa punching above it 's ( sic ) weight in golf ''. Free TV 4 Africa. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` From Zimbabwe to Hull FC : Masimbaashe Matongo 's ' dream ' journey is just beginning ''. Hull Daily Mail. 17 November 2015. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe teenager Judah Mazive signs contract to play rugby in England ''. Zimbabwe Today. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's Marinos appointed new SANZAR CEO -- Super Rugby -- Super 18 Rugby and Rugby Championship News, Results and Fixtures from Super XV Rugby ''. Retrieved 18 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court strikes down repressive media legislation ''. Committee to Protect Journalist. Jump up ^ Williams, Jon ( 29 July 2009 ). `` Resuming operations in Zimbabwe ''. BBC. Jump up ^ Banya, Nelson ( 26 May 2010 ). `` Zimbabwe licenses new private newspapers ''. Reuters. Jump up ^ `` independent dailies allowed to resume publishing '', International Freedom of Expression Exchange, 28 May 2010. Jump up ^ Chinaka, Cris ( 4 June 2010 ). `` Zimbabwe gets first private daily newspaper in years ''. Reuters. Jump up ^ `` Finally, Zimbabwe 's ' private ' radio station goes on air ''. zimeye.org. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index ''. Reports Without Borders. Archived from the original on 1 November 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2010. Jump up ^ Ruzengwe, Blessing ( 17 March 2005 ) `` The nine lives of Wilf Mbanga '', The London Globe via Metrovox. Jump up ^ `` Freedom House 2007 Map of Press Freedom : Zimbabwe ''. Freedomhouse.org. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Jump up ^ Burnham, Frederick Russell ( 1926 ). Scouting on Two Continents. Doubleday, Page & company. p. 2 ; Chapters 3 & 4. OCLC 407686. Jump up ^ van Wyk, Peter ( 2003 ). Burnham : King of Scouts. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1 - 4122 - 0028 - 8. Jump up ^ Jeal, Tim ( 1989 ). Baden - Powell. London : Hutchinson. ISBN 0 - 09 - 170670 - X. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Scouts celebrate their centenary in a park that Baden - Powell had visited in 1936 ''. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2009. Jump up ^ Huffman, Thomas N. ( 1985 ). `` The Soapstone Birds from Great Zimbabwe ''. African Arts. 18 ( 3 ) : 68 -- 73, 99 -- 100. doi : 10.2307 / 3336358. JSTOR 3336358. Jump up ^ Sinclair, Paul ( 2001 ). `` Review : The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe Symbols of a Nation by Edward Matenga ''. The South African Archaeological Bulletin. 56 ( 173 / 174 ) : 105 -- 106. doi : 10.2307 / 3889033. JSTOR 3889033. Jump up ^ Landow, George P. `` Great Zimbabwe ''. Brown University. Archived from the original on 9 August 2007. Jump up ^ `` Balancing Rocks ''. Archived from the original on 17 August 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2007. Jump up ^ Davies, R. and Sanders, D. ( 1998 ). `` Adjustment policies and the welfare of children : Zimbabwe, 1980 -- 1985 ''. In : Cornia, G.A., Jolly, R. and Stewart, F. ( eds. ) Adjustment with a human face, Vol. II : country case studies. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 272 -- 99 ; ISBN 0198286112. Jump up ^ Dugbatey, K. ( 1999 ). `` National health policies : sub-Saharan African case studies ( 1980 -- 1990 ) ''. Soc. Sci. Med. 49 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 239. doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 9536 ( 99 ) 00110 - 0. PMID 10414831. Jump up ^ Marquette, C.M. ( 1997 ). `` Current poverty, structural adjustment, and drought in Zimbabwe ''. World Development. 25 ( 7 ) : 1141 -- 1149. doi : 10.1016 / S0305 - 750X ( 97 ) 00019 - 3. ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe in 10 numbers ''. BBC News. 2017 - 11 - 18. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18. Jump up ^ `` United Nations Statistics Division ''. Retrieved 7 December 2008. Jump up ^ Hungwe, Brian ( 7 November 2008 ). `` The death throes of Harare 's hospitals ''. BBC. Retrieved 3 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : coping with the cholera outbreak ''. 26 November 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe cholera deaths near 500 ''. BBC. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` PM urges Zimbabwe cholera action ''. BBC News. 6 December 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` Miliband backs African calls for end of Mugabe '', The Times, 5 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe declares national emergency over cholera ''. Reuters. 4 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe declares cholera outbreak a national emergency ''. Agence France - Presse. 4 December 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2008. ^ Jump up to : On the cholera frontline. IRIN. 9 March 2009 Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe says cholera epidemic may spread with rain ''. Reuters. 30 November 2008. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` The State of the World 's Midwifery ''. United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved 1 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ranking of African Countries By Literacy Rate : Zimbabwe No. 1 ''. The African Economist. Jump up ^ `` Unlicensed and outdoors or no school at all '' Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine., irinnews.org, 23 July 2010. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : Country Leads in Africa Literacy Race '', AllAfrica.com, 14 July 2010. Jump up ^ Poverty Income Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2011 / 12 Report ( Report ). Zimstat. 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Jump up ^ Nkepile Mabuse ( 28 September 2009 ). `` Zimbabwe schools begin fightback ''. CNN. Retrieved 28 September 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe US Embassy ''. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2007. Jump up ^ `` BBC report on 40 years in Zimbabwe 's schools ''. BBC News. 19 April 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2007. Sources ( edit ) Parsons, Neil ( 1993 ). A New History of Southern Africa ( 2nd ed. ). London : Macmillan. ISBN 0 - 84195319 - 8. Further reading ( edit ) Barclay, Philip ( 2010 ), Zimbabwe : Years of Hope and Despair. Bourne, Richard. Catastrophe : What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe? ( 2011 ) ; 302 pages. McGregor, JoAnn ; Primorac, Ranka, eds. ( 2010 ), Zimbabwe 's New Diaspora : Displacement and the Cultural Politics of Survival, Berghahn Books, 286 pages. Scholarly essays on displacement as a result of Zimbabwe 's continuing crisis, with a focus on diasporic communities in Britain and South Africa ; also explores such topics as the revival of Rhodesian discourse. Meredith, Martin. Mugabe : Power, Plunder, and the Struggle for Zimbabwe 's Future ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search. Orner, Peter ; Holmes, Annie ( 2011 ), Hope Deferred : Narratives of Zimbabwean Lives, Voice of witness. Smith, Ian Douglas. Bitter Harvest : Zimbabwe and the Aftermath of its Independence ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search. External links ( edit ) Find more aboutZimbabweat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Parliament of Zimbabwe -- official government site Zimbabwe Government Online official government mirror site Zimbabwe at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Zimbabwe profile from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Zimbabwe `` Zimbabwe ''. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Zimbabwe from UCB Libraries GovPubs Key Development Forecasts for Zimbabwe from International Futures World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zimbabwe Zimbabwe articles 1890 -- 1923 : Company rule ; 1923 -- 80 : Southern Rhodesia ; 1953 -- 63 : Federation ; 1965 -- 79 : Rhodesia under UDI ; 1979 : Zimbabwe Rhodesia under UDI ; 1980 -- present : Zimbabwe History Chronology Pre-colonial Rudd Concession Company rule Pioneer Column First Matabele War Shangani Patrol Second Matabele War Second Boer War First World War Southern Rhodesia colonial history Second World War Rhodesia -- Nyasaland federation Malayan Emergency involvement Unilateral Declaration of Independence Rhodesia Bush War 1975 Victoria Falls Conference 1976 Geneva Conference Internal Settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia Lancaster House Agreement Gukurahundi 2008 -- 09 cholera outbreak 2016 -- 17 protests 2017 coup d'état By topic Constitutional Cricket ( to 1992 ) Cricket ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Cricket crisis ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Military Geography Chimanimani District Cities and towns Districts Great Zimbabwe Place name renaming Provinces Rivers Limpopo Zambezi Wards ( municipalities ) Wildlife Politics Elections Electoral Commission Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Land reform Military Parliament Senate House of Assembly Political parties Presidents Vice-President Prime Minister 2007 political crisis Economy Central bank Dollar ( suspended currency ) Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Culture Art Media Music Public holidays Sex work Demographics Ethnic groups ( diaspora ) Black Hungwe Kunda Lemba Manyika Ndebele Rusape Jews Shona Tokaleya Tonga White Afrikaners British Greeks Jews `` Rhodies '' Others Coloureds ( Goffals ) Indians Languages Afrikaans English ( South African ) Shona Sindebele Symbols Animal Anthem Coat of arms Emblem Flag Flower Outline Index Book Category Portal Geographic locale Countries and territories of Africa Sovereign states entirely / mostly in Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe partly in Africa France Mayotte Réunion Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Portugal Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Yemen Socotra Territories and dependencies Îles Éparses France Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha UK Southern Provinces ( Western Sahara ) States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Unclear sovereignty. Subdivisions of Zimbabwe Provinces Bulawayo Harare Province Manicaland Mashonaland Central Mashonaland East Mashonaland West Masvingo Matabeleland North Matabeleland South Midlands Districts Beitbridge Bikita Bindura Binga Bubi Buhera Bulawayo Bulilimamangwe Chegutu Chikomba Chimanimani Chipinge Chiredzi Chirumhanzu Chivi Gokwe North Gokwe South Goromonzi Guruve Gutu Gwanda Gweru Harare Hurungwe Hwange Hwedza Insiza Kadoma Kariba Kwekwe Lupane Makonde Makoni Marondera Masvingo Matobo Mazowe Mberengwa Mount Darwin Mudzi Mukumbura Murehwa Mutare Mutasa Mutoko Muzarabani Mwenezi Nkayi Nyanga Rushinga Seke Shamva Shurugwi Tsholotsho Umguza Umzingwane Uzumba - Maramba - Pfungwe Wedza Zaka Zvimba Zvishavane Wards Wards of Zimbabwe Largest cities Harare Bulawayo Chitungwiza Mutare Gweru Kwekwe Kadoma Masvingo Chinhoyi Marondera International membership Nations in the Group of 15 ( G - 15 ) Summits 2006 2012 Members Algeria Argentina Brazil Chile Egypt India Indonesia Iran Jamaica Kenya Malaysia Mexico Nigeria Senegal Sri Lanka Venezuela Zimbabwe Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) Member states Angola Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Leaders Chairpersons Levy Mwanawasa Kgalema Motlanthe Secretaries - General Kaire Mbuende Prega Ramsamy Tomaz Salomão See also Southern African Development Coordination Conference ( forerunner ) Southern African Customs Union ( SACU ) Common Monetary Area ( CMA ) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) African Union ( AU ) History Pan-Africanism Casablanca Group Monrovia Group Abuja Treaty Sirte Declaration Lome Summit Organisation of African Unity Chairperson Secretary General Geography Borders Extreme points Member states Regions Organs Executive Council Permanent Representatives ' Committee Specialized Technical Committees Assembly Chairperson Commission Chairperson Deputy Chairperson AUCC Pan-African Parliament Bureau Secretariat Gallagher Estate African Court of Justice African Court on Human and Peoples ' Rights ECOSOCC Committees Peace and Security Political Affairs Infrastructure and Energy Social Affairs and Health HR, Sciences and Technology Trade and Industry Rural Economy and Agriculture Economic Affairs Women and Gender Cross-Cutting Programs Financial Institutions AFRA Commission African Central Bank African Monetary Fund African Investment Bank Peace and Security Council ACIRC African Standby Force Panel of the Wise UNAMID AMIB AMIS AMISOM MISCA Politics APRM Foreign relations African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Enlargement Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Economy Currencies Development Bank African Economic Community NEPAD African Continental Free Trade Area Single African Air Transport Market Culture Africa Day Languages Theory Afro United States of Africa United States of Latin Africa Category History British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757, 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1. Occupied jointly with the United States. 2. In 1931, Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster. See Name of Canada. 3. Gave up self - rule in 1934, but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949. South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4. Now a department of Colombia. 5. Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982. Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6. League of Nations mandate. 7. Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate. Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9. Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand. 10. Suspended member. 11. Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu. 12. Now the * Solomon Islands. 13. Now * Papua New Guinea. Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14. Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 15. Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ). Languages of Zimbabwe Official languages Chewa Chibarwe English Kalanga Koisan Nambya Ndau Ndebele Shona Sotho Tonga Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zimbabwe Sign Unofficial languages Dombe Fanagalo Kunda Lozi Manyika Ndau Tsoa Tswa BNF : cb11933830b ( data ) GND : 4049850 - 5 HDS : 3476 LCCN : n80089993 NARA : 10035795 NDL : 00569590 SUDOC : 029018455 VIAF : 128940544 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&oldid=843668086 '' Categories : Zimbabwe 1980 establishments in Zimbabwe Bantu countries and territories English - speaking countries and territories Former British colonies G15 nations Landlocked countries Member states of the African Union Member states of the United Nations Republics Southeast African countries States and territories established in 1980 Countries in Africa Military dictatorships Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Webarchive template wayback links Pages with broken reference names CS1 errors : dates Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use South African English from April 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Use dmy dates from February 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles containing Shona - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles containing Northern Ndebele - language text Free - content attribution Free content from UNESCO Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Лезги لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La. lojban. Luganda Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sängö Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 202 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 17 : 11. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Zimbabwe", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&amp;oldid=843668086" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "The Zimbabwean dollar is no longer in active use after it was officially suspended by the government due to hyperinflation. The United States dollar ( US $ ), Euro ( € ), South African rand ( R ), Botswana pula ( P ), Pound sterling ( £ ), Indian rupees ( ₹ ), Australian dollars ( A $ ), Chinese Renminbi ( 元 / ¥ ), and Japanese yen ( ¥ ) are legal tender. The United States dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions. Zimbabwe ( / zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ / ), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Mozambique. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly 16 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used. Since the 11th century, present - day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self - governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923. In 1965, the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a 15 - year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces" ], "id": [ "4600203785384354340" ], "short_answers": [ "in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Mozambique" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Hectare - wikipedia Hectare Jump to : navigation, search Hectare Unit system non-SI metric system Unit of Area Symbol ha In SI base units : 1 ha = 10 m The hectare ( / ˈhɛktɛər, - tɑːr / ; SI symbol : ha ) is an SI accepted metric system unit of area equal to 100 ares ( 10,000 m ) or 1 square hectometre ( hm ) and primarily used in the measurement of land as a metric replacement for the imperial acre. An acre is about 0.405 hectare and one hectare contains about 2.47 acres. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the `` are '' was defined as 100 square metres and the hectare ( `` hecto - '' + `` are '' ) was thus 100 `` ares '' or ​ ⁄ km. When the metric system was further rationalised in 1960, resulting in the International System of Units ( SI ), the are was not included as a recognised unit. The hectare, however, remains as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI units, mentioned in Section 4.1 of the SI Brochure as a unit whose use is `` expected to continue indefinitely ''. Comparison of area units Unit SI 1 ca 1 m 1 a 100 m 1 ha 10,000 m 100 ha 1,000,000 m 1 km non-SI comparisons non-SI metric 0.3861 sq mi 1 km 2.471 acre 1 ha 107,639 sq ft 1 ha 1 sq mi 259.0 ha 1 acre 0.4047 ha Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Units 2.1 Centiare 2.2 Deciare 2.3 Are 2.4 Decare 2.5 Hectare 3 Conversions 4 Visualising a hectare 4.1 International rugby pitch 4.2 Statue of Liberty 4.3 Interior of all - weather athletics track 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The metric system of measurement was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the French Revolutionary government. The law of 18 Germinal, Year III ( 7 April 1795 ) defined five units of measure : The metre for length The are ( 100 m ) for area ( of land ) The stère ( 1 m ) for volume of stacked firewood The litre ( 1 dm ) for volumes of liquid The gram for mass Although the law defined the length of the metre, there was no practical way of accurately measuring the metre ( and hence the are ) until 1799 when the first standard metre was manufactured and adopted. The standard metre remained in the custody of successive French governments until 1875 when, under the Convention of the Metre, its supervision passed into international control under the auspices of the General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ). At the first meeting of the CGPM in 1889 when a new standard metre, manufactured by Johnson Matthey & Co of London was adopted, the are and hectare were automatically redefined. In 1960, when the metric system was updated as the International System of Units ( SI ), the are did not receive international recognition. The International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) makes no mention of the are in the current ( 2006 ) definition of the SI, but classifies the hectare as a `` Non-SI unit accepted for use with the International System of Units '' In 1972, the European Economic Community ( EEC ) passed directive 71 / 354 / EEC, which catalogued the units of measure that might be used within the Community. The units that were catalogued replicated the recommendations of the CGPM, supplemented by a few other units including the are ( and implicitly the hectare ) whose use was limited to the measurement of land. Many UK farmers, especially older ones, still use the acre for everyday calculations, and convert to hectares only for official ( especially European Union ) paperwork. Farm fields can have very long histories which are resistant to change, with names such as `` the six acre field '' stretching back hundreds of years and across generations of family farmers. Some younger agricultural workers are now beginning to think in hectares as their `` first language '', though this is more typical of professional consultants and managers than of traditional farming and land - owning families, and in some circles may be viewed as a social class indicator. Units ( edit ) Definition of a hectare and of an are. The names centiare, deciare, decare and hectare are derived by adding the standard metric prefixes to the original base unit of area, the are. Centiare ( edit ) The centiare is one square metre. Deciare ( edit ) The deciare is ten square metres. Are ( edit ) The are ( / ɑːr / or / ɛər / ) is a unit of area, equal to 100 square metres ( 10 m × 10 m ), used for measuring land area. It was defined by older forms of the metric system, but is now outside the modern International System of Units ( SI ). It is still commonly used in colloquial speech to measure real estate, in particular in Indonesia, India, and in various European countries. In Russian and other languages of the former Soviet Union, the are is called sotka ( Russian : сотка : ' a hundred ', i.e. 100 m ). It is used to describe the size of suburban dacha or allotment garden plots or small city parks where the hectare would be too large. Etymologically, the word are finds its roots in the Talmudic Aramaic word ארעא ( araa ), meaning `` land ''. Decare ( edit ) The decare ( / ˈdɛkɑːr, - ɛər / ) is derived from deca and are, and is equal to 10 ares or 1000 square metres. It is used in Norway and in the former Ottoman areas of the Middle East and the Balkans ( Bulgaria ) as a measure of land area. Instead of the name `` decare '', the names of traditional land measures are usually used, redefined as one decare : Stremma in Greece Dunam, dunum, donum, or dönüm in Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey Mål is sometimes used for decare in Norway, from the old measure of about the same area. Hectare ( edit ) Trafalgar Square has an area of about one hectare. The hectare ( / ˈhɛktɛər, - tɑːr / ), although not a unit of SI, is the only named unit of area that is accepted for use within the SI. In practice the hectare is fully derived from the SI, being equivalent to a square hectometre. It is widely used throughout the world for the measurement of large areas of land, and it is the legal unit of measure in domains concerned with land ownership, planning, and management, including law ( land deeds ), agriculture, forestry, and town planning throughout the European Union. The United Kingdom, United States, Burma, and to some extent Canada use the acre instead. Some countries that underwent a general conversion from traditional measurements to metric measurements ( e.g. Canada ) required a resurvey when units of measure in legal descriptions relating to land were converted to metric units. Others, such as South Africa, published conversion factors which were to be used particularly `` when preparing consolidation diagrams by compilation ''. In many countries, metrication redefined or clarified existing measures in terms of metric units. The following legacy units of area have been redefined as being equal to one hectare : Jerib in Iran Djerib in Turkey Gong Qing ( 公頃 / 公顷 -- gōngqǐng ) in Hong Kong / mainland China Manzana in Argentina Bunder in The Netherlands ( until 1937 ) Conversions ( edit ) Metric and imperial / US customary comparisons Unit Symbol Metric equivalents Imperial / US customary equivalents centiare ca 1 m 0.01 a 1.19599 sq yd are 100 ca 100 m 0.01 ha 3.95369 perches decare daa 10 a 1,000 m 0.1 ha 0.98842 roods hectare ha 100 a 10,000 m 0.01 km 2.471 acres square kilometre km 100 ha 1,000,000 m 0.38610 sq mi The most commonly used units are in bold. One hectare is also equivalent to : 1 square hectometre 15 mǔ or 0.15 qǐng 10 dunam or dönüm ( Middle East ) 10 stremmata ( Greece ) 6.25 rai ( Thailand ) ≈ 1.008 chō ( Japan ) ≈ 2.381 feddan ( Egypt ) Visualising a hectare ( edit ) International Rugby pitch ( edit ) Waikato Stadium -- Hamilton, New Zealand The maximum playing area of an international - sized rugby union pitch is about one hectare On an international rugby union field the goal lines are up to 100 metres apart. Behind the goal line is the in - goal area ( which is also a playing area ). This area extends between 10 and 22 metres behind the goal line, giving a maximum length of 144 metres for the playing area. The maximum width of the pitch is 70 metres, giving a maximum playing area of 10,080 square metres or 1.008 hectares. Statue of Liberty ( edit ) The Statue of Liberty -- New York Harbor The Statue of Liberty occupies a square of land with an area of one hectare 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W  /  40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W  / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444  ( Statue of Liberty ) The Statue of Liberty, a gift from the French people to the American people dedicated on 28 October 1886 to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the French and American Revolutions, is located on Liberty Island at the entrance to New York Harbor. Its base is built on eighteenth - century fortifications. The distance between the apex of the bastions in the front of the base to those at the back ( where the entrance to the statue is located ) is approximately 100 m while the distance between the apexes of the left - hand and right - hand bastions is a little under 100 m. Thus, if a square were to enscribe the bastions, it would have sides of approximately 100 m, giving it an area of one hectare. Interior of all - weather athletics track ( edit ) Hansen Field at Western Illinois University in Macomb, Illinois incorporates an all - weather running track The grass in the centre of a standard athletic track is a little over one hectare in extent Athletics tracks are found in almost every country of the world. Although many tracks consist of markings on a field of suitable size, where funds permit, specialist all - weather tracks have a rubberized artificial running surface with a grass interior ( as shown in the picture and diagram ). The perimeter of the inside kerb of the track is a little under 400 metres, as the actual length of the track is measured 300 mm from the inside kerb. The IAAF specifications state that the radius of the kerb is 36.5 m, from which it can be calculated that the area inside the kerb is 1.035 ha. The soccer field often found inside is normally 105 × 70 m, that is 0.73 hectares. See also ( edit ) Conversion of units Hecto - Hectometre Order of magnitude Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is a standard high school problem in geometry References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BIPM ( 2014 ). `` SI Brochure, Table 6 ''. Retrieved 17 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 '' la mesure ( républicaine ) de superficie pour les terrains, égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté '' '' ( The law of 18 Germanial year 3 `` The ( Republican ) measure of land area equivalent to a ten - metre square '' ) ( in French ). Le CIV ( Centre d'Instruction de Vilgénis ) -- Forum des Anciens. Retrieved 2 March 2010. Jump up ^ Thierry Thomasset. `` Le stère '' ( PDF ). Tout sur les unités de mesure ( All the units of measure ) ( in French ). Université de Technologie de Compiègne. Retrieved 21 March 2011. Jump up ^ FJ Smith. `` Standard Kilogram Weights -- A Story of Precision Fabrication '' ( PDF ). Platinum Metals Rev., 1973, 17, ( 2 ). Retrieved 5 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` SI brochure ( Chapter 4 ; Table 6 ) ''. International Bureau of Weights and Measures. 2006. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Council Directive of 18 October 1971 on the approximation of laws of the member states relating to units of measurement, ( 71 / 354 / EEC ) ''. Retrieved 7 February 2009. Jump up ^ `` are ''. Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 24 December 2010. Jump up ^ `` are -- definition. American English definition of are by Macmillan Dictionary ''. Macmillandictionary.com. Retrieved 20 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` SI brochure ( 8th edition ) ''. BIPM. March 2006. Jump up ^ `` Decrease in total grain yield ''. Grain and oil seeds, area and production, 2002. Statistics Norway. Retrieved 16 November 2010. Jump up ^ `` Market of agricultural land in Bulgaria ''. BNR Radio Bulgaria. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original on 22 October 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2010. Jump up ^ Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής ( Dictionary of Modern Greek ), Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών, Θεσσαλονίκη, 1998. ISBN 960 - 231 - 085 - 5 Jump up ^ El - Eini, Roza I.M. ( 2006 ). `` Currency and Measures ''. Mandated landscape : British imperial rule in Palestine, 1929 -- 1948. Routledge. p. xxiii. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5426 - 3. Retrieved 5 May 2009. Jump up ^ `` DEPARTMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT, FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS, AND RURAL PAYMENTS AGENCY ; The Delays in Administering the 2005 Single Payment Scheme in England '' ( PDF ). National Audit Office. 18 October 2006. p. 27. Jump up ^ `` hectare ''. Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 24 December 2010. Jump up ^ Bureau international des poids et mesures ( 2006 ). `` The International System of Units ( SI ) '' ( PDF ). 8th ed. Retrieved 13 February 2008. Chapter 5. Jump up ^ The Council of the European Communities ( 27 May 2009 ). `` Council Directive 80 / 181 / EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71 / 354 / EEC ''. Retrieved 29 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` Weights and Measures Act 1985 '' ( PDF ). British Government. 1985. Retrieved 17 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Appendix G -- Weights and Measures ''. The World Factbook. CIA. 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2006. Jump up ^ MYA / 01 / 008 Agriculture Sectore Review, Working Paper No. 6 -- Agroindustry in Myanmar Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Instructions for the Conversions of Areas to Metric ''. Law Society of South Africa. November 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2011. Jump up ^ Britannica, unit of measurement, accessed 30 October 2009 Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh ( 1911 ). The Encyclopædia britannica : a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information. The Encyclopædia britannica company. p. 442. Retrieved 15 March 2012. Jump up ^ Oscar van Vlijmen ( 11 September 2006 ). `` Oppervlakte '' ( Area ). Eenheden, constanten en conversies ( Units, constants and conversion ) ( in Dutch ). Retrieved 15 January 2011. Jump up ^ Jacob de Gelder ( 1824 ). Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst ( Introduction to Numeracy ) ( in Dutch ). ' s - Gravenhage and Amsterdam : de Gebroeders van Cleef. p. 156. Retrieved 19 September 2012. Jump up ^ BS350 : Part 1 : 1974 Conversion factors and tables Part 1. Basis of tables. Conversion factors. British Standards Institution. 1974. p. 7. Jump up ^ 2.4710439 U.S. survey acres or 2.4710538 international acres Jump up ^ `` Chinese Measurements -- Units of Area ''. On - line Chinese Tools. Retrieved 24 December 2010. Jump up ^ François Cardarelli ( 2003 ). Encyclopaedia of scientific units, weights, and measures : their SI equivalences and origins. London, Berlin and Heidelberg : Springer Verlag. p. 97. ISBN 1 - 85233 - 682 - X. Retrieved 29 March 2011. Jump up ^ `` Thailand Property Conversion ''. Siam Legal ( Thailand ) Co., Ltd. Retrieved 24 December 2010. Jump up ^ `` Law 1 -- The Ground ''. Laws of the Game -- Rugby Union 2010. International Rugby Board ( IRB ). Retrieved 19 December 2010. Jump up ^ `` IAAF 400 Metre Standard Track Marking Plan ''. IAAF. 2008. p. 35. Retrieved 11 February 2013. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hectare. Look up hectare in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Official SI website : Table 6. Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System of Units ( hide ) SI units Authority : International System of Units ( BIPM ) Base units ampere candela kelvin kilogram metre mole second Derived units with special names becquerel coulomb degree Celsius farad gray henry hertz joule katal lumen lux newton ohm pascal radian siemens sievert steradian tesla volt watt weber Other accepted units astronomical unit bar dalton day decibel degree of arc electronvolt hectare hour litre minute minute of arc neper second of arc tonne atomic units natural units See also Conversion of units Metric prefixes Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hectare&oldid=817449462 '' Categories : Units of area Non-SI metric units Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Aramaic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Use dmy dates from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017, at 12 : 56. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Hectare", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Hectare&amp;oldid=817449462" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Hectare - wikipedia Hectare Jump to : navigation, search Hectare Unit system non-SI metric system Unit of Area Symbol ha In SI base units : 1 ha = 10 m The hectare ( / ˈhɛktɛər, - tɑːr / ; SI symbol : ha ) is an SI accepted metric system unit of area equal to 100 ares ( 10,000 m ) or 1 square hectometre ( hm ) and primarily used in the measurement of land as a metric replacement for the imperial acre. An acre is about 0.405 hectare and one hectare contains about 2.47 acres. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the `` are '' was defined as 100 square metres and the hectare ( `` hecto - '' + `` are '' ) was thus 100 `` ares '' or ​ ⁄ km. When the metric system was further rationalised in 1960, resulting in the International System of Units ( SI ), the are was not included as a recognised unit. The hectare, however, remains as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI units, mentioned in" ], "id": [ "15504268780487342428" ], "short_answers": [ "1 square hectometre (hm2)" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Grand Slam ( Tennis ) - wikipedia Grand Slam ( Tennis ) Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Grand Slam. Tennis Grand Slam tournaments ATP World Tour Finals WTA Tour Championships ATP Masters 1000 WTA Premier tournaments Summer Olympics ATP 500 series ATP 250 series WTA International tournaments ATP Challenger Tour Finals ATP Challenger WTA 125s ITF Men 's Circuit ITF Women 's Circuit Wheelchair Tennis Masters Summer Paralympics No ATP / WTA Rankings Davis Cup Fed Cup World Team Cup Hopman Cup Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Location of the four major tennis championships The Grand Slam tournaments, also called majors, are the four most important annual tennis events. They offer the most ranking points, prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and greater number of `` best of '' sets for men. The Grand Slam itinerary consists of the Australian Open in mid January, the French Open in May and June, Wimbledon in July, and the US Open in August and September. Each tournament is played over a period of two weeks. The Australian and United States tournaments are played on hard courts, the French on clay, and Wimbledon on grass. Wimbledon is the oldest, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, and the Australian in 1905. However, of these four, only Wimbledon was a major before 1924 -- 25, when all four became designated Grand Slam tournaments. Skipping Grand Slam tournaments -- especially the Australian Open because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates ( around Christmas and New Year 's Day ) and the low prize money -- was not unusual before 1982, which was the start of the norm of counting Grand Slam titles. Grand Slam tournaments are not operated by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) or the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ), which were formally founded in 1972 and 1973 respectively, though the ATP and WTA do award ranking points based on a player 's performance at a major. The term Grand Slam, without qualification, and also originally, refers to the achievement of winning all four major championships within a single calendar year within one of the five events : men 's and women 's singles ; men 's, women 's, and mixed doubles. In doubles, one team may accomplish a Grand Slam playing together or one player may achieve it with different partners. Winning the four majors in consecutive tournaments but not in the same year is known as a Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam, while winning all four majors at any point during the course of a career is known as a Career Grand Slam. Winning the gold medal at the Summer Olympic Games in addition to the four majors in one calendar year is known as a `` Golden Grand Slam '' or more commonly the `` Golden Slam ''. Also, winning the Year - End Championship ( known as ATP Finals for men 's singles and doubles disciplines, and WTA Finals for both women 's disciplines ) in the same period is known as a `` Super Slam ''. Together, all four Majors in all three disciplines ( singles, doubles, and mixed doubles ) are called a `` boxed set '' of Grand Slam titles. No male or female player has won all twelve events in one calendar year, although a `` career boxed set '' has been achieved by three female players. Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term `` Grand Slam '' 2 History 3 Tournament details 4 Winners 4.1 Grand Slam champions 4.2 Players who completed the Grand Slam 4.2. 1 Chronological 4.2. 2 Per player 5 Non-calendar year Grand Slam 5.1 Controversy over terminology 5.2 Achievements and near misses 6 Career Grand Slam 6.1 Men 's singles 6.2 Women 's singles 6.3 Men 's doubles 6.4 Women 's doubles 6.5 Mixed doubles 6.6 Boys ' singles 6.7 Boys ' doubles 6.8 Men 's wheelchair doubles 6.9 Women 's wheelchair doubles 7 Most consecutive Grand Slam tournament titles 7.1 Men 's singles 7.2 Women 's singles 7.3 Men 's doubles 7.4 Women 's doubles 7.5 Mixed doubles 7.6 Men 's wheelchair singles 7.7 Women 's wheelchair singles 7.8 Men 's wheelchair doubles 7.9 Women 's wheelchair doubles 8 Most consecutive Grand Slam singles finals 8.1 Men 8.2 Women 8.3 Most Grand Slam singles titles without a loss 8.4 Most Grand Slam mixed doubles titles without a loss 9 Golden Slam 9.1 Non-calendar year Golden Slam 9.2 Career Golden Slam 10 Super Slam 10.1 Non-calendar year Super Slam 10.2 Career Super Slam 11 Three Major tournament titles in a year 12 Triple Crown 13 Boxed Set 13.1 Career Boxed Set 14 Multiple Career Grand Slams 15 Pro Slam 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links Origin of the term `` Grand Slam '' ( edit ) The term Glossary of contract bridge terms slam for winning all of the tricks in the whist family card games ( see also whist terms ) is attested from early in the 17th century. Grand slam for all of the tricks, in contrast to small slam or little slam for all but one, dates from early in the 19th century. This use was inherited by contract bridge, a modern development of whist defined in 1925 that became very popular in Britain and America by 1930. Grand slam has been used in golf since 1930, when Bobby Jones won the four major championships, two British and two American tournaments. Although John F. Kieran of The New York Times is widely credited with first applying the term `` grand slam '' to tennis to describe the winning of all four major tennis tournaments in a calendar year, sports columnist Alan Gould had used the term in that connection almost two months before Kieran. History ( edit ) The possibility of being the reigning champion of all the current four Majors did not exist until 1924 -- 25, when the International Lawn Tennis Federation designated the Australasian, French ( before 1925 only open to members of French tennis clubs ), British and American championship tournaments as the four Majors. Before that time only three events : Wimbledon, the World Hard Court Championships ( held in Paris & once in Brussels ) and the World Covered Court Championships ( held in various locations ) were considered the premier international tennis events by the ILTF. Tony Wilding of New Zealand won all three of those earlier majors in one year : 1913. It has been possible to complete a Grand Slam in most years and most disciplines since 1925. It was not possible from 1940 to 1945 because of interruptions at Wimbledon, the Australian and French opens due to the Second World War, the years from 1970 to 1985 when there was no Australian tournament in mixed doubles, and 1986 when there was no Australian Open at all. Phil Dent has pointed out that skipping Grand Slam tournaments -- especially the Australian Open -- was not unusual then, before counting major titles became the norm. Thus, many players had never played the Austral ( as ) ian amateur or open championships : the Doherty brothers, William Larned, Maurice McLoughlin, Beals Wright, Bill Johnston, Bill Tilden, René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, Bobby Riggs, Jack Kramer, Ted Schroeder, Pancho Gonzales, Budge Patty, Manuel Santana, Jan Kodeš and others, while Brookes, Ellsworth Vines, Jaroslav Drobný, Manuel Orantes, Ilie Năstase ( at 35 years old ) and Björn Borg came just once. Beginning in 1969, when the first Australian Open was held on the Milton Courts at Brisbane, the tournament was open to all players, including professionals, who at that point were prohibited from playing the traditional circuit. Nevertheless, except for the 1969 and 1971 tournaments, many of the best players missed this championship until 1982, because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates ( around Christmas and New Year 's Day ) and the low prize money. In 1970, George MacCall 's National Tennis League, which employed Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall, Andrés Gimeno, Pancho Gonzales, Roy Emerson and Fred Stolle, prevented its players from entering the tournament because the guarantees were insufficient. The tournament was won by Arthur Ashe. In terms of the current four majors, the first to win all four in a single year was Don Budge, who completed the feat in 1938. To date, 17 players have completed a Grand Slam, though only six in the most prestigious singles titles. Of these players, three have won multiple Grand Slams : Rod Laver accomplished the feat twice in men 's singles ; Margaret Court accomplished the feat three times, in two different disciplines -- once in women 's singles and twice in mixed doubles ; and Esther Vergeer completed a grand slam twice in Women 's wheelchair doubles. The four Junior disciplines, boys ' and girls ' singles and doubles, provide limited opportunities to achieve a Grand Slam. Players are only eligible from age 13 to 18, with 18 - year - olds likely to hold a physical advantage. Only Stefan Edberg has completed the Grand Slam in a Junior discipline. Tournament details ( edit ) Event Dates Venue Current champion ( s ) Men 's Singles Women 's Singles Men 's Doubles Women 's Doubles Mixed Doubles Australian Open mid / late January Melbourne Park, Melbourne Roger Federer Serena Williams Henri Kontinen John Peers Bethanie Mattek - Sands Lucie Šafářová Abigail Spears Juan Sebastián Cabal French Open late May / early June Stade Roland Garros, Paris Rafael Nadal Jeļena Ostapenko Ryan Harrison Michael Venus Bethanie Mattek - Sands Lucie Šafářová Gabriela Dabrowski Rohan Bopanna Wimbledon late June / early July All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, London Roger Federer Garbiñe Muguruza Marcelo Melo Łukasz Kubot Ekaterina Makarova Elena Vesnina Martina Hingis Jamie Murray US Open late August / early September USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, New York City Rafael Nadal Sloane Stephens Jean - Julien Rojer Horia Tecău Chan Yung - jan Martina Hingis Martina Hingis Jamie Murray Winners ( edit ) Grand Slam champions ( edit ) Per discipline ( all - time ) List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions List of Grand Slam women 's singles champions List of Grand Slam men 's doubles champions List of Grand Slam women 's doubles champions List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions List of Grand Slam boys ' singles champions List of Grand Slam boys ' doubles champions List of Grand Slam girls ' singles champions List of Grand Slam girls ' doubles champions List of wheelchair tennis champions Per tournament ( Open Era only ) List of Australian Open champions List of French Open champions List of Wimbledon Open Era champions List of US Open ( tennis ) champions Players who completed the Grand Slam ( edit ) Chronological ( edit ) # Year Player Discipline Notes 1938 Don Budge Men 's singles Part of a total of 6 consecutive titles 1951 Ken McGregor Frank Sedgman Men 's doubles Part of a total of 7 consecutive titles ( 8 consecutive for Sedgman ) 1953 Maureen Connolly Women 's singles Part of 6 consecutive titles 1960 Maria Bueno Women 's doubles With Christine Truman and Darlene Hard 5 1962 Rod Laver Men 's singles 6 1963 Margaret Court Ken Fletcher Mixed doubles Part of consecutive titles ( Court 7, Fletcher 6 ) 7 1965 Margaret Court Mixed doubles With John Newcombe, Ken Fletcher and Fred Stolle -- part of 5 consecutive titles 8 1967 Owen Davidson Mixed doubles With Lesley Turner and Billie Jean King 9 1969 Rod Laver Men 's singles Only player to complete the singles ' Grand Slam twice 10 1970 Margaret Court Women 's singles Six consecutive titles 11 Stefan Edberg ( in junior tennis ) Boys ' singles Only Junior to complete a Grand Slam 12 1984 Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver Women 's doubles Eight consecutive titles 13 1988 Steffi Graf Women 's singles Five consecutive titles 14 1998 Martina Hingis Women 's doubles With Mirjana Lučić and Jana Novotná 15 2009 Esther Vergeer Korie Homan Women 's wheelchair doubles Part of 14 consecutive titles for Vergeer 16 2011 Esther Vergeer Sharon Walraven Women 's wheelchair doubles Part of consecutive titles ( Vergeer 8, Walraven 7 ) 17 2013 Aniek van Koot Jiske Griffioen Women 's wheelchair doubles 18 2014 Stéphane Houdet Men 's wheelchair doubles With Joachim Gérard and Shingo Kunieda 19 2014 Yui Kamiji Jordanne Whiley Women 's wheelchair doubles Part of 5 consecutive titles Per player ( edit ) Player Grand Slams Singles Doubles Mixed Total Margaret Court Rod Laver Esther Vergeer ( wheelchair tennis ) Don Budge Ken McGregor Frank Sedgman Maureen Connolly Maria Bueno Ken Fletcher Owen Davidson Stefan Edberg ( junior tennis ) Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver Steffi Graf Martina Hingis Korie Homan ( wheelchair tennis ) Sharon Walraven ( wheelchair tennis ) Aniek van Koot ( wheelchair tennis ) Jiske Griffioen ( wheelchair tennis ) Stéphane Houdet ( wheelchair tennis ) Yui Kamiji ( wheelchair tennis ) Jordanne Whiley ( wheelchair tennis ) Non-calendar year Grand Slam ( edit ) Controversy over terminology ( edit ) In 1982, the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) began offering a $1 million bonus to any singles player to win four consecutive major titles, no matter the time of completion. Although groups variously identified as the Men 's International Professional Tennis Council, `` abetted primarily by some British tennis writers '', and `` European tennis journalists '' had advocated for the ITF to change the definition of `` Grand Slam '', ITF General Secretary David Gray made it clear that this was not going to happen. In a 1983 letter to tennis journalist Paul Fein, Gray clarified : There seems to be some confusion. The ITF 's only initiative in this matter has been the organisation of the offer of a bonus of $1 m. to any player who holds all four Grand Slam titles simultaneously (... ) In spite of all that we have read on this matter, it has never been my Committee of Management 's intention to alter the basis of the classic Grand Slam i.e., the capture of all four titles in a year. The ITF 's plan was to offer the cash bonus for three years, apparently to encourage players to compete in all four major tournaments as much as to reward success at them. Even before the ITF had announced their bonus, the Grand Slam controversy had taken on a life of its own. Writing in 1982, Neil Amdur claimed, `` Now the sport spins nervously under the influence of big dollars and even bigger egos, and tradition has almost gone the way of white balls and long flannels (... ) If the four major tournaments want to offer a $1 million incentive for any player in the future who can sweep their titles -- and such talks have been rumored -- that bonus would be a welcome addition. But changing what the Grand Slam is all about is like a baseball player believing that he ' hit for the cycle ' after slugging a single, double and triple in the first game of a doubleheader and a home run in his first time at bat in the second game. '' Despite seeming clarity from the ITF, some journalists suggested that the sport 's organizing body had turned its back on history and changed the `` rules '' of tennis by redefining a Grand Slam. Such confusion continued for years. For instance, when Steffi Graf completed the Grand Slam in 1988, George Vecsey wrote, `` Even the International Tennis Federation, which should have more respect for history, ruled in 1982 that winning any four straight majors constituted a Grand Slam -- and offered a $1 million bonus for it (... ) But many tennis people, and most writers, and probably most fans, too, did not accept the new rules, and the I.T.F. has dropped the gimmick. '' Vecsey was only half right : the ITF dropped the `` gimmick '' of the cash bonus, but it had never changed any rules. However, the ambiguous way the ITF described the Grand Slam in their Constitution led to journalists continuing to make the same assumption as Vecsey over two decades later. For instance, when Rafael Nadal was on the verge of completing a non-calendar year Grand Slam at the 2011 Australian Open, one writer observed, `` Most traditionalists insist that the ' Grand Slam ' should refer only to winning all four titles in a calendar year, although the constitution of the International Tennis Federation, the sports governing body, spells out that ' players who hold all four of these titles at the same time achieve the Grand Slam '. '' This was true until later in 2011, when the ITF edited the description to eliminate all confusion. As it now stands, `` The Grand Slam titles are the championships of Australia, France, the United States of America and Wimbledon. Players who hold all four of these titles in one calendar year achieve the ' Grand Slam '. '' When Martina Navratilova won the 1984 French Open and became the reigning champion of all four women 's singles events, she was the first player to receive the bonus prize in recognition of her achievement. Some media outlets did, indeed, say that she had won a Grand Slam. Others simply noted the ongoing controversy : `` Whether the Slam was Grand or Bland or a commercial sham tainted with an asterisk the size of a tennis ball, Martina Navratilova finally did it. '' Although the ITF recognizes what is now unofficially known as the `` non-calendar year Grand Slam '' on its Roll of Honour, no subsequent player to win four or more majors in a row -- Steffi Graf, Serena Williams, or Novak Djokovic -- has received bonus prize money. Combining the Grand Slam and non-calendar year Grand Slam, the total number of times that players achieved the feat ( of being the reigning champion in all four majors ) expands to 18. Achievements and near misses ( edit ) Three women have won four or more consecutive major titles since 1970, with Navratilova taking six in a row in 1983 -- 1984. On the men 's side, Novak Djokovic was the first singles player since Rod Laver to hold all four major titles at once, which he accomplished between Wimbledon 2015 and the 2016 French Open. Prior to the Open Era, Don Budge received the same accolades in winning the French Championships in 1938, but then completed the more prestigious Grand Slam at the 1938 US Championships, giving him six majors in a row, the only male to ever win more than four consecutive major tournaments. The Bryan brothers ( Bob and Mike ) were the last to achieve a non-calendar year Grand Slam in men 's doubles. Several players and teams came up one title short. Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde, known collectively as The Woodies, reached the final of the 1997 French Open while holding all the other three titles, but lost to Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Daniel Vacek. In singles, Pete Sampras lost the 1994 French Open quarterfinal to fellow countryman Jim Courier, having won the previous three majors. Roger Federer in 2006 and 2007 and Novak Djokovic in 2012 repeated this, both ultimately losing the French Open final to Rafael Nadal. Nadal himself was prevented from achieving this feat by his countryman David Ferrer, who defeated him in the quarterfinal of the 2011 Australian Open, which Nadal entered holding the other three major titles. In women 's doubles, Martina Hingis and Sania Mirza had won three Majors from Wimbledon 2015 to the 2016 Australian Open, but lost in the third round of the 2016 French Open to Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková. In 2017, Bethanie Mattek - Sands and Lucie Šafářová had the chance to win four consecutive titles at Wimbledon, but withdrew from their scheduled second round match following an acute knee injury suffered by Mattek - Sands in the second round of the Ladies ' Singles competition. This list is for those players who achieved a non-calendar Grand Slam, but who failed to win the Grand Slam during the same streak. Men 's singles : Novak Djokovic ( 2015 -- 16 ) Four consecutive major titles from 2015 Wimbledon to 2016 French Open Women 's singles : Martina Navratilova ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Six consecutive major titles from 1983 Wimbledon to US Open 1984 Steffi Graf ( 1993 -- 94 ) Four consecutive major titles from 1993 French Open to the 1994 Australian Open Serena Williams ( 2002 -- 03, 2014 -- 15 ) Four consecutive major titles from 2002 French Open to the 2003 Australian Open Four consecutive major titles from 2014 US Open to 2015 Wimbledon Men 's doubles : Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan ( 2012 -- 13 ) Four consecutive major titles from 2012 US Open to 2013 Wimbledon Women 's doubles : Louise Brough ( 1949 -- 50 ) Four consecutive major titles from the 1949 French Championships to 1950 Australian Championships ( three times with Margaret Osborne duPont and the 1950 Australian Championships won with Doris Hart ) Pam Shriver and Martina Navratilova ( 1986 -- 87 ) Four consecutive major titles from 1986 Wimbledon to the 1987 French Open Navratilova also won the 1986 French Open with Andrea Temesvári, totaling 5 consecutive major titles for her Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Six consecutive major titles from the 1992 French Open to 1993 Wimbledon Natasha Zvereva ( 1996 -- 97 ) Four consecutive major titles from the 1996 US Open to 1997 Wimbledon ( three times with Gigi Fernández and the 1997 Australian Open won with Martina Hingis ) Serena Williams and Venus Williams ( 2009 -- 10 ) Four consecutive titles from 2009 Wimbledon to the 2010 French Open Mixed doubles : Billie Jean King ( 1967 -- 68 ) Four consecutive major titles from 1967 French Championships to the 1968 Australian Championships ( three times with Owen Davidson and the 1968 Australian Championships won with Dick Crealy ). Men 's wheelchair doubles : Stéphane Houdet ( 2009 -- 10 ) Five consecutive titles from the 2009 French Open to 2010 French Open ( the first two with Michaël Jeremiasz, the 2009 US Open won with Stefan Olsson and the last two with Shingo Kunieda ) Shingo Kunieda ( 2014 -- 15 ) Four consecutive titles from the 2014 Wimbledon to 2015 French Open ( the first three with Stéphane Houdet and the 2015 French Open with Gordon Reid ) Note ^ From 1977 to 1985, the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year. Career Grand Slam ( edit ) The career achievement of all four major championships in one format is termed a Career Grand Slam in that format. Dozens of players have accomplished that ( column two ) and 17 have doubled it : won a second championship in each of the four majors in one format ( column three ). Two or more career championships in all four majors is sometimes called a `` Multiple Slam Set ''. Three players have Multiple Slam Sets in two formats, one in three formats, so 22 players are counted in the table ( column three ). Their achievements are tabulated below. Career Grand Slams by format Format Numbers of players Completed the Career GS Completed at least 2 Men 's singles 8 players ( 2 Golden, 1 Super ) 2 players Women 's singles 10 players ( 2 Golden, 2 Super ) 5 players Men 's doubles 21 players ( 14 as teams ) 5 players ( 2 as a team ) Women 's doubles 21 players ( 10 as teams ) 8 players ( 6 as teams ) Mixed doubles 17 players ( 7 as teams ) 4 players ( 2 as teams ) Eight men and ten women have won Career Grand Slams in singles play ( rows one and two ) ; among them two men and five women have at least two Career Grand Slams in singles ( column three ). Since the beginning of the open era, five men and six women have achieved this ( Rod Laver, Andre Agassi, Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, Novak Djokovic ; Margaret Court, Chris Evert, Martina Navratilova, Steffi Graf, Serena Williams and Maria Sharapova ). Several singles players have won three major championships without achieving the Career Grand Slam, grouped by the missing Grand Slam tournament : Australian Open : René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, Helen Wills, Althea Gibson, Tony Trabert, Margaret Osborne duPont, and Manuel Santana French Open : Frank Sedgman, Ashley Cooper, Louise Brough Clapp, Virginia Wade, Arthur Ashe, Pete Sampras, John Newcombe, Jimmy Connors, Boris Becker, Stefan Edberg, Martina Hingis, and Lindsay Davenport Wimbledon : Ken Rosewall, Hana Mandlíková, Ivan Lendl, Monica Seles, Guillermo Vilas, Mats Wilander, Justine Henin, and Stan Wawrinka US Open : Jean Borotra, Jack Crawford, Lew Hoad, and Evonne Goolagong Cawley Several doubles players have won three major championships without achieving the Career Grand Slam : Australian Open : John Van Ryn, Helen Wills, Elizabeth Ryan, Margaret Osborne duPont, Darlene Hard, Billie Jean King, Betty Stöve, Robert Seguso, Mahesh Bhupathi, Lindsay Davenport, Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina. French Open : John Bromwich, Nancy Richey, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Cara Black, and Sania Mirza Wimbledon : Vic Seixas, Ashley Cooper, Virginia Wade, Virginia Ruano Pascual, Paola Suárez, Bethanie Mattek - Sands, and Lucie Šafářová US Open : Jean Borotra, Jacques Brugnon, Jack Crawford, Althea Gibson, and Rod Laver Only six players have completed a Career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles : one male ( Roy Emerson ) and five female ( Margaret Court, Doris Hart, Shirley Fry Irvin, Martina Navratilova, and Serena Williams ). Court, Hart and Navratilova are the only three players to have completed a `` Career Boxed Set '', winning all four titles in singles, doubles, and mixed doubles ; this has never been done by a male player. The remainder of this section is a complete list, by format, of all players who have won the Career Grand Slam. Players are ordered chronologically by their completion of the Slam. Men 's singles ( edit ) Eight men have won all four grand slam tournaments. Two of the eight men achieved a double career Slam. Originally, the grand slams were held on grass ( Australian, Wimbledon, and US Open ) and clay ( French ) and the first four players achieved their grand slams on two surfaces. The US Open changed its surface from grass to clay in 1975 and then to hard court in 1978. The Australian Open changed from grass to hard court in 1988. The last four players ( Agassi, Federer, Nadal, Djokovic ) achieved their grand slam on three different surfaces : hard court, clay, and grass. # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Fred Perry 26 1934 1935 1934 1933 Don Budge 23 1938 1938 1937 1937 Rod Laver 24 1960 1962 1961 1962 Roy Emerson 27 1961 1963 1964 1961 5 Andre Agassi 29 1995 1999 1992 1994 6 Roger Federer 27 2009 2003 7 Rafael Nadal 24 2009 2005 2008 8 Novak Djokovic 29 2008 2016 2011 2011 Women 's singles ( edit ) Each woman 's `` first wins '' in the four Majors are listed chronologically and their ages upon completion of the Slam are given in brackets. Five of the ten women achieved at least two career Slams, two of the ten have achieved three careers slams and Steffi Graf is the only player to achieve four career Slams. # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Maureen Connolly 18 1953 1953 1952 1951 Doris Hart 28 1949 1950 1951 1954 Shirley Fry Irvin 29 1957 1951 1956 1956 Margaret Court 20 1960 1962 1963 1962 5 Billie Jean King 28 1968 1972 1966 1967 6 Chris Evert 27 1982 7 Martina Navratilova 26 1981 1982 1978 8 Steffi Graf 19 1988 1988 1988 9 Serena Williams 21 2003 2002 2002 1999 10 Maria Sharapova 25 2008 2012 2006 Note : From 1977 to 1985, the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year. Men 's doubles ( edit ) At Men 's Doubles, 21 players have won the career Slam including fourteen who `` slammed '' with a unique partner. The latter are listed first, as seven teams, ignoring any major wins with other partners. Five of the 21 men achieved at least a double career Slam at Men 's Doubles, led by Roy Emerson and John Newcombe with triple Slams. # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Adrian Quist 26 1936 1935 1935 1939 Frank Sedgman 24 1951 1951 1948 1950 Ken McGregor 23 1951 1951 1951 1951 Lew Hoad 21 1953 1953 1953 1956 Ken Rosewall 22 1953 1953 1956 1956 6 Neale Fraser 25 1957 1958 1959 1957 7 Roy Emerson 25 1962 1960 1959 1959 8 John Newcombe 23 1965 1967 1965 1967 Tony Roche 24 1965 1967 1965 1967 10 Bob Hewitt 37 1963 1972 1962 1977 11 John Fitzgerald 28 1982 1986 1989 1984 Anders Järryd 29 1989 13 Jacco Eltingh 28 1994 1995 1998 1994 Paul Haarhuis 32 1994 1995 1998 1994 15 Todd Woodbridge 29 1992 2000 1993 1995 Mark Woodforde 34 1992 2000 1993 1989 17 Jonas Björkman 32 1998 2005 2002 2003 18 Bob Bryan 28 2006 2003 2006 2005 Mike Bryan 28 2006 2003 2006 2005 20 Daniel Nestor 35 2002 2007 2008 21 Leander Paes 38 2012 1999 1999 2006 Note : From 1977 to 1985, the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year. Women 's doubles ( edit ) At Women 's Doubles, 21 players have won the career Slam including ten who `` slammed '' with a unique partner. Eight of the 22 achieved at least a double career Slam at Women 's Doubles, led by Martina Navratilova with seven or more titles in each Major. # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Louise Brough Clapp 27 1950 1946 1946 1942 Doris Hart 26 1949 1951 1951 1951 Shirley Fry Irvin 30 1957 1950 1951 1951 Maria Bueno 20 1960 1960 1958 1960 5 Margaret Court 22 1961 1964 1964 1963 Lesley Turner Bowrey 21 1964 1964 1964 1961 7 Judy Tegart Dalton 32 1964 1966 1969 1970 8 / Martina Navratilova 23 1980 1976 1977 9 Kathy Jordan 21 1981 1980 1980 1981 Anne Smith 21 1981 1980 1980 1981 11 Pam Shriver 21 1982 1984 1981 12 Helena Suková 25 1990 1990 1985 13 Gigi Fernández 28 1993 1991 1992 1988 / Natasha Zvereva 21 1993 1989 1991 1991 15 / Jana Novotná 25 1990 1990 1989 1994 16 Martina Hingis 17 1997 1998 1998 17 Serena Williams 19 2001 1999 2000 1999 Venus Williams 20 2001 1999 2000 1999 19 Lisa Raymond 33 2000 2006 2001 2001 20 Sara Errani 27 2013 2012 2014 2012 Roberta Vinci 31 2013 2012 2014 2012 Note : From 1977 to 1985, the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year. Mixed doubles ( edit ) At Mixed Doubles, a total of 17 players have won the career Slam, including seven who `` slammed '' as a pair ( won all four with same partner ) -- an odd number because Margaret Court has accomplished a career Grand Slam separately with Ken Fletcher and Marty Riessen. The other four of the seven are Doris Hart, Frank Sedgman, Leander Paes, and Martina Hingis. Also three of the 15 players have accomplished multiple career Grand Slams in mixed doubles, led by Margaret Court 's quadruple Slam. # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Jean Borotra 29 1928 1927 1925 1926 Doris Hart 26 1949 1951 1951 1951 Frank Sedgman 21 1949 1951 1951 1951 Margaret Court 20 1963 1963 1963 1961 5 Ken Fletcher 23 1963 1963 1963 1963 6 Owen Davidson 23 1965 1967 1967 1966 7 Billie Jean King 24 1968 1967 1967 1967 8 Marty Riessen 33 1969 1969 1969 9 Bob Hewitt 39 1961 1970 1977 1979 10 Todd Woodbridge 24 1993 1992 1994 1990 11 Mark Woodforde 27 1992 1995 1993 1992 12 / Martina Navratilova 46 2003 1985 1985 13 Daniela Hantuchová 22 2002 2005 2001 2005 14 Mahesh Bhupathi 29 2006 1997 2002 1999 15 Cara Black 30 2002 2008 16 Leander Paes 42 2003 2016 1999 2008 Martina Hingis 35 2006 2016 2015 2015 Boys ' singles ( edit ) Stefan Edberg ( 1983 ) Boys ' doubles ( edit ) Mark Kratzmann ( 1983 French Open, Wimbledon & US Open ; 1984 Australian Open ) Men 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Kunieda, Shingo Shingo Kunieda ( JPN ) 24 2007 2008 2006 2007 Jeremiasz, Michael Michael Jeremiasz ( FRA ) 32 2003 2009 2009 2005 Houdet, Stéphane Stéphane Houdet ( FRA ) 40 2007 2009 2009 Scheffers, Maikel Maikel Scheffers ( NED ) 28 2011 2008 2011 5 Peifer, Nicolas Nicolas Peifer ( FRA ) 25 2016 2011 2015 2011 6 Reid, Gordon Gordon Reid ( GBR ) 25 2017 2015 2016 2015 Women 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Vergeer, Esther Esther Vergeer ( NED ) 27 2007 2009 2005 Homan, Korie Korie Homan ( NED ) 29 2009 2009 2009 2005 Walraven, Sharon Sharon Walraven ( NED ) 40 2011 Griffioen, Jiske Jiske Griffioen ( NED ) 27 2006 2008 2012 2006 5 van Koot, Aniek Aniek van Koot ( NED ) 23 2013 2012 2013 6 Kamiji, Yui Yui Kamiji ( JPN ) 20 2014 2014 2014 2014 Whiley, Jordanne Jordanne Whiley ( GRB ) 22 2014 2014 2014 2014 Most consecutive Grand Slam tournament titles ( edit ) Men 's singles ( edit ) 6 : Don Budge ( from the 1937 Wimbledon to the 1938 U.S. Championships ). Women 's singles ( edit ) 6 : Maureen Connolly ( from the 1952 Wimbledon to the 1953 U.S. Championships ). 6 : Margaret Court ( from the 1969 US Open to the 1971 Australian Open ). 6 : Martina Navratilova ( from the 1983 Wimbledon to the 1984 US Open ). Note : From 1977 to 1985, the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year. Men 's doubles ( edit ) Team : 7 : Ken McGregor and Frank Sedgman ( from the 1951 Australian Championships to the 1952 Wimbledon ) Player : 8 : Frank Sedgman ( from the 1950 U.S. Championships to the 1952 Wimbledon ) Women 's doubles ( edit ) Team and Player : 8 : Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver ( from the 1983 Wimbledon to the 1985 French Open ) Mixed doubles ( edit ) Team : 6 : Margaret Court and Ken Fletcher ( from the 1963 Australian Championships to the 1964 French Championships ) Player : 7 : Margaret Court ( from the 1962 US Championships to the 1964 French Championships ) Men 's wheelchair singles ( edit ) 13 : Shingo Kunieda ( from the 2007 Australian Open to the 2011 French Open ) Women 's wheelchair singles ( edit ) 13 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2005 French Open to the 2009 US Open ) 7 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2010 French Open to the 2012 Wimbledon ) Men 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) Player : 5 : Stéphane Houdet ( from the 2009 French Open to the 2010 French Open ) 5 : Stéphane Houdet ( from the 2014 Australian Open to the 2015 Australian Open ) Women 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) Team : 7 : Esther Vergeer and Sharon Walraven ( from the 2010 Wimbledon to 2012 Australian Open ) Player : 14 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2005 French Open to the 2009 US Open ) 8 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2010 French Open to the 2012 French Open ) Most consecutive Grand Slam singles Finals ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Rank Player Cons. finals From To Roger Federer 10 2005 Wimbledon Championships 2007 US Open Roger Federer 8 2008 French Open 2010 Australian Open Jack Crawford 7 1933 Australian Championships 1934 Wimbledon Championships Don Budge 6 1937 Wimbledon Championships 1938 U.S. Championships = Rod Laver 6 1961 Wimbledon Championships 1962 U.S. Championships = Novak Djokovic 6 2015 Australian Open 2016 French Open 7 Fred Perry 5 1934 Wimbledon Championships 1935 Wimbledon Championships = Frank Sedgman 5 1951 U.S. Championships 1952 U.S. Championships = Fred Stolle 5 1964 Wimbledon Championships 1965 Wimbledon Championships = Rafael Nadal 5 2011 French Open 2012 French Open Women ( edit ) Rank Player Cons. finals From To Steffi Graf 13 1987 French Open 1990 French Open Martina Navratilova 11 1985 French Open 1987 US Open Maureen Connolly 6 1952 Wimbledon Championships 1953 US Championships = Margaret Court 6 1969 US Open 1971 Australian Open = Martina Navratilova 6 1983 Wimbledon Championships 1984 US Open = Chris Evert 6 1984 French Open 1985 Wimbledon Championships = / Monica Seles 6 1991 US Open 1993 Australian Open 8 Margaret Court 5 1963 Wimbledon Championships 1964 Wimbledon Championships = Margaret Court 5 1965 Australian Championships 1966 Australian Championships = Steffi Graf 5 1993 Australian Open 1994 Australian Open = Martina Hingis 5 1997 Australian Open 1998 Australian Open Most Grand Slam singles titles without a loss ( edit ) Helen Wills Moody won all 16 of the Grand Slam singles tournaments she played beginning with the 1924 U.S. Championships and extending to the 1933 Wimbledon Championships ( not counting her defaults in the 1926 French and Wimbledon Championships ). During this period, she won 6 Wimbledons, 4 French Championships, and 6 U.S. Championships. She also won the 1924 Summer Olympics during this period. Moody never entered the Australian Championships. Most Grand Slam mixed doubles titles without a loss ( edit ) Doris Hart won all 13 of the Grand Slam mixed doubles tournaments she played beginning with the 1951 French Championships and extending to the 1955 U.S. Championships. During this period, she won 5 Wimbledons, 3 French Championships, and 5 U.S. Championships. Golden Slam ( edit ) Tennis was an Olympic sport from the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics through the 1924 Games, then was dropped for the next 64 years ( except as a demonstration sport in 1968 and 1984 ) before returning in 1988. As there were only three Major championships designated by the International Lawn Tennis Federation before 1925, none of the tennis players who participated in the Olympics between 1896 and 1924 had a chance to complete a Golden Grand Slam. However, there was a possibility to complete a Career Golden Grand Slam by winning the 1920 Olympics or 1924 Olympics plus each of the four grand slams, all of which were present from 1925 onwards. The term Golden Slam ( initially `` Golden Grand Slam '' ) was coined in 1988. Only one player has completed the Golden Slam : Steffi Graf ( 1988 Australian Open, 1988 French Open, 1988 Wimbledon Championships, 1988 US Open, and 1988 Olympic gold medal ) Non-calendar year Golden Slam ( edit ) Winning four consecutive Grand Slam tournaments and Olympic event in the period of twelve months, although not in the same year, is called a `` Non-calendar year Golden Slam ''. Only Bob and Mike Bryan have achieved this by winning the 2012 Olympics, 2012 US Open, 2013 Australian Open, 2013 French Open and 2013 Wimbledon Championships. After they won the final at Wimbledon, this was coined the `` Golden Bryan Slam ''. Career Golden Slam ( edit ) A player who wins all four Grand Slam tournaments and the Olympic gold medal during his or her career is said to have achieved a Career Golden Slam. Serena Williams is the only player to have achieved a Career Golden Slam in both singles and doubles. # Player Discipline Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Olympics Pam Shriver Women 's doubles 1982 1984 1981 1988 Steffi Graf Women 's singles 1988 1988 1988 1988 Gigi Fernández Women 's doubles 1993 1991 1992 1988 1992 Andre Agassi Men 's singles 1995 1999 1992 1994 5 Todd Woodbridge Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 Mark Woodforde Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 7 Serena Williams Women 's doubles 2001 1999 2000 1999 2000 Venus Williams Women 's doubles 2001 1999 2000 1999 2000 9 Shingo Kunieda Men 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2008 2006 2007 10 Korie Homan Women 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2009 2009 2005 2008 11 Esther Vergeer Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2005 2000 12 Daniel Nestor Men 's doubles 2002 2007 2009 2000 13 Michaël Jeremiasz Men 's wheelchair doubles 2003 2009 2009 2005 2008 14 Stéphane Houdet Men 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2009 2008 15 Rafael Nadal Men 's singles 2009 2005 2008 2008 16 Sharon Walraven Women 's wheelchair doubles 2011 2011 2008 17 Bob Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 Mike Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 19 Serena Williams Women 's singles 2003 2002 2002 1999 2012 20 Aniek van Koot Women 's wheelchair doubles 2013 2012 2013 2016 Jiske Griffioen Women 's wheelchair doubles 2006 2008 2012 2006 2016 22 Nicolas Peifer Men 's wheelchair doubles 2016 2011 2015 2011 2016 Super Slam ( edit ) Soon after the Open Era began in 1968, the new professional tours each held a year - end championship ( YEC ), which are elite tournaments involving only the top performers of the given season. The subsequent return of tennis to the Olympics in 1988 gave rise to the notion of a Super Slam as a combination of Golden Slam and YEC title. Eligible YECs are currently called the ATP Finals for men, WTA Finals for women, and the Wheelchair Tennis Masters. No player has ever completed the Super Slam in a single season. Non-calendar year Super Slam ( edit ) Only one player has completed the Super Slam in a period of twelve months : Steffi Graf ( 1987 Virginia Slims Championships, 1988 Australian Open, 1988 French Open, 1988 Wimbledon Championships, 1988 US Open and 1988 Olympic gold medal ) Career Super Slam ( edit ) # Player Discipline Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Olympics Year - end Pam Shriver Women 's doubles 1982 1984 1981 1988 1981 Steffi Graf Women 's singles 1988 1988 1988 1988 Gigi Fernández Women 's doubles 1993 1991 1992 1988 1992 1993 Andre Agassi Men 's singles 1995 1999 1992 1994 1990 5 Todd Woodbridge Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 1992 Mark Woodforde Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 1992 7 Esther Vergeer Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2005 2000 2001 8 Korie Homan Women 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2009 2009 2005 2008 9 Daniel Nestor Men 's doubles 2002 2007 2009 2000 2007 10 Michaël Jeremiasz Men 's wheelchair doubles 2003 2009 2009 2005 2008 2008 11 Stéphane Houdet Men 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2009 2008 2006 12 Sharon Walraven Women 's wheelchair doubles 2011 2011 2008 13 Bob Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 2003 Mike Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 2003 15 Serena Williams Women 's singles 2003 2002 2002 1999 2012 2001 16 Shingo Kunieda Men 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2008 2006 2007 2012 17 Aniek van Koot Women 's wheelchair doubles 2013 2012 2013 2016 2012 Jiske Griffioen Women 's wheelchair doubles 2006 2008 2012 2006 2016 19 Nicolas Peifer Men 's wheelchair doubles 2016 2011 2015 2011 2016 2016 Three major tournament titles in a year ( edit ) Players who have won three of the four Grand Slam tournaments in the same year. Jack Crawford, Lew Hoad, Martina Navratilova and Serena Williams won the first three events, but lost the last grand slam tournament. Crawford, an asthmatic, won two of the first three sets of the 1933 U.S. Championships final against Fred Perry, then tired in the heat and lost the last two sets and the match. Key SF QF # R RR Q # NH ( W ) Won ; ( F ) finalist ; ( SF ) semifinalist ; ( QF ) quarterfinalist ; ( # R ) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1 ; ( RR ) round - robin stage ; ( Q # ) qualification round ; ( A ) absent ; ( NH ) not held. To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated either at the conclusion of a tournament, or when the player 's participation in the tournament has ended. Men 's singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Jack Crawford 1933 Fred Perry 1934 QF Tony Trabert 1955 SF Lew Hoad 1956 5 Ashley Cooper 1958 SF 6 Roy Emerson 1964 QF 7 Jimmy Connors 8 Mats Wilander 1988 QF 9 Roger Federer 3R 10 Roger Federer 2006 11 Roger Federer 2007 12 Rafael Nadal QF 13 Novak Djokovic 2011 SF 14 Novak Djokovic 2015 Women 's singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Helen Wills 1928 Helen Wills 1929 Margaret Court 1962 2R Margaret Court 1965 5 Margaret Court 1969 SF 6 Billie Jean King 1972 7 Margaret Court 1973 SF 8 Martina Navratilova 4R 9 Martina Navratilova 1984 SF 10 Steffi Graf 1989 11 Monica Seles 1991 12 / Monica Seles 1992 13 Steffi Graf 1993 14 Steffi Graf 1995 15 Steffi Graf 16 Martina Hingis 1997 17 Serena Williams 2002 18 Serena Williams 2015 SF Men 's doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Jacques Brugnon 1928 SF John Van Ryn 1933 SF Jack Crawford 1935 UR John Bromwich 1950 SF 5 Ken McGregor 1952 Frank Sedgman 1952 7 Ken Rosewall 1953 UR Lew Hoad 1953 UR 9 Ken Rosewall 1956 Lew Hoad 1956 11 Tony Roche 1967 QF John Newcombe 1967 QF 13 John Newcombe 1973 14 Anders Järryd SF 15 Anders Järryd 1991 3R John Fitzgerald 1991 3R 17 Jacco Eltingh 1998 18 Bob Bryan 2013 SF Mike Bryan 2013 SF note : UR = Unknown Result. Please help us find this information. Women 's doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Margaret Osborne duPont 1946 Louise Brough 1946 Margaret Osborne duPont 1949 Louise Brough 1949 5 Louise Brough 1950 6 Doris Hart 1951 Shirley Fry Irvin 1951 8 Doris Hart 1952 Shirley Fry Irvin 1952 10 Doris Hart 1953 Shirley Fry Irvin 1953 12 Darlene Hard 1960 13 Lesley Turner Bowrey 1964 14 Nancy Richey 1966 2R 15 Betty Stöve 1972 16 Margaret Court 1973 QF Virginia Wade 1973 QF 18 Martina Navratilova 1982 SF 19 Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver 21 Martina Navratilova 1986 NH 22 Martina Navratilova QF Pam Shriver QF 24 Helena Suková 1990 Jana Novotná 1990 26 Gigi Fernández 1992 QF Natasha Zvereva 1992 SF 28 Gigi Fernández 1993 SF Natasha Zvereva 1993 SF 30 Gigi Fernández 1994 SF Natasha Zvereva 1994 SF 32 Natasha Zvereva 1997 33 Jana Novotná 1998 34 Virginia Ruano Pascual SF Paola Suárez SF 36 Serena Williams 2009 3R Venus Williams 2009 3R Mixed doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Eric Sturgess 1949 Frank Sedgman 1951 Doris Hart 1951 Frank Sedgman 1952 Doris Hart 1952 6 Vic Seixas 1953 Doris Hart 1953 8 Margaret Court 1964 9 Billie Jean King 1967 10 Marty Riessen 1969 QF Margaret Court 1969 SF 12 Bob Hewitt 1979 NH 13 Martina Navratilova 1985 NH 14 Mark Woodforde 1992 3R 15 Martina Hingis 2015 2R Leander Paes 2015 2R Boys ' singles Mark Kratzmann 1984 : Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open Nicolás Pereira 1988 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Gaël Monfils 2004 : Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon Girls ' singles Natalia Zvereva 1987 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Magdalena Maleeva 1990 : Australian Open, French Open, US Open Boys ' doubles Mark Kratzmann 1983 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Simon Youl 1983 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Jason Stoltenberg 1988 : Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon Todd Woodbridge 1988 : Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon Ben Ellwood 1994 : Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open Brendan Evans 2004 : Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open Scott Oudsema 2004 : Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open Girls ' doubles Beth Herr 1982 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Corina Morariu 1995 : Australian Open, French Open, US Open Ludmilla Varmuzova 1995 : Australian Open, French Open, US Open Victoria Azarenka 2005 : Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 2006 : Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon Urszula Radwańska 2007 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Tímea Babos 2010 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Sloane Stephens 2010 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Taylor Townsend 2012 : Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open Barbora Krejčíková 2013 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Kateřina Siniaková 2013 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Men 's wheelchair singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Shingo Kunieda 2007 NH Shingo Kunieda 2009 NH Shingo Kunieda NH Shingo Kunieda 2014 NH 5 Shingo Kunieda 2015 NH Women 's wheelchair singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Esther Vergeer 2007 NH Esther Vergeer 2009 NH Esther Vergeer 2011 NH Men 's wheelchair doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stéphane Houdet 2009 SF Shingo Kunieda 2013 SF Shingo Kunieda 2014 SF Women 's wheelchair doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Esther Vergeer 2007 NH Yui Kamiji 2016 NH Note : From 1977 to 1985, the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year. Triple Crown ( edit ) Winning singles, doubles and mixed doubles titles at one Grand Slam event is called a Triple Crown. It has become a rare accomplishment in tennis. This is partly because the final match in all three disciplines often takes place concurrently in the same day if not in consecutive days. Doris Hart for example attained her first Triple Crown after playing three Wimbledon final matches held in one single day. Notes : This list excludes the 1909 triple crown of Jeanne Matthey and the 1920, 1921, 1922 and 1923 triple crown wins of Suzanne Lenglen. The French Championship tennis tournament at the time was a domestic competition not recognized as an international major. At the time the major clay court event ( actual precursor of the French Open in its current international format ) was the World Hard Court Championships, where Suzanne Lenglen also attained triple championship in 1921 and 1922 ). Also the 1941 triple championship of Alice Weiwers is not listed due to its disputed official status : French championships held in Vichy France from 1941 to 1945 are currently not recognized by Fédération Française de Tennis. Men Total Player Year Triple champion of 3 times Don Budge 1937 Wimbledon 1938 Wimbledon 1938 US Championships 2 times Bill Tilden 1922 US Championships 1923 US Championships Frank Sedgman 1951 US Championships 1952 Wimbledon Neale Fraser 1959 US Championships 1960 US Championships 1 time Jack Hawkes 1926 Australian Championships Jean Borotra 1928 Australian Championships Jack Crawford 1932 Australian Championships Bobby Riggs 1939 Wimbledon Vic Seixas 1954 US Championships Ken Rosewall 1956 US Championships Women Total Player Year Triple champion of 5 times Suzanne Lenglen 1920 Wimbledon 1922 Wimbledon 1925 French Championships 1925 Wimbledon 1926 French Championships Margaret Court 1963 Australian Championships 1964 French Championships 1965 Australian Championships 1969 Australian Open 1970 US Open 4 times Alice Marble 1938 US Championships 1939 Wimbledon 1939 US Championships 1940 US Championships Doris Hart 1951 Wimbledon 1952 French Championships 1952 Wimbledon 1954 US Championships 3 times Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman 1909 US Championships 1910 US Championships 1911 US Championships Mary Browne 1912 US Championships 1913 US Championships 1914 US Championships Daphne Akhurst Cozens 1925 Australian Championships 1928 Australian Championships 1929 Australian Championships Nancye Wynne Bolton 1940 Australian Championships 1947 Australian Championships 1948 Australian Championships Louise Brough Clapp 1947 US Championships 1948 Wimbledon 1950 Wimbledon Billie Jean King 1967 Wimbledon 1967 US Championships 1973 Wimbledon 2 times Mabel Cahill 1891 US Championships 1892 US Championships Helen Wills Moody 1924 US Championships 1928 US Championships 1 time Juliette Atkinson 1895 US Championships Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 1917 US Championships Helen Jacobs 1934 US Championships Simonne Mathieu 1938 French Championships Sarah Palfrey Cooke 1941 US Championships Margaret Osborne duPont 1950 US Championships Thelma Coyne Long 1952 Australian Championships Maureen Connolly 1954 French Championships Martina Navratilova US Open Boxed set ( edit ) Another Grand Slam - related accomplishment is winning a `` boxed set '' of Grand Slam titles -- which is at least one of every possible type of Major championship available to a player : the singles, doubles, and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam events of the year. This has never been accomplished within a year or consecutively across two calendar years. Career boxed set ( edit ) The Career Boxed Set refers to winning one of every possible grand slam title ( singles, doubles, mixed ) over the course of an entire career. No male player has completed this, although Frank Sedgman came close. He only missed out on the French Open singles title. Men who participate in top / elite level singles have played comparatively few doubles, and very few mixed doubles. So far, only three women have completed the boxed set during their careers : Boxed Sets Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Margaret Court 22 ( Pre-Open Era ) 1960 ( WS ) 1961 ( WD ) 1963 ( XD ) 1962 ( WS ) 1964 ( WD ) 1963 ( XD ) 1963 ( WS ) 1964 ( WD ) 1963 ( XD ) 1962 ( WS ) 1963 ( WD ) 1961 ( XD ) 31 ( Post-Open Era ) 1969 ( WS ) 1969 ( WD ) 1969 ( XD ) 1969 ( WS ) 1973 ( WD ) 1969 ( XD ) 1970 ( WS ) 1969 ( WD ) 1968 ( XD ) 1969 ( WS ) 1968 ( WD ) 1969 ( XD ) Doris Hart 29 1949 ( WS ) 1950 ( WD ) 1949 ( XD ) 1950 ( WS ) 1948 ( WD ) 1951 ( XD ) 1951 ( WS ) 1947 ( WD ) 1951 ( XD ) 1954 ( WS ) 1951 ( WD ) 1951 ( XD ) Martina Navratilova 46 1981 ( WS ) 1980 ( WD ) 2003 ( XD ) 1982 ( WS ) 1975 ( WD ) 1974 ( XD ) 1978 ( WS ) 1976 ( WD ) 1985 ( XD ) 1983 ( WS ) 1977 ( WD ) 1985 ( XD ) Court is not only unique in having two boxed sets, but is also unique in the timing of her accomplishments. Her first boxed set was completed before the start of the open era, and she has a boxed set achieved solely within the open era. Martina Hingis has come closer than any other currently active player to joining this elite group. She just needs the French Open singles, having reached the final in 1997 and 1999. Prior to Hingis, it was Billie Jean King who came close at completing a career boxed set. She only needed the Australian Open women 's doubles title and although she reached the final twice ( in 1965 and 1969 ), she failed to win the title. Multiple career Grand Slams ( edit ) Of the many players who have managed to win a full set of four majors, there is a small number who have gone on to win all four majors a second or more times. The completion of `` Multiple Career Grand Slams '' or sometimes called `` multiple slam sets '' ( MSS ) has been achieved by only 22 unique players up to the end of the 2015 Wimbledon. MSS players can be found in each of the five tennis disciplines : men 's or women 's singles, men 's or women 's doubles, mixed doubles. It can also be found in women 's wheelchair doubles. Of these, five players have completed MSS in more than one discipline : Roy Emerson, Martina Navratilova, Frank Sedgman and Serena Williams have MSS in two disciplines, Margaret Court has MSS in three disciplines. This table shows each multiple occurrence of a complete MSS for each of the players who have accomplished multiple slams in a particular tennis discipline. The year shown for each of the four majors is the year that particular major win was repeated as part of that player 's achievement of their second ( all 22 players ) and third ( 8 players ) and fourth ( 4 players ) and fifth through seventh ( Martina Navratilova, in women 's doubles ) complete slam set of Major wins. For example, the fourth row shows that Margaret Court completed her third career slam set in Women 's Singles -- winning each of the four majors three times -- during the 1970 Wimbledon Championships ( bold ). More specific, she won : Australian open 11 times, the third in 1962 ; French Open five times, the third in 1969 ; Wimbledon three times ( determines the maximum of sets ), the third in 1970 and finally US Open five times, the third in 1969. Grey background shades lesser achievements by the same player in the same discipline ( e.g., Court in the eighth row ) ; yellow highlights the greatest achievement in the discipline ( e.g., Graf in the third row ). Slam Sets completed, second and subsequent sets ( chronological sequence in column one ) Name Country Discipline MSS Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open 09 Emerson, Roy Roy Emerson AUS Men 's Singles 1963 1967 1965 1964 13 Laver, Rod Rod Laver AUS Men 's Singles 1962 1969 1962 1969 34 Graf, Steffi Steffi Graf GER Women 's Singles 1994 1995 1992 1995 15 Court, Margaret Margaret Court AUS Women 's Singles 1962 1969 1970 1969 49 Williams, Serena Serena Williams USA Women 's Singles 2007 2015 2009 2008 21 Navratilova, Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Singles 1984 1979 1984 22 Evert, Chris Chris Evert USA Women 's Singles 1984 1976 1976 06 Court, Margaret Margaret Court AUS Women 's Singles 1961 1964 1965 1965 30 Graf, Steffi Steffi Graf FRG Women 's Singles 1989 1988 1989 1989 31 Graf, Steffi Steffi Graf GER Women 's Singles 1990 1993 1991 1993 42 Williams, Serena Serena Williams USA Women 's Singles 2005 2013 2003 2002 16 Emerson, Roy Roy Emerson AUS Men 's Doubles 1969 1962 1971 1965 18 Newcombe, John John Newcombe AUS Men 's Doubles 1971 1973 1968 1973 01 Sedgman, Frank Frank Sedgman AUS Men 's Doubles 1952 1952 1951 1951 04 Fraser, Neale Neale Fraser AUS Men 's Doubles 1958 1960 1961 1960 10 Stolle, Fred Fred Stolle AUS Men 's Doubles 1964 1968 1964 1966 14 Rosewall, Ken Ken Rosewall AUS Men 's Doubles 1956 1968 1956 1969 43 Bryan, Bob Bob Bryan USA Men 's Doubles 2007 2013 2011 2008 44 Bryan, Mike Mike Bryan USA Men 's Doubles 2007 2013 2011 2008 07 Emerson, Roy Roy Emerson AUS Men 's Doubles 1966 1961 1961 1960 17 Newcombe, John John Newcombe AUS Men 's Doubles 1967 1969 1966 1971 28 Navratilova, Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 7 1988 1988 1986 29 Shriver, Pam Pam Shriver USA Women 's Doubles 1985 1988 1984 35 Zvereva, Natasha Natasha Zvereva BLR Women 's Doubles 1997 1993 1993 1995 12 Court, Margaret Margaret Court AUS Women 's Doubles 1962 1965 1969 1968 32 Fernández, Gigi Gigi Fernández USA Women 's Doubles 1994 1992 1993 1990 36 Novotná, Jana Jana Novotná CZE Women 's Doubles 1995 1991 1990 1997 37 Williams, Serena Serena Williams USA Women 's Doubles 2003 2002 2009 38 Williams, Venus Venus Williams USA Women 's Doubles 2003 2002 2009 50 Hingis, Martina Martina Hingis SUI Women 's Doubles 1998 2000 1998 2015 19 Navratilova, Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 1982 1982 1979 1978 20 Navratilova, Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 1984 1981 1980 23 Navratilova, Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 1984 1985 1982 25 Navratilova, Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 5 1985 1986 1984 26 Navratilova, Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 6 1984 1986 24 Shriver, Pam Pam Shriver USA Women 's Doubles 1985 1982 1984 27 Shriver, Pam Pam Shriver USA Women 's Doubles 1984 1986 33 Zvereva, Natasha Natasha Zvereva BLR Women 's Doubles 1994 1992 1992 1992 11 Court, Margaret Margaret Court AUS Mixed Doubles 1969 1969 1968 1964 02 Hart, Doris Doris Hart USA Mixed Doubles 1950 1952 1952 1952 03 Sedgman, Frank Frank Sedgman AUS Mixed Doubles 1950 1952 1952 1952 40 Bhupathi, Mahesh Mahesh Bhupathi IND Mixed Doubles 2009 2012 2005 2005 05 Court, Margaret Margaret Court AUS Mixed Doubles 1964 1964 1965 1962 08 Court, Margaret Margaret Court AUS Mixed Doubles 1965 1965 1966 1963 41 Vergeer, Esther Esther Vergeer NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2011 2007 45 Griffioen, Jiske Jiske Griffioen NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2013 2013 2007 51 van Koot, Aniek Aniek van Koot NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2013 2013 2013 2015 39 Vergeer, Esther Esther Vergeer NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2006 2008 2006 48 Houdet, Stéphane Stéphane Houdet FRA Men 's wheelchair doubles 2015 2014 2014 47 Kunieda, Shingo Shingo Kunieda JPN Men 's wheelchair doubles 2008 2013 2014 46 Houdet, Stéphane Stéphane Houdet FRA Men 's wheelchair doubles 2014 2009 2013 2011 By discipline ( numbers of players and table entries ) Men 's Singles ( 2 people ; 2 entries ) Women 's Singles ( 5 people ; 9 entries ) Men 's Doubles ( 8 people ; 10 entries ) Women 's Doubles ( 9 people ; 17 entries ) Mixed Doubles ( 4 people, 6 entries ) Men 's Wheelchair Doubles ( 2 people ; 3 entries ) Women 's Wheelchair Doubles ( 3 people ; 4 entries ) Pro Slam ( edit ) Before the Open Era began in 1968, only amateur players were allowed to compete in the four majors. Many male top players `` went pro '' in order to win prize money legally, competing on a professional world tour comprising completely different events. From 1927 through 1967, the three oldest pro events were considered `` majors '' of the pro tour : the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, French Pro Championship and Wembley Championships. A player who won all three in a calendar year was considered to achieve a `` Professional Grand Slam '', or `` Pro Slam ''. The feat was accomplished twice : Ken Rosewall in 1963 ; Rod Laver in 1967. Three other players won those three major trophies during their pro careers : Ellsworth Vines, Hans Nüsslein and Don Budge. The pro slams did not have a women 's draw. See also ( edit ) Tennis portal List of Grand Slam related tennis records Lists of tennis records and statistics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Australian Open is played on Plexicushion while the US Open is played on DecoTurf. Jump up ^ In 1984, the Australian Open was the last event held, rather than the first. ^ Jump up to : Until 2016, Wimbledon have never hosted singles tournament for wheelchairs. ^ Jump up to : Notwithstanding year when the US Open did not take place due to date clashes with the Paralympics. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Q. What is the points breakdown for all tournament categories? ''. RANKINGS : Frequently Asked Questions ( 10 ). ATP World Tour -- Official Site of Men 's Professional Tennis ( atpworldtour.com ). Retrieved 7 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` Overview ''. ITFTennis.com. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Sport and the Media : Managing the Nexus ''. Google Books. 2016 - 05 - 12. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11. Jump up ^ USOpen.org. Archived 1 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Grandslamhistory.com `` STATS ''. Grand Slam History Reference Book ( grandslamhistory.com ). Retrieved 7 March 2014. Jump up ^ Crowe, Jerry ( 22 May 1994 ). LA Times `` Return to Grand Slam Glory : Rod Laver Was the Last Man to Sweep Four Major Titles and Thinks It Can Be Done Again ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` Slam ''. Online Etymological Dictionary ( etymonline.com ). Douglas Harper. Retrieved 9 January 2013. Jump up ^ Martin, John ( 12 September 2015 ). `` Writings Offer Encyclopedic Insight on Winners of Grand Slams. '' The New York Times p. SP8. Retrieved 14 December 2016. Jump up ^ Gould, Alan ( 18 July 1933 ). `` Sports Slants : ( subsection ) Tennis ' Grand Slam ' ``. The Reading Eagle ( Reading, Pennsylvania ). p. 10. Retrieved 7 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` ( 6 ) 1912 -- 1914 : The first World Clay Court Championships ''. Histoire du tennis : La légende du grand chelem ( www.histoiredutennis.com ). 30 April 2001. Retrieved 16 July 2012. Jump up ^ Robertson, Max ( 1974 ). The Encyclopedia of Tennis. The Viking Press. p. 33. ISBN 067029408X. Jump up ^ Bonnie DeSimoneArchive ( 26 May 2007 ). `` Chris Evert owned Roland Garros like no other ''. Sports.espn.go.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` Milton Tennis Centre ''. Australian Stadiums. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2008. Jump up ^ Nikki Tugwell ( 14 January 2008 ). `` Hewitt chases amazing slam win ''. The Daily Telegraph. news.com.au. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2008. Jump up ^ Fein, Paul. Tennis Confidential ( 2002 ). 218. Jump up ^ Amdur, Neil. ( 17 August 1982 ). `` Leave Grand Slam of Tennis Alone '' The New York Times Retrieved 14 December 2016. Jump up ^ Fein, Paul. Tennis Confidential ( 2002 ). 221. Jump up ^ Amdur, Neil. ( 17 August 1982 ). `` Leave Grand Slam of Tennis Alone '' The New York Times Retrieved 14 December 2016. Jump up ^ Vecsey, George. ( 11 September 1988 ). `` A Champion For All Seasons '' The New York Times Retrieved 14 December 2016. Jump up ^ Newman, Paul. ( 13 January 2011 ). `` Nadal : ' This will be my only shot at doing the Grand Slam ' '' The Independent Retrieved 14 December 2016. Jump up ^ ITF Constitution landing page. Full text of the Memorandum, Articles of Association and Bye - laws of ITF LIMITED. Jump up ^ Stratte - McClure, Joel ( 25 June 1984 ). `` Martina Navratilova Takes the Grand Slam and Nets a Cool Million While She 's at It ''. People. Retrieved 29 July 2009. Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick, Curry. ( 18 June 1984 ). `` Worthy of Really High Fives '' Sports Illustrated Retrieved 14 December 2016. Jump up ^ Tandon, Kamakshi ( 5 January 2009 ). `` Gold Standard : Graf mints Golden Slam in 1988 ''. TENNIS ( tennis.com ). Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009. Jump up ^ `` Guinness world records ''. Retrieved 18 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Steffi Graf : The Queen Returns to Centre Court -- Golden Grand Slam definition. ''. Retrieved 18 January 2015. Jump up ^ Cronin, Matt ( 2 July 2013 ). `` Bryan Twins on Verge of Golden Slam ''. 10sBalls.com. Retrieved 6 July 2013. Jump up ^ Gibson, Owen ( 6 July 2013 ). `` Bob and Mike Bryan complete the ' Golden Bryan Slam ' at Wimbledon ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams Blitzes To Olympic Singles Gold ''. Retrieved 18 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` # 7 : Andre Agassi ''. Sports Illustrated. Photo Gallery : Top 10 Men 's Tennis Players of All Time. p. 4. Retrieved 21 December 2013. Jump up ^ Kay, Dimitri ( 22 November 2010 ). `` Rafael Nadal Will Bid To Emulate Andre Agassi at the World Tour Finals ''. Retrieved 4 February 2014. Jump up ^ Nelson, Murry R., ed. ( 2013 ). American Sports : A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. Greenwood Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780313397523. Jump up ^ Vecsey, George ( 11 September 1988 ). `` Sports of The Times ; A Champion For All Seasons ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 May 2012. Jump up ^ Jimmy Connors at the Association of Tennis Professionals. Retrieved 19 September 2010. Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon announces Wheelchair Tennis Singles events from 2016 ''. www.wimbledon.com. AELTC. 12 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` US Open -- The Unbelievable, Unbreakable Records ''. Archived from the original on 18 June 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Martina Navratilova ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` 40 Important Women 's Moments : 1987, Martina 's Triple Crown ''. Retrieved 17 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Hingis and Paes complete career mixed slam ''. rolandgarros.com. Fédération Française de Tennis ( FFT ). 3 June 2016. Jump up ^ Robertson, Max ( 1974 ). Encyclopedia of Tennis. pp. 60 -- 71. ^ Jump up to : Geist, Robert ( 1999 ). Ken Rosewall : Der Grosse Meister. Austria. p. 137. ^ Jump up to : Lee, Raymond ( September 2007 ). `` Greatest Player of All Time : A Statistical Analysis ''. Tennis Week Magazine. Jump up ^ Craig, Hunt. `` Legends of the game # 3 -- Ken Rosewall ''. Tennis Sydney. Retrieved 10 January 2015. Jump up ^ Anderson, Dave ( 30 August 2009 ). `` The Greatest? Do n't Forget Laver 's Lost Years ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 24 April 2014. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Slam ( tennis ). Official website of the Australian Open Official website of the French Open Official website of Wimbledon Official website of the US Open All - times Grand Slam tournaments finals -- Reference book. Grand Slam tournaments Open era ( 1968 -- present ) Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Pre-open era ( amateur ) ( 1924 -- 67 ) Australian Championships French Championships Wimbledon Championships US National Championships Pre-open era ( professional ) ( 1927 -- 67 ) US Pro French Pro Wembley Pro ILTF ( 1913 -- 23 ) World Hard Court Championships World Grass Court Championships World Covered Court Championships History of tennis Grand Slam tournament champions Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Grand Slam overall records Grand Slam tournament venues Australian Open Melbourne Park Rod Laver Arena Hisense Arena Margaret Court Arena French Open Stade Roland Garros Court Philippe Chatrier Court Suzanne Lenglen Court 1 Wimbledon All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Centre Court No. 1 Court No. 2 Court No. 3 Court US Open USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center Arthur Ashe Stadium Louis Armstrong Stadium Grandstand Grand Slam / non-calendar year / career Grand Slam - winning singles / doubles tennis players Grand Slam Men 's singles 1938 : Don Budge 1962 : Rod Laver 1969 : Rod Laver Women 's singles 1953 : Maureen Connolly 1970 : Margaret Court 1988 : Steffi Graf Men 's doubles 1951 : Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman Women 's doubles 1960 : Maria Bueno 1984 : Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1998 : Martina Hingis Mixed doubles 1963 : Margaret Court / Ken Fletcher 1965 : Margaret Court 1967 : Owen Davidson Non-calendar year Grand Slam Men 's singles 2015 -- 16 : Novak Djokovic Women 's singles 1983 -- 84 : Martina Navratilova 1993 -- 94 : Steffi Graf 2002 -- 03 : Serena Williams 2014 -- 15 : Serena Williams Men 's doubles 2012 -- 13 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan Women 's doubles 1949 -- 50 : Louise Brough 1986 -- 87 : Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1992 -- 93 : Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1996 -- 97 : Natasha Zvereva 2009 -- 10 : Serena Williams / Venus Williams Mixed doubles 1967 -- 68 Billie Jean King Career Grand Slam Men 's singles 1933 - 34 - 35 : Fred Perry 1937 - 38 : Don Budge 1960 - 61 - 62 : Rod Laver 1961 - 63 - 64 : Roy Emerson 1992 - 94 - 95 - 99 : Andre Agassi 2003 - 04 - 09 : Roger Federer 2005 - 08 - 09 - 10 : Rafael Nadal 2008 - 11 - 16 : Novak Djokovic Women 's singles 1951 - 52 - 53 : Maureen Connolly 1949 - 50 - 51 - 54 : Doris Hart 1951 - 56 - 57 : Shirley Fry Irvin 1960 - 62 - 63 : Margaret Court 1966 - 67 - 68 - 72 : Billie Jean King 1974 - 75 - 82 : Chris Evert 1978 - 81 - 82 - 83 : Martina Navratilova 1987 - 88 : Steffi Graf 1999 - 2002 - 03 : Serena Williams 2004 - 06 - 08 - 12 : Maria Sharapova Men 's doubles 1935 - 36 - 39 : Adrian Quist 1948 - 50 - 51 Frank Sedgman 1951 : Ken McGregor 1953 -- 56 : Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall 1957 - 58 - 59 : Neale Fraser 1959 - 60 - 62 : Roy Emerson 1965 -- 67 : John Newcombe / Tony Roche 1962 - 64 - 67 - 77 : Bob Hewitt 1982 - 84 - 86 - 89 : John Fitzgerald 1983 - 87 - 89 : Anders Järryd 1994 - 95 - 98 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1989 - 92 -- 93 - 2000 : Mark Woodforde 1992 -- 93 - 95 - 2000 : Todd Woodbridge 1998 - 2002 - 03 - 05 : Jonas Björkman 2003 - 05 - 06 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2002 - 04 - 07 - 08 : Daniel Nestor 1999 - 2006 - 12 : Leander Paes Women 's doubles 1942 - 46 - 50 : Louise Brough Clapp 1947 - 48 - 50 - 51 : Doris Hart 1950 - 51 - 57 : Shirley Fry Irvin 1956 -- 1957 : Althea Gibson 1958 -- 60 : Maria Bueno 1961 -- 64 : Lesley Turner Bowrey 1961 - 63 - 64 : Margaret Court 1964 - 66 - 69 - 70 : Judy Tegart Dalton 1980 -- 81 : Kathy Jordan / Anne Smith 1975 - 76 - 77 - 80 : / Martina Navratilova 1981 - 82 - 83 - 84 : Pam Shriver 1989 - 90 - 93 : Helena Suková 1988 -- 90 - 91 - 92 : Gigi Fernández 1989 - 90 - 91 - 93 : / Natasha Zvereva 1989 - 90 - 94 : Jana Novotná 1996 - 97 - 98 : Martina Hingis 1999 - 2000 - 01 : Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2000 - 01 - 06 : Lisa Raymond 2012 - 13 - 14 : Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci Mixed doubles 1925 - 26 - 27 - 28 Jean Borotra 1949 -- 51 : Doris Hart / Frank Sedgman 1961 - 1963 : Margaret Court 1962 - 1963 : Ken Fletcher 1965 - 66 - 67 : Owen Davidson 1967 -- 68 : Billie Jean King 1969 -- 75 : Marty Riessen 1961 - 70 - 77 - 79 : Bob Hewitt 1992 -- 93 - 95 : Mark Woodforde 1990 - 93 - 94 - 95 : Todd Woodbridge 1974 - 85 - 2003 : Martina Navratilova 2001 - 02 - 05 : Daniela Hantuchová 1997 - 99 - 2005 - 06 : Mahesh Bhupathi 2002 - 04 - 08 - 10 : Cara Black 1999 - 2003 - 08 - 16 : Leander Paes 2006 - 15 - 16 : Martina Hingis Tennis records and statistics Grand Slam Records Champions Men 's singles Chronological Women 's singles Chronological Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Champions by country Singles Singles finals Open Era singles Men 's finals Women 's finals Age of first title Men 's Singles Open Era All - time Misc. ATP Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Singles Doubles Awards No. 1 rankings ATP singles ATP doubles All - time Select players Singles Doubles Open Era Match wins Masters Series Women 's Singles Open Era All - time WTA Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Awards No. 1 rankings WTA singles and doubles All - time Select players Other Notable rivalries Open Era Titles leaders Records Tournaments Singles Doubles Olympics ITF Rankings Champions Match duration Longest Shortest Tiebreaker Golden set Serving Speed Aces Tennis ITF History Glossary Match types Statistics Players Umpires Women 's tennis Basics General Scoring system point Strategy grips serve and volley Equipment ball racket strings Official Technology electronic line judge hawk - eye cyclops Courts Carpet Clay Grass Hard Shots Backhand Backspin Drop shot Flat Forehand Groundstroke Half volley Lob Passing shot Serve ace Smash Topspin Volley Grand Slams Events Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stats Records Singles finals Professional tours Men ATP World Tour ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team tennis tournaments Active Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Laver Cup World TeamTennis International Premier Tennis League Defunct Wightman Cup World Team Cup Champions Tennis League Multi-sport events Intercontinental Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade Commonwealth Island Mediterranean Continental All - Africa Asian Pacific Pan American Outline Portal WikiCommons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Slam_(tennis)&oldid=803778305 '' Categories : Tennis terminology Grand Slam ( tennis ) Tennis tournaments Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2014 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017, at 15 : 46. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Grand Slam (tennis)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Grand_Slam_(tennis)&amp;oldid=803778305" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "5732664067831848602" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Donovan Mitchell - wikipedia Donovan Mitchell For the poet, see Donovan Mitchell ( poet ). Donovan Mitchell No. 45 -- Utah Jazz Position Shooting guard League NBA ( 1996 - 09 - 07 ) September 7, 1996 ( age 21 ) Elmsford, New York Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Listed weight 215 lb ( 98 kg ) Career information High school Brewster Academy ( Wolfeboro, New Hampshire ) College Louisville ( 2015 -- 2017 ) NBA draft 2017 / Round : 1 / Pick : 13th overall Selected by the Denver Nuggets Playing career 2017 -- present Career history 2017 -- present Utah Jazz Career highlights and awards NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 2018 ) NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 2018 ) First - team All - ACC ( 2017 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Donovan Corey Mitchell Jr. ( born September 7, 1996 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ). He played college basketball for the Louisville Cardinals. He was selected by the Denver Nuggets with the 13th overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft and was later traded on draft night to the Utah Jazz. During his rookie season, Mitchell was named to the NBA All - Rookie First Team and won the Slam Dunk Contest. Contents 1 Early life 2 High school career 3 College career 4 Professional career 4.1 Utah Jazz ( 2017 -- present ) 4.1. 1 Rookie season ( 2017 -- 18 ) 5 Career statistics 5.1 NBA 5.1. 1 Regular season 5.1. 2 Playoffs 5.2 College 6 Off the court 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Donovan Mitchell was born on September 7, 1996 to parents Donovan Mitchell Sr. and Nicole Mitchell. His father Donovan Sr. serves as director of players relations for the New York Mets. He has a younger sister named Jordan. Mitchell was born and raised in Elmsford, New York and attended Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich, Connecticut. Mitchell played his AAU basketball for The City and Riverside Hawks programs based out of New York City. High school career ( edit ) Mitchell attended Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut for his sophomore year of high school before transferring to Brewster Academy in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire for his junior and senior years. Along with basketball, he also played baseball in high school for two years, but focused on basketball when he went to Brewster, a move which garnered him more attention from college basketball coaches. He committed to the University of Louisville to play college basketball. College career ( edit ) Mitchell decided to wear the jersey number 45, showing his appreciation for Michael Jordan, as 45 is the number Jordan wore for his baseball career and during the early part of his first comeback in 1995. As a freshman at the University of Louisville, Mitchell averaged 7.4 points, 1.7 assists and 3.4 rebounds per game. As a sophomore, he averaged 15.6 points, 2.7 assists and 4.9 rebounds per game. Mitchell shot 46.3 percent from the floor, 35.4 percent from behind the arc and 80.6 percent from the free - throw line. He was named to the First Team All - Atlantic Coast Conference. After the season, he entered the 2017 NBA draft, but did not immediately hire an agent. Professional career ( edit ) Utah Jazz ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) Rookie season ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Mitchell was drafted by the Denver Nuggets with the 13th overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft only to be traded to the Utah Jazz for the 24th pick ( Tyler Lydon ) and Trey Lyles. On July 5, 2017, Mitchell signed a four - year rookie scale contract with the Jazz. On July 11, 2017, Mitchell signed a multi-year shoe deal with Adidas. Later that day, Mitchell scored 37 points against the Memphis Grizzlies in the 2017 NBA Summer League in Las Vegas, the most by any player during the 2017 NBA Summer League. In his NBA debut on October 18, 2017, Mitchell registered 10 points and 4 assists against the Denver Nuggets. On December 1, 2017, he scored a career - high 41 points in a 114 -- 108 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. He set the Jazz scoring record for a rookie and became the first NBA rookie to score 40 points in a game since Blake Griffin in 2011. He surpassed Darrell Griffith 's team - record 38 in 1981. Mitchell also became the seventh rookie in franchise history to have a 30 - plus point game, as well as the first to have a 40 - plus point game. On January 4, 2018, Mitchell was named the Western Conference Rookie of the Month for December 2017 after averaging 23.1 points, 3.4 assists, 3.2 rebounds and 1.8 steals in 34.3 minutes per game during the month of December. On January 15, 2018, Mitchell surpassed Karl Malone for most 20 + points games during a rookie season when he had his 19th 20 + point game. On February 2, 2018 Donovan recorded his second 40 point game of his rookie season against the Phoenix Suns, becoming the first rookie guard to notch two 40 - point games since Allen Iverson in 1996 - 97. On February 5, 2018, Donovan was officially named by the NBA as an injury replacement for Orlando Magic forward Aaron Gordon ( strained left hip flexor ) for the 2018 NBA Slam Dunk Contest. He won the contest scoring a 48 and 50 in the first round, then a 50 and 48 in the final round being the first rookie to win the contest since Zach LaVine. On March 1, 2018, Mitchell was named as the Western Conference rookie of the month for the 3rd time this season for games played in February. On April 10, he set a rookie record for most three - pointers in a season with 186 three - pointers during a 119 -- 79 win over the Golden State Warriors. On April 12, at the end of the regular season, Mitchell was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for March and April. In Mitchell 's playoff debut against the Oklahoma City Thunder on April 15, he recorded 27 points, 10 rebounds, and 3 assists. However, during the game he bruised his foot and was questionable for Game 2. He ended up playing in Game 2, scoring 28 points, including 13 in the 4th quarter to lead the Jazz to a 102 -- 95 win. Mitchell set a new record for points by a shooting guard in their first two postseason games with 55 points, breaking Michael Jordan 's record of 53 points. Mitchell led the Jazz to a 4 - 2 series win over the Thunder, averaging 28.5 points a game on 46.2 percent shooting. His 171 points in the series were the third-most ever by a rookie in his first six playoff games, behind only Kareem Abdul - Jabbar and Wilt Chamberlain. His 38 points in Game 6 ( on 14 - of - 26 shooting ) marked the highest scoring output by a rookie in a series - clinching win since 1980. On May 22, 2018, he was named to the NBA All - Rookie First Team. Career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high NBA ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2017 -- 18 Utah 79 71 33.4. 437. 340. 805 3.7 3.7 1.5. 3 20.4 Career 79 71 33.4. 437. 340. 805 3.7 3.7 1.5. 3 20.4 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2018 Utah 11 11 37.4. 420. 313. 907 5.9 4.2 1.5. 4 24.4 Career 11 11 37.4. 420. 313. 907 5.9 4.2 1.5. 4 24.4 College ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2015 -- 16 Louisville 31 5 19.1. 442. 250. 754 3.4 1.7. 8. 1 7.4 2016 -- 17 Louisville 34 33 32.3. 408. 354. 806 4.9 2.7. 5 15.6 Career 65 38 26.0. 418. 329. 788 4.1 1.5. 3 11.7 Off the court ( edit ) During the 2017 -- 18 season Mitchell appeared on the cover of SLAM Magazine and is now starring in a documentary called `` Rookie on the Rise ''. The docu - series follows Mitchell on his race for the Rookie Of The Year. The series is available for viewing on Young Hollywood TV -- a digital network available on Apple TV, Amazon Channels, Amazon Fire TV, Chromecast and Roku. The series could also be viewed on younghollywood.com, Facebook Watch, Young Hollywood 's YouTube page, Twitter and other social channels. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Polacek, Scott ( February 18, 2018 ). `` Donovan Mitchell Talks Importance of Sister Jordan Participating in Dunk Contest ''. bleacherreport.com. Retrieved April 10, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Goon, Kyle ( March 24, 2018 ). `` Donovan Mitchell has learned the value of education from his mom -- that 's why he 's going to finish his degree ''. The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved April 10, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Woodyard, Eric ( November 15, 2017 ). `` New York native Donovan Mitchell cherishes Madison Square Garden debut ''. Deseret News. Retrieved February 12, 2018. His locker room nametag may read Greenwich, Connecticut, but he was actually born in Elmsford, New York Jump up ^ Berman, Marc ( 7 June 2017 ). `` Mets executive 's son is high on the Knicks ' draft radar ''. New York Post. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` DONOVAN MITCHELL ''. 247sports.com. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Jump up ^ Jones, Steve ( 18 January 2015 ). `` Donovan Mitchell preps for U of L career ''. Springfield, Mass : The Courier - Journal. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Jump up ^ Greer, Jeff ( 26 October 2016 ). `` Donovan Mitchell : Baseball star? ''. cincinnati.com. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Jump up ^ Reid, Christian ( 17 March 2017 ). `` How a baseball injury led Connecticut native Donovan Mitchell to star for Louisville hoops under Rick Pitino ''. New York Daily News. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Four - star guard Donovan Mitchell commits to Louisville ''. si.com. Sports Illustrated. 8 August 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Jump up ^ Greer, Jeff ( 10 November 2016 ). `` Is Donovan Mitchell Cards ' next star? ''. The Courier - Journal. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Jump up ^ Varney, Dennis ( 22 June 2017 ). `` Utah Jazz take Louisville 's Donovan Mitchell after draft - night trade involving former UK star ''. Lexington Herald - Leader. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Jump up ^ Press Release ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ). `` ACC Announces All - Conference Team, Postseason Awards, All - ACC Teams ''. theacc.com. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05. Jump up ^ Goodman, Jeff ( 22 March 2017 ). `` Donovan Mitchell to enter draft, but may return to Louisville ''. espn.co.uk. ESPN. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Jump up ^ Greer, Jeff ( 22 March 2017 ). `` Mitchell declares for NBA draft, wo n't hire agent ''. The Courier - Journal. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Jump up ^ Polacek, Scott ( June 22, 2017 ). `` Donovan Mitchell Picked No. 13 in NBA Draft, Nuggets to Trade Him to Jazz ''. bleacherreport.com. Retrieved April 23, 2018. Jump up ^ Daniels, Tim ( July 5, 2017 ). `` Donovan Mitchell Signs Utah Jazz Rookie Contract ''. bleacherreport.com. Retrieved April 23, 2018. Jump up ^ Aulbach, Lucas ( July 11, 2017 ). `` Donovan Mitchell signs shoe deal with Adidas, then scores 37 points at NBA Summer League ''. Courier - Journal. Retrieved April 23, 2018. Jump up ^ Genessy, Jody ( October 18, 2017 ). `` Donovan Mitchell 's NBA career gets off to a very quick start ''. deseretnews.com. Retrieved April 23, 2018. Jump up ^ `` NBA rookie Donovan Mitchell scores 41 points as Jazz beat Pelicans ''. news.com.au. 2 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1 December 2017 ). `` Rookie Donovan Mitchell scores career - high 41, Jazz beat Pelicans ''. Sportsnet.ca. Salt Lake City : Sportsnet. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Donovan Mitchell goes for career - high 41 in Jazz victory ''. ESPN.com. December 1, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Jayson Tatum, Utah Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month ''. NBA.com. January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Powell, Shaun ( January 24, 2018 ). `` League taking note of Donovan Mitchell 's impressive rookie campaign ''. NBA.com. Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09. Jump up ^ `` What Donovan Mitchell 's Iverson comps mean for the Jazz ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz rookie Donovan Mitchell to replace Aaron Gordon in 2018 Verizon Slam Dunk ''. NBA.com. February 5, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 76ers ' Ben Simmons, Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month for February ''. NBA.com. Retrieved March 1, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz guard Donovan Mitchell breaks rookie record for 3 - pointers ''. NBA.com. April 10, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 76ers ' Ben Simmons, Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month for March, April ''. NBA.com. Retrieved April 12, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Thunder 's Paul George, Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell set to play Game 2 ''. nba.com. April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018. Jump up ^ Devine, Dan ( April 18, 2018 ). `` ' I 've got to be smart with it ' : Donovan Mitchell ( left foot contusion ) questionable for Game 2 vs. Thunder ''. sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Young, Royce ( April 19, 2018 ). `` Donovan Mitchell 's 55 points in his first 2 playoff games most ever by guard ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved April 13, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Donovan Mitchell dominated the Thunder in his playoff series debut ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Donovan Mitchell, Ben Simmons lead 2017 - 18 NBA All - Rookie first team ''. NBA.com. May 22, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ Woodyard, Eric ( March 21, 2018 ). `` Donovan Mitchell becomes second Utah Jazz player to make cover of SLAM magazine ''. deseretnews.com. Retrieved March 22, 2018. Jump up ^ Lourim, Jake ( March 22, 2018 ). `` Donovan Mitchell has been a star on the court and now in a documentary series ''. Louisville Courier Journal. Retrieved March 22, 2018. Jump up ^ Brown, Sierra ( April 3, 2018 ). `` Donovan Mitchell Gets A ' Fresh Cut ' In New Web Series ''. vibe.com. Retrieved April 23, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Exclusive release Rookie on The Rise ''. vibe.com. May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018. External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Career statistics and player information from NBA.com, or Basketball-Reference.com Louisville Cardinals bio Utah Jazz current roster 2 Ingles 3 Rubio 10 Burks 11 Exum 13 Bradley 15 Favors 18 Lyles 22 Sefolosha 23 O'Neale 24 Allen 25 Neto 27 Gobert 31 Niang 33 Udoh 45 Mitchell 99 Crowder -- Cavanaugh ( TW ) -- Mitrou - Long ( TW ) Head coach : Snyder Assistant coaches : Bryant Jensen Jones Lang McKown Wells Watkinson 2017 NBA draft First round Markelle Fultz Lonzo Ball Jayson Tatum Josh Jackson De'Aaron Fox Jonathan Isaac Lauri Markkanen Frank Ntilikina Dennis Smith Zach Collins Malik Monk Luke Kennard Donovan Mitchell Bam Adebayo Justin Jackson Justin Patton D.J. Wilson T.J. Leaf John Collins Harry Giles Terrance Ferguson Jarrett Allen OG Anunoby Tyler Lydon Anžejs Pasečņiks Caleb Swanigan Kyle Kuzma Tony Bradley Derrick White Josh Hart Second round Frank Jackson Davon Reed Wes Iwundu Frank Mason III Ivan Rabb Jonah Bolden Semi Ojeleye Jordan Bell Jawun Evans Dwayne Bacon Tyler Dorsey Thomas Bryant Isaiah Hartenstein Damyean Dotson Dillon Brooks Sterling Brown Ike Anigbogu Sindarius Thornwell Vlatko Čančar Mathias Lessort Monté Morris Edmond Sumner Kadeem Allen Alec Peters Nigel Williams - Goss Jabari Bird Sasha Vezenkov Ognjen Jaramaz Jaron Blossomgame Alpha Kaba Slam Dunk Contest winners 1984 : Nance 1985 : Wilkins 1986 : Webb 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Walker 1990 : Wilkins 1991 : Brown 1992 : Ceballos 1993 : Miner 1994 : Rider 1995 : Miner 1996 : Barry 1997 : Bryant 2000 : Carter 2001 : Mason 2002 : Richardson 2003 : Richardson 2004 : Jones 2005 : Smith 2006 : Robinson 2007 : Green 2008 : Howard 2009 : Robinson 2010 : Robinson 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Evans 2013 : Ross 2014 : Wall 2015 : LaVine 2016 : LaVine 2017 : Robinson III 2018 : Mitchell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donovan_Mitchell&oldid=854697852 '' Categories : 1996 births Living people African - American basketball players Basketball players from Connecticut Basketball players from New York ( state ) Denver Nuggets draft picks Louisville Cardinals men 's basketball players People from New Milford, Connecticut Shooting guards Utah Jazz players Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Volapük 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018, at 04 : 56 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Donovan Mitchell", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Donovan_Mitchell&amp;oldid=854697852" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Louisville, Mitchell averaged 7.4 points, 1.7 assists and 3.4 rebounds per game. As a sophomore, he averaged 15.6 points, 2.7 assists and 4.9 rebounds per game. Mitchell shot 46.3 percent from the floor, 35.4 percent from behind the arc and 80.6 percent from the free - throw line. He was named to the First Team All - Atlantic Coast Conference. After the season, he entered the 2017 NBA draft, but did not immediately hire an agent. Professional career ( edit ) Utah Jazz ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) Rookie season ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Mitchell was drafted by the Denver Nuggets with the 13th overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft only to be traded to the Utah Jazz for the 24th pick ( Tyler Lydon ) and Trey Lyles. On July 5, 2017, Mitchell signed a four - year rookie scale contract with the Jazz. On July 11, 2017, Mitchell signed a multi-year shoe deal with Adidas. Later that day, Mitchell scored 37 points against the Memphis Grizzlies in the 2017 NBA Summer League in Las Vegas, the most by any player during the 2017 NBA Summer League. In his NBA debut on October 18, 2017, Mitchell registered 10 points and 4 assists against the Denver Nuggets. On December 1, 2017, he scored a career -" ], "id": [ "16107258742229165853" ], "short_answers": [ "13th" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Category : drink companies of the Philippines - wikipedia Help Category : drink companies of the Philippines Jump to : navigation, search Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beverage companies of the Philippines. This category has only the following subcategory. ► Coffee houses of the Philippines ‎ ( 2 P ) Pages in category `` drink companies of the Philippines '' The following 17 pages are in this category, out of 17 total. This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ). Alaska Milk Corporation Asia Brewery Coca - Cola FEMSA Philippines Ginebra San Miguel LT Group Macay Holdings Magnolia ( Philippine company ) Malagos Chocolate Oishi ( company ) Pepsi Philippines RFM Corporation San Miguel Brewery San Miguel Corporation San Miguel Food and Beverage Tanduay U Universal Robina Z Zest - O Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Drink_companies_of_the_Philippines&oldid=739214442 '' Categories : Drink companies by country Food and drink companies of the Philippines Philippine drinks Manufacturing companies of the Philippines Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Help About Wikipedia فارسی اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2016, at 12 : 13. About Wikipedia", "title": "Category:Drink companies of the Philippines", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Category:Drink_companies_of_the_Philippines&amp;oldid=739214442" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "15947671830937255653" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "British Airways destinations - wikipedia British Airways destinations This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 5 April 2018. Jump to : navigation, search For the list of destinations served by British Airways regional subsidiary BA CityFlyer, see BA CityFlyer destinations. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) British Airways is one of few carriers serving destinations across all six inhabited continents. Following is a list of destinations the airline flies to, as of March 2017 ; terminated destinations are also listed. The list does not include cities served solely by affiliated regional carriers, and some terminated destinations may now be served either via franchise or through codeshare agreements with other carriers. Each destination is provided with the name of the country served, the name of the airport served, and both the International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) three - letter designator ( IATA airport code ) and the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) four - letter designator ( ICAO airport code ). Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 Notes and references 3.1 Notes 3.2 References 4 External links List ( edit ) Hub Future destination Seasonal Terminated destination This transport - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it. City Country IATA ICAO Airport Refs Aarhus Denmark AAR EKAH Aarhus Airport Aberdeen United Kingdom ABZ EGPD Aberdeen Airport Abidjan Côte d'Ivoire ABJ DIAP Port Bouet Airport Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates AUH OMAA Abu Dhabi International Airport Abuja Nigeria ABV DNAA Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Accra Ghana ACC DGAA Kotoka International Airport Addis Ababa Ethiopia ADD HAAB Bole International Airport Adelaide Australia ADL YPAD Adelaide Airport Agadir Morocco AGA GMAD Al Massira Airport Alexandria Egypt ALY HEAX Alexandria International Airport Algiers Algeria ALG DAAG Houari Boumediene Airport Alicante Spain ALC LEAL Alicante Airport Almaty Kazakhstan ALA UAAA Almaty International Airport Amman Jordan AMM OJAI Queen Alia International Airport Amsterdam Netherlands AMS EHAM Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Ankara Turkey ESB LTAC Esenboğa International Airport Annecy France NCY LFLP Annecy -- Haute - Savoie -- Mont Blanc Airport Antigua Antigua and Barbuda ANU TAPA V.C. Bird International Airport Antwerp Belgium ANR EBAW Antwerp International Airport Ashgabat Turkmenistan ASB UTAA Ashgabat Airport Athens Greece ATH LGAV Athens International Airport Atlanta United States ( Georgia ) ATL KATL Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport ^ Auckland New Zealand AKL NZAA Auckland Airport Austin United States ( Texas ) AUS KAUS Austin - Bergstrom International Airport Baghdad Iraq BGW ORBI Baghdad International Airport Bahrain Bahrain BAH OBBI Bahrain International Airport ^ Baku Azerbaijan GYD UBBB Heydar Aliyev International Airport Baltimore ( Washington, D.C. ) United States ( Maryland ) BWI KBWI Baltimore / Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport Bangalore India BLR VOBL Bengaluru International Airport Bangkok Thailand BKK VTBS Suvarnabhumi Airport Barbados Barbados BGI TBPB Grantley Adams International Airport Barcelona Spain BCN LEBL Barcelona -- El Prat Airport Bari Italy BRI LIBD Bari Airport Barra United Kingdom BRR EGPR Barra Airport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg Switzerland France Germany BSL MLH EAP LFSB EuroAirport Basel - Mulhouse - Freiburg Beijing China PEK ZBAA Beijing Capital International Airport Beirut Lebanon BEY OLBA Beirut -- Rafic Hariri International Airport Belfast United Kingdom BFS EGAA Belfast International Airport Belfast United Kingdom BHD EGAC George Best Belfast City Airport Belgrade Serbia BEG LYBE Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport Benbecula United Kingdom BEB EGPL Benbecula Airport Bergamo Italy BGY LIME Orio al Serio Airport Bergen Norway BGO ENBR Bergen Airport Berlin Germany TXL EDDT Berlin Tegel Airport Bermuda Bermuda BDA TXKF L.F. Wade International Airport Bern Switzerland BRN LSZB Bern Airport Biarritz France BIQ LFBZ Biarritz -- Anglet -- Bayonne Airport Bilbao Spain BIO LEBB Bilbao Airport Billund Denmark BLL EKBI Billund Airport Birmingham United Kingdom BHX EGBB Birmingham Airport Bishkek Kyrgyzstan FRU UAFM Manas International Airport Blackpool United Kingdom BLK EGNH Blackpool International Airport Bodrum Turkey BJV LTFE Milas - Bodrum Airport Bogotá Colombia BOG SKBO El Dorado International Airport Bologna Italy BLQ LIPE Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport Bordeaux France BOD LFBD Bordeaux -- Mérignac Airport Boston United States ( Massachusetts ) BOS KBOS Logan International Airport Bournemouth United Kingdom BOH EGHH Bournemouth Airport Bratislava Slovakia BTS LZIB Bratislava Airport Bremen Germany BRE EDDW Bremen Airport Brindisi Italy BDS LIBR Brindisi -- Salento Airport Brisbane Australia BNE YBBN Brisbane Airport Bristol United Kingdom BRS EGGD Bristol Airport Brussels Belgium BRU EBBR Brussels Airport Bucharest Romania OTP LROP Henri Coandă International Airport Budapest Hungary BUD LHBP Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport Buenos Aires Argentina EZE SAEZ Ministro Pistarini International Airport Cagliari Italy CAG LIEE Cagliari - Elmas Airport Cairo Egypt CAI HECA Cairo International Airport Calgary Canada ( Alberta ) YYC CYYC Calgary International Airport Campbeltown United Kingdom CAL EGEC Campbeltown Airport Cancún Mexico CUN MMUN Cancún International Airport Cape Town South Africa CPT FACT Cape Town International Airport Caracas Venezuela CCS SVMI Simón Bolívar International Airport Cardiff United Kingdom CWL EGFF Cardiff Airport Casablanca Morocco CMN GMMN Mohammed V International Airport Catania Italy CTA LICC Catania Vincenzo Bellini Airport Chambéry France CMF LFLB Chambéry Airport Chania Greece CHQ LGSA Chania International Airport Charlotte United States ( North Carolina ) CLT KCLT Charlotte Douglas International Airport Chengdu China CTU ZUUU Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Chennai India MAA VOMM Chennai International Airport ^ Chicago United States ( Illinois ) ORD KORD O'Hare International Airport ^ Christchurch New Zealand CHC NZCH Christchurch Airport Cologne Germany CGN EDDK Cologne Bonn Airport Colombo Sri Lanka CMB VCBI Bandaranaike International Airport Copenhagen Denmark CPH EKCH Copenhagen Airport Cork Ireland ORK EICK Cork Airport Dalaman Turkey DLM LTBS Dalaman Airport Dallas / Fort Worth United States ( Texas ) DFW KDFW Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Damascus Syria DAM OSDI Damascus International Airport Dammam Saudi Arabia DMM OEDF King Fahd International Airport Dar es Salaam Tanzania DAR HTDA Julius Nyerere International Airport Delhi India DEL VIDP Indira Gandhi International Airport ^ Denver United States ( Colorado ) DEN KDEN Denver International Airport Derry United Kingdom LDY EGAE Londonderry Airport Detroit United States ( Michigan ) DTW KDTW Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Dhahran Saudi Arabia DHA OEDR Dhahran International Airport Dhaka Bangladesh DAC VGHS Shahjalal International Airport Doha Qatar DOH OTBD Doha International Airport Doha Qatar DOH OTHH Hamad International Airport Dresden Germany DRS EDDC Dresden Airport Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB OMDB Dubai International Airport ^ Dublin Ireland DUB EIDW Dublin Airport Dubrovnik Croatia DBV LDDU Dubrovnik Airport Durban South Africa DUR FADN Durban International Airport Düsseldorf Germany DUS EDDL Düsseldorf Airport East Midlands United Kingdom EMA EGNX East Midlands Airport Eday United Kingdom EOI EGED Eday Airport Edinburgh United Kingdom EDI EGPH Edinburgh Airport Eindhoven Netherlands EIN EHEH Eindhoven Airport Entebbe Uganda EBB HUEN Entebbe International Airport Exeter United Kingdom EXT EGTE Exeter International Airport Fair Isle United Kingdom FIE EGEF Fair Isle Airport Faro Portugal FAO LPFR Faro Airport Frankfurt Germany FRA EDDF Frankfurt Airport ^ Fort Lauderdale United States ( Florida ) FLL KFLL Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood International Airport Freetown Sierra Leone FNA GFLL Lungi International Airport Friedrichshafen Germany FDH EDNY Friedrichshafen Airport Funchal Portugal FNC LMPA Madeira Airport Gaborone Botswana GBE FBSK Sir Seretse Khama International Airport Geilo Norway VDB ENFG Fagernes Airport Geneva Switzerland GVA LSGG Geneva International Airport Genoa Italy GOA LIMJ Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport Gibraltar Gibraltar GIB LXGB Gibraltar International Airport Glasgow United Kingdom GLA EGPF Glasgow International Airport Gothenburg Sweden GOT ESGG Göteborg Landvetter Airport Grand Cayman Cayman Islands GCM MWCR Owen Roberts International Airport Grenoble France GNB LFLS Grenoble -- Isère Airport Guadalajara Mexico GDL MMGL Guadalajara International Airport Guernsey Guernsey GCI EGJB Guernsey Airport Hamburg Germany HAM EDDH Hamburg Airport Hanover Germany HAJ EDDV Hannover Airport Harare Zimbabwe HRE FVHA Harare International Airport Hassi Messaoud Algeria HME DAUH Oued Irara -- Krim Belkacem Airport Haugesund Norway HAU ENHD Haugesund Airport Havana Cuba HAV MUHA José Martí International Airport Helsingborg Sweden AGH ESTA Ängelholm - Helsingborg Airport Helsinki Finland HEL EFHK Helsinki Airport Hoedspruit South Africa -- FAHS Eastgate Airport Hong Kong China HKG VHHH Hong Kong International Airport ^ Houston United States ( Texas ) IAH KIAH George Bush Intercontinental Airport ^ Hyderabad India HYD VOHS Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Ibiza Spain IBZ LEIB Ibiza Airport Innsbruck Austria INN LOWI Innsbruck Airport Inverness United Kingdom INV EGPE Inverness Airport Islamabad Pakistan ISB OPRN Benazir Bhutto International Airport Islay United Kingdom ILY EGPI Islay Airport Istanbul Turkey IST LTBA Istanbul Atatürk Airport Jakarta Indonesia CGK WIII Soekarno -- Hatta International Airport Jeddah Saudi Arabia JED OEJN King Abdulaziz International Airport Jerez de la Frontera Spain XRY LEJR Jerez Airport Jersey Jersey JER EGJJ Jersey Airport Johannesburg South Africa JNB FAOR OR Tambo International Airport ^ Kalamata Greece KLX LGKL Kalamata International Airport Karachi Pakistan KHI OPKC Karachi International Airport Kano Nigeria KAN DNKN Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport Kefalonia begins 15 May 2018 Greece EFL LGKF Kefalonia International Airport Kelowna Canada ( British Columbia ) YLW CYLW Kelowna International Airport Khartoum Sudan KRT HSSS Khartoum International Airport Kiev Ukraine KBP UKBB Boryspil International Airport Kingston Jamaica KIN MKJP Norman Manley International Airport Kirkwall United Kingdom KOI EGPA Kirkwall Airport Kolkata India CCU VECC Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport Kraków Poland KRK EPKK John Paul II International Airport Kraków - Balice Kuala Lumpur Malaysia KUL WMKK Kuala Lumpur International Airport Kuwait Kuwait KWI OKBK Kuwait International Airport Lagos Nigeria LOS DNMM Murtala Muhammed International Airport Lanzarote Spain ACE GCRR Lanzarote Airport Larnaca Cyprus LCA LCLK Larnaca International Airport Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain LPA GCLP Gran Canaria Airport Las Vegas United States ( Nevada ) LAS KLAS McCarran International Airport Leeds United Kingdom LBA EGNM Leeds Bradford International Airport Leipzig Germany LEJ EDDP Leipzig / Halle Airport Lilongwe Malawi LLW FWKI Lilongwe International Airport Lima Peru LIM SPIM Jorge Chavez International Airport Limoges France LIG LFBL Limoges -- Bellegarde Airport Linz Austria LNZ LOWL Linz Airport Lisbon Portugal LIS LPPT Lisbon Airport Liverpool United Kingdom LPL EGGP Liverpool John Lennon Airport Ljubljana Slovenia LJU LJLJ Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport London United Kingdom LGW EGKK Gatwick Airport London United Kingdom LCY EGLC London City Airport London United Kingdom LHR EGLL Heathrow Airport London United Kingdom LTN EGGW London Luton Airport London United Kingdom STN EGSS London Stansted Airport Los Angeles United States ( California ) LAX KLAX Los Angeles International Airport Luanda Angola LAD FNLU Quatro de Fevereiro Airport Lugano Switzerland LUG LSZA Lugano Airport Lusaka Zambia LUN FLLS Lusaka International Airport Luxembourg Luxembourg LUX ELLX Findel Airport Luxor Egypt LXR HELX Luxor International Airport Lyon France LYS LFLL Lyon - Saint Exupéry Airport Madrid Spain MAD LEMD Adolfo Suárez Madrid -- Barajas Airport ^ Mahé Seychelles SEZ FSIA Seychelles International Airport Mahébourg Mauritius MRU FIMP Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport Málaga Spain AGP LEMG Málaga Airport Malé Maldives MLE VRMM Ibrahim Nasir International Airport Malmö Sweden MMX ESMS Malmö Airport Malta Malta MLA LMML Malta International Airport Manchester United Kingdom MAN EGCC Manchester Airport Manila Philippines MNL RPLL Ninoy Aquino International Airport Manzini Swaziland MTS FDMS Matsapha Airport Marrakech Morocco RAK GMMX Marrakech - Menara Airport Marseille France MRS LFML Marseille Provence Airport Melbourne Australia MEL YMML Melbourne Airport Menorca Spain MAH LEMH Menorca Airport Mexico City Mexico MEX MMMX Mexico City International Airport Miami United States ( Florida ) MIA KMIA Miami International Airport Milan Italy LIN LIML Linate Airport Milan Italy MXP LIMC Malpensa Airport Minsk Belarus MSQ UMMS Minsk International Airport Monrovia Suspended indefinitely Liberia ROB GLRB Roberts International Airport Montego Bay Jamaica MBJ MKJS Sangster International Airport Montpellier France MPL LFMT Montpellier -- Méditerranée Airport Montreal Canada ( Quebec ) YUL CYUL Montréal - Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Moscow Russia DME UUDD Domodedovo International Airport Mumbai India BOM VABB Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport ^ Munich Germany MUC EDDM Munich Airport Münster Germany FMO EDDG Münster Osnabrück International Airport Murcia Spain MJV LELC Murcia - San Javier Airport Muscat Oman MCT OOMS Muscat International Airport Mykonos Greece JMK LGMK Mykonos Island National Airport Nagoya Japan NKM RJNA Komaki Airport Nairobi Kenya NBO HKJK Jomo Kenyatta International Airport ^ Nantes France NTE LFRS Nantes Atlantique Airport Naples Italy NAP LIRN Naples Airport Nashville begins 4 May 2018 United States ( Tennessee ) BNA KBNA Nashville International Airport Nassau Bahamas NAS MYNN Lynden Pindling International Airport New Orleans United States ( Louisiana ) MSY KMSY Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport New York City United States ( New York ) JFK KJFK John F. Kennedy International Airport Newark ( New York City ) United States ( New Jersey ) EWR KEWR Newark Liberty International Airport Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom NCL EGNT Newcastle Airport Newquay United Kingdom NQY EGHQ Newquay Cornwall Airport Nice France NCE LFMN Nice Côte d'Azur Airport Norrköping Sweden NRK ESSP Norrköping Airport North Ronaldsay United Kingdom NRL EGEN North Ronaldsay Airport Norwich United Kingdom NWI EGSH Norwich International Airport Nuremberg Germany NUE EDDN Nuremberg Airport Oakland United States ( California ) OAK KOAK Oakland International Airport Orlando United States ( Florida ) MCO KMCO Orlando International Airport Osaka Japan KIX RJBB Kansai International Airport Oslo Norway FBU ENFB Fornebu Airport Oslo Norway OSL ENGM Oslo Gardermoen Airport Ostend Belgium OST EBOS Ostend - Bruges International Airport Palermo Italy PMO LICJ Falcone -- Borsellino Airport Palma de Mallorca Spain PMI LEPA Palma de Mallorca Airport Papa Westray United Kingdom PPW EGEP Papa Westray Airport Paphos Cyprus PFO LCPH Paphos International Airport Paris France CDG LFPG Charles de Gaulle Airport Paris France ORY LFPO Orly Airport Perth Australia PER YPPH Perth Airport Philadelphia United States ( Pennsylvania ) PHL KPHL Philadelphia International Airport Phoenix United States ( Arizona ) PHX KPHX Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Pisa Italy PSA LIRP Galileo Galilei Airport Pittsburgh United States ( Pennsylvania ) PIT KPIT Pittsburgh International Airport Plymouth United Kingdom PLH EGHD Plymouth City Airport Port Elizabeth South Africa PLZ FAPE Port Elizabeth Airport Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago POS TTPP Piarco International Airport Porto Portugal OPO LPPR Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport Porto Santo Portugal PXO LPPS Porto Santo Airport Prague Czech Republic PRG LKPR Prague Václav Havel Airport Pristina Kosovo PRN BKPR Pristina International Airport Adem Jashari Providenciales Turks and Caicos Islands PLS MBPV Providenciales International Airport Pula Croatia PUY LDPL Pula Airport Punta Cana Dominican Republic PUJ MDPC Punta Cana International Airport Reykjavík Iceland KEF BIKF Keflavík International Airport Richards Bay South Africa RCB FARB Richards Bay Airport Riga Latvia RIX EVRA Riga International Airport Rio de Janeiro Brazil GIG SBGL Rio de Janeiro - Galeão International Airport Riyadh Saudi Arabia RUH OERK King Khalid International Airport Rome Italy FCO LIRF Leonardo da Vinci - Fiumicino Airport Rotterdam Netherlands RTM EHRD Rotterdam The Hague Airport Saarbrücken Germany SCN EDDR Saarbrücken Airport Saint Kitts Saint Kitts and Nevis SKB TKPK Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport Saint Petersburg Russia LED ULLI Pulkovo Airport Salzburg Austria SZG LOWS Salzburg Airport San Diego United States ( California ) SAN KSAN San Diego International Airport San Francisco United States ( California ) SFO KSFO San Francisco International Airport San Jose United States ( California ) SJC KSJC San Jose International Airport San José de Costa Rica Costa Rica SJO MROC Juan Santamaría International Airport San Juan Puerto Rico SJU TJSJ Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport Sanday United Kingdom NDY EGES Sanday Airport Santiago de Chile Chile SCL SCEL Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport Santorini Greece JTR LGSR Santorini National Airport Seattle United States ( Washington ) SEA KSEA Seattle - Tacoma International Airport Seoul South Korea GMP RKSS Gimpo International Airport Seoul South Korea ICN RKSI Incheon International Airport Shanghai China PVG ZSPD Shanghai Pudong International Airport ^ Shannon Ireland SNN EINN Shannon Airport Sharm el - Sheikh Egypt SSH HESH Sharm el - Sheikh International Airport Shetland Islands United Kingdom LSI EGPB Sumburgh Airport Singapore Singapore SIN WSSS Singapore Changi Airport Skopje Macedonia SKP LWSK Skopje `` Alexander the Great '' Airport Sofia Bulgaria SOF LBSF Sofia Airport Southampton United Kingdom SOU EGHI Southampton Airport St. George Grenada GND TGPY Maurice Bishop International Airport Stavanger Norway SVG ENZV Stavanger Airport Stockholm Sweden ARN ESSA Arlanda Airport Stockholm Sweden BMA ESSB Bromma Airport Stornoway United Kingdom SYY EGPO Stornoway Airport Stronsay United Kingdom SOY EGER Stronsay Airport Stuttgart Germany STR EDDS Stuttgart Airport Sydney Australia SYD YSSY Sydney Airport São Paulo Brazil GRU SBGR São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport Taipei Taiwan TPE RCTP Taoyuan International Airport Tallinn Estonia TLL EETN Tallinn Airport Tampa United States ( Florida ) TPA KTPA Tampa International Airport Tampere Finland TMP EFTP Tampere - Pirkkala Airport Tangier Morocco TNG GMTT Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport Tashkent Uzbekistan TAS UTTT Tashkent International Airport Tbilisi Georgia TBS UGTB Tbilisi International Airport Teesside United Kingdom MME EGNV Durham Tees Valley Airport Tehran Iran IKA OIIE Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport Tel Aviv Israel TLV LLBG Ben Gurion Airport Tenerife Spain TFS GCTS Tenerife South Airport Thessaloniki Greece SKG LGTS Thessaloniki International Airport Thisted Denmark TED EKTS Thisted Airport Tirana Albania TIA LATI Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza Tiree United Kingdom TRE EGPU Tiree Airport Tobago Trinidad and Tobago TAB TTCP Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson International Airport Tokyo Japan HND RJTT Haneda Airport Tokyo Japan NRT RJAA Narita International Airport Toronto Canada ( Ontario ) YYZ CYYZ Toronto Pearson International Airport Toulouse France TLS LFBO Toulouse - Blagnac Airport Tripoli Libya TIP HLLT Tripoli International Airport Tunis Tunisia TUN DTTA Tunis - Carthage International Airport Turin Italy TRN LIMF Turin Caselle Airport Turku Finland TKU EFTU Turku Airport Vaasa Finland VAA EFVA Vaasa Airport Valencia Spain VLC LEVC Valencia Airport Vancouver Canada ( British Columbia ) YVR CYVR Vancouver International Airport Venice Italy VCE LIPZ Venice Marco Polo Airport Verona Italy VRN LIPX Verona Airport Victoria Falls Zimbabwe VFA FVFA Victoria Falls Airport Vienna Austria VIE LOWW Vienna International Airport Vieux - Fort Saint Lucia UVF TLPL Hewanorra International Airport Vilnius Lithuania VNO EYVI Vilnius International Airport Warsaw Poland WAW EPWA Warsaw Chopin Airport Washington, D.C. United States ( Virginia ) IAD KIAD Washington Dulles International Airport Waterford Ireland WAT EIWF Waterford Airport Westray United Kingdom WRY EGEW Westray Airport Wick United Kingdom WIC EGPC Wick Airport Windhoek Namibia WDH FYWH Windhoek Hosea Kutako International Airport Yerevan Armenia EVN UDYZ Zvartnots International Airport Zagreb Croatia ZAG LDZA Zagreb Airport Zakynthos Greece ZTH LGZA Zakynthos International Airport Zaragoza Spain ZAZ LEZG Zaragoza Airport Zurich Switzerland ZRH LSZH Zurich Airport See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Aviation portal British Airways franchise destinations British Airways World Cargo Transport in the United Kingdom Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ International traffic was transferred to Incheon Airport in 2001. Jump up ^ The source lists Derry as Londonderry, but per the manual of style, the city is listed as Derry. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Airline Directory -- British Airways ''. Flight International. 53 ( 4617 ) : 57. 18 -- 24 March 1998. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` World Airline Directory -- British Airways '' ( PDF ). Flight International : 98 -- 99. 20 March 2001 -- 26 March 2001. Retrieved 24 June 2011. Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Route Network on 14 December 2000, British Airways ^ Jump up to : `` World Airline Directory -- British Airways '' ( PDF ). Flight International : 59 -- 60. 24 March 1999 -- 30 March 1999. Retrieved 30 August 2011. Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` British Airways transfers nine bmi routes to British Airways code ''. Centre for Aviation. 11 May 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` bmi flights changing to have BA flight numbers ''. British Airways. 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` British Airways suspends London Heathrow -- Agadir route from 26 October 2014 ''. London Air Travel. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 3 Jan 2016. Jump up ^ `` British Airways : deux petites nouveautés pour l'hiver '' ( British Airways : two new requests for winter ) ( in French ). Air Journal. 19 July 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012. ^ Jump up to : ba.com -- New flight routes and destinations Archived 17 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : `` British Airways Ends Entebbe / Almaty Service from October 2015 ''. Airline Route. 24 July 2015. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Latest information about bmi flights ''. British Airways. 3 July 2012. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` World Airline Directory -- British Airways '' ( PDF ). Flight International : 67. 1 April 1989. Retrieved 25 March 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Long haul freighter schedule ( Effective October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 ) ) '' ( PDF ). British Airways World Cargo. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012. Jump up ^ http://airlineroute.net/2011/01/25/ba-w85/ Jump up ^ Mutzabaugh, Ben ( 3 March 2014 ). `` Boeing Dreamliner puts Austin on the global travel map ''. USA TODAY. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Jump up ^ azernews.az - British Airways suspending Baku flights Jump up ^ `` British Airways to start service from BWI to Heathrow ''. The Baltimore Sun. 15 October 2001. Jump up ^ `` World Airline Directory -- British Airways '' ( PDF ). Flight International : 74. 24 March 1993 -- 30 March 1993. Retrieved 30 August 2011. Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : British Airways - Timetables ^ Jump up to : `` British Airways to launch new summer seasonal routes from London Heathrow to Biarritz, Menorca and Palermo ''. Londonairtravel.com. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015. Jump up ^ Gill, Rob ( 30 October 2014 ). `` British Airways to start Bilbao flights ''. Buying Business Travel. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` British Airways Adds London Heathrow - Billund Route from May 2016 ''. Airlineroute.net. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015. Jump up ^ http://mediacentre.britishairways.com/pressrelease/details/86/2017-228/8244 Jump up ^ `` British Airways To Fly to Bodrum and Dalaman in 2015 ''. Fethiye Times. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` British Airways adds new Heathrow -- Europe routes in S17 ''. Routes Online. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` BA to scrap struggling Bmi routes ''. The Telegraph. 19 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 17. ^ Jump up to : Young, Kathryn M. ( 23 November 2015 ). `` Airline Routes - Nov. 23, 2015 ''. Air Transport World. British Airways adds London LHR - Chania and Kalamata, Greece, to its summer scheduled beginning April 30, 2016, with a mixed fleet of Airbus A319 and A320 aircraft. Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/269370/british-airways-closes-chengdu-reservations-from-jan-2017/ Jump up ^ Phillips, Tony ( 2013 ). With Great Foresight - The story of Christchurch International Airport. ( Christchurch, N.Z. ) : The Caxton Press. p. 147. ISBN 9780473265403. Jump up ^ Duclos, François ( 15 April 2013 ). `` British Airways est de retour au Sri Lanka '' ( British Airways is back at Sri Lanka ) ( in French ). Air Journal. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Jump up ^ BA to end Colombo turn Male seasonal Archived 26 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` British Airways To Fly to Bodrum and Dalaman in 2015 ''. Fethiye Times. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` Tanzania : Dons See Loss As BA Closes Shop ''. AllAfrica.com. Tanzania Daily News. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` Doha International Airport frontpage ''. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` Celebrate Gulf 's newest hub with discount on flights '' ( Press release ). Oneworld. 27 May 2014. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Flights to Dublin ( DUB ) ''. British Airways. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` British Airways launches flights to Fort Lauderdale ''. Buying Business Travel. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Ebola outbreak : BA and Whitehall pushed to restart direct flights to virus - hit countries ''. The Independent. 1 February 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` British Airways Adds London Gatwick -- Friedrichshafen / Grenoble Winter Service from late - Dec 2014 ''. Airline Route. 7 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 09. Jump up ^ `` BA New Routes ''. British Airways. Jump up ^ British Airways ' Speedbird Club : Arret de la route Hassi Messaoud au départ de Gatwick Jump up ^ Aujourd'hui Le Maroc -- Alger : British Airways craint des attentats Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` British Airways set for Highlands return ''. The Scotsman. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015. Jump up ^ BA history 1990s Jump up ^ http://aviationtribune.com/airlines/europe/british-airways-launches-new-route-kefalonia/ Jump up ^ `` New flights from Krakow to UK, Netherlands ''. Krakow Post. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015. Jump up ^ Alan, Alan ( 30 October 2015 ). `` IAG net profit up 39 % in 3Q ''. Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Growth in the quarter had come from all parts of the group ; Iberia, for example, had restored some previously ditched routes, such as Madrid - Havana, and opened new ones, such as Madrid - Cali, while BA opened up London Heathrow - Kuala Lumpur. Jump up ^ `` BA New Routes '' ( Press release ). British Airways. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` British Airways : deux routes vers les îles Canaries '' ( British Airways : two services to the Canary Islands ) ( in French ). Air Journal. 8 November 2012. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012. Jump up ^ `` British Airways ' Winter 2013 Schedule Includes New Service to Gran Canaria and Frequency Increases To Hot - spot Destinations '' ( Press release ). British Airways. 22 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Bmi Purchase Boosts British Airways Domestic Services From Winter 2012 '' ( Press release ). British Airways. 27 June 2012. Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 23. Retrieved 21 October 2012. Jump up ^ http://airlineroute.net/2015/08/18/ba-lim-s16/ Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/272269/british-airways-removes-lima-nw17-schedule/ Jump up ^ `` New Routes ''. British Airways. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Zambia 's booming economy increasingly reliant on Kenya and Ethiopian Airways. A flag carrier needed? ''. Centre for Aviation. 15 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ `` British Airways abandons London - Lusaka route ''. The Lusaka Times. 4 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11. Jump up ^ https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/277852/british-airways-opens-seychelles-reservation-in-w18/ ^ Jump up to : `` Airline Routes ''. Air Transport World. 21 April 2014. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` LH Quits Manila, '' TTG Asia ^ Jump up to : `` British Airways Launches Flights to Oporto, Mykonos and Santorini '' ( Press release ). British Airways. 16 October 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/274202/british-airways-adds-nashville-service-from-may-2018/ Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Britain Agree To Expand Air Service ; Gatwick to Get New Service New Entrants in Market, '' The New York Times ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` British Airways Announces Services Between New Orleans and London ''. EconoTimes. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` More Choice for Bay Area Residents With New Oakland to London Service '' ( Press release ). British Airways. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` BA transfers Paris Orly route from London Heathrow to City '' ( Press release ). London Air Travel. 18 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017. Jump up ^ http://www.airkosova.net/2012/08/british-airways-to-farewell-pristina/ Jump up ^ http://airlineroute.net/2015/05/08/ba-europe-w15/ ^ Jump up to : `` British Airways atterrit à Zagreb, Rotterdam '' ( British Airways lands at Zagreb and Rotterdam ) ( in French ). Air Journal. 10 December 2012. Archived from the original on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` British Airways to start 787 - 9 flights to San Jose, California ''. Air Transport World. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` British Airways to Start Costa Rica Service from May 2016 ''. Airline Route. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Jump up ^ Gill, Rob ( 7 November 2012 ). `` British Airways to end Puerto Rico route ''. Buying Business Travel. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` British Airways Serves San Juan '' ( Press release ). British Airways. 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 19. Jump up ^ `` First direct flight from UK to Chile coming in 2017 ''. The Telegraph. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017. Jump up ^ Vlassis, Gus ( 3 April 2001 ). `` Olympic 's privatisation again in doubt as new Athens hub opens ''. Athens : Flightglobal. Flight International. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. South Korea 's new Incheon International airport opened for business on 29 March. The airport, built at a cost of $5 billion, will initially be able to handle 27 million passengers and 1.7 million tonnes of cargo annually. Some 50 km west of the capital Seoul, the airport will handle international traffic while the older Gimpo airport it replaces is to remain open for domestic traffic. Jump up ^ `` British Airways Announces New Route To Asia '' ( Press release ). British Airways. 3 May 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` British Airways resumes Seoul service with more Asian destinations to come as BA integrates bmi ''. Centre for Aviation. 3 May 2012. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2012. Jump up ^ Tom Otley ( 3 May 2012 ). `` BA returns to Seoul ''. Business Traveller. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012. Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/21/british-airways-abandons-flights-to-egypts-sharm-el-sheikh-resor/ Jump up ^ britishairways.com -- Timetables Archived 22 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` BA announces summer route and terminal changes ''. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 16. Retrieved 18 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` British Airways Delays Tehran Resumption to Sep 2016 ''. routesonline. Retrieved 22 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Lufthansa, Austrian Airlines halt Libya flights indefinitely ''. Reuters Africa. 7 April 2014. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Jump up ^ http://airlineroute.net/2015/08/18/ba-vlcop-w15/ External links ( edit ) British Airways ' current destination list International Airlines Group Operations Divisions and subsidiaries Iberia Iberia Cargo Iberia Express Level British Airways BA CityFlyer British Airways Engineering British Airways Maintenance Cardiff Gatwick Ground Services OpenSkies Aer Lingus Aer Lingus Regional IAG Cargo Iberia Cargo British Airways World Cargo Vueling -- Franchisees Air Nostrum Comair Sun - Air of Scandinavia Destinations Aer Lingus Air Nostrum British Airways franchise Iberia History History of Iberia History of British Airways Predecessors and acquisitions Aviaco Air Panamá Internacional British Airways Ltd ( 1935 -- 1939 ) British European Airways British Midland International Bmibaby British South American Airways British Overseas Airways Corporation British Airways Helicopters Compañía Aero Marítima Mallorquina ( de ) Compañía Española de Tráfico Aéreo ( es ) Concesionaria de Líneas Aéreas Subvencionadas Corporación Dominicana de Aviación Clickair Imperial Airways Viva Air Former franchisees BA Connect British Airways Ltd ( 2012 -- 2015 ) British Regional Airlines Brymon Airways CityFlyer Express Loganair Maersk Air UK Incidents Iberia IB062 IB401 Madrid runway disaster 1973 Nantes mid-air collision IB602 IB610 British Airways BA9 BA38 BA149 BA268 1976 Zagreb mid-air collision BA2276 BA5390 Aer Lingus EI712 EI164 Others Air Nostrum BMI ( Stockport air disaster, Kegworth air disaster ) Comair People Antonio Vázquez Romero Willie Walsh Other Airways Flying Club British Airways ethnic liveries Fleet Oneworld `` Speedbird '' List of airline holding companies Heathrow Terminal 5 Waterside Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Airways_destinations&oldid=834484747 '' Categories : Lists of airline destinations Oneworld destinations British Airways Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2013 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Incomplete transport lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018, at 23 : 58. About Wikipedia", "title": "British Airways destinations", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=British_Airways_destinations&amp;oldid=834484747" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "12523712915688663665" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Standard enthalpy of formation - wikipedia Standard enthalpy of formation Jump to : navigation, search The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy during the formation of 1 mole of the substance from its constituent elements, with all substances in their standard states, and at a pressure of 1 bar ( 100 kPa ). There is no standard temperature. Its symbol is Δ H. The superscript Plimsoll on this symbol indicates that the process has occurred under standard conditions at the specified temperature ( usually 25 ° C or 298.15 K ). Standard states are as follows : For a gas : the hypothetical state it would have assuming it obeyed the ideal gas equation at a pressure of 1 atm For a solute present in an ideal solution : a concentration of exactly one mole per liter ( 1 M ) at a pressure of 1 atm For a pure substance or a solvent in a condensed state ( a liquid or a solid ) : the standard state is the pure liquid or solid under a pressure of 1 atm For an element : the form in which the element is most stable under 1 atm of pressure. One exception is phosphorus, for which the most stable form at 1 atm is black phosphorus, but white phosphorus is chosen as the standard reference state for zero enthalpy of formation. For example, the standard enthalpy of formation of carbon dioxide would be the enthalpy of the following reaction under the conditions above : C ( s, graphite ) + O ( g ) → CO ( g ) All elements are written in their standard states, and one mole of product is formed. This is true for all enthalpies of formation. The standard enthalpy of formation is measured in units of energy per amount of substance, usually stated in kilojoule per mole ( kJ mol ), but also in kilocalorie per mole, joule per mole or kilocalorie per gram ( any combination of these units conforming to the energy per mass or amount guideline ). In physics the energy per particle is often expressed in electronvolts ( eV ), where 1 eV corresponds to 96.485 kJ mol. All elements in their standard states ( oxygen gas, solid carbon in the form of graphite, etc. ) have a standard enthalpy of formation of zero, as there is no change involved in their formation. The formation reaction is a constant pressure and constant temperature process. Since the pressure of the standard formation reaction is fixed at 1 atm, the standard formation enthalpy or reaction heat is a function of temperature. For tabulation purposes, standard formation enthalpies are all given at a single temperature : 298 K, represented by the symbol Δ H ⊖ 298 K. Contents ( hide ) 1 Hess 's law 2 Ionic compounds : Born - Haber cycle 3 Organic compounds 4 Use in calculation for other reactions 5 Key concepts for doing enthalpy calculations 6 Examples : standard enthalpies of formation at 25 ° C 6.1 Inorganic substances 6.2 Aliphatic hydrocarbons 6.3 Other organic compounds 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Hess 's law ( edit ) For many substances, the formation reaction may be considered as the sum of a number of simpler reactions, either real or fictitious. The enthalpy of reaction can then be analyzed by applying Hess 's Law, which states that the sum of the enthalpy changes for a number of individual reaction steps equals the enthalpy change of the overall reaction. This is true because enthalpy is a state function, whose value for an overall process depends only on the initial and final states and not on any intermediate states. Examples are given in the following sections. Ionic compounds : Born - Haber cycle ( edit ) Standard enthalpy change of formation in Born -- Haber diagram for lithium fluoride. For ionic compounds, the standard enthalpy of formation is equivalent to the sum of several terms included in the Born -- Haber cycle. For example, the formation of lithium fluoride, Li ( s ) + ⁄ F ( g ) → LiF ( s ) may be considered as the sum of several steps, each with its own enthalpy ( or energy, approximately ) : The standard enthalpy of atomization ( or sublimation ) of solid lithium The first ionization energy of gaseous lithium The standard enthalpy of atomization ( or bond energy ) of fluorine gas The electron affinity of a fluorine atom The lattice energy of lithium fluoride The sum of all these enthalpies will give the standard enthalpy of formation of lithium fluoride. Δ H f = Δ H sub + IE Li + 1 2 B ( F -- F ) − EA F + U L ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta ( \\ text ( H ) ) _ ( \\ text ( f ) ) = \\ Delta ( \\ text ( H ) ) _ ( \\ text ( sub ) ) + ( \\ text ( IE ) ) _ ( \\ text ( Li ) ) + ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ text ( B ( F -- F ) ) ) - ( \\ text ( EA ) ) _ ( \\ text ( F ) ) + ( \\ text ( U ) ) _ ( \\ text ( L ) ) ) In practice, the enthalpy of formation of lithium fluoride can be determined experimentally, but the lattice energy can not be measured directly. The equation is therefore rearranged in order to evaluate the lattice energy. U L = Δ H sub + IE Li + 1 2 B ( F -- F ) − EA F + Δ H f ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ text ( U ) ) _ ( \\ text ( L ) ) = \\ Delta ( \\ text ( H ) ) _ ( \\ text ( sub ) ) + ( \\ text ( IE ) ) _ ( \\ text ( Li ) ) + ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ text ( B ( F -- F ) ) ) - ( \\ text ( EA ) ) _ ( \\ text ( F ) ) + \\ Delta ( \\ text ( H ) ) _ ( \\ text ( f ) ) ) Organic compounds ( edit ) The formation reactions for most organic compounds are hypothetical. For instance carbon and hydrogen will not directly react to form methane ( CH ), so that the standard enthalpy of formation can not be measured directly. However the standard enthalpy of combustion is readily mesurable using bomb calorimetry. The standard enthalpy of formation is then determined using Hess 's law. The combustion of methane ( CH + 2 O → CO + 2 H O ) is equivalent to the sum of the hypothetical decomposition into elements followed by the combustion of the elements to form carbon dioxide and water : CH → C + 2 H C + O → CO 2 H + O → 2 H O Applying Hess 's law, Δ H ( CH ) = ( Δ H ( CO ) + 2 Δ H ( H O ) ) -- Δ H ( CH ) Solving for the standard of enthalpy of formation, Δ H ( CH ) = ( Δ H ( CO ) + 2 Δ H ( H O ) ) -- Δ H ( CH ) The value of Δ H ( CH ) is determined to be -- 74.8 kJ mol. The negative sign shows that the reaction, if it were to proceed, would be exothermic ; that is, it is enthalpically more stable than hydrogen gas and carbon. It is possible to predict heats of formation for simple unstrained organic compounds with the Heat of formation group additivity method. Use in calculation for other reactions ( edit ) The standard enthalpy change of any reaction can be calculated from the standard enthalpies of formation of reactants and products using Hess 's law. A given reaction is considered as the decomposition of all reactants into elements in their standard states, followed by the formation of all products. The heat of reaction is then minus the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants ( each being multiplied by its respective stoichiometric coefficient, ν ) plus the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the products ( each also multiplied by its respective stoichiometric coefficient ), as shown in the equation below : Δ H = Σν Δ H ( products ) − Σν Δ H ( reactants ) If the standard enthalpy of the products is less than the standard enthalpy of the reactants, the standard enthalpy of reaction will be negative. This implies that the reaction is exothermic. The converse is also true ; the standard enthalpy of reaction will be positive for an endothermic reaction. This calculation has a tacit assumption of ideal solution between reactants and products where the enthalpy of mixing is zero. For example, for the combustion of methane, CH + 2 O → CO + 2 H O : Δ H = ( Δ H ( CO ) + 2 Δ H ( H O ) ) -- ( Δ H ( CH ) + 2 Δ H ( O ) ) However O is an element in its standard state, so that Δ H ( O ) = 0 and the heat of reaction is simplified to Δ H = ( Δ H ( CO ) + 2 Δ H ( H O ) ) -- Δ H ( CH ), which is the equation in the previous section for the enthalpy of combustion Δ H. Key concepts for doing enthalpy calculations ( edit ) When a reaction is reversed, the magnitude of ΔH stays the same, but the sign changes. When the balanced equation for a reaction is multiplied by an integer, the corresponding value of ΔH must be multiplied by that integer as well. The change in enthalpy for a reaction can be calculated from the enthalpies of formation of the reactants and the products Elements in their standard states make no contribution to the enthalpy calculations for the reaction since the enthalpy of an element in its standard state is zero. Allotropes of an element other than the standard state generally have non-zero standard enthalpies of formation. Examples : standard enthalpies of formation at 25 ° C ( edit ) Thermochemical properties of selected substances at 298 K and 1 atm Inorganic substances ( edit ) Species Phase Chemical formula Δ H / ( kJ / mol ) Aluminium Aluminium Solid Al 0 Aluminium chloride Solid AlCl − 705.63 Aluminium oxide Solid Al O − 1669.8 Aluminium hydroxide Solid Al ( OH ) − 1277 Aluminium sulphate Solid Al ( SO ) − 3440 Ammonia ( ammonium hydroxide ) aq NH ( NH OH ) − 80.8 Ammonia Gas NH − 46.1 Ammonium nitrate Solid NH NO − 365.6 Barium Barium chloride Solid BaCl − 858.6 Barium carbonate Solid BaCO − 1213 Barium hydroxide Solid Ba ( OH ) − 944.7 Barium oxide Solid BaO − 548.1 Barium sulfate Solid BaSO − 1473.2 Beryllium Beryllium Solid Be 0 Beryllium hydroxide Solid Be ( OH ) − 902.9999 Beryllium oxide Solid BeO − 609.4 ( 25 ) Boron Boron trichloride Solid BCl − 402.96 Bromine Bromine Liquid Br 0 Bromide ion Aqueous Br − 121 Bromine Gas Br 111.884 Bromine Gas Br 30.91 Bromine trifluoride Gas BrF − 255.60 Hydrogen bromide Gas HBr − 36.29 Cadmium Cadmium Solid Cd 0 Cadmium oxide Solid CdO − 258 Cadmium hydroxide Solid Cd ( OH ) − 561 Cadmium sulfide Solid CdS − 162 Cadmium sulfate Solid CdSO − 935 Calcium Calcium Solid Ca 0 Calcium Gas Ca 178.2 Calcium ( II ) ion Gas Ca 1925.90 Calcium carbide Solid CaC − 59.8 Calcium carbonate ( Calcite ) Solid CaCO − 1206.9 Calcium chloride Solid CaCl − 795.8 Calcium chloride Aqueous CaCl − 877.3 Calcium phosphate Solid Ca ( PO ) − 4132 Calcium fluoride Solid CaF − 1219.6 Calcium hydride Solid CaH − 186.2 Calcium hydroxide Solid Ca ( OH ) − 986.09 Calcium hydroxide Aqueous Ca ( OH ) − 1002.82 Calcium oxide Solid CaO − 635.09 Calcium sulfate Solid CaSO − 1434.52 Calcium sulfide Solid CaS − 482.4 Wollastonite Solid CaSiO − 1630 Caesium Caesium Solid Cs 0 Caesium Gas Cs 76.50 Caesium Liquid Cs 2.09 Caesium ( I ) ion Gas Cs 457.964 Caesium chloride Solid CsCl − 443.04 Carbon Carbon ( Graphite ) Solid 0 Carbon ( Diamond ) Solid 1.9 Carbon Gas 716.67 Carbon dioxide Gas CO − 393.509 Carbon disulfide Liquid CS 89.41 Carbon disulfide Gas CS 116.7 Carbon monoxide Gas CO − 110.525 Carbonyl chloride ( Phosgene ) Gas COCl − 218.8 Carbon dioxide ( un -- ionized ) Aqueous CO ( aq ) − 419.26 Bicarbonate ion Aqueous HCO − 689.93 Carbonate ion Aqueous CO − 675.23 Chlorine Monatomic chlorine Gas Cl 121.7 Chloride ion Aqueous Cl − 167.2 Chlorine Gas Cl 0 Chromium Chromium Solid Cr 0 Copper Copper Solid Cu 0 Copper ( II ) oxide Solid CuO − 155.2 Copper ( II ) sulfate Aqueous CuSO − 769.98 Fluorine Fluorine Gas 0 Hydrogen Monatomic hydrogen Gas 218 Hydrogen Gas 0 Water Gas H O − 241.818 Water Liquid H O − 285.8 Hydrogen ion Aqueous 0 Hydroxide ion Aqueous OH − 230 Hydrogen peroxide Liquid H O − 187.8 Phosphoric acid Liquid H PO − 1288 Hydrogen cyanide Gas HCN 130.5 Hydrogen bromide Liquid HBr − 36.3 Hydrogen chloride Gas HCl − 92.30 Hydrogen chloride Aqueous HCl − 167.2 Hydrogen fluoride Gas HF − 273.3 Hydrogen iodide Gas HI 26.5 Iodine Iodine Solid 0 Iodine Gas 62.438 Iodine Aqueous 23 Iodide ion Aqueous − 55 Iron Iron Solid Fe 0 Iron carbide ( Cementite ) Solid Fe C 5.4 Iron ( II ) carbonate ( Siderite ) Solid FeCO − 750.6 Iron ( III ) chloride Solid FeCl − 399.4 Iron ( II ) oxide ( Wüstite ) Solid FeO − 272 Iron ( II, III ) oxide ( Magnetite ) Solid Fe O − 1118 Iron ( III ) oxide ( Hematite ) Solid Fe O − 824.2 Iron ( II ) sulfate Solid FeSO − 929 Iron ( III ) sulfate Solid Fe ( SO ) − 2583 Iron ( II ) sulfide Solid FeS − 102 Pyrite Solid FeS − 178 Lead Lead Solid Pb 0 Lead dioxide Solid PbO − 277 Lead sulfide Solid PbS − 100 Lead sulfate Solid PbSO − 920 Lead ( II ) nitrate Solid Pb ( NO ) − 452 Lead ( II ) sulfate Solid PbSO − 920 Magnesium Magnesium Solid Mg 0 Magnesium ion Aqueous Mg − 466.85 Magnesium carbonate Solid MgCO − 1095.797 Magnesium chloride Solid MgCl − 641.8 Magnesium hydroxide Solid Mg ( OH ) − 924.54 Magnesium hydroxide Aqueous Mg ( OH ) − 926.8 Magnesium oxide Solid MgO − 601.6 Magnesium sulfate Solid MgSO − 1278.2 Manganese Manganese Solid Mn 0 Manganese ( II ) oxide Solid MnO − 384.9 Manganese ( IV ) oxide Solid MnO − 519.7 Manganese ( III ) oxide Solid Mn O − 971 Manganese ( II, III ) oxide Solid Mn O − 1387 Permanganate Aqueous MnO − − 543 Mercury Mercury ( II ) oxide ( red ) Solid HgO − 90.83 Mercury sulfide ( red, cinnabar ) Solid HgS − 58.2 Nitrogen Ammonia Aqueous NH − 80.8 Ammonia Gas NH − 45.90 Ammonium chloride Solid NH Cl − 314.55 Nitrogen dioxide Gas NO 33.2 Nitrous oxide Gas N O 82.05 Nitric oxide Gas NO 90.29 Dinitrogen tetroxide Gas N O 9.16 Dinitrogen pentoxide Solid N O − 43.1 Dinitrogen pentoxide Gas N O 11.3 Oxygen Monatomic oxygen Gas O 249 Oxygen Gas O 0 Ozone Gas O 143 Phosphorus White phosphorus Solid 0 Red phosphorus Solid -- 17.4 Black phosphorus Solid -- 39.3 Phosphorus trichloride Liquid PCl − 319.7 Phosphorus trichloride Gas PCl − 278 Phosphorus pentachloride Solid PCl − 440 Potassium Potassium bromide Solid KBr − 392.2 Potassium carbonate Solid K CO − 1150 Potassium chlorate Solid KClO − 391.4 Potassium chloride Solid KCl − 436.68 Potassium fluoride Solid KF − 562.6 Potassium oxide Solid K O − 363 Potassium perchlorate Solid KClO − 430.12 Silicon Silicon Gas Si 368.2 Silicon carbide Solid SiC − 73.22 Silicon tetrachloride Liquid SiCl − 640.1 Silica ( Quartz ) Solid SiO − 910.86 Silver Silver bromide Solid AgBr − 99.5 Silver chloride Solid AgCl − 127.01 Silver iodide Solid AgI − 62.4 Silver oxide Solid Ag O − 31.1 Silver sulfide Solid Ag S − 31.8 Sodium Sodium Solid Na 0 Sodium Gas Na + 107.5 Sodium bicarbonate Solid NaHCO − 950.8 Sodium carbonate Solid Na CO − 1130.77 Sodium chloride Aqueous NaCl − 407.27 Sodium chloride Solid NaCl − 411.12 Sodium chloride Liquid NaCl − 385.92 Sodium chloride Gas NaCl − 181.42 Sodium fluoride Solid NaF − 569.0 Sodium hydroxide Aqueous NaOH − 469.15 Sodium hydroxide Solid NaOH − 425.93 Sodium nitrate Aqueous NaNO − 446.2 Sodium nitrate Solid NaNO − 424.8 Sodium oxide Solid Na O − 414.2 Sulfur Sulfur ( monoclinic ) Solid 0.3 Sulfur ( rhombic ) Solid 0 Hydrogen sulfide Gas − 20.63 Sulfur dioxide Gas SO − 296.84 Sulfur trioxide Gas SO − 395.7 Sulfuric acid Liquid H SO − 814 Tin Titanium Titanium Gas Ti 468 Titanium tetrachloride Gas TiCl − 763.2 Titanium tetrachloride Liquid TiCl − 804.2 Titanium dioxide Solid TiO − 944.7 Zinc Zinc Gas Zn 130.7 Zinc chloride Solid ZnCl − 415.1 Zinc oxide Solid ZnO − 348.0 Zinc sulfate Solid ZnSO − 980.14 Aliphatic hydrocarbons ( edit ) Formula Name Δ H / ( kcal / mol ) Δ H / ( kJ / mol ) Straight - chain CH Methane − 17.9 − 74.9 Ethane − 20.0 − 83.7 Ethylene 12.5 52.5 Acetylene 54.2 226.8 Propane − 25.0 − 104.6 n - Butane − 30.0 − 125.5 n - Pentane − 35.1 − 146.9 n - Hexane − 40.0 − 167.4 n - Heptane − 44.9 − 187.9 n - Octane − 49.8 − 208.4 n - Nonane − 54.8 − 229.3 n - Decane − 59.6 − 249.4 C Alkane branched isomers Isobutane ( methylpropane ) − 32.1 − 134.3 C Alkane branched isomers Neopentane ( dimethylpropane ) − 40.1 − 167.8 Isopentane ( methylbutane ) − 36.9 − 154.4 C Alkane branched isomers 2, 2 - Dimethylbutane − 44.5 − 186.2 2, 3 - Dimethylbutane − 42.5 − 177.8 2 - Methylpentane ( isohexane ) − 41.8 − 174.9 3 - Methylpentane − 41.1 − 172.0 C Alkane branched isomers 2, 2 - Dimethylpentane − 49.2 − 205.9 2, 2, 3 - Trimethylbutane − 49.0 − 205.0 3, 3 - Dimethylpentane − 48.1 − 201.3 2, 3 - Dimethylpentane − 47.3 − 197.9 2, 4 - Dimethylpentane − 48.2 − 201.7 2 - Methylhexane − 46.5 − 194.6 3 - Methylhexane − 45.7 − 191.2 3 - Ethylpentane − 45.3 − 189.5 C Alkane branched isomers 2, 3 - Dimethylhexane − 55.1 − 230.5 2, 2, 3, 3 - Tetramethylbutane − 53.9 − 225.5 2, 2 - Dimethylhexane − 53.7 − 224.7 2, 2, 4 - Trimethylpentane ( isooctane ) − 53.5 − 223.8 2, 5 - Dimethylhexane − 53.2 − 222.6 2, 2, 3 - Trimethylpentane − 52.6 − 220.1 3, 3 - Dimethylhexane − 52.6 − 220.1 2, 4 - Dimethylhexane − 52.4 − 219.2 2, 3, 4 - Trimethylpentane − 51.9 − 217.1 2, 3, 3 - Trimethylpentane − 51.7 − 216.3 2 - Methylheptane − 51.5 − 215.5 3 - Ethyl - 3 - Methylpentane − 51.4 − 215.1 3, 4 - Dimethylhexane − 50.9 − 213.0 3 - Ethyl - 2 - Methylpentane − 50.4 − 210.9 3 - Methylheptane − 60.3 − 252.5 4 - Methylheptane?? 3 - Ethylhexane?? C Alkane branched isomers ( selected ) 2, 2, 4, 4 - Tetramethylpentane − 57.8 − 241.8 2, 2, 3, 3 - Tetramethylpentane − 56.7 − 237.2 2, 2, 3, 4 - Tetramethylpentane − 56.6 − 236.8 2, 3, 3, 4 - Tetramethylpentane − 56.4 − 236.0 3, 3 - Diethylpentane − 55.7 − 233.0 Other organic compounds ( edit ) Species Phase Chemical formula Δ H / ( kJ / mol ) Acetone Liquid C H O − 248.4 Benzene Liquid 48.95 Benzoic acid Solid C H O − 385.2 Carbon tetrachloride Liquid CCl − 135.4 Carbon tetrachloride Gas CCl − 95.98 Ethanol Liquid C H OH − 277.0 Ethanol Gas C H OH − 235.3 Glucose Solid C H O − 1271 Isopropanol Gas C H OH − 318.1 Methanol ( methyl alcohol ) Liquid CH OH − 238.4 Methanol ( methyl alcohol ) Gas CH OH − 201.0 Methyl linoleate ( Biodiesel ) Gas C H O − 356.3 Sucrose Solid C H O − 2226.1 Trichloromethane ( Chloroform ) Liquid CHCl − 134.47 Trichloromethane ( Chloroform ) Gas CHCl − 103.18 Vinyl chloride Solid C H Cl − 94.12 See also ( edit ) Calorimetry Enthalpy Heat of combustion Thermochemistry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxtoby, David W ; Pat Gillis, H ; Campion, Alan ( 2011 ). Principles of Modern Chemistry. p. 547. ISBN 0 - 8400 - 4931 - 5. Jump up ^ Moore, Stanitski, and Jurs. Chemistry : The Molecular Science. 3rd edition. 2008. ISBN 0 - 495 - 10521 - X. pages 320 - 321. Jump up ^ http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/heatreac.html ^ Jump up to : Housecroft, C.E. ; Sharpe, A.G. ( 2004 ). Inorganic Chemistry ( 2nd ed. ). Prentice Hall. p. 392. ISBN 978 - 0130399137. Zumdahl, Steven ( 2009 ). Chemical Principles ( 6th ed. ). Boston. New York : Houghton Mifflin. pp. 384 -- 387. ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 19626 - 8. External links ( edit ) NIST Chemistry WebBook Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&oldid=799102911 '' Categories : Enthalpy Thermochemistry Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017, at 17 : 12. About Wikipedia", "title": "Standard enthalpy of formation", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&amp;oldid=799102911" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "11794650915911444834" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Beatles ' rooftop concert - wikipedia The Beatles ' rooftop concert Jump to : navigation, search The Beatles ' rooftop concert Aerial view Date 30 January 1969 Venue Apple Corps Ltd 3 Savile Row, London, UK 51 ° 30 ′ 37.48 '' N 0 ° 8 ′ 23.13 '' W  /  51.5104111 ° N 0.1397583 ° W  / 51.5104111 ; - 0.1397583 Participants John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Billy Preston Length 42 minutes Producer George Martin Engineers Glyn Johns Alan Parsons The Beatles ' rooftop concert was the final public performance of the English rock band the Beatles. On 30 January 1969, the band, with keyboardist Billy Preston, surprised a central London office and fashion district with an impromptu concert from the roof of the headquarters of the band 's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row. In a 42 - minute set, the Beatles were heard playing nine takes of five songs before the Metropolitan Police Service asked them to reduce the volume. Footage from the performance was later used in the 1970 documentary film Let It Be. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Set list 3 Legacy 4 Personnel 5 Citations 6 Sources 7 External links History ( edit ) Although the concert was unannounced, the Beatles had planned on performing live during their Get Back sessions earlier in January. It is uncertain who had the idea for a rooftop concert, but the suggestion was conceived just days before the actual event. George Harrison brought in keyboardist Billy Preston as an additional musician, in the hope that a talented outside observer would encourage the band to be tight and focused. Ringo Starr remembered : `` There was a plan to play live somewhere. We were wondering where we could go -- ' Oh, the Palladium or the Sahara '. But we would have had to take all the stuff, so we decided, ' Let 's get up on the roof ' ''. The audio was recorded onto two eight - track recorders in the basement of Apple by engineer Alan Parsons, and film director Michael Lindsay - Hogg brought in a camera crew to capture several angles of the performance -- including reactions from people on the street. When the Beatles first started playing, there was some confusion from spectators watching five stories below, many of whom were on their lunch break. As the news of the event spread, crowds of onlookers began to congregate in the streets and on the roofs of local buildings. While most responded positively to the concert, the Metropolitan Police Service grew concerned about noise and traffic issues. Apple employees initially refused to let police inside, ultimately reconsidering when threatened with arrest. As police ascended to the roof, the Beatles realised that the concert would eventually be shut down, but continued to play for several more minutes. Paul McCartney improvised the lyrics of his song `` Get Back '' to reflect the situation, `` You 've been playing on the roofs again, and you know your Momma does n't like it, she 's gon na have you arrested! '' The concert came to an end with the conclusion of `` Get Back '', with John Lennon saying, `` I 'd like to say thank you on behalf of the group and ourselves and I hope we 've passed the audition ''. Set list ( edit ) The rooftop concert consisted of nine takes of five Beatles songs, including : `` Get Back '' ( three takes ) `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( two takes ) `` I 've Got a Feeling '' ( two takes ) `` One After 909 '' ( one take ) `` Dig a Pony '' ( one take ) The first performance of `` I 've Got a Feeling '', and the recordings of `` One After 909 '', and `` Dig a Pony '' were later used for the album Let It Be. In 1996, a `` rooftop '' version of `` Get Back '', which was the last song of the Beatles ' final live performance, was included in Anthology 3. An edit of the two takes of `` Do n't Let Me Down '' was included on Let It Be... Naked. There was also a brief jam of `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' while the cameramen changed film. Legacy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 3 Savile Row, London, the location of the concert The Beatles ' rooftop concert marked the end of an era for many fans. They did record one more album, Abbey Road, but by September 1969 the Beatles had unofficially disbanded. Several of the rooftop performances, particularly that of `` Dig a Pony '', showed the Beatles once again in top form, if only temporarily. Fans believed the rooftop concert might have been a try - out for a return to live performances and touring. The Rutles ' `` Get Up and Go '' sequence in the film All You Need Is Cash mimics the footage of the rooftop concert, and uses similar camera angles. In January 2009, tribute band the Bootleg Beatles attempted to stage a 40th anniversary concert in the same location, but were refused permission by Westminster City Council due to licensing problems. In The Simpsons fifth season episode `` Homer 's Barbershop Quartet '', the Be Sharps ( Homer, Apu, Barney and Principal Skinner ) perform a rendition of one of their previous hits on a rooftop. George Harrison, who guest - starred in the episode, is shown saying dismissively `` It 's been done! '' As the song ends and the credits begin, Homer repeats John Lennon 's phrase about passing the audition and everyone laughs, including Barney until he says, `` I do n't get it. '' In the 2007 film Across The Universe, a musical made up entirely of Beatles ' music, Sadie 's band performs a rooftop concert in New York City which mimics the original. It is interrupted and closed down by the New York Police Department. U2 also referenced the concert in their video for `` Where the Streets Have No Name '', which featured a similar rooftop concert in Los Angeles. McCartney played a surprise mini-concert in midtown Manhattan on 15 July 2009 from the top of the marquee of the Ed Sullivan Theater, where he was recording a performance for Late Show with David Letterman. News of the event spread via Twitter and word of mouth, and nearby street corners were closed off to accommodate fans for the set, which duplicated the original Beatles gig. Personnel ( edit ) John Lennon -- vocals, guitar Paul McCartney -- vocals, bass guitar George Harrison -- vocals, guitar Ringo Starr -- drums Billy Preston -- electric piano Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 20 Things You Need To Know About The Beatles ' Rooftop Concert ''. mojo4music.com. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2016. Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992, pp. 306 -- 307. ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1992, p. 307. Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000, p. 321. Jump up ^ Ryan, Kevin ; Kehew, Brian ( 2006 ). Recording the Beatles : the studio equipment and techniques used to create their classic albums. Curvebender. p. 518. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Perone 2005, p. 5. Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 216. ^ Jump up to : `` Beatles rooftop birthday : It 's 40 years since the fab four 's last ever concert ''. BBC. 30 January 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2013. Jump up ^ Perone 2005, pp. 5 -- 6. Jump up ^ Lifton, Dave. `` 44 YEARS AGO : THE BEATLES PERFORM LIVE FOR THE LAST TIME, ON A LONDON ROOFTOP ''. Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 12 December 2013. Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 222. Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 219. Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 334. Jump up ^ Beatles Bible Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney : ' I Want to Live in Peace ' ''. Life Magazine. 7 November 1969. Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 331. Jump up ^ Perone 2005, p. 6. Jump up ^ `` Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rutles! ''. CD Review. 12 ( 1 -- 9 ) : 80. Jump up ^ Banerjee, Subhajit ( 30 January 2009 ). `` The Beatles rooftop concert : It was 40 years ago today ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 December 2013. Jump up ^ Suebsaeng, Asawin ( 30 January 2012 ). `` 8 Videos to Commemorate the Beatles ' Final Concert, 43 Years Later ''. Mother Jones. Retrieved 30 January 2014. Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger ( 2009 ). Roger Ebert 's Movie Yearbook 2010. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 9218 - 2. Sources ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ). The Beatles Anthology ( 1st ed. ). Chronicle Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 3636 - 4. Everett, Walter ( 1999 ). The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver through the Anthology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0. MacDonald, Ian ( 2005 ). Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 3rd ( 2007 ) ed. ). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 733 - 3. Lewisohn, Mark ( 1992 ). The Complete Beatles Chronicle : The Definitive Day - By - Day Guide To the Beatles ' Entire Career ( 2010 ed. ). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56976 - 534 - 0. Perone, James E ( 2005 ). Woodstock : An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair -- American history through music. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33057 - 5. External links ( edit ) Do n't Let Me Down from the rooftop Let It Be Let It Be ( film ) Let It Be... Naked Songs Side one `` Two of Us '' `` Dig a Pony '' `` Across the Universe '' `` I Me Mine '' `` Dig It '' `` Let It Be '' `` Maggie Mae '' Side two `` I 've Got a Feeling '' `` One After 909 '' `` The Long and Winding Road '' `` For You Blue '' `` Get Back '' Non-album B - side `` Do n't Let Me Down '' Outtakes `` All Things Must Pass '' `` Another Day '' `` The Back Seat of My Car '' `` Gimme Some Truth '' `` Hear Me Lord '' `` Let It Down '' `` Teddy Boy '' `` Watching Rainbows '' Related articles Rooftop concert Billy Preston Phil Spector Let It Be ( Laibach album ) Kum Back Let It Be ( musical ) Let It Be... Naked The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Stuart Sutcliffe Pete Best History The Quarrymen In Hamburg At The Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania in the United Kingdom North American releases In the United States More popular than Jesus In Bangor In India Break - up Murder of John Lennon Anthology Love ( Cirque du Soleil ) The Beatles : Rock Band Line - ups Religious views Timeline Live performances 1960 Johnny Gentle Tour Winter 1963 Helen Shapiro UK Tour 1963 Roy Orbison Tour 1964 world tour 1965 European tour 1965 US tour 1965 UK tour 1966 tour of Germany, Japan and the Philippines 1966 US tour Rooftop concert List of live performances Associated places 34 Montagu Square, Marylebone Abbey Road, London Abbey Road Studios The Bag O'Nails Beatlemania Hamburg Beatles Ashram Beatles - Platz Blue Angel The Casbah Coffee Club Candlestick Park The Cavern Club Kaiserkeller Kinfauns 3 Savile Row The Scotch of St. James Shea Stadium Stanley Street Star - Club Strawberry Field Tittenhurst Park The Top Ten Club Wigmore Street Yellow Submarine sculpture Associated companies Apple Corps Apple Records Harrisongs Lingasong Records Northern Songs Phillips ' Sound Recording Services Seltaeb Startling Music Influence Artists who have covered the Beatles Beatlemania Beatlesque British Invasion Cultural impact The Fest for Beatles Fans The Rutles Tributes Lists Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover songs Discography Instruments Performers Post-breakup collaborations Recording sessions Songs Sgt. Pepper cover Related media Around the Beatles Beat Bugs The Beatles ( TV series ) The Beatles : The Authorised Biography The Beatles Anthology ( book ) The Beatles at Abbey Road The Beatles Channel The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics The Beeb 's Lost Beatles Tapes The Beatles Tapes from the David Wigg Interviews Everyday Chemistry In My Life Let It Be ( musical ) Rain : A Tribute to the Beatles Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) The Twelfth Album Up Against It Other topics Apple Corps v Apple Computer Apple scruffs Beatle boots Beatles Day Fifth Beatle Lennon -- McCartney Jeff Lynne and the Beatles Paul is dead Recording technology Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Beatles%27_rooftop_concert&oldid=836267537 '' Categories : The Beatles 1969 in British music 1969 in London Concerts in the United Kingdom January 1969 events 20th century in the City of Westminster Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Use British English from November 2016 Pages using infobox event with blank parameters All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018, at 18 : 19. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Beatles' rooftop concert", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Beatles%27_rooftop_concert&amp;oldid=836267537" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "51 ° 30 ′ 37.48 '' N 0 ° 8 ′ 23.13 '' W  /  51.5104111 ° N 0.1397583 ° W  / 51.5104111 ; - 0.1397583 Participants John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Billy Preston Length 42 minutes Producer George Martin Engineers Glyn Johns Alan Parsons The Beatles ' rooftop concert was the final public performance of the English rock band the Beatles. On 30 January 1969, the band, with keyboardist Billy Preston, surprised a central London office and fashion district with an impromptu concert from the roof of the headquarters of the band 's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row. In a 42 - minute set, the Beatles were heard playing nine takes of five songs before the Metropolitan Police Service asked them to reduce the volume. Footage from the performance was later used in the 1970 documentary film Let It Be. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Set list 3 Legacy 4 Personnel 5 Citations 6 Sources 7 External links History ( edit ) Although the concert was unannounced, the Beatles had planned on performing live during their Get Back sessions earlier in January. It is uncertain who had the idea for a rooftop" ], "id": [ "14027035706502907785" ], "short_answers": [ "the roof of the headquarters of the band's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Luis Guillermo Solís - wikipedia Luis Guillermo Solís Jump to : navigation, search This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Solís and the second or maternal family name is Rivera. Luis Guillermo Solís 47th President of Costa Rica Incumbent Assumed office 8 May 2014 Preceded by Laura Chinchilla First Vice President Helio Fallas Venegas Second Vice President Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría Personal details ( 1958 - 04 - 25 ) 25 April 1958 ( age 59 ) San José, Costa Rica Political party National Liberation Party ( Before 2005 ) Citizens ' Action Party ( 2009 -- present ) Spouse ( s ) Nancy Richards ( 1987 -- 2006 ) Domestic partner Mercedes Peñas Domingo ( 2006 -- Present ) Children 6 ( 5 with Richards ) Alma mater University of Costa Rica Tulane University University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera ( born 25 April 1958 ) is a Costa Rican politician who has been President of Costa Rica since 2014. He is a member of the center - left Citizens ' Action Party ( PAC ). Solís led the field in the 2014 presidential election, and he was effectively handed the presidency after the runner - up in the first round, San José mayor Johnny Araya Monge, ceased active campaigning. Solís has a long academic and political career, culminating in his election as the first President of Costa Rica to be a member of the PAC. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life, education, and academic career 2 Political beginnings 3 2014 presidential campaign 4 Presidency 4.1 Economic issues 4.1. 1 Liquidity problems 5 Political, economic, and social philosophy 6 Personal life 7 References 8 External links Early life, education, and academic career ( edit ) Solís was born in San José, Costa Rica, to Vivienne Rivera Allen, an educator, and Freddy Solís Avendaño, an uneducated shoemaker. Both his parents lived in Turrialba, and as such many residents consider him Turrialban. His family has Afro - Caribbean and Chinese roots, coming from Jamaica to Costa Rica in the early 1900s. Solís grew up in San Pedro de Montes de Oca and Curridabat, neighborhoods of San José. He attended Methodist High School in San José, where he was president of the student body, before studying history at the University of Costa Rica, where he earned a degree with academic honors in 1979. He earned a master 's degree in Latin American Studies at Tulane University in New Orleans. Solís has held various academic and consulting positions. Between 1981 and 1987, he was an associate professor at the University of Costa Rica. In addition, he was a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Michigan from 1983 to 1985. During this time, Solís worked with the Arias administration and eventually became director of the Center for Peace and Reconciliation ( CPR for its Spanish initials ). From 1992 to 1995, Solís worked with the Academic Council of the United Nations System. Starting in 1999, Solís worked for Florida International University as coordinator in the Center for the Administration of Justice and as a researcher for the Latin American and Caribbean Center, where he analyzed political and social events in Latin America. A writer and editorial writer, Solís has published numerous essays and books about national and international affairs. In the 1990s, he wrote for La República, a daily newspaper based in San José. His writing has been published by Foreign Affairs Latinoamérica, Frontera Norte, Espacios and Global Governance. His writing has focused on civil society, international relations, and trade. Political beginnings ( edit ) While still at UCR, Solís joined the National Liberation Party ( PLN for its Spanish initials ) in 1977. Solís was an adviser to Óscar Arias in the Foreign Ministry, working on the Esquipulas Peace Agreement for which Arias would later win a Nobel Peace Prize. Solís served as Director of International Relations for the PLN. During José María Figueres Olsen 's time in office, Solís was ambassador of Central American Affairs. In 2002, Solís followed Rolando González Ulloa as General Secretary of the PLN, a position he resigned from the following year, citing his disappointment with the Alcatel - Lucent bribery scandal that many PLN leaders were involved in. In 2005, he denounced the PLN for irregularities and corruption during party elections, along with a host of former PLN members. Solís went as far as to call the PLN leadership `` Napoleonic '' and `` anti-democratic ''. He officially renounced his affiliation with the party and returned to academics. After the 2006 election, Solís ' name began to come up in PAC circles, particularly at meetings of the `` ungroup, '' an informal gathering of PAC officials, led by former deputy and former Vice President of the National University of Costa Rica Alberto Salom Echeverría. Ottón Solís, one of PAC 's founders and three - time presidential candidate, suggested that Luis Guillermo Solís run as a vice presidential candidate in 2010. Luis Guillermo Solis rejected the offer because he was working for the General Secretariat of Ibero - America ( SEGIB for its Spanish initials ), and employees of SEGIB were not allowed to participate in elections. In 2009, Luis Guillermo Solís began his official affiliation with PAC. He began attending meetings of the `` ungroup '' in 2010. Within the party, PAC leader María Eugenia Venegas recognized Solís ' potential and pushed for him to be elevated within the party. Solís undertook several trips around the country to meet with national and provincial PAC leaders. 2014 presidential campaign ( edit ) Solís announced his candidacy for president on 27 November 2012. In the PAC 's primary, he ran against Epsy Campbell Barr, Juan Carlos Mendoza García, and Ronald Solís Bolaños, winning with 35 percent of the vote, only 110 votes more than Juan Carlos Mendoza García. In October 2013, he chose Helio Fallas and Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría as his Vice-Presidential running mates. Among his aims, Solís claimed he would clean up corruption, create major investments in infrastructure, and shore up Costa Rica 's universal health care and social security system. He also promised to continue initiatives to keep Costa Rica environmentally friendly. He said that he would `` put the brakes '' on new free trade agreements and would begin correctly administrating current free trade agreements. As such, Solís received a tremendous amount of political support from the country 's trade unions. On 2 February 2014, Solís won the most votes in the election with 30.95 percent. PLN candidate Johnny Araya came second with 29.95 percent of the vote. Most of Solís ' support came from the Central Valley provinces of San José, Alajuela, Heredia and Cartago. PAC supporters wave their traditional colors to celebrate Luis Guillermo Solís ' victory on 6 April 2014 Because no candidate exceeded 40 percent of the vote, a runoff was scheduled for 6 April, as required by the constitution. However, on 5 March, Araya announced that he would abandon his campaign after polls showed him far behind Solís ; one poll showed him losing by over 43 percent. However, under Costa Rican law the runoff still had to take place, and Solís won with over 77 percent of the vote, the largest margin ever recorded for a free election in Costa Rica. Unlike the first round, Solís earned a majority in every province, including Puntarenas, Limón, and Guanacaste. When he took office on 8 May, he was the first president in 66 years not to come from the PLN or what is now the PUSC. Immediately after the election, Solís thanked Costa Rican voters. He received congratulatory notes from world leaders, including US Secretary of State John Kerry, Ecuadoran President Rafael Correa, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto, Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro, Bolivian President Evo Morales, and the spokesperson from the French Ministry of International Affairs. For his part, Araya congratulated Solís on his victory, calling for national unity. Presidency ( edit ) Solís speaking in 2014 A little over a week before taking office, in April 2014, Solís announced the creation of his cabinet. His cabinet consists of mostly PAC members or non-aligned citizens. However, two PUSC members were also added : María del Rocío Sáenz, Abel Pacheco 's former health minister, heads the Costa Rican Social Security System ( Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social ). Delia Villalobos, another former health minister, heads the Social Protection Council ( Consejo de Seguridad ). Solís took office on 8 May 2014, amid festive fanfare. Delegations from more than 80 countries attended his inauguration at La Sabana Metropolitan Park, including Prince Felipe de Borbón of Spain, Evo Morales of Bolivia, Rafael Correa of Ecuador, and the Secretary General of the Organization of American States, José Miguel Insulza. Solís said, in Costa Rican vernacular, that he is taking over a `` weed farm '' ( finca encharralada ), pointing out growing income inequality and poverty, as well as a national teachers ' strike. Economic issues ( edit ) In 2014, President Solís presented a budget with an increase in spending of 19 % for 2015, an increase of 0.5 % for 2016 and an increase of 12 % for 2017. When the 2017 budget was finally proposed, it totaled US $15.9 billion. Debt payments account for one - third of that amount. Of greater concern is the fact that a full 46 % of the budget will require financing, a step that will increase the debt owed to foreign entities. The country 's credit rating was reduced by Moody 's Investors Service in early 2017 to Ba2 from Ba1, with a negative outlook on the rating. The agency particularly cited the `` rising government debt burden and persistently high fiscal deficit, which was 5.2 % of GDP in 2016 ''. Moody 's was also concerned about the `` lack of political consensus to implement measures to reduce the fiscal deficit ( which ) will result in further pressure on the government 's debt ratios ''. In late July 2017, the Costa Rica Central Bank estimated the budget deficit at 6.1 percent of the country 's GDP. A 2017 study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development warned that reducing the foreign debt must be a very high priority for the government. Other fiscal reforms were also recommended to moderate the budget deficit. Liquidity problems ( edit ) In early August 2017, the President promised admitted that the country was facing a `` liquidity crisis '' and promised that a higher VAT tax and higher income tax rates were being considered by his government. Such steps are essential, Solís told the nation, because it was facing difficulties in paying its obligations and guaranteeing the provision of services. '' `` Despite all the public calls and efforts we have made since the start of my administration to contain spending and increase revenues, there is still a gap that we must close with fresh resources, '' he said. The crisis was occurring in spite of growth, low inflation and continued moderate interest rates, Solís concluded. He explained that the Treasury will prioritize payments on the public debt first, then salaries, and then pensions. The subsequent priorities include transfers to institutions `` according to their social urgency. '' All other payments will be made only if funds are available. Political, economic, and social philosophy ( edit ) The past generated two different economies : one very dynamic, modern and generally oriented toward international markets, with limited possibilities for new sources of employment, and the other, traditional, which created many jobs with low pay where small and medium - sized businesses concentrated. Luis Guillermo Solís, Plan Rescate, 2014 - 2018 Like most members of PAC, Solís identifies himself as a progressivist. His Plan Rescate, or Rescue Plan, outlines his political beliefs. This plan focused on three central issues : anti-corruption, economic growth, and reducing income inequality. Solís claims that economic neoliberalism has created too much income inequality for Costa Rica. Past governments have avoided collecting taxes on large companies and high - income earners, leading to budget deficits which Solís claims his administration will fix through better enforcement. Banks should not encourage exports at the expense of income growth among the poor, according to Solís. He believes that economic liberalization has generally harmed women more than men because they have traditionally had less access to higher - income jobs. Part of that liberalization, he claims, included ignoring the financial and growth needs of the agricultural industry. Solís supports environmental protections, which he believes Costa Rica has forgotten. As such, Solís believes that water must be safeguarded from private development and mismanagement, something that has caused water shortages in many of the country 's municipalities. Solís claims that he will prosecute violators of the Water Resources Management Bill. In addition, Solís supports increased rights for rights for lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transsexuals. In May 2014, he ordered that a rainbow flag be flown over the Presidential House as a show of solidarity with gays on International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia. Solís is a Catholic. As a presidential candidate, he visited the basilica of Our Lady of Angels, home to the Costa Rican patron saint La Negrita, a traditional pilgrimage for many Costa Ricans and tourists. He supports the separation of church and state despite Catholicism being the country 's official religion. With regard to ethical issues, he also supports civil unions, and in - vitro fertilization. Personal life ( edit ) Solis has ten children from his previous marriage to his first wife, Nancy Olive Worsfold Richards ( 1987 -- 2006 ) : Monica, Cristina, Beatriz, Charlie, Carly, Jennifer, John, Carlos, Diego and Ignacio. Solís is not married to Mercedes Peñas Domingo, but she is altogether considered the First Lady of Costa Rica. He and Peñas, who began dating in 2006, have one daughter, Inés. Peñas said that she hopes to be active as an adviser to Solís, who called her `` Jiminy Cricket. '' Saying that some of her duties as First Lady are machista, she will nevertheless greet dignitaries and perform other obligations. In addition to public service and academics, Solís enjoys farming. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Romo, Jose Luis ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ). `` Mercedes Peñas, la primera dama española y atípica de Costa Rica ''. El Mundo. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14. Jump up ^ Hernández, Josué ( 24 March 2014 ). `` ' He vuelto una vez más a la tierra de mis padres ', dijo Luis Guillermo Solís en Turrialba '' ( `` I 'm back again in the land of my parents '', said Luis Guillermo Solís in Turrialba ). La Nación ( in Spanish ). San José, Costa Rica. Retrieved 27 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : Dyer, Zach ( 3 November 2013 ). `` Costa Rican presidential candidate Luis Guillermo Solís : ' It 's not going to be business as usual ' ''. The Tico Times. Retrieved 3 February 2014. ^ Jump up to : Ortiz de Zárate ( editor ), Roberto ( March 2014 ). `` Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera, CIDOB '' ( in Spanish ). Barcelona : Barcelona Centre for International Affairs. Retrieved 1 April 2014. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Biografía '' ( Biography ). Campaign web site ( in Spanish ). Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014. Jump up ^ Guerén Catepillán, Pablo ( 18 January 2005 ). `` Corrales dice adiós a Liberación '' ( Corrales says goodbye to the National Liberation Party ). Al Día ( in Spanish ). San José. Retrieved 3 February 2014. ^ Jump up to : Oviedo, Estaban ( 8 April 2014 ). `` Luis Guillermo Solís : El profesor desconocido que, en tres años, llegó a ser el presidente '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís : The unknown professor who, in three years, became president ). La Nación ( San Jose ) ( in Spanish ). San José. Retrieved 8 April 2014. Jump up ^ Murillo, Álvaro ( 13 October 2013 ). `` PAC completa su fórmula presidencial con el exministro Helio Fallas '' ( PAC completes presidential ticket with ex-minister Helio Fallas ). La Nación ( in Spanish ). San José. Retrieved 25 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : Díaz, Luis Edo. ( 27 January 2014 ). `` Luis Guillermo Solís llama a sus seguidores a ' cambiar la historia ' patria '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís calls on his supporters to ' change history ' for the country ). La Nación ( in Spanish ). San José. Retrieved 3 February 2014. Jump up ^ Sequeira, Aaron ( 20 February 2014 ). `` Luis Guillermo Solís propone evitar firma de nuevos tratados comerciales '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís proposes avoiding the signing of new free trade agreements ). La Nación ( in Spanish ). San José. Retrieved 20 February 2014. Jump up ^ name = optimism > Kane, Corey ( 1 May 2014 ). `` Labor voices optimism over new administration, takes parting shots at Costa Rica 's Chinchilla ''. The Tico Times. San Jose. Retrieved 4 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` Mapa de Resultados Elecciones Costa Rica '' ( Costa Rican Map of Electoral Results ). RESULTADOS ELECTORALES EN MAPA ELECTORAL ( in Spanish ). San José : La Nación. Retrieved 20 February 2014. Jump up ^ Oviedo, Esteban ( 3 February 2014 ). `` Luis Guillermo Solís sorprende y entra a segunda ronda con Johnny Araya '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís surprises and enters second round with Johnny Araya ). La Nación ( in Spanish ). San José. Retrieved 3 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica government 's presidential candidate withdraws ''. BBC. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` Solís advierte que aún no es presidente a pesar de retirada de Araya '' ( Solís warns that he is not yet president despite Araya 's withdrawal ). Prensa Libre ( in Spanish ). Guatemala City. AFP. 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014. Jump up ^ Live Costa Rica presidential election results The Tico Times, 2014 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Mapa de Resultados Elecciones Costa Rica Abril 2014 '' ( Costa Rican Map of April 2014 Electoral Results ). RESULTADOS ELECTORALES EN MAPA SEGUNDA RONDA ELECTORAL ( in Spanish ). San José : La Nación. Retrieved 7 April 2014. ^ Jump up to : Bermúdez Aguilar, Andrés ; Efrén López Madrigal ( 7 April 2014 ). `` PAC ganó elecciones con más de un millón de votos '' ( PAC wins election with more than one million votes ). La Prensa Libre ( Costa Rica ) ( in Spanish ). San José. Retrieved 7 April 2014. Jump up ^ Agüero R., Mercedes ; Álvaro Murillo ( 8 April 2014 ). `` Gobiernos amigos desean éxitos y ofrecen apoyo a Luis Guillermo Solís '' ( Friendly goverernments wish success and offer help to Luis Guillermo Solís ). La Nacion ( in Spanish ). San José. Retrieved 8 April 2014. Jump up ^ Agüero R., Mercedes ; David Delgado ( 7 April 2013 ). `` Luis Guillermo Solís gana con 1, 3 millones de votos '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís wins 1.3 million votes ). La Nación ( in Spanish ). San José. Retrieved 8 April 2014. Jump up ^ Oviedo, Esteban ; Esteban Mata ( 29 April 2014 ). `` Solís confía a exministros del PUSC dos cargos clave ''. La Nacion ( Costa Rica ) ( in Spanish ). San Jose. Retrieved 29 April 2014. ^ Jump up to : Oviedo, Esteban ( 8 May 2014 ). `` Luis Guillermo Solís recibe una economía estable pero amenazada ''. La Nacion ( in Spanish ). San Jose. Retrieved 8 May 2014. Jump up ^ Guevara, Paula Ruiz ( 0 May 2014 ). `` Fiesta democrática se vivió desde las gradas del Nacional ''. La Nacion ( in Spanish ). San Jose. Retrieved 9 May 2014. Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Arias, L. ( 8 May 2014 ). `` Representatives from 80 countries to attend Luis Guillermo Solís ' inauguration on Thursday ''. The Tico Times. San Jose. Retrieved 8 May 2014. Jump up ^ Fonseca, Graciela ( 8 May 2014 ). `` Luis Guillermo Solís : `` Hay un poco de nerviosismo, pero es normal '' ``. Costa Rica Hoy ( in Spanish ). San Jose. Retrieved 8 May 2014. Jump up ^ http://qcostarica.com/costa-rica-government-faces-liquidity-problems/ Jump up ^ http://www.ticotimes.net/2016/09/05/costa-rica-national-budget-2017 Jump up ^ https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-Costa-Ricas-government-bond-rating-to-Ba2-continued--PR_361770 Jump up ^ http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/hoy-san-diego/news/ Jump up ^ http://news.co.cr/costa-rica-playing-fire-delaying-fiscal-reform-says-intl-expert/63565/ Jump up ^ http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/hoy-san-diego/news/ Jump up ^ https://www.efe.com/efe/english/business/costa-rica-will-have-trouble-paying-bills-president-says/50000265-3342508# Jump up ^ http://qcostarica.com/costa-rica-government-faces-liquidity-problems/ ^ Jump up to : Kane, Corey ( 9 April 2014 ). `` President - elect Solis ' plan : Balance the budget and protect the environment without raising taxes ''. The Tico Times. Retrieved 10 April 2014. ^ Jump up to : Jiménez Badilla, Eillyn ( 16 October 2013 ). `` Me gusta sembrar chayotes, por eso soy sensible al campo '' ( I like growing chayotes, because of that I 'm a simple farmer ). Diario Extra ( in Spanish ). San Jose. Retrieved 11 April 2014. Jump up ^ Dyer, Zach ( 16 May 2014 ). `` Social conservative lawmakers incensed over LGBT flag at Casa Presidencial ''. The Tico Times. San Jose. Retrieved 19 May 2014. Jump up ^ Mata, Esteban ( 8 April 2014 ). `` Luis Guillermo Solís impulsará Estado laico desde nuevo Gobierno '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís to push for secular state with new government ). La Nacion ( in Spanish ). San Jose. Retrieved 11 April 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Costa Rica 's future First Lady, Mercedes Peñas Domingo ''. Inside Costa Rica. 2014 - 04 - 15. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14. ^ Jump up to : Murillo, Álvaro ( 11 May 2014 ). `` La primera dama, Mercedes Peñas : ' Me pondré las tenis y estaré en el terreno ' ''. La Nacion ( in Spanish ). San Jose. Retrieved 12 May 2014. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luis Guillermo Solís. Biography by CIDOB ( in Spanish ) Political offices Preceded by Laura Chinchilla President of Costa Rica 2014 -- present Incumbent Presidents and heads of state of Costa Rica Juan Mora Fernández Gallegos Carrillo Joaquín Mora Aguilar Carrillo Morazán Pinto Alfaro Oreamuno Gallegos Alfaro Castro Miguel Mora Juan Mora Porras Montealegre Jiménez Zamora Castro Jiménez Zamora Carranza Guardia Esquivel Sáenz Herrera Guardia Lizano Fernández Soto Rodríguez Zeledón Yglesias Esquivel Ibarra González Víquez Jiménez Oreamuno González Flores Tinoco Quirós Aguilar Acosta Jiménez Oreamuno González Víquez Jiménez Oreamuno Cortés Calderón Guardia Picado Figueres Ferrer Ulate Figueres Ferrer Echandi Orlich Trejos Figueres Ferrer Oduber Carazo Monge Arias Calderón Fournier Figueres Olsen Rodríguez Echeverría Pacheco Arias Chinchilla Solís Current heads of state in Central American countries Elizabeth II ( Belize ) Luis Guillermo Solís ( Costa Rica ) Salvador Sánchez Cerén ( El Salvador ) Jimmy Morales ( Guatemala ) Juan Orlando Hernández ( Honduras ) Daniel Ortega ( Nicaragua ) Juan Carlos Varela ( Panama ) Citizens ' Action Party Partido Acción Ciudadana National Executive Committee Olivier Pérez González ( President ) Olga Marta Sánchez Oviedo ( Secretary General ) Leda Zamora Chaves ( Treasurer ) 2014 - 2018 Deputies ( 13 / 57 ) San José Epsy Campbell Barr Ottón Solís Víctor Hugo Morales Zapata Marcela Guerrero Campos Ruperto Marvin Atencio Delgado Alajuela Nidia María Jiménez Vásquez Javier Francisco Cambronero Arguedas Franklin Corella Vargas Cartago Emilia Molina Cruz Marco Vinicio Redondo Quirós Heredia Henry Mora Jiménez Marlene Madrigal Flores Puntarenas Laura María Garro Sánchez Notable Members Luis Guillermo Solís Helio Fallas Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría Ottón Solís Epsy Campbell Barr Guido Miranda Juan Carlos Mendoza García Elizabeth Fonseca Corrales Juan Manuel Villasuso Wilfrido Blanco Víctor Morales Mora Jorge Antonio Salas Bonilla Alberto Salom Echeverría Alberto Cañas Escalante Hernán Solano Gloria Valerín Rodríguez Ronald Solís Bolaños Issues and beliefs Christian socialism Social democracy Progressivism Portal : Politics List of political parties Politics of Costa Rica VIAF : 189160567 LCCN : n87939039 ISNI : 0000 0001 0467 6401 GND : 13384739X SUDOC : 129603198 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Luis_Guillermo_Solís&oldid = 800228897 '' Categories : Citizens ' Action Party politicians 1958 births Catholicism in Costa Rica Costa Rican people of Chinese descent Costa Rican people of Jamaican descent Costa Rican Roman Catholics Fulbright Scholars Government ministers of Costa Rica Living people People from San José, Costa Rica Costa Rican politicians of Chinese descent Presidents of Costa Rica Tulane University alumni University of Michigan alumni University of Costa Rica alumni Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 errors : dates Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sámegiella Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017, at 06 : 06. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Luis Guillermo Solís", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Luis_Guillermo_Sol%C3%ADs&amp;oldid=800228897" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Personal details ( 1958 - 04 - 25 ) 25 April 1958 ( age 59 ) San José, Costa Rica Political party National Liberation Party ( Before 2005 ) Citizens ' Action Party ( 2009 -- present ) Spouse ( s ) Nancy Richards ( 1987 -- 2006 ) Domestic partner Mercedes Peñas Domingo ( 2006 -- Present ) Children 6 ( 5 with Richards ) Alma mater University of Costa Rica Tulane University University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera ( born 25 April 1958 ) is a Costa Rican politician who has been President of Costa Rica since 2014. He is a member of the center - left Citizens ' Action Party ( PAC ). Solís led the field in the 2014 presidential election, and he was effectively handed the presidency after the runner - up in the first round, San José mayor Johnny Araya Monge, ceased active campaigning. Solís has a long academic and political career, culminating in his election as the first President of Costa Rica to be a member of the PAC. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life, education, and academic career 2 Political" ], "id": [ "9843978839948586891" ], "short_answers": [ "Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Song of Roland - wikipedia The Song of Roland For the 1978 film starring Klaus Kinski, see The Song of Roland ( film ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The eight phases of The Song of Roland in one picture. The Song of Roland ( French : La Chanson de Roland ) is an epic poem ( Chanson de geste ) based on the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778, during the reign of Charlemagne. It is the oldest surviving major work of French literature and exists in various manuscript versions, which testify to its enormous and enduring popularity in the 12th to 14th centuries. The date of composition is put in the period between 1040 and 1115 : an early version beginning around 1040 with additions and alterations made up until about 1115. The final text has about 4,000 lines of poetry. The epic poem is the first and, along with The Poem of the Cid, one of the most outstanding examples of the chanson de geste, a literary form that flourished between the 11th and 15th centuries and celebrated legendary deeds. Contents 1 Manuscripts and dating 1.1 AOI 2 Critical opinions 2.1 Oral performance of the Song compared to manuscript versions 3 Plot 4 Form 5 Characters 5.1 Principal characters 5.2 Secondary characters 6 Durandal 7 Historical adaptations 8 Modern adaptations 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links Manuscripts and dating ( edit ) Bodleian Library, MS Digby 23, Part 2 Set in the Carolingian era, it was written much later. There is a single extant manuscript of the Song of Roland in Old French, held at the Bodleian Library at Oxford. This copy dates between 1129 and 1165 and was written in Anglo - Norman. There are also eight further manuscripts, and three fragments, of other poems on the subject of Roland. Some scholars estimate that the poem was written, possibly by a poet named Turold ( Turoldus in the manuscript itself ), between approximately 1040 and 1115, and most of the alterations were performed by about 1098. Some favor an earlier dating, because it allows one to say that the poem was inspired by the Castilian campaigns of the 1030s, and that the poem went on to be a major influence in the First Crusade. Those who prefer a later dating do so based upon what they interpret as brief references made in the poem to events of the First Crusade. In the poem, the term d'oltre mer or l'oltremarin comes up three times in reference to named Muslims who came from oltre mer to fight in Spain and France. Oltre mer, modern French Outremer, literally `` oversea, beyond sea, other side of the sea '', is a native French term from the classical Latin roots ultra = `` beyond '' and mare = `` sea ''. The name was commonly used by the Crusaders to refer to Palestine. The occurrence of this term in the poem can not be interpreted as showing influence from the Crusades in the poem ; on the contrary, the way it is used in the poem, in which it is simply a Muslim land, indicates that the author of the poem was unacquainted with the Crusades, and that the term was in French before the Crusades began meaning the far side of the Mediterranean Sea. The bulk of the poem is adjudged to date from before the Crusades ( which started in 1098 ), but there are a few items where questions remain about these items being late additions shortly after the Crusades started. After two manuscripts were found in 1832 and 1835, the Song of Roland became recognized as France 's national epic when an edition was published in 1837. AOI ( edit ) Detail of manuscript showing `` AOI '' Certain lines of the Oxford manuscript end with the letters `` AOI ''. The meaning of this word or annotation is unclear. Scholars have hypothesized that the marking may have played a role in public performances of the text, such as indicating a place where a jongleur would change the tempo. Critical opinions ( edit ) Oral performance of the Song compared to manuscript versions ( edit ) Scholarly consensus has long accepted that the Song of Roland differed in its presentation depending on oral or textual transmission ; namely, although a number of different versions of the song containing varying material and episodes would have been performed orally, the transmission to manuscript resulted in greater cohesiveness across versions. Early editors of the Song of Roland, informed in part by patriotic desires to produce a distinctly French epic, could thus overstate the textual cohesiveness of the Roland tradition. This point is expressed by Andrew Taylor, who notes, `` ( T ) he Roland song was, if not invented, at the very least constructed. By supplying it with an appropriate epic title, isolating it from its original codicological context, and providing a general history of minstrel performance in which its pure origin could be located, the early editors presented a 4,002 line poem as sung French epic ''. Plot ( edit ) The death of Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux, from an illuminated manuscript c. 1455 -- 1460. Charlemagne 's army is fighting the Muslims in Spain. They have been there for seven years, and the last city standing is Saragossa, held by the Muslim King Marsile. Threatened by the might of Charlemagne 's army of Franks, Marsile seeks advice from his wise man, Blancandrin, who councils him to conciliate the Emperor, offering to surrender and giving hostages. Accordingly, Marsile sends out messengers to Charlemagne, promising treasure and Marsile 's conversion to Christianity if the Franks will go back to France. Charlemagne and his men, tired of fighting, accept his peace offer and select a messenger to Marsile 's court. The protagonist Roland, Charlemagne 's nephew, nominates his stepfather Ganelon as messenger. Ganelon, who fears to be murdered by the enemy and accuses Roland of intending this, takes revenge by informing the Saracens of a way to ambush the rear guard of Charlemagne 's army, led by Roland, as the Franks re-enter France through the mountain passes. As Ganelon predicted, Roland leads the rear guard, with the wise and moderate Oliver and the fierce Archbishop Turpin. The Muslims ambush them at Roncesvalles and the Christians are overwhelmed. Oliver pleads with Roland to blow his horn to call for help, but Roland tells him that blowing his horn in the middle of the battle would be an act of cowardice. If Roland continues to refuse, Oliver will not let Roland see his sister again whom Roland loves the most. However, Archbishop Turpin intervenes and tells them that the battle will be fatal for all of them and so instructs Roland to blow his horn oliphant ( the word is an old alternative to `` elephant '', and was used to refer to a hunting horn made from an elephant tusk ) to call for help from the Frankish army. The emperor hears the call on their way to France. Charlemagne and his noblemen gallop back even though Count Ganelon tries to trick them. The Franks fight well, but are outnumbered, until almost all Roland 's men are dead and he knows that Charlemagne 's army can no longer save them. Despite this, he blows his olifant to summon revenge, until his temples burst and he dies a martyr 's death. Angels take his soul to Paradise. When Charlemagne and his men reach the battlefield, they find the dead bodies of Roland 's men, who have been utterly annihilated. They pursue the Muslims into the river Ebro, where the Muslims drown. Meanwhile, Baligant, the powerful emir of Babylon, has arrived in Spain to help Marsile. His army encounters that of Charlemagne at Roncesvalles, where the Christians are burying and mourning their dead. Both sides fight valiantly. When Charlemagne kills Baligant, the Muslim army scatters and flees, leaving the Franks to conquer Saragossa. With Marsile 's wife Bramimonde, Queen of Saragossa, Charlemagne and his men ride back to Aix, their capital in France. The Franks discover Ganelon 's betrayal and keep him in chains until his trial, where Ganelon argues that his action was legitimate revenge, not treason. While the council of barons assembled to decide the traitor 's fate is initially swayed by this claim, partially out of fear of Ganelon 's friend Pinabel who threatens to fight anyone who judges Ganelon guilty, one man, Thierry, argues that because Roland was serving Charlemagne when Ganelon delivered his revenge on him, Ganelon 's action constitutes a betrayal. Pinabel challenges Thierry to trial by combat. By divine intervention, Thierry kills Pinabel. By this the Franks are convinced of Ganelon 's treason. Thus, he is torn apart by having four galloping horses tied one to each arm and leg and thirty of his relatives are hanged. Bramimonde converts to Christianity, her name changing to Juliana. While sleeping, Charlemagne is told by Gabriel to ride to help King Vivien and bemoans his life. Form ( edit ) Charlemagne finds Roland dead ( 14th - century miniature ). The poem is written in stanzas of irregular length known as laisses. The lines are decasyllabic ( containing ten syllables ), and each is divided by a strong caesura which generally falls after the fourth syllable. The last stressed syllable of each line in a laisse has the same vowel sound as every other end - syllable in that laisse. The laisse is therefore an assonal, not a rhyming stanza. On a narrative level, the Song of Roland features extensive use of repetition, parallelism, and thesis - antithesis pairs. Roland proposes Ganelon for the dangerous mission to Sarrogossa ; Ganelon designates Roland to man the rearguard. Charlemagne is contrasted with Baligant. Unlike later Renaissance and Romantic literature, the poem focuses on action rather than introspection. The characters are presented through what they do, not through what they think or feel. The narrator gives few explanations for characters ' behavior. The warriors are stereotypes defined by a few salient traits ; for example, Roland is loyal and trusting while Ganelon, though brave, is traitorous and vindictive. The narrator is openly biased towards the Franks. His moral view is very black - and - white : the Franks are good, and the pagans are bad. The story moves at a fast pace, occasionally slowing down and recounting the same scene up to three times but focusing on different details or taking a different perspective each time. The effect is similar to a film sequence shot at different angles so that new and more important details come to light with each shot. Characters ( edit ) Principal characters ( edit ) Andriodos, helpless boy ; despite the honor came from King Charlemagne. Baligant, emir of Babylon ; Marsile enlists his help against Charlemagne. Blancandrin, wise pagan ; suggests bribing Charlemagne out of Spain with hostages and gifts, and then suggests dishonouring a promise to allow Marsile 's baptism Bassalt, came from the name of rocks that are solid and may occur in the second phrase of the poem ; captured the horse of the king. Bramimonde, Queen of Saragossa, King Marsile 's wife ; captured and converted by Charlemagne after the city falls. Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor ; his forces fight the Saracens in Spain. Ganelon, treacherous lord and Roland 's stepfather who encourages Marsile to attack the French army. King Marsile, Saracen king of Spain ; Roland wounds him and he dies of his wound later. Naimon, Charlemagne 's trusted adviser. Oliver, Roland 's friend ; mortally wounded by Margarice. He represents wisdom. Roland, the hero of the Song ; nephew of Charlemagne ; leads the rear guard of the French forces ; bursts his temples by blowing his olifant - horn, wounds from which he eventually dies facing the enemy 's land. Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, represents the force of the Church. Secondary characters ( edit ) Aude, the fiancée of Roland and Oliver 's sister Basan, French baron, murdered while serving as Ambassador of Marsile. Bérengier, one of the twelve paladins killed by Marsile 's troops ; kills Estramarin ; killed by Grandoyne. Besgun, chief cook of Charlemagne 's army ; guards Ganelon after Ganelon 's treachery is discovered. Geboin, guards the French dead ; becomes leader of Charlemagne 's 2nd column. Godefroy, standard bearer of Charlemagne ; brother of Thierry, Charlemagne 's defender against Pinabel. Grandoyne, fighter on Marsile 's side ; son of the Cappadocian King Capuel ; kills Gerin, Gerier, Berenger, Guy St. Antoine, and Duke Astorge ; killed by Roland. Hamon, joint Commander of Charlemagne 's Eighth Division. Lorant, French commander of one of the first divisions against Baligant ; killed by Baligant. Milon, guards the French dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces. Ogier, a Dane who leads the third column in Charlemagne 's army against Baligant 's forces. Othon, guards the French dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces. Pinabel, fights for Ganelon in the judicial combat. Thierry, fights for Charlemagne in the judicial combat. Durandal ( edit ) According to the Song of Roland, the legendary sword called Durandal was first given to Charlemagne by an angel. It contained one tooth of Saint Peter, blood of Saint Basil, hair of Saint Denis, and a piece of the raiment of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and was supposedly the sharpest sword in all existence. In the story of the Song of Roland, the weapon is given to Roland, and he uses it to defend himself single - handedly against thousands of Muslim attackers. According to one 12th - century legend from the French town of Rocamadour, Roland threw the sword into a cliffside. You can still see a sword there, allegedly Durandal, embedded into the cliff - face. Historical adaptations ( edit ) A Latin poem, Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis, was composed around 1120, and a Latin prose version, Historia Caroli Magni ( often known as `` The Pseudo-Turpin '' ) even earlier. Around 1170, a version of the French poem was translated into the Middle High German Rolandslied by Konrad der Pfaffe ( formerly thought to have been the author of the Kaiserchronik ). In his translation Konrad replaces French topics with generically Christian ones. The work was translated into Middle Dutch in the 13th century. It was also rendered into Occitan verse in the 14th - or 15th - century poem of Ronsasvals, which incorporates the later, southern aesthetic into the story. An Old Norse version of the Song of Roland exists as Karlamagnús saga, and a translation into the artificial literary language of Franco - Venetian is also known ; such translations contributed to the awareness of the story in Italy. In 1516 Ludovico Ariosto published his epic Orlando Furioso, which deals largely with characters first described in the Song of Roland. There is also Faroese adoption of this ballad named `` Runtsivalstríðið '' ( Battle of Roncevaux ). The ballad is one of many sung during the Faroese folkdance tradition of chain dancing. Modern adaptations ( edit ) The Chanson de Roland has an important place in the background of Graham Greene 's The Confidential Agent, published in 1939. The book 's protagonist had been a Medieval scholar specialising in this work, until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War forced him to become a soldier and secret agent. Throughout the book, he repeatedly compares himself and other characters with the characters of `` Roland ''. Particularly, the book includes a full two pages of specific commentary, which is relevant to its 20th - century plot line : `` Oliver, when he saw the Saracens coming, urged Roland to blow his horn and fetch back Charlemagne -- but Roland would n't blow. A big brave fool. In war one always chooses the wrong hero. Oliver should have been the hero of that song, instead of being given second place with the blood - thirsty Bishop Turpin. (... ) In the Oxford version Oliver is reconciled in the end, he gives Roland his death - blow by accident, his eyes blinded by wounds. ( But ) the story had been tidied up. In truth, Oliver strikes his friend down in full knowledge -- because of what he has done to his men, all the wasted lives. Oliver dies hating the man he loves -- the big boasting courageous fool who was more concerned with his own glory than with the victory of his faith. This makes the story tragedy, not just heroics ''. It is also adapted by Stephen King, in the Dark Tower series in which Roland Deschain wishes to save the Dark Tower from the Crimson King. The Song of Roland is part of the Matter of France ( the Continental counterpart to the Arthurian legendarium known as the Matter of Britain ), and related to Orlando Furioso. The names Roland and Orlando are cognates. Emanuelle Luzzati 's animated short film, I paladini di Francia, together with Giulio Gianini, in 1960, was turned into the children 's picture - story book, with verse narrative, I Paladini de Francia ovvero il tradimento di Gano di Maganz, which translates literally as `` The Paladins of France or the treachery of Gano of Maganz '' ( Ugo Mursia Editore, 1962 ). This was then republished, in English, as Ronald and the Wizard Calico ( 1969 ). The Picture Lion paperback edition ( William Collins, London, 1973 ) is a paperback imprint of the Hutchinson Junior Books edition ( 1969 ), which credits the English translation to Hutchinson Junior Books. Luzatti 's original verse story in Italian is about the plight of a beautiful maiden called Biancofiore -- White Flower, or Blanchefleur -- and her brave hero, Captain Rinaldo, and Ricardo and his paladins -- the term used for Christian knights engaged in Crusades against the Saracens and Moors. Battling with these good people are the wicked Moors -- North African Muslims and Arabs -- and their Sultan, in Jerusalem. With the assistance of the wicked and treacherous magician, Gano of Maganz, Biancofiore is stolen from her fortress castle, and taken to become the reluctant wife of the Sultan. The catalyst for victory is the good magician, Urlubulu, who lives in a lake, and flies through the air on the back of his magic blue bird. The English translators, using the original illustrations, and the basic rhyme patterns, slightly simplify the plot, changing the Christians - versus - Muslim - Moors conflict into a battle between good and bad magicians and between golden knights and green knights. The French traitor in The Song of Roland, who is actually Roland 's cowardly step - father, is Ganelon -- very likely the inspiration for Luzzati 's traitor and wicked magician, Gano. Orlando Furioso ( literally, Furious or Enraged Orlando, or Roland ), includes Orlando 's cousin, the paladin Rinaldo, who, like Orlando, is also in love with Angelica, a pagan princess. Rinaldo is, of course, the Italian equivalent of Ronald. Flying through the air on the back of a magic bird is equivalent to flying on a magic hippogriff. On July 22, 2017, Michael Eging and Steve Arnold released a novel '' The Silver Horn Echoes : A Song of Roland, '' inspired by the La Chanson de Roland. This work is more closely based on a screenplay written by Michael Eging in 2008, simply known as `` Song of Roland '' and first optioned to Alan Kaplan at Cine LA that same year. The book explores the untold story of how Roland finds himself at Ronceveaux, betrayed by Ganelon and facing the expansive Saragossan host. Primary characters in the novel include Charles ( Charlemagne ), Ganelon, Bishop Turpin, Oliver, Aude, Marsilion, Blancandarin and others recognizable from the poem. Introduced in this tale are additional characters that inject intrigue and danger to the story, including Charles oldest son, Pepin, Marsilion 's treacherous son, Saleem, and the scheming Byzantine emissary, Honorius. The cover artwork was hand painted by Jordan Raskin. The authors determined when writing both the screenplay and the novel to remain in the world created by the poem ; thus Charles remains an older man near the end of his long reign rather than in 778 when the attack on the rearguard actually occurred. Further, this novel bookends the story with William the Conqueror 's use of the poem as a motivator for Norman forces prior to the Battle of Hastings in 1066. See also ( edit ) La Brèche de Roland Matter of France Herzog Ernst Lamprecht Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Song of Roland ''. FordhamUniversity.edu. Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 04. Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 04. Jump up ^ ( in French ) La Chanson de Roland on Dictionnaire Étymologique de l'Ancien Français Jump up ^ Short, Ian ( 1990 ). Introduction. France : Le Livre de Poche. pp. 5 -- 20. Jump up ^ La Chanson de Roland on Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge Jump up ^ Gaunt, Simon ; Pratt, Karen ( 2016 ). The Song of Roland, and Other Poems of Charlemagne ( 1st ed. ). New York, NY 10016, United States of America : Oxford University Press. p. xi. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 965554 - 0. Jump up ^ Love, Nathan ( 1984 ). `` AOI in the Chanson de Roland : A divergent hypothesis ''. Olifant. 10 ( 4 ). Société Rencesvals. Jump up ^ Taylor, Andrew, `` Was There a Song of Roland? '' Speculum 76 ( January 2001 ) : 28 - 65 ^ Jump up to : Brault, Gerard J., Song of Roland : An Analytical Edition : Introduction and Commentary, Penn State Press, 2010 ISBN 9780271039145 Jump up ^ Part of Runtsivalstríðið with Dansifelagið í Havn Jump up ^ `` The Confidential Agent '', Part 1, Ch. 2, quoted in `` Graham Greene : an approach to the novels '' by Robert Hoskins, p. 122 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Author 's Notes, The Silver Horn Echoes : A Song of Roland, iUniverse, July 2017 ( http://www.iuniverse.com/Bookstore/BookDetail.aspx?BookId=SKU-000995830 ) Further reading ( edit ) Brault, Gerard J. Song of Roland : An Analytical Edition : Introduction and Commentary ( Penn State Press, 2010 ). DiVanna, Isabel N. `` Politicizing national literature : the scholarly debate around La chanson de Roland in the nineteenth century. '' Historical Research 84.223 ( 2011 ) : 109 - 134. Jones, George Fenwick. The ethos of the song of Roland ( Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963 ). Vance, Eugene. Reading the Song of Roland ( 1970 ). External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Song of Roland French Wikisource has original text related to this article : La Chanson de Roland Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Song of Roland Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chanson de Roland. The Song of Roland at Project Gutenberg ( English translation of Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff ) The Song of Roland -- ( Dorothy L. Sayers ) at Faded Page ( Canada ) The Song of Roland public domain audiobook at LibriVox La Chanson de Roland ( Old French ) The Romance of the Middle Ages : The Song of Roland, discussion of Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Digby 23, audio clip, and discussion of the manuscript 's provenance. Earliest manuscript of the Chanson de Roland, readable online images of the complete original, Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Digby 23 ( Pt 2 ) La Chanson de Roland, in Anglo - Norman, 12th century,? 2nd quarter ``. Old French Audio clips of a reading of The Song of Roland in Old French Timeless Myths : Song of Roland `` Roland, The Song of ''. New International Encyclopedia. 1905. King Charlemagne and the Matter of France Key people Charlemagne Roland Ganelon Naimon Oliver Renaud de Montauban Paladins and other characters Agolant Albracca Angelica Astolfo Atlantes Aude Aymon Baligant Blancandrin Bradamante Bramimonde Brandimarte Brunello Charlot Doon de Mayence Ferragut Fierabras Garin de Monglane Girart de Roussillon Huon of Bordeaux Marfisa Marsile Maugris Melissa Ogier the Dane Pinabel Rodomonte Ruggiero Sacripante Turpin William of Gellone Zerbino Horses and other animals Barbamouche Bayard Gaignun Gramimond Hippogriff Marmorie Passecerf Rabicano Sautperdu Sorel Tachëbrun Tencendur Veillantif Swords and other objects Almace Curtana Durendal Hauteclere Joyeuse Murgleys Olifant Précieuse Places Aachen La Brèche de Roland Roncevaux Pass Chansons de geste and other works The Song of Roland Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne Chanson de Guillaume Gormond et Isembart The Four Sons of Aymon Karlamagnús saga Orlando Innamorato Orlando Furioso Morgante The Song of Roland Source Battle of Roncevaux Pass Films The Song of Roland ( 1978 ) Other versions Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis Historia Caroli Magni Karlamagnús saga The Dark Tower Characters Baligant Blancandrin Bramimonde Charlemagne Ganelon King Marsile Naimon Oliver Roland Turpin Aude Ogier Pinabel BNF : cb12008442d ( data ) NKC : unn2010568621 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&oldid=865446055 '' Categories : Chansons de geste Matter of France French folklore French poems Epic poems in French Anglo - Norman folklore The Song of Roland Works of unknown authorship Cultural depictions of Charlemagne Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018, at 00 : 51 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Song of Roland", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&amp;oldid=865446055" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "3269855180839986040" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Power Rangers - wikipedia Power Rangers Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Power Rangers ( disambiguation ). Power Rangers The current logo for the Power Rangers franchise Created by Haim Saban Shuki Levy Original work Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Print publications Novel ( s ) Power Rangers : The Official Movie Novel Comics Mighty Morphin Power Rangers MMPR : Pink Power Rangers : Aftershock Go Go Power Rangers Justice League / Power Rangers Films and television Film ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie Saban 's Power Rangers Television series See below Theatrical presentations Play ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers World Tour Live on Stage Games Traditional Power Rangers Collectible Card Game Video game ( s ) See list Audio Soundtrack ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers The Album : A Rock Adventure Power Rangers - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original music `` Go Go Power Rangers '' `` Power Rangers : The Official Single '' Power Rangers is an American entertainment and merchandising franchise built around a live action superhero television series. Produced first by Saban Entertainment, later by BVS Entertainment, and today by SCG Power Rangers, the television series takes much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu Super Sentai, produced by Toei Company. The first Power Rangers entry, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, debuted on August 28, 1993, and helped launch the Fox Kids programming block of the 1990s, during which it catapulted into popular culture along with a line of action figures and other toys by Bandai. As of 2001, the media franchise has generated over $6 billion in retail sales worldwide. Despite initial criticism that its action violence targeted child audiences, the franchise has continued, and as of 2017 the show consists of 24 television seasons of 20 different themed series and three theatrical films released in 1995, 1997 and 2017. In 2010, Haim Saban, creator of the series, regained ownership of the franchise after seven years under The Walt Disney Company. Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 History 2.1 Adapting the Super Sentai series 2.2 Broadcast history 3 Television series 3.1 The Saban Era 3.2 The Disney Era 3.3 The Neo-Saban Era 4 Feature films 5 Distribution 5.1 Home media 6 Broadcast 7 Video games 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Premise Further information : List of Power Rangers characters and List of Power Rangers villains Since Power Rangers derives most of its footage from the Super Sentai series, it features many hallmarks that distinguish it from other superhero series. Each series revolves around a team of youths recruited and trained by a mentor to morph into the eponymous Power Rangers, able to utilize special powers and pilot immense assault machines, called Zords, to overcome the periodic antagonists. In the original series Mighty Morphin, the wizard Zordon recruits `` teenagers with attitude '' against Rita Repulsa. When `` morphed, '' the rangers become powerful superheroes wearing color - coded skin - tight spandex suits and helmets with opaque visors ; identical except in individual rangers ' color and helmet design. Morphed Rangers generally possess enhanced strength, durability, agility and combat prowess. Some possess superhuman or psychic abilities such as super-speed, element manipulation, extra-sensory perception or invisibility. In addition, each individual ranger has a unique weapon, as well as common weaponry used for ground fighting. When enemies grow to incredible size ( as nearly all do ), Rangers utilize individual Zords that combine into a larger Megazord. Rangers teams operate in teams of five or three, with more Rangers joining the team later. Each team of Rangers, with a few exceptions, obeys a general set of conventions, outlined at the beginning of Mighty Morphin and implied by mentors throughout many of the other series : Power Rangers may not use their Ranger powers for personal gain or for escalating a fight ( unless the enemy does so ), nor may the Power Rangers disclose their identities to the general public. The penalty for disobeying these rules, in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, is the loss of their power. As in Super Sentai, the color palette of each Power Rangers team changes every series. Only Red and Blue appear in every Ranger team, while a Yellow Ranger has been present in every season except Power Rangers Dino Charge. Other colors and designations also appear throughout the series. A Rangers ' color designation also influences their wardrobe throughout the series : civilian clothing often matches Ranger color. History Adapting the Super Sentai series This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( October 2009 ) Production of Power Rangers episodes involves extensive localization of and revision of original Super Sentai source material in order to incorporate American culture and conform to American television standards. Rather than making an English dub or translation of the Japanese footage, Power Rangers programs consist of scenes featuring English - speaking actors ( either from the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, or the United Kingdom ) spliced with scenes featuring either Japanese actors dubbed into English or the action scenes from the Super Sentai Series featuring the Rangers fighting monsters or the giant robot ( Zord and Megazord ) battles with English dubbing. In some series, original fight scenes are filmed to incorporate characters or items unique to the Power Rangers production. Like many of Saban Entertainment previous ventures in localizing Japanese television for a Western audience, the plot, character names, and other names usually differ greatly from the source footage, though a few seasons have stayed close to the story of the original Super Sentai season. Along with adapting the villains from the Super Sentai counterparts, most Power Rangers series also feature villains with no Sentai counterpart. Generally, the primary antagonist of a Power Rangers series ( for example, Lord Zedd, Divatox, etc. ) are not adapted from the Sentai. Exceptions to this includes Mighty Morphin, Zeo, Lightspeed Rescue and a few others which only use villains adapted from the Japanese shows. The series that began the franchise, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( an American adaptation of the 1992 Japanese Super Sentai Series, Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger ), began broadcasting as part of the Fox Kids block of programing that aired on the FOX network. It lasted for three seasons ( from 1993 to 1996 ). Broadcast history The Saban Entertainment run of the franchise -- beginning with Power Rangers in Space -- used this version of the Power Rangers logo ( 1998 -- 2001 ). Saban Entertainment distributed the Power Rangers series from 1993 until the end of 2001, and Fox broadcast it until the fall of 2002. The Walt Disney Company purchased the franchise as part of a buyout that took place in 2001. This resulted in Fox Family Worldwide becoming ABC Family Worldwide Inc. This buyout also saw Saban Entertainment becoming BVS Entertainment in 2002, from News Corporation, Fox 's parent company, and Haim Saban. The show continued to air on Fox until the company replaced its Fox Kids package with `` FoxBox '' in the United States. Since September 2002, all Power Rangers shows had aired on various Disney - owned networks ( ABC Kids, Toon Disney and Jetix channels worldwide ). When Wild Force ended, Disney moved production of the franchise from Los Angeles to New Zealand. This resulted in the closure of MMPR Productions and the dismissal of many members of the production. From Ninja Storm to date, Power Rangers is produced in New Zealand. ABC Family, another Disney - owned network, also used to air Power Rangers until it did away with its Jetix timeslot after August 31, 2006. On February 12, 2009, Toon Disney ended in the wake of Disney XD, ending cable airings of Power Rangers in certain areas of the United States. Several ABC affiliate broadcasting groups declined to air most of the Power Rangers series since 2006 due to the lack of FCC - compliant educational and informational content in the programs. The Saban era seasons, starting with In Space, have gone under the `` Saban 's Power Rangers '' moniker, up until Time Force. Since the re-acquisition of Power Rangers by Saban in 2010, this practice has continued once again starting with Samurai. Starting in 2005, up until 2007, during its run on Jetix, Power Rangers reruns were aired under the moniker Power Rangers Generations, showcasing select episodes from Mighty Morphin through Dino Thunder. An article in The New Zealand Herald published on March 7, 2009, identified Power Rangers RPM as the last season of the Power Rangers run. Production manager Sally Campbell stated in an interview, ``... at this stage we will not be shooting another season. '' A September 1, 2009, revision to Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia by Disney 's head archivist Dave Smith states that `` production of new episodes ( of Power Rangers ) ceased in 2009 ''. Production of Power Rangers ceased and the last series by BVS Entertainment, RPM, ended on December 26, 2009. On October 1, 2009, Bandai released a press release that Disney would re-broadcast Mighty Morphin Power Rangers starting in January 2010 on ABC Kids in lieu of a new series utilizing footage from the 2009 Super Sentai television series. A new toy line accompanied the series and appeared in stores in the later part of 2009. ABC 's over-the air telecasts ended on August 28, 2010, and turned the hour back to affiliates. On May 12, 2010, Haim Saban bought back the Power Rangers franchise from Disney for $43 million and announced plans to produce a new season of the television series. The eighteenth season, Samurai, began airing on Nickelodeon on February 7, 2011, with the previous episodes beginning rebroadcast on Nicktoons later that year. It was also announced that Saban plans to make a new Power Rangers movie. On July 2, 2012, it was announced that Saban Brands would launch a Saturday morning cartoon block on The CW, called Vortexx, on August 25, 2012, that would air Power Rangers Lost Galaxy. To commemorate the series ' 20th anniversary, Nickelodeon began airing Power Rangers Megaforce on February 2, 2013, featuring all of the past rangers from the series ' 20 - year history. On October 1, 2013, Saban Brands announced that it had extended agreements with Nickelodeon and Bandai America Incorporated through 2016 for its globally recognized Power Rangers franchise. In January 2016, Saban and Nickelodeon extended their broadcast partnership through 2018. The 90s Are All That aired Mighty Morphin Power Rangers as part of Mighty Morphin Weekend in 2013. Television series Main article : List of Power Rangers episodes Variations of Power Rangers throughout the franchise unite. The first series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers through In Space followed a story arc called `` The Zordon Era '' with a gradually changing cast and characters over six years. Beginning with Lost Galaxy, although it had ties with the previous story arc, each Power Rangers series had its own self - contained storylines, independent of previous series. Crossover episodes between different series featuring rangers, villains, and other characters from past seasons also began with Lost Galaxy, with a few exceptions. The Saban Era The Saban Era is seasons 1 - 10 that includes Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 - 1996 ) to Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ). These series aired on Fox during the Fox Kids programming block. The Zordon Era is Mighty Morphin Power Rangers to Power Rangers in Space. Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Season 1 : When the evil witch Rita Repulsa and her minions Goldar, Squatt, Baboo, and Finster, are freed from their imprisonment on the Moon, the wizard Zordon, with the help of his assistant Alpha 5, enlists five teenagers -- Jason Lee Scott, Trini Kwan, Billy Cranston, Kimberly Hart, and Zack Taylor -- to become the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers to battle Rita 's invasion of the Earth, using their Power Coins and Dinozords to combat her monsters. Rita soon creates her own evil Power Ranger by brainwashing a recent transfer student Tommy Oliver, but the Power Rangers are able to free him from her control and he joins their side. This season uses footage from Kyōryu Sentai Zyuranger. Season 2 : Rita 's superior Lord Zedd returns to the Earth to take over for Rita 's incompetence, imprisoning her once more. His new monsters prove too powerful for the Dinozords, leading Zordon to empower them into the Thunderzords. Jason, Trini, and Zack leave to join a youth conference in Switzerland, and are replaced by Rocky DeSantos, Aisha Campbell, and Adam Park, respectively, and Rita returns and marries Lord Zedd. This season uses footage from Gosei Sentai Dairanger. Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) : When the evil wizard Ivan Ooze is freed by construction work, he takes revenge against Zordon for imprisoning him. As his powers are too strong for the Power Rangers, Alpha 5 uses the last of the Command Center 's power to send them to the planet Phaedos to learn the ways of the Ninjetti from the warrior Dulcea to stop Ooze before he can conquer the universe. The movie, which does not fall into the canon of the TV series, drew inspiration from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger. Season 3 : Rita 's brother Rito Revolto comes to Earth and destroys the Power Rangers ' Power Coins and Thunderzords. The Power Rangers seek out Ninjor, creator of the Power Coins, for new Power Coins giving them new ninja powers and the Ninjazords, and later the Shogunzords. Rita also enchants a new Australian exchange student Kat Hillard into slowly draining Kimberly of her Ranger powers, until the spell is broken ; when Kimberly ultimately leaves to train for the Olympics, she entrusts Kat to be her replacement amongst the Power Rangers. This season uses footage from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger. Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers ( 1996 ) : When Rita 's father Master Vile comes to Earth, he turns back time, turning the Power Rangers, and many of their friends, into children. Zordon calls upon his proteges the Alien Rangers of Aquitar to protect the Earth from Master Vile 's monsters and to help work on a machine that would return the child rangers to their proper ages. Unfortunately, Only Billy returns to normal as the machine which required the power coins as a power source is stolen by Rito & Goldar allowing Rita & Zedd to destroy the coins. The child rangers then travel throughout time to gather the fragments of the Zeo Crystal to bring time back to normal. During her journey in Africa, Aisha meets Tanya Sloan and realizes that she can do more help to stop the sickness plaguing the wildlife and sends Tanya back with her Zeo Crystal. This series also uses footage from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger. Power Rangers Zeo ( 1996 ) : With the Zeo Crystal restored, time brought back to normal, and Master Vile defeated, the Rangers are caught off guard when Goldar and Rito destroy their headquarters. Although Zordon reveals he is fine, he warns the Rangers that the Machine Empire is planning on conquering the Earth, and the Rangers must use the power of the Zeo Crystal to become the Zeo Rangers to battle them. Billy, who used his scientific prowess to return to his original age during Alien Rangers, decides to work on the Zeo Zords and other machinery, and his presence in the destruction of the previous Command Center leaves him unable to receive the powers of the Gold Ranger, Trey of Triforia, but Jason returns instead. Billy soon begins to age rapidly, a side effect from the regenerator, he used to return to his normal age, and leaves Earth to be healed on Aquitar. This season uses footage from Chōriki Sentai Ohranger. Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) : The intergalactic pirate Divatox kidnaps the wizard Lerigot to open a dimensional barrier so she can wed the demon Maligore. To stop her, Zordon gives the Rangers their new Turbo Ranger powers to stop her. Rocky, however, has been hurt, and in his stead Zordon sends Justin Stewart, a young boy who inadvertently discovers the Rangers ' identities. This film drew inspiration from Gekisou Sentai Carranger and serves as a bridge to the subsequent TV season. Power Rangers Turbo ( 1997 ) : After Divatox 's plans are foiled, she sets her sights on conquering the Earth, with the Turbo Rangers and eventually the intergalactic police officer the Blue Senturion combatting her monsters. Tommy, Adam, Tanya, and Kat soon retire from being Power Rangers, choosing T.J. Johnson, Carlos Vallerte, Ashley Hammond, and Cassie Chan as their replacements, who are also assisted by the Phantom Ranger. Zordon also leaves, putting Dimitria in his place. This season uses footage from Gekisou Sentai Carranger. Power Rangers in Space ( 1998 ) : After Divatox succeeds in destroying the Command Center, she is called off planet to participate in Dark Specter 's evil alliance in conquering the universe. T.J., Carlos, Ashley, and Cassie travel into outer space to try to stop him, and meet up with Andros, who they join to become the Space Rangers to stop Dark Specter and his protege Astronema. They eventually awaken Andros ' friend Zhane, the Silver Ranger, and free Andros ' sister Karone ( Astronema ) from Dark Specter 's control and ultimately use Zordon, captured by Dark Specter, to defeat Dark Specter 's armies and free the universe from his control. This season uses footage from Denji Sentai Megaranger. Power Rangers Lost Galaxy ( 1999 ) : The governments of the Earth decide to send out an experimental space colony Terra Venture, on which Leo Corbett stows away to join his brother Mike on the journey to find new planets. When it encounters a wormhole on the Moon, Leo, Mike, Kai Chen, and Kendrix Morgan go through it and encounter Maya and her planet Mirinoi which is under attack from Scorpius and his minions, led by Trakeena. After Leo, Mike, and Kendrix are stranded, Kai commandeers the Astro Megaship along with its mechanic Damon Henderson to save them. Mike, Kai, Damon, Maya, and Kendrix are chosen by the Quasar Sabers to fight Scorpius, but Mike seemingly falls to his death, leaving Leo to act as the leader of the Galaxy Rangers in his stead back on Terra Venture. Mike later returns after it is revealed the Magna Defender has been using his body as a vessel to fight Scorpius ' monsters along with the Galaxy Rangers. Mid-season, Deviot revives the Psycho Rangers and the space rangers come to help. Kendrix ultimately dies while saving the Pink Space Ranger, Cassie and is replaced by Karone. They later must fight Captain Mutiny and his space pirates after they are transported to the Lost Galaxy. This season uses footage from Seijuu Sentai Gingaman. Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) : Carter Grayson, Chad Lee, Joel Rawlings, Kelsey Winslow, and Dana Mitchell are hired by Operation Lightspeed to protect Mariner Bay from a group of evil demons led by Queen Bansheera from taking over the world by fighting as the Lightspeed Rangers. They are later joined by Dana 's long lost brother Ryan. This season uses footage from Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGoFive. Power Rangers Time Force ( 2001 ) : When the mutant Ransik and his daughter Nadira escape custody of the Time Force police in the year 3000 by stealing the very prison, they travel back in time to 2001, but not before seemingly killing the Red Time Force Ranger Alex. His subordinates Jen Scotts, Lucas Kendall, Katie Walker, and Trip travel back in time to 2001 and seek out Alex 's ancestor Wes Collins, as his DNA unlocks the Time Force Morphers, allowing all of them to become the Time Force Power Rangers to recapture the mutants Ransik uses to thwart them and stop the Bio-Lab who ended up creating him. They are ultimately joined by Eric Myers, who uses the Quantum Morpher and Q - Rex to fight. This season uses footage from Mirai Sentai Timeranger. Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ) : Jungle man Cole Evans, Air Force pilot Taylor Earhardt, would - be pro-bowler Max Cooper, florist Danny Delgado, and martial artist Alyssa Enrilé are chosen by Princess Shayla of the floating island Animaria to be the Wild Force Power Rangers to fight the evil Orgs. They are later joined by Merrick Baliton, one of the original Wild Force Power Rangers who used a forbidden power to defeat the Master Org 3,000 years in the past, after he is freed from the power in the present. This season uses footage from Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger. Wild Force featured an anniversary commemoration episode in `` Forever Red '', featuring the return of nearly every Red Ranger. Wild Force marked a shift from Saban Entertainment to BVS Entertainment in production and distribution and was the last season to be filmed in the United States. The Disney Era The Disney Era is seasons 11 - 17 that includes Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) to Power Rangers RPM ( 2009 ). These series aired on various Disney television networks. Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) : Shane Clarke, Tori Hanson, and Dustin Brooks are bumbling students of Kanoi Watanabe 's Wind Ninja Academy, but when Lothor kidnaps the other students, they are all that remain to protect the Earth from Lothor 's evil space ninjas as the Wind Rangers. They are also joined in battle by adopted brothers Hunter and Blake Bradley of the rival Thunder Ninja Academy as the Thunder Rangers and Kanoi 's son Cam as the Samurai Ranger. aired in 2003. This season uses footage from Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger. Ninja Storm is the first season to be filmed in New Zealand. Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) : When the evil Mesogog appears to bring the Earth back to the Mesozoic age, Dr. Tommy Oliver of Reefside reluctantly enlists his students Conner McKnight, Ethan James, and Kira Ford to battle him as the Dino Rangers. Tommy later joins them as a Ranger, once more, as well as Trent Fernandez - Mercer, adopted son of Tommy 's once colleague Dr. Anton Mercer, who is Mesogog 's alterego. This season uses footage from Bakuryuu Sentai Abaranger. Power Rangers S.P.D. ( 2005 ) : In the year 2025, the Space Patrol Delta police force protects the galaxy from the Troobian Empire 's forces. When their A-Squad of Power Rangers fall in battle, B - Squad members Sky Tate, Bridge Carson, and Syd Drew are joined by rookies Jack Landors and Z Delgado under the direction of Commander Anubis Cruger to be the S.P.D. Power Rangers. They are later joined by Sam, a young boy they save from the Troobian Empire who in the future becomes the Omega Ranger, as well as Cmdr. Cruger as the Shadow Ranger and technical expert Dr. Kat Manx as the Kat Ranger. This season uses footage from Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger. Power Rangers Mystic Force ( 2006 ) : The sorceress Udonna enlists the help of Chip Thorn, Madison Rocca, Vida Rocca, Xander Bly, and new guy in town Nick Russell to become the Mystic Rangers to protect Briarwood and its nearby magical forest from the evil forces of Morticon, who plans on taking over both the magical and human worlds. They are eventually joined by Udonna 's old friend Daggeron and his genie Jenji, and Udonna and her long lost husband Leanbow, who has been trapped as the evil Koragg since falling in battle 20 years prior. This season uses footage from Mahou Sentai Magiranger. Power Rangers Operation Overdrive ( 2007 ) : Wealthy adventurer Andrew Hartford tasks Will Aston, Dax Lo, Ronny Robinson, Rose Ortiz, and reluctantly his own son Mack to act as the Overdrive Rangers, searching for the jewels of the Corona Aurora before either Flurious or Moltor, and later Kamdor and the Fearcats can. They are later joined by Tyzonn, member of a search and rescue team from the planet Mercuria, who has a past with the Fearcats. This season uses footage from GoGo Sentai Boukenger. Operation Overdrive also featured an anniversary episode in `` Once a Ranger '', bringing back several characters from previous seasons. Power Rangers Jungle Fury ( 2008 ) : The Pai Zhua, or `` Order of the Claw '', has protected the world from the evil spirit of Dai Shi for nearly ten thousand years. When Jarrod, Lily Chilman, and Theo Martin are chosen by Master Mao to guard the container of Dai Shi 's spirit, Jarrod is deemed unworthy and replaced by rookie or `` cub '' member Casey Rhodes. Angered by this slight, Jarrod attempts to steal Dai Shi 's vessel, only to become possessed by his spirit. Mao, who falls in battle, entrusts in best student R.J. to lead the others as the Jungle Fury Power Rangers to stop Dai Shi from taking over the world. R.J. later joins them in battle, as does Dom Hargan, a former Pai Zhua student who went to find his path in life. This season uses footage from Juken Sentai Gekiranger. Power Rangers RPM ( 2009 ) : A malicious and rapidly evolving computer virus known as Venjix has ravaged the Earth, leaving the surviving members of humanity to huddle for safety in the force field protected city of Corinth. To stop Venjix 's attacks, led by his humanoid warrior Tenaya, the mysterious Doctor K enlists Scott Truman, Flynn McAllistair, Summer Landsdown, and reluctantly Ziggy Grover and the apparent cyborg Dillon as the RPM Ranger Operators. They are later joined by Gem and Gemma, Doctor K 's old friends. This season uses footage from Engine Sentai Go - onger. RPM was the last season to be produced by BVS Entertainment. In 2010, a re-versioned edit of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers aired. During this year, Saban Brands bought back the rights to Power Rangers. The Neo-Saban Era The Neo-Saban Era began in season 18 and continues to present starting with Power Rangers Samurai. These series aired on Nickelodeon. Power Rangers Samurai and Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 2012 ) : In order to prevent Master Xandred 's Nighlok forces from taking over the Earth, Mentor Ji of the Shiba House trains Jayden, Kevin, Mia, Mike, and Emily in the ways of the samurai to fight as the Samurai Power Rangers. They are later joined by Jayden 's childhood friend Antonio as the Gold Ranger, who is instrumental in unlocking the group 's Super Mode. These two seasons use footage from Samurai Sentai Shinkenger. Samurai is the first season back under the ownership of Saban and the first season produced by SCG Power Rangers. Power Rangers continues to be produced and filmed in New Zealand. Power Rangers Megaforce ( 2013 ) : Zordon 's protege Gosei calls on high school students Troy Burrows, Noah Carver, Jake Holling, Emma Goodall, and Gia Moran to become the Megaforce Power Rangers to battle the invasion of the Warstar Empire. They are later joined by the Robo Knight in his fight against the Toxic Mutants. This season uses footage from Tensou Sentai Goseiger. Super Megaforce ( 2014 ) : With the Warstar Empire 's forces increasing their invasion, Gosei gives the Rangers new morphers to assume Super Mega Mode, allowing them to call on the powers of all of the previous Power Rangers. They are joined by Orion, a citizen from the planet Andresia. Super Megaforce also features the return of several previous characters. This season uses footage from Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger. Power Rangers Dino Charge and Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 2016 ) : When an intergalactic bounty hunter comes to Earth looking for the Energems, entrusted to an alien who lost them during the asteroid bombardment that resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs, the Dino Charge Power Rangers are formed to find the Energems first. These two seasons use footage from Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger. Power Rangers Ninja Steel and Super Ninja Steel ( 2017 - 2018 ) : The Power Rangers are protecting an item called the Ninja Nexus Prism from the forces of Galvanax, the champion of the universe 's most popular intergalactic game show, who wants the Prism, which contains six magical Ninja Power Throwing Stars, to become invincible. The Rangers must master the arsenal of throwing stars, Zords, and Megazords, all made from the titular legendary `` ninja steel '', to stop Galvanax 's warrior contestants sent to Earth to retrieve the Prism, the Steel and the Power Stars for him. This season uses footage from Shuriken Sentai Ninninger. Feature films The Power Rangers franchise has also generated three theatrical motion pictures. The first two are distributed by 20th Century Fox, and the third film released in 2017 by Lionsgate. Film Release date Box office revenue Director United States Foreign Total TV series franchise Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie June 30, 1995 $38,187,431 $28,245,763 $66,433,194 Bryan Spicer Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie March 28, 1997 $8,363,899 $1,251,941 $9,615,840 David Winning and Shuki Levy Reboot Saban 's Power Rangers March 24, 2017 $84,350,803 $50,525,733 $134,876,536 Dean Israelite Distribution Power Rangers has long had success in international markets and continues to air in many countries, with the exception of New Zealand, where the series filming takes place as of 2009. As of 2006, Power Rangers aired at least 65 times a week in more than 40 worldwide markets. Many markets carry or have carried the series on their respective Fox or later Jetix / Disney XD channels or have syndicated the program on regional children 's channels or blocks, either dubbed into the local language or broadcast in the original English. Since the 2010 acquisition by Saban Brands, international television distribution rights for Power Rangers have been managed by MarVista Entertainment. Broadcast in East Asian territories has been treated differently from in other international markets due to the prevalence and familiarity of ' the Super Sentai brand originating in Japan. Power Rangers was briefly banned in Malaysia for supposedly encouraging the use of drugs because it contained the word `` Morphin ' '' in its title, which could be associated with morphine. The show eventually aired without the offending word. In Japan, many Power Rangers television seasons and movies were dubbed into Japanese for television and video with the voice actors often pulled from past Super Sentai casts, leading to the English - dubbed action sequences being `` re-dubbed '' or `` restored '' back to Japanese as well. Power Rangers Mystic Force is the latest season to be broadcast in Japan on Toei Channel in January 2014, with the Magiranger cast voicing their counterparts. After broadcast of Power Rangers ended in South Korea with Wild Force, Bandai of Korea started airing dubbed Super Sentai series under the 파워 레인저 ( Power Ranger ) brand on JEI TV. Some seasons of Super Sentai broadcast in South Korea have similarly named titles as their American counterparts, such as Power Ranger Dino Thunder for Abaranger in 2007 and Power Ranger S.P.D. in place of Dekaranger. Home media This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy. ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As of October 2009, 33 Power Rangers DVD collections have been released in the United States : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie, 1995 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie, 1997 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie / Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie, 1995, 1997 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( DVD compilation set of both movies. ) The Best of the Power Rangers : The Ultimate Rangers, 2003 ; BVHE ( DVD compilation of episodes from five different seasons of Power Rangers. The episodes include `` Forever Red '' and `` White Light '' ( Tommy 's reintroduction as the White Power Ranger ) ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm Volumes 1 -- 5, 2003 ; BVHE Power Rangers Dino Thunder Volumes 1 -- 5, 2004 ; BVHE Power Rangers S.P.D. Volumes 1 -- 5, 2005 ; BVHE Power Rangers Mystic Force Volumes 1 -- 3 and ' Dark Wish ', 2006 ; BVHE Power Rangers Operation Overdrive Volumes 1 -- 5, 2007 ; BVHE ( The release of an entire season for the first time in the US. ) Power Rangers Jungle Fury Volumes 1 & 2, 2008 ; BVHE ( Volumes 3 - 5 are only available in the UK. ) Power Rangers RPM Volumes 1 & 2, 2009 ; BVHE Power Rangers RPM ' Bandai Demo DVD ', 2009 ; BVHE ( A promo DVD given away at Disney Stores. Contains the episode In or Out ). Power Rangers Samurai Volumes 1 -- 5, 2012 ; Lionsgate Power Rangers Samurai `` Monster Bash '' and 2 MMPR Halloween episodes ; Lionsgate Power Rangers Samurai `` Christmas Together, Samurai Forever '' and 2 MMPR Christmas episodes ; Lionsgate Power Rangers Super Samurai Volumes 1 -- 4 plus The Complete Series ; Lionsgate Internationally, additional DVD releases have occurred ( such as Lightspeed Rescue, Time Force and Wild Force in Germany ) and as free DVDs attached to the Jetix magazine, published in the UK. Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1, Season 2, and Season 3, Power Rangers Zeo, Power Rangers Turbo, and Power Rangers In Space have been released in Germany as well in both English and German, with Power Rangers Lost Galaxy only in German. Additionally, Ninja Storm, Dino Thunder, S.P.D., Mystic Force, and Operation Overdrive saw complete boxset releases in the UK. In France, Mighty Morphin Season 1 and Season 2 have been released in their entirety in 5 episode DVD volumes, and the first 25 episodes of Season 3 were released in May 2008. In Italy, Mighty Morphin, Zeo, Dino Thunder and S.P.D. have appeared in their entirety. Zeo and S.P.D. were made available as commercial DVDs, while Mighty Morphin and Dino Thunder were issued as bi-weekly volumes at newsstands. The iTunes Store previously made Power Rangers episodes available : part of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, all of Power Rangers S.P.D., and the first 26 episodes of Power Rangers Mystic Force. Subsequent seasons and episodes of the program also made their appearances in the iTunes Store, but as of July 2009, Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie is the only Power Rangers film available. In 2012, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 volumes 1 & 2 were released on iTunes to coincide with the DVD releases. As of February 2013, all 3 seasons of MMPR were released on iTunes. On June 15, 2011, all episodes of Power Rangers from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers re-version were made available for instant streaming on Netflix. As of 2017, all seasons through Dino Super Charge have been made available on Netflix. On March 12, 2012, Shout! Factory announced a home video distribution deal with Saban, which includes the first 17 series of Power Rangers. Shout! Factory released the first seven seasons on DVD in August 2012, seasons 8 - 12 on November 2013, a 20 - year collection on December 2013, and seasons 13 - 17 on April 2014. On March 22, 2012 Lionsgate Home Entertainment reached a home media distribution deal with Saban to release Power Rangers Samurai to DVD and Blu - ray. As of April 2015, all series through Super Megaforce are available on the iTunes Store. As of 2016, Dino Charge became available on iTunes. Broadcast The series originally aired on Fox 's children block, Fox Kids from 1993 - 2002. When Disney bought the rights to Power Rangers, it moved to ABC 's Saturday morning block, ABC Kids from 2002 - 2010. During that time, all seasons aired on the ABC Family ( now Freeform ) and Toon Disney 's block Jetix. When Saban bought Power Rangers back, the series aired new episodes on Nickelodeon, while previous seasons aired on Nicktoons. Video games Main article : List of Power Rangers video games See also Television in the United States portal Film in the United States portal Science Fiction portal 1990s portal 2000s portal 2010s portal Big Bad Beetleborgs Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight List of Power Rangers cast members Masked Rider Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation Super Sentai Superhuman Samurai Syber - Squad Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills VR Troopers List of the highest - grossing media franchises Notes Jump up ^ As the series progresses, one or more of the Rangers will usually receive motorcycles for long - distance travel, as well as individual Zords. In many series, a Ranger is also given additional Zords or weapons. In some cases, one Ranger may receive something that other Rangers do not ; an example is the Battlizer given to the Red Ranger of each series since Power Rangers in Space ( until Operation Overdrive ). Jump up ^ Public servants ( rescue squad, police officers, etc. ) appearing as Rangers disregard this convention in Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue, Power Rangers S.P.D., Power Rangers Operation Overdrive and Power Rangers RPM. Jump up ^ An original Power Ranger, the Titanium Ranger, was created especially for Lightspeed Rescue to add a sixth Power Ranger to the series. Jump up ^ Other color designations include metallic colors, violet, and `` Shadow '', as well as protagonists who have powers and costumes similar to those of the Rangers but are not called `` Power Rangers '', such as the Blue Senturion and Koragg the Knight Wolf. Jump up ^ A joke highlighted this correlation in Dino Thunder when Tommy Oliver ( a former Green Ranger, White Ranger, and Red Ranger ) became the new Black Ranger ; he said that he had to go shopping because he did not own enough black - colored clothing. References Jump up ^ `` Toei Company Profile Toei ''. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 27. Jump up ^ `` BANDAI Co., Ltd Global Development ''. Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 07. Jump up ^ Kerry, Dollan ( November 26, 2001 ). `` Beyond Power Rangers ''. Forbes. Forbes, Inc. Retrieved March 14, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Day of the Dumpster ''. Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. Season 1. Episode 1. 1993 - 08 - 28. Fox. Jump up ^ Power Rangers Dino Thunder, Power Rangers S.P.D., Power Rangers Operation Overdrive, Power Rangers Jungle Fury Jump up ^ Heffley, Lynne ( November 25, 1993 ). `` Low - Tech Equals High Ratings : Fox 's Offbeat ' Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ' Flexes Its Kidvid Muscle ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 28, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` The original ' Power Rangers ' return in 2010 ''. Kung Fu Cinema. Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 08. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Haim Saban ''. Saban. Retrieved February 23, 2009. Jump up ^ `` News Corp. and Haim Saban Reach Agreement to Sell Fox Family Worldwide to Disney for $5.3 Billion ''. saban. July 23, 2001. Retrieved February 23, 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Disney buys Fox Family for $3 B ''. CNNfn. www.money.cnn.com. July 23, 2001. Retrieved September 21, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Lights out for ' Power Rangers ' ''. New York Post. March 10, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` LIGHTS OUT FOR ' POWER RANGERS ' ''. New York Post. 2009 - 03 - 10. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24. Jump up ^ Eriksen, Alanah May ( March 6, 2009 ). `` ' Power Rangers ' defeated ''. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved March 7, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Supplement to Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia '' ( PDF ). September 1, 2009. p. 87. Retrieved September 26, 2009. Jump up ^ `` PRESS RELEASE : Bandai America Powers Up Like It 's 1993 ; Brings Back Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in New Toy Line Bandai America ''. October 1, 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2009. Jump up ^ `` CORRECTING and REPLACING PHOTOS Bandai America Powers up Like It 's 1993 ; Brings Back Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in New Toy Line ''. October 1, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2009. Jump up ^ Carugati, Anna ( November 9, 2010 ). `` Video Interview : Saban Brands ' Elie Dekel ''. Retrieved November 11, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Littleton, Cynthia ( 2010 - 05 - 12 ). `` Saban re-acquires rights to ' Rangers ' - Entertainment News, TV News, Media - Variety ''. Retrieved May 12, 2010. Jump up ^ Bond, Paul ( August 10, 2010 ). `` Disney 's Q3 boosted by TV operations profit ; Power Rangers sale added $43 million to coffers ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 11, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` '' Power Rangers Samurai '' premiering in February 2011 ``. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Saban Capital Group Acquires Power Rangers from The Walt Disney Company `` The Toy Book ''. May 12, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. Jump up ^ `` SABAN BRINGS `` POWER RANGERS '' FRANCHISE TO NICKELODEON '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ). Viacom. Retrieved May 13, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Mogul Saban buys back Power Rangers from Disney ''. Google News. Associated Press. May 12, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 16. Retrieved May 13, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands Partners with The CW to Launch Five - Hour Kids Television Block '' ( PDF ). Saban. July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012. Jump up ^ Wallenstein, Andrew ( July 2, 2012 ). `` Saban Brands to rebuild CW toon block ''. Variety. Retrieved July 7, 2012. Jump up ^ Marcucci, Carl ( July 3, 2012 ). `` The CW signs Saban Brands for kids block ''. Radio & Television Business Report. Retrieved July 7, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands to Launch Vortexx on The CW ''. PR Newswire. July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands to launch Vortexx kid shows on The CW ''. Los Angeles Business. July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands Announces Extended Partnerships for Power Rangers Franchise with Nickelodeon and Bandai America Through 2016 ''. Business Wire. Retrieved October 2, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Dynamic New Season, Saban 's Power Rangers Dino Super Charge, to Premiere Saturday, Jan. 30, at 12 p.m. ( ET / PT ) on Nickelodeon ''. Business Wire. January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016. Jump up ^ Truitt, Brian ( 2014 - 02 - 08 ). `` Exclusive : ' Power Rangers Dino Charge ' coming in 2015 ''. USA Today. Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09. Jump up ^ `` 24th Power Rangers Season Is Power Rangers Ninja Steel ''. Anime News Network. January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Max Nicholson ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ). `` Power Rangers : Dino Super Charge Premiere Date and Next Iteration Revealed ''. IGN. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin ' Power Rangers ( 1995 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate ''. SABAN 'S POWER RANGERS TO BEGIN PRODUCTION TODAY. 2016 - 02 - 29. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Disney Shows Muscle with Boys Properties '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06. Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia ( July 26, 2010 ). `` MarVista to sell ' Rangers ' TV library ''. Variety. Retrieved July 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` MarVista to Re-Introduce Power Rangers to International Market ''. WorldScreen. July 26, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010. Jump up ^ Graziadio, Marissa ( September 13, 2010 ). `` New Partners On Board for Power Rangers Samurai ''. Retrieved September 20, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Malaysia : Authorities ban the hit television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers '', Reuters, December 22, 1995 Jump up ^ `` 파워 레인저 ''. Archived from the original on July 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 05. Jump up ^ `` 파워 레인저 S.P.D. ''. Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 09. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - First 2 Volumes of ' Complete Series ' DVDs Planned @ TVShowsOnDVD.com ''. Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - Box Art, Date, Price & Extras for Volume 3 : Blue Sapphire DVD @ TVShowsOnDVD.com ''. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - Finish the Adventure in February : Final Two Volumes Kick Into Overdrive @ TVShowsOnDVD.com ''. Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Jungle Fury - Disney Announces Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 DVDs for Jungle Fury @ TVShowsOnDVD.com ''. 2008 - 09 - 13. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers RPM, Vol. 2 : Race for Corinth @ Amazon.com ''. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers R.P.M. - Disney Store 's Promo Disc Says Volumes 3 and 4 ' Coming Soon ' ''. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 @ Amazon.de ''. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 2 @ Amazon.de ''. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 3 @ Amazon.de ''. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Zeo @ Amazon.de ''. Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 31. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Turbo @ Amazon.de ''. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers In Space @ Amazon.de ''. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Lost Galaxy @ Amazon.de ''. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Ninja Storm @ Amazon.co.uk ''. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Dino Thunder @ Amazon.co.uk ''. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers S.P.D. @ Amazon.co.uk ''. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Mystic Force @ Amazon.co.uk ''. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive @ Amazon.co.uk ''. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Mighty Morphin - Volume 28 @ lcj-editions.com ''. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01. Jump up ^ Bowers, Trinnette ( June 15, 2011 ). `` Power Rangers : At a Netflix near you ''. My Fox Orlando. Archived from the original on June 21, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - ' Seasons 1 - 7 : From Mighty Morphin to Lost Galaxy ' Announced : Date, Cost, Action Figure! ''. TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Multiple Shows ( 5 ) - Power Rangers : Season 8 - 12 ''. TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - Pricing is Revealed for ' Power Rangers Legacy : The First 20 Years ' ''. TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2013 - 09 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Multiple Shows ( 5 ) - Power Rangers : Seasons 13 - 17 ''. TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate to Distribute ' Power Rangers Samurai ' ''. Home Media Magazine. 2012 - 03 - 22. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09. External links Official Power Rangers Website Fox Kids Official Power Rangers website ( Archive ) Power Rangers at Saban Brands Power Rangers at TV.com Power Rangers at Bandai Power Rangers Media TV series Saban Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1995 ; 2010 ) Season 1 2010 re-version Alien Rangers ( 1996 ) Zeo ( 1996 ) Episodes Turbo ( 1997 ) Episodes in Space ( 1998 ) Episodes Lost Galaxy ( 1999 ) Episodes Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Episodes Time Force ( 2001 ) Episodes Wild Force ( 2002 ) Episodes Disney Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Episodes Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Episodes S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Episodes Mystic Force ( 2006 ) Episodes Operation Overdrive ( 2007 ) Episodes Jungle Fury ( 2008 ) Episodes RPM ( 2009 ) Episodes Saban Brands Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Season 1 Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Season 1 Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Season 1 Ninja Steel & Super Ninja Steel ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Episodes Films Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) Saban 's Power Rangers ( 2017 ) Video games Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1994 ) The Movie ( 1995 ) The Fighting Edition ( 1995 ) Zeo : Battle Racers ( 1996 ) Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Time Force ( 2001 ) Wild Force ( 2002 ) Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Super Legends ( 2007 ) Legacy Wars ( 2017 ) Others `` Go Go Power Rangers '' ( theme song ) `` Power Rangers '' ( song ) A Rock Adventure World Tour Live on Stage Collectible Card Game Comics Justice League / Power Rangers Home video Universe Rangers Planets Races Villains Zords Related articles Cast members Power / Rangers Super Sentai Power Rangers Dino Force Brave Power Rangers Hyperforce Corporate Haim Saban Saban Entertainment Saban Brands Shuki Levy Tony Oliver Bandai Namco Entertainment Bandai Related Saban series VR Troopers Masked Rider Big Bad Beetleborgs Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog Related DIC series Superhuman Samurai Syber - Squad Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills Related Adness series Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight Super Sentai Ishinomori Series Gorenger ( 1975 -- 1977 ) J.A.K.Q. ( 1977 ) Shōwa Period Series Battle Fever J ( 1979 ) Denziman ( 1980 ) Sun Vulcan ( 1981 ) Goggle - V ( 1982 ) Dynaman ( 1983 ) Bioman ( 1984 ) Changeman ( 1985 ) Flashman ( 1986 ) Maskman ( 1987 ) Liveman ( 1988 ) Heisei Period Series ( XX ) Turboranger ( 1989 ) Fiveman ( 1990 ) Jetman ( 1991 ) Zyuranger ( 1992 ) Dairanger ( 1993 ) Kakuranger ( 1994 ) Ohranger ( 1995 ) Carranger ( 1996 ) Megaranger ( 1997 ) Gingaman ( 1998 ) GoGoFive ( 1999 ) Timeranger ( 2000 ) Heisei Period Series ( XXI ) Gaoranger ( 2001 ) Hurricaneger ( 2002 ) Abaranger ( 2003 ) Dekaranger ( 2004 ) Magiranger ( 2005 ) Boukenger ( 2006 ) Gekiranger ( 2007 ) Go - onger ( 2008 ) Shinkenger ( 2009 ) Goseiger ( 2010 ) Gokaiger ( 2011 ) Go - Busters ( 2012 ) Kyoryuger ( 2013 ) ToQger ( 2014 ) Ninninger ( 2015 ) Zyuohger ( 2016 ) Kyuranger ( 2017 ) Related Media Chō Ninja Tai Inazuma! Akibaranger Power Rangers Sport Ranger France Five Gatchaman Kyoryuger Brave See also Super Hero Time Rangers Strike Project. R Dice - O Kamen Rider Metal Hero ABC Kids Disney 's One Saturday Morning ( 1997 -- 2002 ) 101 Dalmatians : The Series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Doug DuckTales Even Stevens Hercules Disney 's House of Mouse Jungle Cubs Lizzie McGuire Lloyd in Space Mary - Kate and Ashley in Action! Mickey Mouse Works Pepper Ann Recess Sabrina : The Animated Series Science Court Teacher 's Pet Teamo Supremo The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show The Weekenders ABC Kids ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Even Stevens ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Fillmore! ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2002 -- 2005 ) NBA Inside Stuff ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Power Rangers ( 2002 -- 2010 ) Recess ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Teamo Supremo ( 2002 -- 2003 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 2011 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 2011 ) The Proud Family ( 2002 -- 2006 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 2011 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 2011 ) W.I.T.C.H. ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Related topics Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company Disney 's One Too Disney Channel Saturday Mornings ( Toonin ' Saturday ) Jambalaya Studios Disney Television Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_Rangers&oldid=804369097 '' Categories : Power Rangers 1990s American television series 1993 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series ABC Kids Action figures American children 's action television series American Broadcasting Company network shows American television series based on Japanese television series Bandai brands Fox network shows Jetix 2010s Nickelodeon shows Superheroes Television franchises 1990s toys 2000s toys 2010s toys Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into comics Television programs adapted into video games Television programs adapted into plays Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Articles to be expanded from October 2009 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017, at 15 : 13. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Power Rangers", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Power_Rangers&amp;oldid=804369097" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "list Audio Soundtrack ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers The Album : A Rock Adventure Power Rangers - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original music `` Go Go Power Rangers '' `` Power Rangers : The Official Single '' Power Rangers is an American entertainment and merchandising franchise built around a live action superhero television series. Produced first by Saban Entertainment, later by BVS Entertainment, and today by SCG Power Rangers, the television series takes much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu Super Sentai, produced by Toei Company. The first Power Rangers entry, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, debuted on August 28, 1993, and helped launch the Fox Kids programming block of the 1990s, during which it catapulted into popular culture along with a line of action figures and other toys by Bandai. As of 2001, the media franchise has generated over $6 billion in retail sales worldwide. Despite initial criticism that its action violence targeted child audiences, the franchise has continued, and as of 2017 the show consists of 24 television seasons of 20 different themed series and three theatrical films released in 1995, 1997 and 2017. In 2010, Haim Saban, creator of the series, regained ownership of the franchise after seven years under The Walt Disney Company. Contents (" ], "id": [ "4849736255995476625" ], "short_answers": [ "August 28, 1993" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "ABO blood group system - wikipedia ABO blood group system Jump to : navigation, search `` ABO '' redirects here. For other uses, see ABO ( disambiguation ). `` H substance '' redirects here. For use in inflammation, see histamine. For hydrogen atom, see hydrogen. ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells and IgM antibodies present in the serum The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes. In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 35 different blood type ( or group ) classification systems currently recognized. A very rare ( in modern medicine ) mismatch in this, or any other serotype, can cause a serious, potentially fatal, adverse reaction after a transfusion, or a contra - indicated immune response to an organ transplant. The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies, which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances, such as food, bacteria, and viruses. ABO blood types are also present in some other animals, for example rodents and apes, such as chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas. Contents ( hide ) 1 History of discoveries of the blood types 2 Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion 3 Genetics 3.1 Subgroups 3.2 Distribution and evolutionary history 3.3 Origin theories 4 Clinical relevance 4.1 Bleeding and thrombosis ( von Willebrand factor ) 4.2 Disease risks 4.3 ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn 4.4 Clinical applications 4.5 Clinical marker 5 Pseudoscience 6 Data tables 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History of discoveries of the blood types ( edit ) Czech serologist Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types ( I, II, III, IV ) The ABO blood group system is widely credited to have been discovered by the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner, who identified the O, A, and B blood types in 1900. Landsteiner originally described the O blood type as type `` C '', and in parts of Europe it is rendered as `` 0 '' ( zero ), signifying the lack of A or B antigen. Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for his work. Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli discovered the fourth type, AB, in 1902. Ukraine marine uniform imprint, showing the wearer 's blood type as `` B ( III ) Rh + '' It was subsequently found that the Czech serologist Jan Janský had independently pioneered the classification of human blood into four groups in 1907, but Landsteiner 's independent discovery had been accepted by the scientific world while Janský remained then in relative obscurity. However, in 1921 an American medical commission acknowledged Janský 's classification. Jan Janský is nowadays credited with the first classification of blood into the four types ( I, II, III, IV ). Janský 's classification remains in use today. In Russia and states of the former USSR, blood types O, A, B, and AB are respectively designated I, II, III, and IV. The designation A and B with reference to blood groups was proposed by Ludwik Hirszfeld. In America, W.L. Moss published his own ( very similar ) work in 1910. Ludwik Hirszfeld and E. von Dungern discovered the heritability of ABO blood groups in 1910 -- 11. Felix Bernstein demonstrated the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924. Watkins and Morgan, in England, discovered that the ABO epitopes were conferred by sugars, to be specific, N - acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B - type. After much published literature claiming that the ABH substances were all attached to glycosphingolipids, Finne et al. ( 1978 ) found that the human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain polylactosamine chains that contains ABH substances attached and represent the majority of the antigens. The main glycoproteins carrying the ABH antigens were identified to be the Band 3 and Band 4.5 proteins and glycophorin. Later, Yamamoto 's group showed the precise glycosyl transferase set that confers the A, B and O epitopes. Diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group Student blood test. Three drops of blood are mixed with anti-B ( left ) and anti-A ( right ) serum. Agglutination on the right side indicates blood type A. There are three basic variants of immunoglobulin antigens in humans that share a very similar chemical structure but are distinctly different. Red circles show where there are differences in chemical structure in the antigen - binding site ( sometimes called the antibody - combining site ) of human immunoglobulin. Notice the O - type antigen does not have a binding site. Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion ( edit ) In April 2007, an international team of researchers announced in the journal Nature Biotechnology an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A, B, and AB blood into type O. This is done by using glycosidase enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from red blood cells. The removal of A and B antigens still does not address the problem of the Rh blood group antigen on the blood cells of Rh positive individuals, and so blood from Rh negative donors must be used. Patient trials will be conducted before the method can be relied on in live situations. Another approach to the blood antigen problem is the manufacture of artificial blood, which could act as a substitute in emergencies. Genetics ( edit ) A and B are codominant, giving the AB phenotype. Blood groups are inherited from both parents. The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene ( the ABO gene ) with three types of alleles inferred from classical genetics : i, I, and I. The I designation stands for isoagglutinogen, another term for antigen. The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase -- that is, an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens. The gene is located on the long arm of the ninth chromosome ( 9q34 ). The I allele gives type A, I gives type B, and i gives type O. As both I and I are dominant over i, only ii people have type O blood. Individuals with I I or I i have type A blood, and individuals with I I or I i have type B. I I people have both phenotypes, because A and B express a special dominance relationship : codominance, which means that type A and B parents can have an AB child. A couple with type A and type B can also have a type O child if they are both heterozygous ( I i, I i ) The cis - AB phenotype has a single enzyme that creates both A and B antigens. The resulting red blood cells do not usually express A or B antigen at the same level that would be expected on common group A or B red blood cells, which can help solve the problem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group. Blood group inheritance Blood type O AB Genotype ii ( OO ) I i ( AO ) I I ( AA ) I i ( BO ) I I ( BB ) I I ( AB ) O ii ( OO ) O OO OO OO OO O or A AO OO AO OO AO AO AO AO O or B BO OO BO OO BO BO BO BO A or B AO BO AO BO I i ( AO ) O or A AO AO OO OO O or A AA AO AO OO AA AA AO AO O, A, B or AB AB AO BO OO B or AB AB AB BO BO A, B or AB AA AB AO BO I I ( AA ) AO AO AO AO AA AO AA AO AA AA AA AA A or AB AB AO AB AO AB AB AB AB AB A or AB AA AB AA AB I i ( BO ) O or B BO BO OO OO O, A, B or AB AB BO AO OO A or AB AB AB AO AO O or B BB BO BO OO BB BB BO BO A, B or AB AB BB AO BO I I ( BB ) BO BO BO BO B or AB AB BO AB BO AB AB AB AB AB BB BO BB BO BB BB BB BB B or AB AB BB AB BB AB I I ( AB ) A or B AO AO BO BO A, B or AB AA AO AB BO A or AB AA AA AB AB A, B or AB AB AO BB BO B or AB AB AB BB BB A, B, or AB AA AB AB BB The table above summarizes the various blood groups that children may inherit from their parents. Genotypes are shown in the second column and in small print for the offspring : AO and AA both test as type A ; BO and BB test as type B. The four possibilities represent the combinations obtained when one allele is taken from each parent ; each has a 25 % chance, but some occur more than once. Blood group inheritance by phenotype only Blood type O AB O O O or A O or B A or B O or A O or A O, A, B or AB A, B or AB O or B O, A, B or AB O or B A, B or AB AB A or B A, B or AB A, B or AB A, B or AB Historically, ABO blood tests were used in paternity testing, but in 1957 only 50 % of American men falsely accused were able to use them as evidence against paternity. Occasionally, the blood types of children are not consistent with expectations -- for example, a type O child can be born to an AB parent -- due to rare situations, such as Bombay phenotype and cis AB. Subgroups ( edit ) The A blood type contains about 20 subgroups, of which A1 and A2 are the most common ( over 99 % ). A1 makes up about 80 % of all A-type blood, with A2 making up almost all of the rest. These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned, as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against the A1 antigen. Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood. With the development of DNA sequencing, it has been possible to identify a much larger number of alleles at the ABO locus, each of which can be categorized as A, B, or O in terms of the reaction to transfusion, but which can be distinguished by variations in the DNA sequence. There are six common alleles in white individuals of the ABO gene that produce one 's blood type : A O A101 ( A1 ) A201 ( A2 ) B101 ( B1 ) O01 ( O1 ) O02 ( O1v ) O03 ( O2 ) The same study also identified 18 rare alleles, which generally have a weaker glycosylation activity. People with weak alleles of A can sometimes express anti-A antibodies, though these are usually not clinically significant as they do not stably interact with the antigen at body temperature. Cis AB is another rare variant, in which A and B genes are transmitted together from a single parent. Distribution and evolutionary history ( edit ) Main article : Blood type distribution by country The distribution of the blood groups A, B, O and AB varies across the world according to the population. There are also variations in blood type distribution within human subpopulations. In the UK, the distribution of blood type frequencies through the population still shows some correlation to the distribution of placenames and to the successive invasions and migrations including Norsemen, Danes, Saxons, Celts, and Normans who contributed the morphemes to the placenames and the genes to the population. The two common O alleles, O01 and O02, share their first 261 nucleotides with the group A allele A01. However, unlike the group A allele, a guanosine base is subsequently deleted. A premature stop codon results from this frame - shift mutation. This variant is found worldwide, and likely predates human migration from Africa. The O01 allele is considered to predate the O02 allele. Some evolutionary biologists theorize that there are four main lineages of the ABO gene and that mutations creating type O have occurred at least three times in humans. From oldest to youngest, these lineages comprise the following alleles : A101 / A201 / O09, B101, O02 and O01. The continued presence of the O alleles is hypothesized to be the result of balancing selection. Both theories contradict the previously held theory that type O blood evolved first. Origin theories ( edit ) It is possible that food and environmental antigens ( bacterial, viral, or plant antigens ) have epitopes similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens. The antibodies created against these environmental antigens in the first years of life can cross-react with ABO - incompatible red blood cells that it comes in contact with during blood transfusion later in life. Anti-A antibodies are hypothesized to originate from immune response towards influenza virus, whose epitopes are similar enough to the α - D-N - galactosamine on the A glycoprotein to be able to elicit a cross-reaction. Anti-B antibodies are hypothesized to originate from antibodies produced against Gram - negative bacteria, such as E. coli, cross-reacting with the α - D - galactose on the B glycoprotein. However, it is more likely that the force driving evolution of allele diversity is simply negative frequency - dependent selection ; cells with rare variants of membrane antigens are more easily distinguished by the immune system from pathogens carrying antigens from other hosts. Thus, individuals possessing rare types are better equipped to detect pathogens. The high within - population diversity observed in human populations would, then, be a consequence of natural selection on individuals. HIV can be neutralized in in vitro experiments using antibodies against blood group antigens specifically expressed on the HIV - producing cell lines. Clinical relevance ( edit ) The carbohydrate molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells have roles in cell membrane integrity, cell adhesion, membrane transportation of molecules, and acting as receptors for extracellular ligands, and enzymes. ABO antigens are found having similar roles on epithelial cells as well as red blood cells. Bleeding and thrombosis ( von Willebrand factor ) ( edit ) The ABO antigen is also expressed on the von Willebrand factor ( vWF ) glycoprotein, which participates in hemostasis ( control of bleeding ). In fact, having type O blood predisposes to bleeding, as 30 % of the total genetic variation observed in plasma vWF is explained by the effect of the ABO blood group, and individuals with group O blood normally have significantly lower plasma levels of vWF ( and Factor VIII ) than do non-O individuals. In addition, vWF is degraded more rapidly due to the higher prevalence of blood group O with the Cys1584 variant of vWF ( an amino acid polymorphism in VWF ) : the gene for ADAMTS13 ( vWF - cleaving protease ) maps to the ninth chromosome ( 9q34 ), the same locus as ABO blood type. Higher levels of vWF are more common amongst people who have had ischemic stroke ( from blood clotting ) for the first time. The results of this study found that the occurrence was not affected by ADAMTS13 polymorphism, and the only significant genetic factor was the person 's blood group. Disease risks ( edit ) Compared to O group individuals, non-O group ( A, AB, and B) individuals have a 14 % reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma and 4 % reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma. Conversely, type O blood is associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer. The B antigen links with increased risk of ovarian cancer. Gastric cancer has reported to be more common in blood group A and least in group O. According to Glass, Holmgren, et al., those in the O blood group have an increased risk of infection with cholera, and those O - group individuals who are infected have more severe infections. The mechanisms behind this association with cholera are unclear in the literature. ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn ( edit ) Main article : Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( ABO ) ABO blood group incompatibilities between the mother and child does not usually cause hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the IgM type, which do not cross the placenta. However, in an O - type mother, IgG ABO antibodies are produced and the baby can potentially develop ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn. Clinical applications ( edit ) In human cells, the ABO alleles and their encoded glycosyltransferases have been described in several oncologic conditions. Using anti-GTA / GTB monoclonal antibodies, it was demonstrated that a loss of these enzymes was correlated to malignant bladder and oral epithelia. Furthermore, the expression of ABO blood group antigens in normal human tissues is dependent the type of differentiation of the epithelium. In most human carcinomas, including oral carcinoma, a significant event as part of the underlying mechanism is decreased expression of the A and B antigens. Several studies have observed that a relative down - regulation of GTA and GTB occurs in oral carcinomas in association with tumor development. More recently, a genome wide association study ( GWAS ) has identified variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. Clinical marker ( edit ) A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci, including the ABO gene, identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events, as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy. The study was based on a community cohort study ( the Malmo Diet and Cancer study ) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts ( JUPITER and ASCOT ) and secondary prevention cohorts ( CARE and PROVE IT - TIMI 22 ). Pseudoscience ( edit ) During the 1930s, connecting blood groups to personality types became popular in Japan and other areas of the world. Studies of this association have yet to confirm its existence definitively. Other popular but unsupported ideas include the use of a blood type diet, claims that group A causes severe hangovers, group O is associated with perfect teeth, and those with blood group A2 have the highest IQs. Scientific evidence in support of these concepts is nonexistent. Data tables ( edit ) ABO allele frequencies in Korean, Japanese and German populations. Population ABO allele A ( Pro ) A ( Leu ) O ( T ) O ( A ) O Korean ( n = 253 ) 0.022 0.209 0.209 0.360 0.200 0 Japanese ( n = 520 ) 0.071 0.216 0.178 0.273 0.262 0 German ( n = 169 ) 0.213 0.077 0.047 0.426 0.216 0.021 Korean versus Japanese, p < 0.001. Korean versus Japanese, p < 0.01. Korean versus German, p < 0.001. Korean versus German, p < 0.01. Korean versus German, p < 0.05 ( Fisher 's exact probability test ). Fukumori et al., 1996. Nishimukai et al., 1996. Source : Table 2, Page 333, Kang Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ) See also ( edit ) Kidd blood group References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ). `` ABO blood group system ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26. Jump up ^ ISBT ( 2014 ). `` Table of Blood Group Systems v4. 0 ( November ) '' ( PDF ). International Society of Blood Transfusion. Retrieved 19 February 2016. Jump up ^ Muramatsu M, Gonzalez HD, Cacciola R, Aikawa A, Yaqoob MM, Puliatti C ( 2014 ). `` ABO incompatible renal transplants : Good or bad? ''. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION. 4 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 29. doi : 10.5500 / wjt. v4. i1. 18. PMC 3964193. PMID 24669364. Jump up ^ Maton, Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA : Prentice Hall. ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1. ^ Jump up to : Tan, SY ; Graham, C ( May 2013 ). `` Karl Landsteiner ( 1868 - 1943 ) : originator of ABO blood classification '' ( PDF ). Singapore medical journal. 54 ( 5 ) : 243 -- 4. doi : 10.11622 / smedj. 2013099. PMID 23716146. Jump up ^ Landsteiner K ( 1900 ). `` Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe ''. Zentralblatt Bakteriologie. 27 : 357 -- 62. Jump up ^ von Decastello A, Sturli A ( 1902 ). `` Ueber die Isoagglutinine im Serum gesunder und kranker Menschen ''. Mfinch med Wschr. 49 : 1090 -- 5. Jump up ^ https://www.rockefeller.edu/our-scientists/karl-landsteiner/2554-nobel-prize/ Jump up ^ Janský J ( 1907 ). `` Haematologick studie u. psychotiku ''. Sborn. Klinick ( in Czech ). 8 : 85 -- 139. Jump up ^ Erb IH ( 1 May 1940 ). `` Blood Group Classifications, a Plea for Uniformity ''. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 42 ( 5 ) : 418 -- 21. PMC 537907. PMID 20321693. Jump up ^ Moss WL ( 1910 ). `` Studies on isoagglutinins and isohemolysins ''. Bulletin Johns Hopkins Hospital. 21 : 63 -- 70. Jump up ^ Crow J ( 1993 ). `` Felix Bernstein and the first human marker locus ''. Genetics. 133 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 7. PMC 1205297. PMID 8417988. Jump up ^ Morgan, W.T.J. ; Watkins, W. M ( 1969 ). `` Genetic and biochemical aspects of human blood - group A -, B -, H -, Le - a - and Le - b - specificity ''. Br. Med. Bull. 25 : 30 -- 34. PMID 5782756. Jump up ^ Watkins, W.M. Advances in Human Genetics Vol. 10 ( eds Harris, H. & Hirschhorn, K. ) 1 -- 136 ( Plenum, New York, 1980 ) Jump up ^ Watkins, W.M. ; Morgan, W.T.J. ( 1959 ). `` Possible Genetical Pathways for the Biosynthesis of Blood Group Mucopolysaccharides ''. Vox Sang. 4 : 97 -- 119. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1423 - 0410.1959. tb04023. x. Jump up ^ Finne ; Krusius ; Rauvala ; Kekomäki ; Myllylä ( 1978 ). `` Alkali - stable blood group A - and B - active poly ( glycosyl ) - peptides from human erythrocyte membrane ''. FEBS left. 89 : 111 -- 115. doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 5793 ( 78 ) 80534 - 1. Jump up ^ Krusius ; Finne ; Rauvala ( 1978 ). `` The Poly ( glycosyl ) Chains of Glycoproteins... Characterisation of a Novel Type of Glycoprotein Saccharides from Human Erythrocyte Membrane ''. Eur. J. Biochem. 92 : 289 -- 300. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1432 - 1033.1978. tb12747. x. Jump up ^ Järnefelt ; Rush ; Li ; Laine ( 1978 ). `` Erythroglycan, a high molecular weight glycopeptide with the repeating structure ( galactosyl - ( 1 leads to 4 ) - 2 - deoxy - 2 - acetamido - glucosyl ( 1 leads to 3 ) ) comprising more than one - third of the protein - bound carbohydrate of human erythrocyte stroma ''. J. Biol. Chem. 253 : 8006 -- 8009. PMID 711733. Jump up ^ Laine and Rush in Molecular Immunology of Complex Carbohydrates ( A. Wu, E. Kabat, Eds. ) Plenum Publishing Corporation, N.Y. NY ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Finne ( 1980 ). `` Identification of the Blood - Group ABH - Active Glycoprotein Components of Human Erythrocyte Membrane ''. Eur. J. Biochem. 104 : 181 -- 189. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1432 - 1033.1980. tb04414. x. Jump up ^ Yamamoto ; et al. ( 1990 ). `` Molecular genetic basis of the histo - blood group ABO system ''. Nature. 345 : 229 -- 233. Bibcode : 1990Natur. 345... 229Y. doi : 10.1038 / 345229a0. PMID 2333095. Jump up ^ Hara, Atsushi ; Imamura, Akihiro ; Ando, Hiromune ; Ishida, Hideharu ; Kiso, Makoto ( 31 December 2013 ). `` A New Chemical Approach to Human ABO Histo - Blood Group Type 2 Antigens ''. Molecules. 19 ( 1 ) : 414 -- 437. doi : 10.3390 / molecules19010414. Jump up ^ Liu, QP ; Sulzenbacher G ; Yuan H ; Bennett EP ; Pietz G ; Saunders K ; Spence J ; Nudelman E ; Levery SB ; White T ; Neveu JM ; Lane WS ; Bourne Y ; Olsson ML ; Henrissat B ; Clausen H ( April 2007 ). `` Bacterial glycosidases for the production of universal red blood cells ''. Nat Biotechnol. 25 ( 4 ) : 454 -- 64. doi : 10.1038 / nbt1298. PMID 17401360. Jump up ^ BBC Jump up ^ Klug, William S. ; Cummings, Michael R. ( 1997 ). Concepts of Genetics ( 5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall. p. 83. ISBN 0135310628. Jump up ^ Yazer M, Olsson M, Palcic M ( 2006 ). `` The cis - AB blood group phenotype : fundamental lessons in glycobiology ''. Transfus Med Rev. 20 ( 3 ) : 207 -- 17. doi : 10.1016 / j. tmrv. 2006.03. 002. PMID 16787828. Jump up ^ `` ABO inheritance patterns ''. Inheritance patterns of blood groups. Australian Red Cross Blood Service. Retrieved 30 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` ABO blood group system ''. Abobloodtypes.webnode.com. Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02. Jump up ^ Cited in `` Misattributed paternity rates and non-paternity rates ''. Jump up ^ `` Understanding genetics ''. Stanford. ^ Jump up to : Blood Group A Suptypes, The Owen Foundation. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Jump up ^ Seltsam A, Hallensleben M, Kollmann A, Blasczyk R ( 2003 ). `` The nature of diversity and diversification at the ABO locus ''. Blood. 102 ( 8 ) : 3035 -- 42. doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2003 - 03 - 0955. PMID 12829588. Jump up ^ Ogasawara K ; Bannai M ; Saitou N ; et al. ( 1996 ). `` Extensive polymorphism of ABO blood group gene : three major lineages of the alleles for the common ABO phenotypes ''. Human Genetics. 97 ( 6 ) : 777 -- 83. doi : 10.1007 / BF02346189. PMID 8641696. Jump up ^ Shastry, S ; Bhat, S ( October 2010 ). `` Imbalance in A2 and A2B phenotype frequency of ABO group in South India ''. Blood Transfusion. 8 ( 4 ) : 267 -- 270. doi : 10.2450 / 2010.0147 - 09. PMC 2957492. PMID 20967168. Jump up ^ Potts, WTW ( 1979 ). `` History and Blood Groups in the British Isles ''. In Sawyer PH. English Medieval Settlement. St. Martin 's Press. ISBN 0 - 7131 - 6257 - 0. Jump up ^ Cserti, CM ; Dzik, WH ( 2007 ). `` The ABO blood group system and Plasmodium falciparum malaria ''. Blood. 110 ( 7 ) : 2250 -- 2258. doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2007 - 03 - 077602. ^ Jump up to : Calafell, Francesc ; et al. ( September 2008 ). `` Evolutionary dynamics of the human ABO gene ''. Human Genetics. 124 ( 2 ) : 123 -- 135. doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 008 - 0530 - 8. PMID 18629539. Retrieved 24 September 2008. Jump up ^ Jan Van Oss, Carel ( 2004 ). `` Letter to the Editor : `` Natural '' Versus Regular Antibodies ``. The Protein Journal. 23 ( 6 ) : 357 ; author reply 359 -- 60. doi : 10.1023 / B : JOPC. 0000039625.56296. 6e. PMID 15517982. Jump up ^ Seymour, R.M. ; Allan, M.J. ; Pomiankowski, A ; Gustafsson, K ( 2004 ). `` Evolution of the human ABO polymorphism by two complementary selective pressures ''. Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences. 271 ( 1543 ) : 1065 -- 1072. doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2004.2674. PMC 1691687. PMID 15293861. Jump up ^ Arendrup, M ; Hansen JE ; Clausen H ; Nielsen C ; Mathiesen LR ; Nielsen JO ( April 1991 ). `` Antibody to histo - blood group A antigen neutralizes HIV produced by lymphocytes from blood group A donors but not from blood group B or O donors ''. AIDS. 5 ( 4 ) : 441 -- 4. doi : 10.1097 / 00002030 - 199104000 - 00014. PMID 1711864. Jump up ^ Neil, SJ ; McKnight A ; Gustafsson K ; Weiss RA ( 2005 - 06 - 15 ). `` HIV - 1 incorporates ABO histo - blood group antigens that sensitize virions to complement - mediated inactivation ''. Blood. 105 ( 12 ) : 4693 -- 9. doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2004 - 11 - 4267. PMID 15728127. Jump up ^ Reid, ME ; Mohandas, N ( 2004 ). `` Red blood cell blood group antigens : structure and function ''. Seminars in hematology. 41 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 117. doi : 10.1053 / j. seminhematol. 2004.01. 001. PMID 15071789. Jump up ^ Mohandas, N ; Narla, A ( 2005 ). `` Blood group antigens in health and disease ''. Current Opinion in Hematology. 12 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 40. doi : 10.1097 / 01. moh. 0000153000.09585. 79. PMID 15725904. Jump up ^ Sarode, R ; Goldstein J ; Sussman II ; Nagel RL ; Tsai HM ( June 2000 ). `` Role of A and B blood group antigens in the expression of adhesive activity of von Willebrand factor ''. Br J Haematol. 109 ( 4 ) : 857 -- 64. doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2141.2000. 02113. x. PMID 10929042. Jump up ^ O'Donnell, J ; Laffan MA ( August 2001 ). `` The relationship between ABO histo - blood group, factor VIII and von Willebrand factor ''. Transfus Med. 11 ( 4 ) : 343 -- 51. doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3148.2001. 00315. x. PMID 11532189. Jump up ^ O'Donnell, J ; Boulton FE ; Manning RA ; Laffan MA ( 2002 - 02 - 01 ). `` Amount of H antigen expressed on circulating von Willebrand factor is modifiedby ABO blood group genotype and is a major determinant of plasma von Willebrand factor antigen levels ''. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. American Heart Association, Inc. 22 ( 2 ) : 335 -- 41. doi : 10.1161 / hq0202. 103997. PMID 11834538. Jump up ^ Gill, JC ; Endres - Brooks J ; Bauer PJ ; Marks WJ ; Montgomery RR ( June 1987 ). `` The effect of ABO blood group on the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease '' ( abstract ). Blood. 69 ( 6 ) : 1691 -- 5. PMID 3495304. Jump up ^ Shima, M ; Fujimura Y ; et al. ( 1995 ). `` ABO blood group genotype and plasma von Willebrand factor in normal individuals ''. Vox Sang. 68 ( 4 ) : 236 -- 40. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1423 - 0410.1995. tb02579. x. PMID 7660643. Jump up ^ Bowen, DJ ; Collins PW ; et al. ( March 2005 ). `` The prevalence of the cysteine1584 variant of von Willebrand factor is increased in type 1 von Willebrand disease : co-segregation with increased susceptibility to ADAMTS13 proteolysis but not clinical phenotype ''. Br J Haematol. Blackwell Synergy. 128 ( 6 ) : 830 -- 6. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2005. 05375. x. PMID 15755288. Jump up ^ Bongers T ; de Maat M ; van Goor M ; et al. ( 2006 ). `` High von Willebrand factor levels increase the risk of first ischemic stroke : influence of ADAMTS13, inflammation, and genetic variability ''. Stroke. 37 ( 11 ) : 2672 -- 7. doi : 10.1161 / 01. STR. 0000244767.39962. f7. PMID 16990571. Jump up ^ Xie J, Qureshi AA, Li Y, Han J ( 2010 ). `` ABO Blood Group and Incidence of Skin Cancer ''. PLoS ONE. 5 ( 8 ) : e11972. Bibcode : 2010PLoSO... 511972X. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0011972. Jump up ^ Wolpin, B.M. ; Kraft, P. ; Gross, M. ; Helzlsouer, K. ; Bueno - De-Mesquita, H.B. ; Steplowski, E. ; Stolzenberg - Solomon, R.Z. ; Arslan, A.A. ; Jacobs, E.J. ; Lacroix, A. ; Petersen, G. ; Zheng, W. ; Albanes, D. ; Allen, N.E. ; Amundadottir, L. ; Anderson, G. ; Boutron - Ruault, M. - C. ; Buring, J.E. ; Canzian, F. ; Chanock, S.J. ; Clipp, S. ; Gaziano, J.M. ; Giovannucci, E.L. ; Hallmans, G. ; Hankinson, S.E. ; Hoover, R.N. ; Hunter, D.J. ; Hutchinson, A. ; Jacobs, K. ; Kooperberg, C. ( 2010 ). `` Pancreatic Cancer Risk and ABO Blood Group Alleles : Results from the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium ''. Cancer Research. 70 ( 3 ) : 1015 -- 1023. doi : 10.1158 / 0008 - 5472. CAN - 09 - 2993. PMC 2943735. PMID 20103627. Jump up ^ Amundadottir, L. ; Kraft, P. ; Stolzenberg - Solomon, R.Z. ; Fuchs, C.S. ; Petersen, G.M. ; Arslan, A.A. ; Bueno - De-Mesquita, H.B. ; Gross, M. ; Helzlsouer, K. ; Jacobs, E.J. ; Lacroix, A. ; Zheng, W. ; Albanes, D. ; Bamlet, W. ; Berg, C.D. ; Berrino, F. ; Bingham, S. ; Buring, J.E. ; Bracci, P.M. ; Canzian, F. ; Clavel - Chapelon, F.O. ; Clipp, S. ; Cotterchio, M. ; De Andrade, M. ; Duell, E.J. ; Fox Jr, J.W. ; Gallinger, S. ; Gaziano, J.M. ; Giovannucci, E.L. ; Goggins, M. ( 2009 ). `` Genome - wide association study identifies variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer ''. Nature Genetics. 41 ( 9 ) : 986 -- 990. doi : 10.1038 / ng. 429. PMC 2839871. PMID 19648918. Jump up ^ Gates, MA ; Wolpin, BM ; Cramer, DW ; Hankinson, SE ; Tworoger, SS ( 2010 ). `` ABO blood group and incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer ''. International Journal of Cancer. 128 ( 2 ) : 482 -- 486. doi : 10.1002 / ijc. 25339. PMC 2946962. PMID 20309936. Jump up ^ Aird, I ; Bentall, HH ; Roberts, JA ( 1953 ). `` A relationship between cancer of stomach and the ABO blood groups ''. British Medical Journal. 1 ( 4814 ) : 799 -- 801. doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.4814. 799. PMC 2015995. PMID 13032504. Jump up ^ Glass, Roger ; Holmgren J ; Haley C ; Khan M.R. ; SVENERHOLM M ; STOLL B ; HOSSAIN K ; BLACK B ; Yunus M ; Barua D ( June 1985 ). `` Predisposition for cholera of individuals with O blood group. Possible evolutionary significance ''. American Journal of Epidemiology. 121 ( 6 ) : 791 -- 796. PMID 4014172. Retrieved 20 August 2012. Jump up ^ Goldman, M ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ). `` Translational Mini-Review Series on Toll - like Receptors : Toll - like receptor ligands as novel pharmaceuticals for allergic disorders ''. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 147 ( 2 ) : 208 -- 216. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2249.2006. 03296. x. ISSN 0009 - 9104. PMC 1810467. PMID 17223960. Jump up ^ Kay, HE ( 1982 - 11 - 06 ). `` Bone marrow transplantation : 1982 ''. British Medical Journal ( Clinical research ed. ). 285 ( 6351 ) : 1296 -- 1298. doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 285.6351. 1296. ISSN 0267 - 0623. PMC 1500229. PMID 6812684. Jump up ^ Hakomori, S. ( 1999 - 12 - 06 ). `` Antigen structure and genetic basis of histo - blood groups A, B and O : their changes associated with human cancer ''. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1473 ( 1 ) : 247 -- 266. doi : 10.1016 / s0304 - 4165 ( 99 ) 00183 - x. ISSN 0006 - 3002. PMID 10580143. ^ Jump up to : Dabelsteen, E. ; Gao, S. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ). `` ABO blood - group antigens in oral cancer ''. Journal of Dental Research. 84 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 28. doi : 10.1177 / 154405910508400103. ISSN 0022 - 0345. PMID 15615870. Jump up ^ Dabelsteen, Erik ( 2002 - 02 - 01 ). `` ABO blood group antigens in oral mucosa. What is new? ''. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 31 ( 2 ) : 65 -- 70. doi : 10.1046 / j. 0904 - 2512.2001. 00004. x. ISSN 0904 - 2512. PMID 11896825. Jump up ^ Amundadottir, Laufey T. ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ). `` Pancreatic Cancer Genetics ''. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 12 ( 3 ) : 314 -- 325. doi : 10.7150 / ijbs. 15001. ISSN 1449 - 2288. PMC 4753160. PMID 26929738. Jump up ^ Mega, Jessica L. ; Stitziel, Nathan O. ; Smith, J. Gustav ; Chasman, Daniel I. ; Caulfield, Mark J. ; Devlin, James J. ; Nordio, Francesco ; Hyde, Craig L. ; Cannon, Christopher P. ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ). `` Genetic risk, coronary heart disease events, and the clinical benefit of statin therapy : an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials ''. Lancet. 385 ( 9984 ) : 2264 -- 2271. doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 14 ) 61730 - X. ISSN 1474 - 547X. PMC 4608367. PMID 25748612. Jump up ^ American Red Cross, Southern California Blood Services Region ( n.d. ). `` Answers to Commonly Asked Questions About Blood and Blood Banking '' ( PDF ). Blood : the Basics : 4. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 November 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2007. Jump up ^ Sung Il Ryu, Young Woo Sohn ( 2007 ), A Review of Sociocultural, Behavioral, Biochemical Analyses on ABO Blood - Groups Typology, The Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology. Jump up ^ Hobgood, Donna K. ( 2011 ). `` Personality traits of aggression - submissiveness and perfectionism associate with ABO blood groups through catecholamine activities ''. Medical Hypotheses. 77 ( 2 ) : 294 -- 300. doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2011.04. 039. PMID 21601990. Jump up ^ Klein, Harvey G ( 7 March 2005 ). `` Why Do People Have Different Blood Types? ''. Scientific American. Retrieved 16 November 2007. Jump up ^ Sung - ha, Kang ; et al. ( 1997 ). `` Distribution of ABO Genotypes and Allele Frequencies in a Korean Population ''. Japanese Journal of Human Genetics. 42 ( 2 ) : 333. doi : 10.1007 / BF02766955. CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Further reading ( edit ) Dean L ( 2005 ). `` Chapter 5 : The ABO blood group ''. Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens. Retrieved 24 March 2007. Farr A ( 1 April 1979 ). `` Blood group serology -- the first four decades ( 1900 -- 1939 ) ''. Med Hist. 23 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 26. doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300051383. PMC 1082436. PMID 381816. External links ( edit ) ABO at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH ABO blood groups, antibodies and antigens explained YouTube educational video Encyclopædia Britannica, ABO blood group system National Blood Transfusion Service Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO ( hide ) Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis, plateletpheresis, leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&oldid=825716594 '' Categories : Blood antigen systems Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. Use dmy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Íslenska ಕನ್ನಡ 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Português Suomi தமிழ் ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018, at 00 : 15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "ABO blood group system", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&amp;oldid=825716594" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "1716542825910932033" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Beverly Hills Cop ( film series ) - wikipedia Beverly Hills Cop ( film series ) Jump to : navigation, search Beverly Hills Cop Directed by Martin Brest ( I ) Tony Scott ( II ) John Landis ( III ) Adil El Arbi ( IV ) Bilall Fallah ( IV ) Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer ( I - II, IV ) Don Simpson ( I - II ) Mace Neufeld ( III ) Robert Rehme ( III ) Eddie Murphy ( IV ) Screenplay by Daniel Petrie, Jr. ( I ) Larry Ferguson ( II ) Warren Skaaren ( II ) Steven E. de Souza ( III ) Josh Appelbaum ( IV ) André Nemec ( IV ) Story by Danilo Bach ( I ) Daniel Petrie, Jr. ( I ) Eddie Murphy ( II ) Robert D. Wachs ( II ) Steven E. de Souza ( III ) Josh Appelbaum ( IV ) André Nemec ( IV ) Starring Eddie Murphy Judge Reinhold John Ashton ( l - ll, lV ) Gil Hill ( l - lll ) Ronny Cox ( I - II ) Brandon T. Jackson ( Unaired pilot ) Music by Harold Faltermeyer ( I - II ) Nile Rodgers ( III ) Cinematography Bruce Surtees ( I ) Jeffrey L. Kimball ( II ) Mac Ahlberg ( III ) Dante Spinotti ( IV ) Edited by Billy Weber ( I - II ) Arthur Coburn ( I ) Chris Lebenzon ( II ) Michael Tronick ( II ) Dale Beldin ( III ) Production company Simpson / Bruckheimer ( I - II ) Eddie Murphy Productions ( I - III ) Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date 1984 - 1994 Running time 312 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $85 million Box office $735.5 million Beverly Hills Cop is a series of American action comedy films and an unaired television pilot based on characters created by Daniel Petrie, Jr. and Danilo Bach. The films star Eddie Murphy as Axel Foley, a street - smart Detroit cop who travels to Beverly Hills, California to investigate crimes, even though it is out of his jurisdiction. There, he meets Detective Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ), Sergeant John Taggart ( John Ashton ), and Lieutenant Andrew Bogomil ( Ronny Cox ). Ashton and Cox do not appear in Beverly Hills Cop III. Murphy, Reinhold, and Gil Hill, who plays Axel 's boss, Inspector Todd, are the only actors who appear in all three films. Harold Faltermeyer produced the now famous `` Axel F '' theme song heard throughout the series. The series as a whole have been distributed by Paramount Pictures. The films have made a total of $ 735,534,503 at the worldwide box office. Following a failed attempt at a television series based on the films, Paramount decided to produce another film with a currently unknown release date. Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Overview 1.2 Unaired television pilot 1.3 Cast and characters 1.4 Music 1.5 Future 2 Crew 3 Reception 3.1 Box office performance 3.2 Critical and public reaction 3.3 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Films ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Axel Foley ( Eddie Murphy ) is introduced as a Detroit cop who, after the murder of his friend, travels to California to investigate and track down the killer ( s ), who he believes operate an arts dealership as a cover in Beverly Hills. He teams up with two reluctant detectives, Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) and John Taggart ( John Ashton ), from the Beverly Hills police department who were supposed to keep a watch on him, especially after seeing Foley 's different approach to tackling the situations which were considered unacceptable by the chief of police. Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Axel returns to Beverly Hills, after finding out that Captain Andrew Bogomil ( Ronny Cox ) was shot. He once again teams up with Detective Billy Rosewood and Sgt. John Taggart, who, reluctantly and against incompetent and verbally abusive Police Chief Harold Lutz 's ( Allen Garfield ) orders, help Foley to find out the person responsible for Bogomil 's shooting. Axel, Billy, and John soon discover that the alphabet crimes, a series of felonies ( robberies and Bogomil 's shooting ) that have been going on in the area, are masterminded by weapons kingpin Maxwell Dent ( Jürgen Prochnow ). With this information, Axel, Billy, and Taggart try to find Dent and his lover, Karla Fry ( Brigitte Nielsen ), ( who had shot Bogomil ). Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Axel returns to Beverly Hills once again. During an assignment, his boss, Inspector Todd ( Gil Hill ) is killed, and certain evidence points towards an amusement park called `` Wonderworld ''. Upon arriving in Beverly Hills, Axel looks up his old friend Billy Rosewood who has attained the title of DDOJSIOC ( Deputy Director of Joint Special Inter Operational Command ). Bogomil and Taggart have retired and a new detective called Jon Flint ( Hector Elizondo ) is Rosewood 's new partner. Unaired television pilot ( edit ) CBS ordered a pilot with Brandon T. Jackson starring as Axel Foley 's son, Aaron. The hour long crime drama was produced by the critically acclaimed writer Shawn Ryan who created The Shield and The Chicago Code. In January 2013, Ryan stated, `` It 's going to be a CBS procedural. We 're going to solve a case every week, but we 're going to do it with a lot of humor and a lot of fun. And I would say the stealth thing I would like to get in is, in a day and age when income inequality and class inequities dominate a lot of the country, this is going to be an opportunity to put a young working - class kid in Detroit in the middle of Beverly Hills, you can do a lot of stealth social commentary. My approach is to update it and make it feel modern and 2013. The pilot opens with a 4 - 5 minute sequence which I think is really harrowing and really dangerous, that would be something that you might have seen on Chicago Code or The Shield. I want it to feel grounded in that way. There 'll be some opportunities for laughs after that. It 's not a laughs come first show. '' In February 2013, Kevin Pollak was cast as Rodney Daloof, an irritating and incredibly risk - averse in - house attorney for the Beverly Hills Police Department. David Denman was cast as Brad, an honest and likable but socially awkward detective, formerly a baseball player and a musician. Director Barry Sonnenfeld agreed to both direct the Beverly Hills Cop pilot and serve as an executive producer. In May 2013, CBS decided to pass on the Beverly Hills Cop TV series. In August 2013, Brandon T. Jackson give his reason about the pass : I think we were very edgy for CBS. I think we were the edgiest as you could 've went for CBS. It would have been like a ' Fresh Prince ' thing on CBS, like the edgiest you can go on network TV. But it does n't agree to our franchise man. '' In February 2015, Eddie Murphy stated that his cameo appearance in the pilot ironically doomed the show 's chances : `` I was gon na be in the pilot, and they thought I should be recurring. I 'm not gon na do Beverly Hills Cop on TV. I remember when they tested it -- they had this little knob that you turn if you like it or you do n't like it. So when Axel shows up in the pilot, some people turned the knob so much, they broke it. So the network decided ' if he is n't recurring, then this is n't gon na happen. ' So it did n't happen. '' In a January 2016 interview, Shawn Ryan blamed personality clashes with the network : `` The official answer is they decided they liked other pilots better. If you look at what pilots they picked up that year, I think that 's kind of incredible. I would say there were a lot of 400 lb. gorillas involved in the show and sometimes the gorillas do n't always get along. ''. He also said that he was very proud of the pilot and loved working with Murphy. During late Summer 2013, after CBS decided to pass on the TV series, Paramount decided to move forward with the fourth film. Cast and characters ( edit ) Character Films Beverly Hills Cop Beverly Hills Cop II Beverly Hills Cop III Axel Foley Eddie Murphy Billy Rosewood Judge Reinhold Jenny Summers Lisa Eilbacher John Taggart John Ashton Andrew Bogomil Ronny Cox G. Douglas Todd Gil Hill Serge Bronson Pinchot Bronson Pinchot Jeffrey Friedman Paul Reiser Jon Flint Héctor Elizondo Music ( edit ) There is a recurring instrumental theme throughout the film series called `` Axel F '', which was composed by Harold Faltermeyer. The theme became popular with audiences, and has been remixed by Crazy Frog. A new version of the theme was created for Beverly Hills Cop III, with Faltermeyer not returning for the film. Future ( edit ) A fourth entry in the series was initially announced for release in the mid-1990s, under the production of Eddie Murphy 's own production company `` Eddie Murphy Productions '', though production later fizzled out. It was re-announced in 2006, when producer Jerry Bruckheimer announced his intention to resurrect the film series, though he eventually gave up his option to produce the film, instead passing production duties to Lorenzo di Bonaventura. In September 2006 a script, an amalgamation of several earlier drafts, was presented to Murphy who was reported to be `` very happy '' with the outline which was described as an attempt to recapture the `` feel of the original ''. Murphy admitted one of his motivations for making a fourth Beverly Hills Cop film was to make up for the fact that the third film was `` horrible '' and that `` he did n't want to leave ( the series ) like that ''. In May 2008, Rush Hour director Brett Ratner was officially named director, who promised the film would return under the series ' standard `` R '' rating, rather than as a rumored watered down PG - 13. Michael Brandt and Derek Haas were hired as screenwriters to improve on the existing script in July 2008 and completed a new script, under the working title Beverly Hills Cop 2009, which would see Foley return to Beverly Hills to investigate the murder of his friend Billy Rosewood. The script was eventually rejected, leaving Ratner to work on a new idea. In an interview with Empire magazine, Ratner stated `` I 'm working very hard on the fourth. It 's very difficult, especially since there were three before. We 're trying to figure out some important things, like where do we start? Is Axel retired? Is he in Beverly Hills? Is he on vacation? Does Judge Reinhold return as the loveable Billy Rosewood? Many questions to figure out, but I 'm hoping to have a script before film disappears from our existence. '' Although Murphy himself committed to the project, it was unconfirmed whether the series ' other principal actors, Judge Reinhold, John Ashton, Ronny Cox or Bronson Pinchot would also return, though Ratner stated in late 2009 that he was trying to convince Reinhold and Ashton to reprise their roles. Harold Faltermeyer 's `` Axel F '', however, would definitely be returning for the proposed fourth installment, with Ratner quoted as saying `` It 'll be back but it 'll be a whole new interpretation. '' On November 15, 2010, Ratner stated in an interview with MTV that there was still a possibility that they will make a fourth film, but that it would n't be `` anytime soon. '' In October 2011, Murphy discussed a possible fourth film, stating, `` They 're not doing it. What I 'm trying to do now is produce a TV show starring Axel Foley 's son, and Axel is the chief of police now in Detroit. I 'd do the pilot, show up here and there. None of the movie scripts were right ; it was trying to force the premise. If you have to force something, you should n't be doing it. It was always a rehash of the old thing. It was always wrong. '' During late Summer 2013, after CBS decided to pass on the TV series, Paramount decided to move forward with the fourth film. On September 13, 2013, Jerry Bruckheimer, stated he was in talks to produce. On December 6, 2013, it was announced that Eddie Murphy will again reprise the role of Axel Foley and Brett Ratner will direct. On May 2, 2014, Deadline announced that screenwriters Josh Appelbaum and Andre Nemec would be penning the screenplay. On June 27, 2014, in an interview with Rolling Stone, Murphy discussed returning to the edgier type character of Axel Foley after years of making family friendly films. `` I have n't done a street guy, working class, blue - collar character in ages so maybe it 's like, ' Oh, wow, I did n't remember he was able to do that, ' '' Murphy said. According to studio reports on the film 's plot, Foley will return to Detroit after leaving his job in Beverly Hills and he will be faced with the coldest winter on record to navigate the new rules and old enemies of one of America 's most tenacious cities. The state of Michigan approved $13.5 million in film incentives, based on an estimated $56.6 million of filmmaker spending in the state. The film will be shot in and around Detroit and is estimated to provide jobs for 352 workers. The film was originally scheduled for a March 25, 2016 release, but on May 6, 2015, Paramount Pictures pulled Beverly Hills Cop IV from its release schedule, due to script concerns. On June 14, 2016, Deadline.com reported that Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah, directors of the Belgian drama Black, would direct the film. In January 2017, it was revealed that a new entry in the franchise will commence filming in June 2017 with Eddie Murphy reprising his role as Axel Foley, and Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah as directors. Crew ( edit ) Film Director Producer Writer ( s ) Composer Editor Cinematographer Beverly Hills Cop Martin Brest Don Simpson Jerry Bruckheimer screenplay : Daniel Petrie, Jr. story : Danilo Bach Daniel Petrie, Jr. Harold Faltermeyer Arthur Coburn Billy Weber Bruce Surtees Beverly Hills Cop II Tony Scott screenplay : Larry Ferguson story : Eddie Murphy Robert D. Wachs Chris Lebenzon Michael Tronick Billy Weber Jeffrey L. Kimball Beverly Hills Cop III John Landis Mace Neufeld Robert Rehme Steven E. de Souza Nile Rodgers Dale Beldin Mac Ahlberg Beverly Hills Cop IV Adil El Arbi Bilall Fallah Jerry Bruckheimer Eddie Murphy Josh Appelbaum André Nemec Dante Spinotti Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Reference United States Foreign Worldwide All time domestic All time worldwide Beverly Hills Cop December 5, 1984 $234,760,478 $80,600,000 $316,360,478 # 61 # 39 # 193 $15,000,000 Beverly Hills Cop II May 20, 1987 $153,665,036 $146,300,000 $299,965,036 # 178 # 157 # 216 $20,000,000 Beverly Hills Cop III May 25, 1994 $42,614,912 $76,594,077 $119,208,989 # 1,305 $50,000,000 Total $431,040,426 $304,494,077 $735,534,503 $85,000,000 List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices ( by Box Office Mojo ). Critical and public reaction ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metascore CinemaScore Beverly Hills Cop 83 % ( 42 reviews ) 64 ( 10 reviews ) N / A Beverly Hills Cop II 46 % ( 26 reviews ) 48 ( 11 reviews ) A - Beverly Hills Cop III 10 % ( 49 reviews ) 16 ( 15 reviews ) Accolades ( edit ) Beverly Hills Cop Academy Awards nominated for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) - Danilo Bach and Daniel Petrie, Jr. British Academy Film Awards Nominated for Best Score - Harold Faltermeyer Golden Globe Awards Nominated for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Nominated for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy - Eddie Murphy Beverly Hills Cop II Academy Awards Nominated for Best Original Song for `` Shakedown '' - Harold Faltermeyer, Keith Forsey and Bob Seger Golden Globe Awards Nominated for Best Original Song for `` Shakedown '' - Harold Faltermeyer, Keith Forsey, and Bob Seger Golden Raspberry Awards Winner for Worst Original Song for `` I Want Your Sex '' - George Michael Beverly Hills Cop III Golden Raspberry Awards Nominated for Worst Director - John Landis Nominated for Worst Remake or Sequel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP ( 15 ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. December 10, 1984. Retrieved July 1, 2015. Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP II ( 15 ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. June 4, 1987. Retrieved July 1, 2015. Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP III ( 15 ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. May 13, 1994. Retrieved July 1, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Eddie Murphy Resurrects Classic Character ''. The Huffington Post. 2013 - 07 - 29. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16. ^ Jump up to : Ditzian, THE DEADLINE TEAM ( May 2, 2014 ). `` Paramount Sets ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Starring Eddie Murphy For Spring 2016 ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( November 13, 2012 ). `` Brandon T. Jackson to Play Eddie Murphy 's Son in CBS ' ' Beverly Hills Cop ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( September 4, 2012 ). `` CBS Lands Shawn Ryan and Eddie Murphy 's ' Beverly Hills Cop ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ). `` ' Last Resort ' co-creator Shawn Ryan on the series finale, ' Beverly Hills Cop ' and more ''. Hitfix. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( February 5, 2013 ). `` Kevin Pollak to Co-Star in CBS ' ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( February 6, 2013 ). `` David Denman Cast In ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot, Donal Logue Joins ' Copper ' Season 2 ''. Deadline. Retrieved August 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( 2013 - 02 - 08 ). `` Barry Sonnenfeld To Direct CBS ' ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot ''. Deadline. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15. Jump up ^ Masters, Kim ; Goldberg, Lesley ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ). `` CBS Rejects ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot as Producers Explore Options ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15. Jump up ^ Duncan, JJ ( August 7, 2013 ). `` Zimbio Exclusive Interview : Brandon T. Jackson Talks ' Percy Jackson, ' Stand - Up, and Working with Eddie Murphy ''. Zimbio. Livingly Media. Retrieved August 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Repanich, Jeremy ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ). `` The Playboy Conversation : Eddie Murphy ''. Playboy. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22. Jump up ^ Jester McGree ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ). `` Shawn Ryan on Remaking the Best Show You 've Never Heard Of < < Movie & TV News and Interviews -- Rotten Tomatoes ''. Editorial.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22. Jump up ^ `` ' Beverly Hills Cop'soundtrack ''. Soundtrack Collector. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Crazy Frog `` Axel F '' ``. Fetchfido. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Soundtrack ''. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17. ^ Jump up to : `` Brett Ratner offers Beverly Hills Cop 4 Update ''. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Murphy Back for Beverly Hills Cop IV ''. Coming Soon. November 30, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17. ^ Jump up to : McNary, Dave ; McClintock, Pamela ( November 29, 2006 ). `` Murphy back for more ' Beverly Hills Cop ' ''. Variety. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ Davis, Erik ( November 30, 2006 ). `` Beverly Hills Cop IV! ''. Cinematical. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ Morris, Clint ( May 2, 2006 ). `` Beverly Hills Cop 4 finally underway? ''. Moviehole. Archived from the original on September 19, 2006. Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24. Jump up ^ Adler, Shawn ( July 1, 2008 ). `` Eddie Murphy Quashes Retirement Rumours ''. MTV Movies. MTV. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02. Jump up ^ `` ' The Third ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Was So Horrible ' ''. MTV. July 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02. Jump up ^ Morris, Clint ( July 1, 2008 ). `` Axel to keep it real! ''. Moviehole. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02. Jump up ^ Adler, Shawn ( June 3, 2008 ). `` ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' May Be Geared Towards Kids, Says Brett Ratner ''. MTV Movies. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ Williams, Jamie ( July 31, 2008 ). `` Writers Attached To Beverly Hills Cop 4 ''. Screenrant. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10. Jump up ^ Morris, Clint ( May 29, 2008 ). `` Axel Foley smells a rat ''. Moviehole. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ Morris, Clint ( October 15, 2009 ). `` Exclusive : Ashton in Cop 4!? ''. Moviehole. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Axel F Tune Will Be Back For Beverly Hills Cop IV ''. Internet Movie Database. September 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12. Jump up ^ Ditzian, Eric ( November 15, 2010 ). `` Eddie Murphy, Brett Ratner Still Hoping For Fourth ' Beverly Hills Cop ' ''. MTV. Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04. Jump up ^ Grossberg, Josh ( October 26, 2011 ). `` Shrek 's Donkey Done For? The Klumps Killed Off? Eddie Murphy Ready to Get Raw Again ''. E! Online. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26. Jump up ^ Busch, Anita ( December 6, 2013 ). `` UPDATE : Jerry Bruckheimer And Paramount Ink First - Look Deal ; Brett Ratner Attached To Direct ' Beverly Hills Cop ' ''. Deadline. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06. Jump up ^ Masters, Kim ; Goldberg, Lesley ( 2014 - 06 - 27 ). `` Eddie Murphy Will Be Back in Detroit for ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Paramount postpones ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' ''. Detroit Free - Press. Gannett Company. May 7, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Foutch, Haleigh ( May 7, 2015 ). `` BEVERLY HILLS COP 4 Pulled From Paramount 's Release Schedule ''. Collider.com. Retrieved May 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Fleming, Jr., Mike ( June 14, 2016 ). `` ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Lands Adil El Arbi & Bilall Fallah To Direct Eddie Murphy ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved June 14, 2016. Jump up ^ Guglielmi, Luca ( 2017 - 01 - 15 ). `` A New Beverly Hills Cop Film Is Going Into Production This Summer ''. All The Stuff You Care About. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19. Jump up ^ `` ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' moves forward with Eddie Murphy ''. NY Daily News. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop Production Budget ''. The - Numbers. Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II Production Budget ''. The - Numbers. Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop ''. Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop ''. metacritic.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II ''. Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II ''. metacritic.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore ''. cinemascore.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III ''. Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III ''. metacritic.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Awards ''. Internet Movie Database. 2009 - 05 - 01. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Awards ''. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Films in Close Race for Globe Awards ''. Wilmington Morning Star. Associated Press. 1988 - 01 - 06. p. 6D. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23. Jump up ^ `` 1987 Archive ''. Razzies.com. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23. External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Beverly Hills Cop series Films Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Characters Axel Foley Music Beverly Hills Cop `` Axel F '' `` The Heat Is On '' `` Neutron Dance '' `` New Attitude '' `` Stir It Up '' Beverly Hills Cop II `` Cross My Broken Heart '' `` I Want Your Sex '' `` Shakedown '' Beverly Hills Cop III `` Luv 4 Dem Gangsta'z '' `` The Right Kinda Lover '' Other Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverly_Hills_Cop_(film_series)&oldid=823262000 '' Categories : English - language films Action films by series American action comedy films Beverly Hills Cop Comedy films by series Fictional portrayals of the Detroit Police Department Film series introduced in 1984 Films set in Beverly Hills, California Paramount franchises American film series Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018, at 05 : 09. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Beverly Hills Cop (film series)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Beverly_Hills_Cop_(film_series)&amp;oldid=823262000" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Cop is a series of American action comedy films and an unaired television pilot based on characters created by Daniel Petrie, Jr. and Danilo Bach. The films star Eddie Murphy as Axel Foley, a street - smart Detroit cop who travels to Beverly Hills, California to investigate crimes, even though it is out of his jurisdiction. There, he meets Detective Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ), Sergeant John Taggart ( John Ashton ), and Lieutenant Andrew Bogomil ( Ronny Cox ). Ashton and Cox do not appear in Beverly Hills Cop III. Murphy, Reinhold, and Gil Hill, who plays Axel 's boss, Inspector Todd, are the only actors who appear in all three films. Harold Faltermeyer produced the now famous `` Axel F '' theme song heard throughout the series. The series as a whole have been distributed by Paramount Pictures. The films have made a total of $ 735,534,503 at the worldwide box office. Following a failed attempt at a television series based on the films, Paramount decided to produce another film with a currently unknown release date. Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Overview 1.2 Unaired television pilot 1.3 Cast and characters 1.4 Music 1.5 Future 2 Crew 3 Reception 3.1 Box office performance" ], "id": [ "10583744500348528832" ], "short_answers": [ "three" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of Wimbledon Ladies ' Singles champions - wikipedia List of Wimbledon Ladies ' Singles champions Wimbledon Ladies ' Singles Champions Location London United Kingdom Venue AELTC Governing body AELTC / LTA Created 1884 ( established ) Open Era : 1968 ( 51 editions ) Surface Grass ( 1884 -- Present ) Prize money £ 2,000,000 ( 2016 ) Trophy Venus Rosewater Dish Website aeltc2010.wimbledon.org/en_GB/about/history/rolls/ladiesroll.html Most titles Amateur era 7 : Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( challenge round ) 8 : Helen Wills Moody ( regular ) Open era 9 : Martina Navratilova Most consecutive titles Amateur era 3 : Lottie Dod Suzanne Lenglen ( challenge round ) 4 : Helen Wills Moody ( regular ) Open era 6 : Martina Navratilova Current champion Angelique Kerber ( 1st singles title ) The Championships, Wimbledon is an annual tennis tournament first contested in 1877 and played on outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club ( AELTC ) in the Wimbledon suburb of London, United Kingdom. The Ladies ' Singles was started in 1884. Contents 1 History 2 Champions 2.1 Amateur Era 2.2 Open Era 3 Statistics 3.1 Multiple champions 3.2 Championships by country 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Wimbledon has historically been played in the last week of June and the first week of July ( though changed to the first two weeks of July in 2017 ), and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987. The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II. The Ladies ' Singles ' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1886 until 1921, the event started with a knockout phase, the All Comers ' Singles, whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All Comers ' winner was automatically awarded the title six times ( 1887, 1891, 1895, 1907, 1908 ) in the absence of the previous year 's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition. Since the first championships, all matches have been played at the best - of - three sets. Between 1877 and 1883, the winner of the next game at five games - all took the set in every match except the All Comers ' final, and the challenge round, which were won with six games and a two games advantage. All sets were decided in two - game advantage format from 1884 to 1970. The lingering death best - of - 12 points tie - break was introduced in 1971 for the first two sets, played at eight games - all until 1978 and at six games - all since 1979. The Ladies ' Singles champion receives a sterling silver salver commonly known as the `` Venus Rosewater Dish '', or simply the `` Rosewater Dish ''. The salver, which is 18.75 inches ( about 48 cm ) in diameter, is decorated with figures from mythology. New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club 's committee. In 2012, the Ladies ' Singles winner received prize money of £ 1,150,000. These records include the Amateur Era only, Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1903 -- 1904, 1906, 1910 -- 1911, 1913 -- 1914 ) holds the record for most titles, with seven, and Lottie Dod ( 1891 -- 1893 ) and Suzanne Lenglen ( 1919 -- 1921 ) holds the record for most consecutive wins in the Ladies ' Singles during the challenge round era, with three victories each. The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Helen Wills Moody ( 1927 -- 1930 ), with four straight wins, and Moody holds the record for most victories in this era with eight ( 1927 -- 1930, 1932 -- 1933, 1935, 1938 ). These records only include the Open Era, since the inclusion of the professional tennis players, Martina Navratilova ( 1978 -- 1979, 1982 -- 1987, 1990 ) holds the record for most victories with nine. Navratilova holds the record for most consecutive victories with six ( 1982 -- 1987 ). This event has been won without the loss of a set, during the Open Era of Tennis, by the following players : Billie Jean King in 1968, 1972, 1973 and 1975, Margaret Court in 1970, Evonne Goolagong Cawley in 1971 and 1980, Chris Evert in 1974 and 1981, Martina Navratilova in 1979, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, and 1990, Steffi Graf in 1992 and 1996, Jana Novotná in 1998, Lindsay Davenport in 1999, Venus Williams in 2000, 2007 and 2008, Serena Williams in 2002, 2009, 2010, 2015 and 2016, Maria Sharapova in 2004, Petra Kvitová in 2011 and 2014 and Marion Bartoli in 2013. Champions ( edit ) Regular competition All Comers ' winner, Challenge round winner ‡ Defending champion, Challenge round winner † All Comers ' winner, no Challenge round ◊ Amateur Era ( edit ) Lottie Dod was a five - time champion and is the youngest ever winner of the ladies ' singles championships ( 15 years and 285 days ). Charlotte Cooper Sterry was a five - time champion and is the oldest ladies ' singles champion ( 37 year and 282 days ). Dorothea Lambert Chambers was a seven - time champion between 1903 and 1914. Suzanne Lenglen was a six - time champion. Helen Wills Moody was an eight - time champion between 1927 and 1938. Maureen Connolly competed in 1952, 1953 and 1954 and won the title on all three occasions. Althea Gibson won the title in 1957, the first tennis player of colour to do so, and successfully defended her title in 1958. Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1884 BRI Maud Watson BRI Lillian Watson 6 -- 8, 6 -- 3, 6 -- 3 1885 BRI Maud Watson BRI Blanche Bingley 6 -- 1, 7 -- 5 1886 BRI Blanche Bingley ‡ BRI Maud Watson 6 -- 3, 6 -- 3 1887 BRI Lottie Dod ‡ BRI Blanche Bingley 6 -- 2, 6 -- 0 1888 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 3, 6 -- 3 1889 BRI Blanche Hillyard ◊ BRI Lena Rice 4 -- 6, 8 -- 6, 6 -- 4 1890 BRI Lena Rice ◊ BRI May Jacks 6 -- 4, 6 -- 1 1891 BRI Lottie Dod ◊ BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 2, 6 -- 1 1892 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 1, 6 -- 1 1893 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 8, 6 -- 1, 6 -- 4 1894 BRI Blanche Hillyard ◊ BRI Edith Austin 6 -- 1, 6 -- 1 1895 BRI Charlotte Cooper ◊ BRI Helen Jackson 7 -- 5, 8 -- 6 1896 BRI Charlotte Cooper † BRI Alice Pickering 6 -- 2, 6 -- 3 1897 BRI Blanche Hillyard ‡ BRI Charlotte Cooper 5 -- 7, 7 -- 5, 6 -- 2 1898 BRI Charlotte Cooper ◊ BRI Louisa Martin 6 -- 4, 6 -- 4 1899 BRI Blanche Hillyard ‡ BRI Charlotte Cooper 6 -- 2, 6 -- 3 1900 BRI Blanche Hillyard † BRI Charlotte Cooper 4 -- 6, 6 -- 4, 6 -- 4 1901 BRI Charlotte Sterry ‡ BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 2, 6 -- 2 1902 BRI Muriel Robb ‡ BRI Charlotte Sterry 7 -- 5, 6 -- 1 1903 BRI Dorothea Douglass ◊ BRI Ethel Larcombe 4 -- 6, 6 -- 4, 6 -- 2 1904 BRI Dorothea Douglass † BRI Charlotte Sterry 6 -- 0, 6 -- 3 1905 USA May Sutton ‡ BRI Dorothea Douglass 6 -- 3, 6 -- 4 1906 BRI Dorothea Douglass ‡ USA May Sutton 6 -- 3, 9 -- 7 1907 USA May Sutton ‡ BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 6 -- 1, 6 -- 4 1908 BRI Charlotte Sterry ◊ BRI Agnes Morton 6 -- 4, 6 -- 4 1909 BRI Dora Boothby ◊ BRI Agnes Morton 6 -- 4, 4 -- 6, 8 -- 6 1910 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers ‡ BRI Dora Boothby 6 -- 2, 6 -- 2 1911 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers † BRI Dora Boothby 6 -- 0, 6 -- 0 1912 BRI Ethel Larcombe ◊ BRI Charlotte Sterry 6 -- 3, 6 -- 1 1913 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers ◊ BRI Winifred McNair 6 -- 0, 6 -- 4 1914 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers † BRI Ethel Larcombe 7 -- 5, 6 -- 4 1915 No competition ( due to World War I ) 1916 1917 1918 1919 FRA Suzanne Lenglen ‡ BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 10 -- 8, 4 -- 6, 9 -- 7 1920 FRA Suzanne Lenglen † BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 6 -- 3, 6 -- 0 1921 FRA Suzanne Lenglen † USA Elizabeth Ryan 6 -- 2, 6 -- 0 1922 FRA Suzanne Lenglen USA Molla Mallory 6 -- 2, 6 -- 0 1923 FRA Suzanne Lenglen GBR Kitty McKane 6 -- 2, 6 -- 2 1924 GBR Kitty McKane USA Helen Wills 4 -- 6, 6 -- 4, 6 -- 4 1925 FRA Suzanne Lenglen GBR Joan Fry 6 -- 2, 6 -- 0 1926 GBR Kitty Godfree ESP Lilí Álvarez 6 -- 2, 4 -- 6, 6 -- 3 1927 USA Helen Wills ESP Lilí Álvarez 6 -- 2, 6 -- 4 1928 USA Helen Wills ESP Lilí Álvarez 6 -- 2, 6 -- 3 1929 USA Helen Wills USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 1, 6 -- 2 1930 USA Helen Moody USA Elizabeth Ryan 6 -- 2, 6 -- 2 1931 GER Cilly Aussem GER Hilde Krahwinkel 6 -- 2, 7 -- 5 1932 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 3, 6 -- 1 1933 USA Helen Moody GBR Dorothy Round 6 -- 4, 6 -- 8, 6 -- 3 1934 GBR Dorothy Round USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 2, 5 -- 7, 6 -- 3 1935 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 3, 3 -- 6, 7 -- 5 1936 USA Helen Jacobs DEN Hilde Sperling 6 -- 2, 4 -- 6, 7 -- 5 1937 GBR Dorothy Round POL Jadwiga Jędrzejowska 6 -- 2, 2 -- 6, 7 -- 5 1938 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 4, 6 -- 0 1939 USA Alice Marble GBR Kay Stammers 6 -- 2, 6 -- 0 1940 No competition ( due to World War II ) 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 USA Pauline Betz USA Louise Brough 6 -- 2, 6 -- 4 1947 USA Margaret Osborne USA Doris Hart 6 -- 2, 6 -- 4 1948 USA Louise Brough USA Doris Hart 6 -- 3, 8 -- 6 1949 USA Louise Brough USA Margaret duPont 10 -- 8, 1 -- 6, 10 -- 8 1950 USA Louise Brough USA Margaret duPont 6 -- 1, 3 -- 6, 6 -- 1 1951 USA Doris Hart USA Shirley Fry 6 -- 1, 6 -- 0 1952 USA Maureen Connolly USA Louise Brough 7 -- 5, 6 -- 3 1953 USA Maureen Connolly USA Doris Hart 8 -- 6, 7 -- 5 1954 USA Maureen Connolly USA Louise Brough 6 -- 2, 7 -- 5 1955 USA Louise Brough USA Beverly Fleitz 7 -- 5, 8 -- 6 1956 USA Shirley Fry GBR Angela Buxton 6 -- 3, 6 -- 1 1957 USA Althea Gibson USA Darlene Hard 6 -- 3, 6 -- 2 1958 USA Althea Gibson GBR Angela Mortimer 8 -- 6, 6 -- 2 1959 BRA Maria Bueno USA Darlene Hard 6 -- 4, 6 -- 3 1960 BRA Maria Bueno RSA Sandra Reynolds 8 -- 6, 6 -- 0 1961 GBR Angela Mortimer GBR Christine Truman 4 -- 6, 6 -- 4, 7 -- 5 1962 USA Karen Susman TCH Věra Suková 6 -- 4, 6 -- 4 1963 AUS Margaret Smith USA Billie Jean Moffitt 6 -- 3, 6 -- 4 1964 BRA Maria Bueno AUS Margaret Smith 6 -- 4, 7 -- 9, 6 -- 3 1965 AUS Margaret Smith BRA Maria Bueno 6 -- 4, 7 -- 5 1966 USA Billie Jean King BRA Maria Bueno 6 -- 3, 3 -- 6, 6 -- 1 1967 USA Billie Jean King GBR Ann Jones 6 -- 3, 6 -- 4 Open Era ( edit ) Billie Jean King is a six - time champion overall and a four - time champion in the open era. Martina Navratilova is a nine - time singles champion, an all - time Grand Slam record in the Open Era for women ( Margaret Court won the Australian 11 times ). She won six consecutive titles from 1982 to 1987. Steffi Graf is a seven - time champion over a nine - year period from 1988 to 1996. Serena Williams is a seven - time champion. Venus Williams is a five - time champion. Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1968 USA Billie Jean King AUS Judy Tegart 9 -- 7, 7 -- 5 1969 GBR Ann Jones USA Billie Jean King 3 -- 6, 6 -- 3, 6 -- 2 1970 AUS Margaret Court USA Billie Jean King 14 -- 12, 11 -- 9 1971 AUS Evonne Goolagong AUS Margaret Court 6 -- 4, 6 -- 1 1972 USA Billie Jean King AUS Evonne Goolagong 6 -- 3, 6 -- 3 1973 USA Billie Jean King USA Chris Evert 6 -- 0, 7 -- 5 USA Chris Evert URS Olga Morozova 6 -- 0, 6 -- 4 USA Billie Jean King AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6 -- 0, 6 -- 1 1976 USA Chris Evert AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6 -- 3, 4 -- 6, 8 -- 6 1977 GBR Virginia Wade NED Betty Stöve 4 -- 6, 6 -- 3, 6 -- 1 1978 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert 2 -- 6, 6 -- 4, 7 -- 5 1979 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6 -- 4, 6 -- 4 1980 AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6 -- 1, 7 -- 6 1981 USA Chris Evert Lloyd TCH Hana Mandlíková 6 -- 2, 6 -- 2 1982 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6 -- 1, 3 -- 6, 6 -- 2 USA Martina Navratilova USA Andrea Jaeger 6 -- 0, 6 -- 3 1984 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 7 -- 6, 6 -- 2 1985 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 4 -- 6, 6 -- 3, 6 -- 2 1986 USA Martina Navratilova TCH Hana Mandlíková 7 -- 6, 6 -- 3 USA Martina Navratilova FRG Steffi Graf 7 -- 5, 6 -- 3 1988 FRG Steffi Graf USA Martina Navratilova 5 -- 7, 6 -- 2, 6 -- 1 1989 FRG Steffi Graf USA Martina Navratilova 6 -- 2, 6 -- 7, 6 -- 1 1990 USA Martina Navratilova USA Zina Garrison 6 -- 4, 6 -- 1 1991 GER Steffi Graf ARG Gabriela Sabatini 6 -- 4, 3 -- 6, 8 -- 6 1992 GER Steffi Graf YUG Monica Seles 6 -- 2, 6 -- 1 1993 GER Steffi Graf CZE Jana Novotná 7 -- 6, 1 -- 6, 6 -- 4 1994 ESP Conchita Martínez USA Martina Navratilova 6 -- 4, 3 -- 6, 6 -- 3 1995 GER Steffi Graf ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 4 -- 6, 6 -- 1, 7 -- 5 GER Steffi Graf ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 6 -- 3, 7 -- 5 1997 SUI Martina Hingis CZE Jana Novotná 2 -- 6, 6 -- 3, 6 -- 3 1998 CZE Jana Novotná FRA Nathalie Tauziat 6 -- 4, 7 -- 6 1999 USA Lindsay Davenport GER Steffi Graf 6 -- 4, 7 -- 5 2000 USA Venus Williams USA Lindsay Davenport 6 -- 3, 7 -- 6 2001 USA Venus Williams BEL Justine Henin 6 -- 1, 3 -- 6, 6 -- 0 2002 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 7 -- 6, 6 -- 3 2003 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 4 -- 6, 6 -- 4, 6 -- 2 RUS Maria Sharapova USA Serena Williams 6 -- 1, 6 -- 4 2005 USA Venus Williams USA Lindsay Davenport 4 -- 6, 7 -- 6, 9 -- 7 2006 FRA Amélie Mauresmo BEL Justine Henin 2 -- 6, 6 -- 3, 6 -- 4 2007 USA Venus Williams FRA Marion Bartoli 6 -- 4, 6 -- 1 2008 USA Venus Williams USA Serena Williams 7 -- 5, 6 -- 4 2009 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 7 -- 6, 6 -- 2 USA Serena Williams RUS Vera Zvonareva 6 -- 3, 6 -- 2 2011 CZE Petra Kvitová RUS Maria Sharapova 6 -- 3, 6 -- 4 2012 USA Serena Williams POL Agnieszka Radwańska 6 -- 1, 5 -- 7, 6 -- 2 2013 FRA Marion Bartoli GER Sabine Lisicki 6 -- 1, 6 -- 4 2014 CZE Petra Kvitová CAN Eugenie Bouchard 6 -- 3, 6 -- 0 2015 USA Serena Williams ESP Garbiñe Muguruza 6 -- 4, 6 -- 4 2016 USA Serena Williams GER Angelique Kerber 7 -- 5, 6 -- 3 2017 ESP Garbiñe Muguruza USA Venus Williams 7 -- 5, 6 -- 0 2018 GER Angelique Kerber USA Serena Williams 6 -- 3, 6 -- 3 Statistics ( edit ) Multiple champions ( edit ) Title defended in the challenge round Player Amateur Era Open Era All - time Years Martina Navratilova ( USA ) 0 9 9 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990 Helen Wills Moody ( USA ) 8 0 8 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1938 Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( UK ) 7 0 7 1903, 1904, 1906, 1910, 1911, 1913, 1914 Steffi Graf ( GER ) 0 7 7 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996 Serena Williams ( USA ) 0 7 7 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016 Blanche Bingley ( UK ) 6 0 6 1886, 1889, 1894, 1897, 1899, 1900 Suzanne Lenglen ( FRA ) 6 0 6 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1925 Billie Jean King ( USA ) 6 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1975 Charlotte Cooper Sterry ( UK ) 5 0 5 1895, 1896, 1898, 1901, 1908 Lottie Dod ( UK ) 5 0 5 1887, 1888, 1891, 1892, 1893 Venus Williams ( USA ) 0 5 5 2000, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2008 Louise Brough Clapp ( USA ) 0 1948, 1949, 1950, 1955 Maureen Connolly ( USA ) 0 1952, 1953, 1954 Maria Bueno ( BRA ) 0 1959, 1960, 1964 Margaret Court ( AUS ) 1963, 1965, 1970 Chris Evert ( USA ) 0 1974, 1976, 1981 Althea Gibson ( USA ) 0 1957, 1958 Dorothy Round ( UK ) 0 1934, 1937 Kitty McKane Godfree ( UK ) 0 1924, 1926 May Sutton Bundy ( USA ) 0 1905, 1907 Maud Watson ( UK ) 0 1884, 1885 Evonne Goolagong Cawley ( AUS ) 0 1971, 1980 Petra Kvitová ( CZE ) 0 2011, 2014 Championships by Country ( edit ) The Ladies ' Singles plate ( right ) with the Gentlemen 's Singles trophy ( left ). Country Amateur Era Open Era All - time First title Last title United States ( USA ) 28 29 57 1905 2016 United Kingdom ( UK ) 34 36 1884 1977 Germany ( GER ) 8 9 1931 2018 France ( FRA ) 6 8 1919 2013 Australia ( AUS ) 5 1963 1980 Brazil ( BRA ) 0 1959 1964 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 0 1998 2014 Spain ( ESP ) 0 1994 2017 Switzerland ( SUI ) 0 1997 1997 Russia ( RUS ) 0 See also ( edit ) Wimbledon Open other competitions List of Wimbledon gentlemen 's singles champions List of Wimbledon gentlemen 's doubles champions List of Wimbledon ladies ' doubles champions List of Wimbledon mixed doubles champions Grand Slam women 's singles List of Australian Open women 's singles champions List of French Open women 's singles champions List of US Open women 's singles champions List of Grand Slam women 's singles champions Notes ( edit ) Since 2009, Centre Court features a retractable roof, allowing indoor and night - time play. Wimbledon entered the Open Era with the 1968 edition, allowing professional players to compete alongside amateurs. John McEnroe is the only player to have been denied membership in 1981, because of his on - court behaviour during the championships. Each year is linked to an article about that particular year 's draws, but pre-1922 they did not have draws due to the challenge round system. In 1922 till the present they do have draws, but the years of 1925 -- 1939 do not have draw pages with links, so it is linked to the year 's articles instead. `` British Isles '' ( BRI ) is used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ), distinct from `` Great Britain '' ( GBR ) used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1922 -- present ). The tournament was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I. The tournament was not held from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II. Czechoslovakia ( TCH, 1918 -- 1992 ) split into the Czech Republic ( CZE, 1992 -- present ) and Slovakia ( SVK, 1992 -- present ). Martina Navratilova was born in Czechoslovakia, but was stripped of her citizenship in 1975 when she defected to the United States. She became a US citizen in 1981. FRG is West Germany, but after unification became just Germany ( GER ) after 1990. References ( edit ) General `` Ladies ' Singles Finals ''. wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18. `` Grand Slam Tournaments - Wimbledon '' ( PDF ). usta.com. United States Tennis Association. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 20. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01. Specific Jump up ^ `` FAQ - Grass Courts '' ( PDF ). wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24. ^ Jump up to : `` Tournament profile - Wimbledon ''. atpworldtour.com. ATP Tour, Inc. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 05. ^ Jump up to : `` About Wimbledon - History : History ''. wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24. ^ Jump up to : `` Ladies ' Singles Finals ''. wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 28. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12. ^ Jump up to : Barrett, John ( 1986 ). 100 Wimbledon Championships : A Celebration. Collins Willow. ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 218220 - 1. Jump up ^ Roberts, John ( 1998 - 08 - 05 ). `` Tennis : Fast, fan friendly - but full of faults ''. The Independent. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Breaking with tradition ''. The Age. The Age Company Ltd. 2004 - 01 - 25. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27. Jump up ^ `` About Wimbledon - History : The trophies ''. wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24. Jump up ^ `` About Wimbledon - Behind the scenes : The All England Lawn Tennis Club ''. wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 25. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12. Jump up ^ `` 2011 Prize Money '' ( PDF ). wimbledon.org. All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Ladies ' Singles Finals 1884 - 2017 ''. wimbledon.com. Wimbledon Championships. Retrieved 22 July 2017. Jump up ^ Harman, Neil ( 2009 - 04 - 22 ). `` No more soaked strawberries - Centre Court, Wimbledon, gets a roof ''. The Times. Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Jolly snub for McEnroe ; he 's refused All - England ''. St. Petersburg Times. United Press International. 1981 - 07 - 10. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27. Jump up ^ Zenilman, Avi ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ). `` Back Issues : McEnroe vs. Thatcher ''. The New Yorker. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27. Jump up ^ `` History - Rolls of Honour : Country abbreviations ''. wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17. Jump up ^ McCurry, Justin ( 11 March 2008 ). `` ' Ashamed ' Navratilove regains Czech nationality ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 July 2016. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wimbledon Championships. The Championships, Wimbledon official website Tennis portal Wimbledon women 's singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Wimbledon Championships Pre Open Era 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Grand Slam tournament champions Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Grand Slam overall records Pre Open Era Wimbledon ladies ' singles champions ( 1884 ) Maud Watson ( 1885 ) Maud Watson ( 1886 ) Blanche Bingley ( 1887 ) Lottie Dod ( 1888 ) Lottie Dod ( 1889 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1890 ) Lena Rice ( 1891 ) Lottie Dod ( 1892 ) Lottie Dod ( 1893 ) Lottie Dod ( 1894 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1895 ) Charlotte Cooper ( 1896 ) Charlotte Cooper ( 1897 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1898 ) Charlotte Cooper ( 1899 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1900 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1901 ) Charlotte Sterry ( 1902 ) Muriel Robb ( 1903 ) Dorothea Douglass ( 1904 ) Dorothea Douglass ( 1905 ) May Sutton ( 1906 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1907 ) May Sutton ( 1908 ) Charlotte Sterry ( 1909 ) Dora Boothby ( 1910 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1912 ) Dorethea Lambert Chambers ( 1913 ) Ethel Thomson Larcombe ( 1914 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1915 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1915 - 18 ) No competition ( due to World War I ) ( 1919 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1920 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1921 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1922 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1923 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1924 ) Kathleen McKane ( 1925 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1926 ) Kathleen McKane Godfree ( 1927 ) Helen Wills ( 1928 ) Helen Wills ( 1929 ) Helen Wills ( 1930 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1931 ) Cilly Aussem ( 1932 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1933 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1934 ) Dorothy Round ( 1935 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1936 ) Helen Jacobs ( 1937 ) Dorothy Round ( 1938 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1939 ) Alice Marble ( 1940 -- 45 ) No competition ( due to World War II ) ( 1946 ) Pauline Addie ( 1947 ) Margaret Osborne ( 1948 ) Louise Brough ( 1949 ) Louise Brough ( 1950 ) Louise Brough ( 1951 ) Doris Hart ( 1952 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1953 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1954 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1955 ) Louise Brough ( 1956 ) Shirley Fry ( 1957 ) Althea Gibson ( 1958 ) Althea Gibson ( 1959 ) Maria Bueno ( 1960 ) Maria Bueno ( 1961 ) Angela Mortimer ( 1962 ) Karen Hantze Susman ( 1963 ) Margaret Smith ( 1964 ) Maria Bueno ( 1965 ) Margaret Smith ( 1966 ) Billie Jean King ( 1967 ) Billie Jean King Wimbledon ( Open era ) ladies ' singles champions ( 1968 ) Billie Jean King ( 1969 ) Ann Haydon - Jones ( 1970 ) Margaret Court ( 1971 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1972 ) Billie Jean King ( 1973 ) Billie Jean King ( 1974 ) Chris Evert ( 1975 ) Billie Jean King ( 1976 ) Chris Evert ( 1977 ) Virginia Wade ( 1978 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1979 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1980 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1981 ) Chris Evert ( 1982 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1983 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1984 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1985 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1986 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1987 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1988 ) Steffi Graf ( 1989 ) Steffi Graf ( 1990 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1991 ) Steffi Graf ( 1992 ) Steffi Graf ( 1993 ) Steffi Graf ( 1994 ) Conchita Martínez ( 1995 ) Steffi Graf ( 1996 ) Steffi Graf ( 1997 ) Martina Hingis ( 1998 ) Jana Novotná ( 1999 ) Lindsay Davenport ( 2000 ) Venus Williams ( 2001 ) Venus Williams ( 2002 ) Serena Williams ( 2003 ) Serena Williams ( 2004 ) Maria Sharapova ( 2005 ) Venus Williams ( 2006 ) Amélie Mauresmo ( 2007 ) Venus Williams ( 2008 ) Venus Williams ( 2009 ) Serena Williams ( 2010 ) Serena Williams ( 2011 ) Petra Kvitová ( 2012 ) Serena Williams ( 2013 ) Marion Bartoli ( 2014 ) Petra Kvitová ( 2015 ) Serena Williams ( 2016 ) Serena Williams ( 2017 ) Garbiñe Muguruza ( 2018 ) Angelique Kerber Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wimbledon_ladies%27_singles_champions&oldid=850241275 '' Categories : Lists of Wimbledon champions Women 's tennis in the United Kingdom Lists of female tennis players Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018, at 17 : 30 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Wimbledon ladies' singles champions", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Wimbledon_ladies%27_singles_champions&amp;oldid=850241275" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "London United Kingdom Venue AELTC Governing body AELTC / LTA Created 1884 ( established ) Open Era : 1968 ( 51 editions ) Surface Grass ( 1884 -- Present ) Prize money £ 2,000,000 ( 2016 ) Trophy Venus Rosewater Dish Website aeltc2010.wimbledon.org/en_GB/about/history/rolls/ladiesroll.html Most titles Amateur era 7 : Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( challenge round ) 8 : Helen Wills Moody ( regular ) Open era 9 : Martina Navratilova Most consecutive titles Amateur era 3 : Lottie Dod Suzanne Lenglen ( challenge round ) 4 : Helen Wills Moody ( regular ) Open era 6 : Martina Navratilova Current champion Angelique Kerber ( 1st singles title ) The Championships, Wimbledon is an annual tennis tournament first contested in 1877 and played on outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club ( AELTC ) in the Wimbledon suburb of London, United Kingdom. The Ladies ' Singles was started in 1884. Contents 1 History 2 Champions" ], "id": [ "17731261371891064546" ], "short_answers": [ "Martina Navratilova" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Dualism - wikipedia Dualism Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Dualism ( disambiguation ). ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page. ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on God General conceptions ( show ) Agnosticism Apatheism Atheism Deism Henotheism Ignosticism Monotheism Monism Dualism Monolatrism Kathenotheism Omnism Panpsychism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Theism Transtheism Specific conceptions ( show ) Creator Demiurge Deus Father Great Architect Monad Mother Supreme Being Sustainer The All The Lord Trinity Tawhid Ditheism Monism Personal Unitarianism In particular religions ( show ) Abrahamic Judaism Christianity Islam Bahá'í Mormonism Indo - Iranian Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism Zoroastrianism Chinese Tian Shangdi Hongjun Laozu Attributes ( show ) Eternalness Existence Gender Names ( `` God '' ) Omnibenevolence Omnipotence Omnipresence Omniscience Experiences Practices ( show ) Belief Esotericism Faith Fideism Gnosis Hermeticism Metaphysics Mysticism Prayer Revelation Worship Related topics ( show ) Euthyphro dilemma God complex God gene Theology Ontology Problem of evil ( theodicy ) Religion philosophy texts Portrayals of God in popular media Dualism ( from the Latin word duo meaning `` two '' ) denotes the state of two parts. The term dualism was originally coined to denote co-eternal binary opposition, a meaning that is preserved in metaphysical and philosophical duality discourse but has been more generalized in other usages to indicate a system which contains two essential parts. Moral dualism is the belief of the great complement of or conflict between the benevolent and the malevolent. It simply implies that there are two moral opposites at work, independent of any interpretation of what might be `` moral '' and independent of how these may be represented. Moral opposites might, for example, exist in a worldview which has one god, more than one god, or none. By contrast, ditheism or bi-theism implies ( at least ) two gods. While bi-theism implies harmony, ditheism implies rivalry and opposition, such as between good and evil, or light and dark, or summer and winter. For example, a ditheistic system would be one in which one god is a creator, and the other a destroyer. Alternatively, in ontological dualism, the world is divided into two overarching categories. The opposition and combination of the universe 's two basic principles of yin and yang is a large part of Chinese philosophy, and is an important feature of Taoism. It is also discussed in Confucianism. Contents ( hide ) 1 Moral dualism 1.1 History 2 Duotheism, bitheism, ditheism 3 Theistic dualism 3.1 In Christianity 3.2 In Hinduism 4 Ontological dualism 4.1 In Chinese philosophy 5 Soul dualism 6 In Indian philosophy 6.1 Buddhist philosophy 6.2 Samkhya and Yogic philosophy 7 In philosophy of mind 7.1 History 8 In other areas of philosophy 9 In physics 10 In cybernetics 11 Political dualism 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Moral dualism ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Moral dualism is the belief of the great complement or conflict between the benevolent and the malevolent. Like ditheism / bitheism ( see below ), moral dualism does not imply the absence of monist or monotheistic principles. Moral dualism simply implies that there are two moral opposites at work, independent of any interpretation of what might be `` moral '' and - unlike ditheism / bitheism - independent of how these may be represented. For example, Mazdaism ( Mazdean Zoroastrianism ) is both dualistic and monotheistic ( but not monist by definition ) since in that philosophy God -- the Creator -- is purely good, and the antithesis -- which is also uncreated -- is an absolute one. Zurvanism ( Zurvanite Zoroastrianism ), Manichaeism, and Mandaeism are representative of dualistic and monist philosophies since each has a supreme and transcendental First Principle from which the two equal - but - opposite entities then emanate. This is also true for the lesser - known Christian gnostic religions, such as Bogomils, Catharism, and so on. More complex forms of monist dualism also exist, for instance in Hermeticism, where Nous `` thought '' -- that is described to have created man -- brings forth both good and evil, dependent on interpretation, whether it receives prompting from the God or from the Demon. Duality with pluralism is considered a logical fallacy. History ( edit ) Moral dualism began as a theological belief. Dualism was first seen implicitly in Egyptian religious beliefs by the contrast of the gods Set ( disorder, death ) and Osiris ( order, life ). The first explicit conception of dualism came from the Ancient Persian religion of Zoroastrianism around the mid-fifth century BC. Zoroastrianism is a monotheistic religion that believes that Ahura Mazda is the eternal creator of all good things. Any violations of Ahura Mazda 's order arise from druj, which is everything uncreated. From this comes a significant choice for humans to make. Either they fully participate in human life for Ahura Mazda or they do not and give druj power. Personal dualism is even more distinct in the beliefs of later religions. The religious dualism of Christianity between good and evil is not a perfect dualism as God ( good ) will inevitably destroy Satan ( evil ). Early Christian dualism is largely based on Platonic Dualism ( See : Neoplatonism and Christianity ). There is also a personal dualism in Christianity with a soul - body distinction based on the idea of an immaterial Christian soul. Duotheism, bitheism, ditheism ( edit ) See also : Dualistic cosmology In theology, dualism may refer to duotheism, bitheism, or ditheism. Although ditheism / bitheism imply moral dualism, they are not equivalent : ditheism / bitheism implies ( at least ) two gods, while moral dualism does not necessarily imply theism ( theos = god ) at all. Both bitheism and ditheism imply a belief in two equally powerful gods with complementary or antonymous properties ; however, while bitheism implies harmony, ditheism implies rivalry and opposition, such as between good and evil, bright and dark, or summer and winter. For example, a ditheistic system would be one in which one god is creative, the other is destructive ( cf. theodicy ). In the original conception of Zoroastrianism, for example, Ahura Mazda was the spirit of ultimate good, while Ahriman ( Angra Mainyu ) was the spirit of ultimate evil. In a bitheistic system, by contrast, where the two deities are not in conflict or opposition, one could be male and the other female ( cf. duotheism ). One well - known example of a bitheistic or duotheistic theology based on gender polarity is found in the neopagan religion of Wicca. In Wicca, dualism is represented in the belief of a god and a goddess as a dual partnership in ruling the universe. This is centered on the worship of a divine couple, the Moon Goddess and the Horned God, who are regarded as lovers. However, there is also a ditheistic theme within traditional Wicca, as the Horned God has dual aspects of bright and dark - relating to day / night, summer / winter - expressed as the Oak King and the Holly King, who in Wiccan myth and ritual are said to engage in battle twice a year for the hand of the Goddess, resulting in the changing seasons. ( Within Wicca, bright and dark do not correspond to notions of `` good '' and `` evil '' but are aspects of the natural world, much like yin and yang in Taoism. ) However, bitheistic and ditheistic principles are not always so easily contrastable, for instance in a system where one god is the representative of summer and drought and the other of winter and rain / fertility ( cf. the mythology of Persephone ). Marcionism, an early Christian sect, held that the Old and New Testaments were the work of two opposing gods : both were First Principles, but of different religions. Theistic dualism ( edit ) In theology, dualism can refer to the relationship between God and creation or God and the universe. This form of dualism is a belief shared in certain traditions of Christianity and Hinduism. In Christianity ( edit ) The Cathars being expelled from Carcassonne in 1209. The Cathars were denounced as heretics by the Roman Catholic Church for their dualist beliefs. The dualism between God and Creation has existed as a central belief in multiple historical sects and traditions of Christianity, including Marcionism, Catharism, Paulicianism, and Gnostic Christianity. Christian dualism refers to the belief that God and creation are distinct, but interrelated through an indivisible bond. In sects like the Cathars and the Paulicians, this is a dualism between the material world, created by an evil god, and a moral god. Historians divide Christian dualism into absolute dualism, which held that the good and evil gods were equally powerful, and mitigated dualism, which held that material evil was subordinate to the spiritual good. The belief, by Christian theologians who adhere to a libertarian or compatibilist view of free will, that free will separates humankind from God has also been characterized as a form of dualism. The theologian Leroy Stephens Rouner compares the dualism of Christianity with the dualism that exists in Zoroastrianism and the Samkhya tradition of Hinduism. The theological use of the word dualism dates back to 1700, in a book that describes the dualism between good and evil. The tolerance of dualism ranges widely among the different Christian traditions. As a monotheistic religion, the conflict between dualism and monism has existed in Christianity since its inception. The 1912 Catholic Encyclopedia describes that, in the Catholic Church, `` the dualistic hypothesis of an eternal world existing side by side with God was of course rejected '' by the thirteenth century, but mind -- body dualism was not. The problem of evil is difficult to reconcile with absolute monism, and has prompted some Christian sects to veer towards dualism. Gnostic forms of Christianity were more dualistic, and some Gnostic traditions posited that the Devil was separate from God as an independent deity. The Christian dualists of the Byzantine Empire, the Paulicians, were seen as Manichean heretics by Byzantine theologians. This tradition of Christian dualism, founded by Constantine - Silvanus, argued that the universe was created through evil and separate from a moral God. The Cathars, a Christian sect in southern France, believed that there was a dualism between two gods, one representing good and the other representing evil. The Roman Catholic Church denounced the Cathars as heretics, and sought to crush the movement in the 13th century. The Albigensian Crusade was initiated by Pope Innocent III in 1208 to remove the Cathars from Languedoc in France, where they were known as Albigesians. The Inquisition, which began in 1233 under Pope Gregory IX, also targeted the Cathars. In Hinduism ( edit ) The Dvaita Vedanta school of Indian philosophy espouses a dualism between God and the universe by theorizing the existence of two separate realities. The first and the more important reality is that of Shiva or Sakthi or Vishnu or Brahman. Shiva or Sakthi or Vishnu is the supreme Self, God, the absolute truth of the universe, the independent reality. The second reality is that of dependent but equally real universe that exists with its own separate essence. Everything that is composed of the second reality, such as individual soul ( Jiva ), matter, etc. exist with their own separate reality. The distinguishing factor of this philosophy as opposed to Advaita Vedanta ( monistic conclusion of Vedas ) is that God takes on a personal role and is seen as a real eternal entity that governs and controls the universe. Because the existence of individuals is grounded in the divine, they are depicted as reflections, images or even shadows of the divine, but never in any way identical with the divine. Salvation therefore is described as the realization that all finite reality is essentially dependent on the Supreme. Ontological dualism ( edit ) The yin and yang symbolizes the duality in nature and all things in the Taoist religion. Alternatively, dualism can mean the tendency of humans to perceive and understand the world as being divided into two overarching categories. In this sense, it is dualistic when one perceives a tree as a thing separate from everything surrounding it. This form of ontological dualism exists in Taoism and Confucianism, beliefs that divide the universe into the complementary oppositions of yin and yang. In traditions such as classical Hinduism, Zen Buddhism or Islamic Sufism, a key to enlightenment is `` transcending '' this sort of dualistic thinking, without merely substituting dualism with monism or pluralism. In Chinese philosophy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The opposition and combination of the universe 's two basic principles of yin and yang is a large part of Chinese philosophy, and is an important feature of Taoism, both as a philosophy and as a religion, although the concept developed much earlier. Some argue that yin and yang were originally an earth and sky god, respectively. As one of the oldest principles in Chinese philosophy, yin and yang are also discussed in Confucianism, but to a lesser extent. Some of the common associations with yang and yin, respectively, are : male and female, light and dark, active and passive, motion and stillness. Some scholars recognize that the two ideas may have originally referred to two opposite sides of a mountain, facing towards and away from the sun. The yin and yang symbol in actuality has very little to do with Western dualism ; instead it represents the philosophy of balance, where two opposites co-exist in harmony and are able to transmute into each other. In the yin - yang symbol there is a dot of yin in yang and a dot of yang in yin. In Taoism, this symbolizes the inter-connectedness of the opposite forces as different aspects of Tao, the First Principle. Contrast is needed to create a distinguishable reality, without which we would experience nothingness. Therefore, the independent principles of yin and yang are actually dependent on one another for each other 's distinguishable existence. The complementary dualistic concept seen in yin and yang represent the reciprocal interaction throughout nature, related to a feedback loop, where opposing forces do not exchange in opposition but instead exchange reciprocally to promote stabilization similar to homeostasis. An underlying principle in Taoism states that within every independent entity lies a part of its opposite. Within sickness lies health and vice versa. This is because all opposites are manifestations of the single Tao, and are therefore not independent from one another, but rather a variation of the same unifying force throughout all of nature. Soul dualism ( edit ) Main article : Soul dualism In some cultures, people ( or also other beings ) are believed to have two or more kinds of soul. In several cases, one of these souls is associated with body functions ( and is sometimes thought to disappear after death, but not always ), and the other one is able to leave the body ( for example, a shaman 's free - soul may be held to be able to undertake a spirit journey ). The plethora of soul types may be even more complex. The Bipartite view of theology recognizes the existence of both material and immaterial aspects of human life, typically body and soul. This is distinct from the Tripartite view that holds soul and spirit to be separate aspects of a person along with the body. In Indian philosophy ( edit ) Buddhist philosophy ( edit ) During the classical era of Buddhist philosophy in India, philosophers such as Dharmakirti argue for a dualism between states of consciousness and Buddhist atoms ( the basic building blocks that make up reality ), according to `` the standard interpretation '' of Dharmakirti 's Buddhist metaphysics. Typically in Western philosophy, dualism is considered to be a dualism between mind ( nonphysical ) and brain ( physical ), which ultimately involves mind interacting with the physical brain, and therefore also interacting with the micro-particles ( basic building blocks ) that make up the brain tissue. Buddhist dualism, in Dharmakirti 's sense, is different in that it is not a dualism between the mind and brain, but rather between states of consciousness ( nonphysical ) and basic building blocks ( according to the Buddhist atomism of Dharmakirti, Buddhist atoms are also nonphysical : they are unstructured points of energy ). Like many Buddhists from 600 - 1000 CE, Dharmakirti 's philosophy involved mereological nihilism, meaning that other than states of consciousness, the only things that exist are momentary quantum particles, much like the particles of quantum physics ( quarks, electrons, etc. ). Samkhya and yogic philosophy ( edit ) While Western philosophical traditions, as exemplified by Descartes, equate mind with the conscious self and theorize on consciousness on the basis of mind / body dualism ; some Eastern philosophies provide an alternate viewpoint, intimately related to substance dualism, by drawing a metaphysical line between consciousness and matter -- where matter includes both body and mind. In Samkhya and Yoga schools of Indian philosophy, `` there are two irreducible, innate and independent realities 1 ) consciousness itself ( Purusha ) 2 ) primordial materiality ( Prakriti ) ''. The unconscious primordial materiality, Prakriti, contains 23 components including intellect ( buddhi, mahat ), ego ( ahamkara ) and mind ( manas ). Therefore, the intellect, mind and ego are all seen as forms of unconscious matter. Thought processes and mental events are conscious only to the extent they receive illumination from Purusha. Consciousness is compared to light which illuminates the material configurations or ' shapes ' assumed by the mind. So intellect after receiving cognitive structures form the mind and illumination from pure consciousness creates thought structures that appear to be conscious. Ahamkara, the ego or the phenomenal self, appropriates all mental experiences to itself and thus, personalizes the objective activities of mind and intellect by assuming possession of them. But consciousness is itself independent of the thought structures it illuminates. By including mind in the realm of matter, Samkhya - Yoga avoids one of the most serious pitfalls of Cartesian dualism, the violation of physical conservation laws. Because mind is an evolute of matter, mental events are granted causal efficacy and are therefore able to initiate bodily motions. In philosophy of mind ( edit ) Main articles : Mind -- body dualism and Epiphenomenalism In philosophy of mind, dualism is any of a narrow variety of views about the relationship between mind and matter, which claims that mind and matter are two ontologically separate categories. In particular, mind - body dualism claims that neither the mind nor matter can be reduced to each other in any way, and thus is opposed to materialism in general, and reductive materialism in particular. Mind - body dualism can exist as substance dualism which claims that the mind and the body are composed of a distinct substance, and as property dualism which claims that there may not be a distinction in substance, but that mental and physical properties are still categorically distinct, and not reducible to each other. This type of dualism is sometimes referred to as `` mind and body '' and stands in contrast to philosophical monism, which views mind and matter as being ultimately the same kind of thing. History ( edit ) The first significant argument against dualism came from Thomas Hobbes 's ( 1588 -- 1679 ) materialist critique of the human person. Hobbes argues that all of human experience comes from biological processes contained within the body ( see : The Leviathan ). In response to Hobbes, the French philosopher René Descartes ( 1596 -- 1650 ) developed Cartesian dualism, which posits that there is a divisible, mechanical body and an indivisible, immaterial mind which interact with one another. The body perceives external inputs and the awareness of them comes from the soul. The point of interaction between the two is at the pineal gland in the brain. During the 19th and 20th centuries, materialistic monism became the norm. Still, in addition to already discussed theories of dualism ( particularly the Christian and Cartesian models ) there are new theories in the defense of dualism. Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian philosopher, David Chalmers ( born 1966 ) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that can not be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes. According to Chalmers, a naturalistic account of property dualism requires a new fundamental category of properties described by new laws of supervenience ; the challenge being analogous to that of understanding electricity based on the mechanistic and Newtonian models of materialism prior to Maxwell 's equations. A similar defense comes from Australian philosopher Frank Jackson ( born 1943 ) who revived the theory of epiphenomenalism which argues that mental states do not play a role in physical states. Jackson argues that there are two kinds of dualism. The first is substance dualism that assumes there is second, non-corporeal form of reality. In this form, body and soul are two different substances. The second form is property dualism that says that body and soul are different properties of the same body. He claims that functions of the mind / soul are internal, very private experiences that are not accessible to observation by others, and therefore not accessible by science ( at least not yet ). We can know everything, for example, about a bat 's facility for echolocation, but we will never know how the bat experiences that phenomenon. In Jackson 's mind experiment, he imagines a girl who grows up in a black - and - white room. She may grow up learning all about the scientific facts of colors, but has no way of experiencing colors other than black or white. When someone brings a red tomato into her room, she is stunned. She discovers a new fact : the experience of red is ' like this. ' That experience is not a physical fact but a conscious one. In other areas of philosophy ( edit ) Main article : Epistemological dualism See also : New realism ( philosophy ) In the philosophy of science, dualism often refers to the dichotomy between the `` subject '' ( the observer ) and the `` object '' ( the observed ). Another dualism, in Popperian philosophy of science refers to `` hypothesis '' and `` refutation '' ( for example, experimental refutation ). This notion also carried to Popper 's political philosophy. The American philosopher Arthur Oncken Lovejoy in his The Revolt Against Dualism ( 1960 ) develops a critique of the modern new realism, reproposing a form of dualism based on a `` fork of human experience. '' In physics ( edit ) See also : Duality § Physics In physics, dualism refers to media with properties that can be associated with the mechanics of two different phenomena. Because these two phenomena 's mechanics are mutually exclusive, both are needed in order to describe the possible behaviors. All matter, for example, has wave -- particle duality. In cybernetics ( edit ) In cybernetics, Norbert Wiener described `` Manicheaen devils '' ( dualistic adversarial systems ) as those systems or problems in which an intelligent adversary is attempting to exploit weaknesses of the investigator ( such as in a game - playing opponent, adversarial law, evolutionary systems of predator / parasite and prey / host, politics / enslavement attempts, etc. ). Wiener 's `` Cybernetics '' contrasted such systems with `` Augustinian devils '' that were systems or problems that, though very complex and difficult to figure out, did not feature an adversary with contrary intent. Victories or `` expansions of knowledge '' in such systems were able to be built upon incrementally, through science ( experimentation expanding empirical knowledge bases ). Wiener noted that temporary weaknesses ( such as errors to perceive all components of a system ) were not fatal in attempts to defeat `` Augustinian devils '' because another experiment could simply be pursued ( and he noted that he had personally defeated many `` Augustinian devils '' with his contributions to science and engineering ). Wiener further noted that temporary lapses in judgment against `` Manicheaen devils '' were more often fatal or destructive, due to the desire of the opponent to `` win / survive at all costs, '' even going so far as to introduce any level of deception into the system ( and he noted that he had been defeated by many `` Manicheaen devils, '' such as on occasions when he was temporarily careless in chess ). Although this `` duality '' between `` complexity '' and `` opposition '' may seem obvious, there are deep implications in many areas of science, such as game theory, political science, computer science, network science, security science, military science, evolutionary biology, and cryptography. Political dualism ( edit ) Main article : Dualism ( politics ) In politics, dualism refers to the separation of powers between the legislature and executive. In the context of the history of the Austro - Hungarian Empire, `` dualism '' refers to the political doctrine of Austria 's and Hungary 's co-equality. The phrase `` during dualism '' ( Hungarian : dualizmus alatt ) is used in Hungarian historiography as shorthand for `` during the dual monarchy. '' See also ( edit ) Philosophy portal Atheism Dialectic Didache -- The Two Ways Duality False dilemma Monism and dualism in international law Legal pluralism Nondualism Pluralism ( philosophy ) Reductionism Rhizome ( philosophy ) Table of Opposites Yanantin ( complementary dualism in Native South American culture ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term dualism is recorded in English since 1785 -- 95 ( Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary, 2001, `` dualism '' ). Jump up ^ `` Egypt and Mesopotamia '' Jump up ^ `` soul '' Jump up ^ Enrico Riparelli, Il volto del Cristo dualista. Da Marcione ai catari, Peter Lang, Bern - Berlin - Bruxelles - Frankfurt am Main - New York - Oxford - Wien 2008, 368 pp. ISBN 978 - 3 - 03911 - 490 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Rouner, Leroy ( 1983 ). The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 166. ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22748 - 7. Jump up ^ Peters, Edward ( 2011 ). Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 106. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 0680 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Russell, Jeffrey ( 1998 ). A History of Heaven : The Singing Silence. Princeton University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00684 - 0. Jump up ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia : An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Robert Appleton Company. 1912. p. 170. Jump up ^ Hamilton, Janet ; Hamilton, Bernard ; Stoyanov, Yuri ( 1998 ). Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World, C. 650 - c. 1450 : Selected Sources. Manchester University Press. pp. 1 -- 2. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4765 - 7. Jump up ^ Chidester, David ( 2001 ). Christianity : A Global History. HarperCollins. pp. 266 -- 268. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 251770 - 8. Jump up ^ Etter, Christopher. A Study of Qualitative Non-Pluralism. iUniverse Inc. P. 59 - 60. ISBN 0 - 595 - 39312 - 8. Jump up ^ Fowler, Jeaneane D. Perspectives of Reality : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism. Sussex Academic Press. P. 340 - 344. ISBN 1 - 898723 - 93 - 1. Jump up ^ Girardot, N.J. ( 1988 ). Myth and Meaning in Early Taoism : The Theme of Chaos ( hun - tun ). University of California Press. p. 247. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06460 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Roberts, Jeremy. `` Yin and Yang ''. Ancient and Medieval History. Facts on File. Retrieved 19 March 2017. Jump up ^ Georges B.J. Dreyfus, Recognizing Reality, SUNY Press 1996 ( ISBN 978 - 0791430989 ) Jump up ^ Haney, p. 17. Jump up ^ Isaac, p. 339. Jump up ^ Haney, p. 42. ^ Jump up to : Isaac, p. 342. Jump up ^ Leaman, p. 68. Jump up ^ Leaman, p. 248. Jump up ^ `` Leviathan -- Introduction '' Archived July 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine... oregonstate.edu. Jump up ^ `` Cartesian Dualism : Mind and Brain Interaction Jump up ^ `` Materialism '' Jump up ^ Jackson, Frank. 1990. `` Epiphenomenal Qualia, '' in ' Mind and Cognition, ' W. Lycan ( ed. ). Oxford : Blackwell. References ( edit ) Haney, William S. Culture and Consciousness : Literature Regained. Bucknell University Press ( August 1, 2002 ). ISBN 1611481724. Isaac, J.R. ; Dangwal, Ritu ; Chakraborty, C. Proceedings. International conference on cognitive systems ( 1997 ). Allied Publishers Ltd. ISBN 81 - 7023 - 746 - 7. Leaman, Oliver. Eastern Philosophy : Key Readings. Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0 - 415 - 17357 - 4. External links ( edit ) Look up dualism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dualism Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Dualism. Duality entry in the UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Dualism at PhilPapers `` Dualism ''. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Dualism at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project `` Dualism and Mind ''. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Dictionary of the History of ideas : Dualism in Philosophy and Religion Metaphysics Metaphysicians Parmenides Plato Aristotle Plotinus Duns Scotus Thomas Aquinas Francisco Suárez Nicolas Malebranche René Descartes John Locke David Hume Thomas Reid Immanuel Kant Isaac Newton Arthur Schopenhauer Baruch Spinoza Georg W.F. Hegel George Berkeley Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Henri Bergson Friedrich Nietzsche Charles Sanders Peirce Joseph Maréchal Ludwig Wittgenstein Martin Heidegger Alfred N. Whitehead Bertrand Russell Dorothy Emmet G.E. Moore Jean - Paul Sartre Gilbert Ryle Hilary Putnam P.F. Strawson R.G. Collingwood Adolph Stöhr Rudolf Carnap Saul Kripke Willard V.O. Quine G.E.M. Anscombe Donald Davidson Michael Dummett David Malet Armstrong David Lewis Alvin Plantinga Peter van Inwagen Derek Parfit more... Theories Abstract object theory Action theory Anti-realism Determinism Dualism Enactivism Essentialism Existentialism Free will Idealism Libertarianism Liberty Materialism Meaning of life Monism Naturalism Nihilism Phenomenalism Realism Physicalism Pirsig 's metaphysics of Quality Platonic idealism Relativism Scientific realism Solipsism Subjectivism Substance theory Type theory Concepts Abstract object Anima mundi Being Category of being Causality Choice Cogito ergo sum Concept Embodied cognition Entity Essence Existence Experience Hypostatic abstraction Idea Identity Identity and change Information Insight Intelligence Intention Linguistic modality Matter Meaning Memetics Mental representation Mind Motion Necessity Notion Object Pattern Perception Physical body Principle Property Qualia Quality Reality Soul Subject Substantial form Thought Time Truth Type -- token distinction Universal Unobservable Value more... Related topics Axiology Cosmology Epistemology Feminist metaphysics Interpretations of quantum mechanics Meta - Ontology Philosophy of mind Philosophy of psychology Philosophy of self Philosophy of space and time Teleology Theoretical physics Category Portal Philosophy of religion Concepts in religion Afterlife Euthyphro dilemma Faith Intelligent design Miracle Problem of evil Religious belief Soul Spirit Theodicy Theological veto Conceptions of God Aristotelian view Brahman Demiurge Divine simplicity Egoism Holy Spirit Misotheism Pandeism Personal god Process theology Supreme Being Unmoved mover God in Abrahamic religions Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Mormonism Sikhism Bahá'í Faith Wicca Existence of God For Beauty Christological Consciousness Cosmological Kalam Contingency Degree Desire Experience Fine - tuning of the Universe Love Miracles Morality Necessary existent Ontological Pascal 's Wager Proper basis Reason Teleological Natural law Watchmaker analogy Transcendental Against 747 gambit Atheist 's Wager Evil Free will Hell Inconsistent revelations Nonbelief Noncognitivism Occam 's razor Omnipotence Poor design Russell 's teapot Theology Acosmism Agnosticism Animism Antireligion Atheism Creationism Dharmism Deism Demonology Divine command theory Dualism Esotericism Exclusivism Existentialism Christian Agnostic Atheistic Feminist theology Thealogy Womanist theology Fideism Fundamentalism Gnosticism Henotheism Humanism Religious Secular Christian Inclusivism Theories about religions Monism Monotheism Mysticism Naturalism Metaphysical Religious Humanistic New Age Nondualism Nontheism Pandeism Panentheism Pantheism Perennialism Polytheism Process theology Religious skepticism Spiritualism Shamanism Taoic Theism Transcendentalism more... Religious language Eschatological verification Language - game Logical positivism Apophatic theology Verificationism Problem of evil Augustinian theodicy Best of all possible worlds Euthyphro dilemma Inconsistent triad Irenaean theodicy Natural evil Theodicy Philosophers of religion ( by date active ) Ancient and Medieval Anselm of Canterbury Augustine of Hippo Avicenna Averroes Boethius Erasmus Gaunilo of Marmoutiers Pico della Mirandola Heraclitus King James VI and I Marcion of Sinope Thomas Aquinas Maimonides Enlightenment Augustin Calmet René Descartes Blaise Pascal Baruch Spinoza Nicolas Malebranche Gottfried W Leibniz William Wollaston Thomas Chubb David Hume Baron d'Holbach Immanuel Kant Johann G Herder 1800 1850 Friedrich Schleiermacher Karl CF Krause Georg WF Hegel William Whewell Ludwig Feuerbach Søren Kierkegaard Karl Marx Albrecht Ritschl 1880 1900 Ernst Haeckel W.K. Clifford Friedrich Nietzsche Harald Høffding William James Vladimir Solovyov Ernst Troeltsch Rudolf Otto Lev Shestov Sergei Bulgakov Pavel Florensky Ernst Cassirer Joseph Maréchal 1920 postwar George Santayana Bertrand Russell Martin Buber René Guénon Paul Tillich Karl Barth Emil Brunner Rudolf Bultmann Gabriel Marcel Reinhold Niebuhr Charles Hartshorne Mircea Eliade JL Mackie Walter Kaufmann Martin Lings Peter Geach George I Mavrodes William Alston Antony Flew 1970 William L Rowe Dewi Z Phillips Alvin Plantinga Anthony Kenny Nicholas Wolterstorff Richard Swinburne Robert Merrihew Adams Peter van Inwagen Daniel Dennett Loyal Rue Jean - Luc Marion William Lane Craig Ali Akbar Rashad Alexander Pruss Related topics Criticism of religion Ethics in religion Exegesis History of religions Religion Religious language Religious philosophy Relationship between religion and science Political science of religion Faith and rationality more... Portal Category Philosophy Branches Traditional Metaphysics Ontology Epistemology Logic Ethics Aesthetics Philosophy of Action Art Culture Design Music Film Business Color Cosmos Dialogue Education Environment Futility Happiness Healthcare History Human nature Humor Feminism Language Life Literature Mathematics Mind Pain Psychology Philosophy of psychiatry Philosophy of perception Philosophy Religion Science Physics Chemistry Biology Geography Sexuality Social science Culture Economics Justice Law Politics Society Space and time Sport Technology Artificial intelligence Computer science Engineering Information War Schools of thought By era Ancient Western Medieval Renaissance Early modern Modern Contemporary Ancient Chinese Agriculturalism Confucianism Legalism Logicians Mohism Chinese naturalism Neotaoism Taoism Yangism Zen Greco - Roman Aristotelianism Atomism Cynicism Cyrenaics Eleatics Eretrian school Epicureanism Hermeneutics Ionian Ephesian Milesian Megarian school Neoplatonism Peripatetic Platonism Pluralism Presocratic Pyrrhonism Pythagoreanism Neopythagoreanism Sophistic Stoicism Indian Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Mīmāṃsā Ājīvika Ajñana Cārvāka Jain Anekantavada Syādvāda Buddhist Śūnyatā Madhyamaka Yogacara Sautrāntika Svatantrika Persian Mazdakism Zoroastrianism Zurvanism Medieval European Christian philosophy Scholasticism Thomism Renaissance humanism East Asian Korean Confucianism Edo Neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism Indian Vedanta Acintya bheda abheda Advaita Bhedabheda Dvaita Dvaitadvaita Shuddhadvaita Vishishtadvaita Navya - Nyāya Islamic Averroism Avicennism Illuminationism ʿIlm al - Kalām Sufi Jewish Judeo - Islamic Modern People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo-Kantianism Hegelianism Marxism Spinozism 0 Anarchism Classical Realism Liberalism Collectivism Conservatism Determinism Dualism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Idealism Absolute British German Objective Subjective Transcendental Individualism Kokugaku Materialism Modernism Monism Naturalism Natural law Nihilism New Confucianism Neo-Scholasticism Pragmatism Phenomenology Positivism Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism Contemporary Analytic Applied ethics Analytic feminism Analytical Marxism Communitarianism Consequentialism Critical rationalism Experimental philosophy Falsificationism Foundationalism / Coherentism Generative linguistics Internalism and Externalism Logical positivism Legal positivism Normative ethics Meta - ethics Moral realism Neo-Aristotelian Quinean naturalism Ordinary language philosophy Postanalytic philosophy Quietism Rawlsian Reformed epistemology Systemics Scientism Scientific realism Scientific skepticism Contemporary utilitarianism Vienna Circle Wittgensteinian Continental Critical theory Deconstruction Existentialism Feminist Frankfurt School New Historicism Hermeneutics Neo-Marxism Phenomenology Postmodernism Post-structuralism Social constructionism Structuralism Western Marxism Other Kyoto School Objectivism Russian cosmism more... Positions Aesthetics Formalism Institutionalism Aesthetic response Ethics Consequentialism Deontology Virtue Free will Compatibilism Determinism Libertarianism Metaphysics Atomism Dualism Monism Naturalism Epistemology Constructivism Empiricism Idealism Particularism Fideism Rationalism / Reasonism Skepticism Solipsism Mind Behaviorism Emergentism Eliminativism Epiphenomenalism Functionalism Objectivism Subjectivism Normativity Absolutism Particularism Relativism Nihilism Skepticism Universalism Ontology Action Event Process Reality Anti-realism Conceptualism Idealism Materialism Naturalism Nominalism Physicalism Realism Philosophy by region Philosophy - related lists Miscellaneous By region African Ethiopian Aztec Native America Eastern Chinese Egyptian Czech Indian Indonesian Iranian Japanese Korean Vietnam Pakistani Western American Australian British Danish French German Greek Italian Polish Romanian Russian Slovene Spanish Turkish Lists Outline Index Years Problems Schools Glossary Philosophers Movements Publications Miscellaneous Women in philosophy Sage ( philosophy ) Portal Category Book List of philosophies Abrahamism Acosmism Agnosticism Animism Antireligion Atheism Deism Dharmism Dualism Esotericism Feminist theology Gnosticism Henotheism Immanence Monism Monolatrism Monotheism Mysticism Neoplatonism New Age New Thought Nondualism Pandeism Pantheism Panentheism Polytheism Process theology Religious naturalism Shamanism Shramanism Taoic Theism Transcendence more Religion portal Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church Antiquity Adoptionism Apollinarism Arianism ( Anomoeanism, Semi-Arianism ) Audianism Docetism ( Circumcellions ) Dualism Ebionites Euchites Gnosticism ( Manichaeism, Paulicianism, Priscillianism, Naassenes, Ophites, Sethianism, Valentinianism ) Iconoclasm Luciferianism Macedonianism Marcionism Melchisedechians Modalism Monarchianism ( Athinganoi ) Monophysitism Monothelitism Montanism Nestorianism Novatianism Patripassianism Pelagianism ( Semipelagianism ) Pneumatomachians Psilanthropism Sabellianism Subordinationism Valentinianism Middle Ages Bogomilism Bosnian Church Catharism Conciliarism Consubstantiation Fraticelli Free Spirit Henricians Hussites Impanation Lollardy Taborites Triclavianism Waldensians Early Modern Anabaptism Antinomianism Febronianism Gallicanism Jansenism Josephinism Protestantism ( Arminianism, Calvinism, Lutheranism ) Quietism Modern Era Americanism Community of the Lady of All Nations Feeneyism Modernism Positive Christianity Reincarnationism Catholicism portal GND : 4130223 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dualism&oldid=806733847 '' Categories : Dualism Mind -- body problem Metaphysical theories Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles containing Hungarian - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017, at 20 : 46. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Dualism", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Dualism&amp;oldid=806733847" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "14920556011866389572" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Jinx ( Children 's game ) - wikipedia Jinx ( Children 's game ) Jump to : navigation, search Jinx is a children 's game with varying rules and penalties that occur when two people unintentionally speak the same word or phrase simultaneously. Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Rules ( edit ) A jinx can be initiated when at least two people say any same word or phrase at the same time. One of them then calls `` jinx '' on the other. The game ends when someone speaks the jinxee 's name or the jinxee speaks. In the latter case, the jinxee loses the game, and often a penalty is exacted, typically a punch on the arm. An alternative penalty is the individual who initiates the jinx begins counting, and the individual who was jinxed is required to provide a coke for every additional number added to the count, prior to the jinx ending. In America, if there are two people that say something at the same time, then one person can say `` Jinx, you owe me a coke '' The person who says it first gets a free coke from the other person. Some variations include ' boundaries ', such as no jinxing under a roof or on top of a cloud. See also ( edit ) Games portal Punch buggy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roud, Steve ( 2010 ). The Lore of the Playground : One Hundred Years of Children 's Games, Rhymes & Traditions. Random House UK. p. 379. ISBN 1905211511. Jump up ^ Oremland, Jerome D. ( 1973 ). `` The Jinx game : A ritualized expression of separation - individuation ''. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 28 : 419 -- 431. Retrieved 12 July 2013. Jump up ^ Rapoport, Judith ( 1989 ). Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Amer Psychiatric Pub Incorporated. p. 292. ISBN 0880482826. Jump up ^ Leonard, Henrietta L. ; Goldberger, Erica A. ; Rapoport, Judith L. ; Cheslow, Deborah L. ; Swedo, Susan E. ( 1990 ). `` Childhood Rituals : Normal Development or Obsessive - Compulsive Symptoms? ''. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 29 ( 1 ) : 18. doi : 10.1097 / 00004583 - 199001000 - 00004. External links ( edit ) Barrett, Grant ( April 16, 2008 ). `` Jinx and padiddle ''. The Star. Retrieved July 12, 2013. McSpaden, Cheri ( July 13, 2008 ). `` Even Johnny Depp got jinxed ''. The Holland Sentinel. Retrieved July 12, 2013. December 17, 2006 comic strip from Big Nate in which the characters play a game of Jinx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinx_(children%27s_game)&oldid=812299843 '' Categories : Children 's games Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017, at 04 : 02. About Wikipedia", "title": "Jinx (children's game)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Jinx_(children%27s_game)&amp;oldid=812299843" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Jinx ( Children 's game ) - wikipedia Jinx ( Children 's game ) Jump to : navigation, search Jinx is a children 's game with varying rules and penalties that occur when two people unintentionally speak the same word or phrase simultaneously. Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Rules ( edit ) A jinx can be initiated when at least two people say any same word or phrase at the same time. One of them then calls `` jinx '' on the other. The game ends when someone speaks the jinxee 's name or the jinxee speaks. In the latter case, the jinxee loses the game, and often a penalty is exacted, typically a punch on the arm. An alternative penalty is the individual who initiates the jinx begins counting" ], "id": [ "1592884357335953984" ], "short_answers": [ "Jinx is a children's game with varying rules and penalties that occur when two people unintentionally speak the same word or phrase simultaneously" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Yahoo! Mail - wikipedia Yahoo! Mail Yahoo! Mail Screenshot of the web - based Yahoo Mail client Type of site Webmail Available in Multilingual ( 27 ) Owner Oath Inc. ( Verizon Communications ) Created by Yahoo! Website mail.yahoo.com Alexa rank 142,397 ( July 2017 ) Commercial Yes Registration Required Users 225 million active monthly users ( February 2017 ) Launched October 8, 1997 ; 21 years ago ( 1997 - 10 - 08 ) Current status Online Content license Proprietary Yahoo! Mail is an email service launched in 1997 through the American parent company Yahoo. Yahoo Mail provides four different email plans : three for personal use ( Basic, Plus, and Ad Free ) and another for businesses. By December 2011, Yahoo! Mail had 281 million users, making it the third largest web - based email service in the world. Since 2015 its webmail client also supports managing non-Yahoo e-mail accounts. As many as three web interfaces were available at any given time. The traditional `` Yahoo! Mail Classic '' preserved the availability of their original 1997 interface until July 2013 in North America. A 2005 version included a new Ajax interface, drag - and - drop, improved search, keyboard shortcuts, address auto - completion, and tabs. However, other features were removed, such as column widths and one click delete - move - to - next. In October 2010, Yahoo! released a beta version of Yahoo! Mail, which included improvements to performance, search, and Facebook integration. In May 2011, this became the default interface. Their current Webmail interface was introduced in 2017. Contents 1 History 1.1 1997 Release 1.2 2002 Updates 1.3 Competition 1.4 2004 Updates 1.5 2011 Update 1.6 2013 Updates 1.7 2015 Update 1.8 2017 Update 2 Spam policy 2.1 Filters 2.2 Greylisting 3 Controversy 3.1 Shi Tao arrest 3.2 Username bans 3.3 Exploit 3.4 Phishing attack 3.5 Account theft 3.6 Analytics 4 Platforms 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) 1997 release ( edit ) Yahoo! made a deal with the online communications company Four11 for co-branded white pages. Marvin Gavin, who worked at Four11 as the Director of International Business Development, said `` We always had a bias about being acquired by Yahoo. They were more entrepreneurial than Microsoft. We had a great cultural fit -- it made a lot of sense. '' In the end, Yahoo! acquired Four11 for $96 million. The purpose behind acquiring Four11 was the company 's RocketMail webmail service, which launched in 1997. Yahoo! announced the acquisition on October 8, 1997, close to the time that Yahoo! Mail was launched. Yahoo! chose acquisition rather than internal platform development, because, as Healy said, `` Hotmail was growing at thousands and thousands users per week. We did an analysis. For us to build, it would have taken four to six months, and by then, so many users would have taken an email account. The speed of the market was critical. '' The transition to Yahoo! Mail was not easy for many Rocketmail users. On March 21, 2002, Yahoo! eliminated free software client access and introduced the $29.99 per year Mail Forwarding Service. Mary Osako, a Yahoo! Spokeswoman, told CNET, `` For - pay services on Yahoo!, originally launched in February 1999, have experienced great acceptance from our base of active registered users, and we expect this adoption to continue to grow. '' 2002 updates ( edit ) Yahoo! Mail logo from 2002 During 2002, the Yahoo! network was gradually redesigned. On July 2, the company website was changed, and it was announced that Yahoo! Mail and other services would also be redesigned. Along with this new design, new features were to be implemented, including drop - down menus in DHTML, different category tabs, and a new user - customizable color scheme. Yahoo! Network Services senior vice president Geoff Ralston stated that ( ( quote source = The launch of Yahoo! Mail Plus is part of Yahoo 's strategic initiative to offer premium services that deliver innovative, reliable and relevant services to consumers... In just five years, Yahoo! Mail has grown from one million to tens of millions of users, illustrating how consumers have made email an essential part of their daily lives. Through Yahoo! Mail Plus, Yahoo! continues to demonstrate leadership and innovation by offering consumers the industry 's most complete and powerful email solution. Competition ( edit ) On April 1, 2004, Google announced its Gmail service with 1 GB of storage, however Gmail 's invitation - only accounts kept the other webmail services at the forefront. Most major webmail providers, including Yahoo! Mail, increased their mailbox storage in response. Yahoo! first announced 100 MB of storage for basic accounts and 2 GB of storage for premium users. However, soon Yahoo! Mail increased its free storage quota to 1 GB, before eventually allowing unlimited storage. Yahoo! Mail had free unlimited storage from March 27, 2007 until October 8, 2013. 2004 updates ( edit ) On July 9, 2004, Yahoo! acquired Oddpost, a webmail service which simulated a desktop email client. Oddpost had features such as drag - and - drop support, right - click menus, RSS feeds, a preview pane, and increased speed using email caching to shorten response time. Many of the features were incorporated into an updated Yahoo! Mail service. 2011 update ( edit ) Yahoo! Mail logo from 2009 Screenshot of the 2011 version of Yahoo! Mail On September 17, 2010, Yahoo! showed off a new Mail program to reporters. Codenamed `` Minty '', the 2011 release was announced on September 16, 2010. It included a new interface, enhanced performance, improved Facebook and Twitter integration, the ability to watch YouTube videos straight from email, and improved search. Public beta began on October 26, 2010. In May 2011, the new Yahoo! Mail became the default interface. As the new interface became mandatory for users, some users of Yahoo! Mail reported slow typing speeds, contradicting Yahoo 's claims of faster performance. Yahoo! offered no resolution to the problem as of September 12, 2011. Users also missed the ability to paste textual email addresses into the sender box. The new version disabled the use of the `` secondary '' addresses provided in the previous version. The new interface overrode the browser 's right mouse button ( making functions such as opening mails in new tab windows unavailable ). 2013 updates ( edit ) In 2013, Yahoo redesigned the site and removed several features, such as simultaneously opening multiple emails in tabs, sorting by sender name, and dragging mails to folders. The new email interface was geared to give an improved user - experience for mobile devices, but was criticized for having an inferior desktop interface. Many users objected to the unannounced nature of the changes through an online post asking Yahoo to bring back mail tabs with one hundred thousand voting and nearly ten thousand commenting. The redesign produced a problem that caused an unknown number of users to lose access to their accounts for several weeks. In December 2013, Yahoo Mail suffered a major outage where approximately one million users, one percent of the site 's total users, could not access their emails for several days. Mayer publicly apologized to the site 's users. Yahoo! Mail China officially announced its shutdown on April 18, 2013. Users were warned that all emails, contacts, and account settings would be inaccessible, unless users migrated to the American version of Yahoo! Mail. Individuals who made China Yahoo! Mail accounts during the Alibaba takeover were required to create new accounts under new usernames. In January 2014, an undisclosed number of usernames and passwords were released to hackers, following a security breach that Yahoo believed had occurred through a third - party website. Yahoo contacted affected users and requested that passwords be changed. 2015 update ( edit ) Yahoo updated the mail service with a `` more subtle '' redesign in 2015, as well as improving mobile features, and introducing the Yahoo Account Key, a smartphone - based replacement for password logins. 2017 update ( edit ) On December 23, Yahoo introduced a new Developer update, containing not as many ads as previous versions. Spam policy ( edit ) Yahoo! Mail is often used by spammers to provide a `` remove me '' email address. Often, these addresses are used to verify the recipient 's address, thus opening the door for more spam. Yahoo! does not tolerate this practice and terminates accounts connected with spam - related activities without warning, causing spammers to lose access to any other Yahoo! services connected with their ID under the Terms of Service. Additionally, Yahoo! stresses that its servers are based in California and any spam - related activity which uses its servers could potentially violate that state 's anti-spam laws. In February 2006, Yahoo! announced its decision ( along with AOL ) to give some organizations the option to `` certify '' mail by paying up to one cent for each outgoing message, allowing the mail in question to bypass inbound spam filters. In April 2011, Yahoo! Mail began rejecting spam reports, which involved sending a copy of the spam with full headers by email to Yahoo 's abuse department, offering the use of a form instead. However, the requirement to use a form is prohibited by several Internet RFCs, and the availability of abuse at example.com ( in this case abuse at yahoo.com ) is required by the Invariants clause of RFC 2142, because the domain has a mail server and an MX record. Yahoo 's claim was that its `` standard '' was better than the Internet standards referred to. This is the only working form through which users can report spam or misuse of the Yahoo! email service. Filters ( edit ) See also : Scunthorpe problem In order to prevent abuse, in 2002 Yahoo! Mail activated filters which changed certain words ( that could trigger unwanted Javascript events ) and word fragments into other words. `` mocha '' was changed to `` espresso '', `` expression '' became `` statement '', and `` eval '' ( short for `` evaluation '' ) became `` review ''. This resulted in many unintended corrections, such as `` prreviewent '' ( prevalent ), `` reviewuation '' ( evaluation ) and `` medireview '' ( medieval ). When asked about these changes, Yahoo! explained that the changed words were common terms used in web scripting, and were blacklisted to prevent hackers from sending damaging commands via the program 's HTML function. Starting before February 7, 2006, Yahoo! Mail ended the practice, and began to add an underscore as a prefix to certain suspicious words and word fragments. Greylisting ( edit ) See also : Greylisting Incoming mail to Yahoo! addresses can be subjected to deferred delivery as part of Yahoo 's incoming spam controls. This can delay delivery of mail sent to Yahoo! addresses without the sender or recipients being aware of it. The deferral is typically of short duration, but may extend up to several hours. Yahoo! does not specifically document this policy in detail, although some information is available. Controversy ( edit ) Shi Tao arrest ( edit ) In 2004, Yahoo 's Hong Kong office provided technical information to the Chinese authorities about the account of journalist Shi Tao, who was subsequently sentenced to ten years ' imprisonment for `` leaking state secrets ''. Yahoo! was criticized by Reporters Without Borders for acting as a `` police informant '' to increase its profits. In August 2007, the United States Congress began an investigation into Yahoo 's handling of the case. Yahoo! founder Jerry Yang testified before Congress. On November 6, 2007, the congressional panel criticized Yahoo! for not giving full details to the House Foreign Affairs Committee the previous year, stating it had been `` at best inexcusably negligent '' and at worst `` deceptive ''. Representative Tom Lantos described its executives as moral `` pygmies ''. Yang stated that Yahoo! no longer controlled its Chinese operations, and was collaborating with human rights groups to formulate ethical code for technology companies. In a February 2006 hearing, Yahoo! executives swore that they had received no information about the investigation. Several months later, it was discovered that the document provided to Yahoo! China on April 22, 2004 by the Beijing State Security Bureau stated that `` Your office is in possession of the following items relating to a case of suspected illegal provision of state secrets to foreign entities. '' On November 13, 2007, Yahoo! settled with Shi for an undisclosed sum. Shi was released from prison in September 2013. Username bans ( edit ) On February 20, 2006, it was revealed that Yahoo! Mail was banning the word `` Allah '' in email usernames, both separately and as part of a user name such as linda. callahan. Shortly after the news of the ban, it was lifted on February 23, 2006. Along with this action, Yahoo! also made the following statement : We continuously evaluate abuse patterns in registration usernames to help prevent spam, fraud and other inappropriate behavior. A small number of people registered for IDs using specific terms with the sole purpose of promoting hate, and then used those IDs to post content that was harmful or threatening to others, thus violating Yahoo! 's Terms of Service. ' Allah ' was one word being used for these purposes, with instances tied to defamatory language. We took steps to help protect our users by prohibiting use of the term in Yahoo! usernames. We recently re-evaluated the term ' Allah ' and users can now register for IDs with this word because it is no longer a significant target for abuse. We regularly evaluate this type of activity and will continue to make adjustments to our registration process to help foster a positive customer experience. Exploit ( edit ) In November 2012, an exploit for Yahoo! Mail was sold for $700 by an Egyptian hacker, allowing hijackers to hack Yahoo! Mail user accounts and redirect users to a malicious website. The attack used cross-site scripting which let hackers steal cookies. In January 2013, hacker and security researcher Shahin Ramezany pointed out another DOM - based XSS loophole that placed 400 million users at risk. Phishing attack ( edit ) From 2007, Yahoo! was the email service used by New Zealand Telecom, which came under criticism in early 2013 following a spam and phishing attack that was described as the biggest to have ever hit the country. Telecom and Yahoo! automatically reset `` about 60,000 '' users ' passwords. In April, Telecom announced that despite the issue, it would retain Yahoo! as an email provider. Account theft ( edit ) On October 3, 2017, Yahoo reported that all Yahoo user accounts, approximately 3 billion, were affected by the previously announced August 2013 theft of accounts. This information updates the December 14, 2016, announcement that more than 1 billion user accounts were hacked in a breach that had occurred back in 2013. Earlier that year in September, Yahoo! announced that an additional 500 million user accounts had been breached in 2014. The company was said to have discovered about the breach that affected hundreds of millions of accounts years before their initial announcement. Analytics ( edit ) The contents of Yahoo! Mail messages are scanned for the purposes of targeted advertising, in contrast to its main competitors Gmail and Outlook.com. Platforms ( edit ) The mobile app for Yahoo! Mail can be downloaded from the App Store for iOS, and the Google Play Store for Android. Both versions of the app perform the same function, but are tailored to the mobile device 's operating system. Some characteristics include replying to a message by opening a notification and separately archiving, deleting and starring notifications. It is available in several languages. See also ( edit ) Comparison of webmail providers List of Yahoo! - owned sites and services References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Locations ''. Yahoo!. Retrieved February 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` gmail.com Traffic Statistics ''. Alexa Internet. Retrieved December 30, 2016. Jump up ^ Parez, Sarah ( February 13, 2017 ). `` Yahoo Mail 's mobile app now does Caller ID, syncs photos ''. Tech Crunch. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! Inc. -- Company Timeline ''. Wayback Machine. July 13, 2008. Archived from the original on July 13, 2008. Retrieved July 19, 2016. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Business Email Plans ''. Yahoo!. Retrieved April 5, 2014. Jump up ^ Pickavet, Henry ( July 23, 2014 ). `` Yahoo! Mail ''. TechCrunch. AOL. Jump up ^ Vascellaro, Jessica ( October 31, 2012 ). `` Gmail finally beats Hotmail, according to third - party data ''. Gigaom.com. Retrieved October 3, 2011. Jump up ^ Condliffe, Jamie. `` Yahoo Mail Now Manages Your Entire Gmail Account Too ''. gizmodo.com. Retrieved April 14, 2018. Jump up ^ McDowell, David. `` Yahoo! Mail Beta Was Released October 2010 ''. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! Mail Beta Features ''. Retrieved July 5, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Yahoo! Mail Beta Became Yahoo! Mail in May 2011 ''. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! Completes Four11 Acquisition '' ( Press release ). Yahoo!. October 23, 1997. Archived from the original on July 12, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! Expands Community Services with Free E-mail '' ( Press release ). Yahoo!. October 8, 1997. Archived from the original on July 12, 2007. Jump up ^ Griffin, Gretchen. `` Rocketmail Slowly Gets Grounded ''. Flak Magazine. Jump up ^ Hu, Jim ( March 21, 2002 ). `` Yahoo! tacks fees onto e-mail, storage ''. CNET News. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! unveils home page face - lift ''. ZDNet. July 2, 2002. Archived from the original on June 18, 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! Introduces Yahoo! Mail Plus To Help Consumers Manage Their Growing E-Mail Needs '' ( Press release ). Yahoo!. November 14, 2002. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! Announces `` New and Improved '' Yahoo! Mail, Introduces Major Increase in Storage Space, Makes 50 Million Additional E-Mail Addresses Available '' ( Press release ). Yahoo!. June 15, 2004. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! Begins Public Testing of New Yahoo! Mail '' ( Press release ). Yahoo!. September 14, 2005. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Jump up ^ Mossberg, Walter S. ( August 30, 2007 ). `` Years in the Making, Powerful Yahoo! Yahoo Mail Is Worth the Wait ''. The Wall Street Journal. Jump up ^ `` 2010 new mail program ''. usatoday.com. September 16, 2010. Jump up ^ Srivastava, Kakul. `` Yahoo! Mail Beta Was Announced On... '' Archived from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011. Jump up ^ David, McDowell. `` Yahoo! Mail Beta Includes... '' Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011. Jump up ^ McDowell, David. `` Yahoo! Mail Beta Launched On October 26th 2010... '' Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011. Jump up ^ Blue, Violet. `` Anger explodes at Yahoo! Mail redesign disaster : Key functions removed or broken ''. ZDNet. Retrieved February 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Brett Molina ( October 15, 2013 ). `` Yahoo! email users not happy with redesign ''. Usatoday.com. Retrieved February 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Whitehouse, Kaja ( November 11, 2013 ). `` Yahoo! users gripe over latest email change New York Post ''. Nypost.com. Retrieved January 31, 2014. Jump up ^ Blue, Violet ( December 12, 2013 ). `` Yahoo! forced to acknowledge Yahoo! Mail problems in worst failure yet ''. ZDNet. Retrieved January 31, 2014. Jump up ^ Anderson, Lessley ( December 13, 2013 ). `` Marissa Mayer apologizes for lengthy Yahoo! Mail outage ''. The Verge. Retrieved January 31, 2014. Jump up ^ Murphy, David ( December 14, 2013 ). `` Yahoo! CEO Marissa Mayer Apologizes for Yahoo! Mail Outage News & Opinion ''. PCMag.com. Retrieved January 31, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! CEO Mayer Apologizes For Mail Outage That She Says Affected 1 % Of Users ''. TechCrunch. December 13, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! Mail Outage ''. Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved January 31, 2014. Jump up ^ `` 中国 雅虎 邮箱 于 2013 年 4 月 18 日 启动 整体 迁移 ''. Yahoo.com.cn. Retrieved April 18, 2013. Jump up ^ The China Yahoo! Mail Team. `` China Yahoo! Mail is closing ''. Yahoo!. Retrieved April 18, 2013. Jump up ^ `` China Yahoo! Mail is closing ''. Yahoo!. Retrieved April 18, 2013. Jump up ^ Mark Hachman ( January 30, 2014 ). `` Yahoo! acknowledges Yahoo! Mail hack ''. TechHive. IDG Consumer & SMB. Retrieved February 8, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! Mail gets a redesign, goes `` password - free '' ``. Siliconbeat.com. October 15, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo gives Mail a makeover and introduces Yahoo Mail Pro ''. engadget.com. Retrieved April 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` How do I report Spam? -- Yahoo! Abuse ''. Web.archive.org. August 28, 2007. Archived from the original on August 28, 2007. Retrieved February 5, 2017. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! Terms ''. Info.yahoo.com. Retrieved February 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` AOL, Yahoo! and Goodmail : Taxing Your Email for Fun and Profit Electronic Frontier Foundation ''. Eff.org. Retrieved January 30, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Why am I getting `` 451 Message temporarily deferred '' or `` 421 Message from x.x.x.x temporarily deferred '' errors when sending mail to Yahoo!? ``. Yahoo!. 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2007. Jump up ^ `` As a sender, how can I ensure uninterrupted SMTP access and prioritized delivery? ''. Yahoo!. 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2007. Jump up ^ `` EastSouthWestNorth : The Case of Shi Tao ''. Retrieved January 21, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! ' helped jail China writer ' ''. BBC News. September 7, 2005. Retrieved May 10, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! faces scrutiny in China case ''. MSNBC. Archived from the original on August 17, 2007. Retrieved August 8, 2007. Jump up ^ `` 中文 新聞 頻道 ''. Rthk.org.hk. June 29, 2006. Retrieved January 30, 2012. Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS, US rebukes Yahoo! over China case ''. BBC News. November 6, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2012. Jump up ^ Vindu Goel. `` Yahoo! may be a moral pygmy, but Congress is hardly better ''. MercuryNews.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! chief apologizes to Chinese dissidents ' relatives ''. MercuryNews.com. November 7, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2007. Jump up ^ Tom Lantos ( November 6, 2007 ). `` Statement of Chairman Lantos at hearing, Yahoo! Inc. 's Provision of False Information to Congress ''. Retrieved January 31, 2009. Jump up ^ Oates, John ( February 20, 2006 ). `` Yahoo! Mail bans Allah and Dirty Harry handles ''. The Register. Retrieved June 27, 2007. Jump up ^ Oates, John ( February 26, 2006 ). `` Yahoo! unbans! Allah! ''. The Register. Retrieved June 27, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Hackers Selling Zero - day Exploit of Yahoo! Mail For $700 ''. Retrieved November 29, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! Email - Stealing Exploit Fetches $700 ''. Retrieved November 12, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! Mail hijacking exploit selling for $700 ''. Retrieved November 26, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! Mail Hit By XSS Exploit Putting 400 Million Users At Risk ''. Retrieved January 13, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Telecom rush to fix hack ''. 3 News NZ. February 11, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Telecom defends email reset operation ''. 3 News NZ. February 18, 2013. Telecom is defending a move to cancel the passwords of about 60,000 Yahoo! Xtra customers which left some customers without access to their email accounts. Jump up ^ `` Telecom sticks with Yahoo! email ''. 3 News NZ. April 5, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Exhibit ''. www.sec.gov. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! says 1 Billion User Accounts were hacked ''. The New York Times. December 14, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016. Jump up ^ Fiegerman, Seth ( September 23, 2016 ). `` Yahoo! says 500 million accounts stolen ''. CNN. Retrieved December 15, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo! data breach casts ' cloud ' over Verizon deal ''. The Washington Post. September 22, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016. Jump up ^ MacMillan, Douglas ; Krouse, Sarah ; Hagey, Keach ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ). `` Yahoo, Bucking Industry, Scans Emails for Data to Sell Advertisers ''. Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099 - 9660. Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Yahoo and AOL just gave themselves the right to read your emails ( again ) ''. CNET. 2018 - 04 - 13. Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28. Jump up ^ Schofield, Jack ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ). `` What 's the best email service that does n't scan emails for ad - targeting? ''. the Guardian. Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28. Jump up ^ `` From Tamil to Bengali, Yahoo! Mail android app gets seven new Indian languages -- The Economic Times ''. M.economictimes.com. October 26, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2017. External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yahoo!. Yahoo! Websites Yahoo.com Entertainment Finance News Search Shopping Small Business Sports Lifestyle View Communication Answers Groups Mail Tumblr Software Smart TV Together Development Developer Network Query Language Corporate Verizon Oath Criticism History Products Timeline Acquisitions Related People David Filo Marissa Mayer Jerry Yang Related AOL Altaba Yahoo! China Koprol Maktoob Sport4ever Yahoo7 Yahoo! Japan Yahoo! Korea Yahoo! Xtra Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahoo!_Mail&oldid=866475736 '' Categories : Yahoo! Mail Yahoo! Android ( operating system ) software Computer - related introductions in 1997 Internet properties established in 1997 IOS software Personal information managers Universal Windows Platform apps Webmail Web applications Yahoo! community websites Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced quotes Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Pages using RFC magic links Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bosanski Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Tetun Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 15 : 31 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Yahoo! Mail", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Yahoo!_Mail&amp;oldid=866475736" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "14762841085391248039" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Who 's Making Love - wikipedia Who 's Making Love Jump to : navigation, search `` Who 's Making Love '' Single by Johnnie Taylor from the album Who 's Making Love... STS - 2005 B - side `` I 'm Trying '' Released October 1968 ( 1968 ) Recorded 1968 Genre Memphis soul Length 2 : 47 Label Stax STA - 0009 Songwriter ( s ) Homer Banks Bettye Crutcher Don Davis Raymond Jackson Producer ( s ) Don Davis `` Who 's Making Love '' is a song written by Stax Records staffers Homer Banks, Bettye Crutcher, Don Davis and Raymond Jackson and recorded by singer Johnnie Taylor. Released on the Stax label in the late summer of 1968, it became Taylor 's breakthrough single, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot R&B singles chart and number five on the Billboard Hot 100. It became one of the few singles Taylor would become primarily known for in the mainstream. The song featured the Stax house band, Booker T. & the M.G. 's, and Isaac Hayes ( on keyboards ). It was Taylor 's best - selling single before the release of `` Disco Lady '' almost a decade later. According to Bettye Crutcher, the lyrics were inspired by the 1920s novelty song `` Who Takes Care of the Caretaker 's Daughter ( While the Caretaker 's Busy Taking Care ) ''. Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart positions 2 Cover versions 3 References 4 External links Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 -- 68 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B singles Cover versions ( edit ) Tony Joe White covered the song on his 1968 album Black and White. The Blues Brothers released a cover version as a single in 1980, which reached number 39 on the US charts. Latvian Blues Band released a cover version on their 2013 live album Live at the Dream Factory. Christian McBride included the song in his 2013 album Out Here. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel ( 2004 ). Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004. Record Research. p. 568. Jump up ^ Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A. : The Story of Stax Records, p. 163 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Hey, Western Union Man '' by Jerry Butler Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single November 23, 1968 -- December 7, 1968 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' by Marvin Gaye ( hide ) Johnnie Taylor Songs `` Who 's Making Love '' `` Take Care of Your Homework '' `` Jody 's Got Your Girl and Gone '' `` I Believe in You ( You Believe in Me ) '' `` Disco Lady '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who%27s_Making_Love&oldid=808924661 '' Categories : 1968 singles Johnnie Taylor songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by Homer Banks 1980 singles The Blues Brothers songs Songs written by Raymond Jackson ( songwriter ) Songs written by Don Davis ( record producer ) 1968 songs Stax Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017, at 01 : 55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Who's Making Love", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Who%27s_Making_Love&amp;oldid=808924661" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "1716152697377547752" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. ) competitors - wikipedia List of Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. ) competitors Dancing with the Stars is an American reality television show in which celebrity contestants and professional dance partners compete to be the best dancers, as determined by the show 's judges and public voting. The series first broadcast in the 2005, and twenty - six complete seasons have aired on ABC through Spring 2018. During each season, competitors are progressively eliminated on the basis of public voting and scores received from the judges until only a few contestants remain. These finalists participate in a finale, from which a winner is determined. Celebrities appearing on Dancing with the Stars include `` actors, singers, comedians, musicians, entrepreneurs, athletes, reality stars, journalists, internet personalities, newsmakers, and where - are - they - now personalities ''. As of season 27, 309 celebrities have competed. Seven of those withdrew from the competition : Sara Evans of season three left the show to `` give her family full attention '' after filing for divorce ; Misty May - Treanor of season seven was forced to pull out after an ankle injury ; Tom DeLay of season nine reportedly withdrew `` due to stress fractures in both of his feet '' ; Dorothy Hamill of season sixteen withdrew due to a previous injury that was unrelated to the competition ; Billy Dee Williams of season eighteen quit due to a back injury ; Kim Zolciak - Biermann of season twenty - one was forced to withdraw after suffering a mini-stroke, which although cleared her to dance, prevented her from flying to California from Atlanta ; and Tamar Braxton of season twenty - one withdrew due to pulmonary embolisms in her lungs. At age 14, actress Willow Shields of season twenty was the youngest contestant to compete on the show. At age 82, actress Cloris Leachman of season seven was the oldest contestant to compete on the show. At age 51, singer Donny Osmond of season nine was the oldest contestant to win the competition. At age 16 years, Laurie Hernandez of season twenty - three was the youngest contestant to win. The first ( and, as of now, only ) contestant to pass away after appearing on the show is Florence Henderson of season eleven, who died in November 2016, six years after her participation. Forty - five professional dancers have partnered with the celebrities. The twenty - six winners of the show, in chronological order, are Kelly Monaco, Drew Lachey, Emmitt Smith, Apolo Anton Ohno, Hélio Castroneves, Kristi Yamaguchi, Brooke Burke, Shawn Johnson, Donny Osmond, Nicole Scherzinger, Jennifer Grey, Hines Ward, J.R. Martinez, Donald Driver, Melissa Rycroft, Kellie Pickler, Amber Riley, Meryl Davis, Alfonso Ribeiro, Rumer Willis, Bindi Irwin, Nyle DiMarco, Laurie Hernandez, Rashad Jennings, Jordan Fisher and Adam Rippon. The fifteen professional partners who have won are Alec Mazo, Cheryl Burke ( twice ), Julianne Hough ( twice ), Mark Ballas ( twice ), Derek Hough ( six times ), Kym Johnson ( twice ), Karina Smirnoff, Peta Murgatroyd ( twice ), Tony Dovolani, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Witney Carson, Valentin Chmerkovskiy ( twice ), Emma Slater, Lindsay Arnold and Jenna Johnson. Competitors ( edit ) In the following list, the winner of each season is shown in gold, second place in silver and third place in bronze. Contents Season : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Jr. Drew Lachey, winner of season 2 Emmitt Smith, winner of season 3 Apolo Anton Ohno, winner of season 4 Hélio Castroneves, winner of season 5 Kristi Yamaguchi, winner of season 6 Brooke Burke Charvet, winner of season 7 Shawn Johnson, winner of season 8 and runner - up of season 15 Donny Osmond, winner of season 9 Nicole Scherzinger, winner of season 10 Jennifer Grey, winner of season 11 Hines Ward, winner of season 12 J.R. Martinez, winner of season 13 Donald Driver, winner of season 14 Kellie Pickler, winner of season 16 Amber Riley, winner of season 17 Meryl Davis ( winner ) and Charlie White ( 5th place ) from season 18 Alfonso Ribeiro, winner of season 19 Rumer Willis, winner of season 20 Bindi Irwin, winner of season 21 Nyle DiMarco, winner of season 22 Laurie Hernandez, winner of season 23 Rashad Jennings, winner of season 24 Jordan Fisher, winner of season 25 and host of Dancing with the Stars : Juniors Adam Rippon, winner of season 26 Season Celebrity Professional partner Finish Trista Sutter Louis van Amstel 6th Evander Holyfield Edyta Śliwińska 5th Rachel Hunter Jonathan Roberts 4th Joey McIntyre Ashly DelGrosso 3rd John O'Hurley Charlotte Jørgensen 2nd Kelly Monaco Alec Mazo 1st Kenny Mayne Andrea Hale 10th Tatum O'Neal Nick Kosovich 9th Giselle Fernandez Jonathan Roberts 8th Master P Ashly DelGrosso 7th Tia Carrere Maksim Chmerkovskiy 6th George Hamilton Edyta Śliwińska 5th Lisa Rinna Louis van Amstel 4th Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 3rd Jerry Rice Anna Trebunskaya 2nd Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 1st Tucker Carlson Elena Grinenko 11th Shanna Moakler Jesse DeSoto 10th Harry Hamlin Ashly DelGrosso 9th Vivica A. Fox Nick Kosovich 8th Willa Ford Maksim Chmerkovskiy 7th Sara Evans Tony Dovolani 6th * Jerry Springer Kym Johnson 5th Monique Coleman Louis van Amstel 4th Joey Lawrence Edyta Śliwińska 3rd Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 2nd Emmitt Smith Cheryl Burke 1st Paulina Porizkova Alec Mazo 11th Shandi Finnessey Brian Fortuna 10th Leeza Gibbons Tony Dovolani 9th Clyde Drexler Elena Grinenko 8th Heather Mills Jonathan Roberts 7th John Ratzenberger Edyta Śliwińska 6th Billy Ray Cyrus Karina Smirnoff 5th Ian Ziering Cheryl Burke 4th Laila Ali Maksim Chmerkovskiy 3rd Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 2nd Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 1st 5 Josie Maran Alec Mazo 12th Albert Reed Anna Trebunskaya 11th Wayne Newton Cheryl Burke 10th Floyd Mayweather Karina Smirnoff 9th Mark Cuban Kym Johnson 8th Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 7th Jane Seymour Tony Dovolani 6th Cameron Mathison Edyta Śliwińska 5th Jennie Garth Derek Hough 4th Marie Osmond Jonathan Roberts 3rd Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 2nd Hélio Castroneves Julianne Hough 1st 6 Penn Jillette Kym Johnson 12th Monica Seles Jonathan Roberts 11th Steve Guttenberg Anna Trebunskaya 10th Adam Carolla Julianne Hough 9th Priscilla Presley Louis van Amstel 8th Marlee Matlin Fabian Sanchez 7th Shannon Elizabeth Derek Hough 6th Mario Karina Smirnoff 5th Marissa Jaret Winokur Tony Dovolani 4th Cristián de la Fuente Cheryl Burke 3rd Jason Taylor Edyta Śliwińska 2nd Kristi Yamaguchi Mark Ballas 1st 7 Jeffrey Ross Edyta Śliwińska 13th Ted McGinley Inna Brayer 12th Kim Kardashian Mark Ballas 11th Misty May - Treanor Maksim Chmerkovskiy 10th * Rocco DiSpirito Karina Smirnoff 9th Toni Braxton Alec Mazo 8th Cloris Leachman Corky Ballas 7th Susan Lucci Tony Dovolani 6th Maurice Greene Cheryl Burke 5th Cody Linley Julianne Hough 4th Lance Bass Lacey Schwimmer 3rd Warren Sapp Kym Johnson 2nd Brooke Burke Derek Hough 1st 8 Belinda Carlisle Jonathan Roberts 13th Denise Richards Maksim Chmerkovskiy 12th Holly Madison Dmitry Chaplin 11th Steve Wozniak Karina Smirnoff 10th David Alan Grier Kym Johnson 9th Steve - O Lacey Schwimmer 8th Lawrence Taylor Edyta Śliwińska 7th Chuck Wicks Julianne Hough 6th Lil ' Kim Derek Hough 5th Ty Murray Chelsie Hightower 4th Melissa Rycroft Tony Dovolani 3rd Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 2nd Shawn Johnson Mark Ballas 1st 9 Ashley Hamilton Edyta Śliwińska 16th Macy Gray Jonathan Roberts 15th Kathy Ireland Tony Dovolani 14th Tom DeLay Cheryl Burke 13th * Debi Mazar Maksim Chmerkovskiy 12th Chuck Liddell Anna Trebunskaya 11th Natalie Coughlin Alec Mazo 10th Melissa Joan Hart Mark Ballas 9th Louie Vito Chelsie Hightower 8th Michael Irvin Anna Demidova 7th Mark Dacascos Lacey Schwimmer 6th Aaron Carter Karina Smirnoff 5th Joanna Krupa Derek Hough 4th Kelly Osbourne Louis van Amstel 3rd Mýa Dmitry Chaplin 2nd Donny Osmond Kym Johnson 1st 10 Shannen Doherty Mark Ballas 11th Buzz Aldrin Ashly DelGrosso - Costa 10th Aiden Turner Edyta Śliwińska 9th Kate Gosselin Tony Dovolani 8th Jake Pavelka Chelsie Hightower 7th Pamela Anderson Damian Whitewood 6th Niecy Nash Louis van Amstel 5th Chad Ochocinco Cheryl Burke 4th Erin Andrews Maksim Chmerkovskiy 3rd Evan Lysacek Anna Trebunskaya 2nd Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 1st 11 David Hasselhoff Kym Johnson 12th Michael Bolton Chelsie Hightower 11th Margaret Cho Louis van Amstel 10th Michael `` The Situation '' Sorrentino Karina Smirnoff 9th Florence Henderson Corky Ballas 8th Audrina Patridge Tony Dovolani 7th Rick Fox Cheryl Burke 6th Kurt Warner Anna Trebunskaya 5th Brandy Maksim Chmerkovskiy 4th Bristol Palin Mark Ballas 3rd Kyle Massey Lacey Schwimmer 2nd Jennifer Grey Derek Hough 1st 12 Mike Catherwood Lacey Schwimmer 11th Wendy Williams Tony Dovolani 10th Sugar Ray Leonard Anna Trebunskaya 9th Petra Nemcova Dmitry Chaplin 8th Chris Jericho Cheryl Burke 7th Kendra Wilkinson Louis van Amstel 6th Romeo Chelsie Hightower 5th Ralph Macchio Karina Smirnoff 4th Chelsea Kane Mark Ballas 3rd Kirstie Alley Maksim Chmerkovskiy 2nd Hines Ward Kym Johnson 1st 13 Metta World Peace Peta Murgatroyd 12th Elisabetta Canalis Valentin Chmerkovskiy 11th Kristin Cavallari Mark Ballas 10th Chynna Phillips Tony Dovolani 9th Carson Kressley Anna Trebunskaya 8th Chaz Bono Lacey Schwimmer 7th David Arquette Kym Johnson 6th Nancy Grace Tristan MacManus 5th Hope Solo Maksim Chmerkovskiy 4th Ricki Lake Derek Hough 3rd Rob Kardashian Cheryl Burke 2nd J.R. Martinez Karina Smirnoff 1st 14 Martina Navratilova Tony Dovolani 12th Jack Wagner Anna Trebunskaya 11th Sherri Shepherd Valentin Chmerkovskiy 10th Gavin DeGraw Karina Smirnoff 9th Gladys Knight Tristan MacManus 8th Jaleel White Kym Johnson 7th Roshon Fegan Chelsie Hightower 6th Melissa Gilbert Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5th Maria Menounos Derek Hough 4th William Levy Cheryl Burke 3rd Katherine Jenkins Mark Ballas 2nd Donald Driver Peta Murgatroyd 1st 15 ( All - Stars ) Pamela Anderson Tristan MacManus 13th Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 12th Drew Lachey Anna Trebunskaya 11th Hélio Castroneves Chelsie Hightower 10th Bristol Palin Mark Ballas 9th Sabrina Bryan Louis van Amstel 8th Kirstie Alley Maksim Chmerkovskiy 7th Gilles Marini Peta Murgatroyd 6th Apolo Anton Ohno Karina Smirnoff 5th Emmitt Smith Cheryl Burke 4th Kelly Monaco Valentin Chmerkovskiy 3rd Shawn Johnson Derek Hough 2nd Melissa Rycroft Tony Dovolani 1st 16 Dorothy Hamill Tristan MacManus 12th * Wynonna Judd Tony Dovolani 11th Lisa Vanderpump Gleb Savchenko 10th D.L. Hughley Cheryl Burke 9th Victor Ortiz Lindsay Arnold 8th Andy Dick Sharna Burgess 7th Sean Lowe Peta Murgatroyd 6th Ingo Rademacher Kym Johnson 5th Alexandra Raisman Mark Ballas 4th Jacoby Jones Karina Smirnoff 3rd Zendaya Valentin Chmerkovskiy 2nd Kellie Pickler Derek Hough 1st 17 Keyshawn Johnson Sharna Burgess 12th Bill Nye Tyne Stecklein 11th Valerie Harper Tristan MacManus 10th Christina Milian Mark Ballas 9th Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi Sasha Farber 8th Brant Daugherty Peta Murgatroyd 7th Elizabeth Berkley - Lauren Valentin Chmerkovskiy 6th Leah Remini Tony Dovolani 5th Bill Engvall Emma Slater 4th Jack Osbourne Cheryl Burke 3rd Corbin Bleu Karina Smirnoff 2nd Amber Riley Derek Hough 1st 18 Diana Nyad Henry Byalikov 12th Sean Avery Karina Smirnoff 11th Billy Dee Williams Emma Slater 10th * Cody Simpson Witney Carson 9th Drew Carey Cheryl Burke 8th NeNe Leakes Tony Dovolani 7th Danica McKellar Valentin Chmerkovskiy 6th Charlie White Sharna Burgess 5th James Maslow Peta Murgatroyd 4th Candace Cameron Bure Mark Ballas 3rd Amy Purdy Derek Hough 2nd Meryl Davis Maksim Chmerkovskiy 1st 19 Lolo Jones Keo Motsepe 13th Tavis Smiley Sharna Burgess 12th Randy Couture Karina Smirnoff 11th Betsey Johnson Tony Dovolani 10th Jonathan Bennett Allison Holker 9th Antonio Sabàto, Jr. Cheryl Burke 8th Michael Waltrip Emma Slater 7th Lea Thompson Artem Chigvintsev 6th Tommy Chong Peta Murgatroyd 5th Bethany Mota Derek Hough 4th Janel Parrish Valentin Chmerkovskiy 3rd Sadie Robertson Mark Ballas 2nd Alfonso Ribeiro Witney Carson 1st 20 Redfoo Emma Slater 12th Charlotte McKinney Keo Motsepe 11th Michael Sam Peta Murgatroyd 10th Suzanne Somers Tony Dovolani 9th Patti LaBelle Artem Chigvintsev 8th Willow Shields Mark Ballas 7th Robert Herjavec Kym Johnson 6th Chris Soules Witney Carson 5th Nastia Liukin Derek Hough 4th Noah Galloway Sharna Burgess 3rd Riker Lynch Allison Holker 2nd Rumer Willis Valentin Chmerkovskiy 1st 21 Chaka Khan Keo Motsepe 13th Victor Espinoza Karina Smirnoff 12th Kim Zolciak - Biermann Tony Dovolani 11th * Gary Busey Anna Trebunskaya 10th Paula Deen Louis van Amstel 9th Hayes Grier Emma Slater 8th Andy Grammer Allison Holker 7th Alexa PenaVega Mark Ballas 6th Tamar Braxton Valentin Chmerkovskiy 5th * Carlos PenaVega Witney Carson 4th Alek Skarlatos Lindsay Arnold 3rd Nick Carter Sharna Burgess 2nd Bindi Irwin Derek Hough 1st 22 Geraldo Rivera Edyta Śliwińska 12th Mischa Barton Artem Chigvintsev 11th Marla Maples Tony Dovolani 10th Doug Flutie Karina Smirnoff 9th Kim Fields Sasha Farber 7th Von Miller Witney Carson Jodie Sweetin Keo Motsepe 6th Antonio Brown Sharna Burgess 4th Wanyá Morris Lindsay Arnold Ginger Zee Valentin Chmerkovskiy 3rd Paige VanZant Mark Ballas 2nd Nyle DiMarco Peta Murgatroyd 1st 23 Jake T. Austin Jenna Johnson 13th Rick Perry Emma Slater 12th Kenny `` Babyface '' Edmonds Allison Holker 11th Vanilla Ice Witney Carson 10th Amber Rose Maksim Chmerkovskiy 9th Maureen McCormick Artem Chigvintsev 8th Ryan Lochte Cheryl Burke 7th Marilu Henner Derek Hough 6th Terra Jolé Sasha Farber 5th Jana Kramer Gleb Savchenko 4th Calvin Johnson, Jr. Lindsay Arnold 3rd James Hinchcliffe Sharna Burgess 2nd Laurie Hernandez Valentin Chmerkovskiy 1st 24 Chris Kattan Witney Carson 12th Charo Keo Motsepe 11th Mr. T Kym Johnson - Herjavec 10th Erika Jayne Gleb Savchenko 9th Heather Morris Maksim Chmerkovskiy 8th Nancy Kerrigan Artem Chigvintsev 6th Nick Viall Peta Murgatroyd Bonner Bolton Sharna Burgess 5th Simone Biles Sasha Farber 4th Normani Kordei Valentin Chmerkovskiy 3rd David Ross Lindsay Arnold 2nd Rashad Jennings Emma Slater 1st 25 Barbara Corcoran Keo Motsepe 13th Debbie Gibson Alan Bersten 12th Derek Fisher Sharna Burgess 11th Sasha Pieterse Gleb Savchenko 10th Nick Lachey Peta Murgatroyd 9th Nikki Bella Artem Chigvintsev 7th Vanessa Lachey Maksim Chmerkovskiy Terrell Owens Cheryl Burke 6th Victoria Arlen Valentin Chmerkovskiy 5th Drew Scott Emma Slater 4th Frankie Muniz Witney Carson 3rd Lindsey Stirling Mark Ballas 2nd Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold 1st 26 ( Athletes ) Jamie Anderson Artem Chigvintsev 9th Johnny Damon Emma Slater Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Lindsay Arnold 7th Arike Ogunbowale Gleb Savchenko Jennie Finch Daigle Keo Motsepe 4th Chris Mazdzer Witney Carson Mirai Nagasu Alan Bersten Tonya Harding Sasha Farber 3rd Josh Norman Sharna Burgess 2nd Adam Rippon Jenna Johnson 1st 27 Nikki Glaser Gleb Savchenko 13th Danelle Umstead Artem Chigvintsev 12th Nancy McKeon Valentin Chmerkovskiy 11th Tinashe Brandon Armstrong 10th Mary Lou Retton Sasha Farber 9th Joe Amabile Jenna Johnson TBD Bobby Bones Sharna Burgess TBD Juan Pablo Di Pace Cheryl Burke TBD Evanna Lynch Keo Motsepe TBD Milo Manheim Witney Carson TBD Alexis Ren Alan Bersten TBD John Schneider Emma Slater TBD DeMarcus Ware Lindsay Arnold TBD Juniors Tripp Johnston Palin Hailey Bills 11th Addison Osta Smith Lev Khmelev Hudson West Kameron Couch 10th Sophia Pippen Jake Monreal 9th Alana `` Honey Boo Boo '' Thompson Tristan Ianiero 8th Miles Brown Rylee Arnold TBD Sky Brown JT Church TBD Ariana Greenblatt Artyon Celestine TBD Jason Maybaum Elliana Walmsley TBD Mandla Morris Brightyn Brems TBD Akash Vukoti Kamri Peterson TBD Mackenzie Ziegler Sage Rosen TBD * Indicates contestant withdrew from competition for personal / health reasons. Indicates contestant died after competing. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voting -- How It Works ''. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2009. Jump up ^ Weber, Joseph ( August 17, 2009 ). `` Tom DeLay joins ' Dancing With the Stars ' ''. The Washington Times. News World Communications. Retrieved October 24, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Divorce Forces Sara Evans to Quit ' Dancing with the Stars ' ''. Fox News Channel. October 13, 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Reardanz, Karen ( October 8, 2008 ). `` Misty May - Treanor Has Surgery for Dance Injury ''. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Rizzo, Monica ( October 6, 2009 ). `` Tom DeLay to Quit Dancing with the Stars ''. People. Time Inc. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Gorman, Steve ( August 25, 2008 ). `` Cloris Leachman, 82, joins `` Dancing with Stars '' ``. Reuters. Retrieved October 24, 2009. Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With The Stars ' crowns a winner ''. USA Today. Gannett Company. November 24, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2009. References ( edit ) `` Dancing With The Stars ''. American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved October 24, 2009. `` '' Dancing With The Stars '' Timeline ``. CBS. May 19, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009. Lee, Allyssa ( March 1, 2010 ). `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' : The Season 10 cast is revealed! ''. Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved March 7, 2010. Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 : All - Stars 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 : Athletes 27 Juniors Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Adam Rippon Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Jenna Johnson Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S.)_competitors&oldid=866395353 '' Categories : Lists of 21st - century people Lists of reality show participants Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 02 : 07 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Dancing with the Stars (U.S.) competitors", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S.)_competitors&amp;oldid=866395353" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "3609815720508269358" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Equations of motion - wikipedia Equations of motion Jump to : navigation, search Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \\ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( show ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy In mathematical physics, equations of motion are equations that describe the behaviour of a physical system in terms of its motion as a function of time. More specifically, the equations of motion describe the behaviour of a physical system as a set of mathematical functions in terms of dynamic variables : normally spatial coordinates and time are used, but others are also possible, such as momentum components and time. The most general choice are generalized coordinates which can be any convenient variables characteristic of the physical system. The functions are defined in a Euclidean space in classical mechanics, but are replaced by curved spaces in relativity. If the dynamics of a system is known, the equations are the solutions to the differential equations describing the motion of the dynamics. There are two main descriptions of motion : dynamics and kinematics. Dynamics is general, since momenta, forces and energy of the particles are taken into account. In this instance, sometimes the term refers to the differential equations that the system satisfies ( e.g., Newton 's second law or Euler -- Lagrange equations ), and sometimes to the solutions to those equations. However, kinematics is simpler as it concerns only variables derived from the positions of objects, and time. In circumstances of constant acceleration, these simpler equations of motion are usually referred to as the SUVAT equations, arising from the definitions of kinematic quantities : displacement ( s ), initial velocity ( u ), final velocity ( v ), acceleration ( a ), and time ( t ). Equations of motion can therefore be grouped under these main classifiers of motion. In all cases, the main types of motion are translations, rotations, oscillations, or any combinations of these. A differential equation of motion, usually identified as some physical law and applying definitions of physical quantities, is used to set up an equation for the problem. Solving the differential equation will lead to a general solution with arbitrary constants, the arbitrariness corresponding to a family of solutions. A particular solution can be obtained by setting the initial values, which fixes the values of the constants. To state this formally, in general an equation of motion M is a function of the position r of the object, its velocity ( the first time derivative of r, v = dr / dt ), and its acceleration ( the second derivative of r, a = d r / dt ), and time t. Euclidean vectors in 3D are denoted throughout in bold. This is equivalent to saying an equation of motion in r is a second order ordinary differential equation ( ODE ) in r, M ( r ( t ), r ̇ ( t ), r ̈ ( t ), t ) = 0, ( \\ displaystyle M \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ( t ), \\ mathbf ( \\ dot ( r ) ) ( t ), \\ mathbf ( \\ ddot ( r ) ) ( t ), t \\ right ) = 0 \\,, ) where t is time, and each overdot denotes one time derivative. The initial conditions are given by the constant values at t = 0, r ( 0 ), r ̇ ( 0 ). ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( r ) ( 0 ) \\,, \\ quad \\ mathbf ( \\ dot ( r ) ) ( 0 ) \\,. ) The solution r ( t ) to the equation of motion, with specified initial values, describes the system for all times t after t = 0. Other dynamical variables like the momentum p of the object, or quantities derived from r and p like angular momentum, can be used in place of r as the quantity to solve for from some equation of motion, although the position of the object at time t is by far the most sought - after quantity. Sometimes, the equation will be linear and is more likely to be exactly solvable. In general, the equation will be non-linear, and can not be solved exactly so a variety of approximations must be used. The solutions to nonlinear equations may show chaotic behavior depending on how sensitive the system is to the initial conditions. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Kinematic equations for one particle 2.1 Kinematic quantities 2.2 Uniform acceleration 2.2. 1 Constant translational acceleration in a straight line 2.2. 2 Constant linear acceleration in any direction 2.2. 3 Applications 2.2. 4 Constant circular acceleration 2.3 General planar motion 2.4 General 3D motion 3 Dynamic equations of motion 3.1 Newtonian mechanics 3.2 Applications 4 Analytical mechanics 5 Electrodynamics 6 General relativity 6.1 Geodesic equation of motion 6.2 Spinning objects 7 Analogues for waves and fields 7.1 Field equations 7.2 Wave equations 7.3 Quantum theory 8 See also 9 References History ( edit ) Historically, equations of motion first appeared in classical mechanics to describe the motion of massive objects, a notable application was to celestial mechanics to predict the motion of the planets as if they orbit like clockwork ( this was how Neptune was predicted before its discovery ), and also investigate the stability of the solar system. It is important to observe that the huge body of work involving kinematics, dynamics and the mathematical models of the universe developed in baby steps -- faltering, getting up and correcting itself -- over three millennia and included contributions of both known names and others who have since faded from the annals of history. In antiquity, notwithstanding the success of priests, astrologers and astronomers in predicting solar and lunar eclipses, the solstices and the equinoxes of the Sun and the period of the Moon, there was nothing other than a set of algorithms to help them. Despite the great strides made in the development of geometry made by Ancient Greeks and surveys in Rome, we were to wait for another thousand years before the first equations of motion arrive. The exposure of Europe to the collected works by the Muslims of the Greeks, the Indians and the Islamic scholars, such as Euclid 's Elements, the works of Archimedes, and Al - Khwārizmī 's treatises began in Spain, and scholars from all over Europe went to Spain, read, copied and translated the learning into Latin. The exposure of Europe to Arabic numerals and their ease in computations encouraged first the scholars to learn them and then the merchants and invigorated the spread of knowledge throughout Europe. By the 13th century the universities of Oxford and Paris had come up, and the scholars were now studying mathematics and philosophy with lesser worries about mundane chores of life -- the fields were not as clearly demarcated as they are in the modern times. Of these, compendia and redactions, such as those of Johannes Campanus, of Euclid and Aristotle, confronted scholars with ideas about infinity and the ratio theory of elements as a means of expressing relations between various quantities involved with moving bodies. These studies led to a new body of knowledge that is now known as physics. Of these institutes Merton College sheltered a group of scholars devoted to natural science, mainly physics, astronomy and mathematics, of similar in stature to the intellectuals at the University of Paris. Thomas Bradwardine, one of those scholars, extended Aristotelian quantities such as distance and velocity, and assigned intensity and extension to them. Bradwardine suggested an exponential law involving force, resistance, distance, velocity and time. Nicholas Oresme further extended Bradwardine 's arguments. The Merton school proved that the quantity of motion of a body undergoing a uniformly accelerated motion is equal to the quantity of a uniform motion at the speed achieved halfway through the accelerated motion. For writers on kinematics before Galileo, since small time intervals could not be measured, the affinity between time and motion was obscure. They used time as a function of distance, and in free fall, greater velocity as a result of greater elevation. Only Domingo de Soto, a Spanish theologian, in his commentary on Aristotle 's Physics published in 1545, after defining `` uniform difform '' motion ( which is uniformly accelerated motion ) -- the word velocity was n't used -- as proportional to time, declared correctly that this kind of motion was identifiable with freely falling bodies and projectiles, without his proving these propositions or suggesting a formula relating time, velocity and distance. De Soto 's comments are shockingly correct regarding the definitions of acceleration ( acceleration was a rate of change of motion ( velocity ) in time ) and the observation that during the violent motion of ascent acceleration would be negative. Discourses such as these spread throughout Europe and definitely influenced Galileo and others, and helped in laying the foundation of kinematics. Galileo deduced the equation s = 1 / 2gt in his work geometrically, using the Merton rule, now known as a special case of one of the equations of kinematics. He could n't use the now - familiar mathematical reasoning. The relationships between speed, distance, time and acceleration was not known at the time. Galileo was the first to show that the path of a projectile is a parabola. Galileo had an understanding of centrifugal force and gave a correct definition of momentum. This emphasis of momentum as a fundamental quantity in dynamics is of prime importance. He measured momentum by the product of velocity and weight ; mass is a later concept, developed by Huygens and Newton. In the swinging of a simple pendulum, Galileo says in Discourses that `` every momentum acquired in the descent along an arc is equal to that which causes the same moving body to ascend through the same arc. '' His analysis on projectiles indicates that Galileo had grasped the first law and the second law of motion. He did not generalize and make them applicable to bodies not subject to the earth 's gravitation. That step was Newton 's contribution. The term `` inertia '' was used by Kepler who applied it to bodies at rest. ( The first law of motion is now often called the law of inertia. ) Galileo did not fully grasp the third law of motion, the law of the equality of action and reaction, though he corrected some errors of Aristotle. With Stevin and others Galileo also wrote on statics. He formulated the principle of the parallelogram of forces, but he did not fully recognize its scope. Galileo also was interested by the laws of the pendulum, his first observations was when he was a young man. In 1583, while he was praying in the cathedral at Pisa, his attention was arrested by the motion of the great lamp lighted and left swinging, referencing his own pulse for time keeping. To him the period appeared the same, even after the motion had greatly diminished, discovering the isochronism of the pendulum. More careful experiments carried out by him later, and described in his Discourses, revealed the period of oscillation varies with the square root of length but is independent of the mass the pendulum. Thus we arrive at René Descartes, Isaac Newton, Gottfried Leibniz, et al. ; and the evolved forms of the equations of motion that begin to be recognized as the modern ones. Later the equations of motion also appeared in electrodynamics, when describing the motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields, the Lorentz force is the general equation which serves as the definition of what is meant by an electric field and magnetic field. With the advent of special relativity and general relativity, the theoretical modifications to spacetime meant the classical equations of motion were also modified to account for the finite speed of light, and curvature of spacetime. In all these cases the differential equations were in terms of a function describing the particle 's trajectory in terms of space and time coordinates, as influenced by forces or energy transformations. However, the equations of quantum mechanics can also be considered `` equations of motion '', since they are differential equations of the wavefunction, which describes how a quantum state behaves analogously using the space and time coordinates of the particles. There are analogs of equations of motion in other areas of physics, for collections of physical phenomena that can be considered waves, fluids, or fields. Kinematic equations for one particle ( edit ) Kinematic quantities ( edit ) Kinematic quantities of a classical particle of mass m : position r, velocity v, acceleration a. From the instantaneous position r = r ( t ), instantaneous meaning at an instant value of time t, the instantaneous velocity v = v ( t ) and acceleration a = a ( t ) have the general, coordinate - independent definitions ; v = d r d t, a = d v d t = d 2 r d t 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( v ) = ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( r ) ) ( dt ) ) \\,, \\ quad \\ mathbf ( a ) = ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \\ mathbf ( r ) ) ( dt ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\, \\! ) Notice that velocity always points in the direction of motion, in other words for a curved path it is the tangent vector. Loosely speaking, first order derivatives are related to tangents of curves. Still for curved paths, the acceleration is directed towards the center of curvature of the path. Again, loosely speaking, second order derivatives are related to curvature. The rotational analogues are the `` angular vector '' ( angle the particle rotates about some axis ) θ = θ ( t ), angular velocity ω = ω ( t ), and angular acceleration α = α ( t ) : θ = θ n ^, ω = d θ d t, α = d ω d t, ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ theta ) ) = \\ theta ( \\ hat ( \\ mathbf ( n ) ) ) \\,, \\ quad ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ omega ) ) = ( \\ frac ( d ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ theta ) ) ) ( dt ) ) \\,, \\ quad ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ alpha ) ) = ( \\ frac ( d ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ omega ) ) ) ( dt ) ) \\,, ) where n̂ is a unit vector in the direction of the axis of rotation, and θ is the angle the object turns through about the axis. The following relation holds for a point - like particle, orbiting about some axis with angular velocity ω : v = ω × r ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( v ) = ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ omega ) ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( r ) \\, \\! ) where r is the position vector of the particle ( radial from the rotation axis ) and v the tangential velocity of the particle. For a rotating continuum rigid body, these relations hold for each point in the rigid body. Uniform acceleration ( edit ) The differential equation of motion for a particle of constant or uniform acceleration in a straight line is simple : the acceleration is constant, so the second derivative of the position of the object is constant. The results of this case are summarized below. Constant translational acceleration in a straight line ( edit ) These equations apply to a particle moving linearly, in three dimensions in a straight line with constant acceleration. Since the position, velocity, and acceleration are collinear ( parallel, and lie on the same line ) -- only the magnitudes of these vectors are necessary, and because the motion is along a straight line, the problem effectively reduces from three dimensions to one. v = a t + v 0 ( 1 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) v& = at + v_ ( 0 ) \\ quad ( 1 ) \\ \\ \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) r = r 0 + v 0 t + 1 2 a t 2 ( 2 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) r& = r_ ( 0 ) + v_ ( 0 ) t+ ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( a ) t ^ ( 2 ) \\ quad ( 2 ) \\ \\ \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) r = r 0 + 1 2 ( v + v 0 ) t ( 3 ) v 2 = v 0 2 + 2 a ( r − r 0 ) ( 4 ) r = r 0 + v t − 1 2 a t 2 ( 5 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) r& = r_ ( 0 ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ left ( v + v_ ( 0 ) \\ right ) t \\ quad ( 3 ) \\ \\ v ^ ( 2 ) & = v_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2a \\ left ( r - r_ ( 0 ) \\ right ) \\ quad ( 4 ) \\ \\ r& = r_ ( 0 ) + vt - ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( a ) t ^ ( 2 ) \\ quad ( 5 ) \\ \\ \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) where : r is the particle 's initial position r is the particle 's final position v is the particle 's initial velocity v is the particle 's final velocity a is the particle 's acceleration t is the time interval ( show ) Derivation Equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) are from integrating the definitions of velocity and acceleration, subject to the initial conditions r ( t ) = r and v ( t ) = v ; v = ∫ a d t = a t + v 0, ( 1 ) r = ∫ ( a t + v 0 ) d t = a t 2 2 + v 0 t + r 0, ( 2 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) \\ mathbf ( v ) & = \\ int \\ mathbf ( a ) dt = \\ mathbf ( a ) t+ \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) \\,, \\ quad ( 1 ) \\ \\ \\ mathbf ( r ) & = \\ int ( \\ mathbf ( a ) t+ \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) ) dt = ( \\ frac ( \\ mathbf ( a ) t ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) + \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) t+ \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 0 ) \\,, \\ quad ( 2 ) \\ \\ \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) in magnitudes, v = a t + v 0, ( 1 ) r = a t 2 2 + v 0 t + r 0. ( 2 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) v& = at + v_ ( 0 ) \\,, \\ quad ( 1 ) \\ \\ r& = ( \\ frac ( ( a ) t ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) + v_ ( 0 ) t + r_ ( 0 ) \\,. \\ quad ( 2 ) \\ \\ \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) Equation ( 3 ) involves the average velocity v + v / 2. Intuitively, the velocity increases linearly, so the average velocity multiplied by time is the distance traveled while increasing the velocity from v to v, as can be illustrated graphically by plotting velocity against time as a straight line graph. Algebraically, it follows from solving ( 1 ) for a = ( v − v 0 ) t ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( a ) = ( \\ frac ( ( \\ mathbf ( v ) - \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( t ) ) ) and substituting into ( 2 ) r = r 0 + v 0 t + t 2 ( v − v 0 ), ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( r ) = \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 0 ) + \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) t+ ( \\ frac ( t ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ mathbf ( v ) - \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) ) \\,, ) then simplifying to get r = r 0 + t 2 ( v + v 0 ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( r ) = \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 0 ) + ( \\ frac ( t ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ mathbf ( v ) + \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) ) ) or in magnitudes r = r 0 + ( v + v 0 2 ) t ( 3 ) ( \\ displaystyle r = r_ ( 0 ) + \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( v + v_ ( 0 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \\ right ) t \\ quad ( 3 ) ) From ( 3 ), t = ( r − r 0 ) ( 2 v + v 0 ) ( \\ displaystyle t = \\ left ( r - r_ ( 0 ) \\ right ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 2 ) ( v + v_ ( 0 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) substituting for t in ( 1 ) : v = a ( r − r 0 ) ( 2 v + v 0 ) + v 0 v ( v + v 0 ) = 2 a ( r − r 0 ) + v 0 ( v + v 0 ) v 2 + v v 0 = 2 a ( r − r 0 ) + v 0 v + v 0 2 v 2 = v 0 2 + 2 a ( r − r 0 ) ( 4 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) v& = a \\ left ( r - r_ ( 0 ) \\ right ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 2 ) ( v + v_ ( 0 ) ) ) \\ right ) + v_ ( 0 ) \\ \\ v \\ left ( v + v_ ( 0 ) \\ right ) & = 2a \\ left ( r - r_ ( 0 ) \\ right ) + v_ ( 0 ) \\ left ( v + v_ ( 0 ) \\ right ) \\ \\ v ^ ( 2 ) + vv_ ( 0 ) & = 2a \\ left ( r - r_ ( 0 ) \\ right ) + v_ ( 0 ) v + v_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ \\ v ^ ( 2 ) & = v_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2a \\ left ( r - r_ ( 0 ) \\ right ) \\ quad ( 4 ) \\ \\ \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) From ( 3 ), 2 ( r − r 0 ) − v t = v 0 t ( \\ displaystyle 2 \\ left ( r - r_ ( 0 ) \\ right ) - vt = v_ ( 0 ) t ) substituting into ( 2 ) : r = a t 2 2 + 2 r − 2 r 0 − v t + r 0 0 = a t 2 2 + r − r 0 − v t r = r 0 + v t − a t 2 2 ( 5 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) r& = ( \\ frac ( ( a ) t ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) + 2r - 2r_ ( 0 ) - vt + r_ ( 0 ) \\ \\ 0& = ( \\ frac ( ( a ) t ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) + r - r_ ( 0 ) - vt \\ \\ r& = r_ ( 0 ) + vt - ( \\ frac ( ( a ) t ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \\ quad ( 5 ) \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) Usually only the first 4 are needed, the fifth is optional. Here a is constant acceleration, or in the case of bodies moving under the influence of gravity, the standard gravity g is used. Note that each of the equations contains four of the five variables, so in this situation it is sufficient to know three out of the five variables to calculate the remaining two. In elementary physics the same formulae are frequently written in different notation as : v = u + a t ( 1 ) s = u t + 1 2 a t 2 ( 2 ) s = 1 2 ( u + v ) t ( 3 ) v 2 = u 2 + 2 a s ( 4 ) s = v t − 1 2 a t 2 ( 5 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) v& = u + at \\ quad ( 1 ) \\ \\ s& = ut+ ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) at ^ ( 2 ) \\ quad ( 2 ) \\ \\ s& = ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( u + v ) t \\ quad ( 3 ) \\ \\ v ^ ( 2 ) & = u ^ ( 2 ) + 2as \\ quad ( 4 ) \\ \\ s& = vt - ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) at ^ ( 2 ) \\ quad ( 5 ) \\ \\ \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) where u has replaced v, s replaces r, and s = 0. They are often referred to as the SUVAT equations, where `` SUVAT '' is an acronym from the variables : s = displacement ( s = initial displacement ), u = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a = acceleration, t = time. Constant linear acceleration in any direction ( edit ) Trajectory of a particle with initial position vector r and velocity v, subject to constant acceleration a, all three quantities in any direction, and the position r ( t ) and velocity v ( t ) after time t. The initial position, initial velocity, and acceleration vectors need not be collinear, and take an almost identical form. The only difference is that the square magnitudes of the velocities require the dot product. The derivations are essentially the same as in the collinear case, v = a t + v 0 ( 1 ) r = r 0 + v 0 t + 1 2 a t 2 ( 2 ) r = r 0 + 1 2 ( v + v 0 ) t ( 3 ) v 2 = v 0 2 + 2 a ⋅ ( r − r 0 ) ( 4 ) r = r 0 + v t − 1 2 a t 2 ( 5 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) \\ mathbf ( v ) & = \\ mathbf ( a ) t+ \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) \\ quad ( 1 ) \\ \\ \\ mathbf ( r ) & = \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 0 ) + \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) t+ ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( a ) t ^ ( 2 ) \\ quad ( 2 ) \\ \\ \\ mathbf ( r ) & = \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 0 ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( v ) + \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) \\ right ) t \\ quad ( 3 ) \\ \\ v ^ ( 2 ) & = v_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2 \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( r ) - \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 0 ) \\ right ) \\ quad ( 4 ) \\ \\ \\ mathbf ( r ) & = \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 0 ) + \\ mathbf ( v ) t - ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( a ) t ^ ( 2 ) \\ quad ( 5 ) \\ \\ \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) although the Torricelli equation ( 4 ) can be derived using the distributive property of the dot product as follows : v 2 = v ⋅ v = ( v 0 + a t ) ⋅ ( v 0 + a t ) = v 0 2 + 2 t ( a ⋅ v 0 ) + a 2 t 2 ( \\ displaystyle v ^ ( 2 ) = \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) = ( \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) + \\ mathbf ( a ) t ) \\ cdot ( \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) + \\ mathbf ( a ) t ) = v_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2t ( \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) ) + a ^ ( 2 ) t ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 a ) ⋅ ( r − r 0 ) = ( 2 a ) ⋅ ( v 0 t + 1 2 a t 2 ) = 2 t ( a ⋅ v 0 ) + a 2 t 2 = v 2 − v 0 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( 2 \\ mathbf ( a ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ mathbf ( r ) - \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 0 ) ) = ( 2 \\ mathbf ( a ) ) \\ cdot \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) t+ ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( a ) t ^ ( 2 ) \\ right ) = 2t ( \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) _ ( 0 ) ) + a ^ ( 2 ) t ^ ( 2 ) = v ^ ( 2 ) - v_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ∴ v 2 = v 0 2 + 2 ( a ⋅ ( r − r 0 ) ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ therefore v ^ ( 2 ) = v_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2 ( \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot ( \\ mathbf ( r ) - \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 0 ) ) ) ) Applications ( edit ) Elementary and frequent examples in kinematics involve projectiles, for example a ball thrown upwards into the air. Given initial speed u, one can calculate how high the ball will travel before it begins to fall. The acceleration is local acceleration of gravity g. At this point one must remember that while these quantities appear to be scalars, the direction of displacement, speed and acceleration is important. They could in fact be considered as unidirectional vectors. Choosing s to measure up from the ground, the acceleration a must be in fact − g, since the force of gravity acts downwards and therefore also the acceleration on the ball due to it. At the highest point, the ball will be at rest : therefore v = 0. Using equation ( 4 ) in the set above, we have : s = v 2 − u 2 − 2 g. ( \\ displaystyle s = ( \\ frac ( v ^ ( 2 ) - u ^ ( 2 ) ) ( - 2g ) ). ) Substituting and cancelling minus signs gives : s = u 2 2 g. ( \\ displaystyle s = ( \\ frac ( u ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2g ) ). ) Constant circular acceleration ( edit ) The analogues of the above equations can be written for rotation. Again these axial vectors must all be parallel to the axis of rotation, so only the magnitudes of the vectors are necessary, ω = ω 0 + α t θ = θ 0 + ω 0 t + 1 2 α t 2 θ = θ 0 + 1 2 ( ω 0 + ω ) t ω 2 = ω 0 2 + 2 α ( θ − θ 0 ) θ = θ 0 + ω t − 1 2 α t 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) \\ omega & = \\ omega _ ( 0 ) + \\ alpha t \\ \\ \\ theta & = \\ theta _ ( 0 ) + \\ omega _ ( 0 ) t+ ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ alpha t ^ ( 2 ) \\ \\ \\ theta & = \\ theta _ ( 0 ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ omega _ ( 0 ) + \\ omega ) t \\ \\ \\ omega ^ ( 2 ) & = \\ omega _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2 \\ alpha ( \\ theta - \\ theta _ ( 0 ) ) \\ \\ \\ theta & = \\ theta _ ( 0 ) + \\ omega t - ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ alpha t ^ ( 2 ) \\ \\ \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) where α is the constant angular acceleration, ω is the angular velocity, ω is the initial angular velocity, θ is the angle turned through ( angular displacement ), θ is the initial angle, and t is the time taken to rotate from the initial state to the final state. General planar motion ( edit ) Main article : General planar motion Position vector r, always points radially from the origin. Velocity vector v, always tangent to the path of motion. Acceleration vector a, not parallel to the radial motion but offset by the angular and Coriolis accelerations, nor tangent to the path but offset by the centripetal and radial accelerations. Kinematic vectors in plane polar coordinates. Notice the setup is not restricted to 2D space, but a plane in any higher dimension. These are the kinematic equations for a particle traversing a path in a plane, described by position r = r ( t ). They are simply the time derivatives of the position vector in plane polar coordinates using the definitions of physical quantities above for angular velocity ω and angular acceleration α. These are instantaneous quantities which change with time. The position of the particle is r = r ( r ( t ), θ ( t ) ) = r e ^ r ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( r ) = \\ mathbf ( r ) \\ left ( r ( t ), \\ theta ( t ) \\ right ) = r \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( e ) ) _ ( r ) ) where ê and ê are the polar unit vectors. Differentiating with respect to time gives the velocity v = e ^ r d r d t + r ω e ^ θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( v ) = \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( e ) ) _ ( r ) ( \\ frac ( dr ) ( dt ) ) + r \\ omega \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( e ) ) _ ( \\ theta ) ) with radial component dr / dt and an additional component rω due to the rotation. Differentiating with respect to time again obtains the acceleration a = ( d 2 r d t 2 − r ω 2 ) e ^ r + ( r α + 2 ω d r d t ) e ^ θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( a ) = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) r ) ( dt ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - r \\ omega ^ ( 2 ) \\ right ) \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( e ) ) _ ( r ) + \\ left ( r \\ alpha + 2 \\ omega ( \\ frac ( dr ) ( dt ) ) \\ right ) \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( e ) ) _ ( \\ theta ) ) which breaks into the radial acceleration d r / dt, centripetal acceleration -- rω, Coriolis acceleration 2ω dr / dt, and angular acceleration rα. Special cases of motion described be these equations are summarized qualitatively in the table below. Two have already been discussed above, in the cases that either the radial components or the angular components are zero, and the non-zero component of motion describes uniform acceleration. State of motion Constant r r linear in t r quadratic in t r non-linear in t Constant θ Stationary Uniform translation ( constant translational velocity ) Uniform translational acceleration Non-uniform translation θ linear in t Uniform angular motion in a circle ( constant angular velocity ) Uniform angular motion in a spiral, constant radial velocity Angular motion in a spiral, constant radial acceleration Angular motion in a spiral, varying radial acceleration θ quadratic in t Uniform angular acceleration in a circle Uniform angular acceleration in a spiral, constant radial velocity Uniform angular acceleration in a spiral, constant radial acceleration Uniform angular acceleration in a spiral, varying radial acceleration θ non-linear in t Non-uniform angular acceleration in a circle Non-uniform angular acceleration in a spiral, constant radial velocity Non-uniform angular acceleration in a spiral, constant radial acceleration Non-uniform angular acceleration in a spiral, varying radial acceleration General 3D motion ( edit ) Main article : Spherical coordinate system In 3D space, the equations in spherical coordinates ( r, θ, φ ) with corresponding unit vectors ê, ê and ê, the position, velocity, and acceleration generalize respectively to r = r ( t ) = r e ^ r v = v e ^ r + r d θ d t e ^ θ + r d φ d t sin ⁡ θ e ^ φ a = ( a − r ( d θ d t ) 2 − r ( d φ d t ) 2 sin 2 ⁡ θ ) e ^ r + ( r d 2 θ d t 2 + 2 v d θ d t − r ( d φ d t ) 2 sin ⁡ θ cos ⁡ θ ) e ^ θ + ( r d 2 φ d t 2 sin ⁡ θ + 2 v d φ d t sin ⁡ θ + 2 r d θ d t d φ d t cos ⁡ θ ) e ^ φ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) \\ mathbf ( r ) & = \\ mathbf ( r ) \\ left ( t \\ right ) = r \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( e ) ) _ ( r ) \\ \\ \\ mathbf ( v ) & = v \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( e ) ) _ ( r ) + r \\, ( \\ frac ( d \\ theta ) ( dt ) ) \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( e ) ) _ ( \\ theta ) + r \\, ( \\ frac ( d \\ varphi ) ( dt ) ) \\, \\ sin \\ theta \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( e ) ) _ ( \\ varphi ) \\ \\ \\ mathbf ( a ) & = \\ left ( a-r \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( d \\ theta ) ( dt ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) - r \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( d \\ varphi ) ( dt ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ sin ^ ( 2 ) \\ theta \\ right ) \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( e ) ) _ ( r ) \\ \\ & + \\ left ( r ( \\ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \\ theta ) ( dt ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + 2v ( \\ frac ( d \\ theta ) ( dt ) ) - r \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( d \\ varphi ) ( dt ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ sin \\ theta \\ cos \\ theta \\ right ) \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( e ) ) _ ( \\ theta ) \\ \\ & + \\ left ( r ( \\ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \\ varphi ) ( dt ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\, \\ sin \\ theta + 2v \\, ( \\ frac ( d \\ varphi ) ( dt ) ) \\, \\ sin \\ theta + 2r \\, ( \\ frac ( d \\ theta ) ( dt ) ) \\, ( \\ frac ( d \\ varphi ) ( dt ) ) \\, \\ cos \\ theta \\ right ) \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( e ) ) _ ( \\ varphi ) \\ end ( aligned ) ) \\, \\! ) In the case of a constant φ this reduces to the planar equations above. Dynamic equations of motion ( edit ) Newtonian mechanics ( edit ) Main article : Newtonian mechanics The first general equation of motion developed was Newton 's second law of motion, in its most general form states the rate of change of momentum p = p ( t ) = mv ( t ) of an object equals the force F = F ( x ( t ), v ( t ), t ) acting on it, F = d p d t ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) = ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( p ) ) ( dt ) ) ) The force in the equation is not the force the object exerts. Replacing momentum by mass times velocity, the law is also written more famously as F = m a ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) = m \\ mathbf ( a ) ) since m is a constant in Newtonian mechanics. Newton 's second law applies to point - like particles, and to all points in a rigid body. They also apply to each point in a mass continua, like deformable solids or fluids, but the motion of the system must be accounted for, see material derivative. In the case the mass is not constant, it is not sufficient to use the product rule for the time derivative on the mass and velocity, and Newton 's second law requires some modification consistent with conservation of momentum, see variable - mass system. It may be simple to write down the equations of motion in vector form using Newton 's laws of motion, but the components may vary in complicated ways with spatial coordinates and time, and solving them is not easy. Often there is an excess of variables to solve for the problem completely, so Newton 's laws are not always the most efficient way to determine the motion of a system. In simple cases of rectangular geometry, Newton 's laws work fine in Cartesian coordinates, but in other coordinate systems can become dramatically complex. The momentum form is preferable since this is readily generalized to more complex systems, generalizes to special and general relativity ( see four - momentum ). It can also be used with the momentum conservation. However, Newton 's laws are not more fundamental than momentum conservation, because Newton 's laws are merely consistent with the fact that zero resultant force acting on an object implies constant momentum, while a resultant force implies the momentum is not constant. Momentum conservation is always true for an isolated system not subject to resultant forces. For a number of particles ( see many body problem ), the equation of motion for one particle i influenced by other particles is d p i d t = F E + ∑ i ≠ j F i j ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( p ) _ ( i ) ) ( dt ) ) = \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( E ) + \\ sum _ ( i \\ neq j ) \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( ij ) \\, \\! ) where p is the momentum of particle i, F is the force on particle i by particle j, and F is the resultant external force due to any agent not part of system. Particle i does not exert a force on itself. Euler 's laws of motion are similar to Newton 's laws, but they are applied specifically to the motion of rigid bodies. The Newton -- Euler equations combine the forces and torques acting on a rigid body into a single equation. Newton 's second law for rotation takes a similar form to the translational case, τ = d L d t, ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ tau ) ) = ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( L ) ) ( dt ) ) \\,, ) by equating the torque acting on the body to the rate of change of its angular momentum L. Analogous to mass times acceleration, the moment of inertia tensor I depends on the distribution of mass about the axis of rotation, and the angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity, τ = I ⋅ α. ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ tau ) ) = \\ mathbf ( I ) \\ cdot ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ alpha ) ). ) Again, these equations apply to point like particles, or at each point of a rigid body. Likewise, for a number of particles, the equation of motion for one particle i is d L i d t = τ E + ∑ i ≠ j τ i j, ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( L ) _ ( i ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ tau ) ) _ ( E ) + \\ sum _ ( i \\ neq j ) ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ tau ) ) _ ( ij ) \\,, ) where L is the angular momentum of particle i, τ the torque on particle i by particle j, and τ is resultant external torque ( due to any agent not part of system ). Particle i does not exert a torque on itself. Applications ( edit ) Some examples of Newton 's law include describing the motion of a simple pendulum, − m g sin ⁡ θ = m d 2 ( l θ ) d t 2 ⇒ d 2 θ d t 2 = − g l sin ⁡ θ, ( \\ displaystyle - mg \\ sin \\ theta = m ( \\ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) ( l \\ theta ) ) ( dt ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ quad \\ Rightarrow \\ quad ( \\ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \\ theta ) ( dt ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = - ( \\ frac ( g ) ( l ) ) \\ sin \\ theta \\,, ) and a damped, sinusoidally driven harmonic oscillator, F 0 sin ⁡ ( ω t ) = m ( d 2 x d t 2 + 2 ζ ω 0 d x d t + ω 0 2 x ). ( \\ displaystyle F_ ( 0 ) \\ sin ( \\ omega t ) = m \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) x ) ( dt ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + 2 \\ zeta \\ omega _ ( 0 ) ( \\ frac ( dx ) ( dt ) ) + \\ omega _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) x \\ right ) \\,. ) For describing the motion of masses due to gravity, Newton 's law of gravity can be combined with Newton 's second law. For two examples, a ball of mass m thrown in the air, in air currents ( such as wind ) described by a vector field of resistive forces R = R ( r, t ), − G m M r 2 e ^ r + R = m d 2 r d t 2 + 0 ⇒ d 2 r d t 2 = − G M r 2 e ^ r + A ( \\ displaystyle - ( \\ frac ( GmM ) ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( e ) ) _ ( r ) + \\ mathbf ( R ) = m ( \\ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \\ mathbf ( r ) ) ( dt ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + 0 \\ quad \\ Rightarrow \\ quad ( \\ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \\ mathbf ( r ) ) ( dt ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = - ( \\ frac ( GM ) ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( e ) ) _ ( r ) + \\ mathbf ( A ) \\, \\! ) where G is the gravitational constant, M the mass of the Earth, and A = R / m is the acceleration of the projectile due to the air currents at position r and time t. The classical N - body problem for N particles each interacting with each other due to gravity is a set of N nonlinear coupled second order ODEs, d 2 r i d t 2 = G ∑ i ≠ j m i m j r j − r i 3 ( r j − r i ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( i ) ) ( dt ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = G \\ sum _ ( i \\ neq j ) ( \\ frac ( m_ ( i ) m_ ( j ) ) ( \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( j ) - \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( i ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ( \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( j ) - \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( i ) ) ) where i = 1, 2,..., N labels the quantities ( mass, position, etc. ) associated with each particle. Analytical mechanics ( edit ) Main articles : Analytical mechanics, Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics As the system evolves, q traces a path through configuration space ( only some are shown ). The path taken by the system ( red ) has a stationary action ( δS = 0 ) under small changes in the configuration of the system ( δq ). Using all three coordinates of 3D space is unnecessary if there are constraints on the system. If the system has N degrees of freedom, then one can use a set of N generalized coordinates q ( t ) = ( q ( t ), q ( t )... q ( t ) ), to define the configuration of the system. They can be in the form of arc lengths or angles. They are a considerable simplification to describe motion, since they take advantage of the intrinsic constraints that limit the system 's motion, and the number of coordinates is reduced to a minimum. The time derivatives of the generalized coordinates are the generalized velocities q ̇ = d q d t. ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( \\ dot ( q ) ) = ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( q ) ) ( dt ) ) \\,. ) The Euler -- Lagrange equations are d d t ( ∂ L ∂ q ̇ ) = ∂ L ∂ q, ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial L ) ( \\ partial \\ mathbf ( \\ dot ( q ) ) ) ) \\ right ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial L ) ( \\ partial \\ mathbf ( q ) ) ) \\,, ) where the Lagrangian is a function of the configuration q and its time rate of change dq / dt ( and possibly time t ) L = L ( q ( t ), q ̇ ( t ), t ). ( \\ displaystyle L = L \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( q ) ( t ), \\ mathbf ( \\ dot ( q ) ) ( t ), t \\ right ) \\,. ) Setting up the Lagrangian of the system, then substituting into the equations and evaluating the partial derivatives and simplifying, a set of coupled N second order ODEs in the coordinates are obtained. Hamilton 's equations are p ̇ = − ∂ H ∂ q, q ̇ = + ∂ H ∂ p, ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( \\ dot ( p ) ) = - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial H ) ( \\ partial \\ mathbf ( q ) ) ) \\,, \\ quad \\ mathbf ( \\ dot ( q ) ) = + ( \\ frac ( \\ partial H ) ( \\ partial \\ mathbf ( p ) ) ) \\,, ) where the Hamiltonian H = H ( q ( t ), p ( t ), t ), ( \\ displaystyle H = H \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( q ) ( t ), \\ mathbf ( p ) ( t ), t \\ right ) \\,, ) is a function of the configuration q and conjugate `` generalized '' momenta p = ∂ L ∂ q ̇, ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial L ) ( \\ partial \\ mathbf ( \\ dot ( q ) ) ) ) \\,, ) in which ∂ / ∂ q = ( ∂ / ∂ q, ∂ / ∂ q,..., ∂ / ∂ q ) is a shorthand notation for a vector of partial derivatives with respect to the indicated variables ( see for example matrix calculus for this denominator notation ), and possibly time t, Setting up the Hamiltonian of the system, then substituting into the equations and evaluating the partial derivatives and simplifying, a set of coupled 2N first order ODEs in the coordinates q and momenta p are obtained. The Hamilton -- Jacobi equation is − ∂ S ( q, t ) ∂ t = H ( q, p, t ). ( \\ displaystyle - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial S ( \\ mathbf ( q ), t ) ) ( \\ partial t ) ) = H \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( q ), \\ mathbf ( p ), t \\ right ) \\,. ) where S ( q, t ) = ∫ t 1 t 2 L ( q, q ̇, t ) d t, ( \\ displaystyle S ( \\ mathbf ( q ), t ) = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) L ( \\ mathbf ( q ), \\ mathbf ( \\ dot ( q ) ), t ) \\, dt \\,, ) is Hamilton 's principal function, also called the classical action is a functional of L. In this case, the momenta are given by p = ∂ S ∂ q. ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial S ) ( \\ partial \\ mathbf ( q ) ) ) \\,. ) Although the equation has a simple general form, for a given Hamiltonian it is actually a single first order non-linear PDE, in N + 1 variables. The action S allows identification of conserved quantities for mechanical systems, even when the mechanical problem itself can not be solved fully, because any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law, a theorem due to Emmy Noether. All classical equations of motion can be derived from the variational principle known as Hamilton 's principle of least action δ S = 0, ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta S = 0 \\,, ) stating the path the system takes through the configuration space is the one with the least action S. Electrodynamics ( edit ) Lorentz force f on a charged particle ( of charge q ) in motion ( instantaneous velocity v ). The E field and B field vary in space and time. In electrodynamics, the force on a charged particle of charge q is the Lorentz force : F = q ( E + v × B ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) = q \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( E ) + \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( B ) \\ right ) \\, \\! ) Combining with Newton 's second law gives a first order differential equation of motion, in terms of position of the particle : m d 2 r d t 2 = q ( E + d r d t × B ) ( \\ displaystyle m ( \\ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \\ mathbf ( r ) ) ( dt ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = q \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( E ) + ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( r ) ) ( dt ) ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( B ) \\ right ) \\, \\! ) or its momentum : d p d t = q ( E + p × B m ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( p ) ) ( dt ) ) = q \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( E ) + ( \\ frac ( \\ mathbf ( p ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( B ) ) ( m ) ) \\ right ) \\, \\! ) The same equation can be obtained using the Lagrangian ( and applying Lagrange 's equations above ) for a charged particle of mass m and charge q : L = 1 2 m r ̇ ⋅ r ̇ + q A ⋅ r ̇ − q φ ( \\ displaystyle L = ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m \\ mathbf ( \\ dot ( r ) ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( \\ dot ( r ) ) + q \\ mathbf ( A ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) ) - q \\ phi ) where A and φ are the electromagnetic scalar and vector potential fields. The Lagrangian indicates an additional detail : the canonical momentum in Lagrangian mechanics is given by : P = ∂ L ∂ r ̇ = m r ̇ + q A ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial L ) ( \\ partial ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) ) = m ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) ) + q \\ mathbf ( A ) ) instead of just mv, implying the motion of a charged particle is fundamentally determined by the mass and charge of the particle. The Lagrangian expression was first used to derive the force equation. Alternatively the Hamiltonian ( and substituting into the equations ) : H = ( P − q A ) 2 2 m + q φ ( \\ displaystyle H = ( \\ frac ( \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( P ) - q \\ mathbf ( A ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2m ) ) + q \\ phi \\, \\! ) can derive the Lorentz force equation. General relativity ( edit ) Geodesic equation of motion ( edit ) Geodesics on a sphere are arcs of great circles ( yellow curve ). On a 2D -- manifold ( such as the sphere shown ), the direction of the accelerating geodesic is uniquely fixed if the separation vector ξ is orthogonal to the `` fiducial geodesic '' ( green curve ). As the separation vector ξ changes to ξ after a distance s, the geodesics are not parallel ( geodesic deviation ). Main articles : Geodesics in general relativity and Geodesic equation The above equations are valid in flat spacetime. In curved space spacetime, things become mathematically more complicated since there is no straight line ; this is generalized and replaced by a geodesic of the curved spacetime ( the shortest length of curve between two points ). For curved manifolds with a metric tensor g, the metric provides the notion of arc length ( see line element for details ), the differential arc length is given by : d s = g α β d x α d x β ( \\ displaystyle ds = ( \\ sqrt ( g_ ( \\ alpha \\ beta ) dx ^ ( \\ alpha ) dx ^ ( \\ beta ) ) ) ) and the geodesic equation is a second - order differential equation in the coordinates, the general solution is a family of geodesics : d 2 x μ d s 2 = − Γ μ α β d x α d s d x β d s ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) x ^ ( \\ mu ) ) ( ds ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = - \\ Gamma ^ ( \\ mu ) ( ) _ ( \\ alpha \\ beta ) ( \\ frac ( dx ^ ( \\ alpha ) ) ( ds ) ) ( \\ frac ( dx ^ ( \\ beta ) ) ( ds ) ) ) where Γ is a Christoffel symbol of the second kind, which contains the metric ( with respect to the coordinate system ). Given the mass - energy distribution provided by the stress -- energy tensor T, the Einstein field equations are a set of non-linear second - order partial differential equations in the metric, and imply the curvature of space time is equivalent to a gravitational field ( see principle of equivalence ). Mass falling in curved spacetime is equivalent to a mass falling in a gravitational field - because gravity is a fictitious force. The relative acceleration of one geodesic to another in curved spacetime is given by the geodesic deviation equation : D 2 ξ α d s 2 = − R α β γ δ d x α d s ξ γ d x δ d s ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( D ^ ( 2 ) \\ xi ^ ( \\ alpha ) ) ( ds ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = - R ^ ( \\ alpha ) ( ) _ ( \\ beta \\ gamma \\ delta ) ( \\ frac ( dx ^ ( \\ alpha ) ) ( ds ) ) \\ xi ^ ( \\ gamma ) ( \\ frac ( dx ^ ( \\ delta ) ) ( ds ) ) ) where ξ = x − x is the separation vector between two geodesics, D / ds ( not just d / ds ) is the covariant derivative, and R is the Riemann curvature tensor, containing the Christoffel symbols. In other words, the geodesic deviation equation is the equation of motion for masses in curved spacetime, analogous to the Lorentz force equation for charges in an electromagnetic field. For flat spacetime, the metric is a constant tensor so the Christoffel symbols vanish, and the geodesic equation has the solutions of straight lines. This is also the limiting case when masses move according to Newton 's law of gravity. Spinning objects ( edit ) In general relativity, rotational motion is described by the relativistic angular momentum tensor, including the spin tensor, which enter the equations of motion under covariant derivatives with respect to proper time. The Mathisson -- Papapetrou -- Dixon equations describe the motion of spinning objects moving in a gravitational field. Analogues for waves and fields ( edit ) Unlike the equations of motion for describing particle mechanics, which are systems of coupled ordinary differential equations, the analogous equations governing the dynamics of waves and fields are always partial differential equations, since the waves or fields are functions of space and time. For a particular solution, boundary conditions along with initial conditions need to be specified. Sometimes in the following contexts, the wave or field equations are also called `` equations of motion ''. Field equations ( edit ) Equations that describe the spatial dependence and time evolution of fields are called field equations. These include Maxwell 's equations for the electromagnetic field, Poisson 's equation for Newtonian gravitational or electrostatic field potentials, the Einstein field equation for gravitation ( Newton 's law of gravity is a special case for weak gravitational fields and low velocities of particles ). This terminology is not universal : for example although the Navier -- Stokes equations govern the velocity field of a fluid, they are not usually called `` field equations '', since in this context they represent the momentum of the fluid and are called the `` momentum equations '' instead. Wave equations ( edit ) Equations of wave motion are called wave equations. The solutions to a wave equation give the time - evolution and spatial dependence of the amplitude. Boundary conditions determine if the solutions describe traveling waves or standing waves. From classical equations of motion and field equations ; mechanical, gravitational wave, and electromagnetic wave equations can be derived. The general linear wave equation in 3D is : 1 v 2 ∂ 2 X ∂ t 2 = ∇ 2 X ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) X ) ( \\ partial t ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = \\ nabla ^ ( 2 ) X ) where X = X ( r, t ) is any mechanical or electromagnetic field amplitude, say : the transverse or longitudinal displacement of a vibrating rod, wire, cable, membrane etc., the fluctuating pressure of a medium, sound pressure, the electric fields E or D, or the magnetic fields B or H, the voltage V or current I in an alternating current circuit, and v is the phase velocity. Nonlinear equations model the dependence of phase velocity on amplitude, replacing v by v ( X ). There are other linear and nonlinear wave equations for very specific applications, see for example the Korteweg -- de Vries equation. Quantum theory ( edit ) In quantum theory, the wave and field concepts both appear. In quantum mechanics, in which particles also have wave - like properties according to wave -- particle duality, the analogue of the classical equations of motion ( Newton 's law, Euler -- Lagrange equation, Hamilton -- Jacobi equation, etc. ) is the Schrödinger equation in its most general form : i ħ ∂ Ψ ∂ t = H ^ Ψ, ( \\ displaystyle i \\ hbar ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ Psi ) ( \\ partial t ) ) = ( \\ hat ( H ) ) \\ Psi \\,, ) where Ψ is the wavefunction of the system, Ĥ is the quantum Hamiltonian operator, rather than a function as in classical mechanics, and ħ is the Planck constant divided by 2π. Setting up the Hamiltonian and inserting it into the equation results in a wave equation, the solution is the wavefunction as a function of space and time. The Schrödinger equation itself reduces to the Hamilton -- Jacobi equation when one considers the correspondence principle, in the limit that ħ becomes zero. Throughout all aspects of quantum theory, relativistic or non-relativistic, there are various formulations alternative to the Schrödinger equation that govern the time evolution and behavior of a quantum system, for instance : the Heisenberg equation of motion resembles the time evolution of classical observables as functions of position, momentum, and time, if one replaces dynamical observables by their quantum operators and the classical Poisson bracket by the commutator, the phase space formulation closely follows classical Hamiltonian mechanics, placing position and momentum on equal footing, the Feynman path integral formulation extends the principle of least action to quantum mechanics and field theory, placing emphasis on the use of a Lagrangians rather than Hamiltonians. See also ( edit ) Scalar ( physics ) Vector Distance Displacement Speed Velocity Acceleration Angular displacement Angular speed Angular velocity Angular acceleration Equations for a falling body Parabolic trajectory Curvilinear coordinates Orthogonal coordinates Newton 's laws of motion Torricelli 's equation Euler -- Lagrange equation Generalized forces Defining equation ( physics ) Newton -- Euler laws of motion for a rigid body References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia of Physics ( second Edition ), R.G. Lerner, G.L. Trigg, VHC Publishers, 1991, ISBN ( Verlagsgesellschaft ) 3 - 527 - 26954 - 1 ( VHC Inc. ) 0 - 89573 - 752 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Analytical Mechanics, L.N. Hand, J.D. Finch, Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57572 - 0 Jump up ^ See History of Mathematics Jump up ^ The Britannica Guide to History of Mathematics, ed. Erik Gregersen Jump up ^ Discourses, Galileo Jump up ^ Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences, by Galileo Galilei ; translated by Henry Crew, Alfonso De Salvio Jump up ^ Halliday, David ; Resnick, Robert ; Walker, Jearl ( 2004 - 06 - 16 ). Fundamentals of Physics ( 7 Sub ed. ). Wiley. ISBN 0 - 471 - 23231 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Dynamics and Relativity, J.R. Forshaw, A.G. Smith, Wiley, 2009, ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 01460 - 8 Jump up ^ M.R. Spiegel ; S. Lipschutz ; D. Spellman ( 2009 ). Vector Analysis. Schaum 's Outlines ( 2nd ed. ). McGraw Hill. p. 33. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 161545 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Essential Principles of Physics, P.M. Whelan, M.J. Hodgeson, second Edition, 1978, John Murray, ISBN 0 - 7195 - 3382 - 1 Jump up ^ Hanrahan, Val ; Porkess, R ( 2003 ). Additional Mathematics for OCR. London : Hodder & Stoughton. p. 219. ISBN 0 - 340 - 86960 - 7. Jump up ^ Keith Johnson ( 2001 ). Physics for you : revised national curriculum edition for GCSE ( 4th ed. ). Nelson Thornes. p. 135. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7487 - 6236 - 1. The 5 symbols are remembered by `` suvat ''. Given any three, the other two can be found. Jump up ^ 3000 Solved Problems in Physics, Schaum Series, A. Halpern, Mc Graw Hill, 1988, ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 025734 - 4 ^ Jump up to : An Introduction to Mechanics, D. Kleppner, R.J. Kolenkow, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 112, ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 19821 - 9 Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia of Physics ( second Edition ), R.G. Lerner, G.L. Trigg, VHC publishers, 1991, ISBN ( VHC Inc. ) 0 - 89573 - 752 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Mechanics, D. Kleppner 2010 '' Jump up ^ `` Relativity, J.R. Forshaw 2009 '' Jump up ^ The Physics of Vibrations and Waves ( 3rd edition ), H.J. Pain, John Wiley & Sons, 1983, ISBN 0 - 471 - 90182 - 2 Jump up ^ R. Penrose ( 2007 ). The Road to Reality. Vintage books. p. 474. ISBN 0 - 679 - 77631 - 1. ^ Jump up to : Classical Mechanics ( second edition ), T.W.B. Kibble, European Physics Series, 1973, ISBN 0 - 07 - 084018 - 0 Jump up ^ Electromagnetism ( second edition ), I.S. Grant, W.R. Phillips, Manchester Physics Series, 2008 ISBN 0 - 471 - 92712 - 0 Jump up ^ Classical Mechanics ( second Edition ), T.W.B. Kibble, European Physics Series, Mc Graw Hill ( UK ), 1973, ISBN 0 - 07 - 084018 - 0. Jump up ^ Misner, Thorne, Wheeler, Gravitation Jump up ^ C.B. Parker ( 1994 ). McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics ( second ed. ). p. 1199. ISBN 0 - 07 - 051400 - 3. Jump up ^ C.B. Parker ( 1994 ). McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics ( second ed. ). p. 1200. ISBN 0 - 07 - 051400 - 3. Jump up ^ J.A. Wheeler ; C. Misner ; K.S. Thorne ( 1973 ). Gravitation. W.H. Freeman & Co. pp. 34 -- 35. ISBN 0 - 7167 - 0344 - 0. Jump up ^ H.D. Young ; R.A. Freedman ( 2008 ). University Physics ( 12th ed. ). Addison - Wesley ( Pearson International ). ISBN 0 - 321 - 50130 - 6. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equations_of_motion&oldid=810175763 '' Categories : Classical mechanics Equations of physics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017, at 19 : 29. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Equations of motion", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Equations_of_motion&amp;oldid=810175763" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "9753527601963431850" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Hickey ( surname ) - wikipedia Hickey ( surname ) Jump to : navigation, search Hickey is a common surname of Irish origin. The original form is Ó hÍceadha, which is still used in Ireland. Notable people with the surname include : Contents ( hide ) 1 Arts and entertainment 2 Sport 3 Politics and law 4 History and current affairs 5 Religion 6 Science and academia 7 Fictional characters 8 See also Arts and entertainment ( edit ) Cheryl Hickey, born 1976, entertainment reporter for the Global Television Network Dale Hickey born 1937, Australian artist Dave Hickey, American art critic, author of Air Guitar : Essays on Art & Democracy ( 1998 ) Eddie Hickey, US sportsman Emily Henrietta Hickey, Irish author and translator Ersel Hickey, rockabilly singer James Harden - Hickey, 19th - century American writer Kenny Hickey, US musician Michael Hickey, US screenwriter Rich Hickey, Creator of the Clojure programming language Tom Hickey, Irish actor, famous for his role in The Riordans Thomas Hickey, 1741 -- 1842, Irish painter William Hickey ( actor ) William Hickey ( memoirist ) May Wynn, actress, born Donna Lee Hickey before taking the stage name `` May Wynn, '' after playing a character by that name in The Caine Mutiny Sport ( edit ) Ambrose Hickey ( 1945 -- 2016 ), Irish Gaelic footballer Anthony Hickey, born 1992, American basketball player Charlie Hickey, American college baseball coach Colin Hickey, Australian speed skater Denis Hickie, Irish international Rugby Union Jack Hickey ( rugby ), Australian Dual internationalist Rugby Union, Rugby league Jarrad Hickey, born 1985, Australian Rugby League player Jim Hickey ( American football ) Jim Hickey ( baseball coach ) Miriam Hickey, US Soccer player Noah Hickey, New Zealand football player Noel Hickey, Irish sportsman Pat Hickey, born 1953, Canadian Ice Hockey player Pat Hickey ( sports administrator ), born 1945, Irish sports administrator Red Hickey, 1917 -- 2006, athlete, played American Football Reg Hickey, player and coach for Geelong in Australian rules football Thomas Hickey, professional ice hockey player, L.A. Kings Politics and law ( edit ) Bonnie Hickey, Canadian politician Eileen Hickey ( New York ) ( 1945 -- 1999 ), New York politician Eileen M. Hickey ( 1886 -- 1960 ), Northern Irish politician James Hickey ( Irish politician ) Jimmy Hickey Jr., American politician John J. Hickey, American politician Maggie Hickey, Australian politician Theodore M. Hickey, American politician Vivian Hickey ( 1916 - 2016 ), American politician and educator William J. Hickey, New York politician and judge History and current affairs ( edit ) Colonel James Hickey ( soldier ), in charge of the US Special forces team which captured Saddam Hussein Elizabeth Hickey historian and writer Jim Hickey ( weather presenter ) Thomas Hickey ( soldier ), executed for mutiny during the American Revolutionary War Religion ( edit ) Antony Hickey, born 1586, Irish Franciscan theologian David Francis Hickey ( 1882 -- 1973 ), American - born Catholic bishop in Belize Rev. William Hickey ( 1787 - 1875 ), Irish priest, writer and philanthropist Science and academia ( edit ) Joseph Hickey ( 1907 - 1993 ), American ornithologist Raymond Hickey, Irish linguist Fictional characters ( edit ) Earl Hickey, fictional character in the NBC show My Name Is Earl Randy Hickey, fictional character in the NBC show My Name Is Earl See also ( edit ) Hickey ( disambiguation ) Ó hÍceadha Irish medical families This page lists people with the surname Hickey. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hickey_(surname)&oldid=813665472 '' Categories : Surnames Anglicised Irish - language surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017, at 16 : 46. About Wikipedia", "title": "Hickey (surname)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Hickey_(surname)&amp;oldid=813665472" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Hickey ( surname ) - wikipedia Hickey ( surname ) Jump to : navigation, search Hickey is a common surname of Irish origin. The original form is Ó hÍceadha, which is still used in Ireland. Notable people with the surname include : Contents ( hide ) 1 Arts and entertainment 2 Sport 3 Politics and law 4 History and current affairs 5 Religion 6 Science and academia 7 Fictional characters 8 See also Arts and entertainment ( edit ) Cheryl Hickey, born 1976, entertainment reporter for the Global Television Network Dale Hickey born 1937, Australian artist Dave Hickey, American art critic, author of Air Guitar : Essays on Art &" ], "id": [ "712756528203121228" ], "short_answers": [ "Irish origin" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Maggie Pierce - wikipedia Maggie Pierce Jump to : navigation, search For other people named Maggie Pierce, see Maggie Pierce ( disambiguation ). Maggie Pierce Grey 's Anatomy character The season thirteen promotional photograph of Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce First appearance `` Everything I Try to Do, Nothing Seems to Turn Out Right '' 10x23, May 8, 2014 ( as recurring cast ) `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' 11x11, February 12, 2015 ( as main cast ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Kelly McCreary Information Nickname ( s ) Maggie Sherlock The Perfect 12 year old Mags The Good Sister The Crazy Sister The Child - Prodigy Little Maggot Pierce Species Human Gender Female Occupation Attending cardiothoracic surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Diane Pierce ( adoptive mother ) ( deceased ) Bill Pierce ( adoptive father ) Ellis Grey ( biological mother, deceased ) Richard Webber ( biological father ) Meredith Grey ( biological half - sister ) Catherine Avery ( stepmother ) Jackson Avery ( stepbrother ) Significant other ( s ) Dean ( ex-fiance ) Ethan Boyd ( ex-boyfriend ) Andrew DeLuca ( ex-boyfriend ) Relatives Derek Shepherd ( brother in - law, deceased ) Zola Grey Shepherd ( half - niece ) Bailey Shepherd ( half - nephew ) Ellis Shepherd ( half - niece ) Nationality American Margaret `` Maggie '' Pierce, M.D. is a fictional character from the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actress Kelly McCreary from the tenth season 's penultimate episode onwards. It is revealed in the `` season ten finale '', Maggie 's biological parents are Richard Webber ( James Pickens Jr. ) and Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton ), making her Meredith 's half - sister. McCreary was upgraded to a series regular in the eleventh episode of the eleventh season. Pierce has been described as `` perky '' and `` chatty '', as well as focusing mostly on her academic career rather than social life, causing her to be socially inept at times and childlike. She graduated from high school and medical school early, and becomes the head of her department at the young age of 31 years old. McCreary was well received upon her introduction. Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 2.3 Introduction 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Maggie is first introduced in the penultimate episode of the tenth season. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) interviews various different candidates to replace her as the head of her department in Cardiothoracic surgery. Maggie, having finished high school and medical school early, becomes head of her department at 31 years old. It is revealed in the season 10 finale `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '', Maggie 's biological mother was Ellis Grey. Richard Webber is shocked by this, knowing he is her biological father. Throughout the eleventh season, Webber struggles to deal with the revelation and keeps it from Maggie. Maggie explains that 2 years prior, she looked for her birth mom and needed to go to the court for the records. She found out that she was dead, but got her name, and discovered that she was an amazing surgeon that worked at the Seattle Grace Hospital. She stated that that 's not why she took the job, but it 's `` a little bit '' why she took the interview. When Maggie identifies Meredith Grey, her half - sister, she attempts to bond with her. However, Meredith attempts to take charge and conflicts with her on a case. After several arguments, Maggie tells Meredith that she is her half - sister. Meredith, in disbelief, points out that she would know that her mother would be pregnant when she was five years old, as Maggie is five years younger than her. Meredith works with Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) to decide whether Maggie is lying or if she is wrong. They discover she is correct. Meredith gets flashes back to the time of her mother 's crisis at five years old, and remembers being at a hospital and hearing a screaming baby. After several weeks, Webber admits to Maggie that he is her father. Maggie is angry at him. Later, when he comes to apologize for not being there as a father, Maggie corrects him and says he is not her father, as she has adoptive parents she loves, and that she is only angry because of his dishonesty and making her look foolish and naive for weeks. Derek and Meredith decide to have Maggie come over to their house for dinner, to get to know Maggie better. After Maggie says yes, Derek decides it is a good idea to ask Richard as well. Richard reluctantly agrees. The night of the dinner, Maggie and Richard show up, but no - one answers. Maggie leaves him after that. Maggie develops a relationship with radiologist, Ethan Boyd. She admits her awkwardness in relationships, having ended her previous engagement to Dean, who she was unable to sleep in the same bed with. Meredith ends up in a bind with no one to watch her kids, so Maggie offers to watch them. Richard and Maggie eventually come to good terms, and Maggie 's helping with Meredith 's kids help her integrate into her family home more. Maggie learns about the histories of Meredith, Alex and Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) as they commemorate their dead friend, George O'Malley ( TR Knight ). After Derek 's death, Meredith abandons Seattle for a year, leaving Maggie a note. Maggie is shocked by this, and admits she felt abandoned by Meredith right when they were starting to become a family. She invites Webber to a Christmas party, noticing his loneliness. Meredith eventually returns home, hugging Maggie and re-integrating into her old family home. While Maggie and her colleagues are busy dealing with Keith Gardner after a tunnel collapse, Maggie gets a phone call that her parents are getting a divorce. Her mother confesses to her that she 'd been having an affair with their car serviceman for eleven years and they had only stayed together for her sake, but were getting a divorce now that she was out on her own. Maggie is emotional about this, but she does n't want to bother her colleagues about it. Later, she confides in Meredith over the issue, but feels it is silly in comparison to her husband 's death. Meredith, however, says she can tell her anything and she should come to her whenever she is having a problem. After Meredith buys her house back from Alex, she invites Maggie and Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) to move in with her. They assist Meredith in caring for her kids. Maggie also often mediates between Meredith and Amelia, who frequently get into fights over little things. She often helps with Meredith 's three kids, with each `` sister '' in charge of getting one kid ready for the day. In the twelfth season, Maggie develops a relationship with intern Andrew DeLuca. Maggie sleeps with DeLuca after a short conversation and a couple of drinks at Joe 's. They agree it is a one - time thing, before they have sex again. Maggie and DeLuca keep their relationship private to avoid difficulties at work. DeLuca grows frustrated with their secrecy, so Maggie abruptly decides to go public. When this happens, DeLuca becomes uncomfortable with the way he is viewed by others because he is dating an attending, and does n't want others to think he is getting special treatment. He also feels intimidated by her authority. When she confronts him, he ends things with her. Maggie attempts to move on and develops an interest in Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ). However, she is unaware Meredith has a sexual relationship with him. She confides in Meredith about this at Amelia 's wedding to Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ). In the thirteenth season, Maggie is personally hurt by Meredith lying to her about Alex 's actions assaulting DeLuca. She tells her to never lie to her again, but she does so immediately afterwards about Riggs. Riggs tells Meredith she needs to tell Maggie. Maggie works up the courage to ask Riggs out, but he rejects her. Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) McCreary on the role When I auditioned, all they told me was that the character might recur a little bit into Season 11 ; they did not tell me it was Meredith 's sister and there was long - term potential. I had no idea the scope of it in terms of how ( she ) fit into the mythology of the series. Her character ties into a lot of things that have already occurred in these people 's lives. `` '' Benjamin Lindsay, Backstage 2015 On April 5, 2014, TVLine reported that Kelly McCreary best known for her series regular role on The CW 's short lived medical drama Emily Owens, M.D. and recent guest appearances on Scandal had been cast in a guest star role. McCeary was slated to debut on the May 8, 2015 episode. On October 23, 2014, it was announced that McCreary was promoted to series regular after being credited as guest - starring until the eleventh episode. It was a couple of months after McCreary wrapped her stint on Scandal that she was invited to audition for Grey 's. McCeary revealed that she originally auditioned for the character of `` Claudette '' with dummy sides, unbeknownst to her. The only information McCeary had about the character was `` that she was adopted, that she would recur, and she was going to be a very important storyline. '' Just before the script reading for the season 10 finale, Rhimes summoned McCeary to inform her of Maggie 's true identity. `` I was really psyched '' McCeary revealed when Rhimes informed her of Maggie 's lineage. `` I felt really honored to be the one to accept the challenge. '' However, it was n't until McCeary experienced the reactions to Maggie 's existence from her fellow cast mates that McCeary realized just how big of a deal the character would be. The character 's potential existence was first referenced in the press in February 2009 when Michael Ausiello hinted at the possibility of Meredith having a half - sibling, the product of her mother 's affair with Richard. Initial speculation pointed to Jesse Williams ' Jackson Avery as the child, but the actor refuted those rumors. Shonda Rhimes revealed that the character had always been a part of the original story plans, but the character 's existence was not set in stone until season 4. Characterization ( edit ) Kelly McCeary expressed her excitement about how special Maggie in an interview with BuddyTV. `` I just feel like it 's a rare opportunity to be able to play somebody that is so complex and fully realized and smart and fierce and compassionate and awkward and the whole thing. '' Maggie is very good at her job so she can find a place in a professional capacity, but in her personal life, she `` gets more than she bargained for '' McCreary said. `` I think she 's a really good doctor '' McCeary said of Maggie. `` She 's obviously super-bright. She 's very young to be as high in her field as she is. '' McCeary further described Maggie as a `` really great problem - solver. '' Maggie is `` very compassionate '' and at the same time can `` keep a clear head and do the right thing medically all the time. '' McCeary further described Maggie as `` so dynamic. '' While Maggie initially `` came across as all business, '' Kelly McCeary relishes in playing `` Maggie 's neurotic, existential, meltdown side. '' `` Maggie also wo n't really back down from a fight ; she 's very decisive. '' Introduction ( edit ) Further information : Puzzle With a Piece Missing and Got to Be Real ( Grey 's Anatomy ) Kate Aurthur noted that until Maggie 's introduction, Grey 's was not `` known for dropping in stories that it planted seasons before -- it 's never been filled with twisty mythology. '' Rhimes insisted that the timing was n't right for Maggie 's introduction in previous seasons. In season 3, the series introduced Meredith 's paternal half - sister Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) and it was at that time that Maggie became a serious topic of discussion. Though Lexie was killed off in the season 8 finale, `` Flight, '' Rhimes felt it was still too soon for Maggie 's arrival. The scribe even thought the show might end without the character ever being introduced. `` Then we hit this moment in time and I remember walking into the writers ' room and going, ' You guys, it 's time. ' '' When Maggie makes the sudden revelation that she is Ellis ' child to Richard, viewers are left to wonder about her history. The second episode of the season puts Maggie front and center. The episode appropriately titled `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing, '' focuses on Maggie 's struggle to fit in throughout her life, even with her own adoptive parents whom she is very different from. Though she is very close with her parents, and they get along very well, she 's grown up `` still feeling like something 's missing. '' Kelly McCreary said `` That 's what 's really compelling to me about Maggie : that sort of dark underbelly of this person who seems to really have it all together. '' Maggie struggles to build relationships with her colleagues. She unknowingly shares confidential information about Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) and she gets she also insults the hospital board when she tries to prop up Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ). Though she 's got the `` best intentions, '' things backfire. Maggie also serves as a `` mentor '' to Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ). As Maggie discovers she has several things in common with Richard, the stage is set for Maggie to learn that Richard is her father. `` I think people will relate to the awkwardness of being the new kid at school '' McCeary said of the episode 's comedic tone. Despite so many different interactions, the episode highlights `` Maggie 's loneliness. '' The Maggie - centric episode also featured Kelly McCreary stepping into the coveted role of narrator for the episode, which was usually reserved for Ellen Pompeo 's Meredith, and on occasion other veteran cast members. `` It was overwhelming and very surprising '' McCeary said of being the center of attention so early into her Grey 's tenure. She continued, `` I felt terrified and also really grateful that they trusted me with the institution about of Grey 's Anatomy for a whole episode. '' McCeary relished in finally learning the character 's history. `` ( It ) was a huge gift to have 65 pages worth of material telling me exactly who she is. It was great! '' Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( February 2017 ) Critics responded positively to the development of Pierce in her centric episode `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing ''. Fempop gave a largely positive review writing, `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing is a funny and insightful look both into this latest interloper and the established characters of Grey 's. '' praising the new addition, `` Thankfully she 's ( Pierce ) her own person, confident and happy to bring the thunder and put everyone, from interns to the chief of surgery, into their places. '' Entertainment Weekly lauded the episode stating, `` Coming into the second week without Cristina Yang, Grey 's was smart to focus all of its attention on the newcomer. With most other main characters only making occasional cameos, it made it more difficult to feel Yang 's absence. And by showing Maggie 's side of the story, it made her more relatable. It was a win - win. '' adding on McCreary 's character, `` this episode is about how Maggie is her own, very likable person. '' On her character TV Fanatic wrote, Overall, we got to know Maggie a little better and it 's nice to see that she 's made some friends. It was a fair episode that showed Maggie 's basically a work in progress. Maybe she 'll grow on us eventually. '' For the thirteenth season, Vulture writer, Maggie Fremont spoke positively about the character : `` It 's never easy for a long - running series to introduce a new character, especially when that character is meant to immediately fit in with the rest of the ensemble. But when Maggie Pierce arrived in season ten, that 's exactly what Grey 's Anatomy did. It could 've been easy to dislike her -- she showed up to take over cardio as Cristina Yang was leaving, for chrissakes! She was yet another one of Meredith 's long - lost sisters. The cards were really stacked against Maggie Pierce. Yet, thanks to the writers and Kelly McCreary 's terrific performance, Maggie was immediately endearing. She is weird and neurotic and cheerful. She is nothing like Cristina, but she fills a void that Meredith needs filled in order to function. Can you really imagine Grey 's without Maggie Pierce? '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/greys-anatomy-11-big-developments-735827 Jump up ^ Writer : William Harper ; Director : Tony Phelan ( May 15, 2014 ). `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 10. Episode 24. American Broadcasting Company. access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Lindsay, Benjamin ( December 8, 2015 ). `` How Kelly McCreary of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Finds Catharsis in Emotional Scenes ''. Backstage. Backstage, LLC. Retrieved September 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( April 5, 2014 ). `` Exclusive : Ill - Fated Scandal Guest Star Resurrected on Grey 's Anatomy ''. TVLine. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved September 27, 2014. Jump up ^ Raftery, Liz ( October 23, 2014 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy : Kelly McCreary Upped to Series Regular ''. TV Guide. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 23, 2014. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( October 23, 2014 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Kelly McCreary Upped to Series Regular ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 24, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Promotes Kelly McCreary to Series Regular ''. Variety. Penske Media Corporation. October 23, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Kelly McCreary to series regular ''. Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. October 23, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Greco, Patti ( October 9, 2014 ). `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' Newbie Kelly McCreary on What 's Next for Meredith and Maggie ``. Cosmopolitan. Hearst. Retrieved September 24, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Aurthur, Kate ( January 29, 2015 ). `` Everything You Need To Know About The Woman Who Plays Meredith Grey 's Sister On `` Grey 's Anatomy '' ``. BuzzFeed. BuzzFeed Inc. Retrieved September 24, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Nelli, Victoria ( October 16, 2014 ). `` Maggie 's Anatomy : Kelly McCreary Dishes on Joining GREY 'S ANATOMY and Previews Tonight 's Flashback Fun ''. The TV Addict. Retrieved September 24, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Goldberg, Lesley ( October 2, 2014 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's Kelly McCreary : There 's a Lot Maggie Does n't Know ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( February 25, 2009 ). `` ' Grey 's ' exclusive : Does Mer have another MIA sibling? ''. Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved December 8, 2013. Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich, Matt ( December 8, 2009 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jesse Williams Addresses Meredith 's Brother Rumor ''. Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Abrams, Natalie ( July 15, 2014 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Shonda Rhimes Teases Half - Sister Twist, Possible New Romance ''. TV Guide. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 3, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Jacobs, Meredith ( October 1, 2014 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Exclusive Interview : Kelly McCreary on ' Clashing ' with Meredith and a ' Shift ' with Richard ''. BuddyTV. Retrieved September 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( September 25, 2014 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Stars Tease Season 11 : New Love, Board Drama and Meddling Meredith ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 3, 2014. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( July 16, 2014 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes : Season 11 to Focus on Meredith, Explore Callie and Arizona 's ' Band - Aid ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 24, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Abrams, Natalie ( September 30, 2014 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' sneak peek : Things get even worse between Meredith and Maggie ''. Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved September 24, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Raftery, Liz ( October 1, 2014 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy Newcomer Kelly McCreary : Maggie and Meredith Are Like `` Oil and Water '' ``. TV Guide. CBS Interactive. Retrieved September 24, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Bucksbaum, Sydney ( October 2, 2014 ). `` Maggie 's Grey 's Anatomy Secret Wo n't Stay Hidden for Long! Kelly McCreary Gives the Scoop ''. E!. NBCUniversal. Retrieved September 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( October 2, 2014 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Postmortem : ' Meredith Will Delve Deep Into the Past ' to Uncover the Truth ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Samson, Janalen ( October 2, 2014 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Maggie Opens Pandora 's Box ''. BuddyTV. Retrieved September 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Alex Cranz. `` Review : Grey 's Anatomy - ' Puzzle With a Missing Piece ' ''. FemPop Magazine. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy recap : ' Puzzle With A Piece Missing ' ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Jump up ^ Tran, Christina. `` Grey 's Anatomy ''. TV Fanatic. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Jump up ^ Fremont, Maggie. `` Grey 's Anatomy Recap : Oh, Mother ''. Vulture. Retrieved February 10, 2017. External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Television portal Maggie Piece at ABC.com Maggie Pierce on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maggie_Pierce&oldid=799923131 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional African - American people Fictional characters from Washington ( state ) Fictional storytellers Fictional characters introduced in 2014 Fictional surgeons Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from February 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017, at 16 : 48. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Maggie Pierce", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Maggie_Pierce&amp;oldid=799923131" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "16457070643202017909" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "I 'll Be There for You ( the Rembrandts song ) - wikipedia I 'll Be There for You ( the Rembrandts song ) Jump to : navigation, search This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I 'll Be There for You '' Single by The Rembrandts from the album LP Released May 1, 1995 Format 7 ``, CD single Recorded Genre Power pop, pop rock, alternative rock, jangle pop Length 3 : 09 Label East West, Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) David Crane, Marta Kauffman, Michael Skloff, Allee Willis, Phil Sōlem, Danny Wilde Producer ( s ) Kevin Bright, David Crane, Marta Kauffman The Rembrandts singles chronology `` Waiting to Be Opened '' ( 1993 ) `` I 'll Be There for You '' ( 1995 ) `` This House Is Not a Home '' ( 1995 ) `` Waiting to Be Opened '' ( 1993 ) `` I 'll Be There for You '' ( 1995 ) `` This House Is Not a Home '' ( 1995 ) `` I 'll Be There for You '' is a song recorded by the American duo The Rembrandts. It is best known as the theme song to the American sitcom Friends, which premiered during 1994 and ended in 2004. The song was also released as the first single from the group 's third studio album LP. Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Chart performance 5 Charts 6 Compilation usage 7 Cover versions 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Song information ( edit ) `` I 'll Be There for You '' was co-written by Friends producers David Crane and Marta Kauffman, Kauffman 's husband, composer Michael Skloff, and songwriter Allee Willis, along with Phil Sōlem and Danny Wilde, both of the Rembrandts. It is strongly influenced by The Beatles, especially reminiscent of the `` I Feel Fine '' guitar riff, and is also highly reminiscent of The Monkees ' `` Pleasant Valley Sunday. '' The original theme, which is under one minute long, was later re-recorded as a three - minute pop song. After Nashville program director Charlie Quinn, along with radio announcer and music director Tom Peace, looped the original short version into a full - length track and broadcast it on radio station WYHY, it became so popular that they had to re-record it. `` Our record label said we had to finish the song and record it. There was no way to get out of it, '' lead singer Phil Sōlem said. Music video ( edit ) The music video of the song featured the six main stars of Friends, taking the singing and dancing roles of the band after, amusingly, attacking them all and bemusing everyone else on the set with their daft behaviour. The video was included as a bonus feature on several of the show 's Complete Season DVD Boxsets. Track listing ( edit ) European CD maxi - single `` I 'll Be There for You '' -- 3 : 09 `` Fixin ' to Blow '' -- 5 : 03 `` Just the Way It Is Baby '' -- 4 : 06 `` Snippets Medley '' -- 6 : 46 Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States, the song topped the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart for eight weeks. When the single was released 1995, it peaked at # 3 on the UK Singles Chart in the United Kingdom and at # 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States as the flipside to `` This House Is Not a Home ''. It also peaked at # 1 on the U.S. Top 40 Mainstream and Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts. The song was the most successful in Canada where it peaked at number 1 for 5 consecutive weeks. In April 2004, the song was ranked at # 15 on Blender magazine 's list of the `` 50 Worst Songs Ever ''. Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Canada ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 France ( SNEP ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 77 Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 34 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) U.S. Billboard Hot 100 17 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Airplay U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks 7 U.S. Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks 23 U.S. Billboard Top 40 Mainstream Compilation usage ( edit ) `` I 'll Be There for You '' has been included on the following compilation albums : Friends : Music From The TV Series ( 1994 ) -- for the American series Friends ' opening song ; Serial TV : Les Plus Grands Hits Des Séries TV Happy Songs Billboard Top Hits : 1995 -- for Billboard 's 1995 CD. Cover versions ( edit ) American pop rock band The Goo Goo Dolls recorded their own version of this song which contained slightly altered lyrics, and a more upbeat tempo, rockier sound, as well as a glockenspiel in the rhythm track. Yakko, Wakko, and Dot of Animaniacs parodied the theme song as `` We Wo n't Ever Leave '' during a 1997 episode entitled `` Acquaintances '' ( which is itself a spoof of Friends ). American punk rock band Pink Lincolns covered this song under the title `` Friends '' for a 1997 compilation album titled Show & Tell. Fictional American band Alvin and the Chipmunks covered this song for their 2007 video game Alvin and the Chipmunks. `` Weird Al '' Yankovic had planned to record a parody for his Bad Hair Day album called `` Theme for Home Improvement or I 'll Repair For You ''. Although the Rembrandts were fine with the parody idea, the producers of Friends were not, fearing that the show 's theme would be overexposed. `` Theme for Home Improvement '' is nevertheless a concert favorite. In popular culture ( edit ) The 2013 comedy film We 're the Millers, which stars Jennifer Aniston, features a blooper during the credits where Jason Sudeikis flips through radio stations and ends up on `` I 'll Be There for You ''. Sudeikis, Emma Roberts, and Will Poulter begin singing the song as Aniston covers her face laughing. See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1995 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Rembrandts : ' So no one told me it was going to be this way ' ''. Independent. London. April 27, 2004. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ Etkin, Jaimie. `` The Amazing Story Behind `` I 'll Be There For You, '' According To The Rembrandts ``. Buzzfeed News. Retrieved 16 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Nashville DJ helped turn `` Friends '' song into radio hit ``. Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2004 - 12 - 21. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14. Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel ( 2002 ). Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001. Record Research. p. 202. Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada ''. Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived December 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Rembrandts -- I 'll Be There For You ''. ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Rembrandts -- I 'll Be There For You '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada ''. Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Rembrandts -- I 'll Be There For You '' ( in Dutch ). Single Top 100. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Rembrandts -- I 'll Be There For You '' ( in French ). Les classement single. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- The Rembrandts Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward. `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know ''. Irishcharts.ie. Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- The Rembrandts -- I 'll Be There For You ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Rembrandts -- I 'll Be There For You ''. VG - lista. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Rembrandts -- I 'll Be There For You ''. Singles Top 100. Retrieved 4 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1995 '' UK Singles Chart. Retrieved 4 April 2011. ^ Jump up to : The Rembrandts. `` The Rembrandts Biography, Albums, & Streaming Radio ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Rembrandts Phil Solem Danny Wilde Mark Karan Studio albums The Rembrandts ( 1990 ) Untitled ( 1992 ) L.P. ( 1995 ) Spin This ( 1998 ) Lost Together ( 2001 ) Compilation albums Choice Picks ( 2005 ) Greatest Hits ( 2006 ) Singles `` Just the Way It Is, Baby '' `` I 'll Be There for You '' Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) `` The One with George Stephanopoulos '' ( 1.04 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends... ' Til the End Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27ll_Be_There_for_You_(The_Rembrandts_song)&oldid=801058880 '' Categories : 1995 singles The Rembrandts songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Allee Willis Friends Television theme songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that may contain original research from September 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for German Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Galego Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017, at 11 : 55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "I'll Be There for You (The Rembrandts song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I%27ll_Be_There_for_You_(The_Rembrandts_song)&amp;oldid=801058880" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "17068797519401937451" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Transient lingual papillitis - wikipedia Transient lingual papillitis Jump to : navigation, search This article contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. ( January 2014 ) Transient lingual papillitis ( also termed fungiform papillary glossitis, eruptive lingual papillitis, or colloquially, lie bumps ), are painful, hypertrophic, red and white papillae on the tongue. Cause ( edit ) The name `` lie bumps '' is a result of a myth that telling lies would cause them. However, very little has been written about this condition in scientific articles or textbooks and scientific studies have failed to produce a definite cause. Possible causes include : `` stress, gastrointestinal upset, menstruation, acidic or sour food, smoking, and local trauma '' ( direct physical irritation ) of the tongue. Lie bumps are often caused by the taste bud ( s ) splitting. These bumps are small, white bumps on the base of the tongue. They are likely to be the result of transient lingual papillitis ( TLP ). This condition is limited to the upper ( dorsal ) surface of the tongue, affecting some of the tiny bumps on the tongue known as the fungiform papillae, what we commonly call the `` taste buds. '' TLP is a harmless problem. These bumps can become notably red or white and are quite tender for up to several days. While the cause of TLP is not known with certainty, most experts feel that local accidental trauma ( rubbing, scraping or biting ) is a major factor ; however, contact reactions to things like certain foods have also been suggested. Lie bumps are not contagious and the discomfort is relatively minor. Typically these lesions heal within a few days with no treatment, though a doctor may refer a patient to an oral pathologist in prolonged cases. Treatments ( edit ) There are no specific treatments for this problem, other than using ice or numbing medicines to ease the pain. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marks, R. ; Scarff, C.E. ; Yap, L.M. ; Verlinden, V. ; Jolley, D. ; Campbell, J. ( October 2005 ). `` Fungiform papillary glossitis : atopic disease in the mouth? ''. British Journal of Dermatology. British Association of Dermatologists. 153 ( 100,000,000,000 ) : 740 -- 745. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2133.2005. 06577. x. PMID 16181454. Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30. ^ Jump up to : Roux, O. ; Lacour, J.P. ; Paediatricians of the Region Var - Cote D'Azur ( February 2004 ). `` Eruptive lingual papillitis with household transmission : a prospective clinical study ''. British Journal of Dermatology. British Association of Dermatologists. 150 ( 2 ) : 299 -- 303. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2133.2004. 05703. x. PMID 14996101. Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30. Oral and maxillofacial pathology ( K00 -- K06, K11 -- K14, 520 -- 525, 527 -- 529 ) Lips Cheilitis Actinic Angular Plasma cell Cleft lip Congenital lip pit Eclabium Herpes labialis Macrocheilia Microcheilia Nasolabial cyst Sun poisoning Trumpeter 's wart Tongue Ankyloglossia Black hairy tongue Caviar tongue Crenated tongue Cunnilingus tongue Fissured tongue Foliate papillitis Glossitis Geographic tongue Median rhomboid glossitis Transient lingual papillitis Glossoptosis Hypoglossia Lingual thyroid Macroglossia Microglossia Rhabdomyoma Palate Bednar 's aphthae Cleft palate High - arched palate Palatal cysts of the newborn Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia Stomatitis nicotina Torus palatinus Oral mucosa -- Lining of mouth Amalgam tattoo Angina bullosa haemorrhagica Behçet 's disease Bohn 's nodules Burning mouth syndrome Candidiasis Condyloma acuminatum Darier 's disease Epulis fissuratum Erythema multiforme Erythroplakia Fibroma Giant - cell Focal epithelial hyperplasia Fordyce spots Hairy leukoplakia Hand, foot and mouth disease Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis Herpangina Herpes zoster Intraoral dental sinus Leukoedema Leukoplakia Lichen planus Linea alba Lupus erythematosus Melanocytic nevus Melanocytic oral lesion Molluscum contagiosum Morsicatio buccarum Oral cancer Benign : Squamous cell papilloma Keratoacanthoma Malignant : Adenosquamous carcinoma Basaloid squamous carcinoma Mucosal melanoma Spindle cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Verrucous carcinoma Oral florid papillomatosis Oral melanosis Smoker 's melanosis Pemphigoid Benign mucous membrane Pemphigus Plasmoacanthoma Stomatitis Aphthous Denture - related Herpetic Smokeless tobacco keratosis Submucous fibrosis Ulceration Riga -- Fede disease Verruca vulgaris Verruciform xanthoma White sponge nevus Teeth ( pulp, dentin, enamel ) Amelogenesis imperfecta Ankylosis Anodontia Caries Early childhood caries Concrescence Failure of eruption of teeth Dens evaginatus Talon cusp Dentin dysplasia Dentin hypersensitivity Dentinogenesis imperfecta Dilaceration Discoloration Ectopic enamel Enamel hypocalcification Enamel hypoplasia Turner 's hypoplasia Enamel pearl Fluorosis Fusion Gemination Hyperdontia Hypodontia Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis Impaction Wisdom tooth impaction Macrodontia Meth mouth Microdontia Odontogenic tumors Keratocystic odontogenic tumour Odontoma Dens in dente Open contact Premature eruption Neonatal teeth Pulp calcification Pulp stone Pulp canal obliteration Pulp necrosis Pulp polyp Pulpitis Regional odontodysplasia Resorption Shovel - shaped incisors Supernumerary root Taurodontism Trauma Avulsion Cracked tooth syndrome Vertical root fracture Occlusal Tooth loss Edentulism Tooth wear Abrasion Abfraction Acid erosion Attrition Periodontium ( gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolus ) -- Gums and tooth - supporting structures Cementicle Cementoblastoma Gigantiform Cementoma Eruption cyst Epulis Pyogenic granuloma Congenital epulis Gingival enlargement Gingival cyst of the adult Gingival cyst of the newborn Gingivitis Desquamative Granulomatous Plasma cell Hereditary gingival fibromatosis Hypercementosis Hypocementosis Linear gingival erythema Necrotizing periodontal diseases Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis Pericoronitis Peri-implantitis Periodontal abscess Periodontal trauma Periodontitis Aggressive As a manifestation of systemic disease Chronic Perio - endo lesion Teething Periapical, mandibular and maxillary hard tissues -- Bones of jaws Agnathia Alveolar osteitis Buccal exostosis Cherubism Idiopathic osteosclerosis Mandibular fracture Microgenia Micrognathia Intraosseous cysts Odontogenic : periapical Dentigerous Buccal bifurcation Lateral periodontal Globulomaxillary Calcifying odontogenic Glandular odontogenic Non-odontogenic : Nasopalatine duct Median mandibular Median palatal Traumatic bone Osteoma Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis Bisphosphonate - associated Neuralgia - inducing cavitational osteonecrosis Osteoradionecrosis Osteoporotic bone marrow defect Paget 's disease of bone Periapical abscess Phoenix abscess Periapical periodontitis Stafne defect Torus mandibularis Temporomandibular joints, muscles of mastication and malocclusions -- Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities Bruxism Condylar resorption Mandibular dislocation Malocclusion Crossbite Open bite Overbite Overeruption Overjet Prognathia Retrognathia Scissor bite Maxillary hypoplasia Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Salivary glands Benign lymphoepithelial lesion Ectopic salivary gland tissue Frey 's syndrome HIV salivary gland disease Necrotizing sialometaplasia Mucocele Ranula Pneumoparotitis Salivary duct stricture Salivary gland aplasia Salivary gland atresia Salivary gland diverticulum Salivary gland fistula Salivary gland hyperplasia Salivary gland hypoplasia Salivary gland neoplasms Benign : Basal cell adenoma Canalicular adenoma Ductal papilloma Monomorphic adenoma Myoepithelioma Oncocytoma Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum Pleomorphic adenoma Sebaceous adenoma Malignant : Acinic cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma Lymphoma Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Sclerosing polycystic adenosis Sialadenitis Parotitis Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis Sialectasis Sialocele Sialodochitis Sialosis Sialolithiasis Sjögren 's syndrome Orofacial soft tissues -- Soft tissues around the mouth Actinomycosis Angioedema Basal cell carcinoma Cutaneous sinus of dental origin Cystic hygroma Gnathophyma Ludwig 's angina Macrostomia Melkersson -- Rosenthal syndrome Microstomia Noma Oral Crohn 's disease Orofacial granulomatosis Perioral dermatitis Pyostomatitis vegetans Other Eagle syndrome Hemifacial hypertrophy Facial hemiatrophy Oral manifestations of systemic disease Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transient_lingual_papillitis&oldid=842620026 '' Categories : Tongue Conditions of the mucous membranes Oral mucosal pathology Tongue disorders Hidden categories : Articles with weasel words from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018, at 15 : 58. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Transient lingual papillitis", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Transient_lingual_papillitis&amp;oldid=842620026" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "7104329664440237921" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "WWE Greatest Royal Rumble - Wikipedia WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Jump to : navigation, search Greatest Royal Rumble Promotional poster featuring various WWE wrestlers Theme song ( s ) `` When Legends Rise '' by Godsmack Information Promotion WWE Brand ( s ) Raw SmackDown Sponsor ( s ) Saudi General Sports Authority Date April 27, 2018 Attendance 60,000 Venue King Abdullah International Stadium City Jeddah, Saudi Arabia WWE Network event chronology WrestleMania 34 Greatest Royal Rumble Backlash ( 2018 ) Greatest Royal Rumble was a professional wrestling pay - per - view event and WWE Network event promoted by WWE for their Raw and SmackDown brands. The event was held on April 27, 2018 at the King Abdullah Sports City 's King Abdullah International Stadium in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The event was scheduled for 7 : 00 p.m. local time. It aired live in the United States at noon EDT, with a pre-show starting at 11 a.m. EDT. At the event, all men 's main roster championships were defended, in addition to a 50 - man Royal Rumble match. The card featured ten matches. In the main event, Braun Strowman won the titular Greatest Royal Rumble match to become the inaugural Greatest Royal Rumble Champion. In the penultimate match, Brock Lesnar retained the Universal Championship in a steel cage match against Roman Reigns. On the undercard, the WWE Championship match between AJ Styles and Shinsuke Nakamura resulted in a double countout, The Undertaker defeated Rusev in a casket match, and John Cena defeated Triple H in the opening match. Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Background 1.2 Storylines 2 Event 2.1 Preliminary matches 2.2 Main event 3 Controversy 4 Results 4.1 Tag Team Eliminator bracket 4.2 Greatest Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations 5 WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship 5.1 History 5.2 Championship belt design 5.3 Reigns 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Since 1988, the Royal Rumble has been an annual event held by WWE and is typically shown on pay - per - view. The event is highlighted by the Royal Rumble match, a battle royal whose participants enter at timed intervals. The Greatest Royal Rumble included the largest version of the match to date, having a total of 50 participants. On March 5, 2018, WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority advertised the Greatest Royal Rumble, a live event to be held on April 27, 2018, at King Abdullah International Stadium, part of the King Abdullah Sports City, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The event is a part of a 10 - year strategic multi-platform partnership between WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority in support of Saudi Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia 's social and economic reform program. On March 19, 2018, WWE scheduled seven championship matches for the event : the WWE Championship, Universal Championship, United States Championship, Intercontinental Championship, SmackDown Tag Team Championship, Raw Tag Team Championship and Cruiserweight Championship were to be defended at the event. As revealed on March 22, 2018, the event was streamed live on the WWE Network. It also aired on traditional pay - per - view in the United States and internationally. The event was also the first WWE pay - per - view to feature Arabic commentary. In the weeks leading up to the event, the WWE held tryouts in Saudi Arabia. From these tryouts, eight were selected to receive training by WWE, which would include an opportunity to earn a spot at the Greatest Royal Rumble event itself. Storylines ( edit ) The card comprised ten matches that resulted from scripted storylines and had results predetermined by WWE on the Raw and SmackDown brands. Storylines were produced on WWE 's weekly television shows, Monday Night Raw, SmackDown Live, and the cruiserweight - exclusive 205 Live. On April 9, Brock Lesnar, who had renewed his WWE contract, was scheduled to defend the Universal Championship against Roman Reigns in a steel cage match as a rematch from WrestleMania 34. On Raw following WrestleMania, Reigns expressed frustration about not being told about his future matches and opponents, singling out the steel cage match with Lesnar. Reigns alleged that there was a conspiracy against him. Samoa Joe, who had been out with an injury since January, came out and warned Reigns that Lesnar would beat him again. On March 26, WWE scheduled a ladder match between then - champion The Miz, Seth Rollins, Finn Bálor, and Samoa Joe for the Intercontinental Championship. At WrestleMania 34, The Miz lost the Intercontinental Championship to Rollins, thus making Rollins the defending champion. Both Miz and Joe were traded to SmackDown while Rollins and Bálor remained on Raw. On March 26, Cesaro and Sheamus were scheduled to defend the Raw Tag Team Championship against The Hardy Boyz ( Jeff and Matt Hardy ). At WrestleMania 34, however, Cesaro and Sheamus lost the titles to Braun Strowman and 10 - year - old Nicholas. The following night on Raw, Strowman and Nicholas relinquished the titles due to Nicholas being a fourth grader. Cesaro and Sheamus demanded their titles back, but Raw General Manager Kurt Angle instead scheduled them to face the winner of the four - team Tag Team Eliminator tournament for the vacant titles at the Greatest Royal Rumble. `` Woken '' Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt won the tournament by defeating Titus Worldwide ( Apollo Crews and Titus O'Neil ) and The Revival ( Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson ). Cesaro and Sheamus were then traded to SmackDown during the Superstar Shake - up. At WrestleMania 34, The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) defeated The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) and The New Day 's Big E and Kofi Kingston in a triple threat tag team match to win the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. On the following SmackDown, The Usos defeated The New Day to earn a title match at Greatest Royal Rumble. A match between John Cena and Triple H was scheduled on March 26. The Undertaker, was originally scheduled to face Rusev in a casket match, the first match of its kind in three years. Due to reasons not entirely clear, Rusev was temporarily replaced by Chris Jericho -- this was explained with Rusev 's wife Lana complaining about her husband competing in a casket match -- but eventually reinserted back into the match. Jericho was restored to his original participation in the Greatest Royal Rumble match. At WrestleMania 34, Jinder Mahal defeated Randy Orton, Bobby Roode, and Rusev in a fatal - four way match to win the United States Championship. Mahal was then traded to Raw and lost the championship to Jeff Hardy and Mahal invoked his rematch clause for the Greatest Royal Rumble. Hardy was then traded to SmackDown the following night. At WrestleMania 34, AJ Styles successfully defended the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura. After the match, showed his respect to Styles but then attacked him with a low blow and a Kinshasa, turning heel. On April 17, after repeated attacks on Styles by Nakamura, a rematch between the two was scheduled for the Greatest Royal Rumble. On the WrestleMania 34 pre-show, Cedric Alexander defeated Mustafa Ali in the WWE Cruiserweight Championship tournament final to win the vacant title. Two nights later on 205 Live, Buddy Murphy attacked the new champion during his celebration. Murphy was then scheduled to face Alexander for the title at the Greatest Royal Rumble, but he failed his mandatory weigh - in when he weighed 207 pounds, 2 pounds over the 205 pound weight limit. He was then removed from the match and banned from competing on 205 Live until he met the weight requirement. The following week, Kalisto earned a Cruiserweight Championship match at the Greatest Royal Rumble by winning a gauntlet match. Event ( edit ) Preliminary matches ( edit ) Other on - screen personnel Role : Name : English commentators Michael Cole Corey Graves Byron Saxton Spanish commentators Carlos Cabrera Marcelo Rodríguez Arabic commentators Faisal Almughaisib Sultan Alharbi Jude Aldajani Ring announcer Greg Hamilton Referees Danilo Anfibio Jason Ayers John Cone Dan Engler Darrick Moore Chad Patton Ryan Tran Interviewer Mike Rome Pre-show panel Byron Saxton Jerry Lawler Jim Ross Booker T The actual pay - per - view opened with John Cena facing Triple H. During the match, after trading finishers, and reversing each other 's finishers, Cena performed an Attitude Adjustment on Triple H, a springboard into the corner turnbuckle, followed and another Attitude Adjustment to pick up the victory. Following the match Cena thanked the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for their hospitality, and expressed excitement over the event. In the following match, Cedric Alexander defended the Cruiserweight Championship against Kalisto. The match ended when Alexander countered a Salida Del Sol attempt into a Lumbar Check to retain the title. Next, the vacant Raw Tag Team Championship was contested between the team of Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy and the former champions, Cesaro and Sheamus. In the end, Hardy distracted Sheamus, allowing Wyatt to perform a Sister Abigail on him. Hardy and Wyatt then performed a wheelbarrow Twist of Fate on Sheamus to win the title. Jeff Hardy then defended the United States Championship against Jinder Mahal. In the end, Hardy performed a Swanton Bomb on Mahal to retain the title. After that, The Bludgeons Brothers defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Usos. Harper and Rowan retained their titles after performing a Double Crucifix Powerbomb on Jimmy Uso. Next, Seth Rollins defended the Intercontinental Championship against Finn Balor, Samoa Joe and The Miz in a Ladder match. Near the end of the match, Finn Balor climbed the ladder to unhook the championship, only for Rollins to leap from the top rope onto the ladder and managed to retrieve the title belt before Balor, thus retaining his championship. Later, AJ Styles defended the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura. During the match, Nakamura resorted to various illegal tactics, such as a Low Blow, increasingly frustrating Styles. In the end, both Nakamura and Styles brawled outside of the ring only for the match to end in a double countout. Post-match Styles performed a Phenomenal Forearm over the top rope on Nakamura. After that, The Undertaker fought Rusev ( who was accompanied by Aiden English ) in a Casket match. At the end of the match, Undertaker performed a Chokeslam on Rusev and rolled him into the casket. Before he could close the lid, English attacked the Undertaker, who retailiated with another Chokeslam and a Tombstone Piledriver before putting English into the casket alongside Rusev and closing it for the victory. In the penultimate match, Brock Lesnar ( accompanied by Paul Heyman ) defended the Universal Championship against Roman Reigns in a steel cage match. Lesnar delivered multiple German Suplexes during the match, and both men kicked out of each other 's finishing moves. At one point in the match, Reigns tried to escape the cage through the door only for Heyman to slam the door on Reigns. The match ended after Reigns put Lesnar through the cage wall with a Spear, sending it onto the floor. Despite Reigns touching the floor with both feet first, the referee awarded the win to Lesnar, thereby retaining the Universal Championship. Main event ( edit ) Daniel Bryan and Dolph Ziggler began the 50 - man Royal Rumble match as the first two entrants. Bryan survived until the final 3, beating out Rey Mysterio for the longest time spent in a single Royal Rumble match of all time at an hour and sixteen minutes. At the end of the match, Big Cass eliminated Bryan only for Cass to then attempt a Big Boot on Braun Strowman, who ducked and knocked Cass over the top rope to win the match. Strowman also achieved the most eliminations of a single Royal Rumble match at 13, beating out a record previously held by Roman Reigns with 12. Post-match, Strowman received a trophy and the Greatest Royal Rumble Championship. Controversy ( edit ) See also : Women in WWE WWE had been criticized for holding the event without female wrestlers, who were unable to perform at the event due to the limited rights women have in Saudi Arabia. Triple H, WWE 's Executive Vice President of Talent, Live Events and Creative, responded to the criticism : `` I understand that people are questioning it, but you have to understand that every culture is different and just because you do n't agree with a certain aspect of it, it does n't mean it 's not a relevant culture... You ca n't dictate to a country or a religion about how they handle things but, having said that, WWE is at the forefront of a women 's evolution in the world and what you ca n't do is effect change anywhere by staying away from it... While women are not competing in the event, we have had discussions about that and hope that, in the next few years they will be ''. Women were in attendance for the event, though only if accompanied by a male guardian. This was a major change from previous events, which were only open to men. Associated Press noted that this is due to `` a series of social changes '' by the Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman. During the event, WWE aired a promotional video, which included WWE female wrestlers. The Saudi General Sports Authority issued an apology for `` indecent material '' that aired at the event. In addition to the women, wrestler Sami Zayn did not participate in the event as Zayn is of Syrian descent, and Saudi Arabia has strained relations with Syria. Another subject of criticism was the situation of LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia, as in Saudi Arabia homosexual intercourse is illegal and can be punished by death. Results ( edit ) No. Results Stipulations Times John Cena defeated Triple H Singles match 15 : 45 Cedric Alexander ( c ) defeated Kalisto Singles match for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship 10 : 15 Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy defeated Cesaro and Sheamus Tag team match for the vacant WWE Raw Tag Team Championship 8 : 50 Jeff Hardy ( c ) defeated Jinder Mahal ( with Sunil Singh ) Singles match for the WWE United States Championship 6 : 10 5 The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) ( c ) defeated The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) Tag team match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship 5 : 05 6 Seth Rollins ( c ) defeated Finn Bálor, Samoa Joe, and The Miz Ladder match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship 15 : 05 7 AJ Styles ( c ) vs. Shinsuke Nakamura ended in a double countout Singles match for the WWE Championship 14 : 25 8 The Undertaker defeated Rusev ( with Aiden English ) Casket match 9 : 40 9 Brock Lesnar ( c ) ( with Paul Heyman ) defeated Roman Reigns by escaping the cage Steel cage match for the WWE Universal Championship 9 : 15 10 Braun Strowman won by last eliminating Big Cass 50 - man Royal Rumble match for the WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship 1 : 17 : 20 ( c ) -- refers to the champion ( s ) heading into the match Tag Team Eliminator bracket ( edit ) First Round Raw ( 4 / 9 ) Finals Raw ( 4 / 16 ) Championship Match Greatest Royal Rumble ( 4 / 27 ) The Revival ( Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson ) Pin Karl Anderson and Luke Gallows 3 : 35 Cesaro and Sheamus 8 : 50 The Revival 5 : 25 Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy Pin Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy Pin Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy Pin Titus Worldwide ( Apollo Crews and Titus O'Neil ) 5 : 07 Greatest Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations ( edit ) -- Raw -- SmackDown -- NXT -- Free agent -- Winner Draw Entrant Brand Order Eliminated by Time Elimination ( s ) Daniel Bryan SmackDown 48 Big Cass 1 : 16 : 05 Dolph Ziggler Raw 12 Kurt Angle 0 : 21 : 44 Sin Cara SmackDown Dolph Ziggler 0 : 01 : 18 0 Curtis Axel Raw Mark Henry 0 : 02 : 00 0 5 Mark Henry Free agent 5 Daniel Bryan and Dolph Ziggler 0 : 03 : 27 6 Mike Kanellis Raw Mark Henry 0 : 00 : 03 0 7 Hiroki Sumi Free agent Mark Henry 0 : 00 : 46 0 8 Viktor Raw 6 Daniel Bryan 0 : 00 : 51 0 9 Kofi Kingston SmackDown 14 Elias 0 : 16 : 34 10 Tony Nese Raw 9 Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods 0 : 07 : 13 11 Dash Wilder Raw 7 Daniel Bryan and Hornswoggle 0 : 01 : 26 0 12 Hornswoggle Free agent 8 Tony Nese 0 : 01 : 00 13 Primo Colón SmackDown 11 Kurt Angle 0 : 05 : 10 0 14 Xavier Woods SmackDown 15 Elias 0 : 09 : 56 15 Bo Dallas Raw 10 Kurt Angle 0 : 01 : 34 0 16 Kurt Angle Raw 16 Elias 0 : 07 : 59 17 Scott Dawson Raw 19 Bobby Roode 0 : 11 : 44 0 18 Goldust Raw 18 Bobby Roode 0 : 10 : 04 0 19 Konnor Raw 13 Elias 0 : 02 : 25 0 20 Elias Raw 41 Bobby Lashley 0 : 34 : 04 5 21 Luke Gallows SmackDown 20 Rey Mysterio 0 : 09 : 16 0 22 Rhyno Raw 25 Roderick Strong 0 : 16 : 22 0 23 Drew Gulak Raw 17 Tucker Knight 0 : 01 : 47 0 24 Tucker Knight NXT 23 Big E 0 : 10 : 08 25 Bobby Roode Raw 29 Baron Corbin 0 : 17 : 44 26 Fandango Raw 21 Mojo Rawley 0 : 03 : 42 0 27 Chad Gable Raw 24 Apollo Crews 0 : 08 : 17 0 28 Rey Mysterio Free agent 37 Baron Corbin 0 : 20 : 25 29 Mojo Rawley Raw 27 Randy Orton 0 : 08 : 52 30 Tyler Breeze Raw 22 Mojo Rawley 0 : 00 : 16 0 31 Big E SmackDown 33 Braun Strowman 0 : 13 : 59 32 Karl Anderson SmackDown 26 Randy Orton 0 : 04 : 25 0 33 Apollo Crews Raw 28 Randy Orton 0 : 03 : 26 34 Roderick Strong NXT 30 Baron Corbin 0 : 06 : 00 35 Randy Orton SmackDown 39 Elias 0 : 10 : 58 36 Heath Slater Raw 34 Braun Strowman 0 : 07 : 38 0 37 Babatunde NXT 31 Braun Strowman 0 : 05 : 53 0 38 Baron Corbin Raw 38 Randy Orton 0 : 07 : 08 39 Titus O'Neil Raw 35 Braun Strowman 0 : 04 : 42 0 40 Dan Matha NXT 32 Braun Strowman 0 : 02 : 01 0 41 Braun Strowman Raw 50! -- Winner 0 : 22 : 14! 0 : 22 : 14 13 42 Tye Dillinger SmackDown 36 Braun Strowman 0 : 00 : 29 0 43 Curt Hawkins Raw 40 Braun Strowman 0 : 00 : 20 0 44 Bobby Lashley Raw 45 Braun Strowman 0 : 14 : 38 45 The Great Khali Free agent 42 Braun Strowman and Bobby Lashley 0 : 00 : 31 0 46 Kevin Owens Raw 47 Braun Strowman 0 : 10 : 43 0 47 Shane McMahon SmackDown 44 Braun Strowman 0 : 08 : 07 0 48 Shelton Benjamin SmackDown 43 Chris Jericho 0 : 04 : 23 0 49 Big Cass SmackDown 49 Braun Strowman 0 : 07 : 23 50 Chris Jericho SmackDown 46 Braun Strowman 0 : 03 : 18 By eliminating 13 men, Braun Strowman broke the record of 12, set by Roman Reigns at the 2014 Royal Rumble. Daniel Bryan broke the longevity record for lasting 1 : 16 : 05, previous record held by Rey Mysterio ( lasting 1 : 02 : 12 ) at the 2006 Royal Rumble. WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship ( edit ) WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship The WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship belt with default side plates Details Promotion WWE Date established April 27, 2018 Current champion ( s ) Braun Strowman Date won April 27, 2018 Other name ( s ) Belt Kingdom Championship ( show ) Statistics First champion ( s ) Braun Strowman Longest reign Braun Strowman ( 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 + days ) Heaviest champion Braun Strowman ( 385 lbs ) The WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship, also known as the Belt Kingdom Championship ( Arabic : حزام بطولة المملكة ), is a professional wrestling championship created and promoted by American professional wrestling promotion WWE and sanctioned by the Saudi General Sports Authority. The current and inaugural champion is Braun Strowman, who was awarded the championship for winning the 50 - man Greatest Royal Rumble match at the namesake event. History ( edit ) On March 5, 2018, WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority advertised the Greatest Royal Rumble, a live event to be held on April 27, 2018, at King Abdullah International Stadium, part of the King Abdullah Sports City, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The event was part of a 10 - year strategic multi-platform partnership between WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority in support of Saudi Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia 's social and economic reform program. The Greatest Royal Rumble Championship was unveiled by WWE on April 27, 2018 during the Greatest Royal Rumble event. The championship was announced on the official website of the Saudi General Sports Authority as the Belt Kingdom Championship. Braun Strowman, the 41st entrant of the 50 - man Greatest Royal Rumble match, became the inaugural Greatest Royal Rumble Champion by lastly eliminating Big Cass. Championship belt design ( edit ) As with some other championship belts unveiled in 2016, the base design is similar to the WWE Championship, with notable differences. Instead of a large cut out of the WWE logo, the center plate is modeled with Arabic pattern with the WWE logo in the center. Like the WWE Championship belt and other belts introduced in 2016 and 2017, the Greatest Royal Rumble Championship belt features two side plates, both separated by gold divider bars, with removable round sections that can be replaced with the current champion 's logo ; the default plates feature the official logo of Saudi General Sports Authority which is identical to the national emblem of Saudi Arabia. The plates are on a green leather strap resembling the color of the national flag of Saudi Arabia. Reigns ( edit ) As of May 28, 2018, there has been one reign, which is the inaugural and current champion, Braun Strowman. No. Champion Reign Date Days held Location Event Notes Ref. Strowman, Braun Braun Strowman April 27, 2018 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 + Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Greatest Royal Rumble Became the inaugural champion by winning the 50 - man Greatest Royal Rumble match References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Let 's rumble like never before. `` When Legends Rise '' by @ godsmack is an # OfficialThemeSong for the Greatest Royal Rumble event. # WWEGRR ``. WWE on Twitter. April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018. Jump up ^ `` First - ever WWE Greatest Royal Rumble wows 60,000 in Jeddah ''. Arab News. April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ Jump up to : WWE.com staff ( March 5, 2018 ). `` Saudi Arabia to host the Greatest Royal Rumble ''. WWE. Retrieved March 7, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` WWE Greatest Royal Rumble to be shown live on Sky Sports Box Office ''. Sky Sports. March 22, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018. Jump up ^ WWE.com staff ( April 4, 2018 ). `` Greatest Royal Rumble to stream on WWE Network Friday, April 27, at 12 p.m. ET / 9 a.m. PT ''. WWE. Retrieved April 4, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Mike Johnson ( March 12, 2018 ). `` WWE NETWORK TO BROADCAST GREATEST ROYAL RUMBLE ''. PWInsider. Retrieved March 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia to host the Greatest Royal Rumble ''. Saudigazette. 14 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` WWE Network confirms Greatest Royal Rumble start time, Kickoff ''. WWE. Retrieved April 9, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Seven title bouts, 50 - Man Greatest Royal Rumble Match announced for Greatest Royal Rumble ''. WWE. Retrieved March 19, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Specialty Matches : Royal Rumble ''. WWE. Retrieved March 7, 2018. Jump up ^ Waldman, Jon ( 2005 - 02 - 02 ). `` Statistical survival -- breaking down the Royal Rumble ''. SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved March 7, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Adam Silverstein ( March 5, 2018 ). `` WWE news, rumors : ' Greatest Royal Rumble, ' NXT injury, Jericho - NJPW done? ''. CBS Sports. Retrieved March 7, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Jefferson Lake ( March 5, 2018 ). `` WWE : Saudi Arabia to host 50 - man Royal Rumble ''. Sky Sports. Retrieved March 7, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` National Transformation Program 2020 '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ `` Pay Per View on Verizon Fios ''. Verizon Fios. Retrieved April 21, 2018. Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : WWE Network Offering Arabic Commentary For Greatest Royal Rumble Event ''. 27 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Eight athletes selected to receive additional training in Saudi Arabia ''. WWE. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27. Jump up ^ Grabianowski, Ed. `` How Pro Wrestling Works ''. HowStuffWorks. Discovery Communications. Archived from the original on November 18, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Live & Televised Entertainment ''. WWE. Archived from the original on November 18, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2012. Jump up ^ Steinberg, Brian ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ). `` WWE 's ' Smackdown ' Will Move To Live Broadcast On USA ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Variety. Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 26. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Triple H Conference Call Report : Discusses 205 Live, NXT Takeover : Toronto, Says HBK Working at the Performance Center and More - 411MANIA ''. 411mania.com. Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Brock Lesnar re-signs with WWE, will defend his Universal Title against Reigns in a rematch later this month ''. Pro Wreslting Torch. April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018. Jump up ^ Powell, Jason. `` WWE re-signs Brock Lesnar, WrestleMania 34 rematch withe Roman Reigns announced ''. Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved April 9, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Powell, Jason. `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : The Night After WrestleMania 34 edition ''. Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved April 9, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` John Cena takes on Triple H at the Greatest Royal Rumble ; tickets available this Saturday, March 31 ''. WWE. Retrieved March 26, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Powell, Jason. `` Powell 's WrestleMania 34 live review : AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship, Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE Universal Championship, Charlotte Flair vs. Asuka for the Smackdown Women 's Championship, Ronda Rousey and Kurt Angle vs. Triple H and Stephanie McMahon ''. Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved April 8, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Powell, Jason. `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : The Superstar Shakeup Night One, Sasha Banks vs. Bayley, Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt vs. The Revival for a shot at the vacant Raw Tag Titles ''. Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved April 16, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Powell, Jason. `` 4 / 17 Powell 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : The WWE Superstar Shakeup Night Two ''. Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved April 17, 2018. Jump up ^ Powell, Jason. `` 4 / 10 Powell 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : AJ Styles vs. Daniel Bryan, Paige named new general manager, New Day vs. The Usos for a Smackdown Tag Title shot at the Greatest Royal Rumble ''. Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved April 10, 2018. Jump up ^ Powell, Jason. `` Undertaker returning for a casket match at the Greatest Royal Rumble ''. Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved April 11, 2018. Jump up ^ Powell, Jason. `` WWE changes Undertaker match at Greatest Royal Rumble ''. Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved April 12, 2018. Jump up ^ `` WWE 's Lana & Rusev Rusev 's Gonna Retire Undertaker... CRUSH His Old Ass! ''. TMZ Sports. April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018. Jump up ^ Martin, Adam. `` Undertaker vs. Rusev back on for Greatest Royal Rumble, Miz talks about becoming a father ''. WrestleView. Retrieved April 16, 2018. Jump up ^ Powell, Jason. `` Powell 's WrestleMania 34 Kickoff Show live review : WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal, Cedric Alexander vs. Mustfa Ali for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship, Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal ''. Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Archived from the original on April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018. Jump up ^ Heydorn, Zack ( April 10, 2018 ). `` 4 / 10 WWE 205 Live Report : Cedric Alexander debuts as the new WWE Cruiserweight Champion, Gulak vs. Andrews, The Brian Kendrick returns, and more ''. Pro Wrestling Torch. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018. Jump up ^ Heydorn, Zack ( April 17, 2018 ). `` 4 / 17 WWE 205 Live Report : Maverick addresses Buddy Murphy, Dorado & Metalik vs. Tozawa & Itami, and more ''. Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved April 19, 2018. Jump up ^ Heydorn, Zack ( April 24, 2018 ). `` 4 / 24 WWE 205 Live Report : A number one contender gauntlet match featuring Mustafa Ali, Drew Gulak, and more ''. Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Powell, Jason. `` Powell 's WWE Greatest Royal Rumble live review : 50 - man Royal Rumble match, Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns in a cage match for the WWE Universal Championship, AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship, John Cena vs. Triple H, Undertaker vs. Rusev in a casket match ''. Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved April 27, 2018. Jump up ^ Martin, Adam. `` WWE Royal Rumble PPV results 1 / 26 / 14 - ( 30 man Rumble ) ''. WrestleView. Retrieved 1 February 2014. ^ Jump up to : Paddock, Matty ( April 24, 2018 ). `` WWE Greatest Royal Rumble : Triple H defends hosting event in Saudi Arabia without any women wrestlers ''. The Independent. Retrieved April 24, 2018. Jump up ^ Collins, Elle ( March 26, 2018 ). `` WWE Reveals New Matches For The Greatest Royal Rumble, But No Women 's Wrestling Allowed ''. Uproxx. Retrieved April 24, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Women, children attend wrestling event in Saudi Arabia ''. apnews.com. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 28. Jump up ^ `` APOLOGY ISSUED FOR ' INDECENT ' MATERIAL AIRED DURING GREATEST ROYAL RUMBLE - PWInsider.com ''. www.pwinsider.com. Jump up ^ `` VINCE THANKS SAUDI ARABIA, BACKSTAGE NOTES AND MORE FROM GREATEST ROYAL RUMBLE ''. PWInsider. 2018 - 04 - 28. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29. Jump up ^ `` WWE is hosting Greatest Royal Rumble in Saudi Arabia and LGBT+ fans are not happy about it -- PinkNews ''. www.pinknews.co.uk. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27. Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony. `` John Cena def. Triple H ''. WWE. Retrieved April 27, 2018. Jump up ^ Powers, Kevin. `` WWE Cruiserweight Champion Cedric Alexander def. Kalisto ''. WWE. Retrieved April 27, 2018. Jump up ^ Wortman, James. `` '' Woken '' Matt Hardy & Bray Wyatt def. Cesaro & Sheamus ( new Raw Tag Team Champions ) ``. WWE. Retrieved April 27, 2018. Jump up ^ Melok, Bobby. `` United States Champion Jeff Hardy def. Jinder Mahal ''. WWE. Retrieved April 27, 2018. Jump up ^ Wortman, James. `` SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Bludgeon Brothers def. The Usos ''. WWE. Retrieved April 27, 2018. Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony. `` Intercontinental Champion Seth Rollins def. The Miz, Finn Bálor and Samoa Joe ( Ladder Match ) ''. WWE. Retrieved April 27, 2018. Jump up ^ Melok, Bobby. `` WWE Champion AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura ended in a Double Count - out ''. WWE. Retrieved April 27, 2018. Jump up ^ Clapp, John. `` The Undertaker def. Rusev in a Casket Match ''. WWE. Retrieved April 27, 2018. Jump up ^ Melok, Bobby. `` Brock Lesnar def. Roman Reigns in a Steel Cage Match to retain the Universal Championship ''. WWE. Retrieved April 27, 2018. Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony. `` Braun Strowman won the first - ever 50 - Man Greatest Royal Rumble Match to become the Greatest Royal Rumble Champion ''. WWE. Retrieved April 27, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 50 - Man Greatest Royal Rumble Match statistics : Entrant order, eliminations, times and more ''. WWE. Retrieved April 27, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Greatest Royal Rumble Championship ''. WWE. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08. Jump up ^ `` WWE Reveals Greatest Royal Rumble Championship Belt ( Photo ) ''. April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 30, 2018. Jump up ^ `` LOOK : WWE awards awesome special championship title for Greatest Royal Rumble ''. Retrieved 1 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` The King Abdullah Sports City Stadium hosted the Greatest Royal Rumble ''. gsa.gov.sa. April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 30, 2018. Jump up ^ `` WWE Greatest Royal Rumble results, recap, grades : Lesnar - Reigns controversy, Strowman stands tall ''. Retrieved 1 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Greatest Royal Rumble results : Lesnar retains Universal title, Strowman wins Rumble ''. Retrieved 1 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` WWE 's Greatest Royal Rumble had it all, including controversy ''. 28 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Superstars ''. Jump up ^ Tim Fiorvanti ( April 28, 2018 ). `` Lesnar retains Universal championship, Strowman wins Greatest Royal Rumble ''. ESPN. Retrieved May 1, 2018. External links ( edit ) Professional Wrestling portal Greatest Royal Rumble Official Website Greatest Royal Rumble Championship title history WWE History Capitol Wrestling Corporation 1980s boom Black Saturday WrestleMania The Kliq Monday Night Wars Montreal Screwjob Attitude Era The Undertaker vs. Mankind The Invasion Chris Benoit double - murder and suicide The New Monday Night Wars TNA Entertainment, LLC sues WWE Raw 1000 Raw 25 Years Programming Main shows Raw history SmackDown history NXT Weekly 205 Live Main Event Experience Bottom Line Afterburn Vintage Wal3ooha Seasonal Miz & Mrs. Total Bellas Total Divas Specials Free for All Tribute to the Troops results Pay - per - view and WWE Network events Royal Rumble Elimination Chamber Fastlane WrestleMania Greatest Royal Rumble Backlash Money in the Bank United Kingdom Championship Tournament Extreme Rules SummerSlam Hell in a Cell TLC : Tables, Ladders & Chairs Survivor Series Clash of Champions NXT TakeOver Other Former programming Personnel McMahon family Roster Hall of Fame Alumni A -- C D -- H I -- M N -- R S -- Z Action figures LJN Wrestling Superstars Mattel WWE Legends WWF Hasbro action figures Other Affiliated properties WWE 2K Games WWE Books WWE Libraries Inc. WWE Magazine WWE Music Group Discography WWE Studios WWE Home Video WWE Network ( Canada ) WWE Performance Center Tapout Defunct businesses World Bodybuilding Federation The World WWE Classics on Demand WWE Niagara Falls XFL Investments Marvel Experience Tout Cloud9 Drone Racing League Notable acquisitions World Championship Wrestling history Extreme Championship Wrestling WWE revival American Wrestling Association World Class Championship Wrestling Smoky Mountain Wrestling Global Wrestling Federation Georgia Championship Wrestling Partnerships Current Evolve Insane Championship Wrestling Progress Wrestling Former Deep South Wrestling Florida Championship Wrestling Heartland Wrestling Association International Wrestling Association Memphis Championship Wrestling Ohio Valley Wrestling Power Pro Wrestling Ultimate Pro Wrestling World Wrestling Alliance Accomplishments Current champions Former championships Money in the Bank WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal Diva Search Cruiserweight Classic Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Mae Young Classic Mixed Match Challenge Slammy Award NXT Year - End Award Triple Crown Grand Slam WWE tournaments Brand extension Brands Raw SmackDown NXT ECW Draft 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2016 2017 2018 Miscellaneous List of WWE attendance records The Streak Women in WWE WrestleMania Axxess ← 2017 2018 ( 2018 ) WWE Network events WWE Royal Rumble Elimination Chamber Fastlane WrestleMania 34 Greatest Royal Rumble Backlash Money in the Bank United Kingdom Championship Tournament Extreme Rules SummerSlam Hell in a Cell TLC : Tables, Ladders & Chairs Survivor Series Clash of Champions NXT TakeOver : Philadelphia TakeOver : New Orleans TakeOver : Chicago TakeOver : Brooklyn TakeOver : Los Angeles WWE pay - per - view and WWE Network events Current Royal Rumble ( 1989 -- present ) Elimination Chamber ( 2010 -- 2015, 2017 -- present ) Fastlane ( 2015 -- present ) WrestleMania ( 1985 -- present ) Greatest Royal Rumble ( 2018 -- present ) Backlash ( 1999 -- 2009, 2016 -- present ) Money in the Bank ( 2010 -- present ) United Kingdom Championship Tournament ( 2017 -- present ) Mae Young Classic Finale ( 2017 -- present ) Extreme Rules ( 2009 -- present ) SummerSlam ( 1988 -- present ) Hell in a Cell ( 2009 -- present ) TLC : Tables, Ladders & Chairs ( 2009 -- present ) Survivor Series ( 1987 -- present ) Clash of Champions ( 2016 -- present ) NXT TakeOver ( 2014 -- present ) Former The Wrestling Classic ( 1985 ) No Holds Barred ( 1989 ) This Tuesday in Texas ( 1991 ) One Night Only ( 1997 ) Capital Carnage ( 1998 ) In Your House ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Over the Edge ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Fully Loaded ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Invasion ( 2001 ) Rebellion ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Insurrextion ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Bad Blood ( 1997, 2003 -- 2004 ) Taboo Tuesday ( 2004 -- 2005 ) December to Dismember ( 2006 ) New Year 's Revolution ( 2005 -- 2007 ) One Night Stand ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Unforgiven ( 1998 -- 2008 ) Cyber Sunday ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Armageddon ( 1999 -- 2000, 2002 -- 2008 ) Judgment Day ( 1998, 2000 -- 2009 ) The Great American Bash ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Breaking Point ( 2009 ) Fatal 4 - Way ( 2010 ) Bragging Rights ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Capitol Punishment ( 2011 ) Vengeance ( 2001 -- 2007, 2011 ) Over the Limit ( 2010 -- 2012 ) No Way Out ( 1998, 2000 -- 2009, 2012 ) NXT Arrival ( 2014 ) King of the Ring ( 1993 -- 2002, 2015 ) The Beast in the East ( 2015 ) Live from Madison Square Garden ( 2015 ) Night of Champions ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Cruiserweight Classic Finale ( 2016 ) Roadblock ( 2016 ) United Kingdom Championship Special ( 2017 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 2017 ) Battleground ( 2013 -- 2017 ) No Mercy ( 1999 -- 2008, 2016 -- 2017 ) Payback ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WWE_Greatest_Royal_Rumble&oldid=843362683 '' Categories : Entertainment events in Saudi Arabia Royal Rumble April 2018 events in Asia 2018 in Saudi Arabia 2018 WWE Network events 2018 WWE pay - per - view events Professional wrestling in Saudi Arabia WWE championships National professional wrestling championships Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Polski Português ไทย Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 17 : 17. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "WWE Greatest Royal Rumble", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=WWE_Greatest_Royal_Rumble&amp;oldid=843362683" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Saudi General Sports Authority Date April 27, 2018 Attendance 60,000 Venue King Abdullah International Stadium City Jeddah, Saudi Arabia WWE Network event chronology WrestleMania 34 Greatest Royal Rumble Backlash ( 2018 ) Greatest Royal Rumble was a professional wrestling pay - per - view event and WWE Network event promoted by WWE for their Raw and SmackDown brands. The event was held on April 27, 2018 at the King Abdullah Sports City 's King Abdullah International Stadium in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The event was scheduled for 7 : 00 p.m. local time. It aired live in the United States at noon EDT, with a pre-show starting at 11 a.m. EDT. At the event, all men 's main roster championships were defended, in addition to a 50 - man Royal Rumble match. The card featured ten matches. In the main event, Braun Strowman won the titular Greatest Royal Rumble match to become the inaugural Greatest Royal Rumble Champion. In the penultimate match, Brock Lesnar retained the Universal Championship in a steel cage match against Roman Reigns. On the undercard, the WWE Championship match between AJ Styles and Shinsuke Nakamura resulted in a double countout," ], "id": [ "4058616366428471966" ], "short_answers": [ "Jeddah, Saudi Arabia" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Bugsy Malone - wikipedia Bugsy Malone Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Bugzy Malone. This media article uses IMDb for verification. IMDb may not be a reliable source for film and television information and is generally only cited as an external link. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help by replacing IMDb with third - party reliable sources. ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bugsy Malone Theatrical release poster by Charles Moll Directed by Alan Parker Produced by Alan Marshall Written by Alan Parker Starring Scott Baio Jodie Foster Florrie Dugger John Cassisi Martin Lev Music by Paul Williams Cinematography Peter Biziou Michael Seresin Edited by Gerry Hambling Production companies Goodtimes Enterprises RSO Records Distributed by Fox - Rank Distributors ( United Kingdom ) Paramount Pictures ( United States ) Release date 26 June 1976 ( 1976 - 06 - 26 ) Running time 93 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Italian Budget £ 575,000 - £ 1 million Box office $2.8 million Bugsy Malone is a 1976 American - British musical gangster comedy film, directed by Alan Parker and featuring only child actors. Set in New York City, the film is loosely based on events in New York and Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931 during Prohibition, specifically the exploits of real - life gangsters like Al Capone and Bugs Moran, as dramatized in cinema. Parker lightened the subject matter considerably for the children 's market ; in the U.S. the film received a G rating. The film was Parker 's feature - length directorial debut, introduced actor Scott Baio, and featured a 13 - year old Jodie Foster. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Music 3.3 Filming 4 Release 5 Accolades 6 Home media 7 Soundtrack 8 Legacy 9 Stage adaptation 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) A mobster named Roxy Robinson is `` splurged '' by members of a gang, using rapid - fire cream - shooting `` splurge guns ''. Once splurged, a kid is `` all washed up... finished ''. Speakeasy boss Fat Sam introduces himself and Bugsy Malone, a boxing promoter with no money ( `` Bugsy Malone '' ). At Fat Sam 's speakeasy, there is much dancing and singing ( `` Fat Sam 's Grand Slam '' ). Fat Sam is worried that his rival Dandy Dan will try to take control of the speakeasy. Blousey Brown, an aspiring singer, has come for an audition, but Sam is too distracted to see her. Bugsy meets Blousey when he trips over her luggage. He is smitten and flirts with her. Fat Sam 's is raided by Dandy Dan 's men, who shoot up the place. Dandy Dan 's men continue to attack Fat Sam 's empire, eventually taking away rackets and splurging members of Fat Sam 's gang. Fat Sam sends all his available men to see if they can track down the guns. They are trapped at a laundry and all are splurged by Dandy Dan 's gang. Bugsy returns to Fat Sam 's to arrange a new audition for Blousey. Fat Sam 's girlfriend, the chanteuse Tallulah, makes a pass at him. Although Bugsy rejects her flirtation, Tallulah plants a big kiss on Bugsy 's forehead when Blousey enters ; Blousey is jealous. Fat Sam hires Blousey after her audition, but she refuses to speak to Bugsy ( `` I 'm Feelin ' Fine '' ). Fat Sam hires Bugsy to accompany him to a meeting with Dandy Dan. The meeting is a trap, but Bugsy helps Fat Sam escape. Gratefully, Fat Sam pays him $200. Bugsy and Blousey reconcile and have a romantic outing on a lake ; Bugsy promises to take her to Hollywood. When he returns Sam 's car to the garage, he is attacked and his money is stolen. Bugsy is saved by Leroy Smith, who assaults the attackers and drives them away. Bugsy realizes that Leroy has the potential to be a great boxer. Bugsy introduces Leroy to Cagey Joe and helps him train ( `` So You Wanna Be a Boxer? '' ). Fat Sam again seeks Bugsy 's aid after his assistant Knuckles is unintentionally killed. Bugsy resists, but Fat Sam offers $400, enough money to keep his promise to Blousey. Blousey is disappointed when she learns that Bugsy has n't bought the tickets to California yet ( `` Ordinary Fool '' ). Bugsy and Leroy follow Dandy Dan 's men to a warehouse, where the guns are being stashed. The two of them ca n't take the place alone, so Bugsy recruits a large group of down - and - out workers at a soup kitchen ( `` Down and Out '' ). They steal the crates of guns and take them to Fat Sam 's, arriving just as Dandy Dan 's gang arrives. Chaos ensues as a massive splurge gun fight erupts, covering everyone ( except Bugsy and Blousey ) with cream. Unarmed patrons throw cream pies. The piano player is hit from behind and falls onto the keys, striking a single bass note. The tone silences the room, and the cream - covered crowd performs in a final number ( `` You Give a Little Love '' ). They realize they can all be friends, and Bugsy and Blousey leave for Hollywood. Cast ( edit ) Scott Baio as Bugsy Malone, an Italian - Irish ex-boxer / boxing scout. Florrie Dugger as Blousey Brown, a sassy young dame interested in Hollywood. Jodie Foster as Tallulah, Fat Sam 's gun moll, the speakeasy 's star chanteuse and Bugsy 's old flame. John Cassisi as Fat Sam Staccetto, crime boss. He is dubbed by the press as `` The Alleged Mobster King of the Lower East Side ''. Martin Lev as Dandy Dan, rival gang boss who steals Fat Sam 's territory. Paul Murphy as Leroy Smith, an African - American tramp who discovers he has a talent for boxing Sheridan Earl Russell as Knuckles, Fat Sam 's main hoodlum who constantly cracks his knuckles. The only character to actually be killed by the splurge as opposed to `` finished ''. Albin ' Humpty ' Jenkins as Fizzy, Caretaker at Fat Sam 's Grand Slam, tap dancer Paul Chirelstein as Smolsky, dim - witted police captain Andrew Paul as O'Dreary, dumb policeman Jeffrey Stevens as Louis, one of Fat Sam 's hoodlums Donald Waugh as Snake Eyes, one of Fat Sam 's hoodlums Peter Holder as Ritzy, one of Fat Sam 's hoodlums Michael Kirkby as Angelo, one of Fat Sam 's hoodlums Dexter Fletcher as Baby Face, down and out Davidson Knight as Cagey Joe, the boxing gym owner John Williams as Roxy Robinson, Fat Sam 's best bodyguard, splurged by Dandy Dan 's gang Bonnie Langford as Lena Marelli, showy, pompous theatre performer Mark Curry as Oscar DeVelt, stuck - up theatre producer Jonathan Scott - Taylor as News Reporter Sarah E. Joyce as Smokey Priscilla, showgirl, Tallulah 's Troupe Helen Corran as Bangles, showgirl, Tallulah 's Troupe Kathy Spaudling as Loretta, showgirl, Tallulah 's Troupe Vivienne McKone as Velma, showgirl, Tallulah 's Troupe Lynn Aulbaugh as Louella, Dandy Dan 's wife and polo partner Michael Jackson as Razamatazz - Fat Sam 's personal pianist and performer at the Grand Slam Speakeasy ( n.b. not Michael Jackson ) Louise English as Ballerina Mel Production ( edit ) Bugsy Malone was Alan Parker 's first feature film. Parker was trying to find a film project that was not `` parochial '' and decided upon an American gangster setting : `` I had four young children and we used to go to a cottage in Derbyshire at weekends. On the long, boring car journey up there, I started telling them the story of a gangster called Bugsy Malone. They 'd ask me questions and I 'd make up answers, based on my memories of watching old movie reruns as a kid. '' His eldest son suggested children should be cast as the `` heroes ''. Casting ( edit ) The director chose to cast several unknown actors in the film. To find his Fat Sam, Parker visited a Brooklyn classroom, asking for `` the naughtiest boy in class ''. The students were unanimous in selecting John Cassisi, and Parker gave him the role. Florrie Dugger ( Blousey ) was originally cast in a smaller role ; when the actress cast as Blousey suddenly grew taller than Baio, Dugger was promoted. She had been `` discovered '' at RAF Chicksands, an air force base in Bedfordshire where her American father was stationed. At the time of filming, all of the cast were under 17 years old. Parker cast Baio after he slammed down the script and stormed out of his audition. Baio later remembered : I had quit the business, because I did n't like driving into Manhattan. Well, the long and the short of it is that I wanted to play with my friends after school, but it happened to be raining that day, so I went to the city to meet with Alan Parker. I read it, but I just barely read it. I did n't even want to be there. He was English, but I did n't even know what that was. He was just this weird guy with long hair, and I did n't know what he was. ( Laughs. ) So I sort of read the script, threw it at him, and walked out the door. That was it : I 'd gotten the part before I got home. Music ( edit ) Parker chose Paul Williams to score the film in order to get a more `` palatable '' modern sound, and simply because he liked him. Williams had scored Brian De Palma 's commercial failure Phantom of the Paradise, but had also written huge pop - radio hits ( such as `` We 've Only Just Begun '' ( lyrics ), and `` ( Just An ) Old Fashioned Love Song '' ). In fact, Williams would soon win an Oscar for his song `` Evergreen '' from the film A Star Is Born ( 1976 ). Williams felt that ``... the challenge for me was to provide songs that reflected the period... and yet maintained an energy that would hold the young audiences attention. '' According to Parker, Williams was writing while on tour, recording songs in different cities, and sending the completed tapes to Hollywood. Arriving during the first pre-shoot rehearsals, the songs had to be accepted and used as they were, with voices by Williams, Archie Hahn and others. Neither the director nor the songwriter was entirely comfortable with the results. Williams later wrote `` I 'm really proud of the work and the only thing I 've ever doubted is the choice of using adult voices. Perhaps I should have given the kids a chance to sing the songs. '' Parker also commented : `` Watching the film after all these years, this is one aspect that I find the most bizarre. Adult voices coming out of these kids ' mouths? I had told Paul that I did n't want squeaky kids voices and he interpreted this in his own way. Anyway, as the tapes arrived, scarcely weeks away from filming, we had no choice but to go along with it! '' Filming ( edit ) The film was rehearsed and shot in England, largely on Pinewood Studios ' `` H '' stage, with locations in Black Park Country Park ( Wexham, Buckinghamshire ) and Reading, Berkshire. The `` splurge firearm '' proved to be problematic. After initial experiments with cream - filled wax balls proved painful, Parker decided to abandon the idea of filming the firearms directly. Instead, the firearms fired ping - pong balls, and a fast cut to a victim being pelted with `` splurge '' was used to convey the impression of the rapid - firing firearms. Baio later said making the film was `` awesome '' : A kid 's fantasy : You get to dress up as gangster, you get to shoot guns that fire whipped cream, you get to drive cars with pedals that look like real cars, and you get to talk like a grown - up. I mean, you could n't ask for a better first big gig. Talk about getting you hooked on a business! It was fantastic. Release ( edit ) Bugsy Malone was released in late 1976 to generally positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it currently holds a score of 83 % based on 18 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6 / 10. Despite the positive critical reception, Bugsy Malone was not a commercial success in the US, bringing in just over $2.7 million. Paramount gave it a limited release, usually in second - tier theaters in a double - bill with The Bad News Bears, which had already been out for six months and was no longer much of a draw. According to Parker, the film was `` quite successful '' in the United Kingdom. By 1985, it had earned an estimated profit of £ 1,854,000. Accolades ( edit ) The film garnered 15 award nominations, including `` Best Motion Picture ( Musical / Comedy ) '', `` Best Original Score '' and `` Best Original Song '' ( for the title track ) from the Golden Globes, and an Oscar for `` Best Original Song Score '' ( Paul Williams ). The film was in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival. Actress Jodie Foster received two BAFTAs, `` Best Supporting Actress '' and `` Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles '', however, both her nominations were for her previous year 's work in Taxi Driver in addition to her work on Bugsy Malone. Alan Parker received the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay, and a nomination for Best Direction. Geoffrey Kirkland won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design. Additionally, Paul Williams received a nomination for the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music, and Monica Howe a Best Costume Design nomination. The film itself received a Best Picture nomination. In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Gangster Films list. Home media ( edit ) In the early eighties, Bugsy Malone was released on VHS. On 16 April 1996, it was re-released by Paramount on VHS. Although the film has never been commercially released on Region 1 DVD, it has been available through Internet sites as an Asian import supporting Region 1 ( US ). On 9 September 2008, Arista / SME released a Blu - ray version, encoded for `` all regions '', as a United Kingdom import. This edition includes a director 's commentary as well as other special features, however, as of October 2009, the Blu - ray version was discontinued. A US DVD ( Region 1 ) release was listed around 2003 / 04 as being available soon, however the film has yet to be released in this format. Soundtrack ( edit ) CD cover The album was originally released as an LP in 1976. In March 1996, Polydor UK released the soundtrack on CD. It has yet to be released in the US on CD but is available through various outlets as an import. Performers include Paul Williams, Archie Hahn, Julie McWhirter, and Liberty Williams. The track listing is : `` Bugsy Malone '' -- Paul Williams `` Fat Sam 's Grand Slam '' -- Paul Williams `` Tomorrow '' `` Bad Guys '' `` I 'm Feeling Fine '' `` My Name Is Tallulah '' - Louise `` Liberty '' Williams `` So You Wanna Be a Boxer? '' `` Ordinary Fool '' `` Down and Out '' `` You Give a Little Love '' -- Paul Williams A cast recording of the National Youth Music Theatre stage version of Bugsy Malone was released in 1998. Like the stage show, this recording featured two songs originally written by Williams, but not used in the film : `` That 's Why They Call Him Dandy '' and `` Show Business ''. There is also some additional incidental orchestral score, such as an Overture and Exit Music, with music arranged by John Pearson. Legacy ( edit ) In 2003, Bugsy Malone was voted # 19 on a list of the 100 greatest musicals, as chosen by viewers of Channel 4 in the UK, placing it higher than The Phantom of the Opera, Cats, and The King and I. Bugsy Malone ranks 353rd on Empire Magazine 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time. Bugsy Malone has been adapted into a stage show in two forms. A 2003 television documentary called Bugsy Malone : After They Were Famous features a reunion and interviews with Jodie Foster, Scott Baio, John Cassisi and Florrie Dugger. The British actors who played Fat Sam 's gang are also reunited at Pinewood Studios. The documentary reported that Dugger, who ( unlike her co-stars ) had never acted again, had chosen to pursue a career in the United States Air Force Medical Service. In 2010, UK band Silvery included a cover of `` You Give a Little Love '' on their second album ' Railway Architecture ', and Olly Murs, runner up in the 2009 UK series of The X Factor, sampled `` So You Wanna Be a Boxer '' in his song `` Hold On '' that can be found on his debut album. In 2011, the film was the most screened film in secondary schools in the United Kingdom. In 2017, the song `` You Give A Little Love '' was sung by a children 's chorus at the end of a Netflix `` Black Mirror '' episode ( Season 4 episode 3 `` Crocodile '' ). Stage adaptation ( edit ) Parker wrote the book for a stage adaptation of Bugsy Malone, using Williams ' music. This premiered in the West End in 1983 at Her Majesty 's Theatre and ran for 300 performances. It was directed by Michael Dolenz and the cast featured Catherine Zeta - Jones as Tallulah. In 1997, the National Youth Music Theatre mounted an all - youth version. It was revived at the Queen 's Theatre in 1997, starring Sheridan Smith and Jamie Bell. Another revival played in 2015 and again in 2016 at the Lyric Hammersmith theatre, where it was nominated for the Olivier Award for best musical revival. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BUGSY MALONE ( U ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. 1976 - 04 - 13. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Detail view of Movies Page ''. www.afi.com. ^ Jump up to : Alexander Walker, National Heroes : British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties, Harrap, 1985 p 86 Jump up ^ Kelly, Matthew ( 2003 - 12 - 31 ). `` Bugsy Malone ''. After They Were Famous. Season 3. Episode 18. ITV. Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone ( 1976 ) - Box office / business ''. Internet Movie Database. Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02. ^ Jump up to : Parker, Alan ; Baio, Scott ; Dickson, Andrew ( 13 October 2015 ). `` How we made Bugsy Malone ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 13 October 2015. ^ Jump up to : Clark, Nick ( 12 April 2015 ). `` Florrie Dugger : The downside of growing up with Bugsy Malone ''. The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. ^ Jump up to : Bugsy Malone -- Trivia IMDB. Retrieved 3 June 2010. ^ Jump up to : Will Harris, `` Scott Baio talks Chachi, Bob Loblaw, and Howard Cosell '', AV Club 3 April 2014 accessed 7 April 2014 Jump up ^ Bugsy Malone DVD Special Edition PaulWilliamsCoUK.Plus.com David Chamberlayne. Retrieved 3 June 2010. Jump up ^ Paul Williams -- Bugsy Malone Soundtrack PaulWilliamsCoUK.plus.com ; David Chamberlayne. Retrieved 3 June 2010. Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone ( 1976 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 9 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Bugsy Malone ''. festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 6 May 2009. Jump up ^ Bugsy Malone -- Awards IMDB. Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Musicals -- Broadcast Christmas 2003, Channel 4 ( UK ). Presented by Denise Van Outen ''. thecustard.tv. The Custard. 2003. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2008. Jump up ^ The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time -- # 400 -- 301 empireonline.com ; Empire Online. Retrieved 3 June 2010. Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone ''. Music Theater International. Retrieved 18 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone JR ''. Music Theater International. Retrieved 28 November 2012. Jump up ^ `` '' After They Were Famous ``, Bugsy Malone. ( 2003 ) '' on IMDb Jump up ^ Parker, Alan. `` Bugsy Malone : The Making of the Film ''. Alan Parker - Director, Writer, Producer - Official Website. Retrieved 7 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Top movies for schools revealed ''. BBC News. 13 December 2011. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone : Show History '', MTIshows.com, accessed July 16, 2016 Jump up ^ Shenton, Mark. `` Bugsy Malone, review of Lyric Hammersmith 's Olivier nominated revival '', LondonTheatre.co, June 27, 2016 Jump up ^ `` Olivier awards 2016 : complete list of nominations '', The Guardian, February 29, 2016 External links ( edit ) Bugsy Malone on IMDb Bugsy Malone at the TCM Movie Database Bugsy Malone at Rotten Tomatoes Bugsy Malone show site at Music Theatre International Busy Malone JR. show site at Music Theatre International The Guide to Musical Theatre Bugsy Malone -- Synopsis, etc ( hide ) Films directed by Alan Parker The Evacuees ( 1975, Play for Today ) Bugsy Malone ( 1976 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Shoot the Moon ( 1982 ) Pink Floyd -- The Wall ( 1982 ) Birdy ( 1984 ) Angel Heart ( 1987 ) Mississippi Burning ( 1988 ) Come See the Paradise ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) The Road to Wellville ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Angela 's Ashes ( 1999 ) The Life of David Gale ( 2003 ) BNF : cb164596801 ( data ) GND : 7659633 - 3 VIAF : 316754431 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bugsy_Malone&oldid=843603375 '' Categories : 1976 films American films American criminal comedy films American musical comedy films British films British criminal comedy films British musical comedy films English - language films Italian - language films 1970s criminal comedy films 1970s musical comedy films Directorial debut films Films about Al Capone Films directed by Alan Parker Films set in 1929 Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in England Films whose writer won the Best Screenplay BAFTA Award Musicals by Paul Williams ( songwriter ) Screenplays by Alan Parker Paramount Pictures films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films adapted into plays Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles sourced by IMDb from May 2015 Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 06 : 44. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Bugsy Malone", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bugsy_Malone&amp;oldid=843603375" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "format. Soundtrack ( edit ) CD cover The album was originally released as an LP in 1976. In March 1996, Polydor UK released the soundtrack on CD. It has yet to be released in the US on CD but is available through various outlets as an import. Performers include Paul Williams, Archie Hahn, Julie McWhirter, and Liberty Williams. The track listing is : `` Bugsy Malone '' -- Paul Williams `` Fat Sam 's Grand Slam '' -- Paul Williams `` Tomorrow '' `` Bad Guys '' `` I 'm Feeling Fine '' `` My Name Is Tallulah '' - Louise `` Liberty '' Williams `` So You Wanna Be a Boxer? '' `` Ordinary Fool '' `` Down and Out '' `` You Give a Little Love '' -- Paul Williams A cast recording of the National Youth Music Theatre stage version of Bugsy Malone was released in 1998. Like the stage show, this recording featured two songs originally written by Williams, but not used in the film : `` That 's Why They Call Him Dandy '' and `` Show Business ''. There is also some additional incidental orchestral score, such as an Overture and Exit Music, with music arranged by John Pearson. Legacy ( edit ) In" ], "id": [ "4674042841646607436" ], "short_answers": [ "Louise \"Liberty\" Williams" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Property tax - wikipedia Property tax For other uses, see Wealth tax. Taxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies ( show ) Government revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Tax, tariff and trade Economics ( show ) Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theory Optimal capital income taxation Collection ( show ) Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance ( show ) Tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax haven Smuggling Black market Transfer mispricing Unreported employment Tax shelter Distribution ( show ) Tax rate Flat Progressive Regressive Proportional Types ( show ) Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem In rem Capital gains Carbon Consumption Dividend Ecotax Excise Fuel Georgist Gift Gross receipts Income Inheritance ( estate ) Land value Payroll Pigovian Property Sales Sin Single Stamp Steering Turnover Value - added ( VAT ) Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall profits Negative ( income ) Wealth International ( show ) Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade ( show ) Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free trade zone Trade agreement Religious ( show ) Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country ( show ) List of countries by tax rates Tax revenues as % GDP Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brazil Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Croatia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Russia Singapore South Africa Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay A property tax or millage rate is an ad valorem tax on the value of a property, usually levied on real estate. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located. This can be a national government, a federated state, a county or geographical region or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This tax can be contrasted to a rent tax which is based on rental income or imputed rent, and a land value tax, which is a levy on the value of land, excluding the value of buildings and other improvements. Under a property - tax system, the government requires or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Contents 1 Types 2 Jurisdictions 2.1 Australia 2.2 Brazil 2.3 Canada 2.3. 1 Calculating Individual Property Taxes 2.3. 2 Land Transfer Tax 2.3. 2.1 British Columbia 2.3. 2.1. 1 First time home buyers program 2.3. 2.1. 2 New home exemption 2.4 Chile 2.5 Egypt 2.6 Greece 2.7 Hong Kong 2.7. 1 Net assessable value 2.8 India 2.9 Ireland 2.10 Jamaica 2.11 Lithuania 2.12 Luxembourg 2.13 Netherlands 2.14 United Kingdom 2.15 United States 3 Places without property tax 3.1 Africa 3.2 Europe 3.3 Oceania 3.4 Asia 3.5 United States 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Types ( edit ) The four broad types of property taxes are land, improvements to land ( immovable man - made objects, such as buildings ), personal property ( movable man - made objects ) and intangible property. Real property ( also called real estate or realty ) is the combination of land and improvements. Forms of property tax vary across jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its class. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of property classes are residential, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. In Israel, for example, property tax rates are double for vacant apartments versus occupied apartments. A special assessment tax is sometimes confused with property tax. These are two distinct forms of taxation : one ( ad valorem tax ) relies upon the fair market value of the property. The other ( special assessment ) relies upon a special enhancement called a `` benefit '' for its justification. The property tax rate is typically given as a percentage. It may be expressed as a per mil ( amount of tax per thousand currency units of property value ), which is also known as a millage rate or mill ( one - thousandth of a currency unit ). To calculate the property tax, the authority multiplies the assessed value by the mill rate and then divides by 1,000. For example, a property with an assessed value of $50,000 located in a municipality with a mill rate of 20 mills would have a property tax bill of $1,000 per year. Jurisdictions ( edit ) Property classes, tax rates, assessment rules and valuations vary by jurisdiction. Australia ( edit ) Australian property is taxed at both the state and council ( local municipal ) level. Taxes are payable by property owners - there is no property tax charged to renters. A state tax commonly called `` stamp duty '' is assessed when is property is purchased or transferred. It is typically around 5 % of the purchase price, payable by the purchaser. Other transfer charges may also apply, including special fees for investors from overseas. `` Land tax '' - also a state tax - is assessed every year on a property 's value. Most Australians do not pay land tax, as most states provide a land tax exemption for the primary home or residence. Depending on the state, surcharge tax rates can apply to foreign owners. `` Council rates '' is a municipal tax levied by local government. This is assessed each year on a property 's value. Council rates are around $1300 per annum for an average Australian household. Brazil ( edit ) Brazil is a Federation Republic, and its federated entities ( internal States and Municipalities ), as well as the Federal government, levy property taxes. They are all declared in the Federal Constitution. These are the current property taxes : Tax on Rural Territorial Property -- federal : levied upon real state property on rural areas ; Tax on Urban Territorial Property -- municipal : levied upon real state property on urban areas ; Tax on Motorized Vehicles Property -- state : levied upon the property of cars, trucks, motorcycles, and the likes ; Tax on Big Fortunes -- federal : it is declared on the Federal Constitution, but there is still no regulation defining its incidence. Canada ( edit ) Many provinces levy property tax on real estate based upon land use and value. This is the major source of revenue for most municipal governments. While property tax levels vary across municipalities, a common property assessment or valuation criteria is laid out in provincial legislation. The trend is to use a market value standard for valuation purposes with varying revaluation cycles. Multiple provinces established an annual reassessment cycle where market activity warrants, while others have longer periods between valuation periods. Calculating individual property taxes ( edit ) In Ontario, for most properties ( e.g., residential, farms ), property taxes can be calculated by multiplying the phased - in assessment indicated on the Property Assessment Notice by the tax rate. The municipal tax rate x phased - in assessment for the particular taxation year = municipal portion of tax. The county / regional tax rate x phased - in assessment for the particular taxation year = county / regional portion of tax. The education tax rate x phased - in assessment for the particular taxation year = education portion of tax. The municipal portion of tax + county / regional portion of tax + education portion of tax = Total Property Tax. In some cases ( e.g., commercial, industrial, multi-residential properties ), the Province or municipality may implement measures that affect the actual taxes paid on a property. Land transfer tax ( edit ) Land transfer tax is a provincial tax levied when purchasing a home or land in Canada. All provinces have a land transfer tax, except Alberta and Saskatchewan. In most provinces the tax is calculated as a percentage of the purchase price. In Toronto there is an additional municipal tax. Ontario, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island and the City of Toronto offer land transfer tax rebates for first - time homebuyers. British Columbia ( edit ) In British Columbia the property transfer tax is equal to one percent tax on the first $200,000 of the purchase price, two percent on the remaining amount up to $2 million and three percent on the rest. An additional 15 % tax that applies only to non-resident foreign home buyers in Greater Vancouver started on August 2, 2016. The definition of foreign buyer includes international students and temporary foreign workers. Anti-avoidance measures include fines of $100,000 for individuals and $200,000 for corporations. First Time Home Buyers program ( edit ) The First Time Home Buyers Program is a program by the BC government that offers qualifying first - time homebuyers a reduction or elimination of the property transfer tax. It can be used in conjunction with the B.C. Home Owner Mortgage and Equity Partnership. The First Time Home Buyers Tax Credit is also available in Ontario, which offers First Time Home Buyers a 750 dollar tax Rebate. In 2017 the Ontario Government also released the Land Transfer Tax Rebate, which allowed for up to 4,000 dollar rebate - ensuring that first time home buyers of homes valued under 368,000 dollars would not pay land transfer tax. New Home exemption ( edit ) The Newly Built Home Exemption is a program that reduces or eliminates the property transfer tax on new homes. The amount is limited to $13,000 for qualifying individuals who must be either a Canadian citizen or a permanent resident. The property purchased must be located in British Columbia, have a fair market value of $750,000, be smaller than 1.25 acres and be used as a principle residence. It can be used in conjunction with the B.C. Home Owner Mortgage and Equity Partnership. Chile ( edit ) The land property tax, called `` territorial tax '' or `` contribution '', is an annual amount paid quarterly by the property 's owner. It is determined as a percentage of the property 's `` fiscal value '', which is calculated by the Internal Revenue Service, based on the property 's land and built area, construction materials, age and use. The fiscal value, which is usually much lower than the market value, may be disputed by the owner. The annual levy varies between 1 and 2 % of this value, depending on the property 's use ( residential, agricultural or commercial ). Residential properties valued below US $40 K ( as of 2013 ) are not taxed ; those above that threshold are taxed only on the amount exceeding US $40 K. Revenues go to the municipality administering the property 's commune. All municipalities contribute a share of the revenue to a `` common municipal fund '' that is then redistributed back to municipalities according to a their needs ( commune 's poverty rate, etc. ). Additionally, municipalities charge a quarterly trash collection tax, which is often paid together with the territorial tax ( if applicable ). Egypt ( edit ) The law imposes a tax on each property. Public buildings are excluded ( such as government buildings ), as are religious buildings ( mosques and churches ). Families owning private properties worth up to LE 2 million ( $290,000 ) are exempt. commercial stores with an annual rent value over LE 1,200 are not exempt. Greece ( edit ) Greece has a Municipal and a Government property tax. The municipal property tax ( ΤΑΠ / ΔΤ / ΔΦ ) is included in electricity bills and incorporates, among others, charges for street cleaning and lighting. The Government property tax ( ENFIA ) is a combination of the individual asset 's tax based upon floor - area and a progressive real - estate wealth tax per individual which is based on the estimated net - worth of all properties and can reach 2 %. Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong, the `` property tax '' is not an ad valorem tax ; it is actually an income tax. According to HK Inland Revenue Ordinance IRO s5B, all property owners are not be subject to this tax unless they received a consideration, like rental income for the year of assessment. The property tax is computed on the net assessable value at the standard rate. The period of assessment is from 1 April to 31 March. Net assessable value ( edit ) The formula is : Net assessable value = 80 % of Assessable value. HK property tax payable = Net assessment value X Property tax standard rate Assessable value = Rental income + Premium + ( Rental bad debt recovered -- Irrecoverable rent ) -- Rates paid by owner. India ( edit ) Property tax or ' house tax ' is a local tax on buildings, along with appurtenant land. It is and imposed on the Possessor ( not the custodian of property as per 1978, 44th amendment of constitution ). It resembles the US - type wealth tax and differs from the excise - type UK rate. The tax power is vested in the states and is delegated to local bodies, specifying the valuation method, rate band, and collection procedures. The tax base is the annual rental value ( ARV ) or area - based rating. Owner - occupied and other properties not producing rent are assessed on cost and then converted into ARV by applying a percentage of cost, usually four percent. Vacant land is generally exempt. Central government properties are exempt. Instead a ' service charge ' is permissible under executive order. Properties of foreign missions also enjoy tax exemption without requiring reciprocity. The tax is usually accompanied by service taxes, e.g., water tax, drainage tax, conservancy ( sanitation ) tax, lighting tax, all using the same tax base. The rate structure is flat on rural ( panchayat ) properties, but in the urban ( municipal ) areas it is mildly progressive with about 80 % of assessments falling in the first two brackets. Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Local Property Tax ( Ireland ) A Local Property Tax came into effect in Republic of Ireland on 1 July 2013, and is collected by the Revenue Commissioners. The tax is on residential properties. The property owner is liable ( though in the case of leases over twenty years, the tenant is liable ). The revenue funds the provision of services by local authorities. Such services currently include public parks, libraries, open spaces and leisure amenities, planning and development, fire and emergency services, maintenance and street cleaning and lighting. The tax is based upon market value, taxed via a system of market bands. The initial national central rate of the tax is 0.18 % of a property 's value up to € 1 million. Properties valued over € 1 million are assessed 0.25 % on the excess. From 1 January 2015, local authorities are able to vary LPT rates - / + 15 % of the national central rate. In the case of properties valued over € 1 million, no banding applies -- 0.18 % is charged on the first € 1 million ( € 1,800 ) and 0.25 % on the balance. The government estimates that 85 % to 90 % of all properties fall within the first five taxation bands. Jamaica ( edit ) This tax is paid annually and is based on a percentage of the unimproved value of a property. Lithuania ( edit ) The tax period for a property tax is a calendar year. Property tax rate ranging from 0.3 % to 1 % the tax value of real estate is determined by the municipality. Since January 1 2015 if the persons property value is higher than 220 000 euros, 0.5 per cent of property tax is applied for exceeding amount. Luxembourg ( edit ) Property tax in Luxembourg is calculated on the basis of the property 's `` unitary value '' determined by tax authorities and levied by the communes. The tax is calculated as property unitary value * assessment rate * communal rate. The assessment rate is determined by the legislator and generally ranges from 0.7 % to 1 %. The communal rate is set by the communal authority and varies from 120 % to 900 % depending on the municipality. Luxembourg has minimal property taxes compared to its neighbours in Benelux or in the European Union. It amounts to more or less € 150 for a € 500 000 apartment in Luxembourg City. Netherlands ( edit ) Property tax ( Dutch : Onroerendezaakbelasting ( OZB ) ) is levied on property on a municipal basis. Only the owners of residential property and people who rent / own commercial space are taxed. People who rent a home do not pay property tax. Municipalities combine their property taxes with a tax for garbage collection and for the sewer system. Owners and users of property and land also pay taxes based on the value of property to the water boards for flood protection and water and wastewater treatment ( `` waterschapsbelasting '' ). A percentage of the value of a house ( `` huurwaardeforfait '' ) is added to the income of the owner, so the owner of a house pays more income tax. All property - related taxes are based on the value of the house estimated by the municipality. United kingdom ( edit ) See also : Business rates in England and Wales In the UK the ownership of residential property or land is not taxed, a situation almost unique in the OECD. Instead, the Council Tax is usually paid by the resident of a property, and only in the case of unoccupied property does the owner become liable to pay it ( although owners can often obtain a discount or an exemption for empty properties ). Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) guidelines state : `` Council Tax is a tax on property. In principle it may be an allowable deduction in those instances where other property - based expenses are deductible. '' The Valuation Tribunal Service states that : `` The tax is a mix of a property tax and a personal tax. Generally, where two or more persons reside in a dwelling the full tax is payable. If one person resides in the dwelling then 75 % is payable. An empty dwelling attracts only a 50 % charge unless the billing authority has made a determination otherwise. '' The Council Tax depends on the value of the property, but is not calculated as a simple percentage. Instead, the property is allocated to a Council Tax band, ( 9 in England and 8 in Scotland and Wales ). Valuation is carried out by the Valuation Office Agency under the auspices of Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ). United states ( edit ) Main article : Property tax in the United States In the United States, property tax on real estate is usually levied by local government, at the municipal or county level. Rates vary across the states, between about 0 % and 4 % of the home value. The assessment is made up of two components -- the improvement or building value and the land or site value. The property tax is the main tax supporting local education, police / fire protection, local governments, some free medical services and most of other local infrastructure. Many state and local jurisdictions add personal property taxes. ( See exceptions below. ) Places without property tax ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) Kenya Mauritania Namibia Europe ( edit ) Faroe Islands Malta Oceania ( edit ) Palau Norfolk Island Cook Islands Asia ( edit ) China United states ( edit ) In Alaska, ``... only a small portion of the land mass is subject to a property tax... only 24 municipalities in Alaska ( either cities or boroughs ) levy a property tax. '' There is no tax on the private land in American Samoa, the Territory of Palmyra Island or Kingman Reef in the Pacific Ocean insular areas. See also ( edit ) Allodial title Land value tax Udal title References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Millage Rate '' at Investopedia. Jump up ^ `` Real Property Tax Rates -- otr ''. Jump up ^ Bousso, Nimrod ( 20 May 2013 ). `` Interior Minister Approves Doubling Property Taxes on Vacant Israeli Apartments '' -- via Haaretz. Jump up ^ `` Connecticut Office of Policy Management : Mill Rates ''. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04. Jump up ^ Office, Australian Taxation. `` State and territory taxes ''. www.ato.gov.au. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08. Jump up ^ content_publisher ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ). `` Land tax surcharge ''. www.revenue.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08. Jump up ^ Australia, Local Government Association of South. `` Council Rates ''. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08. Jump up ^ `` Land Transfer Tax Calculator Canada -- Rates & Rebates ''. Jump up ^ `` Land Transfer Tax ''. Jump up ^ `` B.C. to hit foreign buyers of Metro Vancouver homes with 15 % property tax ''. Jump up ^ `` Ontario considers following B.C. on taxing foreign real estate investors ''. Jump up ^ `` First Time Home Buyers ' Program -- Housing Action ''. Jump up ^ https://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/bulletins/ltt/1_2008.html Jump up ^ `` Newly Built Home Exemption -- Housing Action ''. Jump up ^ `` DFL - 1 16 - DIC - 1998 MINISTERIO DE HACIENDA -- Ley Chile -- Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional ''. Jump up ^ `` Preguntas Frecuentes de Bienes Raíces ''. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ REGLAMENTO PARA LA APLICACION DEL ARTICULO 38 DEL DECRETO LEY N ° 3.063, DE 1979, MODIFICADO POR EL ARTICULO 1 ° DE LA LEY N ° 20.237 Jump up ^ `` Egypt 's amended property tax law to take effect in July : Finance ministry -- Economy -- Business -- Ahram Online ''. english.ahram.org.eg. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27. Jump up ^ Datta, Abhijit. ( 1992 ). Local Government Finances : Trends, Issues and Reforms, in Bagchi, Amaresh. et al. ( Eds. ), State Finances in India, New Delhi : Vikas Publishing House for the NIPFP... Jump up ^ Revenue Commissioners ( Ireland ) -- Local Property Tax ( LPT ), Frequently Asked Questions ( 5 December 2012 ) Jump up ^ Budget 2013 ( Ireland ) -- ANNEX B -- Local Property Tax ( LPT ) ( 5 December 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Property Tax Le Gouvernement du Grand Duché de Luxembourg ''. www.guichet.public.lu. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Tax Smart Card ''. www.nexvia.lu/ #! tax - smart - card / glc4v. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22. Jump up ^ editor, Patrick Wintour Political ( 7 December 2015 ). `` Labour has ' moral mission ' to tackle inequality, says Tristram Hunt '' -- via The Guardian. Jump up ^ `` Opinion ''. Jump up ^ `` The Real Hope for Home Ownership ''. Jump up ^ `` Council Tax -- GOV.UK ''. Jump up ^ `` BIM46840 -- Specific deductions : rent and rates : Council Tax ''. www.hmrc.gov.uk. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Council Tax Guidelines ''. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Council Tax bands and rates Westminster City Council ''. www.westminster.gov.uk. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Council tax bands and rates -- guide Lambeth Council ''. www.lambeth.gov.uk. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 18. Jump up ^ `` The Tax Foundation -- Property Taxes on Owner - Occupied Housing by State, 2004 -- 2009 ''. 2009. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04. Jump up ^ Deloitte Kenya Highlights 2013 pdf Jump up ^ Deloitte Mauritania Highlights 2013 pdf Jump up ^ Deloitte Namibia Highlights 2013 pdf Jump up ^ eTax, Nordisk. `` Faroe Islands ''. Jump up ^ `` British Expat Forum View forum -- Malta ''. Jump up ^ `` Palau ( US department of State ) ''. Jump up ^ `` A hidden paradise with no income tax or property tax... -- Sovereign Man ''. Jump up ^ `` Why Invest in the Cook Islands -- is it that good -- really? ''. Jump up ^ `` Alaska Tax Facts ''. Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development : Office of the State Assessor. Retrieved May 9, 2017. Jump up ^ `` GAO / OGC - 98 - 5 -- U.S. Insular Areas : Application of the U.S. Constitution ''. U.S. Government Printing Office. November 7, 1997. Retrieved May 9, 2017. Further reading ( edit ) Slack, E., & Bird, R.M. ( 2014 ). The Political Economy of Property Tax Reform, OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism 18, OECD Publishing. Property By owner Communal land Marital property ( USA ) Cooperative Estate in land Private Public State Crown land By nature Croft Intangible Intellectual indigenous Personal Tangible immovable real Common resources Common land Common - pool resource Digital Global Information Knowledge Theory Bundle of rights Commodity fictitious commodities Common good ( economics ) Excludability First possession appropriation Homestead principle Free - rider problem Game theory Georgism Gift economy Labor theory of property Law of rent rent - seeking Legal plunder Natural rights Ownership common customary self state Property rights primogeniture usufruct women 's Right to property Rivalry Tragedy of the commons anticommons Applications Acequia ( watercourse ) Ejido ( agrarian land ) Forest types Inheritance Land tenure Property law alienation easement restraint on alienation real estate title Rights Air Fishing Forest - dwelling ( India ) Freedom to roam Grazing pannage Hunting Land aboriginal indigenous squatting Littoral Mineral Bergregal Right of way Water prior - appropriation riparian Disposession / redistribution Bioprospecting Collectivization Eminent domain Enclosure Eviction Expropriation Farhud Forced migration population transfer Illegal fishing Illegal logging Land reform Legal plunder Piracy Poaching Primitive accumulation Privatization Regulatory taking Slavery Bride buying Human trafficking wage wife selling Tax inheritance poll progressive property Theft Scholars ( key work ) Frédéric Bastiat Ronald Coase Henry George Garrett Hardin David Harvey John Locke Two Treatises of Government Karl Marx Marcel Mauss The Gift John Stuart Mill Elinor Ostrom Karl Polanyi The Great Transformation Pierre - Joseph Proudhon What Is Property? David Ricardo Murray N. Rothbard The Ethics of Liberty Jean - Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Categories : Property Property law by country NARA : 10642013 NDL : 00566785 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Property_tax&oldid=852847618 '' Categories : Real property law Property taxes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Lietuvių Македонски 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018, at 19 : 42 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Property tax", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Property_tax&amp;oldid=852847618" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "10822255681529617456" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "2017 -- 2018 eruptions of Mount Agung - Wikipedia 2017 -- 2018 eruptions of Mount Agung This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( April 2018 ) 2017 -- 2018 eruptions of Mount Agung Mount Agung on 27 November Volcano Mount Agung Date 21 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) -- ongoing ( 11 months and 2 days ) Type Vulcanian / Sub-plinian Location Bali, Indonesia 8 ° 20 ′ 35 '' S 115 ° 30 ′ 25 '' E  /  8.34306 ° S 115.50694 ° E  / - 8.34306 ; 115.50694 Coordinates : 8 ° 20 ′ 35 '' S 115 ° 30 ′ 25 '' E  /  8.34306 ° S 115.50694 ° E  / - 8.34306 ; 115.50694 VEI 2 ( as of 2 Dec 2017 ) Mount Agung Location of Mount Agung, Bali Mount Agung, a volcano on the island of Bali in Indonesia, erupted five times in late November 2017, causing thousands to evacuate, disrupting air travel and causing environmental damage. As of 27 November 2017, the alert level was at its highest and evacuation orders were in place. Tectonic earthquakes from the volcano had been detected since early August, and volcanic activity intensified for several weeks before decreasing significantly in late October. A second, more violent period of major activity began in late November. Contents 1 Background 1.1 1843 eruption 1.2 1963 eruption 2 Major activity in 2017 2.1 August 2.2 September 2.3 October 2.4 November 2.4. 1 21 November 2.4. 2 25 November 2.4. 3 26 November 2.4. 4 27 November 2.4. 5 29 November 3 Activity in 2018 3.1 January 3.2 June 3.3 July 4 Impact 5 References Background ( edit ) 1843 eruption ( edit ) Agung erupted in 1843 as reported by Heinrich Zollinger : After having been dormant for a long time, this year the mountain began to be alive again. In the first days of the activity earthquake shocks were felt after which followed the emission of ash, sand and stones. 1963 eruption ( edit ) Mount Agung 's 1963 eruption was among the most catastrophic volcanic events in Indonesian history. After initial explosions in the crater on 18 February of that year, lava began flowing down the mountain on 24 February, eventually traveling 7 km over the next three weeks. On 17 March, a highly explosive eruption occurred, reaching a VEI ( Volcanic Explosivity Index ) of 5 and sending lethal pyroclastic flows at high speeds down the mountain 's slopes, killing at least 1,500 people. Heavy rainfall mixed with ash from the eruption in the following days caused extensive lahars which killed about 200 more people. A smaller eruption occurred on 16 May, sending pyroclastic flows down the mountain once more, killing about 200 more people. By the time the eruptions ceased in early 1964, they had claimed about 1,900 lives, marking the event as the 8th deadliest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. Since 1963, the population of Bali has nearly doubled. Mount Agung is therefore considered highly dangerous by Indonesian authorities. This concern was the primary reason behind their decision to evacuate more than 100,000 people in response to the surge in local tectonic activity in the latter half of 2017. Major activity in 2017 ( edit ) August ( edit ) Volcanic earthquakes were observed from 10 August 2017 and the intensity increased in the following weeks. September ( edit ) In September 2017, an increase of rumbling and seismic activity around the volcano made people raise the alert to the highest level and about 122,500 people were evacuated from their homes around the volcano. The Indonesian National Disaster Management Authority declared a 12 - kilometer exclusion zone around the volcano on 24 September. A plume was observed on 13 September. Evacuees gathered in sports halls and other community buildings around Klungkung, Karangasem, Buleleng, and other areas. The monitoring station is in Tembuku, Rendang, Karangasem Regency, where intensity and frequency of tremors were monitored for signs of the imminent large eruption. The area experienced 844 volcanic earthquakes on 25 September, and 300 to 400 earthquakes by midday on 26 September. Seismologists have been alarmed at the force and frequency of the incidents as it has taken much less for similar volcanoes to erupt. October ( edit ) In late October 2017, the activity of the volcano decreased significantly, leading to lowering of the alert status on 29 October. The alert level remained at 3 ( out of 4 ) until the start of the second major activity period, and plumes were observed during this time. November ( edit ) 21 November ( edit ) There was a small phreatic eruption reported at 09 : 05 ( UTC ), with the ash cloud top reaching 3,842 metres ( 12,605 ft ) above sea level. Thousands of people immediately fled the area, and over 29,000 temporary refugees were reported to be housed in over 270 locations nearby. 25 November ( edit ) A magmatic eruption began early on Saturday morning. The resulting eruption plume was reported to rise about 1.5 -- 4 km above the summit crater, drifting towards the south and dusting the surroundings with a thin layer of dark ash, leading some airlines to cancel flights bound for Australia and New Zealand. An orange glow was later observed around the crater at night, confirming that fresh magma had indeed reached the surface. 26 November ( edit ) At 23 : 37 ( UTC ), another eruption occurred. Ngurah Rai International Airport was closed next day, leaving many tourists stranded. More than 100,000 people in a 10 - kilometre ( 6.2 mi ) radius of the volcano were ordered to evacuate. 27 November ( edit ) Ash plume from Mount Agung on 27 November Sunday 26 November 's eruption continued at a constant rate, and lahars were reported in the Selat district south of the volcano. The Australian Government 's Bureau of Meteorology reported that the top of the eruption column had reached an altitude of 9,144 m ( 5.7 miles ). Ash continued to spread in a southeasterly direction, and estimates by the Pacific Disaster Center predicted that the resulting atmospheric ash exposure will affect up to 5.6 million people within the densely populated region surrounding the volcano. 29 November ( edit ) NASA MODIS aerial view of ash from Terra satellite. Reductions in eruption intensity and wind dispersal of the ash cloud led authorities to reopen Ngurah Rai International Airport at 07 : 00 ( UTC ). Authorities also warned that the eruption volume could increase again at any time, potentially shutting down air traffic once more. Activity in 2018 ( edit ) January ( edit ) The volcano erupted once again on January 11, sending plumes of smoke and ash, while Indonesia 's Bali international airport was declared safe, operating normally. The eruption column was reported to rise 2.5 km above the mountain. June ( edit ) Agung erupted on June 12, sending plumes of smoke and ash some 2,000 meters above the volcano 's summit. No flights were affected from the event. On June 28, water vapour and volcanic ash emission were detected from Mount Agung up to two kilometres into the air. The Ngurah Rai Airport was closed due to the event. July ( edit ) Agung erupted again July 3 due to a minor strombolian explosion. 700 people living near the crater were evacuated. No flights were affected. Impact ( edit ) The 2017 eruption caused some 40,000 people to be evacuated from 22 villages around Mount Agung. It also caused surrounding airports to be closed. Lombok International Airport, on the neighboring island of Lombok, closed on 26 November, but was reopened the next morning, only to be closed again on 30 November. Lombok 's airport reopened on 1 December. Ngurah Rai International Airport, located at the southern tip of the island and southwest of the volcano, closed on 27 November. More than 400 flights were canceled and about 59,000 passengers remained grounded. The airport was reopened on 29 November. This eruption also caused a decline in tourism on Bali by about 30 %. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Agung ''. Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23. Jump up ^ MT AGUNG ACTIVITY REPORT `` Current indicators point to a relatively small eruption of VEI 2 ( volcanic eruptive index 2 ) '' Jump up ^ Anwari Dilmy. `` Pioneer Plants Found One Year After the 1963 Eruption of Agung in Bali '' / Pacific Science, Volume 19, Number 4, 1965, p. 498 - 501 Jump up ^ Heinrich Zollinger. Eein uirsrapje naar her eiland Bali / Tijdschr. Neer. Ind. 74 : 43, 1845. ^ Jump up to : Zen, M.T. ; Hadikusumo, Djajadi ( December 1964 ). `` Preliminary report on the 1963 eruption of Mt. Agung in Bali ( Indonesia ) ''. Bulletin of Volcanology. 27 : 269 -- 299 -- via Springer. ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Agung : Bali volcano alert raised to highest level ''. BBC News. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010 ''. Badan Pusat Statistik ( in Indonesian ). Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017. ^ Jump up to : Global Volcanism Program. Sennert, Sally Kuhn, ed. `` Report on Agung ( Indonesia ) ''. Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 13 -- 19 September 2017. Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey. Retrieved 28 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Indonesian official : More than 120,000 flee Bali volcano ''. Fox News. 28 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Thousands evacuated as Bali volcano sparks fear ''. The Australian. 24 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Mount Agung : facts about Bali 's imminent volcano eruption ''. UbudHood. 23 September 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` How do experts know Mount Agung is about to erupt? ''. ABC News Australia. 25 September 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017. Jump up ^ Once tremors detected, Bali volcano can erupt within hours : Volcanologist CNA, 3 October 2017 Jump up ^ Lamb, Kate ( 26 September 2017 ). `` Bali volcano eruption could be hours away after unprecedented seismic activity ''. The Guardian. ISSN 0261 - 3077. Retrieved 26 September 2017. Jump up ^ Topsfield, Jewel ; Rosa, Amilia ( 30 October 2017 ). `` Mount Agung volcano alert in Bali downgraded ''. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 November 2017. Jump up ^ Global Volcanism Program. Sennert, Sally Kuhn, ed. `` Report on Agung ( Indonesia ) ''. Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 1 -- 7 November 2017. Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey. Retrieved 28 November 2017. Jump up ^ Global Volcanism Program. Sennert, Sally Kuhn, ed. `` Report on Agung ( Indonesia ) ''. Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 8 -- 14 November 2017. Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey. Retrieved 28 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` VONA ''. Jump up ^ `` Bali 's Mount Agung volcano erupts ''. BBC News. 21 November 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017. Jump up ^ Regular bulletins are posted on the website of the Indonesian National Disaster Management Agency. ^ Jump up to : `` Gunung Agung volcano ( Bali, Indonesia ) : eruption has begun ''. Volcano Discovery. 25 November 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' Get out now ' 100,000 people told as Bali volcano continues to spew ash ''. Metro. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` A volcanologist explains Bali eruption photos ''. BBC News. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017. Jump up ^ Saifulbahri Ismail ( 27 November 2017 ). `` Mount Agung eruption : Bali airport closed, flights cancelled ''. CNA. Retrieved 27 November 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Locals Watch As Lahars From Mount Agung Sweep Away Rice Fields ''. VIVA Indonesia ( in Indonesian ). 27 November 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Mount Agung : Bali volcano alert raised to highest level ''. BBC News Online. Retrieved 27 November 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Life - saving technology provides alert as Bali 's Mount Agung spews ash, raises alarm ''. www.pdc.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Volcanic ash update for Mount Agung ''. Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Indonesia reopens Bali airport as wind clears volcanic ash ''. Reuters.com. 2017 - 11 - 29. ^ Jump up to : `` Bali volcano : live updates on Mount Agung eruptions as airport reopens ''. Evening Standard. 2017 - 11 - 29. Jump up ^ Volcano erupts in Indonesia 's Bali, airport remains safe Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Bali volcano eruption : Mount Agung spews volcanic ash triggering CLOSURE of airport ''. Express Newspapers. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` Mount Agung : Bali flight chaos continues as more airlines cancel ''. The West Australian. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` 700 flee ' thunderous ' explosions and lava as Mount Agung erupts again ''. ABC News. 2018 - 07 - 03. Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Lombok International Airport closed due to volcanic ash from Mount Agung ''. Retrieved 29 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Bali volcano : State of emergency EXTENDED as Lombok airport closed over dangerous ash ''. Retrieved 30 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Bali airport remains closed for a third day ''. Retrieved 29 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Mount Agung : Bali Airport Closed And 59,000 Passengers Affected By Cancelled Flights ''. Retrieved 29 November 2017. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 2018_eruptions_of_Mount_Agung&oldid = 860791018 '' Categories : 2017 in Indonesia 2017 natural disasters 2018 in Indonesia 2018 natural disasters 21st century in Bali 21st - century volcanic events Volcanism of Indonesia November 2017 events in Asia Hidden categories : CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) Use dmy dates from November 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu ଓଡ଼ିଆ Русский Simple English தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2018, at 02 : 44 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "2017–2018 eruptions of Mount Agung", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=2017%E2%80%932018_eruptions_of_Mount_Agung&amp;oldid=860791018" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "6157158118903682826" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Income elasticity of demand - wikipedia Income elasticity of demand In economics, income elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded for a good or service to a change in the income of the people demanding the good. It is calculated as the ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded to the percentage change in income. For example, if in response to a 10 % increase in income, the quantity demanded for a good increased by 20 %, the income elasticity of demand would be 20 % / 10 % = 2.0 Contents 1 Interpretation 2 Mathematical definition 3 Types of income elasticity of demand 4 Selected income elasticities 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Interpretation ( edit ) Inferior goods ' demand falls as consumer income increases. A negative income elasticity of demand is associated with inferior goods ; an increase in income will lead to a fall in the demand and may lead to changes to more luxurious substitutes. A positive income elasticity of demand is associated with normal goods ; an increase in income will lead to a rise in demand. If income elasticity of demand of a commodity is less than 1, it is a necessity good. If the elasticity of demand is greater than 1, it is a luxury good or a superior good. A zero income elasticity of demand occurs when an increase in income is not associated with a change in the demand of a good. These would be sticky goods. Income elasticity of demand can be used as an indicator of industry health, future consumption patterns and as a guide to firms investment decisions. For example, the `` selected income elasticities '' below suggest that an increasing portion of consumer 's budgets will be devoted to purchasing automobiles and restaurant meals and a smaller share to tobacco and margarine. Income elasticities are closely related to the population income distribution and the fraction of the product 's sales attributable to buyers from different income brackets. Specifically when a buyer in a certain income bracket experiences an income increase, their purchase of a product changes to match that of individuals in their new income bracket. If the income share elasticity is defined as the negative percentage change in individuals given a percentage increase in income bracken the income - elasticity, after some computation, becomes the expected value of the income - share elasticity with respect to the income distribution of purchasers of the product. When the income distribution is described by a gamma distribution, the income elasticity is proportional to the percentage difference between the average income of the product 's buyers and the average income of the population. Mathematical definition ( edit ) ε Y = % change in demand % change in income ( \\ displaystyle \\ epsilon _ ( Y ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ % \\ ( \\ mbox ( change in demand ) ) ) ( \\ % \\ ( \\ mbox ( change in income ) ) ) ) ) More formally, the income elasticity of demand, ε d ( \\ displaystyle \\ \\ epsilon _ ( d ) ), for a given Marshallian demand function Q ( I, P → ) ( \\ displaystyle Q ( I, ( \\ vec ( P ) ) ) ) for a good is ε d = ∂ Q ∂ I I Q ( \\ displaystyle \\ epsilon _ ( d ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial Q ) ( \\ partial I ) ) ( \\ frac ( I ) ( Q ) ) ) or alternatively : ε d = Y 1 + Y 2 Q 1 + Q 2 × Δ Q Δ Y ( \\ displaystyle \\ epsilon _ ( d ) = ( Y_ ( 1 ) + Y_ ( 2 ) \\ over Q_ ( 1 ) + Q_ ( 2 ) ) \\ times ( \\ Delta Q \\ over \\ Delta Y ) ) This can be rewritten in the form : ε d = d ln ⁡ Q d ln ⁡ I ( \\ displaystyle \\ epsilon _ ( d ) = ( \\ frac ( d \\ ln Q ) ( d \\ ln I ) ) ) With income I ( \\ displaystyle I ), and vector of prices P → ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( P ) ) ). Many necessities have an income elasticity of demand between zero and one : expenditure on these goods may increase with income, but not as fast as income does, so the proportion of expenditure on these goods falls as income rises. This observation for food is known as Engel 's law. Types of income elasticity of demand ( edit ) There are five possible income demand curves : 1. High income elasticity of demand : In this case increase in income is accompanied by relatively larger increase in quantity demanded. 2. Unitary income elasticity of demand : In this case increase in income is accompanied by same proportionate increase in quantity demanded. 3. Low income elasticity of demand : In this case increase in income is accompanied by less than proportionate increase in quantity demanded. 4. Zero income elasticity of demand : This shows that quantity bought is constant regardless of changes in income. 5. Negative income elasticity of demand : In this case increase in income is accompanied by decrease in quantity demanded. Selected income elasticities ( edit ) Automobiles 2.98 Books 1.44 A person 's own life ( also called Value of Statistical Life ) 0.50 to 0.60 Restaurant Meals 1.40 Tobacco 0.64 Margarine − 0.20 Public Transportation − 0.36 Income elasticities are notably stable over time and across countries due to the law of one price. See also ( edit ) Cross elasticity of demand ( CED ) Price elasticity of demand ( PED ) Price elasticity of supply ( PES ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frank, Robert ( 2008 ). p. 125 Jump up ^ Bordley and McDonald. Jump up ^ Samuelson ; Nordhaus ( 2001 ). p. 94. Jump up ^ WK Viscusi ( 2003 ). `` The value of a statistical life : a critical review of market estimates throughout the world ''. Journal of risk and uncertainty. Jump up ^ Frank ( 2008 ) 125. Jump up ^ Perloff, J. ( 2008 ). p. 105. References ( edit ) Bordley ; McDonald. `` Estimating Income Elasticities from the Average Income of a Product 's Buyers and the Population Income Distribution ''. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics. Perloff, J. ( 2008 ). Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus. Pearson. ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 27794 - 7. Samuelson ; Nordhaus ( 2001 ). Microeconomics ( 17th ed. ). McGraw - Hill. Frank, Robert ( 2008 ). Microeconomics and Behavior ( 7th ed. ). McGraw - Hill. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 126349 - 8. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Income_elasticity_of_demand&oldid=842246719 '' Categories : Demand Elasticity ( economics ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018, at 06 : 14 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Income elasticity of demand", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Income_elasticity_of_demand&amp;oldid=842246719" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "18098641310906263960" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of Toy Story characters - wikipedia List of Toy Story characters This is a list of characters from Disney / Pixar 's Toy Story franchise which consists of the animated films Toy Story ( 1995 ), Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ), and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) and the animated short films. Contents 1 Primary characters 1.1 Sheriff Woody 1.2 Buzz Lightyear 1.3 Jessie 2 Toy characters by owner 2.1 Andy 's toys 2.1. 1 Hamm the Piggy Bank 2.1. 2 Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex 2.1. 3 Slinky Dog 2.1. 4 Mr. Potato Head 2.1. 5 Mrs. Potato Head 2.1. 6 Bullseye 2.1. 7 Squeeze Toy Aliens / Little Green Men 2.1. 8 Barbie 2.1. 9 Sarge and the Bucket O ' Soldiers 2.1. 10 Bo Peep 2.1. 11 RC 2.1. 12 Wheezy 2.1. 13 Etch 2.1. 14 Mr. Spell 2.1. 15 Rocky Gibraltar 2.1. 16 Lenny 2.1. 17 Snake 2.1. 18 Robot 2.1. 19 Mr. Shark 2.1. 20 Mr. Mike 2.1. 21 See ' n Say 2.1. 22 Roly Poly Clown 2.1. 23 Troikas 2.1. 24 Troll 2.1. 25 Toddle Tots Fire Truck 2.2 Bonnie 's toys 2.2. 1 Chuckles 2.2. 2 Dolly 2.2. 3 Mr. Pricklepants 2.2. 4 Trixie 2.2. 5 Buttercup 2.2. 6 Peas - in - a-Pod 2.2. 7 Angel Kitty 2.2. 8 Totoro 2.3 Sid and Hannah 's toys 2.3. 1 Combat Carl 2.3. 2 Hannah 's dolls 2.3. 3 Mutant toys 2.4 Mason 's toys 3 Toy characters by location 3.1 Al 's Toy Barn and apartment 3.1. 1 Stinky Pete the Prospector 3.1. 2 Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear 3.1. 3 Evil Emperor Zurg 3.1. 4 Tour Guide Barbie 3.2 Sunnyside Daycare 3.2. 1 Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear 3.2. 2 Ken 3.2. 3 Big Baby 3.2. 4 Twitch 3.2. 5 Stretch 3.2. 6 Chunk 3.2. 7 Sparks 3.2. 8 Chatter Telephone 3.2. 9 Bookworm 3.2. 10 Cymbal - banging monkey 3.3 Toys in other projects 3.3. 1 Discarded Fun Meal Toys 3.3. 2 Sleep Well Toys 4 Non-toy characters 4.1 Humans 4.1. 1 Andy Davis 4.1. 2 Bonnie Anderson 4.1. 3 Molly Davis 4.1. 4 Mrs. Davis 4.1. 5 Sid Phillips 4.1. 6 Hannah Phillips 4.1. 7 Al McWhiggin 4.1. 8 Mrs. Anderson 4.1. 9 Geri the Cleaner 4.1. 10 Emily 4.1. 11 Daisy 4.1. 12 Ron 4.1. 13 Mason 4.2 Animals 4.2. 1 Scud 4.2. 2 Buster 4.2. 3 Crazy Critters 4.2. 4 Mr. Jones 5 References Primary characters ( edit ) Sheriff Woody ( edit ) Main article : Sheriff Woody Voiced by : Tom Hanks ( 1995 -- present ) Jim Hanks ( 1996 -- present ) Sheriff Woody Pride is a 1950s old traditional pull string cowboy doll, and Andy 's favorite toy. Appearing in all three Toy Story films, he usually acts as the leader of the gang. His rivalry with Buzz forms the basis of the plot of the first film. In Toy Story 2, he is stolen at a yard sale by a toy collector, causing the other toys to embark on a rescue mission. In Toy Story 3 he and the other toys are shipped to a daycare center. Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) Main article : Buzz Lightyear Voiced by : Tim Allen ( 1995 -- present ) Patrick Warburton ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Treats, few video games, merchandise, attractions ) ( 1996 -- 2005 ) Mike MacRae ( video games ) ( 2010 -- present ) Javier Fernandez - Peña ( Spanish Buzz ) Previously known as Tinny and Lunar Larry, Buzz Lightyear is a modern - day `` space ranger '' action figure, and wears a green and white space suit with various features such as retractable wings and transparent air helmet, a laser `` weapon, '' and various sound effects. In the films, he acts as Woody 's second - in - command. In Toy Story, he begins the series believing he is a real space ranger ( the other toys are aware that they are toys ) and develops a rivalry with Woody, who resents him for getting more attention as the newcomer. During the film, he comes to realize that he is just a toy, and eventually becomes good friends with Woody. He is extremely loyal to his friends. During his time trapped at Sid 's house, Hannah, Sid 's sister, called Buzz Mrs. Nesbit. In Toy Story 2, Buzz goes to save Woody from Al with Potato Head, Hamm, Rex, and Slink ( Slinky Dog ) where he gets stuck in the Buzz Lightyear aisle in Al 's Toy Barn by another Buzz and finds out for himself what he was really like. In Toy Story 3, a relationship begins to develop between Buzz and Jessie. He is particularly open with his affection when accidentally switched to `` Spanish mode. '' Jessie ( edit ) Main article : Jessie ( Toy Story ) Voiced by : Joan Cusack ( 1999 -- present ) Mary Kay Bergman ( yodeling voice ) Toy Story 2 Sarah McLachlan ( singing voice ) Toy Story 2 Kathryn Cressida ( Disney Infinity ) Jessie is a cowgirl doll, and part of the Woody 's Round Up gang. Jessie is also Buzz Lightyear 's girlfriend. She first appeared in Toy Story 2 along with Bullseye ( her horse ) and Stinky Pete. Initially, Jessie was hesitant to join Andy 's friends. After she becomes part of the family, she is very happy ( despite that Andy first calls her Bazooka Jane ). In Toy Story 3, she was riding Bullseye when Woody fell off the train in Andy 's opening sequence. She argued with Woody on their way to Sunnyside Daycare because of when the others think Andy threw them out. Later in the film, Jessie feels close with Buzz, even when Buzz got switched into Spanish. At the end, Jessie and Buzz danced to the Spanish version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me. '' Jessie also makes a cameo appearance in Monsters, Inc. as one of the toys Boo gives Sulley. Jessie also appears in Pixar 's production of Toy Story of Terror! as the main character that saves the other toys from the toy stealer and seller at the rest stop. Toy characters by owner ( edit ) Andy 's toys ( edit ) Hamm the piggy bank ( edit ) Voiced by : John Ratzenberger ( 1995 -- present ) Andrew Stanton ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ) Hamm is a wisecracking realist piggy bank with a cork in his belly in place of a stopper. He and Mr. Potato Head appear to be best friends, and are often seen playing games, such as Battleship ( with Hamm always winning ). Out of all the toys, he is shown to have the most knowledge of the outside, often being very familiar with various gadgets that are shown, likely as an homage to Ratzenberger 's famous role of mail carrier and bar know - it - all Cliff Clavin on the sitcom Cheers. In Toy Story, Hamm interrupts Woody 's staff meeting by alerting the crowd telling them that the birthday guests are arriving at 3 : 00. Hamm becomes fascinated with Buzz 's features and ridicules of Woody, along with Potato Head. When Woody inadvertently knocks Buzz off the window, Hamm is one of the many toys who believes that Woody did it intentionally and he turns on him. However, Hamm realizes the truth that Buzz is alive. At the end, Hamm cheers for Potato Head when Molly gets a Mrs. Potato Head for Christmas. In Toy Story 2, Hamm resents the Al 's Toy Barn chicken mascot. When Woody is stolen, he and Mr. Potato Head organize a crime scene to present Woody 's kidnapping to the other toys. After helping the toys find the Al 's Toy Barn commercial on TV, Hamm goes with Buzz, Slinky, Rex, and Mr. Potato Head on a mission to rescue Woody. In Al 's Toy Barn, Hamm spots a `` Bonus Belt '' Buzz, thinking he is Andy 's Buzz, though he comments on the new Buzz 's odd behavior. While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck, he and Mr. Potato Head operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised to pull the gear lever to get the truck to move. While reading the truck 's manual, he states `` I seriously doubt he 's getting this kinda mileage ''. Eventually, Hamm and the other toys are able to rescue Woody and are able to return home in a stolen baggage carrier. In Toy Story 3, Hamm is `` Evil Dr. Porkchop '' in Andy 's western play opening sequence, appearing in a giant pig - shaped spaceship to rescue One - Eyed Bart and thwart Woody and his gang. Later, when the toys are accidentally thrown out, Hamm is angry, believing that Andy threw them out on purpose. He escapes with the rest of the toys to Sunnyside Daycare, where he is initially happy to be played with, but dismayed as he realizes the toddlers are too rough. Later that night, Hamm and his friends realize that Woody was telling the truth about Andy. When the toys are imprisoned by Lotso and his henchmen, Hamm is shown to be able to play the harmonica. When Woody comes back to rescue the toys from Sunnyside he quotes `` Return of the Astro - Nut '' on Buzz being turned back to demo. He helps the toys escape by fighting with Rex to distract Buzz, who has been switched to demo mode by Lotso, so that Jessie can trap him under a plastic container. Hamm and Rex, being the heaviest of the toys, sit on top of the container to prevent Buzz from escaping. When Woody returns with Buzz 's instruction manual to switch him back, Hamm reads the instructions while the others hold Buzz down. When they were about to die in the incinerator, Hamm grabbed the hands of Slinky and Rex. Later, after the toys are rescued from an incinerator - related death at the dump due to Lotso 's selfishness, Hamm, along with Slinky, wants revenge, but Woody talks them both out of it. He is donated along with Andy 's other toys to Bonnie, where he becomes best friends with Buttercup. In a 2010 advertisement for the United States Postal Service promoting Toy Story 3, Hamm wears a postal worker 's hat while promoting the Priority Mail service ; Ratzenberger is best known for his role as mailman Cliff Clavin on the long - running sitcom Cheers. He also makes an appearance in the Toy Story 3 video game as the mayor in Toy Box mode. Hamm also appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation, Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex. Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex ( edit ) Voiced by : Wallace Shawn ( 1995 -- present ) Earl Boen ( video games ) Rex is an excitable large, green, plastic Tyrannosaurus Rex. Rex suffers from anxiety, an inferiority complex and the concern that he is not scary enough. Rex 's worst fear ( after Sid ) is that Andy will get another, scarier dinosaur. He is among the largest of Andy 's toys, and is often depicted as the heaviest. He is voiced by Earl Boen in the video games Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue ( 1999 ) and Toy Story Racer ( 2001 ). Although Rex is a toy dinosaur he dislikes confrontation and is sensitive in nature. In Toy Story, he states that he was manufactured by a smaller company that was purchased in a leveraged buyout by Mattel ( coincidentally, real - life Rex toys used to be made by Hasbro, but as of 2009 are indeed made by Mattel ). He is first introduced when he moves Woody 's doodle pad, then tries to scare Woody with his roar. When Buzz arrives, Rex is fascinated by his cool features. Later, when Woody knocks Buzz out the window, he reluctantly sides against Woody out of pressure from the other toys. He is, however, a great deal less antagonistic than most of the other toys. He later feels guilty when everyone discovers Woody was telling the truth all along. He gains confidence at the end, saying he could play as the dominant predator if Andy gets a leaf eater. The beginning of Toy Story 2, he is shown playing the `` Buzz Lightyear : Attack on Zurg '' video game, which he loses, much to his frustration. He is responsible for the toys seeing the commercial for Al 's Toy Barn commercial when he accidentally clicks the remote control. When Woody was kidnapped by Al, Rex tried to send a message to the FBI for help, but he did n't know how to write FBI, and later joins Buzz ' team to rescue Woody. Inside Al 's Toy Barn, he excitedly finds a `` Buzz Lightyear '' video game strategy guide, which he takes with him. He loses the guide later, but is still able to give Buzz two tips from the guide on defeating Zurg. In a parody of Jurassic Park, he chases a car driven by the toys in Al 's Toy Barn, in which Mr. Potato Head spots his reflection in the rear view mirror. It is Rex 's tail sticking out of Al 's bag that later causes the real Buzz to go after them. When the other Toys, led by Buzz 2 reach Al 's Apartment, the toys use an unwilling Rex as a battering ram to break in against the unlocked grate. When Zurg is about to finish off Buzz 2, he turns away, not bearing to look anymore, but his tail knocks Zurg down the elevator shaft, making him feel overjoyed about finally defeating Zurg for real. While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck, he serves as the navigator and tells Buzz which way to go since he ca n't see out the window while controlling the steering wheel. Eventually, he and the others manage to rescue Woody and return home in a stolen baggage carrier. In Toy Story 3, he is Woody 's `` Dinosaur who Eats Force Field Dogs '' in Andy 's opening western play sequence, where he frightens One - Eyed Bart and his gang with a terrifying roar, but is then overpowered by a flood of monkeys. He is seen to be especially sad about Andy 's lack of attention to the toys, expressing joy when Andy touches him for only a few moments. When the toys are initially left for the garbage pickup, he is ultimately responsible for saving them when they use his tail to rip a hole in the garbage bag. He is initially happy to be at Sunnyside, and is visibly sad when Woody leaves, but becomes dismayed after a rough playtime with the toddlers, commenting `` Andy never played with us like that! '' He is imprisoned along with Andy 's other toys by Lotso and his gang. Later, at the garbage dump, Rex is the last to escape the shredder, only barely escaping when he grabs onto a broken fan. He discovers a source of light thinking that it 's daylight, but Woody convinces him that it 's not ; it 's the light of the flame from the incinerator. When the toys are finally given to Bonnie, Rex becomes close friends with Trixie the Triceratops. In an outtake of Toy Story 2, when used as a battering ram, Rex hurt his head when banged against the locked grate. Rex makes an appearance in an outtake of Monsters, Inc. where he waits at the crosswalk with Mike and Sulley in a scene reminiscent of Jurassic Park. Rex is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game. In the movie WALL - E, Rex is seen in the background inside WALL - E 's truck. Rex reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation, Small Fry, Partysaurus Rex and in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror!, and Toy Story That Time Forgot. Slinky Dog ( edit ) `` Slinky Dog '' redirects here. For the original toy, see Slinky -- Slinky Dog ( section ). Voiced by : Jim Varney ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Blake Clark ( 2010 -- present ) Darryl Kurylo ( Toy Story Racer ) Slinky Dog ( usually called just Slinky or sometimes Slink ) is a toy dachshund with a metal Slinky for a body, who speaks with a southern accent. Slinky 's head, feet, and tail are plastic and he is missing his pull string. Slinky also has a green collar. Slinky Dog is based on Slinky, a pull toy by James Industries, which was popular in the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s. With the permission of James Industries, Slinky Dog was partially redesigned for the film by Pixar artist Bud Luckey to make him more appealing as an animated character. In Toy Story, he likes playing checkers with Woody, usually choosing the red side. Slinky is shown to be the most loyal to Woody and stands up for him when Potato Head complains. Slinky is fascinated by Buzz, along with the rest of the toys, but does not make fun of Woody when Buzz arrives like the others do. When Woody knocks Buzz out of the window, Slinky is one of the few toys who believes it was an accident. Later, when Andy notices Woody is missing, he and Bo Peep are worried about him, in contrast to the others, who are glad he 's gone. Later, he attempts to help when Woody throws a chain of Christmas lights from Sid 's house to Andy 's, but Potato Head stops him. Even Slinky appears to give up on Woody when he pretends Buzz is with him but accidentally reveals his broken arm. He is stretched almost to the point of breaking when helping rescue Woody and Buzz on the moving truck, but is fixed by the end of the film. At the beginning of Toy Story 2, Slinky is the one who finds Woody 's hat, and joins Buzz, Hamm, Mr. Potato Head and Rex on a mission to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin. His springy coil is used as a bungee cord when the toys jump from the roof of Andy 's house. When the toys break into Al 's apartment, Slinky uses his spring to hold Jessie and Bullseye back by coiling them up so the toys can safely rescue Woody. After Al packs up Woody and his Roundup gang and heads for the airport, Slinky, stretching down from the elevator ceiling by Buzz, Hamm and Potato Head, reaches for the case that contains Woody, and almost manages to save him, but is thwarted by the Prospector. While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck, he operates the truck 's gas and brake pedals. They manage to reach the airport and use a pet carrier to get inside. When a girl approaches them ( mistaking the toys for a puppy ), Slinky barks to scare her off to prevent their discovery. After rescuing Woody, they return home with the rest of the group in a stolen baggage carrier. In an outtake, he is seen petting his own hind section and talking to it. In Toy Story 3, Slinky has a smaller role compared to the previous two films. He is the only original character that had to be re-cast ( due to Jim Varney 's death ), and was replaced by Blake Clark ( with a professional Jim Varney voice ) in this film. Slinky is One - Eyed Bart 's `` Attack Dog with a Built - in Force Field '' and protects the bad guys with his shield in Andy 's western play sequence. At Sunnyside Daycare, Slinky has been tangled up by the young children. Later that night, Slinky reveals that Woody was telling them the truth about Andy 's intention to store the toys into the attic. Slinky and his friends are imprisoned by Lotso 's gang. He is shown to be the happiest toy to see Woody return, and assists him in subduing the Monkey toy who monitors the security cameras. When the toys reach the dumpster, Slinky stretches himself to create a bridge for the toys to climb across to safety, although they are stopped by Lotso. When the toys end up at the dump, Slinky is the first to be taken up by a magnetic ceiling due to the metallic section ( Slinky ) of his body. When Lotso betrays the toys and leaves them to be burned up in the incinerator, Slinky is the first to follow Buzz in joining hands in acceptance of their fate. After the toys are rescued by the Squeeze Toy Aliens, he and Hamm are the most vocal about wanting to get revenge on Lotso for leaving them to die before Woody convinces them Lotso is n't worth it. He is eventually donated to Bonnie along with the rest of the toys. His catchphrase, said in all three movies, is `` Golly bob - howdy! '' Slinky reappears in the short film Hawaiian Vacation, in which he acts as a hotel porter as part of Ken and Barbie 's Hawaiian adventures. He also appears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex. He does not speak in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins, silently appearing along with Jessie in one scene. Mr. Potato Head ( edit ) Voiced by : Don Rickles ( 1995 -- 2014 ) TBA ( 2019 ) Mr. Potato Head ( often referred to as simply Potato Head ) is a Brooklyn - accented doll based on the real - life toy Mr. Potato Head by Playskool. He is an outspoken and sarcastic potato - shaped toy : his patented design allows him to separate his detachable parts from his body by removing them from the holes on his body. He also has a compartment on his lower back to store extra appendages. He is capable of retaining control over his parts even if they are several meters away from his main body. For example, he can still see if one or both of his detachable eyes are removed, as well as being able to move his hands if they are detached. The same thing applies to his `` Mrs. '' counterpart, as she was able to see Andy in his room through her eye left behind. While this attribute is mostly used for comedic effect ( i.e. as a running gag, he often finds himself being split or falling apart due to outside forces ), it does have its uses, particularly in the second and third films. In Toy Story, it is hinted that he used to be Andy 's favorite toy years before the events of the film, until he received Woody at the point of kindergarten, and therefore seems to have a strong jealousy towards Andy ` s love for Woody. Then, when Andy gets the Buzz Lightyear action figure for his birthday he becomes fascinated with all of Buzz 's features and ridicules Woody for not having a laser like Buzz as well as Woody 's pull - string. After Buzz is knocked out of the window, Potato Head ( perhaps due to his jealously towards Woody, and wanting to reclaim his long lost favorite toy position ) blames Woody for kicking him out, thinking that Woody might do the same to him if Andy plays with him more often, and turns the other toys against Woody and leads a mutiny with them. When Woody reveals himself at Sid 's House later, Mr. Potato Head convinces the others to refuse to help him, still assuming that Woody attacked Buzz. But when they are packed up Mr. Potato Head is still unhappy because he is stuck with Rex as a moving buddy and put in a moving truck. Later when Woody catches up with them and tosses RC onto the street to rescue Buzz, Potato Head, still distrusting Woody ( and perhaps still eager to reclaim his favorite toy position ), orders the other toys to mutiny again, and `` toss him overboard '', however, when Bo Peep reveals that `` Woody was telling the truth, '' the toys realize their mistake. He decides to reform himself as an apology to Woody by holding Slinky 's tail to help Woody and Buzz back at the truck but gets hit after Slinky 's attempt fails. When Woody tosses RC in the truck, Potato Head gets hit. At the end of the film, he is surprised to hear Molly receiving Mrs. Potato Head for her Christmas present and promptly decides to shave by removing his mustache. In Toy Story 2, after Al McWhiggin steals Woody, he goes with Buzz, Hamm, Rex, and Slinky to rescue Woody. Later, when they are going to leave, Mrs. Potato Head packs some extra pair of shoes and angry eyes on his back compartment. When the toys cross the street to Al 's Toy Barn, they cause a semi to jackknife, and the chains restraining a large pipe on the semi break, freeing the pipe, which rolls down the street, during which Mr. Potato Head gets one of his feet stuck in a chewing gum and has to pull his foot off the gum before the pipe can crush him. After the toys break into Al 's room using Rex as a battering ram, Potato Head attempts to frighten Jessie by reaching into his back compartment for his angry eyes, but attaches his spare pair of shoes by mistake. When the toys leave the apartment after Al leaves with Woody, Potato Head throws his hat like a frisbee to jam the closing doors, letting the toys pass through. Outside, he is the first to spot an idling Pizza Planet delivery truck nearby. While the toys chase Al in the truck, Potato Head and Hamm operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised by three alien toys to pull the truck 's gear lever to get the truck to move. He later saves the alien toys from flying out the window. In the airport, when he sees the luggage area, he gasps and his angry eyes and pair of shoes come out after his compartment opens. He feels annoyed when the aliens repeatedly express their eternal gratefulness towards him, but after the toys return home in a stolen baggage carrier, he reluctantly gives in when his wife wants to adopt the aliens, much to his dismay. In an outtake, he is seen taking a dislike with the Barrel of Monkeys, saying he is `` drawing the line at monkeys '' and wants to call his agent. In Toy Story 3, Potato Head is resentful of the aliens, who still worship him for saving their lives. Potato Head is sad that Andy does n't play with them anymore, and complains all that to Woody. He is frustrated that Andy `` threw them away '', when he was actually going to put them in the attic. Again, Potato Head is the toy most doubtful of Woody when he and the other toys are almost thrown away by accident. Potato Head is excited to get played with in Sunnyside. After a rough playtime with the toddlers, he and Mrs. Potato Head 's parts are scattered on the floor, and he gets his parts stuck up a kid 's mouth and nose. Later that night, his wife Mrs. Potato Head through the other eye left in Andy 's bedroom, spots that Andy is looking for his toys, making Mr. Potato Head and the other toys shocked. When Lotso 's dark attitude is revealed, he tries to defend his friends from Lotso, but Big Baby throws him into `` The Box '' on Lotso 's orders. When Jessie told Woody she was wrong to leave Andy, Potato Head agrees saying that she was wrong. The toys hatch an escape plan which Potato Head initiates by arguing with and distracting the captors, and he is thrown in the box once again. Only his smaller parts are able to escape, through a small hole. He reassembles onto a floppy tortilla, checks if Lotso is sleeping and then gives the signal. Pecked at by a pigeon, the tortilla falls apart, and Potato Head rejoins the other toys using a cucumber for a body. Bullseye returns his original plastic body to him. The toys manage to escape Sunnyside, and he and the other toys jump onto a garbage truck. Eventually, they end up in a landfill, facing death in the incinerator. However, Potato Head and the toys are saved by his alien children, who he now accepts and declares himself to be eternally grateful, just as the aliens had told him when they met. They eventually return to Andy 's home and get washed. Mr. Potato Head then says his farewell to Woody before Andy comes into the room. Potato Head is donated to Bonnie at the end of the film. Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation, Small Fry, and Partysaurus Rex, and appears in Toy Story of Terror! and Toy Story That Time Forgot. Mr. Potato Head 's actor, Don Rickles, however died in 2017 so his voice actor is currently unknown for 2019 's upcoming film, Toy Story 4. He is seen as an Interactive Audio - Animatronic at Toy Story Midway Mania!. It is stated on the Toy Story website that Mr. Potato Head was Andy 's second toy. Mrs. Potato Head ( edit ) Voiced by Estelle Harris ( 1999 -- present ) Mrs. Potato Head is Mr. Potato Head 's wife and female counterpart. Unlike her husband, Mrs. Potato Head is sweet and not hot - headed or impatient. Although mentioned as one of Molly 's Christmas presents near the end of the first movie, she is not seen until Toy Story 2. In Toy Story 2, her husband has found her lost earring. Before her husband leaves with Buzz and his troops, she stores his `` extra pair of shoes and angry eyes '' into his back compartment. She also warns the toys by saying `` Do n't talk to any toy you do n't know! '' She is not seen again until the end of the film. She becomes an adoptive mother of the three Squeeze Toy Aliens that Andy 's toys had found in the Pizza Planet truck, as they will not leave because Mr. Potato Head saved their lives. She is then happily watching Wheezy sing his version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' with her husband. In Toy Story 3, she has a more central role. She is `` One - Eyed Betty '', One - Eyed Bart 's wife in the opening sequence. She uses her ninja skills and her nunchuk to herd Woody to the back, and eventually off the train. After One - Eyed Bart and Betty rob tons of gold, they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft. At the present time when Andy 's toys all cram themselves in the toy box, Mrs. Potato Head loses one of her eyes. She is one of the toys who believe Andy threw them out on purpose. They are later donated to Sunnyside Daycare. She and her husband experience a rough playtime with the toddlers at the Caterpillar Room. When the toys hear something from the halls, Mrs. Potato Head uses her eye and looks under the door. She at first just sees the dark hall, but then she sees Andy looking for the toys in his room, due to the eye she left behind in Andy 's house. She tells the toys it truly was an accident that they were thrown away. When Lotso is revealed to be evil, Mrs. Potato Head complains about her chewed up pocketbook and yells at him when he calls her `` Sweet Potato, '' along with telling him she needs more respect and having over 30 accessories. But Lotso takes off her mouth. Near the end of the film, she is saved from death in an incinerator by her adoptive children, and much to her delight, her husband now accepts them. She recovers her missing eye before she and the toys are donated to Bonnie. Even though she was Molly 's Christmas gift in the first film, the second and third films imply that she is one of Andy 's toys. Mrs. Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short film Hawaiian Vacation and acts as a tour guide for Ken and Barbie in their Hawaiian adventures. She also reappears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex. Bullseye ( edit ) Vocal effects by Frank Welker ( 1999 -- present ) Bullseye is a toy horse who was introduced in Toy Story 2. He is the first toy with which Woody interacted in Al 's penthouse. He was very happy to finally see Woody after a long time in storage. Bullseye is shown to loathe fights as he hides in a can when Jessie jumps on Woody. He is also upset at Woody 's intention to abandon the Roundup gang to return to Andy, as Bullseye does not want Woody to leave. When Woody ultimately decides to return to Andy 's room, it is Bullseye 's loyalty that causes Woody to try to get the other toys to join him. At the airport, after Bullseye escapes from Al 's case, Woody and Buzz Lightyear mount Bullseye and gallop across the airfield to rescue Jessie from being sent to Japan. Although Woody gets separated from Buzz, Buzz commandeers Bullseye to follow Woody, as they are seen galloping next to the wheels of the plane Woody and Jessie are on as it heads down the runway. The mission finally ends when Woody and Jessie swing down from the plane and land on Bullseye right behind Buzz, seconds before the plane takes off. After the toys return home, both Bullseye and Jessie become part of Andy 's toys. Bullseye has every letter of Andy 's name printed on the sole of each of his hooves. Bullseye returns in Toy Story 3 as one of the remaining toys in Andy 's room. He is still Woody 's horse in the opening sequence and saves him when he falls off the train by One - Eyed Betty. Bullseye 's fast speed helps Woody catch the train and rescue the orphans. Bullseye is really sad when Andy would n't play with them anymore. After Andy 's mother thought the bag that the toys were in was trash, Bullseye and the toys manage to safely hide in a recycling bin. The toys are donated to Sunnyside Daycare. At Sunnyside, he proves his loyalty to Woody when he makes clear he wants to stay with him. He only stays when Woody tells him to since Woody does n't want him to be alone in the attic. Bullseye is roughly tumbled over by a screaming toddler with a rolling wheel toy. After the toddler play session, Bullseye is covered with paint and has a blue sticker in his snout, which is removed by Jessie. When Lotso is revealed to be evil, he locks the toys up and shows them Woody 's hat, making Bullseye miss Woody and sad he 's gone. Bullseye is extremely happy when Woody comes back to Sunnyside and gives him back his hat. The toys then plan an escape. Bullseye helps by going through the playground, carrying the aliens on his back. He goes with Woody and is almost caught by Big Baby when Bullseye jumps and accidentally makes an alien fall and squeak. But they hide inside a pail safely. The toys then go to the garbage dump, and Bullseye is the most desperate to escape from the incinerator. They are rescued by the three aliens. At the end, Bullseye is donated to Bonnie, along with the rest of the toys. In Bonnie 's room Bullseye changes the channel of a radio to a Spanish channel causing Buzz and Jessie to dance to the Spanish version of `` You 've got a friend in me. '' Bullseye acts like a dog in many ways. Unlike most of the other toys, Bullseye can not communicate in clear speech but sounds like an actual horse and uses body language to speak. According to a character interview that used to be on the Toy Story website, Bullseye communicated with Jessie while in storage by tapping his hooves to yes or no questions. Bullseye reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation, Small Fry, and Partysaurus Rex. Squeeze Toy aliens / Little Green Men ( edit ) Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon ( 1995 -- present ) Debi Derryberry -- Toy Story Patrick Warburton -- Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins The Squeeze Toy Aliens, also known as Little Green Men ( or `` LGMs '' ) in the Buzz Lightyear of Star Command television series, are a series of green, three - eyed squeaky toy aliens. They appear in all three films, and some were among Andy 's toys after the events of Toy Story 2. Similar to Buzz, they think they 're real aliens. Though it is not certain whether they are male or female at first glance, they are identified in the third film by Mr. Potato Head as `` ( his ) boys, '' implying that all three are male. In Toy Story, Buzz and Woody climb inside a giant rocket - shaped claw game at Pizza Planet. Inside the claw game are hundreds of squeeze toy aliens. When Buzz asks who is in charge, the Little Green Men say `` the claw '', which belongs in the machine ; the Little Green Men say that the claw will `` decide who will go and who will stay ''. Sid spots Buzz inside the claw game and tries to win him. Woody attempts to save Buzz and escape through the claw game 's maintenance hatch, but the Little Green Men stop him and say that they must not fight the claw. Woody, Buzz, and a Little Green Man get taken to Sid 's house. Sid gives the Little Green Man to his dog, Scud, who violently chews it as Woody and Buzz watch in horror. Near the end of the movie, the same Little Green Man is seen to be intact, and it helps Woody try to scare Sid by getting out of Scud 's food bowl and walking like a zombie toward Sid. In Toy Story 2, a trio of them are hanging above the dashboard in the Pizza Planet truck. Buzz groans when he sees them, remembering them from the claw game in the first film. When the toys are having trouble getting the truck to move, they tell Mr. Potato Head to `` use the wand of power '' ( the truck 's gear lever ), which they mistook for the control lever of the giant claw game. They nearly fall out of the window, due to the sharp turns from Buzz trying to catch Al in his car. Fortunately, Mr. Potato Head saves them. The Little Green Men are thankful and hand him his ear. Throughout the rest of the movie they frequently say `` You have saved our lives, we are eternally grateful, '' much to Potato Head 's dismay. The Little Green Men join the quest to save Woody and mistake the entrance to the baggage area for the `` Mystic Portal ''. They chase after the luggage with Rex, Hamm, and Potato Head, only to find cameras. Back home, the trio, along with Bullseye and Jessie, end up becoming some of Andy 's toys. They say their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head, and Mrs. Potato Head is so happy that he saved their lives, so she suggests that they adopt them, with the Little Green Men calling Potato Head `` daddy ''. They reappear in Toy Story 3 as the `` henchmen '' under One - Eyed Bart and One - Eyed Betty, and serve as the getaway drivers during the western opening sequence and drive Barbie 's corvette. The car is destroyed by Buzz 's laser and they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft. In the present time, the same trio continues to express their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head. When Andy 's mother mistakes the trash bag containing them as trash, she puts the toys on the curb, but they manage to escape the garbage bag. They are donated to Sunnyside along with the rest of Andy 's toys. In Sunnyside, the Little Green Men find a toy crane, which reminds them of the claw game in Pizza Planet. The Little Green Men get sat on and bounced on during a rough playtime with the toddlers. The toys plan to escape Sunnyside. The Little Green Men have to go through the playground with Woody and ride on Bullseye. They almost get caught by Big Baby because one of the Little Green Men falls off Bullseye and squeaks, but manage to hide inside a pail. Later when Andy 's toys escape, one of the Little Green Men 's feet gets stuck in the lid of the bin at the bottom of the chute, possibly after being pulled by Lotso, who had been thrown in the bin by Big Baby. Woody goes in to help, but after he helps the Little Green Man, Lotso grabs Woody 's feet and pulls him into the bin just as the refuse truck arrives. The toys are collected by the truck and subsequently sent to landfill. The Little Green Men are separated from the others by a bulldozer when they wander off, having spotted a crane. Woody and Mrs. Potato Head yell and try to warn them, but they are presumed to be dead after being crushed by the bulldozer. In the end, however, they are revealed to have avoided the conveyor belt and later rescue everyone from an incinerator with a giant claw crane for which the Potato Heads finally acknowledges them as his children, reciting their repetitive line, `` You have saved our lives and we are eternally grateful. '' The trio are later delivered to Bonnie along with Andy 's other toys. The Aliens reappear in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation, Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex. Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson -- ( 1999 -- present ) In Toy Story 2, when the toys discover Barbie dolls in an aisle while searching for Woody, Tour Guide Barbie volunteers to help them. During the end credits she is a cinema usherette and is seen giving out instructions to the audience. After a while she asks if everyone has gone and promptly stops smiling and complains that it hurts her face. She then leaves for her break. In Toy Story 3, a Barbie appears to be one of the toys that Andy 's sister, Molly, owns. In Sunnyside, she falls in love with Ken, but after Lotso 's minions reset Buzz 's personality, and reveal that they want to sacrifice Andy 's old toys in order to protect themselves, she ingratiates herself with Ken in order to obtain the Buzz Lightyear manual that lets her friends reset Buzz to his original form. When she stands up to Lotso by saying that being treated fairly is better than living under his rule, Ken switches his allegiance to her and her friends. In the end credits of the film, they get back together and change Sunnyside, becoming its co-leaders, after Lotso is defeated. Barbie appears with Ken in Hawaiian Vacation. They sneak out of the daycare and stowaway in Bonnie 's backpack to go to Hawaii but Ken is disappointed to find out that Bonnie did n't take her backpack on her family vacation. The gang creates their own Hawaiian paradise to cheer Ken and Barbie up. They share their first kiss outside and then get trapped in the snow. Sarge and the Bucket O ' soldiers ( edit ) Voiced by R. Lee Ermey ( Sarge ) Sarge ( also known as Army Sarge and Sergeant ) is the gung - ho commander of an army of plastic toy soldiers from Bucket O Soldiers and loosely based on his voice actor 's role as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket. In Toy Story, he and the Bucket O ' Soldiers are set in particular positions. They are highly disciplined with a `` Leave no man behind '' policy and are masters of reconnaissance. Woody describes them as `` professionals. '' The soldiers venture out of Andy 's room with one of Andy 's baby monitors ( while the other monitor resides in Andy 's room with Woody operating it ) and hide in an indoor plant to report Andy 's birthday presents to the toys and one of his comrades was injured after Mrs. Davis accidentally steps on one of them. They announced the first few presents to the other toys in Andy 's room through the monitors, but did n't get to tell them that Andy got a Buzz Lightyear action figure after Rex accidentally breaks the monitor. However, they were able to warn them that Andy and his friends are coming upstairs upon Woody fixing the monitor. Sarge and his soldiers thought Woody was a murderer when he knocked Buzz off the window, so they `` frag '' him and each one of them attack Woody, along with the other toys. In the moving van, the soldiers attack Woody when he pushed RC off the van, making Sarge and the toys think he 's murdering him now. However, Sarge sees that Woody knocking Buzz out the window was an accident, attempts to helps him on the van with the other toys, and is proud to work under Woody once again as shown at the end of the film when they hide in a Christmas tree and Christmas lights with the baby monitor to report to the toys what Andy and Molly are getting for Christmas. In Toy Story 2, the role of Sarge is very minor. He first orders the soldiers to keep looking for Woody 's hat in the toy box. When Buster was about to come to the room, Sarge and his army held back the door ( with help from Rocky ) to prevent Buster 's entry, but Buster bursts open the door, causing the soldiers to go flying everywhere. When Woody alerts the toys about the yard sale occurring outside the house, he signals Sarge for an `` emergency roll call '' and Sarge orders the toys to line up in a single - file line. At the end, Sarge and his soldiers watch Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me. '' In Toy Story 3, several years after Toy Story 2, only Sarge and two paratroopers are seen. Woody orders Sarge and his men to retrieve Andy 's cellphone. That plan, however, fails, and knowing that Andy is going to get out the garbage bag, Sarge and his last two men leave Andy 's room to find a better life. Buzz believes they are going AWOL, but Sarge claims that their mission is complete, and that when trash bags come out, the Army men are always the first to be thrown away ( it 's likely that the rest of the soldiers had either left prior to that day, or were sold in a yard sale ). They appear again at the end of the film where they land in Sunnyside, and possibly recognizing Barbie, begin a happy new life under Barbie and Ken 's leadership. Bo Peep ( edit ) Voiced by : Annie Potts ( 1995 -- present ) Rebecca Wink ( Toy Story Racer ) Bo Peep is a porcelain figurine attached to Molly 's bedside lamp inspired by the heroine of the famed nursery rhyme ; a beautiful, sweet - natured shepherdess accompanied by a single figure merged to resemble three sheep, who serves as Woody 's romantic interest of the films. In spite of her status as one of Molly 's toys, like Mrs. Potato Head she may fall under the category of Andy 's toy. In Andy 's games of imaginative play she is used as the damsel - in - distress of the stories, and she is depicted as gentle, ladylike, and kindhearted. In the first film, after Woody 's exclusion from the group when Buzz Lightyear started to attract more attention, she remained loyal to him rather than taunting him because of Buzz 's rise in popularity. After Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window, she was one of the only toys who did not antagonize him. She continued to show her attraction to Woody in Toy Story 2, flirting with him while playing a minor role. However, she did not return in Toy Story 3, except in flashback footage, as, over the years, she had apparently been sold, much to Woody 's distress, like a few of the other characters. The particular reason for her disappearance was never disclosed officially, though Woody shows grief over her loss. In August 2015, however, it was revealed that Bo Peep will have a major role in Toy Story 4. The fourth film will focus on her relationship with Woody, along with Woody and Buzz trying to find and bring her back. RC ( edit ) RC is Andy 's remote controlled buggy. He has a green body with blue splash decals on the front. RC `` speaks '' with revving sounds, although Mr. Potato Head and the other toys can understand him regardless. RC is a playable character in Toy Story Racer. In Toy Story, RC was fascinated with Buzz 's features. When Woody becomes really jealous, he calls out to Buzz that there is a toy ( a magic 8 - ball ) trapped underneath the desk. Woody sneaks over to RC, starts him up, and tried to hit Buzz but misses. However, RC hits a board instead, causing thumbtacks on the board to fall and a globe to roll. Buzz falls out a window when the globe hits a red lamp and swings around and hits him. RC says to the other toys that Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window. RC then turns on Woody and thinks that he murdered Buzz. When Woody went to the moving van, he got RC out of the box and pushes him into the street and controlled him to rescue Buzz during the moving scene at the end of the film. After the toys mistakenly think that Woody is trying to get rid of RC, they toss Woody out of the moving truck into the street. RC finds Buzz hiding under the car in the streets and is thrilled to see him alive and well. Buzz controlled RC to catch Woody. Woody switched the remote to turbo mode to catch up with the truck, but RC 's batteries deplete, causing him to slow down and finally stop. When Woody lights the rocket taped onto Buzz 's back, Woody and Buzz hold onto RC as they rocket toward the truck, but the force of the rocket lifts Woody up from RC. Nevertheless, Woody manages to toss RC back into the truck ( knocking Mr. Potato Head apart in the process ) before he and Buzz go skyrocketing into the air. In Toy Story 2, RC has a very minor role. He was used when Andy played with his toys. With Buzz riding him, he crashed into Evil Dr. Porkchop and knocked him down. He is not seen again until the end of the film, when he watched Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me ''. RC does not directly appear in Toy Story 3, having seemingly been sold in a yard sale alongside a number of other toys. Instead, he only appears via archival footage. Wheezy ( edit ) Voiced by : Joe Ranft ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Robert Goulet ( singing voice ) Phil LaMarr ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) Wheezy ( also known as Wheezy the Penguin ) is a squeeze toy penguin with a red bow tie. In Toy Story 2, Wheezy is introduced when Woody finds him on the shelf. Wheezy was one of Andy 's favourite toys until one day his squeaker broke. Andy 's mom then put him on the shelf, intending to fix his broken squeaker later, but she forgot about him. He is about to be sold at the yard sale, and in saving him, Woody ends up falling so that he is stuck at the yard sale himself and subsequently stolen by Al. At the end of the film, he gets a new `` squeaker '' and sings `` You 've Got a Friend in Me, '' the ending theme of the movie. During the outtakes, he describes himself as `` not a good catcher '' as he fails to catch Mike 's microphone thus hurting himself several times. Wheezy does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 as he was sold in a yard sale after Toy Story 2, as mentioned by Woody, but he does appear in footage of Andy as a boy ( Toy Story 3 ). Wheezy appears in the Toy Story 3 video game, where he is voiced by Phil LaMarr in toy box mode along with Bo Peep. Etch ( edit ) Etch is an Etch A Sketch magic screen by Ohio Art Company. Etch can draw quickly and accurately. Such sketches include guns, portraits of Buzz, Woody and Al, and even semi-complicated maps. This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk. In Toy Story, Woody compliments Etch 's art by saying that he has the fastest knobs in the west. He was also seen in the background many times, such as during the staff meetings and during Andy 's birthday and Christmas gift opening scenes. He became fascinated with Buzz during the middle of the film when he sketched a portrait of him. Angered by this, Woody erased it. He apparently, like most of the toys, temporarily believes Woody deliberately knocked Buzz out of the window ; he helps Mr. Potato Head threaten Woody by sketching a hangman 's noose. In Toy Story 2, Etch was seen helping Hamm, Mr. Potato Head and the gang to identify Woody 's kidnapper, Al. Later on, when the toys were surfing channels to find the location on how to find Al 's Toy Barn, Etch is seen in the back as he was ready to draw a map for Buzz. Near the end of the movie, sometime before Andy comes back from cowboy camp, Etch, as well as the rest of the toys ( then including Jessie, Bullseye, and the Aliens ), were aligned to welcome Andy home, with a `` Welcome Home, Andy '' sign written on Etch. Etch was sold in yard sale years after the second Toy Story, was mentioned by Woody, and only appeared in the archive footage of Andy as a kid in Toy Story 3. Mr. Spell ( edit ) Voiced by Jeff Pidgeon Mr. Spell is based on a popular 1970s Speak & Spell toy by Texas Instruments. He frequently holds or has held seminars on a variety of topics such as `` plastic corrosion awareness '' and `` what to do if you or part of you is swallowed. '' He also reveals the words he is saying. When Andy 's friends came to his birthday party, the toys panicked in thinking that they might be replaced with new toys and Mr. Spell, along with basically everyone else aside from Woody, ran to the window in panic to see the size of the presents. Then later, when Andy 's friends were running up to his room, Woody told everyone to go back to their places and the toys began to scatter and Mr. Spell can be seen in the overhead shot running in fright and then again behind Mr. Potato Head. In Toy Story 2, when Buster finds Woody, Mr. Spell displays 13.5, the amount of time in seconds it has elapsed for Buster to find Woody, setting a new record. Later, after Woody is stolen from a yard sale, Buzz uses Mr. Spell to help Andy 's toys figure out who has stolen Woody. Mr. Spell does not appear in Toy Story 3. He was sold in a yard sale along with Bo Peep, her sheep, RC, Wheezy, Etch, Rocky Gibraltar, Lenny, Snake, Robot, Mr. Shark, Mr. Mike, Roly Poly Clown, See ' n Say, the Troikas, Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck. Rocky Gibraltar ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel ( Toy Story ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Racer ) Rocky Gibraltar, more simply referred to as Rocky, is a figure of a heavyweight wrestler. He is the second strongest toy in Andy 's room, after Buzz Lightyear. In the first movie, he is seen lifting weights ( Tinker Toys ) with Snake, Troll, Buzz, Mr. Potato Head, and Rex. Rocky lifts the heaviest weights out of all of Andy 's toys. Rocky is silent and plays a minor role in the movies, but he can speak in the Disney Adventures comics and in the Toy Story Animated Storybook and Toy Story Activity Center CD - ROM games from Disney Interactive. In the Activity Center computer game, he can be seen on the top shelf playing cards with Hamm and speaks in third - person, saying, `` Rocky needs to work on brain muscles. '' He is one of the toys who turn against Woody, who accidentally knocked Buzz off a window. After Woody throws RC off the moving truck, Rocky, under Mr. Potato Head 's orders, spins Woody in the air and later tosses him off the truck personally. But when the toys realize that Woody 's only use of RC is to help Buzz onto the truck, Bo Peep calls Rocky who then redeems himself by lowering the truck 's ramp for them. In Toy Story 2, Rocky, along with Sarge 's toy soldiers, tries to hold back the door to prevent Buster from entering, but Buster rams the door open, causing Rocky and the soldiers to go flying. Rocky is also seen holding Wheezy as Wheezy begs Buzz to rescue Woody and when waving Buzz and his rescue squad goodbye as they leave on their mission. At the end of the movie, Rocky is seen enjoying Wheezy 's rendition of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me. '' He only appears in the third film via archive footage of Andy as a child. Rocky 's name and a logo on his championship belt are references to the Rock of Gibraltar. Rocky is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game. Lenny ( edit ) Voiced by Joe Ranft Lenny ( often known as Lenny the Binoculars ) is a pair of wind up binoculars. He is used as binoculars by the other toys in various situations and is talkative when he warns the toys what he sees on his watch and has a major role in Toy Story. Lenny does not speak in Toy Story 2, unlike the first film, and his role is more minor ; Buzz uses Lenny to keep watch on Woody during the events at the yard sale until Al McWhiggin of Al 's Toy Barn steals Woody. Lenny appears in Toy Story 3 through archive footage from when Andy was young. Lenny was sold, possibly at a yard sale, before the events of Toy Story 3. Lenny is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game. Snake ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel Snake is a green and purple jointed rattlesnake toy who is best friends with Robot, as they are often seen together. He has a major role in the first film. He is unable to talk, but he communicates through hissing. When Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window, he sided with Mr. Potato Head against Woody. Later, at the end of the film, he and the other toys try to help Woody, Buzz and RC get back onto the moving van when they realized their mistake. In Toy Story 2, Snake has a very minor role in the film. He is first seen when Hamm, Mr. Potato Head, Etch and everyone else try to figure out who stole Woody. He is n't seen again until the end of the movie where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me ''. He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 along with Robot, Bo Peep, Etch, Lenny and the other toys, but he made two cameos in the home videos at the start of the film. Robot ( edit ) Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon Robot is an educational robot toy from Playskool. Unlike his best pal Snake, he speaks English. He is shown to be good with building blocks. In Toy Story, he stands on his head for Buzz to run on his treads like a treadmill and also repairs his ship. He is also one of the toys who turn against Woody when Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window. He and Rocky later throw Woody out of the moving truck, but then try to help Woody, Buzz and RC when the toys realized that they made a big mistake. In Toy Story 2, he assists Buzz in the yard sale role call and is n't seen again until later at the end of the film where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me ''. Robot does not appear in Toy Story 3. He was sold at yard sale along with Snake and the others, but he made a cameo in the home videos at the beginning of the film. Mr. Shark ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel Mr. Shark is a blue rubber, squeaky shark toy who appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2. The back of him is never seen because he spends most of his time in the toy box. In the first film, he steals Woody 's hat and imitates him before he takes his hat back. In Toy Story 2, he is used as one of the death traps during Andy 's playtime. At the end of the film, he repairs Wheezy by finding him an extra squeaker. He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3. Mr. Mike ( edit ) Mr. Mike, also known as Microphone, is a toy tape recorder who helps Woody amplify his voice during staff meetings with his attached microphone. In Toy Story 2, Wheezy uses him as a karaoke machine. He was sold at a yard sale prior to the events of Toy Story 3. See ' n Say ( edit ) See ' n Say is an educational animal toy that appeared in Toy Story. Whenever he feels strong emotions, his central arrow wheel spins rapidly. This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk and just like Etch, Mr. Spell and Mike, he gets around by waddling on his stand. See ' n say did not appear in Toy Story 2. He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3. However, a different See ' n Say was seen when Ken, Twitch, Sparks, Chunk and Stretch were seen gambling inside a vending machine. Roly Poly Clown ( edit ) Roly Poly Clown is a rocking, chiming clown toy with a painted jacket and hands and a party hat seen in Toy Story and Toy Story 2. While not being able to talk, he mainly communicates through facial expressions. He also must rely on rolling around to get places since he does n't have feet. When not out, Roly Poly Clown resides in the toy box. He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3, along with Bo Peep, her sheep, RC, Wheezy, Etch, Lenny, Mr. Spell, See ' n Say, Robot, Snake, Mr. Mike, Rocky Gibraltar, Mr. Shark, the Troikas, and Toddle Tots Fire Truck. Troikas ( edit ) The Troikas are a set of five non-talking egg - shaped toys that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2. They are in the style of the Russian doll with a picture of five animals : a dog ( largest ), a cat ( second largest ), a duck ( medium ), a fish ( smallest ), and a ladybug ( second smallest ). They were sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3, along with Bo Peep, her sheep, RC, Wheezy, Etch, Mr. Spell, See ' n Say, Lenny, Mr. Mike, Rocky Gibraltar, Robot, Snake, Mr. Shark, Roly Poly Clown, Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck. Troll ( edit ) Troll is a Troll doll with pink hair and a blue bathing suit that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2. In the first film it became fascinated with Buzz and is seen lifting weights ( Tinker dolls ) with Rocky, Rex, Mr. Potatoe Head, Robot and Snake. In Toy Story 2 it is seen alongside with Bo Peep to help for searching Woody 's hat before Andy is about to go to the summer camp. It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3, along with RC, Bo Peep, her sheep, Wheezy, Etch, Mr. Spell, See ' n Say, Lenny, Mr. Mike, Rocky Gibraltar, Robot, Snake, Mr. Shark, Roly Poly Clown, the Troikas and Toddle Tots Fire Truck. Toddle Tots Fire truck ( edit ) The Toddle Tots Fire Truck is a fire truck toy directly taken from the Little Tikes company that appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2. It is piloted by the Fireman Toddle Tots. It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3, along with RC, Bo Peep, her sheep, Wheezy, Etch, Mr. Spell, See ' n Say, Lenny, Mr. Mike, Rocky Gibraltar, Robot, Snake, Mr. Shark, Roly Poly Clown, the Troikas and Troll. Bonnie 's toys ( edit ) These characters are the toys owned by Bonnie in Toy Story 3 and the short films. Chuckles ( edit ) Voiced by : Bud Luckey ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Chuckles is a brokenhearted toy clown who was once owned by Daisy ( along with Lotso and Big Baby ), and is later owned by Bonnie. He is first seen mournfully looking out the kitchen window in Bonnie 's house, where he tells Woody about Lotso 's past, stating that Lotso used to be a good friend. Chuckles explains that he, Lotso, and Big Baby were accidentally left behind on a trip with Daisy 's family, and when they finally made it back to Daisy 's house, both him and Lotso discovered that Lotso had been replaced, which caused Lotso to snap. Chuckles objected when Lotso claimed all three had been replaced, but Lotso silenced him, and lied to Big Baby, saying that Daisy did not love him anymore. After the three found their way to Sunnyside and Lotso took over, running it like a prison, Chuckles was damaged and Bonnie found him and took him home. He still feels sorry for what happened to Lotso, but knows that what Lotso is doing at Sunnyside is wrong. He gives Woody a pendant ( which formerly belonged to Big Baby ) that says My heart belongs to Daisy, which later leads Big Baby to discover Lotso 's deception and rebel against him. In one of the end credits sequences, Chuckles sees a crayon - drawn picture of him, and Dolly says that `` Bonnie really got your smile, '' making Chuckles happy again, for the first time in many years. Chuckles returns in the short film Hawaiian Vacation and he sings a Hawaiian love song while playing a ukulele when Barbie and Ken get their recreated Hawaiian adventures. He also appears in Small Fry. Dolly ( edit ) Voiced by Bonnie Hunt Dolly is a soft dress - up rag doll with purple hair, googly - eyes, an orange dress with buttons sewn on, and gently blushing cheeks. She helps Woody get back to Sunnyside Daycare Center with the rest of Andy 's toys. In the Toy Story 3 video game, she is seen as a witch. It 's indicated that she is the leader of Bonnie 's toys. Dolly appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation, Small Fry, and Partysaurus Rex. Mr. Pricklepants ( edit ) Voiced by Timothy Dalton Mr. Pricklepants is a stuffed hedgehog. He wears lederhosen and a Tyrolean hat, and views himself as a thespian. Mr. Pricklepants was made in Germany ( although he speaks with an English accent and actor 's diction ) and is from the Waldfreunde ( Forest Friends ) collection of premium imported plush toys. Throughout Toy Story 3, he expresses great interest in theater arts and in the same respect, takes the art of role playing as a child 's toy very seriously. Buttercup refers to him sarcastically as `` Baron von Shush '' due to his habit of `` shushing '' the other toys when they break character. During the credits, he plays Romeo, with one of the aliens playing Juliet. Mr. Pricklepants reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation, Small Fry, and Partysaurus Rex, and appeared in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror! and Toy Story That Time Forgot. Trixie ( edit ) Voiced by Kristen Schaal Trixie is a blue toy Triceratops. She chats online with `` a dinosaur toy down the street '' who goes by the name `` Velocistar237. '' She becomes best friends with Rex during the credits, playing cooperatively on a computer. Trixie reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation, Small Fry, and Partysaurus Rex, and appears in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror! and Toy Story That Time Forgot. Buttercup ( edit ) Voiced by Jeff Garlin Buttercup is a white unicorn with a yellow mane and a pink nose. Despite his appearance, he has a very gruff voice and sarcastic personality. He is the first to introduce himself to Woody when Bonnie brings him home. He later appears at the end of the movie, now very close friends with Hamm. He also appears in Small Fry, Hawaiian Vacation, and Partysaurus Rex. Peas - in - a-Pod ( edit ) Voiced by Charlie Bright, Amber Kroner, and Brianna Maiwand in Toy Story 3 Zoe Levin in Hawaiian Vacation and Small Fry Peas - in - a-Pod are three soft, plush green balls in a green zip - up case that looks like a pea pod. They have the personalities of small children, and their names are Peaty, Peatrice, and Peanelope. The Peas - in - a-Pod reappear in the short film Hawaiian Vacation. They also appear in Small Fry. Angel Kitty ( edit ) Voiced by Emma Hudak Angel Kitty is a Christmas ornament that only appears in Toy Story That Time Forgot. A running gag in the film is Angel Kitty giving a moral about Christmas much to other toys ' ( mostly Trixie ) dismay and joy. She is mostly seen with a trumpet giving morals. She was last seen in Toy Story That Time Forgot giving one last moral and `` vanishes ''. Totoro ( edit ) Totoro, the title character from My Neighbor Totoro, who is also the mascot of Studio Ghibli, appears as one of Bonnie 's toys. He is a big plush toy and does not speak at all during the film, nor is he spoken to by anyone by his name. He does however display his famous grin during the credit scenes, and at the end of the film, he is seen juggling the alien triplets, while Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head watch. According to the tie - in book, The Art of Toy Story 3, Totoro 's appearance in the film was intended as a tribute to Hayao Miyazaki, who is a close friend of Pixar executive John Lasseter. In addition to Lasseter 's relationship to Miyazaki, another factor that contributed to Totoro 's appearance was Disney 's role in dubbing Studio Ghibli films for their English - language releases. Sid and Hannah 's toys ( edit ) The following toys are only seen in the first film. Combat Carl ( edit ) Combat Carl is a G.I. Joe - type toy character. He first appears as a toy of Sid 's that Sid blows up with an M - 80 explosive in his first scene in Toy Story. Pieces of him are later seen coming to life during Woody 's plan to frighten Sid into altering his behavior near the end of the film. A different character with the same name appears in Toy Story of Terror! Hannah 's dolls ( edit ) For Janie, see `` Janie and Pterodactyl '' under `` Mutant toys. '' Sally -- Sally is Hannah 's replacement doll for Janie. Sally has brown hair and a yellow dress. After Sid is attacked by the toys, Sid sees Sally, then runs off in fright, thinking that Sally will come to life. Marie Antoinette and her little sister -- Marie Antoinette and her little sister are a company of two headless dolls from Hannah 's tea party. One is Barbie without her original legs ( she has spare legs from a rag doll body ), and the second is rag doll in violet bloom dress. A dark brown headless teddy bear is also seen with the dolls. It is because Sid tortured Hannah 's toys. Yet, she is able to play with them. `` Marie Antoinette '' is probably a nickname ( given by Buzz ), based on their headlessness rather than the actual name of one of the toys. Mutant toys ( edit ) The Mutant Toys are mutilated toys who live their unhappy lives in the darkest corners of Sid 's room. They are assembled by Sid from mixed pieces of several toys that belong to him and Hannah ( hence the baby doll 's parts ). They do not speak, though it is revealed they know Morse Code. Woody and Buzz initially think that they are cannibals who are going to eat them, before they learn that the toys are actually friendly and compassionate. They fix Buzz 's broken arm, Janie and the Pterodactyl, and also help Woody implement his plan to save Buzz from Sid. They close in on Sid as Woody tells Sid how much they hate being mutilated, and they all rejoice in victory after Woody frightens Sid away with his own voice. In Toy Story Treats, the Mutant Toys appear in Andy 's house. Baby Face -- The leader of the mutant toys, he is a one - eyed baby doll head staked on top of a spider - like body with crab - like pincers made of Erector set pieces. Baby Face lives in the shadows under Sid 's bed. One way Baby Face communicates with the other toys is by banging in Morse code on the side of Sid 's metal bedpost with his big claw. This method is used when he signals the other mutant toys to gather around to listen to Woody as he formulates his plan to rescue Buzz from Sid. When the mutant toys gain on Sid, Baby Face, suspended by Legs, lands on Sid 's head, scaring him. Baby Face is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game. Legs -- A toy fishing rod with Barbie doll legs. She is shown to be very strong, being able to hold Ducky 's and Baby Face 's weight. When Woody formulates his plan to save Buzz from Sid, he assigns Legs to partner up with Ducky. Legs opens the vent grating so she and Ducky can go to the front porch, where Legs lowers Ducky through the hole Ducky created so Ducky can swing toward the doorbell. After Ducky catches the Frog, Legs pulls both toys up to safety. Later, when the mutant toys advance on Sid, Legs lowers Baby Face onto Sid 's head, scaring him. Hand - in - the - Box -- Hand - in - the - box is based on the character Thing from the 1960s TV horror spoof The Addams Family. A green rubber arm that emerges from a black box, it appears to be based on the electro - mechanical coin - bank that was marketed as part of the show 's merchandising. During Woody 's plan to save Buzz from Sid, Hand - in - the - box, held by Rockmobile mounted on Babyface 's head, extends its hand to the doorknob, ready to open the door when the signal comes. After the Frog is let out the room to distract Scud, Hand - in - the - box mounts Roller Bob ( held by Rockmobile ) and extends its hand to pull Jingle Joe ( carrying Janie and the Pterodactyl ) when Woody motions the other mutant toys to go down to Sid 's backyard. The Hand also grabs Sid 's leg when the mutant toys surround him. Roller Bob -- A jet pilot action figure, whose torso has been attached to an old - school mini-skateboard. After the Frog is let out of Sid 's room to distract Scud, Roller Bob ferries Woody and the other mutant toys outside the house to Sid 's yard. The Frog -- The speediest toy of all. A tin wind - up frog with two different wheels ( left is from an erector set and right is from a monster truck ) instead of back legs. The Frog is missing his left front foot. As part of Woody 's plot to rescue Buzz from Sid, Woody orders, `` Wind the Frog! '', and the Walking Car twists the wind - up key on the Frog 's back to provide energy. When Ducky rings the doorbell, the Frog is let out of Sid 's room, allowing Scud to chase him down the stairs and out to the front porch, where he is caught by Ducky, and Legs reels both toys up to safety. Jingle Joe -- The result of a triple toy combination. He is a Combat Carl head staked on top of a Melody Push Chime toddler toy with an arm which is missing from a Mickey Mouse figure. He appears at the part when he turns Woody 's flashlight off by pressing the button. He helps in the plan to save Buzz by supplying motion for Janie and the Pterodactyl when there is no room on Roller Bob. Ducky -- Another triple toy combination : a duck - headed Pez dispenser with a baby doll torso and plunger base. Other than Rockmobile, he is the only one of Sid 's toys that can communicate orally. He and Legs go to the front porch via the vent, and Ducky, suspended from the porch ceiling by Legs, swings toward the doorbell until he finally activates it, giving Woody the signal to release the Frog. Ducky catches the Frog as Legs reels both toys up to safety. Rockmobile -- A figure with an insect 's head who sits in a headless upper torso of Rocky Gibraltar, in which is a steering wheel from a toy car. Rockmobile also walks on the Rocky doll 's hands. Walking Car -- A yellow 1957 Austin - Healey 3000 car with small baby doll arms. He can run and climb very quickly. As part of Woody 's plot to save Buzz from Sid, when Woody orders to wind the Frog, the Walking Car twists the screw on the Frog 's back, giving the Frog enough energy to speed from Sid 's room to the porch. Janie and Pterodactyl -- Hannah 's beloved rag doll, Janie, and Sid 's creepy toy, a small plastic Pterodactyl, are the subjects of Sid 's last `` operation '', called a `` double bypass brain transplant '' ( he ripped off their heads and replaced Janie 's head with a pterodactyl 's ). The mutant toys later put their heads on the correct bodies. After the Frog is released from Sid 's room for Scud to chase after, Janie and the Pterodactyl ride Jingle Joe ( since Roller Bob has run out of capacity ) as Woody motions the toys to go down to Sid 's back yard. Janie has yellow hair and a striped dress. Red Pickup Truck -- a toy Toyota Hilux. It is a broken red pickup truck with crooked parts, missing ear windows and is covered in sand because it was abused and buried in the sandbox. It helps Woody and the other mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear from being blown up with a rocket by emerging from the sandbox along with Burned Rag Doll and Walking Car. Burned Rag Doll -- a one eyed rag doll that was possibly burnt in an explosion or fire. It repeatedly utters `` Mama! '', which signifies that it talks. It helps Woody and the mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear by coming out of the sandbox along with Walking Car and Red Pickup Truck. Mason 's toys ( edit ) Appearing in Toy Story That Time Forgot, these are the toys of Bonnie 's best friend Mason. Battlesaurs -- A group of mostly humanoid dinosaur toys who initially believe themselves to be real beings rather than playthings ( like Buzz in the first and third films, and Buzz 2 in the second film ). This illusion is encouraged by Mason 's greater interest in a new videogame system that he received for Christmas, and they become hostile to Mason 's other toys and to Bonnie 's when they are brought over for a playdate. However, Trixie is eventually able to convince them that being played with brings its own joy, and they happily embrace their life as toys. Reptillus Maximus ( voiced by Kevin McKidd ) -- The Carcharodontosaurus - like Champion of the Battlesaurs, who is fascinated by Trixie after meeting her. Initially, Reptillus is resistant to the idea of being a plaything, feeling that to submit to the will of his child would be surrender and dishonorable. However, Trixie later helps him to see that being there for Mason is honorable, and he helps her divert Mason 's attention to his new toys. Near at the end of Toy Story That Time Forgot it 's implied that he has a crush on Trixie. The Cleric ( voiced by Steve Purcell ) -- An anthropomorphic Ludodactylus and the `` spiritual '' leader of the Battlesaurs. The Cleric is the first Battlesaur shown to be aware of their status as toys, but conceals it from the others so that he can rule over them and Mason 's other toys. However, his plans are thwarted when Reptillus sides with Trixie ; he is later shown apparently enjoying his new role as Mason 's plaything. Ray - Gon ( voiced by Jonathan Kydd ) -- A Scelidosaurus who serves as the armorer of the Battlesaurs, his main contribution is providing Trixie and Rex with battle armor, with the latter featuring remote - control arms that the Cleric uses to manipulate Rex. Goliathon -- An Erythrosuchus that is kept as a pet by the other Battlesaurs and used to imprison their enemies in its belly. Guards -- Various guards are part of the Battlesaur collections, with raptor - like males and Parasaurolophus - like females amongst others. Toy characters by location ( edit ) Al 's Toy Barn and apartment ( edit ) Shown in a Buzz Lightyear commercial in Toy Story, this section contains characters from Toy Story 2. Al 's Toy Barn appears in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game. Stinky Pete the Prospector ( edit ) Voiced by : Kelsey Grammer ( Toy Story 2 ) Stephen Stanton ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) Stinky Pete, also known as Prospector, is a prospector doll and the primary antagonist of Toy Story 2. He is a toy modeled after a character on the fictional television show, Woody 's Roundup, where the characters consists of Sheriff Woody, Jessie, Stinky Pete, and Bullseye. The Prospector doll seen in the film had never been opened and was still `` Mint in the Box '' making him sought after by thousands of collectors. In contrast to the character on the show, Stinky Pete is quite intelligent, manipulative, and well - spoken and, when he first appears, he seems to be a grandfather figure and mentor. However, he becomes embittered because he has never been sold or played with until Al McWhiggin eventually found him. Stinky Pete makes no secret of his hatred for space toys like Buzz Lightyear, whom he blames for causing the show to be canceled after the launch of Sputnik, causing children all over America to lose their interest in cowboy toys, shifting their interest to space adventures instead. Years after being purchased, Stinky Pete would spend years in storage while Al bought more toys and advertisements from Woody 's Roundup. After Al had stolen Woody, Stinky Pete and Jessie were excited because now they could go to the Konishi Toy Museum in Japan, where they will be treated with respect. Woody reveals that he has an owner named Andy Davis, which infuriates Jessie and leads the Prospector to become determined to make sure Woody does n't go back to Andy at any cost, despite the fact that he is now aware that Al actually has stolen Woody because he still belongs to Andy. When Al accidentally rips off Woody 's arm, Stinky Pete secretly leaves his box and he sabotages Woody 's attempt to recover his arm and return to Andy by turning on the TV. He then frames Jessie for this by putting the TV remote near her before returning to his box and pretending that he `` does n't know '' how the TV turned on after Woody falls for his trick. He later convinces Woody to wait until his arm is supposed to be fixed in the morning, which is done after Al calls in a cleaner. After Woody 's arm is fixed, Stinky Pete convinces Woody after a story that Jessie tells him about her old owner, that Andy wo n't play with him anymore by the time he goes to college, but in Japan, Woody will be treasured forever. Woody agrees to stay with them instead of going back to Andy, much to Stinky Pete, Jessie and Bullseye 's delight. However, Woody 's friends arrive during a celebration of going to Japan and they demand that Woody returns to Andy, but Woody angrily refuses, resulting in the toys sadly saying goodbye and leaving without him. However, before leaving, Buzz says an upset goodbye to Woody by saying that he 'll be staying behind glass forever and not being loved again if he chooses to go to Japan, leaving Woody to think over his choice. However, Woody has a change of heart and tells Buzz that he is coming with them, and invites his friends to come with him to Andy 's house. However, Stinky Pete is very angry with Woody for attempting to leave with Jessie and Bullseye back to Andy 's house, and once again he sabotages Woody 's attempt to escape by tightening the bolt to the vent ( as well as revealing to the others that he can actually get out of his box whenever he wants ) and uses his pick axe to turn off the TV, causing Woody to realize that it was the Prospector who foiled his escape the previous night by turning on the TV and framing Jessie for it. He sees unpopular toys like him and the Roundup Gang doomed to either always ending up in storage or `` spending a lifetime on a dime store shelf watching every other toy be sold, '' similar to his fate before Al found him, and does not want Woody, Jessie, and Bullseye to suffer the same fate. He also sees children as destroyers of toys whose ultimate fate will be `` spending eternity rotting in some landfill ''. This makes him all the more determined to go to the Tokyo museum and become an exhibit for the rest of his life, unlike Woody and Jessie. When Slinky attempts to get Woody out of Al 's suitcase, Stinky Pete quickly stops them and yanks Woody back in. When an angry Stinky Pete punches Buzz off the ramp at the airport to prevent Woody 's rescue, Woody confronts and fights Stinky Pete for harming his friend. Stinky Pete manages to overpower him, ripping his right arm in the process. He then attempts to finish Woody off after he refuses to get back in the case as told, assuring him that he will be fixed again in Japan while saying that going home will eventually end up with him being in pieces. The other toys blind and stun Stinky Pete with flash cameras that the toys found after they confused and mistook another green luggage case for Woody 's. Buzz, surviving the fall, captures Stinky Pete and Woody instructs Buzz and the other toys to dump Stinky Pete into a Barbie doll backpack that belongs to a little girl named Amy ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ), who enjoys decorating her dolls ' faces with tattoos, as punishment and revenge for his betrayal, knowing it will make him learn the true meaning of playtime. Upon learning of Amy 's occupations of decorating her dolls, Stinky Pete starts to weep as he is taken to his new owner 's home. Ironically, this fate is a rectification of a past injustice done to Stinky Pete. Since much of his anger came from never being sold, opened or played with ; now he is finally being owned by a child after waiting 50 years. However, after the film 's release, the film 's website featured interviews with the characters. In Stinky Pete 's interview, he has reformed and said that he has become accustomed to Amy decorating him, as well of being fond of Amy herself. Despite his appearance, Stinky Pete does not appear in the third film, because he was no longer mentioned, though he seems to accurately predict the events of Toy Story 3 ( as what he had said after his defeat started to come true in the film ). He asks Woody if Andy will take him to college, and later tells the rest of the toys that children destroy toys, which occurs in the Sunnyside Daycare, and that they will be forgotten and end up in a landfill permanently, where the toys are narrowly rescued from the incinerator after an escape attempt and return to Andy 's. The last part of his prediction did not come true. According to his box, Stinky Pete had a total of 9 sayings. In one outtake, Stinky Pete is seen talking to two Barbie dolls in the box, promising them a role in the third film. In another outtake, Stinky Pete gives Woody a choice to go back to Andy 's home or stay, until he suffers a bout of flatulence, which he later implies is the reason for his nickname. Despite the fact that he does not appear in the third film, Stinky Pete does appear in the Toy Box Mode of Toy Story 3 : The Video Game. According to the DVD commentary, the Pixar team had deliberated for a while what the proper comeuppance for the Prospector would be before it was decided for him to be placed in a Barbie bag with a face - painted Barbie. Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) Voiced by Tim Allen When searching for Woody at Al 's Toy Barn, Buzz comes across the Buzz Lightyear aisle, causing him to stare in awe. While looking around, Buzz notices that there is a display case labeled `` New Utility Belt. '' Buzz then climbs up the display case to find a newer Buzz Lightyear with a Utility Belt. When Buzz tries to take the belt, the newer Buzz ( who thinks he is a real Space Ranger, similar to Andy 's Buzz in the original film ) springs to life and grabs him, believing him to be an AWOL Space Ranger. Buzz finds himself wondering out loud if he was this deluded, which Utility Belt Buzz mistakes for talking back and threatens to use his laser on him. Buzz tries to prove to him that he is not an actual Space Ranger by showing him that his laser is actually a light bulb. This does n't work however and Utility Belt Buzz jumps out of the way and tells him that he could 've killed him. Buzz then decides that he 's had enough and tries to leave, only for Utility Belt Buzz to jump out and attack him. After trapping Buzz in a box similar to the one he came in, he is mistaken for the original Buzz by the gang. When Rex mentions that he knows how to defeat Emperor Zurg -- having recently acquired a walkthrough guide for the Buzz Lightyear video game that he 's been stuck on, Utility Belt Buzz quickly decides to tag along thinking that the toys are trying to find Zurg. While the gang search Al 's Toy Barn and through the vents of Al 's apartment with Utility Belt Buzz, they become increasingly suspicious of his cocky attitude ( `` I 'm Buzz Lightyear! I 'm always sure! '' ) and strange actions ( such as thinking that he is flying up the elevator shift and is unaware that he 's standing on the elevator, which is helping him fly ) until they are finally reunited with Andy 's Buzz, who defuses his counterpart 's confusion by claiming that the situation is a ' Code 546 ' ( Precisely what this involves is unknown, but it prompted Utility Belt Buzz to refer to Woody as `` Your Majesty '' ). Heading to the elevator on the way down, they encounter a savage Emperor Zurg toy and Utility Belt Buzz engages him in battle. When Utility Belt Buzz claims Zurg killed his father, Zurg responds he is his father, causing Utility Belt Buzz to scream in dismay ( a parody of The Empire Strikes Back ). Rex defeats Zurg by accident, sending him falling off the elevator to his apparent doom by knocking him off - balance with his tail when he turns away as Zurg prepares to shoot Utility Belt Buzz, upsetting him. He is last seen playing catch with his `` father, '' the Zurg toy, whose attitude towards Utility Belt Buzz has changed after the fall. Evil Emperor Zurg ( edit ) Voiced by : Andrew Stanton ( 1999 -- present ) Wayne Knight ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ) Jess Harnell ( mini counterpart ) James Patrick Stuart ( Disney Magic Kingdoms ) Evil Emperor Zurg is a space villain action figure and Buzz Lightyear 's archenemy. He has red evil eyes with neon gritting teeth, silver horns on his head, a purple tunic with a black cape on it and his weapon, a gun ( which has a power control that, as a homage to This is Spinal Tap, goes to 11 ). In some cases, he does not have a gun but a hand like the one on his other arm. In the first film, Zurg is a referenced character, and does not appear at all. However, Zurg is first seen in the opening sequence of the second film when Buzz is trying to take his main power away from him ( Zurg 's main power is from an AA battery which is actually revealed to be a hologram ). In the ensuing battle, Zurg vaporizes the top half of Buzz Lightyear 's body with his gun, killing him. The sequence then cuts showing that the opening sequence was actually a video game played by Rex. As the story progresses, a Zurg toy in Al 's Toy Barn bursts out from its box and follows Andy 's Buzz Lightyear, who is on the way to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin. Zurg is deluded, similar to Andy 's Buzz in the first film. In the second film, another copy of Buzz Lightyear, deluded in the same way as Andy 's Buzz in the first film, escapes from Al 's Toy Barn and battles with Zurg on top of an elevator. In a reference to the relationship of Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader, the principal hero and villain respectively of the original Star Wars trilogy, Evil Emperor Zurg claims he is in fact the father of Buzz, in an almost word - for - word parody of the scene in The Empire Strikes Back. As Zurg attempts to finish off Buzz at point - blank range, Rex accidentally hits Zurg with his large tail and sends him falling down the elevator shaft. The second Buzz looks down the shaft in despair, thinking he has lost his father, while Rex is excited that he has finally managed to defeat Zurg in real life. Near the end of the film, Zurg is seen to have survived his fall with a bent horn and is now playing catch with the second Buzz. He supposedly bumped his head so hard that he forgot he was Buzz Lightyear 's worst enemy. In the novelisation, however, Zurg is killed by the fall, and Buzz finds him and takes him back to Al 's Toy Barn to bury him. Zurg is mentioned in the third film by Buzz in his bad guy character after Lotso resets him to Demo mode. Zurg appears briefly during a sequence in the end credits, where he is donated to Sunnyside Daycare center and greeted by the resident toys. Zurg also appears as in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and its direct - to - video movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins. Zurg says he is Lightyear 's father during a fight in order to shock Lightyear, before regaining the advantage during the fight and then denying the truth of that previous claim. Whether or not this is actually true, Buzz definitely does not know who his father is. This version of Zurg is also severely lightened up, going from the movie 's Darth Vader-esque version to a far less intimidating one ; in the TV series Zurg is a flamboyant villain who is just as much a comic relief character as he is a formidable opponent, similar to Skeletor. This Zurg is known for videotaping Buzz 's speeches, maintaining a troll doll collection, and various other comedic habits. He is shown to have a bit of a British accent throughout the series. It is revealed in the first episode that there is a Nana Zurg, but she is never seen at all ( although he claims that she 's `` plenty evil '' ). Zurg would appear to be a cyborg of some description, also much like Darth Vader. However, it has also been discussed amongst fans that his `` cybernetic '' traits could also very well be because of advanced technology. There is yet to be a clear answer. In the TV series, he is the warlord - like ruler of an evil empire and is in command of an army of Hornet robots, as well of a minion workforce consisting of Grubs and Brainpods. The seat of which is the hellish Planet Z ( standing for Xrghthung ). In various media surrounding the film, his planet is said to be called Xrghthung. However, because this is unpronounceable in the TV series it is changed to simply `` Z. '' It is unknown whether Zurg rules over any other worlds, but, if he does, they have not been revealed. Planet Z evidently possesses vast resources and forces enabling Zurg to be a serious threat to the Galactic Alliance. Despite being frequently gullible and bungling, Zurg is evidently highly intelligent, able to concoct sound military tactics and Machiavellian evil schemes. Additionally, he occasionally references stereotypes of typical evil villains and intentionally violates them, showing how aware he is of his similarity to them. For example, when designing a vast prison on Planet Z, he declines building an execution arena, for it simply `` gives the captives more time to get away. '' When he was designing a schematic for a new base, he expressly forbade for air vents that allow `` hero - sized objects '' into the control room. `` And, may I remind you, no giant trash compactor! When heroes fall in, they always have enough time to figure a way out. Make it -- an incinerator! '' Despite his camp nature, he is just as fearsome and ruthless as his movie counterpart. Zurg is frequently mentioned to be the most evil villain in the galaxy and appears to possess authority over all other villains. In fact, he would appear to be a physical manifestation of pure evil. He is particularly proud of this and frequently brags of how `` evil '' he is. He is a parody of Darth Vader on Star Wars, Darkseid on DC Comics, Ming the Merciless on Flash Gordon, Megatron on Transformers, Doctor Doom on Marvel Comics as well as The Six Million Dollar Man. Zurg appears as a playable character in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game on the PlayStation 3 in Toy Box Mode after completing several missions. He also has a convertible ( the ZurgsMobile ) that matches his personality. His mini counterpart is featured in the short Small Fry. Zurg appears in the 2015 live - action Disney movie, Tomorrowland. Tour guide Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson Tour Guide Barbie is a Barbie doll initially from Al 's Toy Barn in Toy Story 2. When Hamm, Slinky Dog, Rex and Mr. Potato Head come upon the Barbie aisle at Al 's Toy Barn while searching for Woody, Tour Guide Barbie hops into the toy car they are driving. She gives the toys a tour in the toy barn and helps them locate Buzz Lightyear ( they actually find a different, ' limited - edition ' Buzz ). After the outtakes of the film, Tour Guide Barbie waves goodbye to the audience until her face hurts from smiling. She then leaves for a break. Sunnyside Daycare ( edit ) These characters live at Sunnyside Daycare Centre. All appear in Toy Story 3 only. Lots - O ' - Huggin ' bear ( edit ) Voiced by Ned Beatty Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear ( Lotso for short ) is a plush, hot pink teddy bear with a big plum nose, a sweet strawberry scent and a southern accent, who uses a wooden toy mallet as an assistive cane ( although he is still able to walk even without it ). He is the self - proclaimed leader of the toys at the Sunnyside Daycare Center. He initially acts like a kind - hearted and wise caretaker, but is eventually revealed to be a ruthless prison warden, although his backstory makes him more of a tragic villain. In Toy Story 3, he welcomes Andy 's toys to Sunnyside and assigns them to the Caterpillar Room. Woody tries to escape from Sunnyside so he could go back to Andy, but is instead found and taken by a little girl named Bonnie. Woody learns from Chuckles, one of Bonnie 's toys, that Lotso was once owned and loved by a girl named Daisy, having become Daisy 's favorite toy when she obtained it for Christmas. Lotso became friends with Chuckles and Big Baby. One day, Daisy and her family had a picnic in the countryside. When she fell asleep, her parents drove her home, inadvertently leaving the toys behind. Not wanting to give up, Lotso led his two friends on a long trek back to Daisy 's house, only to discover that Daisy had gotten another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear. Lotso became embittered and convinced Big Baby that they had been replaced, leaving Daisy 's home with Chuckles. Lotso eventually discovered Sunnyside Daycare Center and turned it into an internment camp for toys. Big Baby took on the role of Lotso 's enforcer, while Chuckles was broken, and was discovered by Bonnie and taken home. Meanwhile, Lotso realizes that Buzz is actually requesting a transfer of himself and the rest of Andy 's toys to the Butterfly Room. Thinking of Buzz to be useful to him, Lotso only approves the transfer to him. When Buzz refuses Lotso 's offer to stay in the Caterpillar Room, Lotso reverses Buzz to demo mode and manipulates him into imprisoning Andy 's other toys. When Woody and Andy 's toys attempt to flee from the daycare center. Lotso catches the group and once again offers them to stay at Sunnyside when a garbage truck arrives, but the toys refuse and Lotso instructs Stretch to push the toys into the dumpster. Woody argues with Lotso over his wrongdoings and reveals to him what he knows about Daisy and tosses Daisy 's ownership tag to him ; Lotso destroys it and says that toys are supposed to be discarded. His henchmen then turn on him and Big Baby throws him into the dumpster. As the toys attempt to flee, a vengeful Lotso pulls Woody into the dumpster just as the truck collects it to get the other toys to be sent to the dump. At the landfill, the toys end up on a conveyor belt leading to a shredder. Finding Lotso stuck under a large golf bag, Woody and Buzz rescue him and escape the shredder, only to realize that it leads to an incinerator. As they are about to reach the incinerator, Lotso sees an emergency stop button, and with Woody and Buzz 's help, manages to reach it. However, instead of pushing the button, he chooses to leave them behind, as he is still evil and selfish on the inside and still believes that all toys are meant to be at the dump. When Woody and the toys are rescued by the aliens, Hamm and Slinky want to get back at Lotso for leaving them to die, but Woody talks them out of it, claiming that `` he 's not worth it '' and that the dump is the right place for him. Lotso ( who is unaware the Andy 's toys are still alive ) is eventually found by a garbage man who recalls that he once had a Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear as a child, and straps Lotso to the grill of a garbage truck with three other toys before driving away. Lotso was intended to be in the first film ( originally for a sequel to Tin Toy ), but the technology to design the fur to the proper consistency had yet to exist until Monsters, Inc. in 2001, so he was saved for the third film. However, an early version of Lotso can be seen in the first film when Woody says `` Everybody hear me? Up on the shelf, can you hear me? Great! '' and can be seen in the second film during the first Al 's Toy Barn Commercial. Test audiences who had sympathized with Lotso for his backstory had wanted him to push the button in the incinerator scene to redeem himself. However, according to the DVD commentary, director Lee Unkrich explained that Lotso not pushing the button to save the toys was intended for the audience to really care about the characters after three films of getting to know them when it looked like it was the end for them in the incinerator. The Pixar team took note of the people 's concerns and made Lotso to be an outright, selfish liar. Lotso also makes a cameo appearance in Pixar 's 2009 movie Up in a little girl 's room in the city where Mr. Fredricksen 's house goes by in the bottom left corner in the shadow of the bed. Ned Beatty was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain for his performance as Lotso, and Pixar and he received widespread praise for the character 's back story and Beatty 's performance. IGN named Lotso the best villain of the summer of 2010. Ken ( edit ) Voiced by Michael Keaton Ken is a smooth - talking doll who falls in love with Barbie. He first appears wearing light blue pleated and cuffed shorts, and a tucked - in leopard - print shirt with short sleeves. His accessories include matching ascot, sensible loafers and a fashion - forward gold belt. He lives in Ken 's Dreamhouse, a big yellow doll house with three stories, a large wardrobe room, and an elevator. Barbie originally breaks up with Ken when she finds him, Lotso, his other henchmen, and a reset Buzz Lightyear locking up her friends and discovering their ulterior motive. Piqued, Ken orders her locked up as well. However, as part of a plan to escape, she pretends to forgive Ken, gaining access to his dream house. Barbie then ties Ken hostage to try to get him to reveal how to reset Buzz back to normal. As a provocation, she entangles him in an ironing board and rips his clothing apart. Ken reveals the truth after she begins to sabotage his prized Nehru jacket. He is not seen again until Lotso has the toys cornered at the dumpster, where he is the first to turn on Lotso. Ken comes to Barbie 's help by trying to stop Lotso, having realized Barbie through her understanding of civics. Lotso tells Ken `` there 's 100,000,000 just like her '', but Ken insists that for him, there is no one else like her, and wins back her affections. In the end credits of the film, he and Barbie are seen greeting new toys at Sunnyside as Barbie becomes his girlfriend again, and with Lotso gone, they both take charge of the Sunnyside toys as the new leaders. He resembles a real doll from 1988 called Animal Lovin ' Ken. Due to being called a `` girl 's toy, '' it is often joked about his femininity : such as his large selection and obsession with clothes, him wearing Barbie 's scarf, his rather feminine boxer - shorts, Bookworm not being suspicious seeing who he believed being Ken ( Barbie in a spacesuit outfit ) in high heels, as well as at the end Buzz believing Barbie wrote them the fancy note, only to discover Ken 's signature at the end. Ken, along with Barbie, appears in the theatrical short, Hawaiian Vacation, in which the two embark on a journey to Hawaii, but ends up in Bonnie 's room, where Woody and the other toys reenact various Hawaiian scenes. Big Baby ( edit ) Voiced by Woody Smith ( 2010 -- present ) Big Baby is a Bitty Baby doll with a lazy eye who carries around a bottle and is adorned with childlike scribbling that resembles ferocious tattoos. He normally does not speak, instead communicating through baby sounds, with the exception of one spoken line after the toys escape Sunnyside. Big Baby was once one of Daisy 's toys before he, Lotso, and Chuckles were lost at a rest area. After returning home, Lotso lied to Big Baby, claiming that Daisy replaced and no longer loved them. They eventually took over Sunnyside Daycare, where Big Baby became Lotso 's third - in - command. Eventually, Woody reveals to Lotso that Daisy still cared about them and gives Big Baby his pendant, sparking his memory of his former owner, whom he called `` Mama ''. Lotso derides Big Baby for his attachment to Daisy and smashes the pendant with his mallet. Big Baby turns against Lotso and throws him in the dumpster ( a parody of a scene from Return of the Jedi ), blows him a raspberry, and helps Woody and his friends escape Sunnyside. In the credits, Big Baby is much happier at Sunnyside under Barbie and Ken 's care, and even wears gold diapers to match their outfits at a party at the daycare. The baby who provided the voice for Big Baby is named `` Woody, '' according to Lee Unkrich 's Twitter account, and the film 's credits confirm it as being Woody Smith ( listed under Additional voices ). Twitch ( edit ) Voiced by John Cygan Twitch is a green `` insectaloid warrior '' action figure with a bug 's head, orange eyes with ferocious chomping mandibles, wings, and two muscular arms. He is one of the toy thugs working for Lotso. He helps to reprogram Buzz, and later apprehends Andy 's other toys. He keeps a search light working in the playground. He and Sparks `` break '' the Chatter telephone before he is convinced of Lotso 's evil by Woody and Ken. Because of how Lotso abused Big Baby, Twitch turns on Lotso, along with the other gang members. During the credits, he is seen living in a happier Sunnyside and is shown taking a turn to endure playtime with the young children in the Caterpillar Room, switching with Chunk so he can rest. Twitch is reminiscent of the 1980s `` He - Man and the Masters of the Universe '' toy line, and other similar lines. Stretch ( edit ) Voiced by Whoopi Goldberg Stretch is a toy rubber octopus with sticky suckers on her eight long arms and a glittery, purple body. She is the sole female member of Lotso 's gang, and at first welcomes the toys, but later helps capture them with her elastic tentacles. With her cohorts, she later catches Woody and his friends, and was eager to push them into the dumpster, should they not admit defeat. However, Stretch was also seen to be the first toy to doubt Lotso 's leadership and motives, as she was seen to visibly cringe at Lotso 's true character being revealed. After Lotso destroys Big Baby 's locket, he angrily orders Stretch to push Woody and his friends into the dumpster, which Stretch is now reluctant to do, causing Lotso to reveal his true feelings about all toys. Eventually, Lotso is thrown into the dumpster by Big Baby for his lies and treachery, and Stretch immediately leaves the area, shocked at what had happened but relieved. In the credits, she welcomes new toys happily without Lotso and is later seen sneaking a message to Woody and the gang in Bonnie 's backpack. She is based on a purple Wacky WallWalker toy from the 1980s. Chunk ( edit ) Voiced by Jack Angel Chunk is an orange muscular rock monster toy. He has two red eyes when fierce, blue eyes when he 's friendly, huge fists, and a face that you can change by rolling it up or down to a different facial expression or pressing a button at the top of his head. He welcomes the toys to Sunnyside, but later helps Lotso and Buzz imprison them. He is then convinced of Lotso 's deception when he abuses Big Baby, and is seen helping Woody and his friends climb to safety. In the credits, he is seen taking the abuse of the younger children, later taking a rest while Twitch takes his place. He is based on the short lived Rock Lords toyline. Chunk has a very low level of intelligence : During a gambling scene, he describes Buzz as `` He ai n't the sharpest knife in the... place... where they... keep the knives ''. He enjoys teasing Ken during the gambling scene since he called him a `` girl 's toy. '' Sparks ( edit ) Voiced by Jan Rabson Sparks is a robot toy at Sunnyside Daycare. He has shown to be both blunt and sarcastic. Sparks ' retro design has flashing red LED eyes and a blaster cavity in his chest that spits out real sparks when he 's rolling around on his wheels, but is completely safe for children. He sports telescoping arms with working pincers and he can also elevate his body to make himself taller. He starts out as one of Lotso 's henchmen, but in the dumpster scene, when Ken states that Lotso put all of the toys in Sunnyside Daycare into a pyramid and placed himself on the top, he and Twitch ( and likely Chunk as well ) start to doubt Lotso 's leadership as both of them look at each other. Both of them are also in shock when Lotso shows his true colors and pokes Big Baby angrily in the stomach. They also witness Big Baby who retaliates by throwing Lotso into the dumpster, and he and the rest of his fellow henchmen let Andy 's toys escape. In the end, he and the rest of Lotso 's former henchmen reform for the better and become nicer. Sparks has only one line, when he points out Chunk 's low intelligence, he says, `` Neither are you, Chunk '' after Chunk gives his opinion on Buzz. Chatter Telephone ( edit ) Voiced by Teddy Newton Chatter Telephone is a character based on the real - life toy of the same name. He can only speak when his receiver is lifted from its cradle. He lives in the Caterpillar Room. He is the oldest toy at Sunnyside, and becomes an ally to Woody. When Woody returns to Sunnyside, he immediately says that coming back was a mistake because Lotso had rigged his security after he left and that the best action would be to just lay low. He reluctantly gives him instructions on how to escape Sunnyside. For this, he is later brutally beaten and broken for helping Woody and his group escape, and eventually rats Woody out when convinced that Woody and the other toys had already escaped, but are caught just before they can do so. He sadly apologizes to Woody who fortunately shows sympathy for the broken toy. In the credits, he has been repaired and now lives a happier life there at Sunnyside Daycare without Lotso, having been invited into the Butterfly Room. When Woody talked to him, he called him Ol ' Timer. Bookworm ( edit ) Voiced by Richard Kind The Bookworm is a green toy worm with a built - in flashlight who wears glasses. He is a genius who loves reading books. He keeps a library of instruction manuals in a closet at Sunnyside, and gives Lotso the instruction manual for Buzz Lightyear. He later gives the same manual to Barbie ( who he thinks is Ken since she is disguised in his spacesuit outfit ). It is unknown if he is in allegiance with Lotso but is most likely not, since he is never seen with him very often. In the credits, he is happy without Lotso, and is seen using his flashlight to light a disco ball during a party at Sunnyside. He is based on the Glo Worm toys from the 1980s. He only has two lines in the film. Cymbal - banging monkey ( edit ) The cymbal - banging monkey is a monkey toy based on the Musical Jolly Chimp toy from the 1960s. he monitors the Sunnyside Daycare security cameras at night, and can alert Lotso and the gang of any toys attempting to escape by screeching into a microphone to broadcast over the intercom. Chatter Telephone tells Woody that he must get rid of the monkey before he and his friends can escape. Woody and Slinky manage to succeed in taking him down by wrapping him up in Scotch Tape and shutting him in a filing cabinet. In the credits, he is seen in a much happier situation, gently playing his clash cymbals while wearing star - shaped sunglasses. Toys in other projects ( edit ) The following toy characters were seen in other Toy Story projects : Discarded Fun Meal Toys ( edit ) Appearing in Small Fry, the Discarded Fun Meal Toys are toys that were discarded by children and have formed a support group in a storage room at Poultry Palace. Buzz Lightyear came across them at the time when he was replaced by the Fun Meal Toy version of Buzz. Among the Fun Meal Toys are : Queen Neptuna ( voiced by Jane Lynch ) -- Queen Neptuna is a mermaid toy who is leader of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. She was from the `` Mermaid Battle Squadron '' line where the Mermaid Battle Squadron 's duties are to protect the oceans from pollution and exploitation. T - Bone ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- T - Bone is a steak - like Transformer who is Queen Neptuna 's second - in - command of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. He was from the `` Steak Force '' line where they fight the Vegetenarians. DJ Blu - Jay ( voiced by Bret Parker ) -- DJ Blu - Jay is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. He is a small blue jay toy wearing a set of headphones with a disco player with a tree trunk to stand it up. Lizard Wizard ( voiced by Josh Cooley ) -- Lizard Wizard is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. He is a small lime green lizard toy with a beard, a violet wizard hat and a wizard robe. Bozu the Ninja Clown -- Bozu is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. He is a circus clown by day, 15th century ninja from Feudal Japan by night. Vlad the Engineer ( voiced by Jess Harnell in a Transylvanian accent ) -- Vlad the Engineer is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. Vlad is a vampire in a conductor 's hat that rides in a purple steam engine. Vlad got discarded because `` nobody wanted to board the Vampire Express. '' Gary Grappling Hook ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Gary Grappling Hook is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. He is a green toy gun with hands and legs and a blue grappling hook for a face. Buzz uses him to escape the toy psychotherapy meeting when he was paired up with Lizard Wizard. Tae - Kwon Doe ( voiced by Lori Alan ) -- Tae - Kwon Doe is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. She is an anthropomorphic karate deer toy that can chop through the boards that are part of her toy. At one point, Queen Neptuna sees her hand up and thinks she is raising her hand. When Neptuna calls on her, Tae - Kwon Doe explains that it 's simply her play feature at which point her left hoof goes down hitting the plastic boards and `` breaking '' it. Her name is a play on `` Taekwondo ''. Super Pirate ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Super Pirate is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. He is a pirate - themed superhero with an eyepatch on his left eye and a peg leg in place of the lower part of the left leg. Beef Stewardess -- Beef Stewardess is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. She is an anthropomorphic cow that is dressed as a stewardess. Nervous Sys - Tim ( voiced by Kitt Hiraski ) -- Nervous Sys - Tim is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. He is a clear plastic human that shows many body parts such as the brain, the eyes, and the nervous system. Nervous Sys - Tim mentioned that nobody wanted him because he is an accurate depiction of the human nervous system and that would seem gross when kids were eating. Ghost Burger ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Ghost Burger is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. He is a normal hamburger dressed in a ghost sheet. Koala Kopter ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui in an Australian accent ) -- Koala Kopter is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. He is a plastic koala on a helicopter that has a propeller on the top of his hat that is part of the `` Down Undermals '' set. Koala Kopter stated that he was switched out for a Kangaroo Kanoe. Roxy Boxy ( voiced by Emily Forbes ) -- Roxy Boxy is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. She is a boxing - themed turtle. Roxy Boxy mentioned that she was recalled because her boxing glove hands will come out and could hurt kids. This has happened during the meeting where it hit Lizard Wizard twice. Recycle Bin ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) -- Recycle Bin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. He is a blue recycling bin with arms. Recycle Ben claimed that `` he was recycled. '' Funky Monk ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Funky Monk is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. He is a monk with sunglasses and a gold chain with his initials around his neck. Condorman ( voiced by Bob Bergen ) -- Condorman is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. He is a condor - themed superhero in his vehicle. Condorman is an allusion to the live - action 1981 Disney film of the same name. Franklin ( voiced by Jim Ward ) -- Franklin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. He is a bald eagle sitting on a rolled - up version of the constitution that supports a feather pen on the back of it and the wheels are made up of quarters. Franklin did n't understand why kids disliked him because `` he is history, but on wheels. '' Pizza - Bot ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Pizza - Bot is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys. He is a blue pizza box - headed robot whose right hand holds a pizza and his left hand is a pizza cutter. It reads PIZZABOT5000 on his chest. His chest is possibly a pizza - carrying chest, such as the ones that you see when someone brings you pizza or the boxes that carry the pizzas at baseball games. Kids do not like Pizza - Bot for some reason which makes him sad. Sleep well toys ( edit ) A set of toys who were stolen from their owners during their stay at the Sleep Well roadside motel by Manager Ron 's pet iguana, Mr. Jones, so that Ron could sell them online. They appear in Toy Story of Terror!, where they are held along with Bonnie 's toys while Ron auctions them off on the Internet. They eventually escape with help from Jessie, and depart the Sleep Well on a mail truck. Combat Carl ( voiced by Carl Weathers ) -- A G.I. Joe-esque action figure. He is African - American in appearance, unlike the Caucasian character of the same name who briefly appeared in the first film. He is encountered by Jessie after all of her friends have been captured, having eluded Mr. Jones though losing a hand in the process. Carl is extremely paranoid and refers to himself in the third person, but later helps Jessie overcome her fears to save everyone. He was owned by a boy named Billy, to whom he is determined to return. Combat Carl Jr. ( voiced by Carl Weathers in a high - pitched voice ) -- A miniature version of Combat Carl who has a close relationship with his larger self. Pocketeer ( voiced by Ken Marino ) -- Part of an action figure line known as the `` Fastener Four, '' the Pocketeer has an outfit covered in pockets in which he keeps various helpful items. His fellows Zipper Man, Snaps, and Speed Lacer were sold by Ron prior to the capture of Bonnie 's toys. Pez Cat ( voiced by Kate McKinnon ) -- a Pez dispenser whose head is that of a cat wearing glasses, and who serves as the lookout for the trapped toys in the Sleep Well motel. Transitron ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) -- a Transformers-esque transforming robot who splits into five vehicle components. Jessie freed Transitron from a box he was to be shipped in and then had him seal her inside so she could rescue Woody ; Transitron later joined up with the other stolen toys and departed the Sleep Well. Non-toy characters ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Andy Davis ( edit ) Voiced by : John Morris -- Toy Story, Toy Story 2, Toy Story 3 Charlie Bright -- Toy Story 3 ( young ) Andrew `` Andy '' Davis Jr. is the owner of Woody, Buzz and the other toys in each of the three films. He lived with his mother and sister Molly, but left to go to college when he was 17. However, his father is never seen or mentioned in the films. Toy Story 2 implies that Woody might be a hand - me - down toy, and when introducing the 2009 set of Toy Story collectibles, John Lasseter said `` We always imagined he was a hand - me - down to Andy from his father. '' In Toy Story, Andy receives a Buzz Lightyear action figure for his 6th birthday party. Tension erupts between Buzz and Woody, who has always prided himself on being Andy 's favorite. Andy initially spends much more time with his new toy, but still has a special place in his heart for Woody. Thus, he becomes concerned when both toys go missing for a time, fearing they would be lost during his family 's move to a new house. In Toy Story 2, Andy is only seen in the beginning and for a short while in the ending. During his appearances, it is clear that he still loves his toys very much. At the end of the film, Andy is pleased to have five new toys -- Jessie, Bullseye, and the three Squeeze Toy Aliens -- added into his collection. He marks them, as he has all his toys, with his name on the soles of their feet, or in Bullseye 's case, one letter of his name on each hoof. In Toy Story 3, Andy is 17 and preparing to go off to college, intending to put most of his toys in the attic except for Woody, whom he initially plans to take with him. While he apparently has not played with his toys for some years and has given many of them away, he is still resistant to his mother 's suggestion to either donate or sell his remaining toys, referring to them as `` junk '' ( which the toys believe is what he truly thinks ). When they go missing, however, he becomes upset and confused when he can not find them. Before he goes to college, Woody secretly puts the address of Bonnie ( the young daughter of a family friend ) on the box with the toys in it, causing Andy to come around to the idea of donating them. He passes them on to young Bonnie, who he realizes will look after his childhood playthings and gives them each their own introduction, stating the qualities that make each of them special. When Bonnie finds Woody in the box as well, Andy shows great reluctance to pass on his favorite toy, but ultimately relents, allowing the toys to stay together in an environment where they will be loved and played with. He spends time with Bonnie and the toys one last time before departing for college, and is noticeably sad when Bonnie has Woody `` wave '' to him. He then responds with a quiet `` Thanks, guys ''. According to Toy Story producer Ralph Guggenheim in a December 1995 Animation Magazine article, John Lasseter and the story team for Toy Story reviewed the names of Pixar employees ' children, looking for the right name for Woody 's owner. Davis was ultimately named after and based on Andy Luckey, the son of legendary animator Bud Luckey, Pixar 's fifth employee and the creator of Woody. Luckey has declined to publicly comment on the connection. In the DVD feature for Toy Story 3 on the voice cast, the Pixar crew remark that they were n't sure if Morris would want to do it or would sound right, and were ecstatic when they heard his voice on an answering machine, Morris was perfect for teenage Andy. Bonnie Anderson ( edit ) Voiced by Emily Hahn Bonnie Anderson appears in Toy Story 3 as one of the children who goes to Sunnyside Daycare. She becomes the owner of Woody, Buzz and the other toys at the end of the film. Although she has an active imagination and boisterous manner when playing with her toys, she is shy and withdrawn when she is around adults, but she quickly warms up to Andy, when he donates his toys to her. She finds Woody, who was trying to escape Sunnyside, takes him home, and plays with him. Woody is impressed by what he sees at her house and ultimately gets himself ( and all of Andy 's other toys ) donated to her. Andy briefly plays with her after handing over his toys, and tells her he needs someone `` very special '' to take care of them for him. In the short film Hawaiian Vacation, Bonnie goes on a vacation to Hawaii and leaves Barbie and Ken in her room. Molly Davis ( edit ) Voiced by : Hannah Unkrich -- Toy Story, Toy Story 2 Bea Miller -- Toy Story 3 Molly Davis is Andy 's younger sister, seen as an infant in the first film, a toddler in the second film, and as a preteen in the third film. Andy uses her crib as the town jail during playtime at the beginning of the first film, implying they are sharing a room. When the family moves later in the film, Andy and Molly get separate rooms, though Molly has plans to move into Andy 's presumably larger room once he leaves for college. In the first film, she slobbers on Mr. Potato Head and throws him from the crib, causing his parts to scatter and earning her the nickname `` Princess Drool '' from him. At the end of the film, she receives a Mrs. Potato Head toy for Christmas. In Toy Story 3, she also owned a Barbie doll, which she donates to the daycare center as she was less interested in dolls and toys by that time and is now a preteen. Mrs. Davis ( edit ) Voiced by Laurie Metcalf ( 1995 -- present ) Mrs. Davis is Andy and Molly 's single mother. In the first film, she has brown hair and ties it in a ponytail. In the other two films, her physical appearance is noticeably different and instead of brown, she has blonde hair and leaves it down. Though presented as a loving mother to Andy and Molly, Mrs. Davis is actually a major ( though indirect ) threat to the toys, as she frequently asks Andy to throw out the toys he no longer wants. Mrs. Davis ' actions regarding the toys sets the plot in motion in all three films, though they are not malicious. In the first film, she purchases a Buzz Lightyear toy for Andy on his birthday, prompting the rivalry between Buzz and Woody which leads to them being lost and forced to find their way home. In the second film, she puts Wheezy up for sale at a yard sale ( due to a broken squeaker ), prompting Woody 's rescue attempt where he is subsequently stolen by Al. In the third film, she orders Andy to clean out his room before going to college and mistakenly throws away the bag of toys Andy was putting in the attic, causing them to be donated to a daycare center. Despite this, in the second film, she is overly protective of Woody, describing him as an old family toy. At the end of the third film, she breaks down and weeps at the departure of her first son, but Andy reassures her that she will always be with him even if they are apart. This moment between mother and son plays a major factor in Woody deciding to have Andy donate his toys to Bonnie, thus giving them a new lease on their lives. Some 2014 articles explore the possibility that Mrs. Davis is Jessie 's original owner, Emily from her flashback memories. The evidence cited references the flashbacks of Jessie and Emily from Toy Story 2. The flashback sequence shows Emily as a child in the 1960s, which is when she would have been a child. The sequence also shows that the cowboy hat that Emily had is very similar to Andy 's hat but with an additional white lace area, and Emily 's hair was brown, just like Mrs. Davis 's hair in the first film. Sid Phillips ( edit ) Voiced by Erik von Detten Sid Phillips is Andy 's neighbor until Andy moves, but it is unknown if he and Andy know each other. Sid is known for torturing and destroying toys. Many of his toys are either destroyed, have missing pieces, or replaced with parts from other toys, even Sid `` torturing '' Woody by burning his forehead with a magnifying glass. He is also shown tormenting his sister and destroying her toys by certain methods such as exploding, burning, and decapitating them. He also enjoys skateboarding, and his shirt depicts the logo for Zero Skateboards. The toys mention that he was consistently kicked out of summer camp ; and in the audio commentary on the tenth anniversary DVD, the directors mention that he is a bully but also the `` most creative character in the movie ''. It is also implied that he does not have the best home life. His parents do not make any major appearances : his mother 's voice is only heard briefly several times in the film, and his father is only seen briefly asleep on a chair in front of the TV in the living room. He also seems to be the only human depicted in the film to observe toys actually coming to life. At the end of the first film, Woody and Sid 's mutant toys decide to rescue Buzz by scaring Sid, which causes him to become very frightened of toys. The last straw is Woody coming alive and telling him to take good care of his toys or else. This causes Sid to panic and run back into his house screaming, and then to his room when his sister scares him with her toy doll. Sid does not appear in the second film, although he is mentioned once by Buzz during the toys ' mission to rescue Woody from the greedy toy collector Al McWhiggin. Sid also appears in the four - issue Monsters, Inc. comic mini-series produced by Boom! Comics. In the third film, Sid ( now an adult ) makes brief appearances in two scenes once again voiced by Erik von Detten. He is shown to be a garbageman with a small beard, recognizable by his characteristic T - shirt. His only dialogue in this movie involves humming guitar riffs, and he is depicted listening to heavy metal music through a pair of large headphones. Hannah Phillips ( edit ) Voiced by Sarah Freeman Hannah Phillips is Sid 's sweet - natured, younger sister who appears a few times in the first film. In Toy Story, Hannah has adjusted to her toys being mutilated by Sid. Most of her dolls either have different heads or altered body parts, and at the end of the film she finds enjoyment in scaring her brother after he has been horrified by Woody and the other toys. She spends most of the time during the movie playing with her altered dolls. Al McWhiggin ( edit ) Voiced by Wayne Knight Al McWhiggin -- nicknamed `` The Chicken Man '' by Andy 's toys -- is the owner of a chain of local toy stores and also an obsessive collector of all things related to the old Woody 's Roundup TV series. He steals Woody from a yard sale held by Andy 's mother in hopes of selling him to a toy museum in Tokyo, Japan. He is unscrupulously obsessive, overweight, very impatient, and lazy, as he complains of having to `` drive all the way to work on a Saturday '', despite his apartment only being across the street from the store. He is partially inspired by his voice actor Wayne Knight ; during the production of Toy Story 2, Knight had a goatee like Al in the movie. Cartoonist and animator Scott Shaw has also been acknowledged as another model and inspiration for Al. Al is the owner of a large toy store called `` Al 's Toy Barn ''. The store is mentioned in the first Toy Story in an advertisement for Buzz Lightyear toys, but Al did not appear. He is first seen in Toy Story 2 during an advertisement on TV in which he is dressed up in a chicken suit of which Hamm remarks `` I despise that chicken '' after turning off the TV. He later is seen trying to buy Woody in a yard sale held by Andy 's mom. After Andy 's mother refuses to hand over the doll and locks him in a box, Al steals Woody with the intent of selling him, along with the rest of his collection of Woody 's Roundup toys and memorabilia, to a Japanese toy museum for a large sum of money. Andy 's toys arrived at his apartment to rescue Woody but Stinky Pete 's interference allow Al to leave for the airport with the Roundup Gang. Andy 's toys follow him there on a stolen pizza planet truck. ( In the original script, Andy 's toys steal Al 's car and Al steals the pizza planet truck and gives chase ) As Al 's plane is about to fly off to Japan with the Roundup Gang packed in the luggage, Andy 's toys are able to save Woody, Jessie and Bullseye, getting Jessie off of the plane at the last second, while the Prospector is placed in a little girl 's backpack for his betrayal. During his latest commercial soon after, Al is unable to control himself from hysterically sobbing over his losses as a result, which Hamm responded to by saying `` Well, I guess crime does n't pay. '' Al was originally conceived to appear in the first Toy Story film, but was cut in the final screenplay. However, Al 's Toy Barn makes an appearance in the first film during a television advertisement for Buzz Lightyear toys. Al 's last name was revealed on the nameplate on his office desk ; also, when he is done taking pictures, he answers his cellphone and Mr. Konishi can be heard saying his full name. According to Disney Adventures magazine, Al was not permitted to play with his toys when he was a kid, which led to his toy - collecting niche. It is implied that Al 's full name is actually Carl McWhiggin since Mr. Konishi is heard calling him that on the phone. His car 's license plate reads LZTYBRN, which is `` Al 's Toy Barn '' ( minus the vowel letters ). It is also the actual license plate of Ash Brannon, co-director of Toy Story 2, according to the Toy Story 2 : Special Edition commentary. Mrs. Anderson ( edit ) Voiced by Lori Alan Mrs. Anderson is the mother of Bonnie. She wears purple glasses. In Toy Story 3, she is the receptionist at Sunnyside Daycare. When Andy comes to return his toys to Bonnie, Mrs. Anderson is amazed to see a grown - up college student donating his childhood toys to her daughter. During the credits scene, she carries another box of donation toys into the Butterfly Room at Sunnyside that contains Emperor Zurg. In Toy Story of Terror, she and Bonnie are driving in the countryside at nighttime when the car tire punctures. In the morning, the curtain behind the manager 's desk fell down revealing all her missing toys. Mrs. Anderson calls the police to arrest the manager who stole the toys. Geri the cleaner ( edit ) Voiced by Jonathan Harris Geri, an elderly specialist in toy restoration and repair with a fully loaded toy repair kit, comes to Al 's apartment in Toy Story 2 to fix Woody up in preparation for his trip to Japan. He insists that Al let him take his time with the work and views it as more than a simple job, asserting, `` You ca n't rush art. '' Geri previously appeared in Pixar 's 1997 short, Geri 's Game, where he plays a chess game against himself. In that short, he is voiced by Bob Peterson. One of the drawers in his carrying case contains chess pieces, a reference to the short. Emily ( edit ) Emily was the name of Jessie 's former owner and is mentioned by her in the second film. She appears in a flashback musical sequence while `` When She Loved Me '' by Sarah McLachlan is played. During this sequence, Jessie tells Woody of her first experience with an owner who was Emily and why she resented being a child 's toy. As a young child she was a fan of the Wild West and horses, along with the Woody 's Roundup TV show, apparent through her love of Jessie. As she became a teenager, her interest began to shift towards makeup, pop culture of the time and gossip with her friends which led to Jessie being neglected then thrown away through a donation box. She is mentioned by Jessie for the second time in the third film, when she fears of being thrown away by Andy, saying `` I should 've seen this coming! It 's Emily all over again! ''. Daisy ( edit ) Daisy is a little girl who appears in flashbacks in Toy Story 3. She owned Lotso, Big Baby and Chuckles in the beginning, but accidentally left them behind at a rest area along the road. In order to pacify her, Daisy 's parents bought her another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear rather than finding Lotso and the rest of her toys, which made Lotso think he had been replaced and forgotten about, and changed him into a sinister, ruthless toy. Ron ( edit ) Voiced by Stephen Tobolowsky Ron is the greedy manager of the Sleep Well Motel, appearing in Toy Story of Terror. He has a habit of stealing toys from customers in his motel and selling them on the Internet, with the help from his pet iguana, Mr. Jones. When Bonnie and her mother went to Sleep Well after their car got a flat tire, Mr. Jones steals a number of Bonnie 's toys, including Woody, Buzz, and Jessie. Ron then takes pictures of the toys and puts them on his bidding sale, awaiting buyers. Jessie manages to trick Mr. Jones into tearing off the curtain, revealing the toys ' location and Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother, who then calls the police. Two police officers later arrive to question Ron, who attempts to escape by stealing their car but is forced to flee on foot after immediately crashing it into the motel sign. The police officers initiate a manhunt for him. Mason ( edit ) Voiced by R.C. Cope Mason is Bonnie 's best friend, and a post-Christmas playdate between the pair serves as the setting for Toy Story That Time Forgot. Mason receives an entire Battlesaurs collection for Christmas but is distracted from them by a new video game system. However, due to Trixie and Reptillus ' efforts he abandons the video game and plays with his new toys. He is later shown to write his name on his toys in similar fashion to Andy and Bonnie. Animals ( edit ) Scud ( edit ) Voiced by Frank Welker Scud is Sid 's aggressive Bull Terrier. His viciousness is first demonstrated when Sid sets a Squeeze Toy Alien on his nose and commands him to maul it mercilessly. Scud serves as an obstacle for Woody and Buzz as they try to escape Sid 's house. First, as Woody tries to run off when Sid leaves the bedroom door open he encounters Scud sleeping and accidentally wakes him, forcing him and Buzz to hide. When Sid takes Buzz to the backyard to blow him up with a rocket, Woody tries to save him but Scud traps him in Sid 's room. The mutant toys help Woody distract Scud so they can rescue Buzz. Scud later spots Woody and Buzz trying to escape on the moving van and pursues them, but is eluded when he runs after them into the middle of a traffic intersection and is trapped by the cars as they crash while trying to avoid him. Buster ( edit ) Voiced by Frank Welker Buster is Andy 's pet dachshund, whom he receives at the end of Toy Story. Buster appears in Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3. In Toy Story 2, he is depicted as being very energetic. Buster is considered to be nice to the toys in Andy 's room and is the only one in Andy 's house who knows that the toys are alive, and is fiercely loyal to Woody, obeying all commands given to him by Woody : when Wheezy is taken by Andy 's mother to be sold at a yard sale, Woody is able to command Buster to carry him down to the yard sale so he can rescue Wheezy. However, he does not respond to commands from Andy whatsoever. Slinky is also able to communicate with him due to the fact they are both dogs. At the beginning of Toy Story 2, Buster finds Woody in a record of 13.5 seconds. In Toy Story 3, Buster is now older and looks very aged, with mixed brown and gray fur, a gray - white snout, overweight, and too old to help Woody save the other toys ( in a direct parody of the rescue scene from Toy Story 2 ), although he remains nice and loyal to them. He tends to fall asleep as well. Crazy Critters ( edit ) Crazy Critters are a bunch of 2 - dimensional animal puppets from the Woody 's Roundup show including an armadillo, bat, bear, beaver, bird, deer, vulture, bear cub, porcupine, flying squirrel, rabbit, skunk, snake, fox, raccoon, tortoise and bobcat. They come quickly when Jessie calls them, with the tortoise falling slightly behind the others. Woody understands them in the Woody 's Roundup show. The Crazy Critters make cameo appearances as prizes determined by the score of players in Toy Story Midway Mania!, and in the Toy Story 2 video game on the Nintendo 64. Mr. Jones ( edit ) Voiced by Dee Bradley Baker Mr. Jones is an iguana appearing in Toy Story of Terror!, owned by the manager of Sleep Well Motel, Ron. He is loyal to his master and is trained to secretly steal toys from customers so that his master can sell the toys off the Internet. During the majority of the special, he is seen snatching most of Bonnie 's toys away in a flash through the air shafts and ventilation systems. Eventually, he accidentally swallowed Mr. Potato Head 's left arm and Combat Carl 's right hand. However, he is forced to regurgitate them out after Jessie tricks him into ripping off the curtain, revealing Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother. It is unknown what happens to him afterwards, although it is implied that he will be sent to Animal Control. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Don Rickles Had n't Recorded Mr. Potato Head in Toy Story 4 Before Death ''. Screen Rant. April 8, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Don Rickles Had Not Recorded His Role in ' Toy Story 4 ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. April 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Rosen, Christopher ( August 14, 2015 ). `` Toy Story 4 plot details emerge ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Jump up ^ Foutch, Haleigh ( August 14, 2015 ). `` ' Toy Story 4 ′ Finds Buzz and Woody on the Search for Bo Peep ''. Collider. Retrieved August 16, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Totoro Makes Cameo in Pixar 's 3rd Toy Story 3 Trailer. '' Anime News Network. February 11, 2010. Retrieved on September 29, 2010. Jump up ^ Campbell, Christopher. `` Pixar Chief Discusses Totoro Cameo In ' Toy Story 3 ' Trailer. '' MTV. February 17, 2010. Retrieved on September 29, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Disney Magic Kingdoms ( Video Game 2016 ) ''. IMDb. Retrieved May 7, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Favorite Villain -- Lotso ( Ned Beatty ), Toy Story 3 ''. IGN. Summer 2010. Archived from the original on September 22, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Toy Story 3 Easter Eggs ''. Slashfilm.com. 2010 - 06 - 18. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27. Jump up ^ Unkrich, Lee ( @ leeunkrich ) ( June 22, 2010 ). `` Big Baby says one line in Toy Story 3. And the name of the baby actor who supplied the voice? Woody. Truth '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved September 20, 2010 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Medina, Joseph ( June 23, 2017 ). `` Toy Story : Woody 's Odd Case Of Amnesia Finally Explained! ''. Latino Review Media. Retrieved June 23, 2017. Jump up ^ Hernandez, Patricia ( February 24, 2014 ). `` A Bonkers Theory on The True Identity of Andy 's Mom In Toy Story ''. Kotaku. Jump up ^ Negroni, Jon ( February 24, 2014 ). `` Toy Story : The True Identity of Andy 's Mom Makes The Movie More Epic ''. Moviepilot. Toy Story Films Toy Story Toy Story 2 Toy Story 3 Toy Story 4 Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It! Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear RC Racer Slinky Dog Dash Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Tiny Toy Stories Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Toy_Story_characters&oldid=854475656 '' Categories : Lists of Disney characters Toy Story characters Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano ქართული 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 16 : 58 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Toy Story characters", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Toy_Story_characters&amp;oldid=854475656" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "reappear in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation, Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex. Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson -- ( 1999 -- present ) In Toy Story 2, when the toys discover Barbie dolls in an aisle while searching for Woody, Tour Guide Barbie volunteers to help them. During the end credits she is a cinema usherette and is seen giving out instructions to the audience. After a while she asks if everyone has gone and promptly stops smiling and complains that it hurts her face. She then leaves for her break. In Toy Story 3, a Barbie appears to be one of the toys that Andy 's sister, Molly, owns. In Sunnyside, she falls in love with Ken, but after Lotso 's minions reset Buzz 's personality, and reveal that they want to sacrifice Andy 's old toys in order to protect themselves, she ingratiates herself with Ken in order to obtain the Buzz Lightyear manual that lets her friends reset Buzz to his original form. When she stands up to Lotso by saying that being treated fairly is better than living under his rule, Ken switches his allegiance to her and her friends. In the end credits of the film, they get back together and change Sunnyside, becoming its co-leaders, after Lotso is defeated. Barbie appears with Ken in Hawaiian Vacation" ], "id": [ "16131840242610013171" ], "short_answers": [ "Molly" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "It Was n't Me - wikipedia It Was n't Me Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the song by Shaggy. For the song by George Thorogood & the Destroyers, see Move It On Over ( album ). `` It Was n't Me '' Single by Shaggy from the album Hot Shot B - side `` Dance & Shout '' Released September 11, 2000 Format 7 '' 12 '' cassette CD Recorded 1999 Genre Reggae fusion Length 3 : 47 Label Big Yard DreamWorks Songwriter ( s ) Shaggy Producer ( s ) Shaun Pizzonia Raul `` RAZ '' Zeballos Shaggy singles chronology `` Luv Me, Luv Me '' ( 1998 ) `` It Was n't Me '' ( 2000 ) `` Angel '' ( 2001 ) `` Luv Me, Luv Me '' ( 1998 ) `` It Was n't Me '' ( 2000 ) `` Angel '' ( 2001 ) `` It Was n't Me '' is the first single from Jamaican - American reggae artist Shaggy 's multi-Platinum studio album Hot Shot ( 2000 ). The song features vocals from English - Jamaican singer Rikrok. The lyrics of the song depict one man asking his friend what to do after his girlfriend caught him having sex with another woman. His friend 's advice is to deny everything, despite clear evidence to the contrary, with the phrase `` It was n't me. '' `` It Was n't Me '' has been regarded as Shaggy 's breakthrough in the pop market, and is his highest - charting song to date, topping the charts in Australia, Austria, France, Ireland, the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. It was the best - selling single of 2001 in the United Kingdom, selling over 1.15 million copies that year and over 1.42 million as of 2017. The song was also featured on the 2001 compilation album Now That 's What I Call Music! 6. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance 3 Music video 4 Legacy 5 Track listings 6 Charts and sales 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 6.4 Chart successions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The lyrics of `` It Was n't Me '' depict one man asking his friend what to do after his girlfriend catches him having sex with another woman. His friend 's advice is to deny everything, despite clear evidence to the contrary, with the phrase `` It was n't me. '' Ultimately, the narrator says that the advice `` makes no sense at all ''. The song was inspired by a bit called `` No Loyal Men, '' performed by Eddie Murphy in his 1987 comedy special Raw. In a 2016 interview, Shaggy acknowledged similarities with the War song `` Smile Happy ''. The connection is further supported by Liam Payne 's 2017 debut single `` Strip That Down '', itself based on `` It Was n't Me '', which credited both Shaggy ( as Orville Burrell ) and members of War as co-songwriters. The clean version of the song replaces the lyric `` Picture this : we were both butt - naked banging on the bathroom floor '' with `` Picture this : we were both caught making love on the bathroom floor '' and `` Saw me banging on the sofa '' with `` Saw me kissing on the sofa ''. `` It Was n't Me '' was originally never intended to be released as a single. Before the original version of Hot Shot was released in August 2000, Hawaiian DJ Pablo Sato downloaded the album from `` a Napster - like MP3 site he wo n't name '' and discovered that `` It Was n't Me '' was `` the album 's standout cut. '' He played the song on American radio the next day, and in an interview, claimed, `` The phone lines lit up right away. Within a couple of days, it was our number - one requested song. '' The song was then released as the album 's first single in September 2000, following its radio success. The song is written in the key of C, in the Mixolydian mode. The song was spoofed by Bob Rivers, as Shaggy One Handed, making a reference to the Scooby - Doo character, Shaggy Rogers. The video focused on him being caught masturbating ( about the girl next door ) by his mother. The song was also spoofed on Svengoolie. On The Chris Moyles Show, the song was used as a prank call with Shaggy trying to book a taxi, with the final line being `` Can you drop me off at The Chris Moyles Show on BBC Radio 1?, 97 to 99 FM ''. Chart performance ( edit ) `` It Was n't Me '' was Shaggy 's first number - one hit in the United States. The song peaked at number two for two weeks from December 16, 2000 to December 23, 2000. On December 30, 2000, it was bumped down one position to number three. It moved back up to the number two spot on January 4, 2001. The song also reached number one on the UK Singles Chart on March 4, 2001, selling 345,000 copies, making the song a transatlantic chart - topper. It also reached number one in Australia on April 1, 2001. It is also the 11th biggest selling single of the 21st century in the United Kingdom, with sales of over 1.42 million as of September 2017. As of August 2014, it is the 49th best - selling single of the 21st century in France, with 399,500 units sold. Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Stephen Scott. It starts out with Rikrok running to Shaggy 's mansion to explain to him what has just happened. Rikrok tells him that he cheated on his girlfriend and got caught. Shaggy tells him to tell her that `` It was n't me. '' The video then cuts into a flashback to earlier that day. Rikrok has been caught sleeping with another woman, and his girlfriend is outside the apartment in her convertible when two women pull up next to her on their motorcycles ( sport bikes ). Then, the three women go into the building. He then sneaks out the window, takes the motorcycle of one of his girlfriends accomplices and leaves. The women come out and the girlfriend and one of the accomplices get in the convertible and the other gets on her motorcycle and they chase after him. From his mansion, Shaggy, using his futuristic technology, tracks down where Rikrok is going and prepares an escape for him. Rikrok then gets on a bridge over the highway when the accomplice rode on the bridge in front of him. He then hits the brakes to stop while she stops her motorcycle. Rikrok then hears a noise behind him and it 's the other accomplices and the girlfriend driving the convertible on the other side of the bridge with the highway down below. An eighteen - wheeler drives by, and Shaggy leaves Rikrok a text message telling him to look behind and he notices the truck and jumps off the side of overhead and lands on the truck. He is then dropped off at Shaggy 's mansion, showing the same scene from the start of the video. Legacy ( edit ) The lyrics of `` It Was n't Me '' inspired Slate writer Josh Levin to coin the term the `` Shaggy defense '' to describe R. Kelly 's defence at his child pornography trial stemming from the production of a sex tape : `` I predict that in the decades to come, law schools will teach this as the ' Shaggy defense '. You allege that I was caught on camera, butt naked, banging on the log cabin floor? It was n't me. '' Levin repeated the term on NPR. The term describes a strategy of flatly denying guilt and refusing to engage with the evidence against the defendant, no matter how overwhelming. R. Kelly was ultimately found not guilty on all charges. The song is referenced by Trevor Noah on an episode of The Daily Show with Trevor Noah when he covered the vice-presidential debate between Mike Pence and Tim Kaine, as Pence vehemently kept denying his running mate Donald Trump 's claims, despite the fact that the claims have been proved to be said by Trump on camera or through his Twitter account. Track listings ( edit ) UK CD Single `` It Was n't Me '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 43 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Vocal 12 '' Mix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Dance & Shout '' ( Pussy 2000 Club Mix Edit ) -- 8 : 07 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Enhanced Video ) -- 3 : 43 Cassette single `` It Was n't Me '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 43 `` It Was n't Me '' -- 3 : 47 U.S. `` It Was n't Me '' -- 3 : 47 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Squeaky Remix ) -- 4 : 25 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 47 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Sports Remix ) -- 3 : 27 Australia `` It Was n't Me '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 43 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Vocal 12 '' Mix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Dance & Shout '' ( Pussy 2000 Club Mix Edit ) -- 8 : 07 `` Dance & Shout '' ( Dancehall Version ) -- 3 : 46 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Enhanced Video ) -- 3 : 43 Charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 01 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 18 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 25 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 6 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 6 Dutch Top 40 7 French Singles Chart 7 Irish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 17 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 20,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 500,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 60,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,428,204 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Chart successions ( edit ) hide Order of precedence Preceded by `` Independent Women Part I '' by Destiny 's Child Billboard Hot 100 number - one single February 3, 2001 -- February 10, 2001 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ms. Jackson '' by OutKast Preceded by `` Puf / Schudden '' by Def Rhymz Dutch number - one single March 3, 2001 -- April 7, 2001 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Damn ( I Think I Love You ) '' by Starmaker Preceded by `` Always Come Back to Your Love '' by Samantha Mumba Irish ( IRMA ) number - one single March 3, 2001 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Uptown Girl '' by Westlife Preceded by `` Whole Again '' by Atomic Kitten UK number - one single March 4, 2001 ( 1 week ) Preceded by `` La Passion '' by Gigi D'Agostino Belgian ( Flanders ) number - one single March 24, 2001 -- April 14, 2001 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Teenage Dirtbag '' by Wheatus Preceded by `` Seul '' by Garou French SNEP number - one single March 31, 2001 -- June 2, 2001 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hasta la Vista '' by MC Solaar Preceded by `` Ms. Jackson '' by OutKast Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single March 31, 2001 -- June 2, 2001 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Whole Again '' by Atomic Kitten Preceded by `` Case of the Ex '' by Mýa Australian ARIA number - one single April 1, 2001 -- April 22, 2001 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Me, Myself and I '' by Scandal'us See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2001 List of best - selling singles and albums of 2001 in Ireland List of best - selling singles of the 2000s ( decade ) in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 2000s ( century ) in the United Kingdom List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of 2000s UK Singles Chart number ones Shaggy defense References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 - Top 100 Greatest Songs of 2000 's ''. Retrieved April 24, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Shaggy 's single is UK 's best - seller ''. BBC News. 27 December 2001. Retrieved 16 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` How I Wrote That Song : Shaggy `` It Was n't Me '' ``. YouTube. April 23, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2018. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Mench, Chris ( May 19, 2017 ). `` Liam Payne Interpolates A Shaggy Classic On His New Single `` Strip That Down '' Featuring Quavo ``. Genius. Retrieved April 12, 2018. Jump up ^ Rainbird, Ashleigh ( September 1, 2017 ). `` Liam Payne insists he did not ' rip off ' Shaggy song for new track as he gave singer credit ''. Daily Mirror. Retrieved April 12, 2018. Jump up ^ Paiva, Derek ( January 18, 2001 ). `` Isle deejay takes credit for Shaggy hit ''. The Honolulu Advertiser. Gannett Co., Inc. Archived from the original on February 22, 2001. Retrieved February 22, 2001. Jump up ^ `` Caught Me One - Handed ''. YouTube. Retrieved April 12, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Shaggy - Taxi ''. April 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc ( 2000 - 12 - 16 ). Billboard. Retrieved 25 August 2014. Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc ( 2000 - 12 - 23 ). Billboard. Retrieved 25 August 2014. Jump up ^ Paoletta, Michael ( 2000 - 12 - 30 ). 2000 : The Year In Music. Billboard. Retrieved August 25, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Independent ' Stays On Top ''. Retrieved 25 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` SHAGGY RETURNS IN STYLE ''. NME. 4 March 2000. Retrieved 28 October 2015. ^ Jump up to : Copsey, Rob ( September 19, 2017 ). `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 13, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 des singles les plus vendus du millénaire en France, épisode 6 ( 50 - 41 ) ''. Chartsinfrance. 16 August 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2014. Jump up ^ Josh Levin. May 21, 2008. `` Dispatches From the R. Kelly Trial ''. Jump up ^ NPR. May 23, 2008. `` Trapped in a Courtroom : The R. Kelly Trial ''. Jump up ^ R. Kelly Found Not Guilty! Jump up ^ Trevor Noah, October 4, 2016. Vice Presidential Debate Wrap - Up Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Shaggy feat. Rikrok -- It Was n't Me ''. ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Shaggy feat. Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in German ). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shaggy feat. Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shaggy feat. Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in French ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Shaggy feat. Rikrok -- It Was n't Me ''. Tracklisten. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World : Eurochart Hot 100 ( IFPI / Nielsen Marketing Research ) 04 / 07 / 01 ''. Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. 113 ( 14 ) : 73. April 7, 2001. ISSN 0006 - 2510. Jump up ^ `` Shaggy feat. Rikrok : It Was n't Me '' ( in Finnish ). Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Shaggy feat. Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in French ). Les classement single. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Shaggy feat. Rikrok Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2010 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. ( Retrieved July 26, 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Shaggy feat. Rikrok -- It Was n't Me ''. Top Digital Download. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Shaggy feat. Rikrok '' ( in Dutch ). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Shaggy feat. Rikrok -- It Was n't Me ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Shaggy feat. Rikrok -- It Was n't Me ''. VG - lista. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control ''. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Shaggy feat. Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' Canciones Top 50. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shaggy feat. Rikrok -- It Was n't Me ''. Singles Top 100. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Shaggy feat. Rikrok -- It Was n't Me ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Shaggy Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Shaggy Chart History ( Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Shaggy Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ 2001 Australian Singles Chart aria.com ( Retrieved August 12, 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at Archived August 1, 2012, at WebCite ( Retrieved August 12, 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved August 12, 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved August 12, 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 2001 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ). Top40. Retrieved 1 May 2010. Jump up ^ 2001 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2012 - 04 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. ( Retrieved August 12, 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Irish Singles Chart Irma.ie ( Retrieved December 11, 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Swiss Singles Chart Hitparade.ch Archived 2012 - 11 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. ( Retrieved August 12, 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` 2001 ''. Longbored Surfer. Retrieved April 1, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Singles ''. Australian Recording Industry Association. Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' ( in German ). IFPI Austria. Enter Shaggy in the field Interpret. Enter It Was n't Me in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' ( in French ). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Shaggy ; ' It Was n't Me ' ) '' ( in German ). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' ( in Dutch ). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers. Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993 -- 2011 '' ( in Norwegian ). IFPI Norway. Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Shaggy ; ' It Was n't Me ' ) ''. IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me ''. British Phonographic Industry. Enter It Was n't Me in the search field and then press Enter. The Billboard Book of Number One Hits, fifth edition External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Everything Is A Remix Shaggy is inspired by Eddie Murphy Shaggy Discography Studio albums Pure Pleasure Original Doberman Boombastic Midnite Lover Hot Shot Lucky Day Clothes Drop Intoxication Shaggy & Friends Summer in Kingston Rise Compilation albums Hot Shot Ultramix Mr. Lover Lover : The Best of Shaggy... part 1 Boombastic Hits The Best of Shaggy Best of Shaggy : The Boombastic Collection Singles `` Oh Carolina '' `` Nice and Lovely '' `` Soon Be Done '' `` Big Up '' `` In the Summertime '' `` Boombastic '' `` It Was n't Me '' `` Angel '' `` Luv Me, Luv Me '' `` Dance & Shout '' / `` Hope '' `` Me Julie '' `` Hey Sexy Lady '' `` Wild 2nite '' `` Church Heathen '' `` Bonafide Girl '' `` What 's Love '' `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' `` Remain in Our Hearts '' `` Habibi ( I Need Your Love ) '' `` Only Love '' Featured singles `` I Got You Babe '' `` Christmas in Jamaica '' `` I Wanna '' `` Do n't You Need Somebody '' `` Let Me Love You '' Related articles Shaggy defense Major Lazer Sean Paul Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green, Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar, Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M. 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : ``... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Bruno Mars 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Wasn%27t_Me&oldid=840347036 '' Categories : 2000 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Songs about sexuality Number - one singles in Australia Reggae fusion songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Shaggy ( musician ) songs Songs about infidelity 2000 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Português Српски / srpski Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018, at 09 : 02. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "It Wasn't Me", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=It_Wasn%27t_Me&amp;oldid=840347036" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Raul `` RAZ '' Zeballos Shaggy singles chronology `` Luv Me, Luv Me '' ( 1998 ) `` It Was n't Me '' ( 2000 ) `` Angel '' ( 2001 ) `` Luv Me, Luv Me '' ( 1998 ) `` It Was n't Me '' ( 2000 ) `` Angel '' ( 2001 ) `` It Was n't Me '' is the first single from Jamaican - American reggae artist Shaggy 's multi-Platinum studio album Hot Shot ( 2000 ). The song features vocals from English - Jamaican singer Rikrok. The lyrics of the song depict one man asking his friend what to do after his girlfriend caught him having sex with another woman. His friend 's advice is to deny everything, despite clear evidence to the contrary, with the phrase `` It was n't me. '' `` It Was n't Me '' has been regarded as Shaggy 's breakthrough in the pop market, and is his highest - charting song to date, topping the charts in Australia, Austria, France, Ireland, the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. It was the best - selling single of 2001 in the United Kingdom, selling over 1.15 million copies that" ], "id": [ "10480264190059358829" ], "short_answers": [ "English-Jamaican singer Rikrok" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Cat o ' nine tails - wikipedia Cat o ' nine tails Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Cat o ' nine tails ( disambiguation ). A leather cat o ' nine tails pictured with a U.S. dollar bill for size comparison. A U.S. dollar bill is about 6 inches ( about 15 cm ) long, so the total length would be about 30 inches ( 75 cm ). Part of a series on Corporal punishment By place Domestic School Judicial By implementation Belting Birching Caning Cat o ' nine tails Flagellation Foot whipping Knout Paddle Scourge Slippering Spanking Strapping Switch Tawse Riding crop Whip By country Afghanistan Brunei Indonesia Iran Malaysia Saudi Arabia Qatar Singapore Taiwan United Arab Emirates Court cases CFCYL v. Canada Ingraham v. Wright Politics Campaigns against corporal punishment The cat o ' nine tails, commonly shortened to the cat, is a type of multi-tailed whip that originated as an implement for severe physical punishment, notably in the Royal Navy and Army of the United Kingdom, and also as a judicial punishment in Britain and some other countries. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Description 2.1 Variations 3 Historical punishments 3.1 Naval types and use 3.1. 1 Flogging round the fleet 3.2 British Army 3.3 Prison usage 3.4 Penal colonies in Australia 3.4. 1 Slavery 4 Modern uses and types 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) The term first appears in 1695, although the design is much older. It was probably so called in reference to its `` claws '', which inflict parallel wounds. There are equivalent terms in many languages, usually strictly translating, and also some analogous terms referring to a similar instrument 's number of tails ( cord or leather ), such as the Dutch zevenstaart ( seven tail ( s ) ), negenstaart ( nine tail ( s ) ), the Spanish gato de nueve colas or the Italian gatto a nove code. Description ( edit ) The cat is made up of nine knotted thongs of cotton cord, about ​ 2 ⁄ feet or 76 cm long, designed to lacerate the skin and cause intense pain. It traditionally has nine thongs as a result of the manner in which rope is plaited. Thinner rope is made from three strands of yarn plaited together, and thicker rope from three strands of thinner rope plaited together. To make a cat o ' nine tails, a rope is unravelled into three small ropes, each of which is unravelled again. Variations ( edit ) Variations exist, either named cat ( of x tails ) or not, such as the whip used on adult Egyptian prisoners which had a cord on a cudgel branching into seven tails, each with six knots, used only on adult men, with boys being subject to caning, until Egypt banned the use of the device in 2001. Sometimes the term `` cat '' is used incorrectly to describe various other punitive flogging devices with multiple tails in any number, even one made from 80 twigs ( so rather a limp birch ) to flog a drunk or other offender instead of 80 lashes normally applicable under shariah law. The closed cat, one without tails, was called a starter. Historical punishments ( edit ) Naval types and use ( edit ) The naval cat, also known as the `` captain 's daughter '' ( which in principle was used under his authority ) weighed about 13 ounces ( 370 grams ) and was composed of a handle connected to nine thinner pieces of line, with each line knotted several times along its length. Formal floggings -- those ordered by captain or court martial -- were administered ceremonially on deck, the crew being summoned to `` witness punishment '' and the prisoner being brought forward by marines with fixed bayonets. During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the naval cat 's handle was made of rope about 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) long and about 1 inch ( 25 mm ) in diameter, and was traditionally covered with red baize cloth. The tails were made of cord about a quarter inch ( 6 mm ) in diameter and typically 2 feet long. Drunkenness or striking an officer might incur a dozen lashes, which could be administered on the authority of the ship 's captain. Greater punishments were generally administered following a formal court martial, with Royal Navy records reflecting some standard penalties of two hundred lashes for desertion, three hundred for mutiny, and up to five hundred for theft. The offence of sodomy generally drew the death penalty, though one eighteenth century court martial awarded a punishment of one thousand lashes - a roughly equivalent sentence as there was no likelihood of survival. A new cat was made for each flogging by a bosun 's mate and kept in a red baize bag until use. If several dozen lashes were awarded, each could be administered by a fresh bosun 's mate -- a left - handed one could be included to assure extra painful crisscrossing of the wounds. One dozen was usually awarded as a highly sensitizing prelude to running the gauntlet. For summary punishment of Royal Navy boys, a lighter model was made, the reduced cat, also known as boy 's cat, boy 's pussy or just pussy, that had only five tails of smooth whip cord. If formally convicted by a court martial, however, even boys would suffer the punishment of the adult cat. While adult sailors received their lashes on the back, they were administered to boys on the bare posterior, usually while `` kissing the gunner 's daughter '' ( bending over a gun barrel ), just as boys ' lighter `` daily '' chastisement was usually over their ( often naked ) rear - end ( mainly with a cane -- this could be applied to the hand, but captains generally refused such impractical disablement -- or a rope 's end ). Bare - bottom discipline was a tradition of the English upper and middle classes, who frequented public schools, so midshipmen ( trainee officers, usually from ' good families ', getting a cheaper equivalent education by enlisting ) were not spared, at best sometimes allowed to receive their lashes inside a cabin. Still, it is reported that the ' infantile ' embarrassment of bare - bottom punishment was believed essential for optimal deterrence ; cocky miscreants might brave the pain of the adult cat in the macho spirit of `` taking it like a man '' or even as a `` badge of honour ''. On board training ships, where most of the crew were boys, the cat was never introduced, but their bare bottoms risked, as in other naval establishments on land, `` the sting of the birch '', another favourite in public schools. Flogging round the fleet ( edit ) `` The severest form of flogging was a flogging round the fleet. The number of lashes was divided by the number of ships in port and the offender was rowed between ships for each ship 's company to witness the punishment. '' Penalties of hundreds of lashes were imposed for the gravest offences, including sedition and mutiny. The prisoner was rowed around the fleet in an open boat and received a number of his lashes at each ship in turn, for as long as the surgeon allowed. Sentences often took months or years to complete, depending on how much a man was expected to bear at a time. Normally 250 -- 500 lashes would kill a man, as infections would spread. '' After the flogging was completed, the sailor 's lacerated back was frequently rinsed with brine or seawater, which was thought to serve as a crude antiseptic ( now known not to be the case ). Although the purpose was to control infection, it caused the sailor to endure additional pain, and gave rise to the expression, `` rubbing salt into his wounds, '' which came to mean vindictively or gratuitously increasing a punishment or injury already imposed. British Army ( edit ) The British Army had a similar multiple whip, though much lighter in construction, made of a drumstick with attached strings. The flogger was usually a drummer rather than a strong bosun 's mate. Flogging with the cat o ' nine tails fell into disuse around 1870. Whereas the British naval cat rarely cut ( contrary to graphic films ) but rather abraded the skin, the falls ( tresses ) of the British Army cat were lighter ( around 1 / 8th of an inch ) and the string was in fact codline - a very dense material akin to tarred string. Although the total whip would weigh only a fraction of a naval rope cat, the thin, dense codline tresses were far more likely to cut the skin. It was also used elsewhere in the empire, notably at the penal colonies in Australia, and also in Canada ( a dominion in 1867 ) where it was used until 1881. An 1812 drawing shows a drummer apparently lashing the buttocks of a naked soldier who is tied with spread legs on an A-frame made from sergeants ' half pikes. In many places, soldiers were generally flogged stripped to the waist. Prison usage ( edit ) The cat - o ' - nine - tails was also used on adult convicts in prisons ; a 1951 memorandum ( possibly confirming earlier practice ) ordered all UK male prisons to use only cat o ' nine tails ( and birches ) from a national stock at Wandsworth prison, where they were to be ' thoroughly ' tested before being supplied in triplicate to a prison whenever a flogging was pending for use as prison discipline. In the 20th century, this use was confined to very serious cases involving violence against a prison officer, and each flogging had to be confirmed by central government. Penal colonies in Australia ( edit ) Especially harsh floggings were given with it in secondary penal colonies of early colonial Australia, particularly at such places as Norfolk Island ( apparently this had 9 leather thongs, each with a lead weight, meant as the ultimate deterrent for hardened life - convicts ), Port Arthur and Moreton Bay ( now Brisbane ). Slavery ( edit ) It was used on slave trade ships to punish the slaves. Modern uses and types ( edit ) Main article : Judicial corporal punishment Judicial corporal punishment was removed from the statute book in Great Britain in 1948. The cat was still being used in Australia in 1957 and is still in use in a few Commonwealth countries, although the cane is used in more countries. Judicial corporal punishment has been abolished or declared unconstitutional since 1997 in Jamaica, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, South Africa, Zambia, Uganda ( in 2001 ) and Fiji ( in 2002 ). However, some former colonies in the Caribbean have reinstated flogging with the cat. Antigua and Barbuda reinstated it in 1990, followed by the Bahamas in 1991 ( where, however, it was subsequently banned by law ) and Barbados in 1993 ( only to be formally declared inhumane and thus unconstitutional by the Barbados Supreme Court ). Trinidad & Tobago never banned the `` Cat ''. Under the Corporal Punishment ( Offenders over Sixteen ) Act 1953, use of the `` Cat '' was limited to male offenders over the age of 16. The age limit was raised in 2000 to 18. The Government of Trinidad & Tobago has been accused of torture and `` cruel, inhuman and degrading '' treatment of prisoners, and in 2005 was ordered by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights to pay US $50,000 for `` moral damages '' to a prisoner who had received 15 strokes of the `` Cat '' plus expenses for his medical and psychological care ; it is unclear whether the Court 's decisions were implemented. Trinidad & Tobago did not acknowledge the Court 's jurisdiction, since it had denounced the American Convention on Human Rights several years before the Court started hearing this case. See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cat o ' nine tails. Flagellation Judicial corporal punishment Physical punishment ( includes comparison of disciplinary implements ) Scourge Tawse Whip References ( edit ) Jump up ^ William Congreve 's love for love and first mention of cat o nine tails see page 32 and the fourth dialogue down spoken by Ben. Jump up ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Egypt : 2001, U.S. State Department. ^ Jump up to : Lavery, Brian ( 1989 ). Nelson 's Navy : The Ships, Men and Organisation 1793 - 1815. Naval Institute Press. p. 218. ISBN 9781591146124. Jump up ^ Rodger, N.A.M. ( 1986 ). The Wooden World : An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy. Annapolis, Maryland : Naval Institute Press. p. 227. ISBN 0870219871. Jump up ^ Humphries, Stephen ( 1981 ). Hooligans or Rebels? : An oral history of working - class childhood and youth 1889 -- 1939. Oxford : Blackwell. ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 12982 - 0. Jump up ^ Broadside. Crime and Punishment Jump up ^ Flogging Round the Fleet Jump up ^ Fort Henry, Canada. Jump up ^ Memorandum to prisons re : Birches and Cats - o ' - nine tails, PRO HO 323 / 13, National Archives. Jump up ^ Bahamas Penal Code Archived 2011 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine... Jump up ^ Case of Caesar v. Trinidad and Tobago, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Judgment of March 11, 2005. Further reading ( edit ) William Congreve 's Love for Love and the first mention of cat of nine tails in literature see page 32 and the fourth dialogue down spoken by Ben CORporalPUNishment website -- here an illustrated example among many other articles, mainly on the adult cat EtymologyOnLine Joseph W. Bean, Flogging, Greenery Press, 2000. ISBN 1 - 890159 - 27 - 1. Male Genitorture on Wipipedia, a specialist BDSM wiki. Ecstagony - Dictionary of flogging instruments, with some illustrations Article and downloadable pdf file on corporal punishment in Trinidad and Tobago by Harvard Law School Inter-American Court of Human Rights orders Trinidad to pay compensation for flogging and humiliation of prisoners in March 2005 Amnesty International report on use of the Cat o ' nine tails on 6 Oct. 2006 in Bahamas Amnesty International report recording use of Cat o ' nine tails on woman and young boy in Trinidad Inter-American Court of Human Rights ' decisions and documents Use of Cat o ' nine tails on World Corporal Punishment Topics site Judicial caning in Fiji in 1998 Review of Lord Invader 's calypso album of 1959 Play sample of Lord Invader 's calypso `` Cat o ' nine tails '' here Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cat_o%27_nine_tails&oldid=815325631 '' Categories : Whips Corporal punishments Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017, at 05 : 11. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Cat o' nine tails", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cat_o%27_nine_tails&amp;oldid=815325631" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "2599218453810269846" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "St. Francis Preparatory school - wikipedia St. Francis Preparatory school Jump to : navigation, search St. Francis Prep Address 6100 Francis Lewis Boulevard New York City ( Fresh Meadows, Queens ), New York 11365 United States 40 ° 44 ′ 32 '' N 73 ° 46 ′ 34 '' W  /  40.74222 ° N 73.77611 ° W  / 40.74222 ; - 73.77611 Information Type Private Motto Deus Meus et Omnia ( My God and My All ) Religious affiliation ( s ) Roman Catholic Established 1858 Oversight Franciscan Brothers of Brooklyn President Leonard Conway Principal Patrick McLaughlin ' 73 Faculty 137 Grades 9 -- 12 Gender Coeducational Enrollment 2750 ( 2008 ) Average class size 30 Color ( s ) Red and Blue Fight song On For Ol ' St Francis Mascot Terrier Nickname Prep Team name Terriers Rival Holy Cross High School ( Flushing ) ( BOYS ) and Mary Louis ( GIRLS ) Accreditation Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Publication The Little Portion Literary Magazine Newspaper The Seraph Yearbook San Fran Tuition $9,550 Website http://www.sfponline.org/ St. Francis Preparatory School, commonly known as St. Francis Prep, is a private, independent Catholic college preparatory school in the Fresh Meadows neighborhood of the New York City Borough of Queens, in the State of New York. It is the largest non-diocesan Catholic high school in the United States. St. Francis is run by the Franciscan Brothers of Brooklyn, who maintain a residence on the top floor of the school. The school has a student body of about 2,750 students and graduates between 600 and 700 students annually. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Co-curricular activities and athletics 3 Notable alumni 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) St. Francis Preparatory originated as St. Francis Academy, a small all - boys high school on 300 Baltic Street in Brooklyn, New York, founded by the Franciscans Brothers of Brooklyn ( O.S.F. ). The college section became St. Francis College, a private predominantly undergraduate college in Brooklyn Heights. It took its current name in 1935, then moved to a larger facility in Williamsburg, Brooklyn in 1952. The school moved to its current location in Fresh Meadows, Queens in 1974 when it acquired the facility that formerly housed Bishop Reilly High School, a co-educational Catholic high school. The school began admitting female students that same year. A fitness center was added recently and the science labs are being updated. There are currently plans to add a three - story addition to the rear of the existing building. The upgrades to the art rooms will support students in the studio, digital and the performing arts. Co-curricular activities and athletics ( edit ) St. Francis Prep has a rivalry with Holy Cross High School, fueled particularly by their football teams. Known as the `` Battle of the Boulevard '' due to the two schools being located only 2 miles apart on Francis Lewis Boulevard, the rivalry between the Prep Terriers and the Holy Cross Knights has been called `` arguably the greatest rivalry in New York City football. '' The St. Francis Prep girls tennis team has been undefeated for 17 consecutive years, making them 17 time CHSAA champions. In 2015 the St. Francis Prep Varsity Handball team won their 13th consecutive CHSAA championship ( with an undefeated season ). Notable alumni ( edit ) Ted Alexandro, stand - up comedian Frank J. Aquila, corporate lawyer Marco Battaglia, NFL football player Michelle Betos, NWSL goalkeeper Des Bishop, stand - up comedian Vincent DePaul Breen, former Bishop of Diocese of Metuchen Patti Ann Browne, news anchor for the Fox News Channel Julie Chen, news anchor for CBS and hostess of reality show Big Brother Carlos Dengler, former bassist of band Interpol Gerry DiNardo, former college football coach and current Big Ten Network commentator James Dooley, Emmy Award - winning composer Sonny Dove ( 1963 ), college and NBA basketball player, fourth pick of 1967 NBA draft Peter Facinelli, actor Kyle Flood, Rutgers University head football coach. Eric Gioia, New York City councilman Dan Henning, NFL football player and coach Ed Jenkins, NFL football player Vince Lombardi, former Green Bay Packers coach and namesake of the Lombardi Award and the Vince Lombardi Trophy Glen Mazzara, writer and television producer Bill Pickel, NFL football player and sports broadcaster Frank Serpico, New York police officer known for uncovering corruption Father Robert S. Smith, American Catholic priest, author, and educator Joe Torre, former MLB player, former New York Mets, Atlanta Braves, St. Louis Cardinals, New York Yankees and Los Angeles Dodgers manager References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` St. Francis Preparatory School Online ''. Sfponline.org. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 04. Jump up ^ MSA - CSS. `` MSA - Commission on Secondary Schools ''. Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 12. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27. ^ Jump up to : Gustafson, Anna ( November 28, 2008 ). `` Students, Faculty Reflect on 150 Years of St. Francis Prep ''. The New York Daily News. ^ Jump up to : `` About St. Francis Preparatory School ''. SFPonline.org. Jump up ^ Rhoades, Liz ( December 4, 2008 ). `` St. Francis Prep readies building expansion plan ''. Queens Chronicle. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13. Jump up ^ Samuel, Ebenezer ( October 7, 2008 ). `` St. Francis Prep Cruises Past Holy Cross in Battle of the Boulevard ''. The New York Daily News. Jump up ^ `` Live Blog : Holy Cross-St. Francis Prep Football ''. Five Boro Sports. Jump up ^ `` Patti Ann Browne ' 83 ''. St. Francis Preparatory Alumni. Retrieved 7 February 2010. Jump up ^ `` JackMyersLunchAtMichaels.com - CBS ' Julie Chen : Unique Blend of Cultural Influences Motivates Big Brother Host ''. JackMyers.com. September 21, 2007. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Peter Facinelli 's Twitter account ''. December 16, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009. Jump up ^ `` New York City Council : District 26 - Eric N. Gioia ''. New York City Council. Retrieved 3 December 2009. Jump up ^ `` Dan Henning - Miami Dolphins ''. Miami Dolphins official site. Retrieved 7 February 2010. Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Vince Lombardi ''. Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved 7 February 2010. Jump up ^ `` Frank Serpico ' 54 ''. St. Francis Preparatory Alumni. Retrieved 7 February 2010. Jump up ^ Newell, Kevin. `` The Joe Torre Story ''. Scholastic Corporation. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07. External links ( edit ) School website Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn Bishops Ordinaries John Loughlin Charles Edward McDonnell Thomas Edmund Molloy Bryan Joseph McEntegart Francis Mugavero Thomas Vose Daily Nicholas Anthony DiMarzio Auxiliary bishops Gerald Barbarito Anthony Bevilacqua John Joseph Boardman Frank Joseph Caggiano Ignatius Anthony Catanello Raymond Francis Chappetto Octavio Cisneros Joseph Peter Michael Denning Raymond Augustine Kearney Charles Richard Mulrooney George Mundelein Edmund Joseph Reilly Paul Robert Sanchez Guy Sansaricq John J. Snyder Joseph Michael Sullivan René Arnold Valero Bishops who served as priests in the diocese Vincent DePaul Breen Edward Bernard Scharfenberger Churches Cathedral Cathedral Basilica of St. James, Brooklyn Co-Cathedral Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph, Brooklyn Basilicas Basilica of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Brooklyn Basilica of Regina Pacis, Brooklyn Parishes Church of St. Francis of Assisi and St. Blaise, Brooklyn Church of the Holy Innocents, Brooklyn Holy Cross Church, Queens Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal, Queens Our Lady of Victory Church, Brooklyn Queen of All Saints Church, Brooklyn St. Adalbert, Queens St. Barbara 's Church, Brooklyn Saint Benedict Joseph Labre Church, Queens Saint Cecilia 's Catholic Church, Brooklyn St. Michael 's Church, Brooklyn St. Sebastian Church, Queens St. Stanislaus Kostka Church, Queens Transfiguration, Queens Former parishes Church of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, Brooklyn St. Blaise 's Church, Brooklyn St. Monica 's Church, Queens Education Seminary Cathedral Preparatory School and Seminary, Queens High schools, Brooklyn ( Diocese and independent ) Bishop Kearney High School Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School Cristo Rey Brooklyn High School Fontbonne Hall Academy Nazareth Regional High School St. Edmund Preparatory High School St. Joseph High School Saint Saviour High School of Brooklyn Xaverian High School High schools, Queens ( Diocese and independent ) Archbishop Molloy High School Cathedral Preparatory School and Seminary Christ the King Regional High School Holy Cross High School Monsignor McClancy Memorial High School St. Agnes High School St. Francis Preparatory School St. John 's Preparatory School The Mary Louis Academy High schools, former Bishop Ford Central Catholic High School, Brooklyn Miscellany Other DeMarco v. Holy Cross High School Michael Himes Holy Cross Cemetery, Brooklyn New Evangelization Television St. Charles Cemetery St. Vincent 's Catholic Medical Center The Tablet Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Francis_Preparatory_School&oldid=818198360 '' Categories : Private high schools in Queens, New York Preparatory schools in New York ( state ) Catholic secondary schools in New York ( state ) Educational institutions established in 1858 Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn Franciscan high schools 1858 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018, at 05 : 04. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "St. Francis Preparatory School", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=St._Francis_Preparatory_School&amp;oldid=818198360" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "and Blue Fight song On For Ol ' St Francis Mascot Terrier Nickname Prep Team name Terriers Rival Holy Cross High School ( Flushing ) ( BOYS ) and Mary Louis ( GIRLS ) Accreditation Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Publication The Little Portion Literary Magazine Newspaper The Seraph Yearbook San Fran Tuition $9,550 Website http://www.sfponline.org/ St. Francis Preparatory School, commonly known as St. Francis Prep, is a private, independent Catholic college preparatory school in the Fresh Meadows neighborhood of the New York City Borough of Queens, in the State of New York. It is the largest non-diocesan Catholic high school in the United States. St. Francis is run by the Franciscan Brothers of Brooklyn, who maintain a residence on the top floor of the school. The school has a student body of about 2,750 students and graduates between 600 and 700 students annually. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Co-curricular activities and athletics 3 Notable alumni 4 References 5 External links" ], "id": [ "4382525619587286269" ], "short_answers": [ "St. Francis Preparatory School" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "History of the People 's Republic of China - wikipedia History of the People 's Republic of China Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) History of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) 1949 -- 1976 Mao era Revolution Korean War Killings of landlords Zhen Fan Three - anti / five - anti campaigns Hundred Flowers Campaign Anti-Rightist Campaign Great Leap Forward ( Great Chinese Famine ) Cultural Revolution ( Lin Biao Gang of Four Tiananmen Incident ) 1976 -- 1989 Restructuring Economic reform Sino - Vietnamese War Beijing Spring Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign Tiananmen protests 1989 -- 2002 Rising power One country, two systems ( Hong Kong Macau ) Chinese reunification 2002 -- present Recent history Sichuan earthquake Beijing Olympics Shanghai 2010 Expo Wang Lijun incident 2015 China Victory Day Parade Anti-corruption campaign after the 18th Party Congress History of China PRC constitution Beijing Shanghai Generations of leadership 1. Mao 2. Deng 3. Jiang 4. Hu 5. Xi Culture Economy Education Geography Politics China portal History of China ANCIENT Neolithic c. 8500 -- c. 2070 BCE Xia dynasty c. 2070 -- c. 1600 BCE Shang dynasty c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BCE Zhou dynasty c. 1046 -- 256 BCE Western Zhou Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States IMPERIAL Qin dynasty 221 -- 206 BCE Han dynasty 206 BCE -- 220 CE Western Han Xin dynasty Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220 -- 280 Wei, Shu and Wu Jin dynasty 265 -- 420 Western Jin Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms Northern and Southern dynasties 420 -- 589 Sui dynasty 581 -- 618 Tang dynasty 618 -- 907 ( Second Zhou dynasty 690 -- 705 ) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907 -- 960 Liao dynasty 907 -- 1125 Song dynasty 960 -- 1279 Northern Song Western Xia Southern Song Jin Yuan dynasty 1271 -- 1368 Ming dynasty 1368 -- 1644 Qing dynasty 1644 -- 1912 MODERN Republic of China 1912 -- 1949 People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present Related articles Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history view talk The history of the People 's Republic of China details the history of mainland China since October 1, 1949, when, after a near complete victory by the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) in the Chinese Civil War, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) from atop Tiananmen. The PRC has for several decades been synonymous with China, but it is only the most recent political entity to govern mainland China, preceded by the Republic of China ( ROC ) and thousands of years of imperial dynasties. Contents ( hide ) 1 1949 -- 1976 : Socialist transformation under Mao Zedong 2 1976 -- 1989 : Rise of Deng Xiaoping and economic reforms 3 1989 -- 2002 : Economic growth under the third generation 4 2002 -- present 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Historiography 8 External links 1949 -- 1976 : socialist transformation under Mao Zedong ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 1949 -- 1976 ) Following the Chinese Civil War and the victory of Mao Zedong 's Communist forces over the Kuomintang forces of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek, who fled to Taiwan, Mao declared the founding of the People 's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Mao 's first goal was a total overhaul of the land ownership system, and extensive land reforms. China 's old system of landlord ownership of farmland and tenant peasants was replaced with a distribution system in favor of poor / landless peasants which significantly reduced economic inequality. Over a million landlords were executed. In Zhangzhuangcun, in the more thoroughly reformed north of the country, most `` landlords '' and `` rich peasants '' had lost all their land and often their lives or had fled. All formerly landless workers had received land, which eliminated this category altogether. As a result, `` middling peasants, '' who now accounted for 90 percent of the village population, owned 90.8 percent of the land. Mao laid heavy theoretical emphasis on class struggle, and in 1953 began various campaigns to persecute former landlords and merchants, including the execution of more powerful landlords. Drug trafficking in the country as well as foreign investment were largely wiped out. Mao believed that socialism would eventually triumph over all other ideologies, and following the First Five - Year Plan based on a Soviet - style centrally controlled economy, Mao took on the ambitious project of the Great Leap Forward in 1958, beginning an unprecedented process of collectivization in rural areas. Mao urged the use of communally organized iron smelters to increase steel production, pulling workers off of agricultural labor to the point that large amounts of crops rotted unharvested. Mao decided to continue to advocate these smelters despite a visit to a factory steel mill which proved to him that high quality steel could only be produced in a factory. He thought that ending the program would dampen peasant enthusiasm for his political mobilization, the Great Leap Forward. The implementation of Maoist thought in China may have been responsible for over 40 - 70 million deaths including famine during peacetime, with the Great Leap Forward, Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957 - 58, and the Cultural Revolution. Millions died from both executions and forced labour. Because of Mao 's land reforms during the Great Leap Forward, which resulted in massive famines, thirty million perished between 1958 and 1961. By the end of 1961 the birth rate was nearly cut in half because of malnutrition. Active campaigns, including party purges and `` reeducation '' resulted in the imprisonment or execution of those deemed to hold views contrary to Maoist ideals. Mao 's failure with the Leap reduced his power in government, whose administrative duties fell to Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. To impose socialist orthodoxy and rid China of `` old elements '', and at the same time serving certain political goals, Mao began the Cultural Revolution in May 1966. The campaign was far reaching into all aspects of Chinese life. Red Guards terrorized the streets as many ordinary citizens were deemed counter-revolutionaries. Education and public transportation came to a nearly complete halt. Daily life involved shouting slogans and reciting Mao quotations. Many prominent political leaders, including Liu and Deng, were purged and deemed `` capitalist - roaders ''. The campaign would not come to a complete end until the death of Mao in 1976. Supporters of the Maoist Era claim that under Mao, China 's unity and sovereignty was assured for the first time in a century, and there was development of infrastructure, industry, healthcare, education ( only 20 % of the population could read in 1949, compared to 65.5 % thirty years later ), which raised standard of living for the average Chinese. They also claimed that campaigns such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution were essential in jumpstarting China 's development and `` purifying '' its culture. Others claim that though the consequences of both these campaigns were economically and humanly disastrous, they left behind a `` clean slate '' on which later economic progress could be built. Supporters often also doubt statistics or accounts given for death tolls or other damages incurred by Mao 's campaigns, attributing the high death toll to natural disasters, famine, or other consequences of political chaos during the rule of Chiang Kai - shek. 1976 -- 1989 : rise of Deng Xiaoping and economic reforms ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 1976 -- 1989 ) Mao Zedong 's death was followed by a power struggle between the Gang of Four, Hua Guofeng, and eventually Deng Xiaoping. Deng would maneuver himself to the top of China 's leadership by 1980. At the Third Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee, Deng embarked China on the road to Economic Reforms and Openness ( 改革 开放 Gaige Kaifang ), policies that began with the de-collectivization of the countryside, followed with industrial reforms aimed at decentralizing government controls in the industrial sector. A major document presented at the September 1979 Fourth Plenum, gave a `` preliminary assessment '' of the entire 30 - year period of Communist rule. At the plenum, party Vice Chairman Ye Jianying declared the Cultural Revolution `` an appalling catastrophe '' and `` the most severe setback to ( the ) socialist cause since ( 1949 ). '' The Chinese government 's condemnation of the Cultural Revolution culminated in the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People 's Republic of China, adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. This stated that `` Comrade Mao Zedong was a great Marxist and a great proletarian revolutionary, strategist and theorist. It is true that he made gross mistakes during the `` cultural revolution '', but, if we judge his activities as a whole, his contributions to the Chinese revolution far outweigh his mistakes. His merits are primary and his errors secondary. '' On the subject of Mao 's legacy Deng coined the famous phrase `` 7 parts good, 3 parts bad '' and avoided denouncing Mao altogether. Deng championed the idea of Special Economic Zones ( SEZs ), areas where foreign investment would be allowed to pour in without strict government restraint and regulations, running on a basically capitalist system. Deng laid emphasis on light industry as a stepping stone to the development of heavy industries. Supporters of the economic reforms point to the rapid development of the consumer and export sectors of the economy, the creation of an urban middle class that now constitutes 15 % of the population, higher living standards ( which is shown via dramatic increases in GDP per capita, consumer spending, life expectancy, literacy rate, and total grain output ) and a much wider range of personal rights and freedoms for average Chinese as evidence of the success of the reforms. Although standards of living improved significantly in the 1980s, Deng 's reforms were not without criticism. Hard - liners asserted that Deng opened China once again to various social evils, and an overall increase in materialistic thinking, while liberals attacked Deng 's unrelenting stance on political reform. Liberal forces began gathering in different forms to protest against the Party 's authoritarian leadership. In 1989, the death of Hu Yaobang, a liberal figure, triggered weeks of spontaneous protests in the Tiananmen Square. The government imposed martial law and sent in tanks and soldiers to suppress the demonstrations. Western countries and multilateral organizations briefly suspended their formal ties with China 's government under Premier Li Peng 's leadership, which was directly responsible for the military curfew and bloody crackdown. Critics of the economic reforms, both in China and abroad, claim that the reforms have caused wealth disparity, environmental pollution, rampant corruption, widespread unemployment associated with layoffs at inefficient state - owned enterprises, and has introduced often unwelcome cultural influences. Consequently, they believe that China 's culture has been corrupted, the poor have been reduced to a hopeless abject underclass, and that the social stability is threatened. They are also of the opinion that various political reforms, such as moves towards popular elections, have been unfairly nipped in the bud. Regardless of either view, today, the public perception of Mao has improved at least superficially ; images of Mao and Mao related objects have become fashionable, commonly used on novelty items and even as talismans. However, the path of modernization and market - oriented economic reforms that China started since the early 1980s appears to be fundamentally unchallenged. Even critics of China 's market reforms do not wish to see a backtrack of these two decades of reforms, but rather propose corrective measures to offset some of the social issues caused by existing reforms. In 1979, the Chinese government instituted a one child policy to try to control its rapidly increasing population. The controversial policy resulted in a dramatic decrease in child poverty. The law currently applies to about a third of mainland Chinese, with plans in place to ease it to a two - child limit. The achievements of Lee Kuan Yew to create an economic superpower in Singapore had a profound effect on the Communist leadership in China. They made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping, to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship, and subtle suppression of dissent. Over 22,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. 1989 -- 2002 : economic growth under the third generation ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 1989 -- 2002 ) After the events at Tiananmen, Deng Xiaoping retired from public view. While keeping ultimate control, power was passed onto the third generation of leadership led by Jiang Zemin, who was hailed as its `` core ''. Economic growth, despite foreign trade embargoes, returned to a fast pace by the mid-1990s. Jiang 's macroeconomic reforms furthered Deng 's vision for `` Socialism with Chinese Characteristics ''. At the same time, Jiang 's period saw a continued rise in social corruption in all areas of life. Unemployment skyrocketed as unprofitable SOE 's were closed to make way for more competitive ventures, internally and abroad. The ill - equipped social welfare system was put on a serious test. Jiang also laid heavy emphasis on scientific and technological advancement in areas such as space exploration. To sustain vast human consumption, the Three Gorges Dam was built, attracting supporters and widespread criticism. Environmental pollution became a very serious problem as Beijing was frequently hit by sandstorms as a result of desertification. The 1990s saw two foreign colonies returned to China, Hong Kong from Britain in 1997, and Macau from Portugal in 1999. Hong Kong and Macau mostly continued their own governance, retaining independence in their economic, social, and judicial systems. Jiang and President Clinton exchanged state visits, but Sino - American relations took very sour turns at the end of the decade. On May 7, 1999, during the Kosovo War, US aircraft bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade. The U.S. government claimed the strike was due to bad intelligence and false target identification. Inside the US, the Cox Report stated that China had been stealing various top US military secrets. In 2001, a US surveillance plane collided with a Chinese fighter jet over international waters near Hainan, inciting further outrage with the Chinese public, already dissatisfied with the US. On the political agenda, China was once again put on the spotlight for the banning of public Falun Gong activity in 1999. Silent protesters from the spiritual movement sat outside of Zhongnanhai, asking for dialogue with China 's leaders. Jiang saw it as threatening to the political situation and outlawed the group altogether, while using the mass media to denounce it as an evil cult. Conversely, Premier Zhu Rongji 's economic policies held China 's economy strong during the Asian Financial Crisis. Economic growth averaged at 8 % annually, pushed back by the 1998 Yangtze River Floods. After a decade of talks, China was finally admitted into the World Trade Organization. Standards of living improved significantly, although a wide urban - rural wealth gap was opened, as China saw the reappearance of the middle class. Wealth disparity between East and the Western hinterlands continued to widen by the day, prompting government programs to `` develop the West '', taking on such ambitious projects such as the Qinghai - Tibet Railway. The burden of education was greater than ever. Rampant corruption continued despite Premier Zhu 's anti-corruption campaign that executed many officials. 2002 -- present ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 2002 -- present ) The first major issue faced by China in the 21st century as a new generation of leaders led by Hu Jintao after assuming power was the public health crisis involving SARS, an illness that seemed to have originated out of Guangdong province. China 's position in the war on terror drew the country closer diplomatically to the United States. The economy continues to grow in double - digit numbers as the development of rural areas became the major focus of government policy. In gradual steps to consolidate his power, Hu Jintao removed Shanghai Party Chief Chen Liangyu and other potential political opponents amidst the fight against corruption, and the ongoing struggle against once powerful Shanghai clique. The assertion of the Scientific Perspective to create a Socialist Harmonious Society is the focus of the Hu - Wen administration, as some Jiang - era excesses are slowly reversed. In the years after Hu 's rise to power, respect of basic human rights in China continue to be a source of concern. The political status and future of Taiwan remain uncertain, but steps have been taken to improving relations between the Communist Party and several of Taiwan 's parties that hold a less antagonistic view towards China, notably former rival Kuomintang. The continued economic growth of the country as well as its sporting power status gained China the right to host the 2008 Summer Olympics. However, this also put Hu 's administration under intense spotlight. While the 2008 Olympic was commonly understood to be a come - out party for People 's Republic of China, in light of the March 2008 Tibet protests, the government received heavy scrutiny. The Olympic torch was met with protest en route. Within the country these reactions were met with a fervent wave of nationalism with accusations of Western bias against China. In May 2008, a massive earthquake registering 8.0 on the Richter scale hit Sichuan province of China, exacting a death toll officially estimated at approximately 70,000. The government responded more quickly than it did with previous events, and has allowed foreign media access to the regions that were hit the hardest. The adequacy of the government response was generally praised, and the relief efforts extended to every corner of Chinese life. In May and June 2008, heavy rains in southern China caused severe flooding in the provinces of Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, with dozens of fatalities and over a million people forced to evacuate. As of 2009 China has increased its internet monitoring capabilities by adding hundreds of new monitoring stations. See also ( edit ) History of China History of the Republic of China History of Hong Kong History of Macau Dynasties in Chinese History Economic History of China Historiography of China History of Chinese Art History of Education in China History of Science and Technology in China Legal History of China Linguistic History of China Military history of China Naval History of China Timeline of Chinese history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen Rosskamm Shalom. Deaths in China Due to Communism. Center for Asian Studies Arizona State University, 1984. ISBN 0 - 939252 - 11 - 2 pg 24 Jump up ^ The Great Leveler : Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty - First Century, Walter Scheidel, 2017 Jump up ^ Fenby, J ( 2008 ). Modern China : The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present. Ecco Press. p. 351. ISBN 0 - 06 - 166116 - 3. Mao 's responsibility for the extinction of anywhere from 40 to 70 million lives brands him as a mass killer greater than Hitler or Stalin, his indifference to the suffering and the loss of humans breathtaking Jump up ^ Teiwes, Frederick C., and Warren Sun. 1999. China 's road to disaster : Mao, central politicians, and provincial leaders in the unfolding of the great leap forward, 1955 - 1959. Contemporary China papers. Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe. pp 52 - 55. Jump up ^ MacFarquhar, Roderick. 1974. The origins of the Cultural Revolution. London : Published for Royal Institute of International Affairs, East Asian Institute of Columbia University and Research Institute on Communist Affairs of Columbia by Oxford University Press. p 4. Jump up ^ Link, Perry ( July 18, 2007 ). `` Legacy Of a Maoist Injustice ''. The Washington Post. Jump up ^ Galtung, Marte Kjær ; Stenslie, Stig ( 2014 ). 49 Myths about China. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 189. ISBN 978 - 1442236226. Jump up ^ Poon, Leon. `` The People 's Republic Of China : IV ''. History of China. Retrieved April 4, 2010. Jump up ^ Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China ( June 27, 1981 ). `` Comrade Mao Zedong 's Historical Role and Mao Zedong Thought -- Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People 's Republic of China ( abridged ) ''. Communist Party of China. Retrieved April 14, 2010. Jump up ^ Malcolm Moore ( 15 November 2013 ). `` China to ease one - child policy ''. Telegraph. Retrieved 26 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` China 's two - child policy will underwhelm ''. The Economist. 31 October 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015. Jump up ^ Chris Buckley, `` In Lee Kuan Yew, China Saw a Leader to Emulate, '' New York Times March 23, 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Lynch, Michael. Access to History : Mao 's China 1936 - 97 ( 3rd ed. Hachette UK, 2015 ) Historiography ( edit ) Eben V. Racknitz, Ines. `` Repositioning History for the Future - Recent Academic Debates in China '' History Compass ( 2014 ) 12 # 6 pp 465 -- 472. Finnane, Antonia. `` Reinventing Modern China : Imagination and Authenticity in Chinese Historical Writing. '' Asian Studies Review 39 # 1 ( 2015 ) : 163 - 164. Longxi, Zhang. `` Re-conceptualizing China in our Time : From a Chinese Perspective. '' European Review 23 # 2 ( 2015 ) : 193 - 209. Unger, Jonathan. Using the Past to Serve the Present : Historiography and Politics in Contemporary China ( Routledge, 2015 ) External links ( edit ) Cold War International History Project : Document Collection on China in the Cold War `` Rethinking ' Capitalist Restoration ' in China '' by Yiching Wu Peoples Republic of China by P.M. Calabrese China Timeline : A Chronology of Key Events in China by Gerhard K. Heilig China from the Inside - 2006 PBS documentary. KQED Public Television and Granada Television for PBS, Granada International and the BBC. Map of situation in East Asia at the time of declaration of the People 's Republic of China ( omniatlas.com ) China articles History China timeline Ancient China ( outline ) ( 2070 -- 221 BCE ) Imperial China ( 221 BCE -- 1911 CE ) Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) People 's Republic of China − PRC PRC 1949 -- 76 PRC 1976 -- 89 PRC 1989 -- 2002 PRC since 2002 Years in the PRC Geography Natural environment Overviews Borders Extreme points Geology Natural disasters Regions East Northeast North South Central Central South Western Northwest Southwest Terrain Bays Canyons Caves Deserts Grasslands Hills Islands Mountains ranges passes Peninsulas Northeast / North / Central Plains Valleys Volcanoes Water Canals Lakes Rivers Waterfalls Wetlands Water resources Seas Bohai Yellow East China South China Reserves Protected areas National parks Nature reserves UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Wildlife Fauna Flora Government Politics Economy Government and politics Civil service Constitution Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Military ( People 's Liberation Army ) National People 's Congress Standing Committee National security Political parties and movements Communist Party General Secretary Politburo Democratic Parties Anti-democratisation Pro-democratisation President Vice President State Council Premier Vice Premier Administrative divisions Baseline islands Border crossings Cities Province - level subdivisions Law Judicial system Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Nationality law Penal system Economy Agriculture Banking Central bank Economic history Energy Petroleum industry Renewable energy Finance system Foreign aid received Foreign aid program Historical GDP International rankings Poverty Reform Renminbi ( currency ) Science and technology history Special Economic Zones ( SEZs ) Standard of living Telecommunications Tourism Transport airports ports and harbors People Society Culture People Demographics Emigration Ethnic groups Internal migration Statistics Urbanization Society Anthem Chinese Dream Corruption Crime Emblem Education universities Flag `` Generation Y '' Harmonious Socialist Society HIV / AIDS Intellectualism Languages Poverty Public health food safety incidents Public holidays Rural life Sexuality Socialism with Chinese characteristics Social issues Social relations Social structure Social welfare Suicide Terrorism Time zones Urban life Water supply and sanitation Women Xiaokang ( middle - class ) Primary stage of socialism Culture Archaeology Archives Art Cinema Cuisine Dance Gardens Libraries Literature Martial arts Media newspapers radio television Music Parks Philosophy Religion Smoking Sports Tea culture Tourism Variety arts World Heritage Sites Index Portal History of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau History portal China portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&oldid=830705533 '' Categories : History of the People 's Republic of China Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Languages Asturianu Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018, at 13 : 29. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "History of the People's Republic of China", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&amp;oldid=830705533" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Republic of China 1949 -- present Related articles Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history view talk The history of the People 's Republic of China details the history of mainland China since October 1, 1949, when, after a near complete victory by the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) in the Chinese Civil War, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) from atop Tiananmen. The PRC has for several decades been synonymous with China, but it is only the most recent political entity to govern mainland China, preceded by the Republic of China ( ROC ) and thousands of years of imperial dynasties. Contents ( hide ) 1 1949 -- 1976 : Socialist transformation under Mao Zedong 2 1976 -- 1989 : Rise of Deng Xiaoping and economic reforms 3 1989 -- 2002 : Economic growth under the third generation 4 2002 -- present 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Historiography" ], "id": [ "1277051540209718617" ], "short_answers": [ "Mao Zedong" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Cold front - wikipedia Cold front Not to be confused with Cold wave. The symbol of a cold front : a blue line with triangles pointing in the direction of travel A retreating cold front with clear air behind A cold front over the eastern and central region of the United States of America A cold front is the leading edge of a cooler mass of air, replacing at ground level a warmer mass of air, which lies within a fairly sharp surface trough of low pressure. It forms in the wake of an extratropical cyclone, at the leading edge of its cold air advection pattern, which is also known as the cyclone 's dry conveyor belt circulation. Temperature changes across the boundary can exceed 30 ° C ( 54 ° F ). When enough moisture is present, rain can occur along the boundary. If there is significant instability along the boundary, a narrow line of thunderstorms can form along the frontal zone. If instability is less, a broad shield of rain can move in behind the front, which increases the temperature difference across the boundary. Cold fronts are stronger in the fall and spring transition seasons and weakest during the summer. Contents 1 Development of cold fronts 2 Clouds 3 Precipitation 3.1 Frontogenetical circulation 4 Temperature changes 5 Characteristics of boundaries around an extratropical cyclone 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Development of cold fronts ( edit ) The cooler and denser air wedges under the less - dense warmer air, lifting it. This upward motion causes lowered pressure along the cold front and can cause the formation of a narrow line of showers and thunderstorms when enough moisture is present. On weather maps, the surface position of the cold front is marked with the symbol of a blue line of triangles / spikes ( pips ) pointing in the direction of travel. A cold front 's location is at the leading edge of the temperature drop off, which in an isotherm analysis would show up as the leading edge of the isotherm gradient, and it normally lies within a sharp surface trough. Cold fronts move faster than warm fronts and can produce sharper changes in weather. Since cold air is denser than warm air, it rapidly replaces the warm air preceding the boundary. In the northern hemisphere, a cold front usually causes a shift of wind from southwest to northwest clockwise, also known as veering, and in the southern hemisphere a shift from northwest to southwest ( anticlockwise, backing ). Normally, cold fronts can be marked by these characteristics : Weather phenomenon Prior to the passing of the front While the front is passing After the passing of the front Temperature Warm Cooling suddenly Steadily cooling Atmospheric pressure Decreasing steadily Lowest, then sudden increase Increasing steadily Winds Southwest to southeast ( northern hemisphere ) Northwest to northeast ( southern hemisphere ) Gusty ; shifting North to west, usually northwest ( northern hemisphere ) South to west, usually southwest ( southern hemisphere ) Precipitation / conditions * Light patchy rain can be produced by stratocumulus or stratus in the warm sector. In summer, sometimes thunderstorms if a preceding squall line is present. Prolonged rain ( nimbostratus ) or thunderstorms ( cumulonimbus ) : depends on conditions. Showers, then clearing Clouds * Often preceded by cirrus, cirrostratus then altostratus like a warm front ( but usually with smaller amounts of these clouds ). Areas of cirrocumulus and altocumulus within cirrostratus and altostratus more commonly seen than at a warm front. Larger cumulus clouds under the higher cloud types than at a warm front, where stratocumulus and cumulus humilis usually occur. Some of these cumulus clouds may produce showers ahead of the front. Cumulonimbus and cumulus congestus producing frequent showers, with a sheet of upper altostratus, through which the sun can sometimes be seen. Less commonly nimbostratus occurs with continuous rain. Patchy altocumulus or stratocumulus and higher cirrus clouds along with fast moving stratus fractus then eventually scattered cumulus and sometimes cumulonimbus. Visibility * Fair to poor in haze Poor, but improving Good, except in showers Dew Point High, steady Sudden drop Falling * provided there is sufficient moisture. Clouds ( edit ) If the cold front is highly unstable, cumulonimbus clouds producing thunderstorms commonly form along the front. Anvil cirrus clouds may spread a considerable distance downwind from the thunderstorms. The other cloud types associated with a cold front depend on atmospheric conditions such as air mass stability and wind shear. As the front approaches, middle - étage gives way to altostratus and low - level stratocumulus with intermittent light precipitation if the warm airmass being displaced by the cold front is mostly stable. With significant airmass instability, vertically developed cumulus or cumulonimbus with showers and thunderstorms will form along the front. After the passage of the cold front, the sky usually clears as high pressure builds in behind the system, although significant amounts of cumulus or stratocumulus, often in the form of long bands called cloud streets may persist if the air mass behind the front remains humid. Small and unchanging amounts of cumulus or cirrus clouds in an otherwise clear sky are usually indications of continuing fair weather as long as the barometric pressure remains comparatively high. Precipitation ( edit ) A cold front as it appeared on the National Weather Service Wichita, Kansas WSR - 88D on April 3, 2011. The thin blue line labeled `` cold front '' is the front, with severe thunderstorms seen developing behind the front, which is moving towards the bottom right. A cold front commonly brings a narrow band of precipitation that follows along the leading edge of the cold front. These bands of precipitation are often very strong, and can bring severe thunderstorms, hailstorms and / or tornadoes. In the spring, these cold fronts can be very strong, and can bring strong winds when the pressure gradient is higher than normal. During the winter months, cold fronts sometimes come through an area with little or no precipitation. Wider rain bands can occur behind cold fronts which tend to have more stratiform, and less convective, precipitation. These rainstorms sometimes bring flooding, and can move very slowly when the storm steering it is strong and embedded within a meridional flow pattern ( with more pole to equator motion rather than west to east motion ). In the winter, cold fronts can bring cold spells, and occasionally snow. In the spring or summer in temperate latitudes, hail may occasionally fall along with the rain. If moisture is not sufficient, such as when a system has previously moved across a mountain barrier, cold fronts can pass without cloudiness. Frontogenetical circulation ( edit ) Frontogenesis is the process of creating or steepening the temperature gradient of a front. During this process the atmosphere reacts in an attempt to restore balance, the consequence is a circular motion along the front where air is being lifted up, along the cold front and dropping downward, behind the frontal boundary. This is the actual force of upward motion along a front that is responsible for clouds and precipitation. As the temperature gradient steepens during frontogenesis, the thermal wind becomes imbalanced. To maintain balance, the geostrophic wind aloft and below adjust, such that regions of divergence / convergence form. Mass continuity would require a vertical transport of air along the cold front where there is divergence ( lowered pressure ). Although this circulation is described by a series of processes, they are actually occurring at the same time, observable along the front as a thermally direct circulation. There are several factors that influence the final shape and tilt of the circulation around the front, ultimately determining the kind and location of clouds and precipitation. Temperature changes ( edit ) Cold fronts are the leading edge of cooler air masses, hence the name `` cold front ''. They have stronger temperature changes during the fall ( autumn ) and spring and during the middle of winter. Temperature changes associated with cold fronts can be as much as 50 ° F ( 30 ° C ). When cold fronts come through, there is usually a quick, yet strong gust of wind, that shows that the cold front is passing. In surface weather observations, a remark known as FROPA is coded when this occurs. The effects from a cold front can last from hours to days. The air behind the front is cooler than the air it is replacing and the warm air is forced to rise, so it cools. As the cooler air can not hold as much moisture as warm air, clouds form and rain occurs. Characteristics of boundaries around an extratropical cyclone ( edit ) Occluded cyclone example. The triple point is the intersection of the cold, warm, and occluded fronts. Cold fronts form when a cooler air mass moves into an area of warmer air in the wake of a developing extratropical cyclone. The warmer air interacts with the cooler air mass along the boundary, and usually produces precipitation. Cold fronts often follow a warm front or squall line. Very commonly, cold fronts have a warm front ahead but with a perpendicular orientation. In areas where cold fronts catch up to the warm front, the occluded front develops. Occluded fronts have an area of warm air aloft. When such a feature forms poleward of an extratropical cyclone, it is known as a trowal, which is short for TRough Of Warm Air aLoft. A cold front is considered a warm front if it begins to retreat ahead of the next extratropical cyclone along the frontal boundary, and called a stationary front if it stalls. See also ( edit ) Cold wave Air mass Surface weather analysis Texas Norther Weather front References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cold December : 2013 ''. www.climate.umn.edu. Retrieved 20 January 2018. Jump up ^ David Roth ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ). `` Unified Surface Analysis Manual '' ( PDF ). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09. Jump up ^ Paul M. Markowski ; Yvette P. Richardson ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ). Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes. John Wiley and Sons. p. 120. ISBN 978 - 1 - 119 - 96667 - 8. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09. Jump up ^ Lee M. Grenci ; Jon M. Nese ( 2001 ). A World of Weather : Fundamentals of Meteorology : A Text / Laboratory Manual ( 3 ed. ). Kendall / Hunt Publishing Company. pp. 207 -- 212. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7872 - 7716 - 1. OCLC 51160155. ^ Jump up to : Preview Text, Holton, James R., 2004 : An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology. Academic Press, 277 pp. Jump up ^ Weston, K.J. ( 1980 ). `` An observational study of convective cloud streets ''. Tellus. 32 ( 5 ) : 433. doi : 10.1111 / j. 2153 - 3490.1980. tb00970. x. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ). Prefrontal squall line. Retrieved on 2008 - 12 - 24. Jump up ^ Schemm, S. ; L. Nisi, A. Martinov ; D. Leuenberg & O. Martius ( 2016 ). `` On the link between cold fronts and hail in Switzerland ''. Atmospheric Science Letters. 17 ( 5 ) : 315 -- 325. doi : 10.1002 / asl. 660. Jump up ^ K.A. Browning and Robert J. Gurney ( 1999 ). Global Energy and Water Cycles. Retrieved on 2008 - 12 - 26. Jump up ^ Preview Text, Carlson, Toby N., 1991 : Mid-Latitude Weather Systems. HarperCollins, 435 pp. Jump up ^ Nav Canada ( January 2005 ). Aviation Weather Services Guide. p. 36. Jump up ^ St. Louis University ( 2003 - 08 - 04 ). `` What is a TROWAL? via the Internet Wayback Machine ''. Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 16. Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 02. External links ( edit ) Cold Front : transition zone from warm air to cold air Weather Fronts Fronts : the boundaries between air masses Weather portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_front&oldid=861609294 '' Categories : Weather fronts Cold Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Latviešu മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2018, at 17 : 37 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Cold front", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cold_front&amp;oldid=861609294" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "15900470002839573564" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Take that Look Off Your Face - Wikipedia Take that Look Off Your Face Jump to : navigation, search `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' Single by Marti Webb from the album Tell Me on a Sunday B - side `` Sheldon Bloom '' Released January 1980 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1979 Genre Pop, MOR, Theatrical Length 3 : 27 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber, Don Black Producer ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber Marti Webb singles chronology `` D - Darling '' ( 1973 ) `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' ( 1980 ) `` Tell Me on a Sunday '' ( 1980 ) `` D - Darling '' ( 1973 ) `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' ( 1980 ) `` Tell Me on a Sunday '' ( 1980 ) `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' is the title of a hit song by musical theatre composer Andrew Lloyd Webber. Collaborating with lyricist Don Black, it was written for the song cycle show Tell Me on a Sunday in 1978. It was sung and released by Marti Webb in 1980, and became a No. 3 hit in the UK charts. The song was also popular in Ireland, and spent six weeks at number one. Later, Tell Me on a Sunday was combined with another Lloyd Webber work, Variations, to form an entire new show, Song and Dance. The song is about a woman being told of her boyfriend 's infidelity. The woman denies this initially, before rebuking her newsbearer ( a girlfriend ) with the revelation that she `` knew before '' and had done for some time. She also spends much of the song criticising her friend for rushing to break the `` bad news '' to her. Despite having been written during the creative process for Tell Me on a Sunday, the song was n't recorded during the album 's principal sessions. Black reminded Lloyd Webber that they had missed a track, then entitled `` You Must Be Mistaken ''. John Mole, the bass guitar player, improvised a part reminiscent of the arrangement style of Phil Spector, inspiring the rest of the orchestration. The track was recorded in one take, apart from a double tracking of the orchestra. A briefer 3 : 02 edit of the song is included on the album, however, a longer 3 : 29 version remixed with greater dynamic range compression was released as the single. Track listing ( edit ) Side A : `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' Side B : `` Sheldon Bloom '' Revisions ( edit ) The lyrics were substantially rewritten by Richard Maltby, Jr for the original Broadway production of Song and Dance. The British productions of the show have always used the lyrics written by Black. Black himself amended the line, `` He 's doing some deal up in Baltimore now '' after realising that Baltimore is south of New York. In subsequent versions, the song 's protagonist is said to be `` down '' in Baltimore. For the 2003 production of Tell Me on a Sunday, the storyline instead placed the action in England prior to an emigration to New York, requiring some further revision of the lyrics to reference London instead. References ( edit ) This 1970s song - related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_That_Look_Off_Your_Face&oldid=840686528 '' Categories : Songs from musicals Songs with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Songs with lyrics by Don Black ( lyricist ) 1978 songs 1980 singles 1970s song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018, at 13 : 54. About Wikipedia", "title": "Take That Look Off Your Face", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Take_That_Look_Off_Your_Face&amp;oldid=840686528" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "1973 ) `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' ( 1980 ) `` Tell Me on a Sunday '' ( 1980 ) `` D - Darling '' ( 1973 ) `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' ( 1980 ) `` Tell Me on a Sunday '' ( 1980 ) `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' is the title of a hit song by musical theatre composer Andrew Lloyd Webber. Collaborating with lyricist Don Black, it was written for the song cycle show Tell Me on a Sunday in 1978. It was sung and released by Marti Webb in 1980, and became a No. 3 hit in the UK charts. The song was also popular in Ireland, and spent six weeks at number one. Later, Tell Me on a Sunday was combined with another Lloyd Webber work, Variations, to form an entire new show, Song and Dance. The song is about a woman being told of her boyfriend 's infidelity. The woman denies this initially, before rebuking her newsbearer ( a girlfriend ) with the revelation that she `` knew before '' and had done for some time. She also spends much of the song criticising her friend for rushing to break the `` bad news '' to her." ], "id": [ "4019518583662925083" ], "short_answers": [ "Marti Webb" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Percy Fawcett - wikipedia Percy Fawcett Jump to : navigation, search Percy Fawcett Fawcett in 1911 Percival Harrison Fawcett ( 1867 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1867 Torquay, Devon, United Kingdom Disappeared 29 May 1925 ( aged 57 ) Mato Grosso, Brazil Occupation Artillery officer, archaeologist, explorer Military career Allegiance United Kingdom Service / branch British Army Years of service 1886 -- 1910 c. 1914 -- 1919 Rank Lieutenant Colonel Unit Royal Artillery Battles / wars World War I Awards Distinguished Service Order 3 × Mentioned in despatches Lieutenant Colonel Percival Harrison Fawcett DSO ( 18 August 1867 -- during or after 1925 ) was a British geographer, artillery officer, cartographer, archaeologist and explorer of South America. Along with his eldest son, Fawcett disappeared in 1925 during an expedition to find `` Z '' -- his name for an ancient lost city, which he and others believed to exist and to be the remains of El Dorado, in the jungles of Brazil. Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Early expeditions 1.3 Final expedition 1.3. 1 Dead Horse Camp 2 Posthumous controversy and speculations 2.1 Rumours and unverified reports 2.2 Villas - Bôas story 2.3 Fawcett 's Bones 2.4 Russian documentary 2.5 Commune in the jungle 2.6 Grann 's Lost City of Z 3 Works 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Percy Fawcett was born on 18 August 1867 in Torquay, Devon, England, to Edward Boyd Fawcett and Myra Elizabeth ( née MacDougall ). He received his education at Newton Abbot Proprietary College along with Bertram Fletcher Robinson. Percy Fawcett 's India - born father was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society ( RGS ). His elder brother Edward Douglas Fawcett ( 1866 -- 1960 ) was a mountain climber, Eastern occultist and author of philosophical books and popular adventure novels. Fawcett attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich as a cadet, being commissioned as a lieutenant of the Royal Artillery on 24 July 1886. On 13 January 1896 he was appointed adjutant of the 1st Cornwall ( Duke of Cornwall 's ) Artillery Volunteers, and was promoted to captain on 15 June 1897. He later served in Trincomalee, Ceylon, where he also met his future wife Nina Agnes Paterson, whom he married in January 1901 after having previously ended their engagement. They had two sons, Jack ( born 1903 ) and Brian ( 1906 -- 1984 ), and one daughter, Joan ( 1910 -- 2005 ). He joined the RGS himself in 1901 in order to study surveying and mapmaking. Later, he worked for the British Secret Service in North Africa while pursuing the surveyor 's craft. He served for the war office on Spike Island, County Cork from 1903 to 1906, where he was promoted to major on 11 January 1905. He became friends with authors H. Rider Haggard and Arthur Conan Doyle ; the latter used Fawcett 's Amazonian field reports as an inspiration for his novel The Lost World. Early expeditions ( edit ) Fawcett 's first expedition to South America was in 1906 ( being seconded for service there on 2 May ) when at the age of 39 he travelled to Brazil to map a jungle area at the border of Brazil and Bolivia at the behest of the Royal Geographical Society. The Society had been commissioned to map the area as a third party unbiased by local national interests. He arrived in La Paz, Bolivia in June. Whilst on the expedition in 1907, Fawcett claimed to have seen and shot a 62 foot long giant anaconda, a claim for which he was ridiculed by scientists. He reported other mysterious animals unknown to zoology, such as a small cat - like dog about the size of a foxhound, which he claimed to have seen twice, or the giant Apazauca spider which was said to have poisoned a number of locals. Fawcett made seven expeditions between 1906 and 1924. He was mostly amicable with the locals through gifts, patience and courteous behaviour. In 1908, he traced the source of the Rio Verde ( Brazil ) and in 1910 made a journey to Heath River ( on the border between Peru and Bolivia ) to find its source, having retired from the British army on 19 January. After a 1913 expedition, he supposedly claimed to have seen dogs with double noses. These may have been Double - nosed Andean tiger hounds. Based on documentary research, Fawcett had by 1914 formulated ideas about a `` lost city '' he named `` Z '' somewhere in the Mato Grosso region of Brazil. He theorized that a complex civilization once existed in the Amazon region and that isolated ruins may have survived. Fawcett also found a document known as Manuscript 512 ( pt ), written after explorations made in the sertão of the state of Bahia, and housed at the National Library of Rio de Janeiro. It is believed to be by Portuguese bandeirante João da Silva Guimarães ( pt ), who wrote that in 1753 he 'd discovered the ruins of an ancient city that contained arches, a statue, and a temple with hieroglyphics ; the city is described in great detail without providing a specific location. This city became a secondary destination for Fawcett, after `` Z ''. ( See Fawcett 's own book Exploration Fawcett. ) At the beginning of the First World War Fawcett returned to Britain to serve with the Army as a Reserve Officer in the Royal Artillery, volunteering for duty in Flanders, and commanding an artillery brigade despite the fact that he was nearly fifty years of age. He was promoted from major to lieutenant - colonel on 1 March 1918, and received three mentions in despatches from Douglas Haig, in November 1916, November 1917, and November 1918, and was also awarded the Distinguished Service Order in June 1917. After the war Fawcett returned to Brazil to study local wildlife and archaeology. In 1920, he made a solo attempt to search for `` Z '', but ended after suffering from a fever and shooting his pack animal. Final expedition ( edit ) In 1925, with funding from a London - based group of financiers known as the Glove, Fawcett returned to Brazil with his eldest son Jack and Jack 's best and longtime friend, Raleigh Rimell, for an exploratory expedition to find `` Z ''. Fawcett left instructions stating that if the expedition did not return, no rescue expedition should be sent lest the rescuers suffer his fate. Fawcett was a man with years of experience travelling, and had brought equipment such as canned foods, powdered milk, guns, flares, a sextant, and a chronometer. His travel companions were both chosen for their health, ability and loyalty to each other ; Fawcett chose only two companions in order to travel lighter and with less notice to native tribes, as some were hostile towards outsiders. On 20 April 1925 his final expedition departed from Cuiabá. In addition to his two principal companions, Fawcett was accompanied by two Brazilian labourers, two horses, eight mules, and a pair of dogs. The last communication from the expedition was on 29 May 1925 when Fawcett wrote, in a letter to his wife delivered by a native runner, that he was ready to go into unexplored territory with only Jack and Raleigh. They were reported to be crossing the Upper Xingu, a southeastern tributary river of the River Amazon. The final letter, written from Dead Horse Camp, gave their location and was generally optimistic. Many people assumed that local Indians killed them, as several tribes were nearby at the time : the Kalapalos, the last tribe to have seen them, the Arumás, Suyás, and the Xavantes whose territory they were entering. The Kalapalo have an oral story of the arrival of three explorers which states that the three went east, and after five days the Kalapalo noticed that the group no longer made camp fires. The Kalapalo say that a very violent tribe most likely killed them. However, both of the younger men were lame and ill when last seen, and there is not any proof that they were murdered. It is plausible that they died of natural causes in the Brazilian jungle. In 1927, a name - plate of Fawcett was found with an Indian tribe. In June 1933, a theodolite compass belonging to Fawcett was found near the Baciary Indians of Mato Grosso by Colonel Aniceto Botelho. However, the name - plate was from Fawcett 's expedition five years earlier and had most likely been given as a gift to the chief of that Indian tribe. The compass was proved to have been left behind before he entered the jungle on his final journey. Dead Horse Camp ( edit ) Dead Horse Camp, or Fawcett 's camp, is one of the major camps that Fawcett made on his final journey. This encampment was his last known location. From Dead Horse Camp, Fawcett wrote to his wife about the hardships that he and his companions had faced, his coordinates, his doubts in Raleigh Rimmel, and of his plans for the near future. He concludes his message with, `` You need have no fear of any failure... '' One question remaining about Dead Horse Camp concerns a discrepancy in the coordinates Fawcett gave for the camp. In the letter to his wife, he wrote : `` Here we are at Dead Horse Camp, latitude 11 degrees 43 ' South and longitude 54 degrees 35 ' West, the spot where my horse died in 1920 '' ( 11 ° 43 ′ S 54 ° 35 ′ W  /  11.717 ° S 54.583 ° W  / - 11.717 ; - 54.583 ). However, in a report to the North American Newspaper Alliance he gave the coordinates as 13 ° 43 ′ S 54 ° 35 ′ W  /  13.717 ° S 54.583 ° W  / - 13.717 ; - 54.583. The discrepancy may have been a typographical error. However, he may have intentionally concealed the location to prevent others from using his notes to find the lost city. It may have also been an attempt to dissuade any rescue attempts ; Fawcett had stated that if he disappeared, no rescue party should be sent because the danger was too great. Posthumous controversy and speculations ( edit ) Rumours and unverified reports ( edit ) During the ensuing decades, various groups mounted several rescue expeditions, without success. They heard only various rumours that could not be verified. In addition to reports that Fawcett had been killed by Indians or wild animals, there was a tale that Fawcett had lost his memory and lived out his life as the chief of a tribe of cannibals. While a fictitious tale estimated that 100 would - be-rescuers died on several expeditions attempting to discover Fawcett 's fate, the actual toll was only one - a sole man who ventured after him alone. One of the earliest expeditions was commanded by American explorer George Miller Dyott. In 1927 he claimed to have found evidence of Fawcett 's death at the hands of the Aloique Indians, but his story was unconvincing. From 1930 -- 31, Aloha Wanderwell used her seaplane to try to land on the Amazon River in the Matto Grosso to find him. After an emergency landing and living with the Bororo Tribe for 6 weeks, Aloha and Walter Flew back to Brazil, with no luck. A 1951 expedition unearthed human bones that were found later to be unrelated to Fawcett or his companions. Villas - Bôas story ( edit ) Danish explorer Arne Falk - Rønne journeyed to the Mato Grosso during the 1960s. In a 1991 book, he wrote that he learned of Fawcett 's fate from Orlando Villas - Bôas, who had heard it from one of Fawcett 's murderers. Allegedly, Fawcett and his companions had a mishap on the river and lost most of the gifts they 'd brought along for the Indian tribes. Continuing without gifts was a serious breach of protocol ; since the expedition members were all more or less seriously ill at the time, the Kalapalo tribe they encountered decided to kill them. The bodies of Jack Fawcett and Raleigh Rimell were thrown into the river ; Colonel Fawcett, considered an old man and therefore distinguished, received a proper burial. Falk - Rønne visited the Kalapalo tribe and reported that one of the tribesmen confirmed Villas - Bôas 's story about how and why Fawcett had been killed. Fawcett 's bones ( edit ) In 1951, Orlando Villas - Bôas, activist for indigenous peoples, supposedly received the actual remaining skeletal bones of Fawcett and had them analysed scientifically. The analysis allegedly confirmed the bones to be Fawcett 's, but his son Brian Fawcett ( 1906 -- 1984 ) refused to accept this. Villas - Bôas claimed that Brian was too interested in making money from books about his father 's disappearance. Later scientific analysis confirmed that the bones were not Fawcett 's. As of 1965, the bones reportedly rested in a box in the flat of one of the Villas - Bôas brothers in São Paulo. In 1998, English explorer Benedict Allen went to talk to the Kalapalo Indians, said by Villas - Bôas to have confessed to having killed the three Fawcett expedition members. An elder of the Kalapalo, Vajuvi, claimed during a filmed BBC interview with Allen that the bones found by Villas - Bôas some 45 years before were not really Fawcett 's. Vajuvi also denied that his tribe had any part in the Fawcetts ' disappearance. No conclusive evidence supports either statement. Russian documentary ( edit ) In 2003, a Russian documentary film, `` Проклятье золота инков / Экспедиция Перси Фоссета в Амазонку '' ( The Curse of the Incas ' Gold / Expedition of Percy Fawcett to the Amazon ), was released as a part of the television series `` Тайны века '' ( Mysteries of the Century ). Among other things, the film emphasizes the recent expedition of Oleg Aliyev to the presumed approximate place of Fawcett 's last whereabouts and Aliyev 's findings, impressions and presumptions about Fawcett 's fate. Commune in the jungle ( edit ) On 21 March 2004, the British newspaper The Observer reported that television director Misha Williams, who had studied Fawcett 's private papers, believed that Fawcett had not intended to return to Britain but rather meant to found a commune in the jungle based on theosophical principles and the worship of his son Jack. Williams explained his research in some detail in the preface to his play AmaZonia, first performed in April 2004. Grann 's Lost city of Z ( edit ) Main article : The Lost City of Z ( book ) In 2005, The New Yorker staff writer David Grann visited the Kalapalo tribe and reported that it had apparently preserved an oral history about Fawcett, among the first Europeans the tribe had ever seen. The oral account said that Fawcett and his party had stayed at their village and then left, heading eastward. The Kalapalos warned Fawcett and his companions that if they went that way they would be killed by the `` fierce Indians '' who occupied that territory, but Fawcett insisted on going. The Kalapalos observed smoke from the expedition 's campfire each evening for five days before it disappeared. The Kalapalos said they were sure the fierce Indians had killed them. The article also reports that a monumental civilisation known as Kuhikugu may have actually existed near where Fawcett was searching, as discovered recently by archaeologist Michael Heckenberger and others. Grann 's findings are further detailed in his book The Lost City of Z ( 2009 ). Works ( edit ) Fawcett, Percy and Brian Fawcett ( 1953 ), Exploration Fawcett, Phoenix Press ( 2001 reprint ), ISBN 1 - 84212 - 468 - 4 Fawcett, Percy and Brian Fawcett ( 1953 ), Lost Trails, Lost Cities, Funk & Wagnalls ASIN B0007DNCV4 Fawcett, Brian ( 1958 ), Ruins in the Sky, Hutchinson of London In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible, otherwise delete it. ( April 2017 ) Was the subject of an episode of Digging for the Truth. Arthur Conan Doyle based his Professor Challenger character partly on Fawcett, and stories of the `` Lost City of Z '' became the basis for his novel The Lost World. A contemporary reviewer of Evelyn Waugh 's novel A Handful of Dust suggested he may have derived the plot partly from Fawcett 's disappearance. The novel 's hero vanishes into the Brazilian jungle and is kept prisoner there. Fawcett has been proposed as a possible inspiration for Indiana Jones, the fictional archaeologist / adventurer. A fictionalised version of Fawcett aids Jones in the novel Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils. ) Fawcett was a prototype of Percy Foster, fictional explorer in the Russian - language novel The grave of Tame - Tung. There, Foster and his son became obsessed with riches of Indians and were killed by their former friend Raleigh Rimer ( based on Raleigh Rimmel ) to prevent pillaging. According to an article in Comics Scene No. 45, Fawcett was the inspiration of Kent Allard, an alter ego of the Shadow. Director Pete Docter named Fawcett as one of the inspirations for the character Charles F. Muntz, the antagonist of the Pixar film Up. David Grann 's The Lost City of Z was optioned by Brad Pitt 's Plan B production company and Paramount Pictures. James Gray directed the film, which stars Charlie Hunnam as Fawcett and was released in April 2017. The Cruise of the Condor ( 1933 ), one of W.E. Johns ' `` Biggles '' stories, is inspired by Fawcett 's search for `` Z ''. Writers Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child mentioned in their books that Percy Fawcett was a great - great uncle of Aloysius Pendergast on his mother 's side. The plot of the first episode of the television programme Hooten & the Lady was about the search for Fawcett 's camp. In Hergé 's adventure of Tintin L'Oreille Cassée, Fawcett is believed to be the model for Ridgewell, an explorer disappeared for ten years who has become known as `` the white old man '' a member of the Arumbaya tribe. Peter Fleming 's book Brazilian Adventure is the story of his part in an expedition to find Fawcett. Fleming 's book was first published in 1933. Peter was the brother of Ian who wrote the James Bond books. The 2017 Osprey Games Eurogame The Lost Expedition, designed by Peer Sylvester, with artwork by Garen Ewing, is based on Percy Fawcett 's expeditions. See also ( edit ) Amazon River Archaeology Explorers List of people who disappeared mysteriously Paititi Aloha Wanderwell Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heckenberger, Michael J. ( 2009 ). `` Lost cities of the Amazon ''. Scientific American. 301 ( 4 ) : 64 -- 71. Jump up ^ `` E. Douglas Fawcett ( 1866 -- 1960 ) ''. Keverel Chess. 10 August 2011. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` Fawcett, E, Douglas ''. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. 18 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` No. 25615 ''. The London Gazette. 10 August 1886. p. 3855. Jump up ^ `` No. 26703 ''. The London Gazette. 24 January 1896. p. 424. Jump up ^ `` No. 26705 ''. The London Gazette. 31 January 1896. p. 589. Jump up ^ `` No. 26869 ''. The London Gazette. 2 July 1897. p. 3635. Jump up ^ `` No. 27792 ''. The London Gazette. 12 May 1905. p. 3426. Jump up ^ `` No. 27916 ''. The London Gazette. 25 May 1906. p. 3657. Jump up ^ Fawcett, P.H. and Fawcett, B. Exploration Fawcett ( 1953 ) Jump up ^ `` Apazauca spider ''. The Great Web of Percy Harrison Fawcett. Jump up ^ `` No. 28330 ''. The London Gazette. 18 January 1910. p. 434. Jump up ^ `` Double - nosed dog not to be sniffed at ''. BBC News. 10 August 2007. ^ Jump up to : Grann, David ( 19 September 2005 ). `` The Lost City of Z ''. The New Yorker. Retrieved 23 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` No. 31120 ''. The London Gazette ( Supplement ). 10 January 1919. p. 674. Jump up ^ `` No. 29890 ''. The London Gazette ( Supplement ). 2 January 1917. p. 208. Jump up ^ `` No. 30421 ''. The London Gazette ( Supplement ). 7 December 1917. p. 12912. Jump up ^ `` No. 31077 ''. The London Gazette ( Supplement ). 17 December 1918. p. 14926. Jump up ^ `` No. 30111 ''. The London Gazette ( Supplement ). 1 June 1917. pp. 5468 -- 5470. Jump up ^ The London Illustrated News, 22 June 1924 Jump up ^ Wallechinsky, David ; Wallace, Irving ( 1981 ). `` History of the Search for Percy H. Fawcett, Part 2 ''. Trivia-Library.com. Jump up ^ Cummins, Geraldine ( March 1985 ). The Fate of Colonel Fawcett. Health Research Books. p. 14. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7873 - 0230 - 6. Jump up ^ Basso, Ellen B. ( 22 July 2010 ). The Last Cannibals : A South American Oral History. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 79206 - 7. ^ Jump up to : `` Colonel Fawcett 's Last Words ''. Colonel Percy Fawcett 's Search For the Lost city of Z. Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Dead Horse Camp ( Fawcett 's Camp ) ''. The Great Web of Percy Harrison Fawcett. Retrieved 9 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Continuing Chronicles of Colonel Fawcett ''. Retrieved 9 June 2011. Jump up ^ Grann, David ( 2010 ). The Lost City of Z : A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon. New York : Vintage Books. p. 273. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7845 - 5. Jump up ^ Hemming, John ( 1 April 2017 ). `` The Lost City of Z is a very long way from a true story and I should know ''. The Spectator. Jump up ^ Falk - Rønne, Arne ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ). Dr. Klapperslange ( in Danish ). Lindhardt og Ringhof. ISBN 9788711714096. Jump up ^ The upper jaw provides the clearest possible evidence that these human remains were not those of Colonel Fawcett, whose spare upper denture is fortunately available for comparison. Royal Anthropological Institute ( London ) ( 1951 ) `` Report on the human remains from Brazil '' as quoted by Grann ( 2009 ) p. 253 Jump up ^ `` 1953 COL. FAWCETT PERU BOLIVIA BRAZIL SOUTH AMERICA LOST EXPEDITION EL DORADO ''. eBay. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21. ^ Jump up to : Orcutt, Larry ( 2000 ). `` Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett ''. Jump up ^ `` Vajuvi said that they were the bones of his grandfather, Mugikia. '' Grann ( 2009 ) pp. 252 -- 253 Jump up ^ `` Тайны века. Проклятие золота инков. Экспедиция Перси Фоссета в Амазонку. '' ( Secrets of the century. The curse of the Inca gold. Expedition of Percy Fosset to the Amazon. ). Filmix.net ( in Russian ). 2011. Jump up ^ Thorpe, Vanessa ( 21 March 2004 ). `` Veil lifts on jungle mystery of the Colonel who vanished ''. The Observer. Jump up ^ Williams, Misha. AmaZonia ( PDF ). Jump up ^ For further info see the last chapter of Grann 's book The Lost City of Z and Charles Mann 's book 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. Jump up ^ Grann, David ( 2009 ) The Lost City of Z : A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon. Doubleday, New York, pages 8 and 95, ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51353 - 1 Jump up ^ `` The Times ''. 4 September 1934. p. 7. Jump up ^ Neither George Lucas nor Steven Spielberg -- co-creators of the successful concept and franchise -- have indicated that any specific individual inspired their character, other than the generic stock heroes popularised in the matinée serials and pulp magazines of the 1930s and 1940s they admired and wished to modernise, or later exotic - culture adventure films such as 1954 's Secret of the Incas. Jump up ^ `` Making Raiders of the Lost Ark ''. Raiders News. 23 September 2003. Archived from the original on 7 December 2003. Retrieved 14 October 2008. Jump up ^ MacGregor, Rob ( November 1991 ). Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils. Bantam Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 29035 - 6. Jump up ^ `` The Lost Expedition ''. BoardGameGeek. Retrieved 4 July 2017. References ( edit ) Falk - Rønne, Arne. ( 1991 ). Klodens Forunderlige Mysterier. Roth Forlag. Fleming, Peter. ( 1933 ) Brazilian Adventure, Charles Scribner 's Sons ISBN 0 - 87477 - 246 - X Grann, David ( 2009 ) The Lost City of Z : A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51353 - 1 Leal, Hermes ( 1996 ), Enigma do Coronel Fawcett, o verdadeiro Indiana Jones ( Colonel Fawcett : The Real - Life Indiana Jones ; Published in Portuguese ) La Gazette des Français du Paraguay, Percy Fawcett - Un monument de l'Exploration et de l'Aventure en Amérique Latine - Expédition du Rio Verde - bilingue français espagnol - numéro 6, Année 1, Asuncion Paraguay. Scriblerius, C.S. ( 2015 ), `` Percyfaw Code, the secret dossier '' Published by Amazon.com. External links ( edit ) Forgotten Travellers : The Hunt for Colonel Fawcett Essay on Lt. - Col. Percy Harrison Fawcett Virtual Exploration Society -- Colonel Percy Fawcett Colonel Fawcett Mad Dreams in the Amazon Essay on Fawcett from The New York Review of Books Lost in the Amazon : The Enigma of Col. Percy Fawcett PBS Secrets of the Dead documentary B. Fletcher Robinson & ' The Lost World ' by Paul Spiring The Lost City of Z is a Long Way From a True Story and I Should Know by John Hemming in The Spectator VIAF : 61597470 LCCN : n81102852 ISNI : 0000 0000 8140 5771 GND : 138720967 SUDOC : 03093544X BNF : cb12225182v ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percy_Fawcett&oldid=800129901 '' Categories : 1867 births English archaeologists English explorers Explorers of Amazonia Lost explorers Missing people People from Torquay Professor Challenger Royal Artillery officers Companions of the Distinguished Service Order 1920s missing person cases Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Articles with hCards Interlanguage link template link number Articles with trivia sections from April 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Year of death missing Year of death unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 17 : 41. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Percy Fawcett", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Percy_Fawcett&amp;oldid=800129901" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Russian - language novel The grave of Tame - Tung. There, Foster and his son became obsessed with riches of Indians and were killed by their former friend Raleigh Rimer ( based on Raleigh Rimmel ) to prevent pillaging. According to an article in Comics Scene No. 45, Fawcett was the inspiration of Kent Allard, an alter ego of the Shadow. Director Pete Docter named Fawcett as one of the inspirations for the character Charles F. Muntz, the antagonist of the Pixar film Up. David Grann 's The Lost City of Z was optioned by Brad Pitt 's Plan B production company and Paramount Pictures. James Gray directed the film, which stars Charlie Hunnam as Fawcett and was released in April 2017. The Cruise of the Condor ( 1933 ), one of W.E. Johns ' `` Biggles '' stories, is inspired by Fawcett 's search for `` Z ''. Writers Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child mentioned in their books that Percy Fawcett was a great - great uncle of Aloysius Pendergast on his mother 's side. The plot of the first episode of the television programme Hooten & the Lady was about the search for Fawcett 's camp. In Hergé 's adventure of Tintin L'Oreille Cassée, Fawcett is believed to be the model for Ridgewell, an explorer disappeared for ten years who has become known as" ], "id": [ "5032578835900703491" ], "short_answers": [ "Charlie Hunnam" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Meredith Grey - wikipedia Meredith Grey Jump to : navigation, search Meredith Grey Grey 's Anatomy character Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' 1x01, March 27, 2005 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Ellen Pompeo ( adult ) Nicolette Collier ( young ) Claire Geare ( age 3 ) Aria Leabu ( Season 11 flashbacks ) Information Nickname ( s ) Slutty Mistress Our Lady of General Surgery Mer Grey The girl in the bar The Perfect Twelve - year - old Dirty Mistress Adulterous Whore Death Twisted Sister The Good Grey Big Grey Mrs. Shepherd Medusa Cindy Lou Occupation Chief of General Surgery Board Director Title Head of General Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Ellis Grey ( mother, deceased ) Thatcher Grey ( father ) Lexie Grey ( paternal half - sister, deceased ) Molly Thompson ( paternal half - sister ) Maggie Pierce ( maternal half - sister ) Spouse ( s ) Derek Shepherd ( m. 2009 ; d. 2015 ) Significant other ( s ) Finn Dandridge Will Thorpe Nathan Riggs Children Zola Shepherd ( daughter ) Derek Bailey Shepherd ( son ) Ellis Shepherd ( daughter ) Meredith Grey, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States. The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes, and is portrayed by actress Ellen Pompeo. Meredith is the series ' protagonist, and was introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital ( later Seattle Grace - Mercy West, and afterwards Grey Sloan Memorial ), eventually obtaining the position of a resident, and later the position of an attending, and in 2015, attaining the Chief of General Surgery position. As the daughter of world - renowned surgeon Ellis Grey, Meredith struggles with the everyday life of being in a competitive profession, maintaining the relationship with her one - night stand and eventual husband Derek Shepherd ( deceased ), her motherhood, and her friendships with her colleagues. Meredith is the narrator of the show and serves as the focal point for most episodes. Pompeo 's connection with Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) is acclaimed as a high point of the series. Rhimes has characterized Meredith as not believing in good or bad, but instead doing what she thinks is right. Grey has been positively received by television critics, with Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times referring to her as `` the heroine of Grey 's Anatomy ''. News of Pompeo leaving arose when it was made clear that her contract ended after the eighth season, and whether or not she would return to the series after her contract expires has been the centre of media speculation ever since. In 2016, Pompeo re-negotiated her contract and signed up for the thirteenth season of the show. Pompeo 's performance has been well received throughout the show and the character has gained widespread popularity worldwide. Pompeo has been nominated for multiple awards for her portrayal of the character in the long running ABC medical drama including Satellite Award for Best Actress and multiple nominations at the People 's Choice Awards for Best Actress winning at 39th People 's Choice Awards in 2013 and again in 2015 at 41st People 's Choice Awards, Pompeo has also received a Best Performance by an Actress in a Drama Series nomination at the 64th Golden Globe Awards. Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines and Characteristics 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 3.1 Reviews 3.2 Awards 4 References 5 External links Storylines and characteristics ( edit ) Dr. Meredith Grey is the daughter of world - renowned surgeon Ellis Grey, and grew up in her shadow. Ellis was a deeply flawed, emotionally and verbally abusive, neglectful mother towards her. Meredith is described as a `` dark and twisty, '' damaged person who sees the world in varying shades of gray morality. Because of this, she is an emotionally complex person capable of empathizing with others when they 're at their lowest points, and a sensitive observer of the people around her. Meredith is a graduate of Dartmouth College and nearly did not attend med school due to conflicts with her mother. Meredith was directionless after obtaining her undergrad and had plans to sleep and party her way through Europe. After a month abroad, Meredith was called back to care for Ellis, who had developed early - onset Alzheimer 's disease, and Meredith obtained her M.D. The night before Meredith 's internship begins, she has a one - night stand with Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ), a stranger she meets at a bar. She discovers the next day that he is the recently - hired attending and new head of neurosurgery at her new workplace, Seattle Grace Hospital. Meredith is assigned to work under resident Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ), and befriends her fellow interns, George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ), Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ), Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ). She is particularly close with Cristina Yang, who becomes her best friend and `` person ''. Though she initially thinks poorly of him, Alex Karev also evolves into Meredith 's `` person '' and the two assume a sibling-esque familial relationship. Meredith has a conflicted relationship with Richard Webber ( James Pickens Jr. ), the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace. Richard was very close to Ellis when Meredith was a child, which inclines him to save or mentor Grey and make exceptions for her. Meredith has a habit of `` collecting strays '', allowing her friends and coworkers to live in the house her mother left her and become her pseudo-family. Meredith is endlessly loyal to those she deems her family, and bends traditional morality as needed in order to keep them safe. Having grown up in a hospital, Meredith shows immense natural talent. She possesses a steadfast, calm ease during medical procedures and emergencies, and is a natural observer of people. She exhibits a knack for catching subtle hints and accurately determining difficult - to - catch diagnoses. Her placid, non-judgmental bedside manner often causes people to open up and trust her. Her surgical skills are solidly impressive and she shows a talent and patience for medical research trials and dealing with psychologically damaged patients. Meredith resists Derek 's advances throughout her internship, but is eventually charmed into starting a relationship with him despite misgivings about an intern dating an attending. She is therefore shocked by the arrival of Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ), Derek 's wife, unaware that he was married. Derek struggles to choose between the two, but ultimately returns to Addison, despite Meredith begging to be chosen instead. Meredith is devastated and turns to multiple, self - destructive means of coping. Initially she falls on old habits of self - medicating with tequila and sex, and buys a dog. She also tries to resolve some issues by searching for her long - absent father, Thatcher. She learns that her father, who left when she was five and she has not seen since, remarried and had two more daughters. The two do not become close, but Grey becomes fond of her stepmother. Meredith spirals further when Ellis is admitted to the hospital, revealing Ellis ' diagnosis of early - onset Alzheimer 's and her verbally abusive tendencies. Meredith self - destructive behavior increases when she saves a patient with a bomb in their chest by impulsively inserting her hand to hold it until the bomb squad can remove it. Mereidth has a series of one - night stands, including one with George, who is in love with her. When she cries in the middle of their encounter, their friendship temporarily ends. Meredith swears off her behavior, agrees to be friends only with Shepherd, and embarks on a relationship with veterinarian Finn Dandridge ( Chris O'Donnell ). Derek regrets his decision to return to his wife and Meredith must decide whether to continue a relationship with Finn, or allow Derek a second chance. When Ellis experiences a rare, completely lucid day, and expresses her immense disappointment at how ordinary Meredith has turned out to be, she becomes depressed and possibly suicidal. During a ferryboat accident, Meredith is knocked into the water and chooses to give up and drown, rather than fight and swim. She flatlines at the hospital, and awakens in an `` afterlife '', where she interacts with deceased former acquaintances. Ellis dies in the interim, and Meredith meets with her mother, who tells her that she is anything but ordinary. She is subsequently resuscitated at the insistence of Cristina. Derek distances himself from Meredith as the result of her self recklessness, prompting her to seek therapy to address her problems. Meredith sees a therapist, Dr. Wyatt ( Amy Madigan ), to seek happiness and begins to successfully tackle her issues. Meredith found her mother 's diaries, dredging up old memories and secrets for her to work through. Meanwhile, Meredith nearly fails her intern exam after a drunken Thatcher publicly blames Meredith for the death of his wife, Susan, a distraught Grey sits through her entire test without writing a single answer. Dr. Webber gives her a second chance, saving her from destroying her career. After Meredith is promoted to a resident, her younger half - sister Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) begins working at Seattle Grace as an intern. Meredith initially rejects Lexie 's attempts to form a relationship, but slowly softens towards her. The sisters are very different people with different childhoods. Lexie had an idealistic family life and often has difficulty understanding her much darker sister, who does not have the same positive associations with family as Lexie. She later initiates a neurosurgical clinical trial, enlisting Derek as a consulting neurosurgeon. The trial fails repeatedly, but the final patient they treat survives, which leads them to reuniting and moving in together. Their relationship is healthier than before, but still experiences snags as the two attempt to understand each other and navigate what they now look on as a permanent, long - term relationship. Meredith relies heavily on Cristina for emotional support and guidance. Eventually, Derek and Meredith decide to marry, but on their wedding day, the pair give their `` perfect '' wedding ceremony to Izzie and Alex, to marry each other during the planned ceremony instead. The development of Grey and Shepherd 's relationship, during season three, was disliked among television critics. Meredith and Derek marry by writing their wedding vows on a post-it note. Meredith spends the majority of a season out of commission after donating part of her liver to Thatcher and supporting Cristina 's new relationship with Owen Hunt, an army doctor with worrisome PTSD. Mereduth experiences another immense trauma after the hospital is put under a lockdown from an active mass - shooter seeking revenge against Derek. Meredith offers her own life in exchange for his and miscarries her baby during the crisis. She goes through this traumatic experience with Cristina, who operates on Derek while threatened at gunpoint. Meredith hides her loss and the trauma psychiatrist refuses to clear neither Cristina nor Meredith for their return to surgery. Meredith is able to work through her issues and become cleared, but Cristina remains deeply traumatized. Meredith covers for and supports her friend through her dark time, but is ultimately unable to fully help her return to surgery. Meredith decides to actively try to become pregnant, but learns that she has a `` hostile uterus '', which leads her to consider her other possible genetic flaws. Derek, who is constantly worried about the possibility that she will develop Alzheimer 's, initiates a clinical trial hoping to cure the disease. Meredith opts to work on the trial and appears to be leaning towards a neuro specialty. When the chief of surgery, Richard Webber ( James Pickens Jr. ) 's wife, Adele, is diagnosed with Alzheimer 's, she receives a spot on the trial. Meredith tampers with the drugs so that Adele does not receive the placebo. She and Derek decide to adopt Zola, an orphaned baby from Malawi, and make their marriage legal. When the truth about the tampering comes out, however, a furious Derek tells her he can not raise a child with her because of her moral ambiguity. Meredith is fired, and tries to conceal both this and her marital separation from the adoption counselor in order to keep Zola. Although Dr. Webber steps down as chief of surgery and takes the blame for the trial tampering to protect Meredith, Zola is taken away. She and Derek reconcile. Meredith chooses a general specialty over neuro, and they successfully fight to get Zola back. As her last year of residency is coming to a close, the residents travel around the country, searching for the best jobs in their specialties. In order to finish their residency, the residents must take the medical boards. Meredith takes the exam while sick with the flu. She decides to take a job offer at The Brigham and Women 's Hospital as the next step in her career. During a medical flight to undertake a prestigious surgery involving conjoined twins, Meredith, Derek, Cristina, and Lexie, among others, are involved in an aviation accident. The plane crash kills Lexie, and the survivors are trapped in the wooded wilderness for days waiting for help. Following their rescue, Merdith becomes an attending general surgeon at Seattle Grace, now Seattle Grace - Mercy West. While Cristina flees Seattle for her fellowship, Meredith, afraid of flying and change, declines her job offer, and clings to what remains in Seattle. Cristina and Meredith begin calling the hospital Seattle Grace Mercy Death in light of the immense amount of trauma, death, and pain they have experienced there. Meredith 's newfound attitude and sarcasm leads to her being dubbed `` Medusa '' by the hospital 's new batch of interns. In the aftermath of the plane accident, the hospital is sued and eventually found guilty of negligence. Each victim including Derek, Cristina, Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) and herself must receive $15 million of compensation, which leads the hospital to a near bankruptcy as the insurance company refuses to pay due to a loophole. The doctors along with Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) buy the hospital with the help of the Harper Avery Foundation to prevent it from closing and become new members of the directing board. Meredith asks Dr. Bailey to perform gene mapping on her to finally know whether she has Alzheimer 's genes like her mother. She tests positive for more than one of the genetic markers for the disease. Meredith moves to the completed dream home and sells her house to Alex, who purchases it as the only true home he 's ever known. He continues Meredith 's tradition of keeping the house open to any `` strays '' needing a home. Meredith discovers she is pregnant and gives birth to a son. The baby is delivered via C - section. While stitching Meredith up, the obstetrician who operated on her is called away to another patient and intern Shane Ross completes the stitching. When blood begins to appear from everywhere, Meredith diagnoses herself in as being in DIC. Dr. Bailey performs a spleen removal, which saves her life. In return, Derek and Meredith name their son Bailey. As a spouse, surgeon, and mother, Meredith has cited a number times that she did not want to be like either of her parents : her father had followed her mother around pathetically before leaving to be happy, while her mother valued her career over her family. Meredith is frequently conflicted trying to balance between the two, and fears her family are hindering her medical aspirations, as much as she fears becoming like her mother whenever she 's tempted to choose surgery over family. Meredith and Cristina have a huge rift when Cristina confirms Meredith 's fears by stating that Meredith 's skills have fallen behind Cristina 's due to her familial obligations taking her away from OR time. Meredith and Derek come to an agreement that he, already established in his career and reputation, would take a step back to take care of the children and allow her to shine. Meredith attempts to regain some ground by starting a promising research trial 3 - D printing portal veins. The conflict between Cristina and Meredith widens when Cristina commandeers Meredith 's resources for her own trial, ultimately garnering a Harper Avery nomination for Cristina. Cristina and Meredith repair their relationship when Meredith confesses that Cristina was correct, her skills have surpassed Meredith 's. Cristina moves to Switzerland take up a job offer from Dr. Preston Burke, her former attending, mentor and fiancé, who was looking for a replacement at a research hospital he was running, thus leaving Alex in charge of being Meredith 's `` person '' in her place, an honor he gladly accepts. Meredith and Derek 's marriage becomes strained when Derek goes against his promise and accepts an offer from the U.S. President to participate in the Brain Mapping Initiative, which consumes his time and eclipses Meredith, who is feeling increasingly left behind and mommy - tracked. He receives an offer to head the project itself in Washington D.C., meaning that he would have to be based there permanently. Meredith puts her foot down as she does not want to uproot their young family to move across the country for his career at the sacrifice of her own. They begin a series of on - and - off arguments and `` cold wars '' over their careers. Derek accepts the job in the heat of the moment and promptly leaves for Washington. During a phone call with Meredith, they agree to work things out after she tells him that she did not want them to become `` one of those couples '' and he reciprocates, saying that he missed her. She privately admits to Alex that she has realized that she could live independently of Derek, but chooses not to. Meredith finds out she has a maternal half sister named Maggie Pierce who is now working in Grey Sloan Memorial. Meredith is in denial and rejects Maggie, thinking she would have remembered if her mother was pregnant until she finds a hospital document confirming the revelation. Meredith tries to piece together her relationship with her mother and half sister by going through old videos of her mother. She eventually recovers her repressed memories of the pregnancy when she views her mother 's diary and has a change of heart, choosing to accept Maggie and begin building a relationship. Meredith is widowed when Derek is killed in a car accident and was taken to an understaffed hospital. The doctors failed to recognize his head injury in time and allowed personal conflicts to interfere. Derek is declared brain dead, and Meredith must go to the medical center to consent to remove him from life support, shortly before she 's hit with the first waves of morning sickness. She tells Penny, the intern who was assigned to Derek that every doctor has `` that one '' patient who dies on their watch and haunts them forever and `` that one will make you work harder, and they make you better. '' After Derek 's death, Meredith returns to Grey Sloan Memorial to inform the others of his passing. Following the funeral service, Meredith impulsively packs up her belongings and leaves with the children to San Diego. Months pass by while her friends and family are unaware of her whereabouts. Eventually, parallels show similarities in Meredith 's and Ellis ' lives : Both have lost the love of their life, both run away from Seattle following their loss, and both eventually give birth to a daughter. Meredith names her newborn daughter after her mother. Although still grieving over Derek, Meredith returns to Seattle with the children and later becomes chief of general surgery. She sells the `` dream house '' and moves back to her mother 's house, having purchased it back from Alex, and now lives there with Maggie and Amelia Shepherd, her sister - in - law. Meredith hosts a dinner party and at the party Callie brings Penny as a date. Later at the event Meredith finds out Penny will be joining her at Grey Sloan Memorial. Meredith eventually forgives Penny, who becomes her favorite resident over Alex 's girlfriend, Jo. Alex and Meredith continue their close, sibling - like relationship of being each other 's `` person '', despite Jo 's displeasure and inability to understand their closeness. He supports her when she is violently attacked by a disoriented patient, and she supports him through his legal difficulties. Alex initiates a weekly family waffle day where he makes waffles for everyone in the house. Meredith recovers enough to start seeing Nathan Riggs, Owen Hunt 's former best friend, by season 13, although their relationship is complicated by the fact that Maggie confesses to Meredith that she has feelings for Riggs and Meredith is not ready to declare their relationship formally or publicly. Eventually she accepts her relationship with Riggs, but it 's complicated by the unexpected return of Owen 's sister, Megan Hunt, Riggs ' fiancée. Meredith finds herself in another love triangle when Megan rejects Riggs because he is still in love with Meredith, but Meredith pushes them to be together. After her relationship with Riggs ends, Meredith is nominated for a Harper Avery Award for her groundbreaking surgery on Megan. Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) Pompeo discovered Grey 's Anatomy after an extended period of doing nothing in the acting profession. Her agent suggested she audition amongst other projects. While casting actresses for the part of Meredith Grey, series ' creator Shonda Rhimes said : `` I kept saying we need a girl like that girl from Moonlight Mile, and after a while, they were like, ' We think we can get that girl from Moonlight Mile. ' I spent time with her and got to know her, and then we started casting for the men. '' She reported that Grey was not an easy role to cast because of the strong verbal possibilities. Rhimes was informed that the actress in question was Pompeo, who had a deal in place with ABC, having previously tested for a pilot show on the network. It has been speculated that Pompeo was the first character to be cast, but when asked, she said she did not know of this. When asked of how she created Pompeo 's character, Rhimes said : `` `` ( I was ) in my pajamas at home, which is where I spent a lot of time writing. I kept asking myself, ' What kind of woman should the heroine be? ' I thought she should be someone who had made some big mistakes. As it turns out, Meredith also has another problem : She is trying to live up to her mother 's renowned career in surgery. Meredith is the daughter of a mother who basically never spent any time with her -- the daughter of a mother who now has Alzheimer 's and does n't even remember her. '' '' Pompeo was cast as the program 's titular character, described by Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times as `` a prickly, independent sort whose ambition, and ambivalence, is fueled by the fact that her mother was a gifted surgeon and now suffers from Alzheimer 's. '' Grey also serves as the show 's narrator, and as such was likened in early reviews to Carrie Bradshaw ( Sarah Jessica Parker ), the narrator and protagonist of Sex and the City. After her initial contract with Grey 's Anatomy expired, Pompeo negotiated a new one, in which she would be paid US $200,000 per episode, making her and Dempsey the highest - paid cast members on the show. In 2012, Forbes recognized Pompeo as the eighth highest - paid actress on television, with a salary of US $275,000 per episode for her role on Grey 's Anatomy. Pompeo 's second contract with Grey 's Anatomy expired after the eighth season, and speculation arose that she would be leaving subsequently. In September 2011, Pompeo reported that she is open to the idea of extending her contract, if invited. She told TV Guide : `` I would never turn up my nose at ( Grey 's Anatomy ). As long as the stories are honest and truthful, and Patrick ( Dempsey ) and I feel there is material for us to be passionate about, it still beats a 9 - to - 5 job any day. If I hear from the fans that they want us to keep going, then I would continue because we owe them everything. '' E! Online reported in May 2012, that Pompeo, as well as all original cast members have signed on for two more years. With the Huffington Post 's announcement of season nine having officially been renewed, the contract is set into place for Pompeo to return. Pompeo 's contract expired again at the end of the twelfth season. She signed a new contract to keep her in the starring role on the series for thirteenth season. According to a report in Deadline.com, Pompeo was earning $300,000 per episode under the new deal. Characterization ( edit ) Whatever I come up with, ( Pompeo ) is always game to play. She 's been so good at what she 's done that I 've just let the character do what I 've wanted the character to do, which has been wonderful. She 's managed to sell every single thing because she 's really believed it. The incredible thing is that you can have no fear to write what you think because she is always able to deliver. Executive producer Betsy Beers on developing Pompeo 's character Grey is the protagonist and focal point of the series. She has been called `` intelligent, compassionate, hard - working, oftentimes outspoken, easily distracted, and indecisive '' by Grey 's Anatomy executives. Pompeo says she is unaware if her character knows how to have fun, adding : `` All of my scenes with ( Dempsey ) are the same -- we 're either breaking up or having sex. '' Her personality has evolved over the past few seasons from depressed, to happy and `` fixed ''. Pompeo said to Good Morning America, `` I am so incredibly lucky to have Patrick ( Dempsey ), to have the chemistry that we do, we have an amazing relationship, and it 's like any other relationship, you have your ups and downs. But we work it out, and we 've found a way to do this for this long and still get along, and make it work and believe in what we 're doing. '' Pompeo told Entertainment Weekly : `` It 's awkward with Patrick ( Dempsey ) because he 's like my brother. As soon as the camera is off, I 'm like, ' Is your hand on my butt? ' But there are millions of girls who have been waiting for this, so I feel an obligation to the fans. '' Rhimes used the dog `` Doc '', which Meredith and Derek shared, as a metaphor of their relationship during the second season. She characterizes Grey as doing what she thinks is right : `` Meredith is the girl who put her hand on a bomb in a body cavity. Meredith is the girl who tried to help a serial killer kill himself, so that he could donate his organs. Meredith -- and this is obvious -- has a compass that has always led her to shades of grey. She does not believe in black - and - white, she does not believe in good or bad, she does what she thinks is right. '' McKee deemed Grey and O'Malley's sexual encounter irreversible. The character had a one - night stand with George O'Malley, in the second season. Series writer Stacy McKee, said of the sexual encounter : `` There 's no turning back. There 's nothing George and Meredith can do. The damage is done -- things will never be the same. They 've just changed something important in their lives FOREVER and... they are freaking out. '' Grey 's character development has also been known as an influence on the creation of her half - sister, Lexie Grey. Particularly, it has been made clear that they both share the same motives. McKee offered her thoughts : `` Meredith and Lexie both want to succeed. They want to be strong. They want to feel normal. They want, so much, to be whole. But it 's a struggle -- a genuine struggle for them. Being hardcore does n't come naturally. Sometimes, they have to fake it. '' Grey 's personality has been compared with that of Alex Karev 's. Rhimes offered the insight : `` I like to create moments for him and Meredith. Because, in my head, they are very similar people. Even though Karev can be such an ass, even though he 's arrogant, even though he gave O'Malley the Syph. He and Meredith are both lost, both lonely, both former screw - ups who got their acts together. In another lifetime, they would be really good friends. So throughout the season, we watch them pause from time to time to look at each other and see that they are mirrors of one another. -- Shonda Rhimes, Grey Matter Pompeo fights for a truthful storyline for her character -- she wants it to be realistic and says you ca n't always wrap it up in a neat little package. Referring to Grey 's tampering with Shepherd 's trial, Pompeo said : `` Listen, what Meredith did clearly crossed a line. Derek has a right to be pissed. '' Following the tampering, Rhimes said she believes that Grey and Shepherd are meant to be together and that it in the end, they will end up with each other. Grey 's relationship with Cristina Yang, has been looked upon as `` sisterhood '', and Yang has repeatedly referred to Grey as `` her person ''. This led to the two being dubbed `` the twisted sisters ''. At the conclusion of season three, the duo went on a `` honeymoon '' together, and Rhimes called it her favorite detail of the finale. Grey has been characterized, by some, as `` whiny ''. Rhimes offered her insight : `` I 've heard a lot of talk about Meredith being whiny but the truth is, she 's got a mom ( who died of ) Alzheimer 's, no other family to speak of, and the man she loves is married. She 's pretty freaking lonely, people. She 's got a right to get her whine on. So, when she falters, it 's partly because she 's got nothing to hang on to. As she says in the first episode, she needs a reason to go on, she needs some hope. '' Rhimes felt that the 100th episode showed well Meredith 's evolution throughout the show from a `` dark and twisty girl '' to a `` happy woman ''. She said : `` She is the thing her mother wished for her. She is extraordinary. Because, to get past the crap of your past? To move on? To let the past go and change? That is extraordinary. To love? Without fear? Without screwing it up? That is extraordinary. It makes me happy to see her happy. '' Following the departure of Patrick Dempsey 's character, Rhimes was quoted as saying that ``... Meredith and the entire Grey 's Anatomy family are about to enter uncharted territory as we head into this new chapter of her life. The possibilities for what may come are endless. '' With at least a year left in Pompeo 's contract with the show, viewers are sure to witness some of the most difficult times of Meredith 's life yet. Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) The character has received both overwhelmingly positive reviews to weary response from television critics throughout the course of the show. The initial response to the character was positive but as the series progressed Meredith Grey became immensely popular and Pompeo established the character as a critic and fan favorite featuring on a number of Top TV Character lists. The development of the character has been deemed as the highlight of the show. Grey has constantly been defined as `` the heroine of Grey 's Anatomy ''. At the time of inception Newsday 's Diane Werts praised the character stating, `` Like Hugh Laurie 's irascible `` House '' title character, star Ellen Pompeo 's newly minted Dr. Grey conveys such substance that you simply ca n't stop watching. '' Ellen A. Kim of After Pompeo not receiving an Emmy nomination for her work as Grey, McNamara of the Los Angeles Times suggested that Pompeo, `` who has worked very hard and against all narrative odds to make Meredith Grey an interesting character at last '' should have received a nomination at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards. Later, during the twelfth season Western Gazette gave Ellen Pompeo the credit for carrying the show and re-ittirated. '' ( It 's ) time for Pompeo to finally win an Emmy Award. '' Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly referred to Grey as the `` trusty voice over master '' of Grey 's Anatomy. Pompeo 's connection with Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) is acclaimed as a high point of the series. Former television columnist for The Star - Ledger Alan Sepinwall expressed his boredom on the focus given on Grey 's relationships storylines while reviewing the second season 's finale : `` On those occasions when Meredith 's not involved in a plot about her love life, I do kind of like her, but those moments are so infrequent compared to her constant angsting over McDreamy -- not to mention all those seemingly unrelated storylines that always turn into a metaphor for that relationship -- that I really, really ca n't stand her. '' During the show 's third season, the development of the character received negative reviews, with Cristopher Monfette of IGN stating that her storyline has become `` some bizarrely under - developed sub-plot about depression and giving Derek a season 's worth of reconsidering to do. '' Also during the third season, Robert Rorke of the New York Post noted the decline in Meredith 's role in the show, expressing disappointment : `` She used to be the queen of the romantic dilemmas, but lately, she 's been a little dopey, what with the endless McDreamy soliloquies. '' Similarly, Macleans.ca found their storyline in the fourth season overused, `` This whole ' Oh I need more time, ' but ' Oh, I 'm jealous if you look at someone else ' angst was tired in the second season, frustrating in the third and now a total channel changer. The will - they - or - wo n't - they plot does n't work because they 've already been in and out of that relationship too many times. Meredith is a nag and McDreamy is henpecked. '' On a more positive note, her relationship with Shepherd was included in AOL TV 's list of the `` Best TV Couples of All Time '' and in the same list by TV Guide. During the sixth season the development of the character was praised, Glenn Diaz of BuddyTV commented that `` You got ta love Mer when she 's gloomy. '', in addition to praising Pompeo 's performance. In her review of the episode Tainted Obligation she wrote `` I felt for Meredith, but after Lexie 's heartfelt begging and pleading, I was happy that Mere finally grows up and casts her selfishness aside. Three seasons ago Meredith would never have dreamed of putting Lexie first, and I was proud of her for giving up part of her liver -- her offer to get to know her dad was an even bigger milestone. '' Reviewing the first part of the eighth season, TV Fanatic lauded the character and wrote : `` this season belongs to Meredith Grey. She is the heart and soul of the show and has been outstanding. This is a character that used to be so dark and twisty and has now grown into a more mature woman. Ellen Pompeo has been at the top of her game this season. '' Wit & Fancy praised the transformation of the character and stated, `` Of course Meredith will still make rash decisions like when she took off with Zola, or tampered with the trial but she does things out of love and the kindness of her heart now and not because she is dark and twisty. Considering where Meredith was at the beginning and where she is now, I think she went through a remarkable journey and did more than just growing up, she finally became `` all whole and healed ``. '' Maura O'Malley of Bustle also lauded the development of the character ahead of season 12 saying, `` When the series began, Meredith was just a girl sitting in a bar celebrating the exciting next phase of her life. She had graduated medical school, she was starting her residency at a prestigious hospital, and she was simply looking for a no - strings attached, one night stand. What she got instead was a complicated romantic relationship that rivals Romeo and Juliet -- but the key is, she was n't searching for love. Working and learning were -- and continue to be -- her priorities, while McDreamy was simply an added perk. Hopefully, the new season of Grey 's Anatomy will reflect this change in tone, because Meredith is a strong, independent woman -- and she will be just fine. '' Later in the series, Ellen Pompeo received critical acclaim with numerous critics lauding her portrayal of the character. Reviewing the episode She 's Leaving Home CarterMatt called her the `` anchor '' for Grey 's saying, `` Throughout, this was an episode completely anchored by Ellen Pompeo, who has done some of her best work ever on the show the past couple of weeks. Tonight, she cried, she fought, and she learned that she was carrying his child. '' and added that Pompeo is often `` ovelooked '' saying, `` Her subtlety is probably why she is often overlooked. '' Rick Porter of Zap2it reviewing `` How to Save a Life '' wrote, `` Without Meredith, and without one of Pompeo 's strongest performances in her long time on the show, `` How to Save a Life '' would have run the risk of coming across as a baldly manipulative death episode, the likes of which the show has done several times before. He added. `` How to Save a Life '' may not be the ideal Emmy - submission episode for Pompeo, considering Meredith is off screen for more than half of it. But it 's among the best work she 's ever done on the show. '' USA Today also lauded Pompeo saying, `` In some ways, the episode ( How to Save a Life ) was even more of a showcase for Pompeo. She had some of the more memorable and well - played scenes, from her angry response to the doctor who tries to tell her what her choices are, to her resignation when she realizes she has to comfort and motivate the young doctor whose mistakes cost Derek his life. '' Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considered Meredith 's friendship with Cristina ( Sandra Oh ) to be `` the secret core of Grey 's ''. The relation between Meredith and Cristina has been acclaimed and been a highlight of the show. Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considered the friendship to be `` the secret core of Grey 's ''. Aisha Harris of Slate called their relation The Best Female Friendship on TV adding that `` With those two characters, showrunner Shonda Rhimes and her team of writers created one of the most nuanced and realistic portrayals of female friendship on television. '' Samantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly called Cristina and Meredith the best female friends on TV because `` they do n't try to be ''. There 's nothing fake about them, which is a rarity in how female friends are portrayed on television. She further went on to call them ' soulmates ', `` And even though they 'd never dare get sappy enough to say it, they 're soul mates. Margaret Lyons of Vulture ( magazine ) called the friendship '' dream BFF relationship. '' and the primary focus of the show, `` One of the series ' calling cards has been its depiction of female friendship and particularly the primacy that friendship enjoyed over romantic relationships. '' `` `` I wanted to create a world in which you felt as if you were watching very real women. Most of the women I saw on TV did n't seem like people I actually knew. They felt like ideas of what women are. They never got to be nasty or competitive or hungry or angry. They were often just the loving wife or the nice friend. But who gets to be the bitch? Who gets to be the three - dimensional woman? '' - Rhimes on Cristina - Meredith friendship. '' E! at the time of Sandra Oh 's exit wrote, `` In Grey 's Anatomy 's 10 - year history, the doctor duo has been through a lot together : weddings, deaths, plane crashes, bomb threats, shooting, you name it, they 've lived ( and danced ) through it. '' and added, `` And with the three words, `` You 're my person. '' Cristina Yang and Meredith Grey solidified their status as the small screen 's best best friends ever. '' Marama Whyte of Hypable wrote, `` Critically, the key relationship in Meredith 's life was not her romance with Derek Shepherd, but her passionate, indestructible, absolutely enviable friendship with Cristina. Talk about relationship goals ; who wants McDreamy when Cristina Yang could be your person. These two were the real powerhouse, and Shonda Rhimes did n't shy away from making the audience remember this. Derek was the love of her life, but Cristina was her soul mate. More than anyone else, Cristina challenged Meredith, was honest with her, and inspired her. For these reasons, it was Cristina who was constantly the source of Meredith 's character development, not Derek. '' Pompeo 's character has also been used to define the image a strong woman, Bustle previewing the 12th season wrote, `` Meredith Grey has always been capable of being on her own. Grey 's Anatomy is about Meredith 's journey. Men and romantic interests are a part of her life, but they are not the priority. She does n't need McDreamy. Grey 's Anatomy does n't need McDreamy. So even if the writers do decide to create a new love interest for Ms. Grey ( Martin Henderson, perhaps? ), it would n't matter. I have faith that the show 's writers will do this storyline justice, because TV needs more strong single women -- and Meredith seems like the perfect candidate. '' The site added, `` This past season was almost a trial run for a McDreamy-less Grey 's Anatomy. When Derek left for Washington D.C. to pursue his research, Meredith stayed behind and focused on her own career. She did n't chase him. Her priority were her children and the Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Meredith showed that she would never put aside her own dreams and aspirations for a man, and I believe that this wo n't change after Derek 's death. '' Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Grey 's Anatomy Pompeo 's failure to garner an Emmy Award nomination has been called a `` snub '' on multiple occasions. Pompeo has won and has been nominated for multiple awards for her portrayal of Grey. She and the Grey 's Anatomy cast won Best Ensemble in a Television Series at the 2006 Satellite Awards. During the following year 's ceremony, she was named Best Actress in a Television Drama Series. She was among the Grey 's Anatomy cast members awarded the Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series accolade at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards, and received nominations in the same category in 2006 and 2008. Pompeo received a Best Performance by an Actress in a Drama Series nomination at the 64th Golden Globe Awards -- the program won Best Drama Series at the same ceremony. Also in 2007, Pompeo and the female cast and crew of Grey 's Anatomy received the Women in Film Lucy Award, which honors those `` whose work in television has positively influenced attitudes toward women. '' Pompeo 's performance has garnered her multiple People 's Choice Awards. At the 37th People 's Choice Awards, she was nominated against Dempsey and Oh in the Favorite TV Doctor category, and the following year, she was a contender in the Favorite TV Drama Actress category. Since 2012 Pompeo has received nomination at the People 's Choice Awards every year in two categories at 40th People 's Choice Awards alongside Patrick Dempsey and Sandra Oh respectively. She won the Best Drama Actress Award at both the 39th People 's Choice Awards and the 41st People 's Choice Awards. In 2007, show - business awards reporter Tom O'Neil commented that Pompeo was overdue an Emmy Award nomination for her role in Grey 's Anatomy. Readers of O'Neil's awards website, The Envelope, included Pompeo in their 2009 nominations for Best Drama Actress in the site 's Gold Derby TV Awards. Entertainment Weekly launched the EWwy Awards in 2008, to honor actors who have not received Emmy nominations. Pompeo was nominated in the Best Actress in a Drama Series category, and placed fourth, with 19 percent of readers ' votes. References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Yesterday ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 2. Episode 18. February 19, 2006. ABC. Jump up ^ `` Ellen Pompeo Biography ''. Yahoo. Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen ( September 30, 2005 ). `` Chicago as a ' Grey ' area? ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 23, 2012. Jump up ^ Fonseca, Nicholas ( September 16, 2005 ). `` Playing Doctors ''. Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved January 23, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Interview : Ellen Pompeo from Grey 's Anatomy ''. Fanbolt. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2012. first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Winfrey, Oprah ( December 2006 ). `` Oprah Talks to Shonda Rhimes ''. O, The Oprah Magazine. Harpo Productions, Inc. Retrieved May 24, 2012. Jump up ^ McNamara, Mary ( May 15, 2005 ). `` ' Grey 's ' takes a scalpel to standard procedure ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 23, 2012. Jump up ^ Brownfield, Paul ( March 25, 2005 ). `` Lessons in the OR and via voice - over ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 23, 2012. Jump up ^ Stanley, Alessandra ( March 25, 2005 ). `` Tales of Sex and Surgery ''. New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2012. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( March 9, 2007 ). `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' stars get pay rises ``. Reuters. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Jump up ^ `` 2012 Highest Paid TV Actresses ''. Forbes. Forbes, Inc. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012. Jump up ^ `` ABC Not Worried About ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Star Contracts ; ' Revenge ' Could Move Out Of Hamptons ''. Access Hollywood. Retrieved May 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Bricker, Tierney. `` Grey 's Anatomy : Patrick Dempsey, Ellen Pompeo, Sandra Oh and Justin Chambers Set to Return! ''. NBC Universal. E! Online. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen ( May 10, 2012 ). `` ' Once, ' ' Revenge, ' ' Grey 's ' And Two Comedies Renewed By ABC ''. Huffington Post. Huffington Post TV. Retrieved May 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette ( 1 June 2016 ). `` Ellen Pompeo signs new deal with Grey 's Anatomy ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 5 June 2016. Jump up ^ Nilles, Billy ( 1 June 2016 ). `` Ellen Pompeo Signs New Deal for Grey 's Anatomy Season 13 Because No Duh ''. E!. Retrieved 5 June 2016. Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Season Three DVD : Commentary Feature. Buena Vista, ABC. 2007. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) Bio ''. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2013. Jump up ^ Keck, William ( September 24, 2007 ). `` A lighter shade of ' Grey 's ' on the set ''. USA Today. Retrieved May 10, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Ellen Pompeo Biography ''. People. Retrieved May 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Rhimes, Shonda ( May 17, 2006 ). `` From Shonda Rhimes ( FINALLY )... ''. Grey Matter. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on March 19, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Mitovich, Matt Webb. `` Shonda Rhimes : Grey 's Anatomy Finale Sets Up What May Be Original Cast 's Final Run ''. TVLine. Retrieved May 10, 2012. Jump up ^ McKee, Stacy ( February 26, 2006 ). `` From Stacy McKee, writer of `` What Have I Done To Deserve This? '' ``. ABC. Grey Matter. Archived from the original on December 19, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Jump up ^ McKee, Stacy ( November 1, 2007 ). `` Stacy McKee on `` Kung Fu Fighting ''... ``. ABC. Grey Matter. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Rhimes, Shonda ( November 22, 2005 ). `` From Shonda Rhimes, creator and writer of `` Thanks For The Memories '' ``. ABC. Grey Matter. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Mosthof, Marielle. `` Ellen Pompeo Discusses Keeping the Spark Alive With Her On - Screen Hubby ''. Wet Paint. Retrieved May 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb. `` Grey 's Exclusive : Ellen Pompeo Weighs In on Mer - Der Fight : ' He Needs To Get Over It, Quick ' ''. TVLine. Retrieved May 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Rhimes, Shonda ( October 3, 2007 ). `` Shonda on the Season Premiere Episode `` A Change Is Gonna Come ''... ``. ABC. Grey Matter. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Rhimes, Shonda ( February 12, 2006 ). `` From Shonda : It 's the end of the episode ( as we know it ) ''. ABC. Grey Matter. Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Rhimes, Shonda ( May 8, 2009 ). `` Shonda Rhimes on `` What a Difference a Day Makes ''... ``. Grey Matter. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2013. Jump up ^ Gay, Verne ( April 24, 2015 ). `` Patrick Dempsey leaves ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ; creator Shonda Rhimes says show entering ' uncharted territory ' ''. Newsday. Retrieved May 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Stanley, Alessandra ( September 12, 2006 ). `` TV Review : Men In Trees ''. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved May 10, 2012. Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/tv/greys-anatomy/critic-reviews Jump up ^ McNamara, Mary ( July 17, 2009 ). `` Seven Emmy nods a good fit ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 22, 2012. Jump up ^ Hawkins, Alex ( September 28, 2015 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy returns swinging in a new direction ''. Western Gazette. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan ( May 19, 2006 ). `` Odds and sods ''. Sepinwall.blogspot.com. Retrieved August 12, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Review ''. TV.IGN.com. Retrieved September 3, 2011. Jump up ^ Rorke, Robert. `` HEART THROB - GREY 'S ANATOMY 'S KATHERINE HEIGL ON SEX, LOVE AND CUPCAKES ''. New York Post. Retrieved May 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Treble, Patricia ( April 25, 2008 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy is on life support ''. Macleans.ca. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012. Jump up ^ Potts, Kimberly ( February 11, 2008 ). `` Best TV Couples of All Time ''. AOL TV. Aol, Inc. Retrieved September 14, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures, Grey 's Anatomy Photos - Photo Gallery : The Best TV Couples of All Time ''. TV Guide. Retrieved June 20, 2012. Jump up ^ http://www.buddytv.com/articles/greys-anatomy/greys-anatomy-episode-64-taint-31787.aspx Jump up ^ Morrison, Courtney ( November 18, 2011 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy Midseason Report Card : B + ''. TV Fanatic. Retrieved September 1, 2013. Jump up ^ http://witandfancy.com/2012/01/22/awesome-female-characters-meredith-grey-and-her-journey-from-dark-and-twisty-to-whole-and-healed/ ^ Jump up to : http://www.bustle.com/articles/108812-meredith-grey-will-be-just-fine-after-mcdreamys-death-so-will-you-greys-anatomy-fans Jump up ^ http://cartermatt.com/163316/greys-anatomy-season-10-episode-22-review-meredith-and-dereks-baby-tears-and-much-more/ Jump up ^ http://cartermatt.com/133792/greys-anatomy-season-11-episode-1-review-ellen-pompeo-star-premiere/ Jump up ^ http://www.zap2it.com/blogs/greys_anatomy_ellen_pompeo_saved_how_to_save_a_life-2015-04 Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2015/04/23/greys-anatomy-kills-off-major-character/26243761/ Jump up ^ http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2014/05/14/grey_s_anatomy_season_finale_ends_meredith_and_cristina_s_friendship_the.html Jump up ^ http://popwatch.ew.com/2014/05/14/greys-anatomy-meredith-cristina/ Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2013/12/meredith-cristina-greys-anatomy-fight.html Jump up ^ http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2014/05/14/grey_s_anatomy_season_finale_ends_meredith_and_cristina_s_friendship_the.html. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/538821/grey-s-anatomy-we-dare-you-not-to-cry-during-this-tribute-to-cristina-and-meredith-s-epic-friendship Jump up ^ http://www.hypable.com/shondaland-shonda-rhimes-feminism/ Jump up ^ `` Winner Announcement '' ( PDF ). www.pressacademy.com. International Press Academy. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Satellites Award ' No Country, ' ' Juno ' ''. Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. December 17, 2007. Retrieved January 13, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ''. www.sagawards.org. Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved January 13, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ''. www.sagawards.org. Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved January 14, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ''. www.sagawards.org. Screen Actors Guild Awards. Retrieved January 14, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy ''. www.goldenglobes.org. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2012. Jump up ^ Davidson, Ben G. ( June 14, 2007 ). `` WIF 's Lucy Award goes to women of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Nielsen Company. Retrieved January 22, 2012. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees ''. www.peopleschoice.com. People 's Choice Awards. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2012. Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2012 Nominees ''. www.peopleschoice.com. People 's Choice Awards. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2012. Jump up ^ http://www.wetpaint.com/greys-anatomy/articles/ellen-pompeo-and-greys-anatomy-win-big-at-2013-peoples-choice-awards?rand=130121 Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-peoples-choice-awards-2015-winners-list-20150107-story.html Jump up ^ O'Neil, Tom ( June 6, 2007 ). `` Battle to the finish ''. The Envelope ( Los Angeles Times ). Tribune Broadcasting. Retrieved January 22, 2012. Jump up ^ O'Neil, Tom ( June 30, 2009 ). `` ' 30 Rock, ' ' Mad Men ' lead Gold Derby TV Award nominations ''. Gold Derby ( Los Angeles Times ). Tribune Broadcasting. Retrieved January 22, 2012. Jump up ^ `` EWwy Winners Revealed! ''. Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. September 22, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2012. General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ''. ABC. Retrieved June 19, 2012. External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Television portal Meredith Grey at ABC.com Meredith Grey on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meredith_Grey&oldid=808602648 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional characters from Massachusetts Fictional characters from Washington ( state ) Fictional storytellers Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional surgeons Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Македонски Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017, at 22 : 13. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Meredith Grey", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Meredith_Grey&amp;oldid=808602648" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "7959479174247354367" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Longest Yard ( 2005 film ) - Wikipedia The Longest Yard ( 2005 film ) The Longest Yard Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Segal Produced by Jack Giarraputo Screenplay by Sheldon Turner Based on The Longest Yard by Tracy Keenan Wynn The Longest Yard by Albert S. Ruddy Starring Adam Sandler Chris Rock James Cromwell Nelly William Fichtner David Patrick Kelly Tracy Morgan Cloris Leachman Burt Reynolds The Great Khali Music by Teddy Castellucci Cinematography Dean Semler Edited by Jeff Gourson Production company MTV Films Happy Madison Productions Callahan Filmworks Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( United States ) Columbia Pictures ( International ) Release date May 27, 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 27 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $82 million Box office $190.3 million The Longest Yard is a 2005 American sports prison comedy film and a remake of the 1974 film of the same name. Adam Sandler plays the protagonist Paul Crewe, a disgraced former professional quarterback for the Pittsburgh Steelers, who is forced to form a team from the prison inmates to play football against their guards. Burt Reynolds, who played Sandler 's role in the original, co-stars as Nate Scarborough, the inmates ' coach. Chris Rock plays Crewe 's friend, known as Caretaker. The cast includes James Cromwell, Nelly, William Fichtner and several former and current professional athletes such as Terry Crews, Michael Irvin, Brian Bosworth, Bill Romanowski, Bill Goldberg, Bob Sapp, Kevin Nash, Stone Cold Steve Austin, and Dalip `` The Great Khali '' Singh Rana. The film was produced by MTV Films and Happy Madison Productions and distributed by Paramount Pictures and Columbia Pictures, and was released on May 27, 2005. Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Awards 6 Soundtrack 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Paul Crewe is a former NFL player who, one night, gets drunk and goes joyriding in the Bentley of his girlfriend Lena, crashing it. It is revealed that he was accused of shaving points in a big game, although it was never proven. In prison, Warden Rudolph Hazen, wishing to boost his prison 's reputation for future elections as State Governor, uses threats and confinement in a hot box to coerce Crewe into helping the prison guards ' football team, led by the hostile Captain Knauer. Crewe informs Hazen that what Hazen 's team needs is a tune - up game to boost the guards ' confidence, and is therefore coerced to form an inmate team to play against the guards. He does so with the help of a newfound friend, Caretaker. They start off with a poorly organized team, before being noticed by another prisoner, former college football star Nate Scarborough, who decides to help coach the team by gathering several intimidating inmates as a boost to the team 's strength. Caretaker tells Crewe that they need more `` brothers '' on the team. When Crewe goes to the basketball court to ask the black inmates to join the team, their leader, Deacon Moss rebuffs him. Crewe challenges Deacon to a one - on - one basketball game, saying that if he wins, the brothers will join the team, and if Deacon wins, Crewe will leave them alone. Deacon accepts, and despite Deacon 's undisguised personal fouls in which he elbows, punches or grabs Crewe, Crewe continues without complaint. On the game - winning shot, Crewe cleanly steals the ball from Deacon and scores, but Deacon calls a foul. Realizing he wo n't be allowed to win, Crewe lets Deacon score the final shot. Although Deacon beats Crewe, one of the brothers, a fast runner named Earl Megget, impressed with Crewe 's decision to take the beating, joins the football team as its running back. When the guards learn of this, they confront Earl in an attempt to provoke an assault by him by saying the racial epithet `` nigger '', but Earl does not allow himself to be provoked despite intimidation and minor abuse. Having witnessed this, the other `` brothers '', including Deacon, decide to join the team too. Hazen and the guards continue attempts to hinder Crewe 's team by flooding their field, but the team decides to practice in the mud anyway. Inmate Unger spies on the activities of the inmates and after being pressured by the guards, rigs Crewe 's radio with an explosive. Caretaker unknowingly enters the cell to give a photo gift to Crewe, but is killed when he tries to turn the dial on the radio. On game day, the inmates are revitalized in the wake of Caretaker 's murder when Crewe reveals Caretaker 's last gift to the team, quality gear and uniforms from his cousin at Reebok with the team name `` Mean Machine '' on the uniforms. The Mean Machine overcomes a rough start, due to individual inmates ' attempts to retaliate against guards for the abuse they 've suffered. Crewe angrily tells the inmates that winning the game is more important and will damage the guards more than their personal grudges, and gets them to play as a team. The first half ends with the score tied. The angered Hazen informs Crewe in private that if he does not lose he will be charged for Caretaker 's murder. Crewe acquiesces to Hazen 's threat, asking that the guards refrain from using excessive force on the field after getting a comfortable lead, to which Hazen agrees to do so after they obtain a two touchdown lead. After Crewe fakes an injury in order to leave the field, his teammates voice their displeasure over his obvious deserting of the team. After seeing that Hazen has broken his promise and two members of the Mean Machine are injured, Crewe asks Skitchy if the time spent in jail for punching the warden was worth it. Skitchy replies, `` It was worth every goddamn second, '' and inspired Crewe returns to the field. The team initially doubts Crewe 's resolve and allows him to be sacked twice. After running for a first down on 4th and Long, Crewe, realizing that his inmates are still not protecting him due to his prior actions, calls a huddle, admits to the point shaving that disgraced him, the injury that he faked as a result of Hazen 's threat, and sabotage to the other inmates, and asks for their forgiveness, putting his hands in the middle of all of them. Moss puts his hand in, followed by the rest of the team. The Mean Machine, united again as a team, quickly scores two touchdowns to cut the guards ' lead to 35 -- 28. After Megget is injured following a long run, Scarborough comes in for one play as replacement and scores a touchdown off a trick play involving a fumble called a Fumblerooski. Mean Machine decides to go for the two - point conversion and the win. As they get up to the line they seem to be confused, and Crewe and Scarborough start arguing in order to trick the guards. Moss gets the snap and passes it to Crewe, who scores the winning conversion, winning the game. Knauer, with a newfound respect for Crewe, tells him that he showed extraordinary nerve, and lets him know that he will vouch that Crewe had nothing to do with Caretaker 's death. Hazen admonishes Knauer for losing a fixed game and notices that Crewe is heading towards the exit. Eagerly implying Crewe is trying to escape, Hazen orders that Crewe be shot for attempting to escape. Knauer hesitates and at the last moment realizes ( and scornfully tells Hazen ) that Crewe is only picking up the game football. Crewe returns it to Hazen, telling him to `` stick it in ( his ) trophy case. '' Moss and Joey Battle give Hazen a Gatorade shower, and when he tells them that this has earned them a week in the hot box, Battle defiantly yells `` Who gives a shit?! '' Cast ( edit ) Convicts Adam Sandler as Paul `` Wrecking '' Crewe Chris Rock as James `` Caretaker '' Farrell Burt Reynolds as Coach Nate Scarborough Nelly as Earl Megget Michael Irvin as Deacon Moss Bill Goldberg as Joey `` Battle '' Battaglio Terry Crews as `` Cheeseburger '' Eddy Bob Sapp as Switowski Nicholas Turturro as Brucie Dalip Singh as Turley Lobo Sebastian as Torres Joey Diaz as Tony Rob Schneider as Punky David Patrick Kelly as Unger Eddie Bunker as Doc `` Skitchy '' Rivers Steve Reevis as `` Baby Face '' Bob Rainwater Tracy Morgan as Miss Tucker Prison Staff James Cromwell as Warden Rudolph Hazen William Fichtner as Captain Wilhem Knauer Kevin Nash as Sergeant Engleheart Steve Austin as Guard Dunham Brian Bosworth as Guard Garner Michael Papajohn as Guard Papajohn Conrad Goode as Guard Webster Bill Romanowski as Guard Lambert Cloris Leachman as Lynette Grey Others Allen Covert as Referee Jim Rome as Himself Chris Berman as Himself Lauren Sanchez as Herself Patrick Bristow as Walt Adam Schefter as Himself Peter King as Himself Courteney Cox as Lena ( uncredited ) Dan Patrick as Police Officer Rap group D12 except for Eminem appeared in the movie and they were credited as Basketball Convicts. Eminem was mentioned in the scene where Crewe comes to invite the Basketball team and a player says : ' Look guys, it 's the fake Slim Shady ' mocking his race. Production ( edit ) The movie was filmed at the New Mexico State Penitentiary on Route 14, Santa Fe, New Mexico. The football game at the end of the film was filmed at Murdock Stadium at the El Camino College in Torrance, California. The car chase scene was filmed whereabouts in Long Beach, California. Other parts of the film were filmed in Los Angeles and New Mexico. The golf course scene was filmed at Lost Canyons Golf Club in Simi Valley, California. Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film did well at the box office. Its $47.6 million opening weekend was the largest of Sandler 's career and only second to The Day After Tomorrow as the largest opening by a movie that was not # 1. The film would go on to gross $158.1 million in the United States and Canada and $190 million worldwide. It was the highest - grossing film produced by MTV Films, until it was surpassed by Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters. Despite the large number of remakes released at the theaters, it 's worth noting that The Longest Yard is the highest grossing comedy remake of the modern box office era ( from 1980 on ). Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 32 % based on 165 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8 / 10. The website 's critical consensus reads, `` This Yard has some laughs but missing from this remake is the edginess of the original. '' On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews ''. According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebert, in the critical minority with this title, gave it a `` Thumbs Up '', defending it later in his Chicago Sun - Times review as a film that ``... more or less achieves what most of the people attending it will expect. '' In the print review, Ebert beseeches his readers to ``... seek out a movie you could have an interesting conversation about '', citing films not in wide release such as Dominion : Prequel to the Exorcist and Kontroll, until finally encouraging his readers to `` drop any thought of seeing anything else instead '' if they can see Crash. Awards ( edit ) The film earned Chris Rock a BET Comedy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Theatrical Film. Burt Reynolds earned a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance in the film. Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Longest Yard ( soundtrack ) The official soundtrack, which consisted entirely of hip - hop music, was released on May 24, 2005 by Universal Records. It peaked at 11 on the Billboard 200 and 10 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums. The film itself contains a mixture of hip hop and rock music, featuring music by Creedence Clearwater Revival, Norman Greenbaum and AC / DC among others. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 27, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Filming at Lost Canyons Golf Club ''. Lost Canyons. December 1, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Comedy Remake ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 1, 2014. Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore ''. CinemaScore. Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15. Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger ( May 26, 2005 ). `` Reviews : The Longest Yard ''. rogerebert.com. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Longest Yard ( 2005 film ) Official website The Longest Yard on IMDb The Longest Yard at Box Office Mojo The Longest Yard at Rotten Tomatoes The Longest Yard at americanfootballfilms MTV Films 1990s Joe 's Apartment ( 1996 ) Beavis and Butt - Head Do America ( 1996 ) Dead Man on Campus ( 1998 ) Varsity Blues ( 1999 ) 200 Cigarettes ( 1999 ) Election ( 1999 ) The Wood ( 1999 ) 2000s The Original Kings of Comedy ( 2000 ) Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Pootie Tang ( 2001 ) Orange County ( 2002 ) Better Luck Tomorrow ( 2002 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) Martin Lawrence Live : Runteldat ( 2002 ) Jackass : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2003 ) Tupac : Resurrection ( 2003 ) The Perfect Score ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2004 ) Hustle & Flow ( 2005 ) Coach Carter ( 2005 ) Murderball ( 2005 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) Æon Flux ( 2005 ) Jackass Number Two ( 2006 ) Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) Blades of Glory ( 2007 ) Beneath ( 2007 ) How She Move ( 2008 ) The Foot Fist Way ( 2008 ) Stop - Loss ( 2008 ) Dance Flick ( 2009 ) 2010s Jackass 3D ( 2010 ) Justin Bieber : Never Say Never ( 2011 ) Footloose ( 2011 ) Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 2013 ) Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa ( 2013 ) Project Almanac ( 2015 ) Films directed by Peter Segal Naked Gun 331⁄3 : The Final Insult ( 1994 ) Tommy Boy ( 1995 ) My Fellow Americans ( 1996 ) Nutty Professor II : The Klumps ( 2000 ) Anger Management ( 2003 ) 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Get Smart ( 2008 ) Grudge Match ( 2013 ) Second Act ( 2018 ) Happy Madison Productions Films Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) Little Nicky ( 2000 ) The Animal ( 2001 ) Joe Dirt ( 2001 ) Mr. Deeds ( 2002 ) The Master of Disguise ( 2002 ) Eight Crazy Nights ( 2002 ) The Hot Chick ( 2002 ) Anger Management ( 2003 ) Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star ( 2003 ) 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo ( 2005 ) Grandma 's Boy ( 2006 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) Click ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry ( 2007 ) Reign Over Me ( 2007 ) Strange Wilderness ( 2008 ) The House Bunny ( 2008 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Bedtime Stories ( 2008 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop ( 2009 ) The Shortcut ( 2009 ) Funny People ( 2009 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Bucky Larson : Born to Be a Star ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy ( 2012 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Blended ( 2014 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Joe Dirt 2 : Beautiful Loser ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) The Week Of ( 2018 ) Television series Rules of Engagement ( 2007 -- 13 ) The Gong Show with Dave Attell ( 2008 ) Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time ( 2010 -- 11 ) Breaking In ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Goldbergs ( 2013 -- present ) Imaginary Mary ( 2017 ) Key people Adam Sandler Allen Covert Jack Giarraputo Tim Herlihy Heather Parry Sony Pictures Entertainment Nelly Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums and singles Country Grammar `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' `` E.I. '' `` Ride wit Me '' `` Batter Up '' Nellyville `` Hot in Herre '' `` Dilemma '' `` Air Force Ones '' `` Work It '' `` Pimp Juice '' Sweat and Suit `` Flap Your Wings '' `` Tilt Ya Head Back '' `` Na - NaNa - Na '' `` My Place '' `` Over and Over '' `` ' N ' Dey Say '' Brass Knuckles `` Wadsyaname '' `` Party People '' `` Body on Me '' `` Stepped on My J'z '' 5.0 `` Just a Dream '' `` Move That Body '' `` Gone '' M.O. `` Hey Porsche '' `` Get Like Me '' Compilations Sweatsuit The Best of Nelly EPs 6 Derrty Hits Remix albums Da Derrty Versions : The Reinvention Featured singles `` Where the Party At '' `` Girlfriend ( The Neptunes Remix ) '' `` Get It Poppin ' '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` Call on Me '' `` 5000 Ones '' `` Here I Am '' `` Miss Me '' `` Lose Control ( Let Me Down ) '' `` Cruise ( Remix ) '' `` 4x4 '' `` I Do n't Wanna Go to Bed '' `` Millionaire '' Soundtrack singles `` # 1 '' `` Shake Ya Tailfeather '' `` Errtime '' `` Warrior '' Other singles `` Iz U '' `` Grillz '' `` The Champ '' `` The Fix '' `` Die a Happy Man '' Related articles St. Lunatics Derrty Entertainment The Main Event Nellyville ( TV series ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Longest_Yard_(2005_film)&oldid=865603684 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s comedy - drama films 2000s prison films American comedy - drama films American crime drama films American film remakes American films American football films American prison films American sports comedy films Films set in Texas Films shot in New Mexico Pittsburgh Steelers in popular culture Films directed by Peter Segal Paramount Pictures films Columbia Pictures films MTV Films films Happy Madison films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018, at 23 : 40 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Longest Yard (2005 film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Longest_Yard_(2005_film)&amp;oldid=865603684" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "12820076856447911203" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ 1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Joanna Going - wikipedia Joanna Going Jump to : navigation, search Joanna Going Joanna Going at the Kingdom premiere in October 2014. Joanna C. Going ( 1963 - 07 - 22 ) July 22, 1963 ( age 54 ) Washington, DC., United States Alma mater Emerson College American Academy of Dramatic Arts Occupation Actress Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Dylan Walsh ( m. 2004 ; div. 2012 ) Children Joanna C. Going ( born July 22, 1963 ) is an American actress. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) She was born in Washington, DC, the oldest of six children of a lawyer / state assemblyman father and a police dispatcher mother. Raised in Newport, Rhode Island, she graduated from Rogers High School in 1981, then attended Emerson College for two years before studying at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Career ( edit ) Going appeared in soap opera roles in the late 1980s, most notably as Lisa Grady on Another World from 1987 to 1989. She went on to portray lead character Victoria Winters in the 1991 primetime series Dark Shadows. Going later starred in short - lived television series Going to Extremes and guest - starred on Columbo, Spin City, The Outer Limits, and Law & Order. Going starred in a number of feature films. She made her film debut in Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) as Josephine Marcus, and later had major roles in Eden, Keys to Tulsa, Inventing the Abbotts, and Still Breathing. Her biggest role may be in the 1998 film version of Phantoms. In the 2000s, she starred in several television films and guest - starred on CSI : Crime Scene Investigation, Criminal Minds, and Mad Men. She also appeared opposite Sean Penn in the 2011 film The Tree of Life, her first role in a major motion picture since 2003 's Runaway Jury. In 2014, Going starred as First Lady Tricia Walker in the second season of Netflix political series House of Cards. She later was cast in the DirecTV series Kingdom. Going appeared on Ken Reid 's TV Guidance Counselor podcast on March 25, 2016. Personal Life ( edit ) Going married actor Dylan Walsh on October 10, 2004. They have a daughter, Stella Haven. On December 15, 2010, Walsh announced he had filed for divorce. The divorce was finalized in December 2012. Filmography ( edit ) Nick Jonas, Going, Matt Lauria, Frank Grillo, and Jonathan Tucker at the premiere of the Kingdom in October 2014 Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Wyatt Earp Josephine Marcus 1995 How to Make an American Quilt Young Em 1995 Nixon Young Student Eden Helen Kunen 1997 Little City Kate 1997 Inventing the Abbotts Alice Abbott 1997 Keys to Tulsa Cherry 1997 Commandments Karen Warner 1997 Still Breathing Rosalyn Willoughby 1998 Phantoms Jennifer Pailey, M.D. 1998 Heaven Jennifer Marling 1998 Blue Christmas Pretty Woman 1999 NetForce Toni Fiorelli 2000 Cupid & Cate Cynthia TV Movie 2001 Lola Sandra 2002 The Routine Mother Short film 2002 Home Alone 4 Natalie TV Movie 2003 Runaway Jury Celeste Wood 2006 Save Me Rita Lambert Short film 2006 My Silent Partner Phyllis Webber TV Movie 2007 McBride : Dogged Sarah Sinclair TV Movie 2009 Chasing a Dream Diane Stiles TV Movie 2011 The Tree of Life Jack 's Wife 2014 Ready or Knot Margo 2014 The Sphere and the Labyrinth Jordana 2014 Love & Mercy Audree Wilson Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Search for Tomorrow Evie Stone Recurring role 1987 -- 1989 Another World Lisa Grady Series regular The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd Mindy Episode : `` Here 's Why You Can Never Have Too Much Petty Cash '' 1991 Dark Shadows Victoria Winters / Josette du Pres Series regular, 12 episodes Columbo Melissa Alexandra Hayes Episode : `` No Time to Die '' 1992 -- 1993 Going to Extremes Kathleen McDermott Series regular, 17 episodes 1993 New Year Katie Hartman TV pilot 1993 Nick 's Game Laura ' Stock ' Swenson TV pilot 1995 Children of the Dust Rachel TV miniseries 2000 Ed Sela McKenzie Episode : `` Pretty Girls and Waffles '' 2001 Spin City Julia Rhodes 3 episodes 2001 The Outer Limits Dr. Anya Kenway Episode : `` Worlds Within '' 2002 Law & Order Dana Bauer Episode : `` The Collar '' 2002 Georgetown TV pilot 2003 111 Gramercy Park Cathy Wilton TV pilot 2005 Inconceivable Jann Carlton Episode : `` Sex, Lies and Sonograms '' 2005 Into the West Old Clara Wheeler TV miniseries 2006 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Amanda Sinclair / Jill Case Episode : `` Happenstance '' 2007 Criminal Minds Dana Woodridge Episode : `` Distress '' 2007 Close to Home Samantha Veeder 3 episodes 2007 Journeyman Lauren Episode : `` Perfidia '' 2013 Mad Men Arlene Episodes : `` To Have and to Hold '' and `` The Better Half '' 2014 House of Cards First Lady Tricia Walker 7 episodes 2014 -- 2017 Kingdom Christina Kulina Main role References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Joanna Going Biography ( 1963 - ) ''. Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 18. ^ Jump up to : `` Joanna Going ''. Movies.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ `` ' House of Cards ' Joanna Going Boards DirecTV 's ' Navy St. ' ''. Hollywood Reporter. 2014 - 03 - 07. Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Joanna Going Joins DirecTV 's ' Navy St ' ; Angelique Cabral Boards NBC 's ' Two To Go ' ''. Deadline.com. March 7, 2014. Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ Deadline, The ( June 12, 2014 ). `` DirecTV Drama Series ' Navy St ' Gets New Title, Premiere Date ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved October 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Nip / Tuck Star Dylan Walsh Files for Divorce ''. People. Jump up ^ `` Dylan Walsh - Ordered to Pay Ex-Wife HALF Of ' Nip / Tuck ' Money ''. TMZ.com. 2012 - 12 - 25. Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06. External links ( edit ) Joanna Going on IMDb VIAF : 268785326 LCCN : no2001038831 ISNI : 0000 0001 1934 8179 BNF : cb14182087x ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joanna_Going&oldid=793784298 '' Categories : 1963 births Actresses from Rhode Island American film actresses American television actresses Emerson College alumni Living people People from Newport, Rhode Island American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Washington, D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2011 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017, at 22 : 51. About Wikipedia", "title": "Joanna Going", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Joanna_Going&amp;oldid=793784298" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Joanna Going - wikipedia Joanna Going Jump to : navigation, search Joanna Going Joanna Going at the Kingdom premiere in October 2014. Joanna C. Going ( 1963 - 07 - 22 ) July 22, 1963 ( age 54 ) Washington, DC., United States Alma mater Emerson College American Academy of Dramatic Arts Occupation Actress Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Dylan Walsh ( m. 2004 ; div. 2012 ) Children Joanna C. Going ( born July 22, 1963 ) is an American actress. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) She was born in Washington, DC, the oldest of six children of a lawyer / state assemblyman father and a police dispatcher mother. Raised in Newport, Rhode Island, she graduated from Rogers High School in 1981, then attended Emerson College for two years before studying at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts" ], "id": [ "12176854191129675088" ], "short_answers": [ "Joanna C. Going" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - wikipedia Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You Jump to : navigation, search `` I Love You Baby '' redirects here. For the film of that name, see I Love You Baby ( film ). `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' Cover of the 1967 US single Single by Frankie Valli from the album Frankie Valli : Solo B - side `` The Trouble With Me '' Released May 1967 ( 1967 - 05 ) Format 7 '' Recorded April 1967 Genre Pop rock Length 2 : 58 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Bob Crewe Bob Gaudio Producer ( s ) Bob Crewe Frankie Valli singles chronology `` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) `` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli. The song was among his biggest hits, earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week, stuck behind `` Windy '' by The Association. It was co-written by Bob Gaudio, a bandmate of Valli 's in The Four Seasons. It was Valli 's biggest solo hit until he hit # 1 in 1974 with `` My Eyes Adored You ''. `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' has had hundreds of cover versions, many of which have been on the charts in different countries. The song is a staple of television and film soundtracks, even being featured as part of the plot of some films, such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song. Its chorus has also become a popular football chant, with supporters of various teams inserting their club 's name or a popular player 's name into the beat ( for instance, A.S. Roma fans sing `` Francesco Totti, la la, la la la la! '' ). The Valli version was also used by NASA as a wake - up song for a mission of the Space Shuttle, on the anniversary of astronaut Christopher Ferguson. Contents ( hide ) 1 Credits 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Notable cover versions 3.1 1967 -- 1969 3.2 1970 -- 1989 3.3 1990 -- 1999 3.4 2000 -- 2009 3.5 2010 -- present 4 References 5 External links Credits ( edit ) The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio. Arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio. The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue, with Bob Crewe producing and Phil Ramone as the engineer. Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 18 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box Notable cover versions ( edit ) The song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years, in many countries, under both versions of the title. A few notable examples of cover versions that appeared on the charts : 1967 -- 1969 ( edit ) The Lettermen ( # 7 in 1967, in a medley with `` Goin ' Out of My Head '' ) A version by Andy Williams made it to # 5 on the UK singles chart in 1968. The arranger and producer was Nick DeCaro and the conductor was Eddie Karam. This version is included in the soundtrack of the 2001 film Bridget Jones 's Diary. In 2002 he recorded a new version of the song, as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen, which reached # 23 in the UK singles charts. Vicki Carr recorded a cover of the song on her 1967 album It Must Be Him. Nancy Wilson ( # 52 in 1969 ) Engelbert Humperdinck covered the song on his 1968 album A Man Without Love. The Easybeats covered the song on their 1968 album Vigil, only released on the UK / European version of the album. The Supremes performed the song for the first time in 1969, in one of Diana Ross ' last performance on TV with the group, with Mary Wilson on lead. A translated version in Swedish was recorded by Anni - Frid Lyngstad ( later of ABBA ) and was released as the B - side to her debut single `` Din '' in 1967. The recording has also been released on Lyngstad 's compilation albums. 1970 -- 1989 ( edit ) In 1970, Brook Benton recorded the song on his album Brook Benton Today. In 1972, Bobby Darin performed the song on his summer television series, Dean Martin Presents : The Bobby Darin Amusement Company, and this version was included in the 2004 album Aces Back to Back. In 1974, Anna Maria Alberghetti performed the song as part of a medley on the 1974 Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon. In 1975, Julio Iglesias sang the song on his TV show. Shirley Bassey recorded this as a United Artist Single in 1976. In 1978 actors Robert De Niro, Christopher Walken and John Cazale sang the lyrics in the movie The Deer Hunter. Maureen McGovern ( # 27 on the US Adult Contemporary chart in 1979 ; # 5 Canadian AC in 1980 ). In 1982, San Francisco based disco band Boys Town Gang performed a disco version of the song which reached number one in the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and number four in the United Kingdom. This version was also successful in Japan, receiving a gold digital certification by the RIAJ in 2011, and is also on games such as Just Dance 4. In 1987, Hong Kong singer Prudence Liew recorded a Cantonese version and released it as the fourth single from her sophomore album, Why. In 1989, Michelle Pfeiffer sang the song in The Fabulous Baker Boys. 1990 -- 1999 ( edit ) 1991, onwards various versions from by disco singer Gloria Gaynor. 1991, Pet Shop Boys used part of the song on their cover version of U2 's `` Where the Streets Have No Name '', which reached # 4 in the U.K. and # 72 in the U.S. 1992, Dutch singers Gerard Joling and Tatjana Šimić recorded a duet version of the song ( including a rap segment by Darrell Bell ), which peaked at # 5 in the Dutch Top 40 charts. 1993, the song was recorded by a-ha singer Morten Harket for the soundtrack of the movie Coneheads ( 1993 ). 1994, Russian singer Philipp Kirkorov recorded this song for his album I 'm not a Rafael. 1995, Christian rock band Daniel Amos recorded a version of the song on their album Songs of the Heart. 1996, Manic Street Preachers recorded a version of the song and used it as the third B - side on their single `` Australia '', the fourth to be taken from the hit album Everything Must Go. 1997, Turkish singer Tuğba Önal covered the song in Turkish, titled `` Gelmezsen Gelme '' and featured the song on her album Onun Adı Aşk. 1997, German singer Tommy Fischer released his german disco version `` Weil ich dich liebe '' ( covered in 2008 by Two 4 Pop ) 1997, Xysma, the pioneering finnish grindcore band, covered the song in their later career after transforming into a rock band on their EP Singles. 1998, Lauryn Hill ( # 35 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and # 2 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart in 1998 and # 8 on the Australian Singles Charts ). This version was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1999. 1999, Izumi Sakai of the Japanese music unit Zard recorded a version of the song with Yasuharu Konishi. It was included as a miniature bonus CD to the 8th Zard album Eien. The title is altered slightly to `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off Of You '' and a remixed version is included as the second of two tracks. 1999, Jatin - Lalit included a Hindi version, `` Haan Haan Yeh Pyar Hai '', in the film Dillagi. 1999, Heath Ledger sang the song in the teen romantic - comedy 10 Things I Hate About You. 1999, Denise Richards sang the song in the comedy Drop Dead Gorgeous ( film ). 2000 -- 2009 ( edit ) 2000, Japanese singer Ringo Sheena, for the single `` Tsumi to Batsu ''. 2000, Hong Kong singer Leon Lai did a Cantonese version in his album Beijing Station. 2000, Sheena Easton recorded her version for her album Fabulous. 2001, Jimmy Somerville released his version as a single. 2001, British group Muse, for the single `` Dead Star '' / `` In Your World ''. 2002, Japanese singer Tommy february6, on her eponymous album. 2002, American guitarist Ron ' Bumblefoot ' Thal, on his album Uncool. 2003, Czech duo Těžkej Pokondr recorded a Czech comedy version named Pejzy for their album Kuss. 2003, italian singer Mina recorded a dance version of the song called Do n't Call Me Baby. 2004, Jennifer Peña recorded a Latin version of the song, `` No Hay Nadie Igual Como Tú '', which reached # 33 on the Latin charts. 2004, Bad Manners, for The Ultimate Bad Collection - Crooners. 2005, Jamie Kennedy performed a song in the movie, Son of the Mask. 2005, Hello Kitty performed a song for Sanrio Puroland 's Yoru wo Tanoshima Night. 2006, Barry Manilow including this song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties. 2006, The Killers performed this song as an intro to `` Shadowplay '' while on their Sam 's Town Tour in 2006 / 07. 2007, Greek singer Efi Thodi included this song in her album I Love You Baby. 2008, John Barrowman recorded a cover for his album Music Music Music. 2008, Chinese soft rock duet Yu Quan recorded a cover as an EP titled Fall in Love with Your Beauty. 2008, Frankie Valli 's version of the song was played by NASA as the morning wake - up call for astronaut Christopher Ferguson, in honor of his anniversary while he was on the STS - 126 Space Shuttle mission. 2008, East german duo `` TWO 4 POP '' released a cover of Tommy Fischer 's german version `` Weil ich dich liebe '' from 1997 2010 -- present ( edit ) In 2010, A cappella group Straight No Chaser included a cover of the song on their album With a Twist. In 2010, Clay Aiken included a cover of the song on his album Tried and True. In 2011, Japanese R&B singer Misia, included a cover of the song as a B - side to her single `` Kioku ''. The song was later included on her cover album, Misia no Mori : Forest Covers. In 2011, Taiwanese - American singer - songwriter Joanna Wang, included a cover of the song on her cover album, The Things We Do for Love. 2011, Stereophonics frontman Kelly Jones sang an acoustic version of the song in tribute to former Wales national football team manager Gary Speed. The song has been an adopted anthem for Welsh football fans during Speed 's playing career with Wales after being used in a BBC Wales promo for the 1994 World Cup qualifying campaign. In 2012, Sandaime J Soul Brothers, a dance and vocal group from Japan under the same agency as EXILE, cover this song and sing it on their ( 0 ~ ZERO ~ Live Tour ) as `` 君 の 瞳 に 恋し てる - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off of You - ''. In 2013, Canadian indie band Walk off the Earth recorded an acoustic / beat box version of the song posted on YouTube with Belgian singer / songwriter Selah Sue voicing the chorus. In 2013, South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation performed a version of this song as part of their Japan 2nd Tour ~ Girls&Peace ~ and 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour - Girls & Peace. In 2013, Rumba music group Chico & the Gypsies did a Spanish version called `` No Puedo Quitar Mis Ojos De Ti '' on their album Fiesta released mid-2013. Chico is Jahloul `` Chico '' Bouchikhi, one of the founder members of Gipsy Kings. In 2013, the vocal harmony group The Overtones covered the song for the official soundtrack of the German movie Buddy, and also included the song on the Christmas and Mother 's Day editions of their 2013 platinum selling album, Saturday Night at the Movies. In 2014, John Lloyd Young covered the song for the movie Jersey Boys about the band The Four Seasons where he played Frankie Valli. He was also the original performer on the Broadway musical of the same name which premiered in 2005. In 2015, Greek singers Antonis Remos and Melina Aslanidou performed the song on a tour. In 2016, Amanda Lear recorded a new version of the song for her album Let Me Entertain You. Jessie J recorded her version in 2016, for the French cosmetics brand Make Up For Ever. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Frankie Valli Site ''. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 ''. 1967 - 07 - 22. Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 31. Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred. The Billboard book of number 1 hits. p. 398. Jump up ^ `` Frankie Valli - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You / The Trouble With Me ( Vinyl ) ''. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada ''. Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15. Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles, July 15, 1967 ''. Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada ''. Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Musicoutfitters.com ''. Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967 ''. Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company ''. Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ Love, Andy by Andy Williams, album sleeve, 1967. New York : Columbia Records CS 9566 Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company ''. Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Engelbert Humperdinck - A Man Without Love ( Vinyl, LP ) ''. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Du är så underbart rar - recording ''. musicbrainz.com. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Brook Benton - Brook Benton Today ( Vinyl, LP, Album ) ''. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada ''. Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - lijst van week 24, 1982 ''. Top40.nl. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ Roberts, David ( 2006 ). British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed. ). London : Guinness World Records Limited. p. 74. ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5. Jump up ^ Gloria Gaynor - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - YourDancefloorTV on YouTube. Retrieved June 9, 2012. Jump up ^ `` JAARLIJST 1992 ''. Members.chello.nl. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Coneheads - Original Soundtrack Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. 1993 - 07 - 20. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Lauryn Hill Awards ''. AllMusic. 1975 - 05 - 26. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` MP3 file ''. Spaceflight.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Sandaime J Soul Brothers LIVE TOUR 2012 `` 0 - Zero - '' ( Blu - ray ) Sandaime J Soul Brothers ( 3JSB ) Blu - ray ``. CDJapan. 2013 - 03 - 13. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - Walk off the Earth ( Feat. Selah Sue ) on YouTube Retrieved January 16th, 2013. Jump up ^ Girls ' Generation Second Japan Arena Tour Set List Retrieved April 5th, 2013. Jump up ^ 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour Set List. Retrieved June 9, 2013. External links ( edit ) `` Official Frankie Valli Site ''. Retrieved 2010 - 2 - 16. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart, Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love, Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere? '' `` Promise Me, Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' ``... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers The Four Seasons Frankie Valli Tommy DeVito Bob Gaudio Nick Massi Charles Calello Joe Long Gerry Polci Albums Sherry & 11 Others ( 1962 ) The 4 Seasons Greetings ( 1962 ) Big Girls Do n't Cry and Twelve Others ( 1963 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Ai n't That a Shame and 11 Others ( 1963 ) Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons ( 1963 ) Dawn ( 1964 ) Rag Doll ( 1964 ) Born to Wonder ( 1964 ) Stay and Other Great Hits ( 1964 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Big Hits by Burt Bacharach... Hal David... Bob Dylan ( 1965 ) 4 Seasons Entertain You ( 1965 ) Lets Hang On ( 1965 ) Working My Way Back to You ( 1965 ) On Stage with The Four Seasons ( 1965 ) New Gold Hits ( 1967 ) Edizione D'Oro ( Gold Edition ) ( 1968 ) The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette ( 1969 ) Half and Half ( 1970 ) Chameleon ( 1972 ) Who Loves You ( 1975 ) Helicon ( 1977 ) The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons ( 2002 ) Singles `` Bermuda '' `` Sherry '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Candy Girl '' `` New Mexican Rose '' `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' `` Stay '' `` Ronnie '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Alone ( Why Must I Be Alone ) '' `` Save It for Me '' `` Sincerely '' `` Big Man in Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Bye, Bye, Baby ( Baby Goodbye ) '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Girl Come Running '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine ( Anymore ) '' `` Let 's Hang On! '' `` Do n't Think Twice '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' `` Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) '' `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' `` The Proud One '' `` Tell It to the Rain '' `` Beggin ' '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` C'mon Marianne '' `` Lonesome Road '' `` Watch the Flowers Grow '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` My Eyes Adored You '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Who Loves You '' `` December, 1963 ( Oh, What a Night ) '' `` Silver Star '' `` Grease '' Related topics Discography Members Albums Songs The Four Lovers The Wonder Who? Bob Crewe `` Ces soirées - là '' Jersey Boys : Original Broadway Cast Recording Jersey Boys ( musical ) Jersey Boys ( film ) Book : The Four Seasons Jimmy Somerville Discography Studio albums Read My Lips Home Again Compilations The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville, Bronski Beat and The Communards For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat, The Communards & Jimmy Somerville Singles `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Comment te dire adieu '' `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' `` Read My Lips ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 91 Remix ) '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Hurt So Good '' `` By Your Side '' `` The Number One Song in Heaven '' `` Why? ( Almighty Mix ) '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` Johnny Remember Me '' `` Lover Man '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas? '' `` From This Moment On '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` But Not Tonight '' `` I Was Born This Way '' `` Tell Me Why '' Related articles Bronski Beat The Communards Book Nancy Wilson Albums Like in Love Something Wonderful The Swingin 's Mutual! Nancy Wilson / Cannonball Adderley Broadway -- My Way Hollywood -- My Way Yesterday 's Love Songs / Today 's Blues Today, Tomorrow, Forever The Nancy Wilson Show! Tender Loving Care Lush Life Welcome to My Love But Beautiful Love, Nancy A Nancy Wilson Christmas R.S.V.P. ( Rare Songs, Very Personal ) Turned to Blue Songs `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` You 've Got Your Troubles '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` She Called Me Baby '' `` Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Related articles Discography Jazz Profiles The Lettermen Tony Butala Bobby Poynton Donovan Tea Studio albums Once Upon a Time ( 1962 ) The Best of The Lettermen ( 1966 ) I Have Dreamed ( 1969 ) Spin Away ( 1972 ) Singles `` The 7th Dawn '' `` Allentown Jail '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Chanson D'Amour '' `` Come Back Silly Girl '' `` Eastward '' `` How Is Julie? '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Love '' `` Our Winter Love '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` Secretly '' `` Shangri - La '' `` She Cried '' `` Silly Boy ( She Does n't Love You ) '' `` Sweet September '' `` Theme from A Summer Place '' `` Turn Around, Look at Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Where or When '' Related Vocal Group Hall of Fame Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Take_My_Eyes_Off_You&oldid=815160692 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles 1969 singles Songs written by Bob Crewe Songs written by Bob Gaudio Frankie Valli songs The Four Seasons ( band ) songs Jay and the Americans songs Andy Williams songs Lauryn Hill songs Barry Manilow songs The Lettermen songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Schlager songs Maureen McGovern songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Song recordings produced by Bob Crewe 1967 songs Philips Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 03 : 50. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Take_My_Eyes_Off_You&amp;oldid=815160692" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "1313758385525498593" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Finger - wikipedia Finger For other uses, see Finger ( disambiguation ) and Fingertips ( disambiguation ). Finger Details Identifiers Latin Digiti manus MeSH D005385 TA A01. 1.00. 030 FMA 75592 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A finger is a limb of the human body and a type of digit, an organ of manipulation and sensation found in the hands of humans and other primates. Normally humans have five digits, the bones of which are termed phalanges, on each hand, although some people have more or fewer than five due to congenital disorders such as polydactyly or oligodactyly, or accidental or medical amputations. The first digit is the thumb, followed by index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger or pinky. According to different definitions, the thumb can be called a finger, or not. Contents 1 Anatomy 1.1 Skeleton 1.2 Muscles 1.3 Skin 1.4 Fingertip wrinkling in water 1.5 Brain representation 1.6 Other animals 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Anomalies, injuries and diseases 3 History 3.1 Etymology 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Anatomy Skeleton Illustration depicting the bones of the human hand The thumb ( connected to the trapezium ) is located on one of the sides, parallel to the arm. The palm has five bones known as metacarpal bones, one to each of the five digits. Human hands contain fourteen digital bones, also called phalanges, or phalanx bones : two in the thumb ( the thumb has no middle phalanx ) and three in each of the four fingers. These are the distal phalanx, carrying the nail, the middle phalanx, and the proximal phalanx. Sesamoid bones are small ossified nodes embedded in the tendons to provide extra leverage and reduce pressure on the underlying tissue. Many exist around the palm at the bases of the digits ; the exact number varies between different people. The articulations are : interphalangeal articulations between phalangeal bones, and metacarpophalangeal joints connecting the phalanges to the metacarpal bones. Muscles Play media The precision of finger movements in space and time is highlighted in this motion tracking of two pianists ' fingers playing the same piece ( slow motion, no sound ). Each finger may flex and extend, abduct and adduct, and so also circumduct. Flexion is by far the strongest movement. In humans, there are two large muscles that produce flexion of each finger, and additional muscles that augment the movement. Each finger may move independently of the others, though the muscle bulks that move each finger may be partly blended, and the tendons may be attached to each other by a net of fibrous tissue, preventing completely free movement. Fingers do not contain muscles ( other than arrector pili ). The muscles that move the finger joints are in the palm and forearm. The long tendons that deliver motion from the forearm muscles may be observed to move under the skin at the wrist and on the back of the hand. Muscles of the fingers can be subdivided into extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. The extrinsic muscles are the long flexors and extensors. They are called extrinsic because the muscle belly is located on the forearm. The fingers have two long flexors, located on the underside of the forearm. They insert by tendons to the phalanges of the fingers. The deep flexor attaches to the distal phalanx, and the superficial flexor attaches to the middle phalanx. The flexors allow for the actual bending of the fingers. The thumb has one long flexor and a short flexor in the thenar muscle group. The human thumb also has other muscles in the thenar group ( opponens and abductor brevis muscle ), moving the thumb in opposition, making grasping possible. The extensors are located on the back of the forearm and are connected in a more complex way than the flexors to the dorsum of the fingers. The tendons unite with the interosseous and lumbrical muscles to form the extensorhood mechanism. The primary function of the extensors is to straighten out the digits. The thumb has two extensors in the forearm ; the tendons of these form the anatomical snuff box. Also, the index finger and the little finger have an extra extensor, used for instance for pointing. The extensors are situated within 6 separate compartments. The 1st compartment contains abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis. The 2nd compartment contains extensors carpi radialis longus and brevis. The 3rd compartment contains extensor pollicis longus. The extensor digitorum indicis and extensor digititorum communis are within the 4th compartment. Extensor digiti minimi is in the fifth, and extensor carpi ulnaris is in the 6th. The intrinsic muscle groups are the thenar and hypothenar muscles ( thenar referring to the thumb, hypothenar to the small finger ), the dorsal and palmar interossei muscles ( between the metacarpal bones ) and the lumbrical muscles. The lumbricals arise from the deep flexor ( and are special because they have no bony origin ) and insert on the dorsal extensor hood mechanism. Skin Aside from the genitals, the fingertips possess the highest concentration of touch receptors and thermoreceptors among all areas of the human skin, making them extremely sensitive to temperature, pressure, vibration, texture and moisture. Recent studies suggest fingers can feel nano - scale wrinkles on a seemingly smooth surface, a level of sensitivity not previously recorded. This makes the fingers commonly used sensory probes to ascertain properties of objects encountered in the world, making them prone to injury. The pulp of a finger is the fleshy mass on the palmar aspect of the extremity of the finger. Fingertip wrinkling in water Although a common phenomenon, the underlying functions and mechanism of fingertip wrinkling following immersion in water are relatively unexplored. Originally it was assumed that the wrinkles were simply the result of the skin swelling in water, but it is now understood that the furrows are caused by the blood vessels constricting due to signalling by the sympathetic nervous system in response to water exposure. One hypothesis for why this occurs, the `` rain tread '' hypothesis, posits that the wrinkles may help the fingers grip things when wet, possibly being an adaption from a time when humans dealt with rain and dew in forested primate habitats. A 2013 study supporting this hypothesis found that the wrinkled fingertips provided better handling of wet objects but gave no advantage for handling dry objects. However, a 2014 study attempting to reproduce these results was unable to demonstrate any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips. Brain representation Each finger has an orderly somatotopic representation on the cerebral cortex in the somatosensory cortex area 3b, part of area 1 and a distributed, overlapping representations in the supplementary motor area and primary motor area. The somatosensory cortex representation of the hand is a dynamic reflection of the fingers on the external hand : in syndactyly people have a clubhand of webbed, shortened fingers. However, not only are the fingers of their hands fused, but the cortical maps of their individual fingers also form a club hand. The fingers can be surgically divided to make a more useful hand. Surgeons did this at the Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery in New York to a 32 - year - old man with the initials O.G.. They touched O.G. 's fingers before and after surgery while using MRI brain scans. Before the surgery, the fingers mapped onto his brain were fused close together ; afterward, the maps of his individual fingers did indeed separate and take the layout corresponding to a normal hand. Other animals Chimpanzees have lower limbs that are specialized for manipulation, and ( arguably ) have fingers on their lower limbs as well. The term ' finger ' is not applied to the digits of most other animals, such as canines, felines, or ungulates, none of which can engage in fine manipulation with their forelimbs as a primate can. Clinical significance Anomalies, injuries and diseases Radiograph of Type 1 Syndactyly A rare anatomical variation affects 1 in 500 humans, in which the individual has more than the usual number of digits ; this is known as polydactyly. A human may also be born without one or more fingers or underdevelopment of some fingers such as symbrachydactyly. Extra fingers can be functional. One individual with seven fingers not only used them but claimed that they `` gave him some advantages in playing the piano ''. Phalanges are commonly fractured. A damaged tendon can cause significant loss of function in fine motor control, such as with a mallet finger. They can be damaged by cold, including frostbite and non-freezing cold injury ( NFCI ) ; and heat, including burns. The fingers are commonly affected by diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and gout. Diabetics often use the fingers to obtain blood samples for regular blood sugar testing. Raynaud 's phenomenon and Paroxysmal hand hematoma are neurovascular disorders that affects the fingers. Research has linked the ratio of lengths between the index and ring fingers to higher levels of testosterone, and to various physical and behavioral traits such as penis length and risk for development of alcohol dependence or video game addiction. History Etymology English dictionaries describe finger as meaning either one of the five digits including the thumb, or one of the four excluding the thumb ( in which case they are numbered from 1 to 4 starting with the index finger closest to the thumb ). Linguistically, it appears that the original sense was to include the thumb as a finger : the word is derived from Old English thūma. The name pinkie derives from Dutch pinkje, of uncertain origin. In English only the digits on the hand are known as fingers. However, in some languages the translated version of fingers can mean either the digits on the hand or feet. In English a digit on a foot has the distinct name of toe. See also Finger snapping Fingerprint Nail ( anatomy ) Paroxysmal hand hematoma Notes ^ Jump up to : Chambers 1998 page 603 ^ Jump up to : Oxford Illustrated pages 311,380 Jump up ^ Tracy L. Kivell ; Pierre Lemelin ; Brian G. Richmond ; Daniel Schmitt ( 10 August 2016 ). The Evolution of the Primate Hand : Anatomical, Developmental, Functional, and Paleontological Evidence. Springer. pp. 7 --. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4939 - 3646 - 5. Jump up ^ Goebl, W. ; Palmer, C. ( 2013 ). Balasubramaniam, Ramesh, ed. `` Temporal Control and Hand Movement Efficiency in Skilled Music Performance ''. PLoS ONE. 8 ( 1 ) : e50901. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0050901. PMC 3536780. PMID 23300946. Jump up ^ `` Feeling small : Fingers can detect nano - scale wrinkles even on a seemingly smooth surface ''. Science Daily. September 16, 2013. Jump up ^ medilexicon.com > Medical Dictionary - ' Pulp Of Finger ' Citing : Stedman 's Medical Dictionary. 2006 ^ Jump up to : Changizi, M. ; Weber, R. ; Kotecha, R. ; Palazzo, J. ( 2011 ). `` Are Wet - Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads? ''. Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 ( 4 ) : 286 -- 90. doi : 10.1159 / 000328223. PMID 21701145. ^ Jump up to : Haseleu, Julia ; Omerbašić, Damir ; Frenzel, Henning ; Gross, Manfred ; Lewin, Gary R. ( 2014 ). Goldreich, Daniel, ed. `` Water - Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects ''. PLoS ONE. 9 : e84949. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318. Jump up ^ Kareklas, K. ; Nettle, D. ; Smulders, T.V. ( 2013 ). `` Water - induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects ''. Biology Letters. 9 ( 2 ) : 20120999. doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867. Jump up ^ Van Westen, D ; Fransson, P ; Olsrud, J ; Rosén, B ; Lundborg, G ; Larsson, EM ( 2004 ). `` Fingersomatotopy in area 3b : an fMRI - study ''. BMC Neurosci. 5 : 28. doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2202 - 5 - 28. PMC 517711. PMID 15320953. Jump up ^ Nelson, AJ ; Chen, R ( 2008 ). `` Digit somatotopy within cortical areas of the postcentral gyrus in humans ''. Cereb Cortex. 18 ( 10 ) : 2341 -- 51. doi : 10.1093 / cercor / bhm257. PMID 18245039. Jump up ^ Kleinschmidt, A ; Nitschke, MF ; Frahm, J ( 1997 ). `` Somatotopy in the human motor cortex hand area. A high - resolution functional MRI study ''. Eur J Neurosci. 9 ( 10 ) : 2178 -- 86. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 9568.1997. tb01384. x. PMID 9421177. Jump up ^ Mogilner, A ; Grossman, JA ; Ribary, U ; Joliot, M ; Volkmann, J ; Rapaport, D ; Beasley, RW ; Llinás, RR ( 1993 ). `` Somatosensory cortical plasticity in adult humans revealed by magnetoencephalography ''. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90 ( 8 ) : 3593 -- 7. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 90.8. 3593. PMC 46347. PMID 8386377. Jump up ^ Dwight, T ( 1892 ). `` Fusion of hands ''. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History. 4 : 473 -- 486. Jump up ^ Researchers Find Association Between Penile Length and Ratio of Length of Men 's Fingers Jump up ^ Kornhuber, J ; Erhard, G ; Lenz, B ; Kraus, T ; Sperling, W ; Bayerlein, K ; Biermann, T ; Stoessel, C ( 2011 ). `` Low digit ratio 2D : 4D in alcohol dependent patients ''. PLoS ONE. 6 ( 4 ) : e19332. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0019332. PMC 3081847. PMID 21547078. Jump up ^ Kornhuber, J. ; Zenses, EM ; Lenz, B ; Stoessel, C ; Bouna - Pyrrou, P ; Rehbein, F ; Kliem, S ; Mößle, T ( 2013 ). `` Low digit ratio 2D : 4D associated with video game addiction ''. PLoS ONE. 8 ( 11 ) : e79539. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0079539. PMC 3827365. PMID 24236143. Jump up ^ Oxford Advanced page 326 References The Chambers Dictionary. Edinburgh : Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd. 2000 ( 1998 ). ISBN 0 - 550 - 14000 - X. The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary. Great Britain : Oxford University Press. 1976 ( 1975 ). Oxford Advanced Learner 's Dictionary of Current English. London : Oxford University Press. 1974 ( 1974 ). ISBN 0 - 19 - 431102 - 3. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fingers. Look up finger in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finger&oldid=835420359 '' Categories : Fingers Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Avañe'ẽ تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî മലയാളം مازِرونی Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語 Zazaki 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018, at 16 : 28 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Finger", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Finger&amp;oldid=835420359" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "8796309270970771721" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Classic ( Better Than I 've Ever Been ) - wikipedia Classic ( Better Than I 've Ever Been ) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Classic ( Better Than I 've Ever Been ) '' Single by Kanye West, Nas, KRS - One ( and Rakim on the remix ) Released February 20, 2007 Format Digital download vinyl Recorded 2007 Genre Hip hop Length 4 : 07 4 : 42 ( DJ Premier Remix ) Label Nike Songwriter ( s ) Biddu Carl Douglas William Griffin Nasir Jones Lawrence Parker Kanye West Producer ( s ) Rick Rubin DJ Premier Music video `` Classic ( Better Than I 've Ever Been ) '' on YouTube `` Classic ( Better Than I 've Ever Been ) '' is Grammy - nominated collaboration song between Kanye West, Nas, KRS - One and that is co-produced by Rick Rubin and DJ Premier. The song was released as a single on February 20, 2007 by Nike Records. It was performed live at the Nike Air Force Ones 25th anniversary party shown on MTV2. Its remix, `` Better Than I 've Ever Been DJ Premier Remix '', is produced by DJ Premier, and it features Rakim along with the aforementioned rappers. It features DJ Premier 's signature scratches from prior songs such as Nas ' `` One Love '' and `` It Ai n't Hard to Tell ''. The song was nominated for Best Rap Collaboration at the 50th Grammy Awards in 2008. Proceeds from the song 's sales go towards youth leadership programs through the Force4Change Fund. The song is often misinterpreted as a DJ Premier track featuring Rakim, Nas and KRS - ONE and excluding Kanye West. This is due to a popular upload of the music video on YouTube where DJ Premier is credited as the artist and Kanye West 's opening verse is removed from the video. Contents 1 Track listing 2 Music video 3 Samples 4 References Track listing ( edit ) Side A : `` Better Than I 've Ever Been '' ( prod. Rick Rubin ) featuring Kanye West, Nas, and KRS - One -- full song -- instrumental -- a cappella Side B : `` Classic ( Better Than I 've Ever Been DJ Premier Remix ) '' featuring Kanye West, Nas, KRS - One, and Rakim -- full song -- instrumental -- a cappella Music video ( edit ) Music Video for Classic ( Better Than I 've Ever Been ) can be found in citation. Samples ( edit ) The original beat by Rick Rubin samples the song `` Give Me the Night '', performed by George Benson, off his Give Me the Night album. DJ Premier 's remix contains samples from `` Dance the Kung - Fu '' by Carl Douglas. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ GSweed ( 2011 - 03 - 09 ), Dj Premier - Classic ( feat. Rakim, Nas & Krs One ), retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Official Video Remastered By James Beilke / © Zimbalam ''. Kanye West songs The College Dropout `` All Falls Down '' `` I 'll Fly Away '' `` Jesus Walks '' `` The New Workout Plan '' `` Slow Jamz '' `` School Spirit ( Skit 1 ) '' `` School Spirit '' `` School Spirit ( Skit 2 ) '' `` Two Words '' `` Through the Wire '' Late Registration `` Heard ' Em Say '' `` Touch the Sky '' `` Gold Digger '' `` Drive Slow '' `` Diamonds from Sierra Leone ( Remix ) '' `` Hey Mama `` Gone '' `` Diamonds from Sierra Leone '' Ca n't Tell Me Nothing `` Stronger '' ( Snippet ) `` Us Placers '' `` Ca n't Tell Me Nothing '' `` Stay Up '' ( Snippet ) `` Pro Nails '' `` Because of You '' ( Remix ) `` Buy You a Drank '' ( Remix ) `` Throw Some D 's '' ( Interlude ) `` Throw Some D 's '' ( Remix ) Graduation `` Good Morning '' `` Champion '' `` Stronger '' `` I Wonder '' `` Good Life '' `` Ca n't Tell Me Nothing '' `` Barry Bonds '' `` Flashing Lights '' `` Everything I Am `` Homecoming '' `` Big Brother '' 808s & Heartbreak `` Welcome to Heartbreak '' `` Heartless '' `` Amazing '' `` Love Lockdown '' `` Paranoid '' `` See You in My Nightmares '' My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy `` Dark Fantasy '' `` Gorgeous '' `` Power '' `` All of the Lights '' `` Monster '' `` So Appalled '' `` Devil in a New Dress '' `` Runaway '' `` Hell of a Life '' `` Blame Game '' `` Lost in the World '' `` Who Will Survive in America '' `` See Me Now '' Watch the Throne `` No Church in the Wild '' `` Lift Off '' `` Niggas in Paris '' `` Otis '' `` Gotta Have It '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Who Gon Stop Me '' `` Made in America '' `` Why I Love You '' Deluxe `` Illest Motherfucker Alive '' `` H A M '' `` Primetime '' `` The Joy '' Cruel Summer `` To the World '' `` Clique '' `` Mercy '' `` New God Flow '' `` Cold '' `` The One '' `` Do n't Like '' Yeezus `` On Sight '' `` Black Skinhead '' `` I Am a God '' `` New Slaves '' `` Hold My Liquor '' `` I 'm In It '' `` Blood on the Leaves '' `` Guilt Trip '' `` Send It Up '' `` Bound 2 '' The Life of Pablo `` Ultralight Beam '' `` Father Stretch My Hands '' `` Famous '' `` Feedback '' `` Low Lights '' `` Highlights '' `` Freestyle 4 '' `` I Love Kanye '' `` Waves '' `` FML '' `` Real Friends '' `` Wolves '' `` Frank 's Track '' `` Siiiiiiiiilver Surffffeeeeer Intermission '' `` 30 Hours '' `` No More Parties in LA '' `` Facts ( Charlie Heat Version ) '' `` Fade '' `` Saint Pablo '' Ye `` I Thought About Killing You '' `` Yikes '' `` All Mine '' `` Would n't Leave '' `` No Mistakes '' `` Ghost Town '' `` Violent Crimes '' Other singles `` Impossible '' `` Classic ( Better Than I 've Ever Been ) '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Christmas in Harlem '' `` Only One '' `` FourFiveSeconds '' `` All Day '' `` Champions '' `` Lift Yourself '' `` Ye vs. the People '' Featured singles `` Welcome 2 Chicago '' `` Get By '' ( Remix ) `` This Way '' `` Talk About Our Love '' `` The Food '' `` I Changed My Mind '' `` Down and Out '' `` The Corner '' `` Go! '' `` Number One '' `` Extravaganza '' `` Back Like That '' ( Remix ) `` Grammy Family '' `` Number One '' `` Would n't Get Far '' `` I Still Love H.E.R. '' `` This Ai n't a Scene, It 's an Arms Race '' ( Remix ) `` Because of You '' ( Remix ) `` Buy U a Drank ( Shawty Snappin ' ) '' ( Remix ) `` Pro Nails '' `` American Boy '' `` Lollipop '' ( Remix ) `` Put On '' `` Stay Up! ( Viagra ) '' `` Swagga Like Us '' `` Go Hard '' `` Knock You Down '' `` Kinda Like a Big Deal '' `` Walkin ' on the Moon '' `` Supernova '' `` Maybach Music 2 '' `` Make Her Say '' `` Digital Girl '' ( Remix ) `` Run This Town '' `` Forever '' `` Erase Me '' `` Alors on danse '' ( Remix ) `` Deuces '' ( Remix ) `` In for The Kill '' ( Remix ) `` Start It Up '' `` Hurricane 2.0 '' `` E.T. '' `` Marvin & Chardonnay '' `` I Wish You Would '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` Birthday Song '' `` Diamonds '' ( Remix ) `` Scape Goat ( The Fix ) '' `` Thank You '' `` I Won '' `` Blessings '' `` U Mad '' `` One Man Can Change the World '' `` Pop Style '' `` That Part '' `` Friends '' `` Ballin '' `` Timmy Turner '' ( Remix ) `` Feel Me '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Glow '' `` Watch '' Other songs `` Champions '' `` Jesus Walks '' ( Remix ) `` It 's Alright '' `` The New Workout Plan '' ( Remix ) `` Two Words '' ( Cinematic ) `` My Girlfriend '' `` Billie Jean 2008 '' `` Lord Lord Lord '' `` Looking for Trouble '' `` White Dress '' `` Facts '' `` XTCY '' Featured songs `` Confessions Part II '' ( Remix ) `` Tell Me When to Go '' ( Remix ) `` Excuse Me Miss '' ( Remix ) `` Side 2 Side '' ( Remix ) `` My Drink n My 2 Step '' ( Remix ) `` Beat Goes On '' `` Everyone Nose ( All the Girls Standing in the Line for the Bathroom ) '' ( Remix ) `` Therapy '' `` Ego '' ( Remix ) `` Pretty Girl Rock '' ( Remix ) `` Sanctified '' `` Drunk in Love '' ( Remix ) `` Pussy Print '' `` Cops Shot the Kid '' Book Portal Nas singles Illmatic `` Halftime '' `` It Ai n't Hard to Tell '' `` Life 's a Bitch '' `` The World Is Yours '' `` One Love '' `` N.Y. State of Mind '' `` One Time 4 Your Mind '' It Was Written `` If I Ruled the World ( Imagine That ) '' `` I Gave You Power '' `` Street Dreams '' `` The Message '' The Firm : The Album `` Firm Biz '' `` Phone Tap '' I Am... `` Nas Is Like '' `` Hate Me Now '' Nastradamus `` Nastradamus '' `` You Owe Me '' Stillmatic `` Rule '' `` Got Ur Self a Gun '' `` One Mic '' `` Ether '' God 's Son `` Made You Look '' `` I Can '' `` Get Down '' Street 's Disciple `` Thief 's Theme '' `` Bridging the Gap '' `` Just a Moment '' Hip Hop Is Dead `` Hip Hop Is Dead '' `` Ca n't Forget About You '' Untitled `` Hero '' `` Make the World Go Round '' `` N.I.G.G.E.R. ( The Slave and the Master ) '' Life Is Good `` Nasty '' `` The Don '' `` Daughters '' `` Cherry Wine '' `` Bye Baby '' Nasir `` Cops Shot the Kid '' Other singles `` Escobar ' 97 '' `` Oochie Wally '' `` Surviving the Times '' `` Less Than an Hour '' `` Be a Nigger Too '' `` As We Enter '' Collaborations `` Fast Life '' `` Head over Heels '' `` Love Is All We Need '' `` Grand Finale '' `` Hot Boyz '' `` Did You Ever Think '' `` It 's Mine '' `` I 've Got to Have It '' `` What 's Going On '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Alright '' `` Thugz Mansion '' `` In Public '' `` Blindfold Me '' `` Classic ( Better Than I 've Ever Been ) '' `` My President '' `` Too Many Rappers '' `` Fall in Love '' `` Ghetto Dreams '' `` Champion '' `` Free '' `` Something to Believe In '' `` Chains '' Other songs `` Made Nas Proud '' Rakim Solo albums The 18th Letter ( 1997 ) The Master ( 1999 ) The Archive : Live, Lost & Found ( 2008 ) The Seventh Seal ( 2009 ) Eric B. & Rakim Paid in Full ( 1987 ) Follow the Leader ( 1988 ) Let the Rhythm Hit ' Em ( 1990 ) Do n't Sweat the Technique ( 1992 ) Featured singles `` Guilty All the Same '' Related articles Discography KRS - One B.D.P. albums Criminal Minded By All Means Necessary Ghetto Music : The Blueprint of Hip Hop Edutainment Sex and Violence KRS - One albums Return of the Boom Bap KRS - One I Got Next The Sneak Attack Spiritual Minded Kristyles Keep Right Life Adventures in Emceein Maximum Strength 2008 Back to the L.A.B. ( Lyrical Ass Beating ) The BDP Album Just Like That Never Forget Live albums Live Hardcore Worldwide Collaborative albums Hip Hop Lives ( with Marley Marl ) Survival Skills ( with Buckshot ) The Just - Ice and KRS - One EP Vol. 1 ( with Just - Ice ) Meta - Historical ( with True Master ) Godsville ( with Showbiz ) Royalty Check ( with Bumpy Knuckles ) Return of the Boom Bip ( with DJ Premier ) Mixtapes The Mix Tape Prophets vs. Profits KRS - One Presents... Peedo & the Luna Empire It 's All Good ( Greenie album ) Compilation albums Man & His Music Best of B - Boy Records A Retrospective Groups Boogie Down Productions Group Therapy Filmography I 'm Gonna Git You Sucka Who 's the Man? Beef Beef II Related articles Discography B - Boy Records Scott La Rock Stop the Violence Movement Suicide, it 's a suicide Book : KRS - One Portal : Hip hop Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classic_(Better_Than_I%27ve_Ever_Been)&oldid=856887670 '' Categories : 2007 singles Rakim songs Nas songs Kanye West songs KRS - One songs Song recordings produced by DJ Premier Songs written by Nas 2007 songs Song recordings produced by Rick Rubin Songs written by Biddu Songs written by KRS - One Songs written by Kanye West Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Македонски Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018, at 05 : 22 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Classic (Better Than I've Ever Been)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Classic_(Better_Than_I%27ve_Ever_Been)&amp;oldid=856887670" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "18092428937348511606" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - wikipedia Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You Jump to : navigation, search `` I Love You Baby '' redirects here. For the film of that name, see I Love You Baby ( film ). `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' Cover of the 1967 US single Single by Frankie Valli from the album Frankie Valli : Solo B - side `` The Trouble With Me '' Released May 1967 ( 1967 - 05 ) Format 7 '' Recorded April 1967 Genre Pop rock Length 2 : 58 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Bob Crewe Bob Gaudio Producer ( s ) Bob Crewe Frankie Valli singles chronology `` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) `` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli. The song was among his biggest hits, earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week, stuck behind `` Windy '' by The Association. It was co-written by Bob Gaudio, a bandmate of Valli 's in The Four Seasons. It was Valli 's biggest solo hit until he hit # 1 in 1974 with `` My Eyes Adored You ''. `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' has had hundreds of cover versions, many of which have been on the charts in different countries. The song is a staple of television and film soundtracks, even being featured as part of the plot of some films, such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song. Its chorus has also become a popular football chant, with supporters of various teams inserting their club 's name or a popular player 's name into the beat ( for instance, A.S. Roma fans sing `` Francesco Totti, la la, la la la la! '' ). The Valli version was also used by NASA as a wake - up song on the STS - 126 space shuttle mission, to celebrate the anniversary of astronaut Christopher Ferguson, one of the mission 's crew members. The song is frequently erroneously attributed to Frank Sinatra. Contents ( hide ) 1 Credits 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Notable cover versions 3.1 1967 -- 1969 3.2 1970 -- 1989 3.3 1990 -- 1999 3.4 2000 -- 2009 3.5 2010 -- present 4 References 5 External links Credits ( edit ) The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio. Arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio. The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue, with Bob Crewe producing and Phil Ramone as the engineer. Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 18 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box Notable cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years, in many countries, under both versions of the title. A few notable examples of cover versions that appeared on the charts : 1967 -- 1969 ( edit ) The Lettermen ( # 7 in 1967, in a medley with `` Goin ' Out of My Head '' ) A version by Andy Williams made it to # 5 on the UK singles chart in 1968. The arranger and producer was Nick DeCaro and the conductor was Eddie Karam. This version is included in the soundtrack of the 2001 film Bridget Jones 's Diary. In 2002 he recorded a new version of the song, as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen, which reached # 23 in the UK singles charts. Vicki Carr recorded a cover of the song on her 1967 album It Must Be Him. Nancy Wilson ( # 52 in 1969 ) Engelbert Humperdinck covered the song on his 1968 album A Man Without Love. The Easybeats covered the song on their 1968 album Vigil, only released on the UK / European version of the album. The Supremes performed the song for the first time in 1969, in one of Diana Ross ' last performance on TV with the group, with Mary Wilson on lead. A translated version in Swedish was recorded by Anni - Frid Lyngstad ( later of ABBA ) and was released as the B - side to her debut single `` Din '' in 1967. The recording has also been released on Lyngstad 's compilation albums. 1970 -- 1989 ( edit ) In 1970, Brook Benton recorded the song on his album Brook Benton Today. In 1972, Bobby Darin performed the song on his summer television series, Dean Martin Presents : The Bobby Darin Amusement Company, and this version was included in the 2004 album Aces Back to Back. In 1974, Anna Maria Alberghetti performed the song as part of a medley on the 1974 Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon. In 1975, Julio Iglesias sang the song on his TV show. Shirley Bassey recorded this as a United Artist Single in 1976. In 1978 actors Robert De Niro, Christopher Walken and John Cazale sang the lyrics in the movie The Deer Hunter. Maureen McGovern ( # 27 on the US Adult Contemporary chart in 1979 ; # 5 Canadian AC in 1980 ). In 1982, San Francisco based disco band Boys Town Gang performed a disco version of the song which reached number one in the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and number four in the United Kingdom. This version was also successful in Japan, receiving a gold digital certification by the RIAJ in 2011, and is also on games such as Just Dance 4. In 1987, Hong Kong singer Prudence Liew recorded a Cantonese version and released it as the fourth single from her sophomore album, Why. In 1989, Michelle Pfeiffer sang the song in The Fabulous Baker Boys. 1990 -- 1999 ( edit ) 1991, onwards various versions from by disco singer Gloria Gaynor. 1991, Pet Shop Boys used part of the song on their cover version of U2 's `` Where the Streets Have No Name '', which reached # 4 in the U.K. and # 72 in the U.S. 1992, Dutch singers Gerard Joling and Tatjana Šimić recorded a duet version of the song ( including a rap segment by Darrell Bell ), which peaked at # 5 in the Dutch Top 40 charts. 1993, the song was recorded by a-ha singer Morten Harket for the soundtrack of the movie Coneheads ( 1993 ). 1994, Russian singer Philipp Kirkorov recorded this song for his album I 'm not a Rafael. 1995, Christian rock band Daniel Amos recorded a version of the song on their album Songs of the Heart. 1996, Manic Street Preachers recorded a version of the song and used it as the third B - side on their single `` Australia '', the fourth to be taken from the hit album Everything Must Go. 1997, German singer Tommy Fischer released his German disco version `` Weil ich dich liebe '' ( covered in 2008 by Two 4 Pop ) 1997, Xysma, the pioneering Finnish grindcore band, covered the song in their later career after transforming into a rock band on their EP Singles. 1998, Lauryn Hill ( # 35 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and # 2 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart in 1998 and # 8 on the Australian Singles Charts ). This version was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1999. 1999, Heath Ledger sang the song in the film 10 Things I Hate About You. 1999, Denise Richards sang the song in the film Drop Dead Gorgeous. 2000 -- 2009 ( edit ) 2000, Japanese singer Ringo Sheena, for the single `` Tsumi to Batsu ''. 2000, Hong Kong singer Leon Lai did a Cantonese version in his album Beijing Station. 2000, Sheena Easton recorded her version for her album Fabulous. 2001, Jimmy Somerville released his version as a single. 2001, British group Muse, for the single `` Dead Star '' / `` In Your World ''. 2002, Japanese singer Tommy february6, on her eponymous album. 2004, Jennifer Peña recorded a Latin version of the song, `` No Hay Nadie Igual Como Tú '', which reached # 33 on the Latin charts. 2004, Bad Manners, for The Ultimate Bad Collection - Crooners. 2006, Barry Manilow including this song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties. 2007, Greek singer Efi Thodi included this song in her album I Love You Baby. 2008, John Barrowman recorded a cover for his album Music Music Music. 2008, Chinese soft rock duet Yu Quan recorded a cover as an EP titled Fall in Love with Your Beauty. 2008, Frankie Valli 's version of the song was played by NASA as the morning wake - up call for astronaut Christopher Ferguson, in honor of his anniversary while he was on the STS - 126 Space Shuttle mission. 2010 -- present ( edit ) In 2010, A cappella group Straight No Chaser included a cover of the song on their album With a Twist. In 2010, Clay Aiken included a cover of the song on his album Tried and True. In 2011, Japanese R&B singer Misia, included a cover of the song as a B - side to her single `` Kioku ''. The song was later included on her cover album, Misia no Mori : Forest Covers. In 2011, Taiwanese - American singer - songwriter Joanna Wang, included a cover of the song on her cover album, The Things We Do for Love. 2011, Stereophonics frontman Kelly Jones sang an acoustic version of the song in tribute to former Wales national football team manager Gary Speed. The song has been an adopted anthem for Welsh football fans during Speed 's playing career with Wales after being used in a BBC Wales promo for the 1994 World Cup qualifying campaign. In 2013, South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation performed a version of this song as part of their Japan 2nd Tour ~ Girls&Peace ~ and 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour - Girls & Peace. In 2013, the vocal harmony group The Overtones covered the song for the official soundtrack of the German movie Buddy, and also included the song on the Christmas and Mother 's Day editions of their 2013 platinum selling album, Saturday Night at the Movies. In 2014, John Lloyd Young covered the song for the movie Jersey Boys about the band The Four Seasons where he played Frankie Valli. He was also the original performer on the Broadway musical of the same name which premiered in 2005. Jessie J recorded her version in 2016, for the French cosmetics brand Make Up For Ever. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Frankie Valli Site ''. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 ''. 1967 - 07 - 22. Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 31. Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred. The Billboard book of number 1 hits. p. 398. Jump up ^ `` Frankie Valli - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You / The Trouble With Me ( Vinyl ) ''. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada ''. Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15. Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles, July 15, 1967 ''. Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada ''. Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Musicoutfitters.com ''. Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967 ''. Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company ''. Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ Love, Andy by Andy Williams, album sleeve, 1967. New York : Columbia Records CS 9566 Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company ''. Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Engelbert Humperdinck - A Man Without Love ( Vinyl, LP ) ''. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Du är så underbart rar - recording ''. musicbrainz.com. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Brook Benton - Brook Benton Today ( Vinyl, LP, Album ) ''. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada ''. Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - lijst van week 24, 1982 ''. Top40.nl. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ Roberts, David ( 2006 ). British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed. ). London : Guinness World Records Limited. p. 74. ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5. Jump up ^ Gloria Gaynor - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - YourDancefloorTV on YouTube. Retrieved June 9, 2012. Jump up ^ `` JAARLIJST 1992 ''. Members.chello.nl. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Coneheads - Original Soundtrack Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. 1993 - 07 - 20. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Lauryn Hill Awards ''. AllMusic. 1975 - 05 - 26. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` MP3 file ''. Spaceflight.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Girls ' Generation Second Japan Arena Tour Set List Retrieved April 5th, 2013. Jump up ^ 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour Set List. Retrieved June 9, 2013. External links ( edit ) `` Official Frankie Valli Site ''. Retrieved 2010 - 2 - 16. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart, Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love, Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere? '' `` Promise Me, Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' ``... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers The Four Seasons Frankie Valli Tommy DeVito Bob Gaudio Nick Massi Charles Calello Joe Long Gerry Polci Albums Sherry & 11 Others ( 1962 ) The 4 Seasons Greetings ( 1962 ) Big Girls Do n't Cry and Twelve Others ( 1963 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Ai n't That a Shame and 11 Others ( 1963 ) Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons ( 1963 ) Dawn ( 1964 ) Rag Doll ( 1964 ) Born to Wonder ( 1964 ) Stay and Other Great Hits ( 1964 ) 4 Seasons Entertain You ( 1965 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Big Hits by Burt Bacharach... Hal David... Bob Dylan ( 1965 ) Working My Way Back to You and More Great New Hits ( 1966 ) Lets Hang On ( 1966 ) On Stage with The Four Seasons ( 1965 ) New Gold Hits ( 1967 ) Edizione D'Oro ( Gold Edition ) ( 1968 ) The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette ( 1969 ) Half and Half ( 1970 ) Chameleon ( 1972 ) Who Loves You ( 1975 ) Helicon ( 1977 ) The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons ( 2002 ) Singles `` Bermuda '' `` Sherry '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Candy Girl '' `` New Mexican Rose '' `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' `` Stay '' `` Ronnie '' `` Alone ( Why Must I Be Alone ) '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Silence Is Golden '' `` Save It for Me '' `` Sincerely '' `` Big Man in Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Bye, Bye, Baby ( Baby Goodbye ) '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Girl Come Running '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine ( Anymore ) '' `` Let 's Hang On! '' `` Do n't Think Twice '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' `` Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) '' `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' `` The Proud One '' `` Tell It to the Rain '' `` Beggin ' '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` C'mon Marianne '' `` Lonesome Road '' `` Watch the Flowers Grow '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` My Eyes Adored You '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Who Loves You '' `` December, 1963 ( Oh, What a Night ) '' `` Silver Star '' `` Grease '' Related topics Discography Members Albums Songs The Four Lovers The Wonder Who? Bob Crewe `` Ces soirées - là '' Jersey Boys : Original Broadway Cast Recording Jersey Boys ( musical ) Jersey Boys ( film ) Book : The Four Seasons Jimmy Somerville Discography Studio albums Read My Lips Dare to Love Manage the Damage Home Again Compilations The Singles Collection 1984 / 1990 The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville, Bronski Beat and The Communards For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat, The Communards & Jimmy Somerville Singles `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Comment te dire adieu '' `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' `` Read My Lips ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 91 Remix ) '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Hurt So Good '' `` By Your Side '' `` The Number One Song in Heaven '' `` Why? ( Almighty Mix ) '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` Johnny Remember Me '' `` Lover Man '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas? '' `` From This Moment On '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` But Not Tonight '' `` I Was Born This Way '' `` Tell Me Why '' Related articles Bronski Beat The Communards Book Nancy Wilson Albums Like in Love Something Wonderful The Swingin 's Mutual! Nancy Wilson / Cannonball Adderley Broadway -- My Way Hollywood -- My Way Yesterday 's Love Songs / Today 's Blues Today, Tomorrow, Forever The Nancy Wilson Show! Tender Loving Care Lush Life Welcome to My Love But Beautiful Love, Nancy A Nancy Wilson Christmas R.S.V.P. ( Rare Songs, Very Personal ) Turned to Blue Songs `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` You 've Got Your Troubles '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` She Called Me Baby '' `` Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Related articles Discography Jazz Profiles The Lettermen Tony Butala Bobby Poynton Donovan Tea Studio albums Once Upon a Time ( 1962 ) The Best of The Lettermen ( 1966 ) I Have Dreamed ( 1969 ) Spin Away ( 1972 ) Singles `` The 7th Dawn '' `` Allentown Jail '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Chanson D'Amour '' `` Come Back Silly Girl '' `` Eastward '' `` How Is Julie? '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Love '' `` Our Winter Love '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` Secretly '' `` Shangri - La '' `` She Cried '' `` Silly Boy ( She Does n't Love You ) '' `` Sweet September '' `` Theme from A Summer Place '' `` Turn Around, Look at Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Where or When '' Related Vocal Group Hall of Fame Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Take_My_Eyes_Off_You&oldid=835262141 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles 1969 singles Songs written by Bob Crewe Songs written by Bob Gaudio Frankie Valli songs The Four Seasons ( band ) songs Jay and the Americans songs Andy Williams songs Lauryn Hill songs Barry Manilow songs The Lettermen songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Schlager songs Maureen McGovern songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in the Netherlands Song recordings produced by Bob Crewe 1967 songs Philips Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018, at 16 : 06. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Take_My_Eyes_Off_You&amp;oldid=835262141" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "8151269213625681554" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Midian - wikipedia Midian For other uses, see Midian ( disambiguation ). Midian ( / ˈmɪdiən / ; Hebrew : מִדְיָן ‬ ), Madyan ( Arabic : مَـدْيَـن ‎ ), or Madiam ( Greek : Μαδιάμ ) is a geographical place mentioned in the Torah and Qur'an. William G. Dever states that biblical Midian was in the `` northwest Arabian Peninsula, on the east shore of the Gulf of Aqaba on the Red Sea '', an area which he notes was `` never extensively settled until the 8th -- 7th century B.C. '' According to the Book of Genesis, the Midianites were the descendants of Midian, who was a son of Abraham and his wife Keturah : `` Abraham took a wife, and her name was Keturah. And she bare him Zimran, and Jokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shuah '' ( Genesis 25 : 1 -- 2, King James Version ). Some scholars have suggested that Midian was not a geographical area but a league of tribes. Contents 1 Land or tribal league? 2 Religion 2.1 In the Bible 2.2 In the Qur'an 3 Pottery 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Land or tribal league? ( edit ) Some scholars have suggested that ' Midian ' does not refer to geographic places or a specific tribe, but to a confederation or ' league ' of tribes brought together as a collective for worship purposes. Paul Haupt first made this suggestion in 1909, describing Midian as a ' cultic collective ' ( Kultgenossenschaft ) or an ' amphictyony ', meaning ' an association ( Bund ) of different tribes in the vicinity of a sanctuary '. Elath, on the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba was suggested as the location of the first shrine, with a second sanctuary located at Kadesh. Later writers have questioned the identified sanctuary locations but supported the thesis of a Midianite league. George Mendenhall suggested that the Midianites were a non-Semitic confederate group, and William Dumbrell maintained the same case : `` We believe that Haupt 's proposal is to be adopted, and that Midian, rather than depicting a land, is a general term for an amorphous league of the Late Bronze Age, of wide geographical range, who, after a series of reverses, the most prominent of which are recorded in Judges 6 -- 7, largely disappeared from the historical scene... ' Religion ( edit ) It is uncertain which deities the Midianites worshipped. Through their apparent religio - political connection with the Moabites they are thought to have worshipped a multitude, including Baal - peor and the Queen of Heaven, Ashteroth. According to Karel van der Toorn, `` By the 14th century BC, before the cult of Yahweh had reached Israel, groups of Edomite and Midianites worshipped Yahweh as their god. '' An Egyptian temple of Hathor at Timna continued to be used during the Midianite occupation of the site ( terminal Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age ) ; the Midianites transformed the Hathor mining temple into a desert tent - shrine. In addition to the discovery of post-holes, large quantities of red and yellow decayed cloth with beads woven into it, along with numerous copper rings / wire used to suspend the curtains, were found all along two walls of the shrine. Beno Rothenberg, the excavator of the site, suggested that the Midianites were making offerings to Hathor, especially since a large number of Midianite votive vessels ( 25 % ) were discovered in the shrine. However, whether Hathor or some other deity was the object of devotion during this period is difficult to ascertain. A small bronze snake with gilded head was also discovered in the naos of the Timna mining shrine, along with a hoard of metal objects that included a small bronze figurine of a bearded male god, which according to Rothenberg was Midianite in origin. Michael Homan observes that the Midianite tent - shrine at Timna is one of the closest parallels to the biblical Tabernacle. In the Bible ( edit ) Five kings of Midian slain by Israel ( illustration from the 1728 Figures de la Bible ) Midian was the son of Abraham Joseph was sold by the Midianites who came across him and they sold him to the Ishmaelites Midian was where Moses spent forty years in voluntary exile after killing an Egyptian. Moses married Zipporah the daughter of Jethro, the priest of Midian ( also known as Reuel ). Jethro advised Moses on establishing a system of delegated legal decision - making Moses asked Hobab, the son of Reuel the Midianite, to accompany the Israelites travelling towards the promised land because of his local knowledge, although Hobab preferred to return to his homeland Cozbi, daughter of the Midianite chief Zur, was speared by Phinehas together with Zimri. Zimri was the son of a Simeonite chief, while Cozbi was a Midianite woman taken into his family by Zimri. The Midianite women 's seductions of Israelites to their idol Baal - Peor ( or Baal - phegor ) is described as the cause of offense to God, even though the Midianites were racially akin to the Israelites as descendants of Abraham, and Moses ' own wife Zipporah was Midianite. Ignoring this, at least one modern day movement has interpreted this story as a prohibition against miscegenation. Soon after, Yahweh instructed Moses to collect an army and destroy Midian. Some commentators, for example the Pulpit Commentary and Gill 's Exposition of the Bible, have noted that God 's command focused on attacking the Midianites and not the Moabites, and similarly Moses in Deuteronomy directed that the Israelites should not harass the Moabites. The Israelites killed every Midianite male, including Zur and four other named chiefs, and brought back the women and children as prisoners of war Moses condemned the Midianite women as the cause of the enmity between the Israelites and the Midianites, and ordered every woman who had slept with a man to be killed ( Numbers 31 : 17 ), but 32,000 girls who have never slept with a man were kept as slaves ( Book of Numbers 31 : 35 ). Israel was oppressed by Midian for seven years during the time of the Judges ( Judges 6 : 1 -- 6 ). Gideon was called by God to deliver Israel from Midian 's armies ( Judges 6 : 7 -- 9 ). He killed the Midianite princes Oreb and Zeeb, then pursued their kings Zebah and Zalmunna as far as Karkor, slaying them as well. Hadad the Edomite, opposing King Solomon, passed through Midian and Paran while fleeing from Edom to Egypt. Isaiah ( 60 : 6 ) speaks of camels from Midian and Ephah coming to `` cover your land, '' along with the gold and frankincense from Sheba. This passage, taken by the Gospel of Matthew as a foreshadowing of the Magi 's gifts to the infant Jesus, has been incorporated into the Christmas liturgy. In the Qur'an ( edit ) Shuaib Caves in Al - Bada'a, Tabuk Region The people of Midian are mentioned extensively in the Arabic Qur'an. The word ' Madyan ' appears 10 times in it. The people are also called ʾaṣḥabu l - ʾaykah ( Arabic : أصـحـابُ الأيـكـة ‎, `` Companions of the Wood '' ). Surah 9 ( Al - Tawbah ), verse 70 says `` Has not the story reached them of those before them? -- The people of Nūḥ ( Noah ), ʿĀd and Thamud, the people of Ibrahim ( Abraham ), the dwellers ( literally, comrades ) of Madyan ( Midian ) and the cities overthrown ( i.e. the people to whom Lūt ( Lot ) preached ), to them came their Messengers with clear proofs. So it was not Allah who wronged them, but they used to wrong themselves. '' In Surah 7 ( Al - ʾAʿrāf ) Madyan is mentioned as one of several peoples who were warned by prophets to repent lest judgment fall on them. The story of Madyan is the last, coming after that of Lot preaching to his people ( referring to the destruction of the Cities of the Plain ). Madyan was warned by the prophet Shuʿaib to repent of using false weights and measures and lying in wait along the road. But they rejected Shuʿayb, and consequently were destroyed by a tremor ( rajfa, v. 91 ). Abdullah Yusuf Ali in his commentary ( 1934 ) writes, `` The fate of the Madyan people is described in the same terms as that of the Thamūd in verse 78 above. An earthquake seized them by night, and they were buried in their own homes, no longer to vex Allah 's earth. But a supplementary detail is mentioned in ( Qur'an ) 26 : 189, ' the punishment of a day of overshadowing gloom, ' which may be understood to mean a shower of ashes and cinders accompanying a volcanic eruption. Thus a day of terror drove them into their homes, and the earthquake finished them. '' A number of scholars have proposed that the biblical description of devouring fire on Mount Sinai refers to an erupting volcano in the land of biblical Midian identified as Hala - ' l Badr in northwestern Saudi Arabia. Pottery ( edit ) Midianite pottery, also called Qurayyah Painted Ware ( QPW ), is found at numerous sites stretching from the southern Levant to NW Saudi Arabia, the Hejaz ; Qurayyah in NW Saudi Arabia is thought to be its original location of manufacture. The pottery is bichrome / polychrome style and it dates as early as the 13th century BC ; its many geometric, human, and animal motifs are painted in browns and dark reds on a pinkish - tan slip. `` Midianite '' pottery is found in its largest quantities at metallurgical sites in the southern Levant, especially Timna. Because of the Mycenaean motifs on Midianite pottery, some scholars including George Mendenhall, Peter Parr, and Beno Rothenberg have suggested that the Midianites were originally Sea Peoples who migrated from the Aegean region and imposed themselves on a pre-existing Semitic stratum. The question of the origin of the Midianites still remains open. See also ( edit ) ʿĀd Balak Eglon Ishmaelites Kedar History of ancient Israel and Judah Tabuk, Saudi Arabia Thamud The Bible and history Midian war Genocides in history Sodom and Gomorrah References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also Μαδιανίτης for `` Midianite ''. Jump up ^ Dever, William G. Who were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ( 24 May 2006 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4416 - 3 p. 34 Jump up ^ http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2025:1-2&version=KJV Jump up ^ William J. Dumbrell, Midian : A Land or a League?, Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 25, Fasc. 2, No. 2a. Jubilee Number ( May, 1975 ), pp. 323 -- 37 Jump up ^ Bromiley Geoffrey W. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1996. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3783 - 7. p. 350. Jump up ^ Paul Haupt, Midian und Sinai, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 63, 1909, p. 56, available online in German at http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/pageview/55820, quoted in Dumbrell accessed 1 August 2015 Jump up ^ The Incident at Beth Baal Peor, The Tenth Generation, 1973 Jump up ^ William J. Dumbrell, Midian : A Land or a League?, Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 25, Fasc. 2, No. 2a. Jubilee Number ( May, 1975 ), p. 32 Jump up ^ Numbers 22 : 4, 7 Jump up ^ Karel van der Toorn, Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit, and Israel : Continuity and Change in the Forms of Religious Life ( Leiden : E.J. Brill ), p. 283. Jump up ^ Beno Rothenberg, Timna : Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines ( London : Thames and Hudson, 1972 ). Jump up ^ Michael M. Homan, To Your Tents, O Israel! : The Terminology, Function, Form, and Symbolism of the Tents in the Bible and the Ancient Near East, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 12 ( Brill : 2002 ), p. 118 Jump up ^ Genesis 25 : 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Genesis 37 : 28 Jump up ^ Exodus 2 : 11 -- 15 Jump up ^ Exodus 2 : 21 Jump up ^ Exodus 18 Jump up ^ Numbers 10 : 29 -- 31 Jump up ^ Numbers 25 : 6 -- 8, 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Numbers 25 : 17 and Numbers 31 : 1 Jump up ^ Pulpit Commentary and Gill 's Exposition of the Bible, http://biblehub.com/numbers/25-17.htm accessed 1 July 2015 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 2 : 9 Jump up ^ `` Bible Gateway passage : Numbers 31 -- New International Version ''. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14. Jump up ^ 1 Kings 11 : 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Quran % 3Averse % 3D78 15 : 78 -- 79 Jump up ^ Quran % 3Averse % 3D176 26 : 176 -- 189 Jump up ^ Quran % 3Averse % 3D13 38 : 13 -- 15 Jump up ^ Quran % 3Averse % 3D12 50 : 12 -- 14 Jump up ^ Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. ( chrome - extension://klbibkeccnjlkjkiokjodocebajanakg/suspended.html#uri=https://archive.org/stream/TheHolyQuranEnglishTranslationoftheMeaningandCommentary/The%20Holy%20Quran%20-%20Abdullah%20Yusuf%20Ali%20IFTA_djvu.txt The Holy Quran -- English Translation of the Meaning and Commentary ) Check url = value ( help ). King Fahd Holy Qur - an Printing Complex. Retrieved 4 March 2017. Jump up ^ B. Rothenberg and J. Glass, `` The Midianite Pottery, '' in Midian, Moab, and Edom : The History and Archaeology of the Late Bronze and Iron Age Jordan and North - West Arabia, JSOT Supplement Series 24, ed. John F.A. Sawyer and David J.A. Clines ( Sheffield : JSOT Press, 1983 ), pp. 65 -- 124. Jump up ^ Tebes, `` Pottery Makers and Premodern Exchange in the Fringes of Egypt : An Approximation to the Distribution of Iron Age Midianite Pottery, '' Buried History 43 ( 2007 ), pp. 11 -- 26. Jump up ^ George Mendenhall, `` Qurayya and the Midianites, '' in Studies in the History of Arabia, Vol. 3, ed. A.R. Al - Ansary ( Riyadh : King Saud University ), pp. 137 -- 45 Jump up ^ Peter J. Parr, `` Further Reflections on Late Second Millennium Settlement in North West Arabia, '' in Retrieving the Past : Essays on Archaeologial Research and Methodology, ed. J.D. Seger ( Winona Lake : Eisenbrauns, 1996 ), pp. 213 -- 18. Jump up ^ Rothenberg, `` Egyptian Chariots, Midianites from Hijaz / Midian ( Northwest Arabia ) and Amalekites from the Negev in the Timna Mines : Rock drawings in the Ancient Copper Mines of the Arabah -- new aspects of the region 's history II, '' Institute for Archaeo - Metallurgical Studies, newsletter no. 23 ( 2003 ), p. 12. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Singer, Isidore ; et al., eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ). `` ``. Jewish Encyclopedia. New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company. Further reading ( edit ) Clines, David and John Sawyer, eds. `` Midian, Moab and Edom : The History and Archaeology of Late Bronze and Iron Age Jordan and North - West Arabia ''. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series, No. 24. Sheffield Academic Press, 1983. External links ( edit ) Singer, Isidore and M. Seligsohn. `` Midian and Midianites ''. Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901 -- 1906, which cites to : Archaeology of Timna Another Timna archaeology site Richard Burton 's account of his travels in `` The Land of Midian '' Spring of Harod -- Ma'ayan Harod People and things in the Quran Characters Non-humans Allāh ( `` The God '' ) Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm ( Generous ) Beings in Paradise Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Animals Related The baqarah ( cow ) of Israelites The dhi'b ( wolf ) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Ḥimār ( Domesticated donkey ) The hud - hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The namlah ( female ant ) of Solomon The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqat ( she - camel ) of Saleh Non-related Dābbat al - Arḍ ( Beast of the Earth ) Ḥimār ( Wild ass ) Qaswarah ( `` Lion '', `` beast of prey '' or `` hunter '' ) Angels Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Jibrīl ( Gabriel ) Mīkāl ( Michael ) ' Izrā'īl Malakul - Mawt ( Azrael, Angel of Death ) Riḍwān Munkar Nakir Harut and Marut Kirāman Kātibīn ( Honourable Scribes ) Raqib Atid Jinn ' Ifrīt Jann Mārid ( `` Rebellious one '' ) Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Iblīs the ( Chief ) Shayṭān ( Devil ) Qarīn Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber? ) Idrīs ( Enoch? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro, Reuel or Hobab? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrā'īl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūt ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great? ) Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon? ) Implied Irmiyā ( Jeremiah ) Ṣamū'īl ( Samuel ) Yūsha ' ibn Nūn ( Joshua, companion and successor of Moses ) People of Prophets Evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'awn ( Pharaoh of Moses ' time ) Hāmān Jālūt ( Goliath ) Qārūn ( Korah, cousin of Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abī Lahab Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Good ones Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya - Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman 's son People of Aaron and Moses Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Imra'at Fir'awn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah ) Khidr Magicians of the Pharaoh Moses ' wife Moses ' sister - in - law Mother Sister People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael 's mother Isaac 's mother People of Jesus Disciples ( including Peter ) Mary 's mother Zechariah 's wife People of Joseph Brothers ( including Binyāmin ( Benjamin ) and Simeon ) Egyptians ' Azīz ( Potiphar, Qatafir or Qittin ) Malik ( King Ar - Rayyān ibn Al - Walīd ) ) Wife of ' Azīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd Implied or not specified Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman 's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as - Sabt ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah 's Ark Aṣḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya - Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ ( People of Sodom and Gomorrah ) Nation of Noah Tribes, ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣḥāb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) ' Ajam Ar - Rūm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banī Isrā'īl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'tafikāt ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yūnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayt ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha, Za'ura, et al. ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Anṣār ( Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers, literally ' Helpers ' ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants from Mecca to Medina ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Ya'jūj wa Ma'jūj ( Gog and Magog ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kāfirūn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munāfiq ūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kitāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Holy Land '' ) ' Blessed ' Land In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains, '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāt al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāt Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ( `` Sanctuary ( which is ) Secure '' ) Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Al - Jannah ( Paradise, literally `` The Garden '' ) Jahannam ( Hell ) In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah, '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Baḥrayn Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl ( A river in Paradise ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque, literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Sacred Grove '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque, literally `` The Farthest Place - of - Prostration '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly : Masjid Qubā ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Plant matter Baṣal ( Onion ) Fūm ( Garlic or wheat ) Shaṭ ' ( Shoot ) Sūq ( Plant stem ) Zar ' ( Seed ) Fruits ' Adas ( Lentil ) Baql ( Herb ) Ḥabb dhul - ' aṣf ( Corn of the husk ) Qith - thā ' ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Ukul khamṭ ( Bitter fruit or food of Sheba ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes, trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( Lote - tree ) Līnah ( Tender Palm tree ) Nakhl ( Date palm ) Rayḥān ( Scented plant ) Sidrat al - Muntahā Zaqqūm Islamic holy books Al - Injīl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ān ( The Book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrāhīm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) At - Tawrāt ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mūsā ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabūr ( The Psalms of David ) Umm al - Kitāb ( `` Mother of the Book ( s ) '' ) Objects of people or beings Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as - Sakīnah ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Al - Lāt Al - ' Uzzá Manāt Jibt and Ṭāghūt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ ( literally ' lamps ' ) : Al - Qamar ( The Moon ) Kawākib ( Planets ) Al - Arḍ ( The Earth ) Nujūm ( Stars ) Ash - Shams ( The Sun ) Liquids Mā ' ( Water or fluid ) Nahr ( River ) Yamm ( River or sea ) Sharāb ( Drink ) Events, incidents, occasions or times Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Qadr Mubahalah Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Battles or military expeditions Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Days Al - Jumu'ah ( The Friday ) As - Sabt ( The Sabbath or Saturday ) Days of battles Days of Hajj Doomsday Months of the Islamic calendar Four holy months Ramaḍān Pilgrimages Al - Ḥajj ( literally `` The Pilgrimmage '', the Greater Pilgrimage ) Al - ' Umrah ( The Lesser Pilgrimage ) Times for Prayer or Remembrance Times for Duʿāʾ ( ' Invocation ' ), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ( ' Remembrance ', including Taḥmīd ( ' Praising ' ), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ ) : Al - ' Ashiyy ( The Afternoon or the Night ) Al - Ghuduww ( `` The Mornings '' ) Al - Bukrah ( `` The Morning '' ) Aṣ - Ṣabāḥ ( `` The Morning '' ) Al - Layl ( `` The Night '' ) Al - ' Ishā ' ( `` The Late - Night '' ) Aẓ - Ẓuhr ( `` The Noon '' ) Dulūk ash - Shams ( `` Decline of the Sun '' ) Al - Masā ' ( `` The Evening '' ) Qabl al - Ghurūb ( `` Before the Setting ( of the Sun ) '' ) Al - Aṣīl ( `` The Afternoon '' ) Al - Aṣr ( `` The Afternoon '' ) Qabl ṭulū ' ash - Shams ( `` Before the rising of the Sun '' ) Al - Fajr ( `` The Dawn '' ) Implied Event of Ghadir Khumm Laylat al - Mabit The first pilgrimage Note : The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midian&oldid=851843210 '' Categories : Midian Hebrew Bible nations Ancient peoples of the Near East Semitic - speaking peoples Massacres in the Bible Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Pages with URL errors Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia with no article parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ تۆرکجه Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Norsk Português کوردی اردو 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018, at 23 : 46 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Midian", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Midian&amp;oldid=851843210" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "1702128542520880613" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Industrial Revolution - wikipedia Industrial Revolution Jump to : navigation, search A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in 1835. Textiles were the leading industry of the Industrial Revolution and mechanized factories, powered by a central water wheel or steam engine, were the new workplace. The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological innovations were of British origin. By the mid-18th century Britain was the world 's leading commercial nation, controlling a global trading empire with colonies in North America and Africa, and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent, through the activities of the East India Company. The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history ; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries. GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per - capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants. The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes. Eric Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s, while T.S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830. Rapid industrialization first began in Britain, starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s, with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800. Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France. An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original innovations of the Industrial Revolution, such as mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed and their markets matured. Innovations developed late in the period, such as the increasing adoption of locomotives, steamboats and steamships, hot blast iron smelting and new technologies, such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth. Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution. These new innovations included new steel making processes, the large - scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam - powered factories. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Important technological developments 2.1 Textile manufacture 2.1. 1 British textile industry statistics 2.1. 2 Cotton 2.1. 3 Trade and textiles 2.1. 4 Pre-mechanized European textile production 2.1. 5 Invention of textile machinery 2.1. 6 Wool 2.1. 7 Silk 2.2 Iron industry 2.2. 1 UK iron production statistics 2.2. 2 Iron process innovations 2.3 Steam power 2.4 Machine tools 2.5 Chemicals 2.6 Cement 2.7 Gas lighting 2.8 Glass making 2.9 Paper machine 2.10 Agriculture 2.11 Mining 2.12 Transportation 2.12. 1 Canals and improved waterways 2.12. 2 Roads 2.12. 3 Railways 2.13 Other developments 3 Social effects 3.1 Factory system 3.2 Standards of living 3.2. 1 Food and nutrition 3.2. 2 Housing 3.2. 3 Sanitation 3.2. 4 Water supply 3.2. 5 Increase in literacy 3.3 Clothing and consumer goods 3.4 Population increase 3.5 Urbanization 3.6 Impact on women and family life 3.7 Labour conditions 3.7. 1 Social structure and working conditions 3.7. 2 Factories and urbanisation 3.7. 3 Child labour 3.7. 4 Organisation of labour 3.7. 5 Luddites 3.7. 6 Destruction of hand textile production in India, China, etc. 3.7. 7 Effect on cotton production and expansion of slavery 3.8 Impact on environment 4 Industrialisation beyond the United Kingdom 4.1 Continental Europe 4.1. 1 Belgium 4.1. 1.1 Demographic effects 4.1. 2 France 4.1. 3 Germany 4.1. 4 Sweden 4.2 Japan 4.3 United States 5 Second Industrial Revolution 6 Causes 6.1 Causes in Europe 6.2 Causes in Britain 6.3 Transfer of knowledge 6.3. 1 Protestant work ethic 7 Opposition from Romanticism 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Sources 10 External links Etymology The earliest recorded use of the term `` Industrial Revolution '' seems to have been in a letter from 6 July 1799 written by French envoy Louis - Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise. In his 1976 book Keywords : A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, Raymond Williams states in the entry for `` Industry '' : `` The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811 and 1818, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the ( 19th ) century. '' The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s, as in Jérôme - Adolphe Blanqui 's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle. Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of `` an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society ''. However, although Engels wrote in the 1840s, his book was not translated into English until the late 1800s, and his expression did not enter everyday language until then. Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term. Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer. This is still a subject of debate among some historians. Important technological developments The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies : Textiles -- mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or water increased the output of a worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40. The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50. Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but they were not as great as in cotton. Steam power -- the efficiency of steam engines increased so that they used between one - fifth and one - tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses. The high pressure engine had a high power to weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation. Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800. Iron making -- the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production. Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces, resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the mid 1750s, enabling a large increase iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power. The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was later improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the finery forge. The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Hot blast ( 1828 ) greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades. Invention of machine tools -- The first machine tools were invented. These included the screw cutting lathe, cylinder boring machine and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took several decades to develop effective techniques. Textile manufacture Main article : Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution British textile industry Statistics In 1750 Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by cottage industry in Lancashire. The work was done by hand in workers ' homes or occasionally in shops of master weavers. In 1787 raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded and spun on machines. The share of value added by the cotton textile industry in Britain was 2.6 % in 1760, 17 % in 1801 and 22.4 % in 1831. Value added by the British woollen industry was 14.1 % in 1801. Cotton factories in Britain numbered approximately 900 in 1797. In 1760 approximately one - third of cotton cloth manufactured in Britain was exported, rising to two - thirds by 1800. In 1781 cotton spun amounted to 5.1 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800 less than 0.1 % of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788 there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years. Wages in Lancashire, a core region for cottage industry and later factory spinning and weaving, were about six times those in India in 1770, when overall productivity in Britain was about three times higher than in India. Cotton Parts of India, China, Central America, South America and the Middle - East have a long history of hand manufacturing cotton textiles, which became a major industry sometime after 1000 AD. In tropical and subtropical regions where it was grown, most was grown by small farmers alongside their food crops and was spun and woven in households, largely for domestic consumption. In the 15th century China began to require households to pay part of their taxes in cotton cloth. By the 17th century almost all Chinese wore cotton clothing. Almost everywhere cotton cloth could be used as a medium of exchange. In India a significant amount of cotton textiles were manufactured for distant markets, often produced by professional weavers. Some merchants also owned small weaving workshops. India produced a variety of cotton cloth, some of exceptionally fine quality. The early Spanish explorers found Native Americans growing a previously unknown species of good quality cotton : Gossypium hirsutum. Cotton plantations were eventually established in the West Indies and the Americas which provided Britain with a source of this difficult to obtain raw material. A strain of cotton seed brought from Mexico to Natchez, Mississippi, USA in 1806 became the parent genetic material for over 90 % of world cotton production today ; it produced bolls that were three to four times faster to pick. Trade and textiles The Age of Discovery was followed by a period of colonialism beginning around the 16th century. Following the discovery of a trade route to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese, the Dutch established the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie ( abbr. VOC ) or Dutch East India Company and the British founded the East India Company, along with smaller companies of different nationalities which established trading posts and employed agents to engage in trade throughout the Indian Ocean region and between the Indian Ocean region and North Atlantic Europe. One of the largest segments of this trade was in cotton textiles, which were purchased in India and sold in Southeast Asia, including the Indonesian archipelago, where spices were purchased for sale to Southeast Asia and Europe. By the mid-1760s cloth was over three - quarters of the East India Company 's exports. Indian textiles were in demand in North Atlantic region of Europe where previously only wool and linen were available ; however, the amount of cotton goods consumed in Western Europe was minor until the early 19th century. European colonial empires at the start of the Industrial Revolution. Pre-mechanized European textile production By 1600 Flemish refugees began weaving cotton cloth in English towns where cottage spinning and weaving of wool and linen was well established ; however, they were left alone by the guilds who did not consider cotton a threat. Earlier European attempts at cotton spinning and weaving were in 12th century Italy and 15th century southern Germany, but these industries eventually ended when the supply of cotton was cut off. The Moors in Spain grew, spun and wove cotton beginning around the 10th century. British cloth could not compete with Indian cloth because India 's labor cost was approximately one - fifth to one - sixth that of Britain 's. In 1700 and 1721 the British government passed Calico Acts in order to protect the domestic woollen and linen industries from the increasing amounts of cotton fabric imported from India. The demand for heavier fabric was met by a domestic industry based around Lancashire that produced fustian, a cloth with flax warp and cotton weft. Flax was used for the warp because wheel - spun cotton did not have sufficient strength, but the resulting blend was not as soft as 100 % cotton and was more difficult to sew. On the eve of the Industrial Revolution, spinning and weaving were done in households, for domestic consumption and as a cottage industry under the putting - out system. Occasionally the work was done in the workshop of a master weaver. Under the putting - out system, home - based workers produced under contract to merchant sellers, who often supplied the raw materials. In the off season the women, typically farmers ' wives, did the spinning and the men did the weaving. Using the spinning wheel, it took anywhere from four to eight spinners to supply one hand loom weaver. Invention of textile machinery The flying shuttle patented in 1733 by John Kay, with a number of subsequent improvements including an important one in 1747, doubled the output of a weaver, worsening the imbalance between spinning and weaving. It became widely used around Lancashire after 1760 when John 's son, Robert, invented the drop box, which facilitated changing thread colors. Lewis Paul patented the roller spinning frame and the flyer - and - bobbin system for drawing wool to a more even thickness. The technology was developed with the help of John Wyatt of Birmingham. Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their new rolling machine powered by a donkey. In 1743 a factory opened in Northampton with 50 spindles on each of five of Paul and Wyatt 's machines. This operated until about 1764. A similar mill was built by Daniel Bourn in Leominster, but this burnt down. Both Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn patented carding machines in 1748. Based on two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds, it was later used in the first cotton spinning mill. Lewis 's invention was later developed and improved by Richard Arkwright in his water frame and Samuel Crompton in his spinning mule. Model of the spinning jenny in a museum in Wuppertal. Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, the spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution. In 1764 in the village of Stanhill, Lancashire, James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, which he patented in 1770. It was the first practical spinning frame with multiple spindles. The jenny worked in a similar manner to the spinning wheel, by first clamping down on the fibres, then by drawing them out, followed by twisting. It was a simple, wooden framed machine that only cost about £ 6 for a 40 - spindle model in 1792, and was used mainly by home spinners. The jenny produced a lightly twisted yarn only suitable for weft, not warp. The spinning frame or water frame was developed by Richard Arkwright who, along with two partners, patented it in 1769. The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas High by clockmaker John Kay, who was hired by Arkwright. For each spindle, the water frame used a series of four pairs of rollers, each operating at a successively higher rotating speed, to draw out the fibre, which was then twisted by the spindle. The roller spacing was slightly longer than the fibre length. Too close a spacing caused the fibres to break while too distant a spacing caused uneven thread. The top rollers were leather - covered and loading on the rollers was applied by a weight. The weights kept the twist from backing up before the rollers. The bottom rollers were wood and metal, with fluting along the length. The water frame was able to produce a hard, medium count thread suitable for warp, finally allowing 100 % cotton cloth to be made in Britain. A horse powered the first factory to use the spinning frame. Arkwright and his partners used water power at a factory in Cromford, Derbyshire in 1771, giving the invention its name. The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton. The mule produced high - quality thread with minimal labour. Samuel Crompton 's Spinning Mule was introduced in 1779. Mule implies a hybrid because it was a combination of the spinning jenny and the water frame, in which the spindles were placed on a carriage, which went through an operational sequence during which the rollers stopped while the carriage moved away from the drawing roller to finish drawing out the fibres as the spindles started rotating. Crompton 's mule was able to produce finer thread than hand spinning and at a lower cost. Mule spun thread was of suitable strength to be used as warp, and finally allowed Britain to produce highly competitive yarn in large quantities. Interior of Marshall 's Temple Works Realising that the expiration of the Arkwright patent would greatly increase the supply of spun cotton and lead to a shortage of weavers, Edmund Cartwright developed a vertical power loom which he patented in 1785. In 1776 he patented a two - man operated loom which was more conventional. Cartwright built two factories ; the first burned down and the second was sabotaged by his workers. Cartwright 's loom design had several flaws, the most serious being thread breakage. Samuel Horrocks patented a fairly successful loom in 1813. Horock 's loom was improved by Richard Roberts in 1822 and these were produced in large numbers by Roberts, Hill & Co. The demand for cotton presented an opportunity to planters in the Southern United States, who thought upland cotton would be a profitable crop if a better way could be found to remove the seed. Eli Whitney responded to the challenge by inventing the inexpensive cotton gin. With a cotton gin a man could remove seed from as much upland cotton in one day as would have previously taken a woman working two months to process at one pound per day. These advances were capitalised on by entrepreneurs, of whom the best known is Richard Arkwright. He is credited with a list of inventions, but these were actually developed by such people as Thomas Highs and John Kay ; Arkwright nurtured the inventors, patented the ideas, financed the initiatives, and protected the machines. He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory, and he developed the use of power -- first horse power and then water power -- which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry. Other inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning ( carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling ) so that the supply of yarn increased greatly. Before long steam power was applied to drive textile machinery. Manchester acquired the nickname Cottonopolis during the early 19th century owing to its sprawl of textile factories. Although mechanization dramatically decreased the cost of cotton cloth, by the mid-19th century machine - woven cloth still could not equal the quality of hand - woven Indian cloth, in part due to the fineness of thread made possible by the type of cotton used in India, which allowed high tread counts. However, the high productivity of British textile manufacturing allowed coarser grades of British cloth to undersell hand spun and woven fabric in low - wage India, eventually destroying the industry. Wool The earliest European attempts at mechanized spinning were with wool ; however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanize than cotton. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant, but was far less than that of cotton. Silk Lombe 's Mill site today, rebuilt as Derby Silk Mill Arguably the first highly mechanised factory was John Lombe 's water - powered silk mill at Derby, operational by 1721. Lombe learned silk thread manufacturing by taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy ; however, becasue the silk industry there was a closely guarded secret, the state of the industry there is unknown. Although Lombe 's factory was technically successful, the supply of raw silk from Italy was cut off to eliminate competition. In order to promote manufacturing the Crown paid for models of Lombe 's machinery which were exhibited in the Tower of London. Iron industry The reverberatory furnace could produce cast iron using mined coal. The burning coal remained separate from the iron and so did not contaminate the iron with impurities like sulphur and silica. This opened the way to increased iron production. The Iron Bridge, Shropshire, England, the world 's first bridge constructed of iron. Horizontal ( lower ) and vertical ( upper ) cross-sections of a single puddling furnace. A. Fireplace grate ; B. Firebricks ; C. Cross binders ; D. Fireplace ; E. Work door ; F. Hearth ; G. Cast iron retaining plates ; H. Bridge wall UK iron production Statistics Bar iron was the commodity form of iron used as the raw material for making hardware goods such as nails, wire, hinges, horse shoes, wagon tires, chains, etc. and for structural shapes. A small amount of bar iron was converted into steel. Cast iron was used for pots, stoves and other items where its brittleness was tolerable. Most cast iron was refined and converted to bar iron, with substantial losses. Bar iron was also made by the bloomery process, which was the predominant iron smelting process until the late 18th century. In the UK in 1720 there were 20,500 tons of cast iron produced with charcoal and 400 tons with coke. In 1750 charcoal iron production was 24,500 and coke iron was 2,500 tons. In 1788 the production of charcoal cast iron was 14,000 tons while coke iron production was 54,000 tons. In 1806 charcoal cast iron production was 7,800 tons and coke cast iron was 250,000 tons. In 1750 the UK imported 31,200 tons of bar iron and either refined from cast iron or directly produced 18,800 tons of bar iron using charcoal and 100 tons using coke. In 1796 the UK was making 125,000 tons of bar iron with coke and 6,400 tons with charcoal ; imports were 38,000 tons and exports were 24,600 tons. In 1806 the UK did not import bar iron but exported 31,500 tons. Iron process innovations A major change in the iron industries during the era of the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal. For a given amount of heat, coal required much less labour to mine than cutting wood and converting it to charcoal, and coal was much more abundant than wood, supplies of which were becoming scarce before the enormous increase in iron production that took place in the late 18th century. By 1750 coke had generally replaced charcoal in smelting of copper and lead and was in widespread use in making glass. In the smelting and refining of iron, coal and coke produced inferior iron to that made with charcoal because of the coal 's sulfur content. Low sulfur coals were known, but they still contained harmful amounts. Conversion of coal to coke only slightly reduces the sulfur content. A minority of coals are coking. Another factor limiting the iron industry before the Industrial Revolution was the scarcity of water power to power blast bellows. This was solved by the steam engine. Use of coal in iron smelting started somewhat before the Industrial Revolution, based on innovations by Sir Clement Clerke and others from 1678, using coal reverberatory furnaces known as cupolas. These were operated by the flames playing on the ore and charcoal or coke mixture, reducing the oxide to metal. This has the advantage that impurities ( such as sulphur ash ) in the coal do not migrate into the metal. This technology was applied to lead from 1678 and to copper from 1687. It was also applied to iron foundry work in the 1690s, but in this case the reverberatory furnace was known as an air furnace. ( The foundry cupola is a different, and later, innovation. ) By 1709 Abraham Darby made progress using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale. However, the coke pig iron he made was not suitable for making wrought iron and was used mostly for the production of cast iron goods, such as pots and kettles. He had the advantage over his rivals in that his pots, cast by his patented process, were thinner and cheaper than theirs. Coke pig iron was hardly used to produce wrought iron until 1755 - 56, when Darby 's son Abraham Darby II built furnaces at Horsehay and Ketley where low sulfur coal was available ( and not far from Coalbrookdale ). These new furnaces were equipped with water - powered bellows, the water being pumped by Newcomen steam engines. The Newcomen engines were not attached directly to the blowing cylinders because the engines would not produce a steady air blast. Abraham Darby III installed similar steam - pumped, water - powered blowing cylinders at the Dale Company when he took control in 1768. The Dale Company used several Newcomen engines to drain its mines and made parts for engines which it sold throughout the country. Steam engines made the use higher - pressure and volume blast practical ; however, the leather used in bellows was expensive to replace. In 1757 iron master John Wilkinson patented a hydraulic powered blowing engine for blast furnaces. The blowing cylinder for blast furnaces was introduced in 1760 and the first blowing cylinder made of cast iron is believed to be the one used at Carrington in 1768 that was designed by John Smeaton. Cast iron cylinders for use with a piston were difficult to manufacture ; the cylinders had to be free of holes and had to be machined smooth and straight to remove any warping. James Watt had great difficulty trying to have a cylinder made for his first steam engine. In 1774 John Wilkinson, who built a cast iron blowing cylinder for his iron works, invented a precision boring machine for boring cylinders. After Wilkinson bored the first successful cylinder for a Boulton and Watt steam engine in 1776, he was given an exclusive contract for providing cylinders. After Watt developed a rotary steam engine in 1782, they were widely applied to blowing, hammering, rolling and slitting. The solutions to the sulfur problem were the addition of sufficient limestone to the furnace to force sulfur into the slag and the use of low sulfur coal. Use of lime or limestone required higher furnace temperatures to form a free - flowing slag. The increased furnace temperature made possible by improved blowing also increased the capacity of blast furnaces and allowed for increased furnace height. In addition to lower cost and greater availability, coke had other important advantages over charcoal in that it was harder and made the column of materials ( iron ore, fuel, slag ) flowing down the blast furnace more porous and did not crush in the much taller furnaces of the late 19th century. As cast iron was became cheaper and widely available, it began being a structural material for bridges and buildings. A famous early example was the Iron Bridge built in 1778 with cast iron produced by Abraham Darby III. However, most cast iron was converted to wrought iron, which was turned into hardware items such as nails, wire, chains, agricultural implements, tools and wagon tires. Europe relied on the bloomery for most of its wrought iron until the large scale production of cast iron. Conversion of cast iron was done in a finery forge, as it long had been. An improved refining process known as potting and stamping was developed, but this was superseded by Henry Cort 's puddling process. Cort developed two significant iron manufacturing processes : rolling in 1783 and puddling in 1784. Puddling produced a structural grade iron at a relatively low cost. Puddling was a means of decarburizing molten pig iron by slow oxidation in a reverberatory furnace by manually stirring it with a long rod. The decarburized iron, having a higher melting point than cast iron, was raked into globs by the puddler. When the glob a large enough the puddler would remove it. Puddling was backbreaking and extremely hot work. Few puddlers lived to be 40. Because puddling was done in a reverberatory furnace, coal or coke could be used as fuel. The puddling process continued to be used until the late 19th century when iron was being displaced by steel. Because puddling required human skill in sensing the iron globs, it was never successfully mechanised. Rolling was an important part of the puddling process because the grooved rollers expelled most of the molten slag and consolidated the mass of hot wrought iron. Rolling was 15 times faster at this than a trip hammer. A different use of rolling, which was done at lower temperatures than that for expelling slag, was in the production of iron sheets, and later structural shapes such as beams, angles and rails. The puddling process was improved in 1818 by Baldwyn Rogers, who replaced some of the sand lining on the reverberatory furnace bottom with iron oxide. In 1838 John Hall patented the use of roasted tap cinder ( iron silicate ) for the furnace bottom, greatly reducing the loss of iron through increased slag caused by a sand lined bottom. The tap cinder also tied up some phosphorus, but this was not understood at the time. Hall 's process also used iron scale or rust, which reacted with carbon in the molten iron. Hall 's process, called wet puddling, reduced losses of iron with the slag from almost 50 % to around 8 %. Puddling became widely used after 1800. Up to that time British iron manufacturers had used considerable amounts of iron imported from Sweden and Russia to supplement domestic supplies. Because of the increased British production, imports began to decline in 1785 and by the 1790s Britain eliminated imports and became a net exporter of bar iron. Hot blast, patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828, was the most important development of the 19th century for saving energy in making pig iron. By using waste exhaust heat to preheat combustion air, the amount of fuel to make a unit of pig iron was reduced at first by between one - third using coal or two - thirds using coke ; however, the efficiency gains continued as the technology improved. Hot blast also raised the operating temperature of furnaces, increasing their capacity. Using less coal or coke meant introducing fewer impurities into the pig iron. This meant that lower quality coal or anthracite could be used in areas where coking coal was unavailable or too expensive ; however, by the end of the 19th century transportation costs fell considerably. Shortly before the Industrial Revolution an improvement was made in the production of steel, which was an expensive commodity and used only where iron would not do, such as for cutting edge tools and for springs. Benjamin Huntsman developed his crucible steel technique in the 1740s. The raw material for this was blister steel, made by the cementation process. The supply of cheaper iron and steel aided a number of industries, such as those making nails, hinges, wire and other hardware items. The development of machine tools allowed better working of iron, causing it to be increasingly used in the rapidly growing machinery and engine industries. Steam power Main article : Steam power during the Industrial Revolution A Watt steam engine. James Watt transformed the steam engine from a reciprocating motion that was used for pumping to a rotating motion suited to industrial applications. Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine. The development of the stationary steam engine was an important element of the Industrial Revolution ; however, during the early period of the Industrial Revolution, most industrial power was supplied by water and wind. In Britain by 1800 an estimated 10,000 horsepower was being supplied by steam. By 1815 steam power had grown to 210,000 hp. The first commercially successful industrial use of steam power was due to Thomas Savery in 1698. He constructed and patented in London a low - lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump, that generated about one horsepower ( hp ) and was used in numerous water works and in a few mines ( hence its `` brand name '', The Miner 's Friend ). Savery 's pump was economical in small horsepower ranges, but was prone to boiler explosions in larger sizes. Savery pumps continued to be produced until the late 18th century. The first successful piston steam engine was introduced by Thomas Newcomen before 1712. A number of Newcomen engines were installed in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines, with the engine on the surface ; these were large machines, requiring a significant amount of capital to build, and produced upwards of 5 hp ( 3.7 kW ). They were also used to power municipal water supply pumps. They were extremely inefficient by modern standards, but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads, opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper. Despite their disadvantages, Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the 19th century. By 1729, when Newcomen died, his engines had spread ( first ) to Hungary in 1722, Germany, Austria, and Sweden. A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired, of which 14 were abroad. In the 1770s the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements. A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800. Newcomen 's steam - powered atmospheric engine was the first practical piston steam engine. Subsequent steam engines were to power the Industrial Revolution. A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by Scotsman James Watt. With financial support from his business partner Englishman Matthew Boulton, he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine, which incorporated a series of radical improvements, notably the closing off of the upper part of the cylinder, thereby making the low - pressure steam drive the top of the piston instead of the atmosphere, use of a steam jacket and the celebrated separate steam condenser chamber. The separate condenser did away with the cooling water that had been injected directly into the cylinder, which cooled the cylinder and wasted steam. Likewise, the steam jacket kept steam from condensing in the cylinder, also improving efficiency. These improvements increased engine efficiency so that Boulton & Watts engines used only 20 -- 25 % as much coal per horsepower - hour as Newcomen 's. Boulton and Watt opened the Soho Foundry for the manufacture of such engines in 1795. By 1783 the Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double - acting rotative type, which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill. Both of Watt 's basic engine types were commercially very successful, and by 1800, the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines, with 164 driving reciprocating pumps, 24 serving blast furnaces, and 308 powering mill machinery ; most of the engines generated from 5 to 10 hp ( 3.7 to 7.5 kW ). Until about 1800 the most common pattern of steam engine was the beam engine, built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine - house, but soon various patterns of self - contained rotative engines ( readily removable, but not on wheels ) were developed, such as the table engine. Around the start of the 19th century, at which time the Boulton and Watt patent expired, the Cornish engineer Richard Trevithick and the American Oliver Evans began to construct higher - pressure non-condensing steam engines, exhausting against the atmosphere. High pressure yielded an engine and boiler compact enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats. The development of machine tools, such as the engine lathe, planing, milling and shaping machines powered by these engines, enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines. Small industrial power requirements continued to be provided by animal and human muscle until widespread electrification in the early 20th century. These included crank - powered, treadle - powered and horse - powered workshop and light industrial machinery. Machine tools Main article : Machine tool See also : Interchangeable parts Maudslay 's famous early screw - cutting lathes of circa 1797 and 1800 The Middletown milling machine of circa 1818, associated with Robert Johnson and Simeon North Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmen -- millwrights built water and windmills, carpenters made wooden framing, and smiths and turners made metal parts. Wooden components had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity, and the various joints tended to rack ( work loose ) over time. As the Industrial Revolution progressed, machines with metal parts and frames became more common. Other important uses of metal parts were in firearms and threaded fasteners, such as machine screws, bolts and nuts. There was also the need for precision in making parts. Precision would allow better working machinery, interchangeability of parts and standardization of threaded fasteners. The demand for metal parts led to the development of several machine tools. They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch - produce small mechanisms. Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws and chisels. Consequently, the use of metal machine parts was kept to a minimum. Hand methods of production were very laborious and costly and precision was difficult to achieve. The first large precision machine tool was the cylinder boring machine invented by John Wilkinson in 1774. It used for boring the large - diameter cylinders on early steam engines. Wilkinson 's boring machine differed from earlier cantilevered machines used for boring cannon in that the cutting tool was mounted on a beam that ran through the cylinder being bored and was supported outside on both ends. The planing machine, the milling machine and the shaping machine were developed in the early decades of the 19th century. Although the milling machine was invented at this time, it was not developed as a serious workshop tool until somewhat later in the 19th century. Henry Maudslay, who trained a school of machine tool makers early in the 19th century, was a mechanic with superior ability who had been employed at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. He worked as an apprentice in the Royal Gun Foundry of Jan Verbruggen. In 1774 Jan Verbruggen had installed a horizontal boring machine in Woolwich which was the first industrial size Lathe in the UK. Maudslay was hired away by Joseph Bramah for the production of high - security metal locks that required precision craftsmanship. Bramah patented a lathe that had similarities to the slide rest lathe. Maudslay perfected the slide rest lathe, which could cut machine screws of different thread pitches by using changeable gears between the spindle and the lead screw. Before its invention screws could not be cut to any precision using various earlier lathe designs, some of which copied from a template. The slide rest lathe was called one of history 's most important inventions. Although it was not entirely Maudslay 's idea, he was the first person to build a functional lathe using a combination of known innovations of the lead screw, slide rest and change gears. Maudslay left Bramah 's employment and set up his own shop. He was engaged to build the machinery for making ships ' pulley blocks for the Royal Navy in the Portsmouth Block Mills. These machines were all - metal and were the first machines for mass production and making components with a degree of interchangeability. The lessons Maudslay learned about the need for stability and precision he adapted to the development of machine tools, and in his workshops he trained a generation of men to build on his work, such as Richard Roberts, Joseph Clement and Joseph Whitworth. James Fox of Derby had a healthy export trade in machine tools for the first third of the century, as did Matthew Murray of Leeds. Roberts was a maker of high - quality machine tools and a pioneer of the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement. The impact of machine tools during the Industrial Revolution was not that great because other than firearms, threaded fasteners and a few other industries there were few mass - produced metal parts. The techniques to make mass - produced metal parts made with sufficient precision to be interchangeable is largely attributed to a program of the U.S. Department of War which perfected interchangeable parts for firearms in the early 19th century. In the half century following the invention of the fundamental machine tools the machine industry became the largest industrial sector of the U.S. economy, by value added. Chemicals The large - scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution. The first of these was the production of sulphuric acid by the lead chamber process invented by the Englishman John Roebuck ( James Watt 's first partner ) in 1746. He was able to greatly increase the scale of the manufacture by replacing the relatively expensive glass vessels formerly used with larger, less expensive chambers made of riveted sheets of lead. Instead of making a small amount each time, he was able to make around 100 pounds ( 50 kg ) in each of the chambers, at least a tenfold increase. The production of an alkali on a large scale became an important goal as well, and Nicolas Leblanc succeeded in 1791 in introducing a method for the production of sodium carbonate. The Leblanc process was a reaction of sulphuric acid with sodium chloride to give sodium sulphate and hydrochloric acid. The sodium sulphate was heated with limestone ( calcium carbonate ) and coal to give a mixture of sodium carbonate and calcium sulphide. Adding water separated the soluble sodium carbonate from the calcium sulphide. The process produced a large amount of pollution ( the hydrochloric acid was initially vented to the air, and calcium sulphide was a useless waste product ). Nonetheless, this synthetic soda ash proved economical compared to that from burning specific plants ( barilla ) or from kelp, which were the previously dominant sources of soda ash, and also to potash ( potassium carbonate ) produced from hardwood ashes. These two chemicals were very important because they enabled the introduction of a host of other inventions, replacing many small - scale operations with more cost - effective and controllable processes. Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass, textile, soap, and paper industries. Early uses for sulphuric acid included pickling ( removing rust ) iron and steel, and for bleaching cloth. The development of bleaching powder ( calcium hypochlorite ) by Scottish chemist Charles Tennant in about 1800, based on the discoveries of French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet, revolutionised the bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time required ( from months to days ) for the traditional process then in use, which required repeated exposure to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with alkali or sour milk. Tennant 's factory at St Rollox, North Glasgow, became the largest chemical plant in the world. After 1860 the focus on chemical innovation was in dyestuffs, and Germany took world leadership, building a strong chemical industry. Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities in the 1860 -- 1914 era to learn the latest techniques. British scientists by contrast, lacked research universities and did not train advanced students ; instead, the practice was to hire German - trained chemists. Cement The Thames Tunnel ( opened 1843 ). Cement was used in the world 's first underwater tunnel. In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer turned builder, patented a chemical process for making portland cement which was an important advance in the building trades. This process involves sintering a mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 ° C ( 2,552 ° F ), then grinding it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water, sand and gravel to produce concrete. Portland cement was used by the famous English engineer Marc Isambard Brunel several years later when constructing the Thames Tunnel. Cement was used on a large scale in the construction of the London sewerage system a generation later. Gas lighting Main article : Gas lighting Another major industry of the later Industrial Revolution was gas lighting. Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere, the large - scale introduction of this was the work of William Murdoch, an employee of Boulton & Watt, the Birmingham steam engine pioneers. The process consisted of the large - scale gasification of coal in furnaces, the purification of the gas ( removal of sulphur, ammonia, and heavy hydrocarbons ), and its storage and distribution. The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812 and 1820. They soon became one of the major consumers of coal in the UK. Gas lighting affected social and industrial organisation because it allowed factories and stores to remain open longer than with tallow candles or oil. Its introduction allowed nightlife to flourish in cities and towns as interiors and streets could be lighted on a larger scale than before. Glass making Main article : Glass production The Crystal Palace held the Great Exhibition of 1851 A new method of producing glass, known as the cylinder process, was developed in Europe during the early 19th century. In 1832 this process was used by the Chance Brothers to create sheet glass. They became the leading producers of window and plate glass. This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption, thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings. The Crystal Palace is the supreme example of the use of sheet glass in a new and innovative structure. Paper machine Main article : Paper machine A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire fabric was patented in 1798 by Nicholas Louis Robert who worked for Saint - Léger Didot family in France. The paper machine is known as a Fourdrinier after the financiers, brothers Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier, who were stationers in London. Although greatly improved and with many variations, the Fourdriner machine is the predominant means of paper production today. The method of continuous production demonstrated by the paper machine influenced the development of continuous rolling of iron and later steel and other continuous production processes. Agriculture Main article : British Agricultural Revolution The British Agricultural Revolution is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution because improved agricultural productivity freed up workers to work in other sectors of the economy. However, per - capita food supply in Europe was stagnant or declining and did not improve in some parts of Europe until the late 18th century. Industrial technologies that affected farming included the seed drill, the Dutch plough, which contained iron parts, and the threshing machine. Jethro Tull invented an improved seed drill in 1701. It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth. This was important because the yield of seeds harvested to seeds planted at that time was around four or five. Tull 's seed drill was very expensive and not very reliable and therefore did not have much of an impact. Good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid 18th century. Joseph Foljambe 's Rotherham plough of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough. The threshing machine, invented by Andrew Meikle in 1784, displaced hand threshing with a flail, a laborious job that took about one - quarter of agricultural labour. It took several decades to diffuse and was the final straw for many farm labourers, who faced near starvation, leading to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of the Swing Riots. Machine tools and metalworking techniques developed during the Industrial Revolution eventually resulted in precision manufacturing techniques in the late 19th century for mass - producing agricultural equipment, such as reapers, binders and combine harvesters. Mining Coal mining in Britain, particularly in South Wales, started early. Before the steam engine, pits were often shallow bell pits following a seam of coal along the surface, which were abandoned as the coal was extracted. In other cases, if the geology was favourable, the coal was mined by means of an adit or drift mine driven into the side of a hill. Shaft mining was done in some areas, but the limiting factor was the problem of removing water. It could be done by hauling buckets of water up the shaft or to a sough ( a tunnel driven into a hill to drain a mine ). In either case, the water had to be discharged into a stream or ditch at a level where it could flow away by gravity. The introduction of the steam pump by Savery in 1698 and the Newcomen steam engine in 1712 greatly facilitated the removal of water and enabled shafts to be made deeper, enabling more coal to be extracted. These were developments that had begun before the Industrial Revolution, but the adoption of John Smeaton 's improvements to the Newcomen engine followed by James Watt 's more efficient steam engines from the 1770s reduced the fuel costs of engines, making mines more profitable. The Cornish engine, developed in the 1810s, was much more efficient than the Watt steam engine. Coal mining was very dangerous owing to the presence of firedamp in many coal seams. Some degree of safety was provided by the safety lamp which was invented in 1816 by Sir Humphry Davy and independently by George Stephenson. However, the lamps proved a false dawn because they became unsafe very quickly and provided a weak light. Firedamp explosions continued, often setting off coal dust explosions, so casualties grew during the entire 19th century. Conditions of work were very poor, with a high casualty rate from rock falls. Transportation Main article : Transport during the British Industrial Revolution See also : Productivity improving technologies ( economic history ) § Infrastructures At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads, with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea. Wagon ways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment, but canals had not yet been widely constructed. Animals supplied all of the motive power on land, with sails providing the motive power on the sea. The first horse railways were introduced toward the end of the 18th century, with steam locomotives being introduced in the early decades of the 19th century. Improving sailing technologies boosted average sailing speed 50 % between 1750 and 1830. The Industrial Revolution improved Britain 's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network, a canal and waterway network, and a railway network. Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly. Canals and improved waterways Main article : History of the British canal system The Bridgewater Canal, famous because of its commercial success, crossing the Manchester Ship Canal, one of the last canals to be built. Before and during the Industrial Revolution navigation on several British rivers was improved by removing obstructions, straightening curves, widening and deepening and building navigation locks. Britain had over 1000 miles of navigable rivers and streams by 1750. Canals and waterways allowed bulk materials to be economically transported long distances inland. This was because a horse could pull a barge with a load dozens of times larger than the load that could be drawn in a cart. Building of canals dates to ancient times. The Grand Canal in China, `` the world 's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence, '' parts of which were started between the 6th and 4th centuries BC, is 1,121 miles ( 1,804 km ) long and links Hangzhou with Beijing. In the UK, canals began to be built in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres across the country. Known for its huge commercial success, the Bridgewater Canal in North West England, which opened in 1761 and was mostly funded by The 3rd Duke of Bridgewater. From Worsley to the rapidly growing town of Manchester its construction cost £ 168,000 ( £ 22,589,130 as of 2013 ), but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761, the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half. This success helped inspire a period of intense canal building, known as Canal Mania. New canals were hastily built in the aim of replicating the commercial success of the Bridgewater Canal, the most notable being the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Thames and Severn Canal which opened in 1774 and 1789 respectively. By the 1820s a national network was in existence. Canal construction served as a model for the organisation and methods later used to construct the railways. They were eventually largely superseded as profitable commercial enterprises by the spread of the railways from the 1840s on. The last major canal to be built in the United Kingdom was the Manchester Ship Canal, which upon opening in 1894 was the largest ship canal in the world, and opened Manchester as a port. However it never achieved the commercial success its sponsors had hoped for and signalled canals as a dying mode of transport in an age dominated by railways, which were quicker and often cheaper. Britain 's canal network, together with its surviving mill buildings, is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain. Roads Construction of the first macadam road in the United States ( 1823 ). In the foreground, workers are breaking stones `` so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two - inch ring ''. France was known for having an excellent system of roads at the time of the Industrial Revolution ; however, most of the roads on the European Continent and in the U.K. were in bad condition and dangerously rutted. Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local parishes, but from the 1720s ( and occasionally earlier ) turnpike trusts were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads. Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of a turnpike trust. New engineered roads were built by John Metcalf, Thomas Telford and most notably John McAdam, with the first ' macadamised ' stretch of road being Marsh Road at Ashton Gate, Bristol in 1816. The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the Royal Mail was able to reach the rest of the country. Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow, broad wheeled, carts hauled by teams of horses. Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of pack horse. Stagecoaches carried the rich, and the less wealthy could pay to ride on carriers carts. Railways Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain Painting depicting the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830, the first inter-city railway in the world and which spawned Railway Mania due to its success. Reducing friction was one of the major reasons for the success of railroads compared to wagons. This was demonstrated on an iron plate covered wooden tramway in 1805 at Croydon, England. `` A good horse on an ordinary turnpike road can draw two thousand pounds, or one ton. A party of gentlemen were invited to witness the experiment, that the superiority of the new road might be established by ocular demonstration. Twelve wagons were loaded with stones, till each wagon weighed three tons, and the wagons were fastened together. A horse was then attached, which drew the wagons with ease, six miles in two hours, having stopped four times, in order to show he had the power of starting, as well as drawing his great load. '' Railways were made practical by the widespread introduction of inexpensive puddled iron after 1800, the rolling mill for making rails, and the development of the high - pressure steam engine also around 1800. Wagonways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal. These were all horse drawn or relied on gravity, with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline. The first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways ( as they were then often called from the cast - iron plates used ). Horse - drawn public railways did not begin until the early years of the 19th century when improvements to pig and wrought iron production were lowering costs. See : Metallurgy Steam locomotives began being built after the introduction of high - pressure steam engines after the expiration of the Boulton and Watt patent in 1800. High - pressure engines exhausted used steam to the atmosphere, doing away with the condenser and cooling water. They were also much lighter weight and smaller in size for a given horsepower than the stationary condensing engines. A few of these early locomotives were used in mines. Steam - hauled public railways began with the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. The rapid introduction of railways followed the 1829 Rainhill Trials, which demonstrated Robert Stephenson 's successful locomotive design and the 1828 development of Hot blast, which dramatically reduced the fuel consumption of making iron and increased the capacity the blast furnace. On 15 September 1830, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was opened, the first inter-city railway in the world and was attended by Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington. The railway was engineered by Joseph Locke and George Stephenson, linked the rapidly expanding industrial town of Manchester with the port town of Liverpool. The opening was marred by problems, due to the primitive nature of the technology being employed, however problems were gradually ironed out and the railway became highly successful, transporting passengers and freight. The success of the inter-city railway, particularly in the transport of freight and commodities, led to Railway Mania. Construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum at the very end of the first Industrial Revolution. After many of the workers had completed the railways, they did not return to their rural lifestyles but instead remained in the cities, providing additional workers for the factories. Other developments Other developments included more efficient water wheels, based on experiments conducted by the British engineer John Smeaton the beginnings of a machine industry and the rediscovery of concrete ( based on hydraulic lime mortar ) by John Smeaton, which had been lost for 1300 years. Social effects Main article : Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution Factory system Main article : Factory system Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most of the workforce was employed in agriculture, either as self - employed farmers as landowners or tenants, or as landless agricultural labourers. It was common for families in various parts of the world to spin yarn, weave cloth and make their own clothing. Households also spun and wove for market production. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution India, China and regions of Iraq and elsewhere in Asia and the Middle East produced most of the world 's cotton cloth while Europeans produced wool and linen goods. In Britain by the 16th century the putting - out system, by which farmers and townspeople produced goods for market in their homes, often described as cottage industry, was being practiced. Typical putting out system goods included spinning and weaving. Merchant capitalist typically provided the raw materials, paid workers by the piece, and were responsible for the sale of the goods. Embezzlement of supplies by workers and poor quality were common problems. The logistical effort in procuring and distributing raw materials and picking up finished goods were also limitations of the putting out system. Some early spinning and weaving machinery, such as a 40 spindle jenny for about six pounds in 1792, was affordable for cottagers. Later machinery such as spinning frames, spinning mules and power looms were expensive ( especially if water powered ), giving rise to capitalist ownership of factories. The majority of textile factory workers during the Industrial Revolution were unmarried women and children, including many orphans. They typically worked for 12 to 14 hours per day with only Sundays off. It was common for women take factory jobs seasonally during slack periods of farm work. Lack of adequate transportation, long hours and poor pay made it difficult to recruit and maintain workers. Many workers, such as displaced farmers and agricultural workers, who had nothing but their labour to sell, became factory workers out of necessity. ( See : British Agricultural Revolution, Threshing machine ) The change in the social relationship of the factory worker compared to farmers and cottagers was viewed unfavourably by Karl Marx, however, he recognized the increase in productivity made possible by technology. Standards of living Some economists, such as Robert E. Lucas, Jr., say that the real impact of the Industrial Revolution was that `` for the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth... Nothing remotely like this economic behaviour is mentioned by the classical economists, even as a theoretical possibility. '' Others, however, argue that while growth of the economy 's overall productive powers was unprecedented during the Industrial Revolution, living standards for the majority of the population did not grow meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries, and that in many ways workers ' living standards declined under early capitalism : for instance, studies have shown that real wages in Britain only increased 15 % between the 1780s and 1850s, and that life expectancy in Britain did not begin to dramatically increase until the 1870s. During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829. The effects on living conditions the industrial revolution have been very controversial, and were hotly debated by economic and social historians from the 1950s to the 1980s. A series of 1950s essays by Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins later set the academic consensus that the bulk of the population, that was at the bottom of the social ladder, suffered severe reductions in their living standards. During 1813 -- 1913, there was a significant increase in worker wages. Food and nutrition Main article : British Agricultural Revolution Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norm for the majority of the population of the world including Britain and France, until the late 19th century. Until about 1750, in large part due to malnutrition, life expectancy in France was about 35 years and about 40 years in Britain. The United States population of the time was adequately fed, much taller on average and had life expectancy of 45 -- 50 years although U.S. life expectancy declined by a few years by the mid 19th century. Food supply in Great Britain was adversely affected by the Corn Laws ( 1815 - 1846 ). The Corn Laws, which imposed tariffs on imported grain, were enacted to keep prices high in order to benefit domestic producers. The Corn Laws were repealed in the early years of the Great Irish Famine. The initial technologies of the Industrial Revolution, such as mechanized textiles, iron and coal, did little, if anything, to lower food prices. In Britain and the Netherlands, food supply increased before the Industrial Revolution due to better agricultural practices ; however, population grew too, as noted by Thomas Malthus. This condition is called the Malthusian trap, and it finally started to overcome by transportation improvements, such as canals, improved roads and steamships. Railroads and steamships were introduced near the end of the Industrial Revolution. Housing The very rapid growth in population in the 19th century in the cities included the new industrial and manufacturing cities, as well as service centers such as Edinburgh and London. The critical factor was financing, which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms. Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure. P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants. People moved in so rapidly that there was not enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone, so low - income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded slums. Clean water, sanitation, and public health facilities were inadequate ; the death rate was high, especially infant mortality, and tuberculosis among young adults. Cholera from polluted water and typhoid were endemic. Unlike rural areas, there were no famines such as devastated Ireland in the 1840s. A large exposé literature grew up condemning the unhealthy conditions. By far the most famous publication was by one of the founders of the Socialist movement, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels described backstreet sections of Manchester and other mill towns, where people lived in crude shanties and shacks, some not completely enclosed, some with dirt floors. These shanty towns had narrow walkways between irregularly shaped lots and dwellings. There were no sanitary facilities. Population density was extremely high. Not everyone lived in such poor conditions. The Industrial Revolution also created a middle class of businessmen, clerks, foremen and engineers who lived in much better conditions. Conditions improved over the course of the 19th century due to new public health acts regulating things such as sewage, hygiene and home construction. In the introduction of his 1892 edition, Engels notes that most of the conditions he wrote about in 1844 had been greatly improved. For example, the Public Health Act 1875 led to the more sanitary byelaw terraced house. Sanitation In The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels described how untreated sewage created awful odors and turned the rivers green in industrial cities. In 1854 John Snow traced a cholera outbreak in Soho to fecal contamination of a public water well by a home cesspit. Snow 's findings that cholera could be spread by contaminated water took some years to be accepted, but his work led to fundamental changes in the design of public water and waste systems. Water supply Pre-industrial water supply relied on gravity systems and pumping of water was done by water wheels. Pipes were typically made of wood. Steam powered pumps and iron pipes allowed the widespread piping of water to horse watering troughs and households. Increase in literacy The invention of the paper machine and the application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing, which contributed to rising literacy and demands for mass political participation. Clothing and consumer goods Wedgwood tea and coffee service Consumers benefited from falling prices for clothing and household articles such as cast iron cooking utensils, and in the following decades, stoves for cooking and space heating. Coffee, tea, sugar, tobacco and chocolate became affordable to many in Europe. Watches and household clocks became popular consumer items. Meeting the demands of the consumer revolution and growth in wealth of the middle classes in Britain, potter and entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood, founder of Wedgwood fine china and porcelain, created goods such as tableware, which was starting to become a common feature on dining tables. Population increase The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income. According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore, the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at six million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740. The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million. Improved conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 1800s. Europe 's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900. Urbanization The growth of modern industry since the late 18th century led to massive urbanisation and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In 1800, only 3 % of the world 's population lived in cities, compared to nearly 50 % today ( the beginning of the 21st century ). Manchester had a population of 10,000 in 1717, but by 1911 it had burgeoned to 2.3 million. Impact on women and family life Women 's historians have debated the effect of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism generally on the status of women. Taking a pessimistic side, Alice Clark argued that when capitalism arrived in 17th century England, it lowered the status of women as they lost much of their economic importance. Clark argues that in 16th - century England, women were engaged in many aspects of industry and agriculture. The home was a central unit of production and women played a vital role in running farms, and in some trades and landed estates. Their useful economic roles gave them a sort of equality with their husbands. However, Clark argues, as capitalism expanded in the 17th century, there was more and more division of labour with the husband taking paid labour jobs outside the home, and the wife reduced to unpaid household work. Middle - and upper - class women were confined to an idle domestic existence, supervising servants ; lower - class women were forced to take poorly paid jobs. Capitalism, therefore, had a negative effect on powerful women. In a more positive interpretation, Ivy Pinchbeck argues that capitalism created the conditions for women 's emancipation. Tilly and Scott have emphasised the continuity in the status of women, finding three stages in English history. In the pre-industrial era, production was mostly for home use and women produce much of the needs of the households. The second stage was the `` family wage economy '' of early industrialisation ; the entire family depended on the collective wages of its members, including husband, wife and older children. The third or modern stage is the `` family consumer economy, '' in which the family is the site of consumption, and women are employed in large numbers in retail and clerical jobs to support rising standards of consumption. Labour conditions Social structure and working conditions In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines. As late as the year 1900, most industrial workers in the United States still worked a 10 - hour day ( 12 hours in the steel industry ), yet earned from 20 % to 40 % less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life ; however, most workers in textiles, which was by far the leading industry in terms of employment, were women and children. Also, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel -- child labour, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution. Factories and urbanisation Main article : Factory system Manchester, England ( `` Cottonopolis '' ), pictured in 1840, showing the mass of factory chimneys Industrialisation led to the creation of the factory. The factory system contributed to the growth of urban areas, as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of work in the factories. Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester, nicknamed `` Cottonopolis '', and the world 's first industrial city. Manchester experienced a six - times increase in its population between 1771 and 1831. Bradford grew by 50 % every ten years between 1811 and 1851 and by 1851 only 50 % of the population of Bradford was actually born there. For much of the 19th century, production was done in small mills, which were typically water - powered and built to serve local needs. Later, each factory would have its own steam engine and a chimney to give an efficient draft through its boiler. In other industries, the transition to factory production was not so divisive. Some industrialists themselves tried to improve factory and living conditions for their workers. One of the earliest such reformers was Robert Owen, known for his pioneering efforts in improving conditions for workers at the New Lanark mills, and often regarded as one of the key thinkers of the early socialist movement. By 1746 an integrated brass mill was working at Warmley near Bristol. Raw material went in at one end, was smelted into brass and was turned into pans, pins, wire, and other goods. Housing was provided for workers on site. Josiah Wedgwood and Matthew Boulton ( whose Soho Manufactory was completed in 1766 ) were other prominent early industrialists, who employed the factory system. Child labour See also : Child labour § The Industrial Revolution A young `` drawer '' pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery. In Britain laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved mine working conditions. The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase but the chances of surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution, although infant mortality rates were reduced markedly. There was still limited opportunity for education and children were expected to work. Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable ; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine, and since the industrial system was completely new, there were no experienced adult labourers. This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries. In England and Scotland in 1788, two - thirds of the workers in 143 water - powered cotton mills were described as children. Child labour existed before the Industrial Revolution but with the increase in population and education it became more visible. Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders, 10 -- 20 % of an adult male 's wage. Children as young as four were employed. Beatings and long hours were common, with some child coal miners and hurriers working from 4 am until 5 pm. Conditions were dangerous, with some children killed when they dozed off and fell into the path of the carts, while others died from gas explosions. Many children developed lung cancer and other diseases and died before the age of 25. Workhouses would sell orphans and abandoned children as `` pauper apprentices '', working without wages for board and lodging. Those who ran away would be whipped and returned to their masters, with some masters shackling them to prevent escape. Children employed as mule scavengers by cotton mills would crawl under machinery to pick up cotton, working 14 hours a day, six days a week. Some lost hands or limbs, others were crushed under the machines, and some were decapitated. Young girls worked at match factories, where phosphorus fumes would cause many to develop phossy jaw. Children employed at glassworks were regularly burned and blinded, and those working at potteries were vulnerable to poisonous clay dust. Reports were written detailing some of the abuses, particularly in the coal mines and textile factories, and these helped to popularise the children 's plight. The public outcry, especially among the upper and middle classes, helped stir change in the young workers ' welfare. Politicians and the government tried to limit child labour by law but factory owners resisted ; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation, and others simply welcomed the cheap labour. In 1833 and 1844, the first general laws against child labour, the Factory Acts, were passed in Britain : Children younger than nine were not allowed to work, children were not permitted to work at night, and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours. Factory inspectors supervised the execution of the law, however, their scarcity made enforcement difficult. About ten years later, the employment of children and women in mining was forbidden. Although laws such as these decreased the number of child labourers, child labour remained significantly present in Europe and the United States until the 20th century. Organisation of labour See also : Trade union § History The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organisation of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people. The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production. Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffering the cost of the lost production. Skilled workers were hard to replace, and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining. The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action. Many strikes were painful events for both sides, the unions and the management. In Britain, the Combination Act 1799 forbade workers to form any kind of trade union until its repeal in 1824. Even after this, unions were still severely restricted. In 1832, the Reform Act extended the vote in Britain but did not grant universal suffrage. That year six men from Tolpuddle in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the gradual lowering of wages in the 1830s. They refused to work for less than ten shillings a week, although by this time wages had been reduced to seven shillings a week and were due to be further reduced to six. In 1834 James Frampton, a local landowner, wrote to the Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, to complain about the union, invoking an obscure law from 1797 prohibiting people from swearing oaths to each other, which the members of the Friendly Society had done. James Brine, James Hammett, George Loveless, George 's brother James Loveless, George 's brother in - law Thomas Standfield, and Thomas 's son John Standfield were arrested, found guilty, and transported to Australia. They became known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs. In the 1830s and 1840s, the Chartist movement was the first large - scale organised working class political movement which campaigned for political equality and social justice. Its Charter of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration. Working people also formed friendly societies and co-operative societies as mutual support groups against times of economic hardship. Enlightened industrialists, such as Robert Owen also supported these organisations to improve the conditions of the working class. Unions slowly overcame the legal restrictions on the right to strike. In 1842, a general strike involving cotton workers and colliers was organised through the Chartist movement which stopped production across Great Britain. Eventually, effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who, after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885, began to support socialist political parties that later merged to become the British Labour Party. Luddites Main article : Luddite Luddites smashing a power loom in 1812 The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs. The movement started first with lace and hosiery workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry owing to early industrialisation. Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited ( and unskilled ) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver. Many such unemployed workers, weavers, and others, turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore figure. The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811. The Luddites rapidly gained popularity, and the British government took drastic measures, using the militia or army to protect industry. Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged, or transported for life. Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised, such as with agricultural labourers in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the Captain Swing disturbances. Threshing machines were a particular target, and hayrick burning was a popular activity. However, the riots led to the first formation of trade unions, and further pressure for reform. Destruction of hand textile production in India, China, etc.. The traditional centers of hand textile production such as India, parts of the Middle East and later China could not withstand the competition from machine - made textiles, which over a period of decades destroyed the hand made textile industries and left millions of people without work, many of whom starved. Effect on cotton production and expansion of slavery Cheap cotton textiles increased the demand for raw cotton ; previously, it had primarily been consumed in subtropical regions where it was grown, with little raw cotton available for export. Consequently, prices of raw cotton rose. Some cotton had been grown in the West Indies, particularly in Hispaniola, but Haitian cotton production was halted by the Haitian Revolution in 1791. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 allowed Georgia green seeded cotton to be profitable, leading to the widespread growth of cotton plantations in the United States and Brazil. The Americas, particularly the U.S., had labor shortages and high priced labor, which made slavery attractive. America 's cotton plantations were highly efficient and profitable, and able to keep up with demand. The U.S. Civil war created a `` cotton famine '' that lead to increased production in other areas of the world, including new colonies in Africa. Impact on environment Levels of air pollution rose during the Industrial Revolution, sparking the first modern environmental laws to be passed in the mid-19th century. The origins of the environmental movement lay in the response to increasing levels of smoke pollution in the atmosphere during the Industrial Revolution. The emergence of great factories and the concomitant immense growth in coal consumption gave rise to an unprecedented level of air pollution in industrial centers ; after 1900 the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. The first large - scale, modern environmental laws came in the form of Britain 's Alkali Acts, passed in 1863, to regulate the deleterious air pollution ( gaseous hydrochloric acid ) given off by the Leblanc process, used to produce soda ash. An Alkali inspector and four sub-inspectors were appointed to curb this pollution. The responsibilities of the inspectorate were gradually expanded, culminating in the Alkali Order 1958 which placed all major heavy industries that emitted smoke, grit, dust and fumes under supervision. The manufactured gas industry began in British cities in 1812 -- 1820. The technique used produced highly toxic effluent that was dumped into sewers and rivers. The gas companies were repeatedly sued in nuisance lawsuits. They usually lost and modified the worst practices. The City of London repeatedly indicted gas companies in the 1820s for polluting the Thames and poisoning its fish. Finally, Parliament wrote company charters to regulate toxicity. The industry reached the US around 1850 causing pollution and lawsuits. In industrial cities local experts and reformers, especially after 1890, took the lead in identifying environmental degradation and pollution, and initiating grass - roots movements to demand and achieve reforms. Typically the highest priority went to water and air pollution. The Coal Smoke Abatement Society was formed in Britain in 1898 making it one of the oldest environmental NGOs. It was founded by artist Sir William Blake Richmond, frustrated with the pall cast by coal smoke. Although there were earlier pieces of legislation, the Public Health Act 1875 required all furnaces and fireplaces to consume their own smoke. It also provided for sanctions against factories that emitted large amounts of black smoke. The provisions of this law were extended in 1926 with the Smoke Abatement Act to include other emissions, such as soot, ash, and gritty particles and to empower local authorities to impose their own regulations. Industrialisation beyond the United Kingdom Continental Europe The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain. In many industries, this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places. Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities. By 1809, part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called ' Miniature England ' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England. The German, Russian and Belgian governments all provided state funding to the new industries. In some cases ( such as iron ), the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted. Belgium Belgium was the second country, after Britain, in which the Industrial Revolution took place and the first in continental Europe : Wallonia ( French speaking southern Belgium ) was the first region to follow the British model successfully. Starting in the middle of the 1820s, and especially after Belgium became an independent nation in 1830, numerous works comprising coke blast furnaces as well as puddling and rolling mills were built in the coal mining areas around Liège and Charleroi. The leader was a transplanted Englishman John Cockerill. His factories at Seraing integrated all stages of production, from engineering to the supply of raw materials, as early as 1825. Wallonia exemplified the radical evolution of industrial expansion. Thanks to coal ( the French word `` houille '' was coined in Wallonia ), the region geared up to become the 2nd industrial power in the world after Britain. But it is also pointed out by many researchers, with its Sillon industriel, ' Especially in the Haine, Sambre and Meuse valleys, between the Borinage and Liège, (... ) there was a huge industrial development based on coal - mining and iron - making... '. Philippe Raxhon wrote about the period after 1830 : `` It was not propaganda but a reality the Walloon regions were becoming the second industrial power all over the world after Britain. '' `` The sole industrial centre outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Walloon was the old cloth making town of Ghent. '' Michel De Coster, Professor at the Université de Liège wrote also : `` The historians and the economists say that Belgium was the second industrial power of the world, in proportion to its population and its territory (... ) But this rank is the one of Wallonia where the coal - mines, the blast furnaces, the iron and zinc factories, the wool industry, the glass industry, the weapons industry... were concentrated. '' Demographic effects Wallonia was also the birthplace of a strong Socialist party and strong trade - unions in a particular sociological landscape. At the left, the Sillon industriel, which runs from Mons in the west, to Verviers in the east ( except part of North Flanders, in another period of the industrial revolution, after 1920 ). Even if Belgium is the second industrial country after Britain, the effect of the industrial revolution there was very different. In ' Breaking stereotypes ', Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devious say : The industrial revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one, but with a strong contrast between northern and southern Belgium. During the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period, Flanders was characterised by the presence of large urban centres (... ) at the beginning of the nineteenth century this region ( Flanders ), with an urbanisation degree of more than 30 per cent, remained one of the most urbanised in the world. By comparison, this proportion reached only 17 per cent in Wallonia, barely 10 per cent in most West European countries, 16 per cent in France and 25 per cent in Britain. Nineteenth century industrialisation did not affect the traditional urban infrastructure, except in Ghent (... ) Also, in Wallonia the traditional urban network was largely unaffected by the industrialisation process, even though the proportion of city - dwellers rose from 17 to 45 per cent between 1831 and 1910. Especially in the Haine, Sambre and Meuse valleys, between the Borinage and Liège, where there was a huge industrial development based on coal - mining and iron - making, urbanisation was fast. During these eighty years the number of municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants increased from only 21 to more than one hundred, concentrating nearly half of the Walloon population in this region. Nevertheless, industrialisation remained quite traditional in the sense that it did not lead to the growth of modern and large urban centres, but to a conurbation of industrial villages and towns developed around a coal - mine or a factory. Communication routes between these small centres only became populated later and created a much less dense urban morphology than, for instance, the area around Liège where the old town was there to direct migratory flows. France Main article : Economic history of France The industrial revolution in France followed a particular course as it did not correspond to the main model followed by other countries. Notably, most French historians argue France did not go through a clear take - off. Instead, France 's economic growth and industrialisation process was slow and steady through the 18th and 19th centuries. However, some stages were identified by Maurice Lévy - Leboyer : French Revolution and Napoleonic wars ( 1789 -- 1815 ), industrialisation, along with Britain ( 1815 -- 1860 ), economic slowdown ( 1860 -- 1905 ), renewal of the growth after 1905. Germany Main article : Economic history of Germany Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories, Germany, which was unified in 1871, became dominant in the world 's chemical industry in the late 19th century. At first the production of dyes based on aniline was critical. Germany 's political disunity -- with three dozen states -- and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s. However, by the 1840s, trunk lines linked the major cities ; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders. Lacking a technological base at first, the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain, but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways. In many cities, the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training, so that by 1850, Germany was self - sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction, and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry. Observers found that even as late as 1890, their engineering was inferior to Britain 's. However, German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state - owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialisation, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts, and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and pulled ahead of France Sweden Main article : Economic history of Sweden This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the period 1790 -- 1815 Sweden experienced two parallel economic movements : an agricultural revolution with larger agricultural estates, new crops and farming tools and a commercialisation of farming, and a protoindustrialisation, with small industries being established in the countryside and with workers switching between agricultural work in summer and industrial production in winter. This led to economic growth benefiting large sections of the population and leading up to a consumption revolution starting in the 1820s. During 1815 -- 1850 the protoindustries developed into more specialised and larger industries. This period witnessed increasing regional specialisation with mining in Bergslagen, textile mills in Sjuhäradsbygden and forestry in Norrland. Several important institutional changes took place in this period, such as free and mandatory schooling introduced 1842 ( as first country in the world ), the abolition of the national monopoly on trade in handicrafts in 1846, and a stock company law in 1848. During 1850 -- 1890, Sweden experienced a veritable explosion in export, dominated by crops, wood and steel. Sweden abolished most tariffs and other barriers to free trade in the 1850s and joined the gold standard in 1873. During 1890 -- 1930, Sweden experienced the second industrial revolution. New industries developed with their focus on the domestic market : mechanical engineering, power utilities, papermaking and textile. Japan Main articles : Meiji Restoration and Economic history of Japan The industrial revolution began about 1870 as Meiji period leaders decided to catch up with the West. The government built railroads, improved roads, and inaugurated a land reform programme to prepare the country for further development. It inaugurated a new Western - based education system for all young people, sent thousands of students to the United States and Europe, and hired more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science, mathematics, technology, and foreign languages in Japan ( Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan ). In 1871, a group of Japanese politicians known as the Iwakura Mission toured Europe and the United States to learn western ways. The result was a deliberate state - led industrialisation policy to enable Japan to quickly catch up. The Bank of Japan, founded in 1882, used taxes to fund model steel and textile factories. Education was expanded and Japanese students were sent to study in the west. Modern industry first appeared in textiles, including cotton and especially silk, which was based in home workshops in rural areas. United States Main articles : American system of manufacturing, Interchangeable parts, Economic history of the United States, Technological and industrial history of the United States, and Industrial Revolution in the United States See also : History of Lowell, Massachusetts Slater 's Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. During the late 18th an early 19th centuries when the UK and parts of Western Europe began to industrialise, the US was primarily an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy. The building of roads and canals, the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were important for handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of the period. Important American technological contributions during the period of the Industrial Revolution were the cotton gin and the development of a system for making interchangeable parts, the latter aided by the development of the milling machine in the US. The development of machine tools and the system of interchangeable parts were the basis for the rise of the US as the world 's leading industrial nation in the late 19th century. Oliver Evans invented an automated flour mill in the mid-1780s that used control mechanisms and conveyors so that no labour was needed from the time grain was loaded into the elevator buckets until flour was discharged into a wagon. This is considered to be the first modern materials handling system an important advance in the progress toward mass production. The United States originally used horse - powered machinery for small scale applications such as grain milling, but eventually switched to water power after textile factories began being built in the 1790s. As a result, industrialisation was concentrated in New England and the Northeastern United States, which has fast - moving rivers. The newer water - powered production lines proved more economical than horse - drawn production. In the late 19th century steam - powered manufacturing overtook water - powered manufacturing, allowing the industry to spread to the Midwest. Thomas Somers and the Cabot Brothers founded the Beverly Cotton Manufactory in 1787, the first cotton mill in America, the largest cotton mill of its era, and a significant milestone in the research and development of cotton mills in the future. This mill was designed to use horse power, but the operators quickly learned that the horse - drawn platform was economically unstable, and had economic losses for years. Despite the losses, the Manufactory served as a playground of innovation, both in turning a large amount of cotton, but also developing the water - powered milling structure used in Slater 's Mill. In 1793, Samuel Slater ( 1768 -- 1835 ) founded the Slater Mill at Pawtucket, Rhode Island. He had learned of the new textile technologies as a boy apprentice in Derbyshire, England, and defied laws against the emigration of skilled workers by leaving for New York in 1789, hoping to make money with his knowledge. After founding Slater 's Mill, he went on to own 13 textile mills. Daniel Day established a wool carding mill in the Blackstone Valley at Uxbridge, Massachusetts in 1809, the third woollen mill established in the US ( The first was in Hartford, Connecticut, and the second at Watertown, Massachusetts. ) The John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor retraces the history of `` America 's Hardest - Working River ', the Blackstone. The Blackstone River and its tributaries, which cover more than 45 miles ( 72 km ) from Worcester, Massachusetts to Providence, Rhode Island, was the birthplace of America 's Industrial Revolution. At its peak over 1100 mills operated in this valley, including Slater 's mill, and with it the earliest beginnings of America 's Industrial and Technological Development. Merchant Francis Cabot Lowell from Newburyport, Massachusetts memorised the design of textile machines on his tour of British factories in 1810. Realising that the War of 1812 had ruined his import business but that a demand for domestic finished cloth was emerging in America, on his return to the United States, he set up the Boston Manufacturing Company. Lowell and his partners built America 's second cotton - to - cloth textile mill at Waltham, Massachusetts, second to the Beverly Cotton Manufactory. After his death in 1817, his associates built America 's first planned factory town, which they named after him. This enterprise was capitalised in a public stock offering, one of the first uses of it in the United States. Lowell, Massachusetts, using 5.6 miles ( 9.0 km ) of canals and 10,000 horsepower delivered by the Merrimack River, is considered by some as a major contributor to the success of the American Industrial Revolution. The short - lived utopia - like Waltham - Lowell system was formed, as a direct response to the poor working conditions in Britain. However, by 1850, especially following the Irish Potato Famine, the system had been replaced by poor immigrant labour. A major U.S. contribution to industrialization was the development of techniques to make interchangeable parts from metal. Precision metal machining techniques were developed by the U.S. Department of War to make interchangeable parts for small firearms. The development work took place at the Federal Arsenals at Springfield Armory and Harpers Ferry Armory. Techniques for precision machining using machine tools included using fixtures to hold the parts in proper position, jigs to guide the cutting tools and precision blocks and gauges to measure the accuracy. The milling machine, a fundamental machine tool, is believed to have been invented by Eli Whitney, who was a government contractor who built firearms as part of this program. Another important invention was the Blanchard lathe, invented by Thomas Blanchard. The Blanchard lathe, or pattern tracing lathe, was actually a shaper that could produce copies of wooden gun stocks. The use of machinery and the techniques for producing standardized and interchangeable parts became known as the American system of manufacturing. Precision manufacturing techniques made it possible to build machines that mechanized the shoe industry. and the watch industry. The industrialisation of the watch industry started 1854 also in Waltham, Massachusetts, at the Waltham Watch Company, with the development of machine tools, gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches. Second Industrial Revolution Main article : Second Industrial Revolution Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz, Germany, 1868 Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass - production, which are said to characterise a `` Second Industrial Revolution '', beginning around 1850, although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s, when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert molten pig iron into steel in large quantities. However, it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality. Bessemer steel was being displaced by the open hearth furnace near the end of the 19th century. This Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals, mainly the chemical industries, petroleum ( refining and distribution ), and, in the 20th century, the automotive industry, and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany. The increasing availability of economical petroleum products also reduced the importance of coal and further widened the potential for industrialisation. A new revolution began with electricity and electrification in the electrical industries. The introduction of hydroelectric power generation in the Alps enabled the rapid industrialisation of coal - deprived northern Italy, beginning in the 1890s. By the 1890s, industrialisation in these areas had created the first giant industrial corporations with burgeoning global interests, as companies like U.S. Steel, General Electric, Standard Oil and Bayer AG joined the railroad and ship companies on the world 's stock markets. Causes Regional GDP per capita changed very little for most of human history before the Industrial Revolution. The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complicated and remain a topic for debate, with some historians believing the Revolution was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism in Britain after the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less labour - intensive, forcing the farmers who could no longer be self - sufficient in agriculture into cottage industry, for example weaving, and in the longer term into the cities and the newly developed factories. The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital are also cited as factors, as is the scientific revolution of the 17th century. A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made people able to accumulate more human capital during their youth, thereby encouraging economic development. Until the 1980s, it was universally believed by academic historians that technological innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention and improvement of the steam engine. However, recent research into the Marketing Era has challenged the traditional, supply - oriented interpretation of the Industrial Revolution. Lewis Mumford has proposed that the Industrial Revolution had its origins in the Early Middle Ages, much earlier than most estimates. He explains that the model for standardised mass production was the printing press and that `` the archetypal model for the industrial era was the clock ''. He also cites the monastic emphasis on order and time - keeping, as well as the fact that medieval cities had at their centre a church with bell ringing at regular intervals as being necessary precursors to a greater synchronisation necessary for later, more physical, manifestations such as the steam engine. The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an important driver of the Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other nations, such as France, markets were split up by local regions, which often imposed tolls and tariffs on goods traded among them. Internal tariffs were abolished by Henry VIII of England, they survived in Russia till 1753, 1789 in France and 1839 in Spain. Governments ' grant of limited monopolies to inventors under a developing patent system ( the Statute of Monopolies in 1623 ) is considered an influential factor. The effects of patents, both good and ill, on the development of industrialisation are clearly illustrated in the history of the steam engine, the key enabling technology. In return for publicly revealing the workings of an invention the patent system rewarded inventors such as James Watt by allowing them to monopolise the production of the first steam engines, thereby rewarding inventors and increasing the pace of technological development. However, monopolies bring with them their own inefficiencies which may counterbalance, or even overbalance, the beneficial effects of publicising ingenuity and rewarding inventors. Watt 's monopoly prevented other inventors, such as Richard Trevithick, William Murdoch, or Jonathan Hornblower, whom Boulton and Watt sued, from introducing improved steam engines, thereby retarding the spread of steam power. Causes in Europe Main article : Great Divergence Interior of the London Coal Exchange, c. 1808. European 17th century colonial expansion, international trade, and creation of financial markets produced a new legal and financial environment, one which supported and enabled 18th century industrial growth. One question of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world in the 18th century, particularly China, India, and the Middle East, or at other times like in Classical Antiquity or the Middle Ages. Numerous factors have been suggested, including education, technological changes ( see Scientific Revolution in Europe ), `` modern '' government, `` modern '' work attitudes, ecology, and culture. China was the world 's most technological advanced country for many centuries ; however, China stagnated economically and technologically and was surpassed by Western Europe before the Age of Exploration, by which time China banned imports and denied entry to foreigners. China was also a totalitarian society. Modern estimates of per capita income on Western Europe in the late 18th century are of roughly 1,500 dollars in purchasing power parity ( and Britain had a per capita income of nearly 2,000 dollars ) whereas China, by comparison, had only 450 dollars. India was essentially feudal, politically fragmented and not as economically advanced as Western Europe. Historians such as David Landes and Max Weber credit the different belief systems in Asia and Europe with dictating where the revolution occurred. The religion and beliefs of Europe were largely products of Judaeo - Christianity and Greek thought. Conversely, Chinese society was founded on men like Confucius, Mencius, Han Feizi ( Legalism ), Lao Tzu ( Taoism ), and Buddha ( Buddhism ), resulting in very different worldviews. Other factors include the considerable distance of China 's coal deposits, though large, from its cities as well as the then unnavigable Yellow River that connects these deposits to the sea. Regarding India, the Marxist historian Rajani Palme Dutt said : `` The capital to finance the Industrial Revolution in India instead went into financing the Industrial Revolution in Britain. '' In contrast to China, India was split up into many competing kingdoms after the decline of the Mughal Empire, with the major ones in its aftermath including the Marathas, Sikhs, Bengal Subah, and Kingdom of Mysore. In addition, the economy was highly dependent on two sectors -- agriculture of subsistence and cotton, and there appears to have been little technical innovation. It is believed that the vast amounts of wealth were largely stored away in palace treasuries by totalitarian monarchs prior to the British take over. Economic historian Joel Mokyr has argued that political fragmentation ( the presence of a large number of European states ) made it possible for heterodox ideas to thrive, as entrepreneurs, innovators, ideologues and heretics could easily flee to a neighboring state in the event that the one state would try to suppress their ideas and activities. This is what set Europe apart from the technologically advanced, large unitary empires such as China and India. China had both a printing press and movable type, and India had similar levels scientific and technological achievement as Europe in 1700, yet the industrial revolution would occur in Europe, not China or India. In Europe, political fragmentation was coupled with an `` integrated market for ideas '' where Europe 's intellectuals used the lingua franca of Latin, had a shared intellectual basis in Europe 's classical heritage and the pan-European institution of the Republic of Letters. Causes in Britain As the Industrial Revolution developed British manufactured output surged ahead of other economies. Great Britain provided the legal and cultural foundations that enabled entrepreneurs to pioneer the industrial revolution. Key factors fostering this environment were : ( 1 ) The period of peace and stability which followed the unification of England and Scotland ; ( 2 ) no trade barriers between England and Scotland ; ( 3 ) the rule of law ( enforcing property rights and respecting the sanctity of contracts ) ; ( 4 ) a straightforward legal system that allowed the formation of joint - stock companies ( corporations ) ; ( 5 ) absence of tolls, which had largely disappeared from Britain by the 15th century, but were an extreme burden on goods elsewhere in the world, and ( 6 ) a free market ( capitalism ). `` An unprecedented explosion of new ideas, and new technological inventions, transformed our use of energy, creating an increasingly industrial and urbanised country. Roads, railways and canals were built. Great cities appeared. Scores of factories and mills sprang up. Our landscape would never be the same again. It was a revolution that transformed not only the country, but the world itself. '' -- British historian Jeremy Black on the BBC 's Why the Industrial Revolution Happened Here. Geographical and natural resource advantages of Great Britain were the fact that it had extensive coastlines and many navigable rivers in an age where water was the easiest means of transportation and having the highest quality coal in Europe. There were two main values that really drove the Industrial Revolution in Britain. These values were self - interest and an entrepreneurial spirit. Because of these interests, many industrial advances were made that resulted in a huge increase in personal wealth and a consumer revolution. These advancements also greatly benefitted the British society as a whole. Countries around the world started to recognise the changes and advancements in Britain and use them as an example to begin their own Industrial Revolutions. The debate about the start of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the massive lead that Great Britain had over other countries. Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment. However, it has been pointed out that slave trade and West Indian plantations provided only 5 % of the British national income during the years of the Industrial Revolution. Even though slavery accounted for so little, Caribbean - based demand accounted for 12 % of Britain 's industrial output. William Bell Scott Iron and Coal, 1855 -- 60 Instead, the greater liberalisation of trade from a large merchant base may have allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies, particularly China and Russia. Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the only European nation not ravaged by financial plunder and economic collapse, and having the only merchant fleet of any useful size ( European merchant fleets were destroyed during the war by the Royal Navy ). Britain 's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already available for many early forms of manufactured goods. The conflict resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas, reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest that affected much of Europe. This was further aided by Britain 's geographical position -- an island separated from the rest of mainland Europe. William and Mary Presenting the Cap of Liberty to Europe, 1716, Sir James Thornhill. Enthroned in heaven with the Virtues behind them are the royals William III and Mary II who had taken the throne after the Glorious Revolution and signed the English Bill of Rights of 1689. William tramples on arbitrary power and hands the red cap of liberty to Europe where, unlike Britain, absolute monarchy stayed the normal form of power execution. Below William is the French king Louis XIV. Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed. It had a dense population for its small geographical size. Enclosure of common land and the related agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour readily available. There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England, the English Midlands, South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands. Local supplies of coal, iron, lead, copper, tin, limestone and water power, resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry. Also, the damp, mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton, providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry. The stable political situation in Britain from around 1688 following the Glorious Revolution, and British society 's greater receptiveness to change ( compared with other European countries ) can also be said to be factors favouring the Industrial Revolution. Peasant resistance to industrialisation was largely eliminated by the Enclosure movement, and the landed upper classes developed commercial interests that made them pioneers in removing obstacles to the growth of capitalism. ( This point is also made in Hilaire Belloc 's The Servile State. ) The French philosopher Voltaire wrote about capitalism and religious tolerance in his book on English society, Letters on the English ( 1733 ), noting why England at that time was more prosperous in comparison to the country 's less religiously tolerant European neighbours. `` Take a view of the Royal Exchange in London, a place more venerable than many courts of justice, where the representatives of all nations meet for the benefit of mankind. There the Jew, the Mahometan ( Muslim ), and the Christian transact together, as though they all professed the same religion, and give the name of infidel to none but bankrupts. There the Presbyterian confides in the Anabaptist, and the Churchman depends on the Quaker 's word. If one religion only were allowed in England, the Government would very possibly become arbitrary ; if there were but two, the people would cut one another 's throats ; but as there are such a multitude, they all live happy and in peace. '' Britain 's population grew 280 % 1550 -- 1820, while the rest of Western Europe grew 50 -- 80 %. Seventy percent of European urbanisation happened in Britain 1750 -- 1800. By 1800, only the Netherlands was more urbanised than Britain. This was only possible because coal, coke, imported cotton, brick and slate had replaced wood, charcoal, flax, peat and thatch. The latter compete with land grown to feed people while mined materials do not. Yet more land would be freed when chemical fertilisers replaced manure and horse 's work was mechanised. A workhorse needs 3 to 5 acres ( 1.21 to 2.02 ha ) for fodder while even early steam engines produced four times more mechanical energy. In 1700, 5 / 6 of coal mined worldwide was in Britain, while the Netherlands had none ; so despite having Europe 's best transport, most urbanised, well paid, literate people and lowest taxes, it failed to industrialise. In the 18th century, it was the only European country whose cities and population shrank. Without coal, Britain would have run out of suitable river sites for mills by the 1830s. Economic historian Robert Allen has argued that high wages, cheap capital and very cheap energy in Britain made it the ideal place for the industrial revolution to occur. These factors made it vastly more profitable to invest in research and development, and to put technology to use in Britain than other societies. Transfer of knowledge A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery ( ca. 1766 ). Informal philosophical societies spread scientific advances Knowledge of innovation was spread by several means. Workers who were trained in the technique might move to another employer or might be poached. A common method was for someone to make a study tour, gathering information where he could. During the whole of the Industrial Revolution and for the century before, all European countries and America engaged in study - touring ; some nations, like Sweden and France, even trained civil servants or technicians to undertake it as a matter of state policy. In other countries, notably Britain and America, this practice was carried out by individual manufacturers eager to improve their own methods. Study tours were common then, as now, as was the keeping of travel diaries. Records made by industrialists and technicians of the period are an incomparable source of information about their methods. Another means for the spread of innovation was by the network of informal philosophical societies, like the Lunar Society of Birmingham, in which members met to discuss ' natural philosophy ' ( i.e. science ) and often its application to manufacturing. The Lunar Society flourished from 1765 to 1809, and it has been said of them, `` They were, if you like, the revolutionary committee of that most far reaching of all the eighteenth century revolutions, the Industrial Revolution ''. Other such societies published volumes of proceedings and transactions. For example, the London - based Royal Society of Arts published an illustrated volume of new inventions, as well as papers about them in its annual Transactions. There were publications describing technology. Encyclopaedias such as Harris 's Lexicon Technicum ( 1704 ) and Abraham Rees 's Cyclopaedia ( 1802 -- 1819 ) contain much of value. Cyclopaedia contains an enormous amount of information about the science and technology of the first half of the Industrial Revolution, very well illustrated by fine engravings. Foreign printed sources such as the Descriptions des Arts et Métiers and Diderot 's Encyclopédie explained foreign methods with fine engraved plates. Periodical publications about manufacturing and technology began to appear in the last decade of the 18th century, and many regularly included notice of the latest patents. Foreign periodicals, such as the Annales des Mines, published accounts of travels made by French engineers who observed British methods on study tours. Protestant work ethic Main article : Protestant work ethic Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an entrepreneurial class which believed in progress, technology and hard work. The existence of this class is often linked to the Protestant work ethic ( see Max Weber ) and the particular status of the Baptists and the dissenting Protestant sects, such as the Quakers and Presbyterians that had flourished with the English Civil War. Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law, which followed establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the national debt by the Bank of England, contributed to the capacity for, and interest in, private financial investment in industrial ventures. Dissenters found themselves barred or discouraged from almost all public offices, as well as education at England 's only two universities at the time ( although dissenters were still free to study at Scotland 's four universities ). When the restoration of the monarchy took place and membership in the official Anglican Church became mandatory due to the Test Act, they thereupon became active in banking, manufacturing and education. The Unitarians, in particular, were very involved in education, by running Dissenting Academies, where, in contrast to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and schools such as Eton and Harrow, much attention was given to mathematics and the sciences -- areas of scholarship vital to the development of manufacturing technologies. Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important, along with the nature of the national economies involved. While members of these sects were excluded from certain circles of the government, they were considered fellow Protestants, to a limited extent, by many in the middle class, such as traditional financiers or other businessmen. Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital, the natural outlet for the more enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies created in the wake of the scientific revolution of the 17th century. Opposition from Romanticism Main article : Romanticism During the Industrial Revolution an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialisation developed, associated with the Romantic movement. Romanticism revered the traditionalism of rural life and recoiled against the upheavals caused by industrialization, urbanization and the wretchedness of the working classes. Its major exponents in English included the artist and poet William Blake and poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley. The movement stressed the importance of `` nature '' in art and language, in contrast to `` monstrous '' machines and factories ; the `` Dark satanic mills '' of Blake 's poem `` And did those feet in ancient time ''. Mary Shelley 's novel Frankenstein reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two - edged. French Romanticism likewise was highly critical of industry. See also General Automation Capitalism in the nineteenth century Capitalist mode of production Carboniferous period Coal Deindustrialization Digital Revolution Division of labour Dual revolution Economic history of the United Kingdom Hydraulics Human timeline Industrial Age Industrial society Information revolution Laissez - faire Law of the handicap of a head start -- Dialectics of progress Machine Age Steam The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Other Chinese industrialization Petroleum Revolution Science and invention in Birmingham References ^ Jump up to : David S. Landes ( 1969 ). The Unbound Prometheus. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6. Jump up ^ Horn, Jeff ; Rosenband, Leonard ; Smith, Merritt ( 2010 ). Reconceptualizing the Industrial Revolution. Cambridge MA, USA, London : MIT Press. ISBN 978 - 0262515627. Jump up ^ Reisman, George ( 1998 ). Capitalism : A complete understanding of the nature and value of human economic life. Jameson Books. p. 127. ISBN 0 - 915463 - 73 - 3. ^ Jump up to : Landes, David ( 1999 ). The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978 - 0393318883. ^ Jump up to : Lucas, Robert E., Jr. ( 2002 ). Lectures on Economic Growth. Cambridge : Harvard University Press. pp. 109 -- 10. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01601 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Feinstein, Charles ( September 1998 ). `` Pessimism Perpetuated : Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution ''. Journal of Economic History. 58 ( 3 ) : 625 -- 58. doi : 10.1017 / s0022050700021100. Retrieved 6 May 2014. ^ Jump up to : Szreter & Mooney ; Mooney ( February 1998 ). `` Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate : New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth - Century British Cities ''. The Economic History Review. 51 ( 1 ) : 104. doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0289.00084. Retrieved 6 May 2014. Jump up ^ Robert Lucas, Jr. ( 2003 ). `` The Industrial Revolution ''. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Archived from the original on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2007. it is fairly clear that up to 1800 or maybe 1750, no society had experienced sustained growth in per capita income. ( Eighteenth century population growth also averaged one - third of 1 percent, the same as production growth. ) That is, up to about two centuries ago, per capita incomes in all societies were stagnated at around $400 to $800 per year. Jump up ^ Lucas, Robert ( 2003 ). `` The Industrial Revolution Past and Future ''. Archived from the original on 27 November 2007. ( consider ) annual growth rates of 2.4 percent for the first 60 years of the 20th century, of 1 percent for the entire 19th century, of one - third of 1 percent for the 18th century Jump up ^ McCloskey, Deidre ( 2004 ). `` Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain ( edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson ), Times Higher Education Supplement, 15 January 2004 ''. ^ Jump up to : Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution : Europe 1789 -- 1848, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd., p. 27 ISBN 0 - 349 - 10484 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Joseph E Inikori. Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 01079 - 9 Read it Jump up ^ Berg, Maxine ; Hudson, Pat ( 1992 ). `` Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution ''. The Economic History Review. The Economic History Review, Vol. 45, No. 1. 45 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 50. doi : 10.2307 / 2598327. JSTOR 2598327. Jump up ^ Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution Archived 9 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine. by Julie Lorenzen, Central Michigan University. Retrieved November 2006. Jump up ^ Gupta, Bishnupriya. `` Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence : Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600 - 1850 '' ( PDF ). International Institute of Social History. Department of Economics, University of Warwick. Retrieved 5 December 2016. Jump up ^ Taylor, George Rogers. The Transportation Revolution, 1815 -- 1860. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87332 - 101 - 3. ^ Jump up to : Roe, Joseph Wickham ( 1916 ), English and American Tool Builders, New Haven, Connecticut : Yale University Press, LCCN 16011753. Reprinted by McGraw - Hill, New York and London, 1926 ( LCCN 27 - 24075 ) ; and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 ). Jump up ^ Hunter 1985 Jump up ^ Crouzet, François ( 1996 ). `` France ''. In Teich, Mikuláš ; Porter, Roy. The industrial revolution in national context : Europe and the USA. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 40940 - 7. LCCN 95025377. Jump up ^ BLANQUI Jérôme - Adolphe, Histoire de l'économie politique en Europe depuis les anciens jusqu'à nos jours, 1837, ISBN 978 - 0 - 543 - 94762 - 8 Jump up ^ Hudson, Pat ( 1992 ). The Industrial Revolution. London : Edward Arnold. p. 11. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7131 - 6531 - 9. Jump up ^ Eric Bond ; Sheena Gingerich ; Oliver Archer - Antonsen ; Liam Purcell ; Elizabeth Macklem ( 17 February 2003 ). `` The Industrial Revolution -- Innovations ''. Industrialrevolution.sea.ca. Retrieved 30 January 2011. Jump up ^ Ayres 1989, p. 17 Jump up ^ Hunter & year - 1985 Jump up ^ David S. Landes ( 1969 ). The Unbound Prometheus. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 218. ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6. Jump up ^ Rosen, William ( 2012 ). The Most Powerful Idea in the World : A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention. University Of Chicago Pres. p. 149. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 72634 - 2. ^ Jump up to : Tylecote, R.F. ( 1992 ). A History of Metallurgy, Second Edition. London : Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials. ISBN 978 - 0901462886. Jump up ^ David S. Landes ( 1969 ). The Unbound Prometheus. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 91. ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Hounshell, David A. ( 1984 ), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8, LCCN 83016269 ^ Jump up to : Beckert, Sven ( 2014 ). Empire of Cotton : A Global History. US : Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House. ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 71396 - 5. Jump up ^ Gupta, Bishnupriya. `` Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence : Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600 - 1850 '' ( PDF ). International Institute of Social History. Department of Economics, University of Warwick. Retrieved 5 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : Ayres, Robert ( 1989 ). `` Technological Transformations and Long Waves '' ( PDF ) : 16 -- 17. ^ Jump up to : McNeil 1990 Jump up ^ R. Ray Gehani ( 1998 ). `` Management of Technology and Operations ''. p. 63. John Wiley and Sons, 1998 Jump up ^ Ayres 1989, p. 1 Jump up ^ David S. Landes ( 1969 ). The Unbound Prometheus. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 63. ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6. Jump up ^ Ayres 1989, p. 18 Jump up ^ G.E. Mingay ( 1986 ). `` The Transformation of Britain, 1830 -- 1939 ''. p. 25. Routledge, 1986 Jump up ^ Hills, Richard L. `` Cotchett, Thomas ''. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed. ). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 75296. ( Subscription or UK public library membership required. ) Jump up ^ Fairclough, K.R. `` Sorocold, George ''. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed. ). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 47971. ( Subscription or UK public library membership required. ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ironbridge Gorge ''. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. UNESCO. Retrieved December 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Gordon, Robert B ( 1996 ). American Iron 1607 -- 1900. Baltimore and London : Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 156. ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6816 - 5. Jump up ^ Adams, Ryan ( July 27, 2012 ). `` Danny Boyle 's intro on Olympics programme ''. Awards Daily. Retrieved December 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Temple, Robert ; Joseph Needham ( 1986 ). The Genius of China : 3000 years of science, discovery and invention. New York : Simon and Schuster. p. 65. Based on the works of Joseph Needham Jump up ^ Landes, David. S. ( 1969 ). The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge, New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6. Jump up ^ Landes & year - 1969, p. 218 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ David S. Landes ( 1969 ). The Unbound Prometheus. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 92. ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6. Jump up ^ Ayres 1989, p. 21 Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Nathan ( 1982 ). Inside the Black Box : Technology and Economics. Cambridge, New York : Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 0 - 521 - 27367 - 6. Jump up ^ David S. Landes ( 1969 ). The Unbound Prometheus. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 104. ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6. Jump up ^ Rolt and Allen, 145 Jump up ^ Hunter&Bryant 1991 Jump up ^ Economics 323 -- 2 : Economic History of the United States Since 1865 http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~jmokyr/Graphs-and-Tables.PDF Jump up ^ Clow, Archibald ; Clow, Nan L. ( June 1952 ). `` Chemical Revolution ''. Ayer Co : 65 -- 90. ISBN 0 - 8369 - 1909 - 2. Jump up ^ Lion Hirth, State, Cartels and Growth : The German Chemical Industry ( 2007 ) p 20 Jump up ^ Johann P. Murmann, Knowledge and competitive advantage : the co-evolution of firms, technology, and national institutions ( 2003 ) pp 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Properties of Concrete Published lecture notes from University of Memphis Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved 17 October 2007. Jump up ^ Misa, Thomas J. ( 1995 ). A Nation of Steel : The Making of Modern America 1965 -- 1925. Baltimore and London : Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6502 - 2. Jump up ^ Overton, Mark ( 1996 ). Agricultural Revolution in England : The transformation if the agrarian economy 1500 -- 1850. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56859 - 3. ^ Jump up to : Pomeranz, Kenneth ( 2000 ), The Great Divergence : China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09010 - 8 Jump up ^ Temple 1986, p. 26 Jump up ^ Overton 1996, p. 122 Jump up ^ `` The Rotherham Plow ''. Rotherham : The Unofficial Website. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Jump up ^ Temple 1986, pp. 18, 20 Jump up ^ `` The Rotherham Plow ''. Rotherham.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. ^ Jump up to : Clark 2007 Jump up ^ Atack, Jeremy ; Passell, Peter ( 1994 ). A New Economic View of American History. New York : W.W. Norton and Co. p. 282. ISBN 0 - 393 - 96315 - 2. Jump up ^ Coren, Michael J. ( 31 January 2018 ). `` The speed of Europe 's 18th - century sailing ships is revamping history 's view of the Industrial Revolution ''. Quartz. Retrieved 31 January 2018. ^ Jump up to : Grübler, Arnulf ( 1990 ). The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures : Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport ( PDF ). Heidelberg and New York : Physica - Verlag. Jump up ^ Donald Langmead. Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats. ABC - CLIO. p. 37. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 112 - 0. Retrieved 15 February 2013. Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory ( 2017 ). `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present ( New Series ) ''. MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 6 November 2017. Jump up ^ Timbs 1860, p. 363 Jump up ^ The Times newspaper : Bridgewater Collieries, London, 1 December 1913, retrieved 19 July 2008 Jump up ^ Kindleberger 1993, pp. 192 -- 93 Jump up ^ `` 1 January 1894 : Opening of the Manchester ship canal ''. The Guardian. 1 January 1894. Retrieved 28 July 2012. Six years in the making, the world 's largest navigation canal gives the city direct access to the sea Jump up ^ `` 1823 -- First American Macadam Road '' ( Painting -- Carl Rakeman ) US Department of Transportation -- Federal Highway Administration ( Accessed 10 October 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Hunter, Louis C. ( 1985 ). A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730 -- 1930, Vol. 2 : Steam Power. Charolttesville : University Press of Virginia. p. 18. `` There exist everywhere roads suitable for hauling ''. Robert Fulton on roads in France Jump up ^ Richard Brown ( 1991 ). `` Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700 -- 1850 '' p. 136. Routledge, 1991 Jump up ^ Fling, Harry M. ( 1868 ). Railroads of the United States, Their History and Statistics. Philadelphia : John. E. Potter and Co. pp. 12, 13. Jump up ^ Herbert L. Sussman ( 2009 ). `` Victorian Technology : Invention, Innovation, and the Rise of the Machine ''. p. 2. ABC - CLIO, 2009 Jump up ^ Rosen, William ( 2012 ). The Most Powerful Idea in the World : A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention. University Of Chicago Press. p. 127. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 72634 - 2. Jump up ^ Musson ; Robinson ( 1969 ). Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution. University of Toronto Press. p. 477. Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2008 ) `` Building construction : the reintroduction of modern concrete '' Jump up ^ Landes & year - 1969, pp. 57 -- 59 Jump up ^ Landes & year - 1969, p. 59 Jump up ^ Hunt, E.K. ; Lautzenheiser, Mark ( 2014 ). History of Economic Thought : A Critical Perspective. PHI Learning. ISBN 978 - 0765625991. ^ Jump up to : Mabel C. Buer, Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution, London : George Routledge & Sons, 1926, p. 30 ISBN 0 - 415 - 38218 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Woodward, D. ( 1981 ) Wage rates and living standards in pre-industrial England Past & Present 1981 91 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 46 Jump up ^ Crafts, N ; Mills, Terence C. ( 1994 ). `` Trends in Real Wages in Britain, 1750 -- 1913 ''. Explorations in Economic History. 31 ( 2 ) : 176. doi : 10.1006 / exeh. 1994.1007. Jump up ^ Nardinelli, Clark ( 2008 ). `` Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living '' The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Liberty Fund Jump up ^ R.M. Hartwell, The Rising Standard of Living in England, 1800 -- 1850, Economic History Review, 1963, p. 398 ISBN 0 - 631 - 18071 - 0 Jump up ^ Fogel, Robert W. ( 2004 ). The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700 -- 2100. London : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 80878 - 2. Jump up ^ Malthus, Thomas ( 1798 ). An Essay on the Principle of Population ( PDF ). London. Retrieved 12 February 2016. Jump up ^ Temple, Robert ; Needham, Joseph ( 1986 ). The Genius of China : 3000 years of science, discovery and invention. New York : Simon and Schuster < Based on the works of Joseph Needham > Jump up ^ Wells, David A. ( 1891 ). Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well - Being of Society. New York : D. Appleton and Co. ISBN 0 - 543 - 72474 - 3. Jump up ^ Gregory Clark, `` Shelter from the storm : housing and the industrial revolution, 1550 -- 1909. '' Journal of Economic History 62 # 2 ( 2002 ) : 489 -- 511. Jump up ^ H.J. Dyos, `` The speculative builders and developers of Victorian London. '' Victorian Studies 11 ( 1968 ) : 641 -- 90. in JSTOR Jump up ^ Christopher Powell, The British building industry since 1800 : An economic history ( Taylor & Francis, 1996 ). Jump up ^ P. Kemp, `` Housing landlordism in late nineteenth - century Britain. '' Environment and Planning A 14.11 ( 1982 ) : 1437 -- 47. Jump up ^ H.J. Dyos, `` The Slums of Victorian London. '' Victorian Studies 11.1 ( 1967 ) : 5 -- 40. in JSTOR Jump up ^ Anthony S. Wohl, The eternal slum : housing and social policy in Victorian London ( 1977 ). Jump up ^ Martin J. Daunton, House and home in the Victorian city : working - class housing, 1850 -- 1914 ( 1983 ). Jump up ^ Enid Gauldie, Cruel habitations : a history of working - class housing 1780 - 1918 ( Allen & Unwin, 1974 ). ^ Jump up to : `` Why the Industrial Revolution Happened Here ''. BBC. 11 January 2017. Jump up ^ Hudson, Pat ( 1992 ). The Industrial Revolution. New York : Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc. p. 3. ISBN 0 - 7131 - 6531 - 6. Jump up ^ `` The UK population : past, present and future -- Chapter 1 '' ( PDF ). Statistics.gov.uk Jump up ^ `` A portrait of Britain in 2031 ''. The Independent. 24 October 2007. Jump up ^ BBC -- History -- Victorian Medicine -- From Fluke to Theory. Published : 1 February 2002. Jump up ^ `` Modernization -- Population Change ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Jump up ^ `` Human Population : Urbanization ''. Population Reference Bureau. Archived 26 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Human Population : Population Growth : Question and Answer ''. Population Reference Bureau. Archived 8 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Manchester ( England, United Kingdom ). Encyclopædia Britannica. Jump up ^ Eleanor Amico, ed. Reader 's guide to women 's studies ( 1998 ) pp 102 -- 4, 306 -- 8. Jump up ^ Janet Thomas, `` Women and capitalism : oppression or emancipation? A review article. '' Comparative studies in society and history 30 # 3 ( 1988 ) : 534 -- 49. in JSTOR Jump up ^ Alice Clark, Working life of women in the seventeenth century ( 1919 ). Jump up ^ Ivy Pinchbeck, Women Workers in the Industrial Revolution ( 1930 ). Jump up ^ Louise Tilly and Joan Wallach Scott, Women, work, and family ( 1987 ). Jump up ^ `` United States History -- The Struggles of Labor ''. Library of Congress Country Studies. Jump up ^ R.M. Hartwell, The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth, Methuen and Co., 1971, pp. 339 -- 41 ISBN 0 - 416 - 19500 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Manchester -- the first industrial city ''. Entry on Sciencemuseum website. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` Life in Industrial Towns ''. Jump up ^ Dunn, James ( 1905 ). From Coal Mine Upwards : or Seventy Years of an Eventful Life. ISBN 1 - 4344 - 6870 - 4. Jump up ^ Bar, Michael ; Leukhina, Oksana ( 2007 ). `` Demographic Transition and Industrial Revolution : A Macroeconomic Investigation '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007. The decrease ( in mortality ) beginning in the second half of the 18th century was due mainly to declining adult mortality. Sustained decline of the mortality rates for the age groups 5 -- 10, 10 -- 15, and 15 -- 25 began in the mid-19th century, while that for the age group 0 -- 5 began three decades later. Although the survival rates for infants and children were static over this period, the birth rate & overall life expectancy increased. Thus the population grew, but the average Briton was about as old in 1850 as in 1750 ( see figures 5 & 6, p. 28 ). Population size statistics from mortality.org put the mean age at about 26. Jump up ^ `` Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills ''. Douglas A. Galbi. Centre for History and Economics, King 's College, Cambridge CB2 1ST. Jump up ^ The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth - Century England, Laura Del Col, West Virginia University. ^ Jump up to : Venning, Annabel ( 17 September 2010 ). `` Britain 's child slaves : They started at 4am, lived off acorns and had nails put through their ears for shoddy work. Yet, says a new book, their misery helped forge Britain ''. dailymail.co.uk. London. Retrieved 19 September 2010. Jump up ^ `` Testimony Gathered by Ashley 's Mines Commission ''. 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008. Jump up ^ `` The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth - Century England ''. 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008. Jump up ^ `` Photographs of Lewis Hine : Documentation of Child Labor ''. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Jump up ^ `` General Strike 1842 ''. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007. From chartists.net. Retrieved 13 November 2006. Jump up ^ Beckert, Sven ( 2014 ). Empire of Cotton : A Global History. US : Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House. ISBN 978 - 0375 - 71396 - 5. Jump up ^ Fleming, James R. ; Bethany R. Knorr. `` History of the Clean Air Act ''. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 14 February 2006. Jump up ^ Leslie Tomory, `` The Environmental History of the Early British Gas Industry, 1812 -- 1830. '' Environmental history 17 # 1 ( 2012 ) : 29 -- 54. Jump up ^ Joel A. Tarr, `` Toxic Legacy : The Environmental Impact of the Manufactured Gas Industry in the United States. '' Technology and culture 55 # 1 ( 2014 ) : 107 -- 47. online Jump up ^ Harold L. Platt, Shock cities : the environmental transformation and reform of Manchester and Chicago ( 2005 ) excerpt. Jump up ^ Brian William Clapp, An environmental history of Britain since the industrial revolution ( Routledge, 2014 ). Jump up ^ Chris Evans, Göran Rydén, The Industrial Revolution in Iron ; The impact of British Coal Technology in Nineteenth - Century Europe Published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Farnham2005, pp. 37 -- 38 ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3390 - X. Jump up ^ a word from Walloon origin Jump up ^ Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devos, ' Breaking stereotypes ', in M. Neven and I. Devos ( editors ), ' Recent work in Belgian Historical Demography ', in Revue belge d'histoire contemporaine, XXXI, 2001, 3 -- 4, pp. 347 -- 59 FLWI.ugent.be Archived 29 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Philippe Raxhon, Le siècle des forges ou la Wallonie dans le creuset belge ( 1794 -- 1914 ), in B. Demoulin and JL Kupper ( editors ), Histoire de la Wallonie, Privat, Toulouse, 2004, pp. 233 -- 76, p. 246 ISBN 2 - 7089 - 4779 - 6 Jump up ^ `` European Route of Industrial Heritage ''. En.erih.net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013. Jump up ^ Michel De Coster, Les enjeux des conflits linguistiques, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007, ISBN 978 - 2 - 296 - 03394 - 8, pp. 122 -- 23 Jump up ^ Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devos, Breaking stereotypes, art. cit., pp. 315 -- 16 Jump up ^ Jean Marczewski, `` Y a-t - il eu un `` take - off '' en France? '', 1961, dans les Cahiers de l'ISEA Jump up ^ Haber 1958 Jump up ^ Allan Mitchell, Great Train Race : Railways and the Franco - German Rivalry, 1815 -- 1914 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` History ''. Bank of Japan. Retrieved 5 May 2015. Jump up ^ G.C. Allen, Short Economic History of Modern Japan ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Atack, Jeremy ; Passell, Peter ( 1994 ). A New Economic View of American History. New York : W.W. Norton and Co. p. 469. ISBN 0 - 393 - 96315 - 2. Jump up ^ Chandler Jr., Alfred D. ( 1993 ). The Visible Hand : The Management Revolution in American Business. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0674940529. Jump up ^ Taylor, George Rogers ( 1969 ). The Transportation Revolution, 1815 -- 1860. ISBN 978 - 0873321013. Jump up ^ Bagnall, William R. The Textile Industries of the United States : Including Sketches and Notices of Cotton, Woolen, Silk, and Linen Manufacturers in the Colonial Period. Vol. I. The Riverside Press, 1893. Jump up ^ `` Made In Beverly -- A History of Beverly Industry '', by Daniel J. Hoisington. A publication of the Beverly Historic District Commission. 1989. Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1998 ) : Samuel Slater Jump up ^ Thomson, Ross ( 1989 ). The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States. Chapel Hill and London : The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978 - 0807818671. Jump up ^ Morison, Elting E. ( 1966 ). Men, Machines and Modern Times. Cambridga, Ma and London, UK : The M.I.T Press. Jump up ^ Steven Kreis ( 11 October 2006 ). `` The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England ''. Historyguide.org. Retrieved 30 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Scientific Revolution ''. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. Archived 28 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine. 31 October 2009. Jump up ^ Baten, Jörg ( 2016 ). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13 -- 16. ISBN 9781107507180. Jump up ^ Hudson, Pat. The Industrial Revolution, Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0 - 7131 - 6531 - 6 Jump up ^ Fullerton, Ronald A. ( January 1988 ). `` How Modern Is Modern Marketing? Marketing 's Evolution and the Myth of the `` Production Era '' ``. The Journal of Marketing. New York City, NY : American Marketing Association. 52 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 25. doi : 10.2307 / 1251689. JSTOR 1251689. Jump up ^ `` Technics & Civilization ''. Lewis Mumford. Retrieved 8 January 2009. Jump up ^ Deane, Phyllis. The First Industrial Revolution, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 29609 - 9 Read it Jump up ^ Eric Schiff, Industrialisation without national patents : the Netherlands, 1869 -- 1912 ; Switzerland, 1850 -- 1907, Princeton University Press, 1971. Jump up ^ Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine, Against Intellectual Monopoly, `` Chapter 1, final online version January 2, 2008 '' ( PDF ). ( 55 KB ), p. 15. Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87928 - 6 Jump up ^ Mott - Smith, Morton ( 1964 ) ( Unabridged and revised version of the book first published by D. Appleton - Century Company in 1934 under the former title : The Story of Energy ). The Concept of Energy Simply Explained. New York : Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 13 -- 14. ISBN 0 - 486 - 21071 - 5. Jump up ^ Why No Industrial Revolution in Ancient Greece? J. Bradford DeLong, Professor of Economics, University of California at Berkeley, 20 September 2002. Retrieved January 2007. Jump up ^ The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England The History Guide, Steven Kreis, 11 October 2006 -- Accessed January 2007 Jump up ^ Jackson J. Spielvogel ( 2009 ). `` Western Civilization : Since 1500 ''. p. 607. Jump up ^ Eric Bond ; Sheena Gingerich ; Oliver Archer - Antonsen ; Liam Purcell ; Elizabeth Macklem ( 17 February 2003 ). `` The Industrial Revolution -- Causes ''. Industrialrevolution.sea.ca. Retrieved 30 January 2011. Jump up ^ Temple, Robert ( 1986 ). The Genius of China : 3000 years of science, discovery and invention. New York : Simon and Schuster < Based on the works of Joseph Needham > Jump up ^ Merson, John ( 1990 ). The Genius That Was China : East and West in the Making of the Modern World. Woodstock, New York : The Overlook Press. ISBN 0 - 87951 - 397 - 7 < A companion to the PBS Series `` The Genius That Was China '' > Jump up ^ `` Cobb - Douglas in pre-modern Europe1 -- Simulating early modern growth '' ( PDF ). ( 254 KB ) Jan Luiten van Zanden, International Institute of Social History / University of Utrecht. May 2005. Retrieved January 2007. Jump up ^ Landes, David ( 1999 ). The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978 - 0393318883. Jump up ^ David S. Landes ( 1969 ). The Unbound Prometheus. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 20 -- 32. ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6. Jump up ^ Merson 1990, pp. 34 -- 35 Jump up ^ How Earth Made Us : Fire by Professor Iain Stewart Jump up ^ South Asian History Archived 27 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. -- Pages from the history of the Indian subcontinent : British rule and the legacy of colonisation. Rajni - Palme Dutt India Today ( Indian Edition published 1947 ). Retrieved January 2007. Jump up ^ `` Mokyr, J. : A Culture of Growth : The Origins of the Modern Economy. ( eBook and Hardcover ) ''. press.princeton.edu. Retrieved 9 March 2017. Jump up ^ Julian Hoppit, `` The Nation, the State, and the First Industrial Revolution, '' Journal of British Studies ( April 2011 ) 50 # 2 pp. 307 -- 31 Jump up ^ Kiely, Ray ( November 2011 ). `` Industrialization and Development : A Comparative Analysis ''. UGL Press Limited : 25 -- 26. Jump up ^ Digital History ; Steven Mintz. `` Was slavery the engine of economic growth? Digital History ''. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2011. Jump up ^ The Industrial Revolution by Pat Hudson, pg. 198. Books.google.com. 1992. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7131 - 6531 - 9. Retrieved 30 January 2011. Jump up ^ The Royal Navy itself may have contributed to Britain 's industrial growth. Among the first complex industrial manufacturing processes to arise in Britain were those that produced material for British warships. For instance, the average warship of the period used roughly 1000 pulley fittings. With a fleet as large as the Royal Navy, and with these fittings needing to be replaced every 4 to 5 years, this created a great demand which encouraged industrial expansion. The industrial manufacture of rope can also be seen as a similar factor. Jump up ^ Old Naval College Archived 26 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy : Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, pp. 29 -- 30, Boston, Beacon Press, 1966. Jump up ^ Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de. ( 1909 -- 14 ) ( 1734 ). `` Letter VI -- On the Presbyterians. Letters on the English ''. www.bartleby.com. The Harvard Classics. Retrieved 22 July 2017. Jump up ^ EA Wrigley, Continuity chance and change. ^ Jump up to : Crafts, Nicholas ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ). `` Explaining the first Industrial Revolution : two views ''. European Review of Economic History. 15 ( 1 ) : 153 -- 168. doi : 10.1017 / S1361491610000201. ISSN 1361 - 4916. Jump up ^ `` The Lunar Society ''. Archived from the original on 7 February 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2008. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) at Moreabout, the website of the Birmingham Jewellery Quarter guide, Bob Miles. Jump up ^ Foster, Charles ( 2004 ). Capital and Innovation : How Britain Became the First Industrial Nation. Northwich : Arley Hall Press. ISBN 0 - 9518382 - 4 - 5. Argues that capital accumulation and wealth concentration in an entrepreneurial culture following the commercial revolution made the industrial revolution possible, for example. Jump up ^ Michael Löwy and Robert Sayre, eds., Romanticism against the Tide of Modernity ( Duke University Press, 2001 ). Jump up ^ AJ George, The development of French romanticism : the impact of the industrial revolution on literature ( 1955 ) Sources Ashton, Thomas S. ( 1948 ). `` The Industrial Revolution ( 1760 -- 1830 ) ''. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Berlanstein, Lenard R., ed. ( 1992 ). The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth - century Europe. London and New York : Routledge. Clapham, J.H. ( 1926 ). `` An Economic History of Modern Britain : The Early Railway Age, 1820 -- 1850 ''. Cambridge University Press. Clapham, J.H. The Economic Development of France and Germany : 1815 - 1914 ( 1921 ) online, a famous classic, filled with details. Clark, Gregory ( 2007 ). A Farewell to Alms : A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0 - 691 - 12135 - 4. Daunton, M.J. ( 1995 ). `` Progress and Poverty : An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1700 -- 1850 ''. Oxford University Press. Dunham, Arthur Louis ( 1955 ). `` The Industrial Revolution in France, 1815 -- 1848 ''. New York : Exposition Press. Gatrell, Peter ( 2004 ). `` Farm to factory : a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution ''. The Economic History Review. 57 ( 4 ) : 794. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2004. 00295_21. x. Griffin, Emma ( 2010 ). Short History of the British Industrial Revolution. Palgrave. Haber, Ludwig Fritz ( 1958 ). The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century : A Study of the Economic Aspect of Applied Chemistry in Europe and North America. Haber, Ludwig Fritz ( 1971 ). The Chemical Industry : 1900 -- 1930 : International Growth and Technological Change. Jacob, Margaret C. ( 1997 ). `` Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West ''. Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press. Kindleberger, Charles Poor ( 1993 ). A Financial History of Western Europe. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0 - 19 - 507738 - 5. Kisch, Herbert ( 1989 ). `` From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution The Case of the Rhineland Textile Districts ''. Oxford University Press. Kornblith, Gary. The Industrial Revolution in America ( 1997 ) Landes, David S. ( 1969 ). The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge, New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6. McNeil, Ian, ed. ( 1990 ). An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology. London : Routledge. ISBN 0 - 415 - 14792 - 1. Maddison, Angus ( 2003 ). `` The World Economy : Historical Statistics ''. Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ). Mantoux, Paul ( 1961 ) ( 1928 ). `` The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century '' ( First English translation 1928 ed. ). McLaughlin Green, Constance ( 1939 ). `` Holyoke, Massachusetts : A Case History of the Industrial Revolution in America ''. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press. Milward, Alan S. and S.B. Saul. The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe : 1850 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) Milward, Alan S. and S.B. Saul. The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780 -- 1870 ( 1973 ) Mokyr, Joel ( 1999 ). `` The British Industrial Revolution : An Economic Perspective ''. More, Charles ( 2000 ). `` Understanding the Industrial Revolution ''. London : Routledge. Olson, James S. Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in America ( 2001 ) Pollard, Sidney ( 1981 ). `` Peaceful Conquest : The Industrialization of Europe, 1760 -- 1970 ''. Oxford University Press. Rider, Christine, ed. Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution, 1700 -- 1920 ( 2 vol. 2007 ) Roe, Joseph Wickham ( 1916 ), English and American Tool Builders, New Haven, Connecticut : Yale University Press, LCCN 16011753. Reprinted by McGraw - Hill, New York and London, 1926 ( LCCN 27 - 24075 ) ; and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 ). Smelser, Neil J. ( 1959 ). `` Social Change in the Industrial Revolution : An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry ''. University of Chicago Press. Staley, David J. ed. Encyclopedia of the History of Invention and Technology ( 3 vol 2011 ), 2000pp Stearns, Peter N. ( 1998 ). `` The Industrial Revolution in World History ''. Westview Press. Smil, Vaclav ( 1994 ). `` Energy in World History ''. Westview Press. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Snooks, G.D. ( 2000 ). `` Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary? ''. London : Routledge. Szostak, Rick ( 1991 ). `` The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution : A Comparison of England and France ''. Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press. Timbs, John ( 1860 ). Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and the Useful Arts : A Book for Old and Young. Harper & Brothers. Toynbee, Arnold ( 1884 ). Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England. ISBN 1 - 4191 - 2952 - X. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016. Uglow, Jenny ( 2002 ). `` The Lunar Men : The Friends who made the Future 1730 -- 1810 ''. London : Faber and Faber. Usher, Abbott Payson ( 1920 ). `` An Introduction to the Industrial History of England ''. University of Michigan Press. Chambliss, William J. ( editor ), Problems of Industrial Society, Reading, Massachusetts : Addison - Wesley Publishing Co, December 1973. ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 00958 - 3 Hawke, Gary. `` Reinterpretations of the Industrial Revolution '' in Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault, eds. The Industrial Revolution and British Society ( 1993 ) pp 54 -- 78 McCloskey, Deirdre ( 2004 ). `` Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Britain ( edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson ) ''. Times Higher Education Supplement. 15 ( January ). Retrieved 12 February 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Industrial revolution. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Industrial Revolution Wikiversity quiz on this Industrial Revolution article Industrial Revolution at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Internet Modern History Sourcebook : Industrial Revolution BBC History Home Page : Industrial Revolution National Museum of Science and Industry website : machines and personalities Factory Workers in the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution -- Articles, Video, Pictures, and Facts `` The Day the World Took Off '' Six - part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question `` Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did. '' The Industrial Revolution Themes Coal Coal mining Coke Cotton Industry Invention Iron Machinery, Manufacturing Metallurgy Sociology Steam power Steel Technology Textiles, Water power Workforce People / groups Richard Arkwright Thomas Boulsover Matthew Boulton James Brindley Isambard Kingdom Brunel Edmund Cartwright Henry Cort Thomas and George Cranege Samuel Crompton Abraham Darby I Abraham Darby II Abraham Darby III Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater William Fairbairn James Hargreaves Hawks family Thomas Highs Eaton Hodgkinson Benjamin Huntsman Joseph Marie Jacquard, John Kay ( flying shuttle ) John Kay ( spinning frame ) Francis Cabot Lowell Lunar Society Thomas Newcomen Robert Owen Lewis Paul William Radcliffe Richard Roberts Thomas Savery Samuel Slater John Smeaton George Stephenson Robert Stephenson Thomas Telford Richard Trevithick James Watt John Wilkinson John Wyatt Places Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet Bridgewater Canal Broseley Coalbrookdale Cromford Derwent Valley Mills Ironbridge New Lanark Portsmouth Block Mills Quarry Bank Mill Soho Foundry Stockton and Darlington Railway Invention / technology Blast furnace Canal Cotton mill Crucible steel Factory Flying shuttle Newcomen steam engine Power loom Railway Reverberatory furnace Sheffield plate Spinning frame Spinning jenny Steam engine Stephenson 's Rocket Water frame Watt steam engine Social impact Bourgeoisie Child labour History of the Co-operative Movement Cottage industry Factory Acts Industrial unrest Luddite Proletariat Rochdale Pioneers Urbanization Industrial warfare Reference History of technology History of the British canal system Industrial archaeology List of United Kingdom - related topics Timeline of clothing and textiles technology Timeline of invention Timeline of materials technology Timeline of steam power Category Commons History of technology History of technology cultures Prehistoric technology Neolithic Ancient Egypt Mayan Ancient Greek Roman Chinese Indian Byzantine Medieval Islam Medieval Europe Renaissance Ottoman Great Divergence Industrial Revolution Modern History of technology domains History of biotechnology History of communication History of computing hardware History of electrical engineering History of materials science History of measurement History of medicine History of nuclear technology History of transport Economy of the United Kingdom Companies Co-operatives Employee - owned companies FTSE 100 Index FTSE 250 Index FTSE Fledgling Index FTSE SmallCap Index Government - owned companies Currency, governance, regulation Bank of England Governor of the Bank of England Budget Company law Competition and Markets Authority Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Financial Conduct Authority Gilts HM Revenue and Customs HM Treasury Chancellor of the Exchequer Debt Management Office Monetary Policy Committee Office for Budget Responsibility Pound sterling Banknotes Coinage Taxation UK Statistics Authority UK Trade & Investment History Chronological 1659 -- 1849 Navigation Acts Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution Financial Revolution Panic of 1796 -- 97 1815 -- 46 Corn Laws New Imperialism 1830s -- 1945 Second Industrial Revolution 1860s -- 1914 1873 -- 79 Long Depression 1926 general strike 1929 -- 39 Great Depression 1948 -- 52 Marshall Plan 1974 Three - Day Week 1979 Winter of Discontent 1986 Big Bang 1992 Black Wednesday Late - 2000s recession 2008 bank rescue package 2009 bank rescue package Recurrent Economic geography Free trade Gold standard Recessions and recoveries National champions policy Economic liberalism Privatisation Nationalisation Nations, regions, cities England Atlantic Gateway Birmingham Big City Plan Bristol Cornwall Croydon Croydon Vision 2020 Devon Expansion plans for Milton Keynes Fishing Leeds List of counties by GVA Liverpool London East London Tech City London Plan M4 corridor M11 Corridor Manchester Reading Sheffield Silicon Fen Thames Gateway Tourism Transport N. Ireland Belfast Transport Scotland Aberdeen Agriculture Edinburgh Industrialisation Fishing Oil and gas Renewable energy Silicon Glen Tourism Transport Whisky Wales Cardiff ( Cardiff Bay ) Swansea Tourism Transport People and labour Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Equal opportunities Minimum wage Working Time Directive Pensions Trades unions Trades Union Congress Unemployment Sectors Resource and production Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Fracking Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Food Agriculture Cider Wine Beer Fishing English Scottish Materials Forestry Mining Financial services Baltic Exchange Banking List of banks List of UK building societies Canary Wharf The City Royal Albert Dock ( future ) Euronext. liffe Glasgow International Financial Services District Insurance Lloyd 's of London LCH London Interbank Offered Rate London Metal Exchange London Platinum and Palladium Market London Stock Exchange Alternative Investment Market Other Education Entertainment & Media Cinema Gambling Newspapers Radio Television Theatre Healthcare Legal services Manufacturing Aerospace Automotive Pharmaceuticals Exports Property Architecture Construction Housing Real estate Science and technology Internet Telecommunications Supermarkets Tourism Transport Aviation Rail Inter-city High - speed Trade and business organisations Business organisations British Bankers ' Association British Chambers of Commerce Confederation of British Industry Co-operatives UK EEF Federation of Small Businesses Industry trade groups Institute of Directors UK Payments Administration Category Commons Aspects of capitalism ( academic views ) General Business cycle Competition Economic bubble Economic development Entrepreneurship Ecoprenuership Externalities Financial Revolution Globalization History of capitalist theory Industrial Revolution Innovation Invention Market failure Merit Multinational corporation Oligopoly Privatization Profit Property rights Regulation Wage labour Wealth Ideology American Dream Bipartisanship Democracy Free market Individualism Laissez - faire Liberalism Libertarianism Neoliberalism Cultural aspects Culture of capitalism Advertising Consumerism Decentralization Economic mobility Liberty Mainstream Philanthropy Private foundation Rule of law Social alienation Spontaneous order Social aspects Economic inequality Employment Freedom of association Labour market flexibility Labour supply Productivity Prosperity Social venture capital Unemployment Criticism Criticism Anti-capitalism Market fundamentalism Marxism Wage slavery Antithesis Anarchism Anarcho - syndicalism Communism Eco-socialism Libertarian socialism Mercantilism Post-scarcity economy Sharing economy Social anarchism Socialism Syndicalism History of Europe Prehistory Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe Classical antiquity Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Early Christianity Crisis of the Third Century Fall of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Christianization Francia Byzantine Empire Maritime republics Viking Age Kievan Rus ' Holy Roman Empire High Middle Ages Feudalism Crusades Mongol invasion Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Kalmar Union Renaissance Early modern Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Thirty Years ' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg Monarchy Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment Modern Great Divergence Industrial Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Revolutions of 1848 World War I Russian Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration See also Art of Europe Genetic history of Europe History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe GND : 4072790 - 7 HDS : 13825 NDL : 00570120 Business and economics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_Revolution&oldid=836894850 '' Categories : Industrial Revolution Industrial history History of technology 18th century in technology 19th century in technology Early Modern Britain Modern Europe Modern history of the United Kingdom Revolutions by type Theories of history Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 107 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018, at 14 : 02. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Industrial Revolution", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Industrial_Revolution&amp;oldid=836894850" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "11435350566721813060" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Old Course at St Andrews - wikipedia Old Course at St Andrews Jump to : navigation, search Old Course R&A Clubhouse and 18th green in 2004 Club information Coordinates 56 ° 20 ′ 35 '' N 2 ° 48 ′ 11 '' W  /  56.343 ° N 2.803 ° W  / 56.343 ; - 2.803 Coordinates : 56 ° 20 ′ 35 '' N 2 ° 48 ′ 11 '' W  /  56.343 ° N 2.803 ° W  / 56.343 ; - 2.803 Location St Andrews, Scotland Established 1552 Type Public Owned by Fife Council Operated by St Andrews Links Trust Total holes 18 Tournaments hosted The Open Championship, Alfred Dunhill Links Championship Website Old Course Par 72 Length 7,305 yards ( 6,680 m ) Course record 61 ; Ross Fisher ( 2017 ) St Andrews Location in Scotland St Andrews Location in Fife, Scotland The Old Course at St Andrews is considered the oldest golf course in the world, a public course over common land in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. It is held in trust by The St Andrews Links Trust under an act of Parliament. The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews club house sits adjacent to the first tee, although it is but one of many clubs that have playing privileges on the course, along with the general public. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Governance 1.2 Influence on modern golf 1.3 Old Course and Bobby Jones 2 Features 3 The Open Championship 4 Scorecard 5 Women 's British Open 6 Senior Open Championship 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The Old Course at St Andrews is considered by many to be the `` home of golf '' because the sport was first played on the Links at St Andrews in the early 15th century. Golf was becoming increasingly popular in Scotland until in 1457, when James II of Scotland banned golf because he felt that young men were playing too much golf instead of practising their archery. The ban was upheld by the following kings of Scotland until 1502, when King James IV became a golfer himself and removed the ban. Governance ( edit ) In 1552, Archbishop John Hamilton gave the townspeople of St. Andrews the right to play on the links. In 1754, 22 noblemen, professors, and landowners founded the Society of St Andrews Golfers. This society would eventually become the precursor to the Royal and Ancient which is the governing body for golf everywhere outside of the United States and Mexico. St Andrews Links had a scare when they went bankrupt in 1797. The Town Council of St. Andrews decided to allow rabbit farming on the golf course to challenge golf for popularity. Twenty years of legal battling between the golfers and rabbit farmers ended in 1821 when a local landowner and golfer named James Cheape of Strathtyrum bought the land and is credited with saving the links for golf. The course evolved without the help of any one architect for many years, though notable contributions to its design were made by Daw Anderson in the 1850s and Old Tom Morris ( 1865 -- 1908 ), who designed the 1st and 18th holes. Originally, it was played over the same set of fairways out and back to the same holes. As interest in the game increased, groups of golfers would often be playing the same hole, but going in different directions. Influence on modern golf ( edit ) The Old Course was pivotal to the development of how the game is played today. For instance, in 1764, the course had 22 holes. The members would play the same hole going out and in with the exception of the 11th and 22nd holes. The members decided that the first four and last four holes on the course were too short and should be combined into four total holes ( two in and two out ). St Andrews then had 18 holes and that was how the standard of 18 holes was created. Around 1863, Old Tom Morris had the 1st green separated from the 17th green, producing the current 18 - hole layout with seven double greens and four single greens. The Old Course is home of The Open Championship, the oldest of golf 's major championships. The Old Course has hosted this major 29 times since 1873, most recently in 2015. The 29 Open Championships that the Old Course has hosted is more than any other course, and The Open is currently played there every five years. Old Course and Bobby Jones ( edit ) Bobby Jones ( who later founded Augusta National ) first played St Andrews in the 1921 Open Championship. During the third round, he infamously hit his ball into a bunker on the 11th hole. After he took four swings at the ball and still could not get out, after losing his temper, he continued the round, but did not turn in score card, thus disqualifying himself. However, he did continue to play in the fourth round. Six years later, when the Open Championship returned to St Andrews, Jones also returned. Not only did he win, he also became the first amateur to win back - to - back Open Championships. He won wire - to - wire, shooting a 285 ( 7 - under - par ), which was the lowest score at either a U.S. Open or Open Championship at the time. He ended up winning the tournament by a decisive six strokes. In 1930, Jones returned to St Andrews for the British Amateur. He won, beating Roger Wethered by a score of 7 and 6 in the final match. He subsequently won the other three majors, making him the only man in the history of the sport to win the Grand Slam. Jones went on to fall in love with the Old Course for the rest of his life. Years later, he said `` If I had to select one course upon which to play the match of my life, I should have selected the Old Course. '' In 1958 the town of St Andrews gave Jones the key to the city ; he was only the second American to receive the honour ( after Benjamin Franklin in 1759 ). After he received the key, he said `` I could take out of my life everything but my experiences here in St. Andrews and I would still have had a rich and full life. '' Features ( edit ) `` I 'm very sentimental and the place gets to me every time I go there. St Andrews was always where I wanted to finish my major career. '' -- Jack Nicklaus on finishing his career at St Andrews, 2005. The Swilcan Bridge is one of the most iconic attractions in golf The 18th hole towards the clubhouse of the R&A in 2006. A largely unchanged view in 1891. One of the unique features of the Old Course are the large double greens. Seven greens are shared by two holes each, with hole numbers adding up to 18 ( 2nd paired with 16th, 3rd with 15th, all the way up to 8th and 10th ). The Swilcan Bridge, spanning the first and 18th holes, has become a famous icon for golf in the world. Everyone who plays the 18th hole walks over this 700 - year - old bridge, and many iconic pictures of the farewells of the most iconic golfers in history have been taken on this bridge. A life - size stone replica of the Bridge is situated at the World Golf Hall of Fame museum in St. Augustine, Florida. Only the 1st, 9th, 17th and 18th holes have their own greens. Another unique feature is that the course can be played in either direction, clockwise or anti-clockwise. Along with that, the Old Course has 112 bunkers which are all individually named and have their own unique story and history behind them. The two most famous are the 10 ft deep `` Hell Bunker '' on the 14th hole, and the `` Road Bunker '' on the 17th hole. Countless professional golfers have seen their dreams of winning the Open Championship squandered by hitting their balls into those bunkers. The Old Course is also home of The Road Hole, the par - 4 17th, one of the world 's most famous golf holes. Among its unique features are : Players using the back tees can not see where their tee shots land. This is not unusual except that they must take aim over a corner of replica railway sheds which lie beyond the out of bounds wall. The original sheds were torn down when the rail line running next to the course closed, and after several Opens were played without the tee shot being blind, replicas of the sheds were created in preparation for the 1984 Open. Other than rough, the primary hazard in front of the green is a sand trap known as the `` Road Bunker. '' Over the back of the green, hazards include a tarmac roadway, as well as an old stone wall. Both are in play ; a wayward shot can lead a player to take their next stroke off the roadway or to hit the face of the wall and take their chances with the ensuing bounce. The general method of play today is counterclockwise, although clockwise play has been permitted on one day each year in recent years, and for several special one off events since. Originally, the course was reversed every week in order to let the grass recover better. One other unusual thing about the Old Course is that it is closed on Sundays to let the course rest. On some Sundays, the course turns into a park for all the townspeople who come out to stroll, picnic and otherwise enjoy the grounds. As a general rule, Sunday play is allowed on the course on only four occasions : The final day of the Dunhill Links Championship, an annual event on the European Tour. The final day of any R&A sanctioned Open Championships -- men and women, and the men over 50 when it is held at the Old Course ; this happens roughly once every five years for the men ; the women 's championship began its turn on the rotation in 2007, and the over-50 championship began in 2018. The final day of two top amateur events, the St Andrews Links Trophy and the St Rule Trophy. Sunday play may also occur when the Old Course hosts other major events ; for example, when it hosted the Curtis Cup in 2008. While winning the Open Championship is a crowning achievement for any golfer, a win at St Andrews is considered particularly important due to the course 's long tradition. Past winners at St Andrews include Tiger Woods ( twice ), Louis Oosthuizen, John Daly, Zach Johnson ( first Monday finish since 1988 ), Nick Faldo, Seve Ballesteros, Jack Nicklaus ( twice ), Tony Lema, Kel Nagle, Bobby Locke, Peter Thomson, Sam Snead, Dick Burton, Denny Shute, Bobby Jones, Jock Hutchison, James Braid ( twice ), John Henry Taylor ( twice ), Hugh Kirkaldy, Jack Burns, Bob Martin ( twice ), Jamie Anderson, Tom Kidd, Lorena Ochoa, and most recently Stacy Lewis at the 2013 Women 's British Open. In 2005 the Old Course was ranked as the greatest golf course outside the United States, by Golf Digest. Since 1990, the Old Course has been unique on the Open roster in holding the Championship every five years. However, this sequence has been broken with the announcement that the 2020 Championship will be at Royal St. George 's. The reason for this is that the 2021 Championship will be the 150th, and is expected to be played on the Old Course although no official announcement has yet been made. The Open Championship ( edit ) The `` road bunker '' at the 17th hole. R&A Clubhouse on the Old Course. The Open Championship has been staged at the Old Course at St Andrews 29 times. The following is a list of the champions : Year Winner Score Notes R1 R2 R3 R4 Total 1873 Tom Kidd 91 88 -- -- 179 This was the first time the Open Championship was played on an 18 - hole course. Instead of three rounds of 12 holes, there were two rounds of 18. Kidd won £ 11. 1876 Bob Martin 86 90 -- -- 176 Due to a controversial ruling, Bob Martin finished in a tie for first. In protest, his opponent Davie Strath refused to participate so Martin walked the course and became the Open Champion. He won £ 10. 1879 Jamie Anderson 84 85 -- -- 169 With this win, Jamie Anderson became the first person to break 170 in the Open Championship. He won £ 10. 1882 Bob Ferguson 83 88 -- -- 171 This was the third straight Open Championship for Ferguson. He won £ 12. 1885 Bob Martin 84 87 -- -- 171 The second of Martin 's Open Championship wins, he won £ 10. 1888 Jack Burns 86 85 -- -- 171 Burns won after his score was re-added, giving him a one - stroke victory. The winners share was £ 8. 1891 Hugh Kirkaldy 83 83 -- -- 166 Kirkaldy set the tournament record with his 166. This was also the last Open Championship that was 36 holes. The winners share was £ 10. 1895 J.H. Taylor 86 78 80 78 322 This was the first Open to be played over two days ( 36 holes a day ) and a total of 72 holes at St Andrews. He shot the first sub-80 rounds at St Andrews. The winners share was £ 30. 1900 J.H. Taylor 79 77 78 75 309 This open marked the first time the `` Great Triumvirate '' finished 1 - 2 - 3. That was the name given to the three golfers who dominated the game in the late 19th century to the early 20th century. From 1894 to 1914, J.H. Taylor, Harry Vardon, and James Braid combined to win 16 Open Championships. This was Taylor 's third of five Open Championships. The winners share was £ 50. 1905 James Braid 81 78 78 81 318 This was the first Open to be played over three days, with 36 holes on the last day. This was Braid 's second of five Open Championships. The winners share was £ 50. 1910 James Braid 76 73 74 76 299 This Open was the last of Braid 's five Open Championships. With this win he became the first person to break 300 in a four - round Open at St Andrews, and was the first to win five Open Championships. The winners share was £ 50. 1921 Jock Hutchison 72 75 79 70 296 Born in Scotland, Hutchison was the first American citizen to win the Open Championship with this win. This was also the first time Bobby Jones played St Andrews. He ended up walking off the course after he took four shots to get out of a bunker on the 11th hole. The winners share was £ 75. 1927 Bobby Jones ( a ) 68 72 73 72 285 ( − 3 ) This win marked Bobby Jones ' first Open championship win at St Andrews, his second straight Open Championship, fourth professional major, and his 7th career major ( he was a three - time winner of the U.S. Amateur ). As an amateur, Jones received no prize money. Aubrey Boomer and Fred Robson finished in a tie for second, and the winners and second place share of £ 75 for first place and £ 50 for second place were combined and divided into two, so each player earned 62 pounds and 10 shillings. 1933 Denny Shute 73 73 73 73 292 ( + 4 ) Shute won the Open title by five strokes in a playoff against Craig Wood. Leo Diegel could have joined them but he whiffed a putt on the 72nd hole, finishing one shot off the lead. The winners share was £ 100. 1939 Dick Burton 70 72 77 71 290 ( − 2 ) The 1939 Open was the last Open until 1946 because of World War II. The Royal Air Force used the fairways of the Old Course as runways. Burton held the Claret Jug the longest ( 7 years ), until the tournament resumed in 1946, also at St Andrews. The winners share was £ 100. 1946 Sam Snead 71 70 74 75 290 ( − 2 ) Even though Sam Snead won the first Open Championship to be played since 1939, he still lost money because of the high travel expenses ; his winner 's share was £ 150. When taking the train into St Andrews, Sam Snead is quoted for looking out of the window and saying `` Say, that looks like an old abandoned golf course '' about the Old Course. 1955 Peter Thomson 71 68 70 72 281 ( − 7 ) This was the second of Thomson 's three straight Open titles, and five overall. His winner 's share was £ 1,000. 1957 Bobby Locke 69 72 68 70 279 ( − 9 ) Between 1949 and 1957, Locke won the Open title four times. He survived a possible disqualification when he marked his ball on the 72nd green, and played his ball without replacing his ball mark. The R&A decided that because he had a three shot lead, and he did n't gain an advantage, that in the spirit of the game, he should not be disqualified. The winner 's share was £ 1,000. 1960 Kel Nagle 69 67 71 71 278 ( − 10 ) This was the 100th anniversary of the Open Championship, although due to wars it was n't the 100th Open Championship to be played. Arnold Palmer finished second and is credited with returning the Open to the eyes of Americans. The winner 's share was £ 1,250. 1964 Tony Lema 73 68 68 70 279 ( − 9 ) From 1962 to 1966, Lema won 12 times on tour, but this was his only major. He beat Jack Nicklaus by five strokes, and his winner 's share was £ 1,500. Tragically, Lema and his pregnant wife were killed in a plane crash two years later. 1970 Jack Nicklaus 68 69 73 73 283 ( − 5 ) Doug Sanders missed a tough two and a half - foot ( 0.75 m ) putt on the 72nd hole, bogeyed, and ended up tied with Nicklaus. The playoff the next day came down to 18th hole and Nicklaus birdied to win ; it was his second Open title and eighth overall major ; the winner 's share was £ 5,250. 1978 Jack Nicklaus 71 72 69 69 281 ( − 7 ) Nicklaus completed the career Grand Slam ( winning all four majors in your career at least once ) for the third time making it his third Open Championship. The winner 's share was £ 12,500 1984 Seve Ballesteros 69 68 70 69 276 ( − 12 ) The leaderboard for the final day was full of the best golfers in the world at the time. Ballesteros beat Bernhard Langer, Tom Watson, Fred Couples, Lanny Wadkins, Nick Faldo, and Greg Norman to make an epic final round at St Andrews. Ballesteros birdied the 72nd hole to win by two, and his fist pump is an iconic image to this day. His winner 's share was £ 50,000. Nick Faldo 67 65 67 71 270 ( − 18 ) Faldo set the Open championship scoring record shooting 18 under par, winning his second major of the year, his second Open Championship and his fourth overall major. The winner 's share was £ 85,000. 1995 John Daly 67 71 73 71 282 ( − 6 ) This Open was significant because it was the first that Tiger Woods played in, and the last that Arnold Palmer played in, getting to have his farewell at St Andrews. John Daly beat Costantino Rocca in a four - hole playoff to win the Open title and £ 125,000. 2000 Tiger Woods 67 66 67 69 269 ( − 19 ) Winning the 2000 British Open was Tiger Woods ' second consecutive major championship, completing the career grand slam ; he would win the next two major championships as well for four consecutive major victories - the `` Tiger Slam ''. He did n't hit a single bunker the entire tournament, won by eight strokes, and set the new Open Championship scoring record with 19 under par. The winner 's share was £ 500,000. 2005 Tiger Woods 66 67 71 70 274 ( − 14 ) This was Jack Nicklaus 's last Open Championship and like Arnold Palmer, he finished on the Old Course. This was also Tiger 's 10th major championship and the fourth one he had won by five or more strokes, and the winner 's share was £ 720,000. Louis Oosthuizen 65 67 69 71 272 ( − 16 ) On the 150th anniversary of the first Open Championship, Oosthuizen played consistently well, winning the Open title by shooting a 16 under par 272 and winning by seven strokes. Rory McIlroy shot a 63 in the opening round and the winner 's share was £ 850,000. 2015 Zach Johnson 66 71 70 66 273 ( − 15 ) In the 144th playing of the Open Championship, Zach Johnson emerged from a three - man playoff to win the tournament. Tom Watson was given a special exemption by the R & A in order that he could finish his Open career at the Old Course. The tournament finished on Monday due to the extremely high winds that arose during Saturday 's round. Johnson defeated Louis Oosthuizen and Marc Leishman in a four - hole playoff. Note : Multiple winners of The Open Championship have superscript ordinal designating which in their respective careers. ( a ) denotes amateur Sources : Scorecard ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Open Championship Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par Burn 376 10 Bobby Jones 386 Dyke 453 11 High ( In ) 174 Cartgate ( Out ) 397 12 Heathery ( In ) 348 Ginger Beer 480 13 Hole O'Cross ( In ) 465 5 Hole O'Cross ( Out ) 568 5 14 Long 618 5 6 Heathery ( Out ) 412 15 Cartgate ( In ) 455 7 High ( Out ) 371 16 Corner of the Dyke 423 8 Short 175 17 Road 495 9 End 352 18 Tom Morris 357 Out 3,584 36 In 3,721 36 Source : Total 7,305 72 Old Course Tee Rating / Slope 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total White 73.1 / 132 376 411 370 419 514 374 359 166 347 3336 340 174 316 418 530 414 381 455 357 3385 6721 Yellow 71.4 / 129 355 395 337 411 514 360 349 154 289 3164 311 164 304 388 523 391 345 436 361 3223 6387 Par 5 36 5 36 72 Ladies ' 75.6 / 138 339 375 321 401 454 325 335 145 261 2956 296 150 304 377 487 369 325 426 342 3076 6032 Par Ladies ' 5 5 5 38 5 5 5 38 76 Women 's British Open ( edit ) Winners of the Women 's British Open at the Old Course at St Andrews : Year Winner Score 2007 Lorena Ochoa 287 ( − 5 ) 2013 Stacy Lewis 280 ( -- 8 ) Senior Open Championship ( edit ) Winners of the Senior Open Championship at the Old Course at St Andrews : Year Winner Score 2018 See also ( edit ) Golf in Scotland St Andrews Links The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` St Andrews Link Trust appointment ''. Scottish Government website. 14 January 2002. Retrieved 24 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Scottish Golf History -- Oldest Golf Sites ''. Retrieved 19 February 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` St Andrews -- The Old Course ''. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` The Old Course Experience -- A Brief History of The Links ''. Retrieved 19 February 2013. Jump up ^ Andrew Leibs ( 2004 ). `` Sports and Games of the Renaissance ''. p. 69. Greenwood Publishing Group, ^ Jump up to : `` St Andrews -- A Brief History of The Links ''. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2013. Jump up ^ Forrest L. Richardson ( 2002 ). `` Routing the Golf Course : The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey ''. p. 46. John Wiley & Sons Jump up ^ Kelly, Morgan ( 14 June 2005 ). `` Jones ' 1930 feat still stands test of time ''. USA Today. Retrieved 19 February 2013. Jump up ^ DiMeglio, Steve ( 15 July 2010 ). `` History, mythology combine at St Andrews, the home of golf ''. USA Today. Retrieved 19 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Nicklaus set for St Andrews bow ''. BBC Sport. 3 July 2005. Jump up ^ Hauser, Melanie ( 9 July 2010 ). `` Old Course 's humble Swilcan Bridge one of golf 's great attractions ''. PGA of America. ^ Jump up to : Ross, Helen ( 12 July 2010 ). `` Swilcan Bridge replica a true World Golf Hall of Fame highlight ''. PGA of America. Jump up ^ Prunty, Brendan ( 15 July 2010 ). `` At the British Open at St Andrews, it 's the bunkers ( in addition to everything else ) that will drive players mad ''. NJ.com. Retrieved 19 February 2013. Jump up ^ Borden, Sam ( 12 June 2015 ). `` Sundays on the Old Course at St. Andrews : No Golfers Allowed ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 14 June 2015. Ground staff ask that people avoid greens and bunkers. On Sundays, locals and tourists explore the Old Course at St. Andrews as it enjoys a weekly rest. Jump up ^ `` British Open : Event 's history at St Andrews ''. USA Today. 11 July 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Prize Money at the Major Championships ''. Golf Today. Retrieved 4 March 2014. External Links ( edit ) Golf Course Histories -- comparison of 1932 v 2012 course aerials ( nb. 2012 aerial dates prior to November 2012 changes ) BBC Golf on the Old Course -- a review by former European Tour player Ken Brown and several supporting features. St Andrews Links Trust The Old Course Hotel, Golf Resort & Spa Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews St Andrews Open Golf Club Atlas Guide St Andrews Golf Development Group -- info on Old Course and online booking for other St Andrews courses 3D Course Planner at ProVisualizer Topics on St Andrews Entertainment Barron Theatre Byre Theatre New Picture House Golf Ladies ' Golf Union Links Old Course Swilken Bridge The Royal and Ancient Strathtyrum Monuments St Andrews Sarcophagus Museums British Golf Museum Museum of the University of St Andrews St Andrews Castle St Andrews Cathedral St Andrews Museum Religious houses, past and present All Saints Blackfriars Greyfriars Holy Trinity Church Hospital of St Leonard Hospital of St Nicholas St Andrews Cathedral Priory St Leonard 's Chapel St Mary 's Collegiate Church St Salvator 's Chapel Schools Madras College St Leonards School New Park School University colleges, past and present St Leonard 's College St Mary 's College The Pedagogy St Salvator 's College United College Miscellaneous East Sands Kinness burn West Sands Siege of St Andrews Castle The Open Championship rota courses Current rota courses St Andrews Carnoustie Muirfield Turnberry Royal Troon Royal St George 's ( Sandwich ) Royal Birkdale Royal Lytham & St Annes Royal Liverpool ( Hoylake ) Royal Portrush Former rota courses Prestwick Musselburgh Royal Cinque Ports Prince 's Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Course_at_St_Andrews&oldid=812721619 '' Categories : Golf clubs and courses in Fife The Open Championship venues Curtis Cup venues Walker Cup venues Sports venues in Fife Tourist attractions in Fife St Andrews 1552 establishments in Scotland 16th century in sports 1550s in Scotland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 日本 語 Norsk Português Scots Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017, at 13 : 53. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Old Course at St Andrews", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Old_Course_at_St_Andrews&amp;oldid=812721619" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Total holes 18 Tournaments hosted The Open Championship, Alfred Dunhill Links Championship Website Old Course Par 72 Length 7,305 yards ( 6,680 m ) Course record 61 ; Ross Fisher ( 2017 ) St Andrews Location in Scotland St Andrews Location in Fife, Scotland The Old Course at St Andrews is considered the oldest golf course in the world, a public course over common land in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. It is held in trust by The St Andrews Links Trust under an act of Parliament. The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews club house sits adjacent to the first tee, although it is but one of many clubs that have playing privileges on the course, along with the general public. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Governance 1.2 Influence on modern golf 1.3 Old Course and Bobby Jones 2 Features 3 The Open Championship 4 Scorecard 5 Women 's British Open 6 Senior Open Championship 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History (" ], "id": [ "10143293894356719795" ], "short_answers": [ "The St Andrews Links Trust" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Germanium - wikipedia Germanium Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with geranium. Germanium, Ge General properties Pronunciation / dʒ ər ˈmeɪniəm / jər - MAY - nee - əm Appearance grayish - white Standard atomic weight ( A ) 7001726300000000000 ♠ 72.630 ( 8 ) Germanium in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Si ↑ Ge ↓ Sn gallium ← germanium → arsenic Atomic number ( Z ) 32 Group, period group 14 ( carbon group ), period 4 Block p - block Element category metalloid Electron configuration ( Ar ) 3d 4s 4p Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 4 Physical properties Phase ( at STP ) solid Melting point 1211.40 K ​ ( 938.25 ° C, ​ 1720.85 ° F ) Boiling point 3106 K ​ ( 2833 ° C, ​ 5131 ° F ) Density ( near r.t. ) 5.323 g / cm when liquid ( at m.p. ) 5.60 g / cm Heat of fusion 36.94 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 334 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 23.222 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104 Atomic properties Oxidation states 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, − 1, − 2, − 3, − 4 ​ ( an amphoteric oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 2.01 Ionization energies 1st : 762 kJ / mol 2nd : 1537.5 kJ / mol 3rd : 3302.1 kJ / mol Atomic radius empirical : 122 pm Covalent radius 122 pm Van der Waals radius 211 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structure ​ face - centered diamond - cubic Speed of sound thin rod 5400 m / s ( at 20 ° C ) Thermal expansion 6.0 μm / ( m K ) Thermal conductivity 60.2 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity 1 Ω m ( at 20 ° C ) Band gap 0.67 eV ( at 300 K ) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic Magnetic susceptibility − 76.84 10 cm / mol Young 's modulus 103 GPa Shear modulus 41 GPa Bulk modulus 75 GPa Poisson ratio 0.26 Mohs hardness 6.0 CAS Number 7440 - 56 - 4 History Naming after Germany, homeland of the discoverer Prediction Dmitri Mendeleev ( 1871 ) Discovery Clemens Winkler ( 1886 ) Main isotopes of germanium Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Ge syn 270.8 d ε Ga Ge 20.52 % stable Ge syn 11.3 d ε Ga Ge 27.45 % stable Ge 7.76 % stable Ge 36.52 % stable Ge 7.75 % 1.78 × 10 y β β Se view talk references in Wikidata Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish - white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. Because it seldom appears in high concentration, germanium was discovered comparatively late in the history of chemistry. Germanium ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth 's crust. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties from its position on his periodic table, and called the element ekasilicon. Nearly two decades later, in 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite. Although the new element somewhat resembled arsenic and antimony in appearance, the combining ratios in compounds agreed with Mendeleev 's predictions for a relative of silicon. Winkler named the element after his country, Germany. Today, germanium is mined primarily from sphalerite ( the primary ore of zinc ), though germanium is also recovered commercially from silver, lead, and copper ores. Germanium `` metal '' ( isolated germanium ) is used as a semiconductor in transistors and various other electronic devices. Historically, the first decade of semiconductor electronics was based entirely on germanium. Today, the amount of germanium produced for semiconductor electronics is one fiftieth the amount of ultra-high purity silicon produced for the same. Presently, the major end uses are fibre - optic systems, infrared optics, solar cell applications, and light - emitting diodes ( LEDs ). Germanium compounds are also used for polymerization catalysts and have most recently found use in the production of nanowires. This element forms a large number of organometallic compounds, such as tetraethylgermane, useful in organometallic chemistry. Germanium is not thought to be an essential element for any living organism. Some complex organic germanium compounds are being investigated as possible pharmaceuticals, though none have yet proven successful. Similar to silicon and aluminum, natural germanium compounds tend to be insoluble in water and thus have little oral toxicity. However, synthetic soluble germanium salts are nephrotoxic, and synthetic chemically reactive germanium compounds with halogens and hydrogen are irritants and toxins. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Characteristics 2.1 Chemistry 2.2 Isotopes 2.3 Occurrence 3 Production 4 Applications 4.1 Optics 4.2 Electronics 4.3 Other uses 4.4 Germanium and health 5 Precautions for chemically reactive germanium compounds 6 Future 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of the transistor Samples of germanium compounds prepared by Clemens Winkler, discoverer of the element In his report on The Periodic Law of the Chemical Elements in 1869, the Russian chemist Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev predicted the existence of several unknown chemical elements, including one that would fill a gap in the carbon family in his Periodic Table of the Elements, located between silicon and tin. Because of its position in his Periodic Table, Mendeleev called it ekasilicon ( Es ), and he estimated its atomic weight to be about 72.0. In mid-1885, at a mine near Freiberg, Saxony, a new mineral was discovered and named argyrodite because of the high silver content. The chemist Clemens Winkler analyzed this new mineral, which proved to be a combination of silver, sulfur, and a new element. Winkler was able to isolate the new element in 1886 and found it similar to antimony. Before Winkler published his results on the new element, he decided that he would name his element neptunium, since the recent discovery of planet Neptune in 1846 had been preceded by mathematical predictions of its existence. However, the name `` neptunium '' had already been given to another proposed chemical element ( though not the element that today bears the name neptunium, which was discovered in 1940 ). So instead, Winkler named the new element germanium ( from the Latin word, Germania, for Germany ) in honor of his homeland. Argyrodite proved empirically to be Ag GeS. Because this new element showed some similarities with the elements arsenic and antimony, its proper place in the periodic table was under consideration, but its similarities with Dmitri Mendeleev 's predicted element `` ekasilicon '' confirmed that place on the periodic table. With further material from 500 kg of ore from the mines in Saxony, Winkler confirmed the chemical properties of the new element in 1887. He also determined an atomic weight of 72.32 by analyzing pure germanium tetrachloride ( GeCl 4 ), while Lecoq de Boisbaudran deduced 72.3 by a comparison of the lines in the spark spectrum of the element. Winkler was able to prepare several new compounds of germanium, including fluorides, chlorides, sulfides, dioxide, and tetraethylgermane ( Ge ( C H ) ), the first organogermane. The physical data from those compounds -- which corresponded well with Mendeleev 's predictions -- made the discovery an important confirmation of Mendeleev 's idea of element periodicity. Here is a comparison between the prediction and Winkler 's data : Property Ekasilicon Germanium atomic mass 72.64 72.59 density ( g / cm ) 5.5 5.35 melting point ( ° C ) high 947 color gray gray oxide type refractory dioxide refractory dioxide oxide density ( g / cm ) 4.7 4.7 oxide activity feebly basic feebly basic chloride boiling point ( ° C ) under 100 86 ( GeCl ) chloride density ( g / cm ) 1.9 1.9 Until the late 1930s, germanium was thought to be a poorly conducting metal. Germanium did not become economically significant until after 1945 when its properties as an electronic semiconductor were recognized. During World War II, small amounts of germanium were used in some special electronic devices, mostly diodes. The first major use was the point - contact Schottky diodes for radar pulse detection during the War. The first silicon - germanium alloys were obtained in 1955. Before 1945, only a few hundred kilograms of germanium were produced in smelters each year, but by the end of the 1950s, the annual worldwide production had reached 40 metric tons. The development of the germanium transistor in 1948 opened the door to countless applications of solid state electronics. From 1950 through the early 1970s, this area provided an increasing market for germanium, but then high - purity silicon began replacing germanium in transistors, diodes, and rectifiers. For example, the company that became Fairchild Semiconductor was founded in 1957 with the express purpose of producing silicon transistors. Silicon has superior electrical properties, but it requires much greater purity that could not be commercially achieved in the early years of semiconductor electronics. Meanwhile, the demand for germanium for fiber optic communication networks, infrared night vision systems, and polymerization catalysts increased dramatically. These end uses represented 85 % of worldwide germanium consumption in 2000. The US government even designated germanium as a strategic and critical material, calling for a 146 ton ( 132 t ) supply in the national defense stockpile in 1987. Germanium differs from silicon in that the supply is limited by the availability of exploitable sources, while the supply of silicon is limited only by production capacity since silicon comes from ordinary sand and quartz. While silicon could be bought in 1998 for less than $10 per kg, the price of germanium was almost $800 per kg. Characteristics ( edit ) Under standard conditions, germanium is a brittle, silvery - white, semi-metallic element. This form constitutes an allotrope known as α - germanium, which has a metallic luster and a diamond cubic crystal structure, the same as diamond. At pressures above 120 kbar, it becomes the allotrope β - germanium with the same structure as β - tin. Like silicon, gallium, bismuth, antimony, and water, germanium is one of the few substances that expands as it solidifies ( i.e. freezes ) from the molten state. Germanium is a semiconductor. Zone refining techniques have led to the production of crystalline germanium for semiconductors that has an impurity of only one part in 10, making it one of the purest materials ever obtained. The first metallic material discovered ( in 2005 ) to become a superconductor in the presence of an extremely strong electromagnetic field was an alloy of germanium, uranium, and rhodium. Pure germanium spontaneously extrudes very long screw dislocations, and this is one of the primary reasons for the failure of older diodes and transistors made from germanium ; depending on what they eventually touch, they may lead to an electrical short. Chemistry ( edit ) See also : Category : Germanium compounds. Elemental germanium oxidizes slowly to GeO at 250 ° C. Germanium is insoluble in dilute acids and alkalis but dissolves slowly in hot concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids and reacts violently with molten alkalis to produce germanates ( ( GeO 3 ) 2 − ). Germanium occurs mostly in the oxidation state + 4 although many + 2 compounds are known. Other oxidation states are rare : + 3 is found in compounds such as Ge Cl, and + 3 and + 1 are found on the surface of oxides, or negative oxidation states in germanes, such as − 4 in GeH 4. Germanium cluster anions ( Zintl ions ) such as Ge, Ge, Ge, ( ( Ge ) ) have been prepared by the extraction from alloys containing alkali metals and germanium in liquid ammonia in the presence of ethylenediamine or a cryptand. The oxidation states of the element in these ions are not integers -- similar to the ozonides O. Two oxides of germanium are known : germanium dioxide ( GeO 2, germania ) and germanium monoxide, ( GeO ). The dioxide, GeO can be obtained by roasting germanium disulfide ( GeS 2 ), and is a white powder that is only slightly soluble in water but reacts with alkalis to form germanates. The monoxide, germanous oxide, can be obtained by the high temperature reaction of GeO with Ge metal. The dioxide ( and the related oxides and germanates ) exhibits the unusual property of having a high refractive index for visible light, but transparency to infrared light. Bismuth germanate, Bi Ge O, ( BGO ) is used as a scintillator. Binary compounds with other chalcogens are also known, such as the di sulfide ( GeS 2 ), di selenide ( GeSe 2 ), and the monosulfide ( GeS ), selenide ( GeSe ), and telluride ( GeTe ). GeS forms as a white precipitate when hydrogen sulfide is passed through strongly acid solutions containing Ge ( IV ). The disulfide is appreciably soluble in water and in solutions of caustic alkalis or alkaline sulfides. Nevertheless, it is not soluble in acidic water, which allowed Winkler to discover the element. By heating the disulfide in a current of hydrogen, the monosulfide ( GeS ) is formed, which sublimes in thin plates of a dark color and metallic luster, and is soluble in solutions of the caustic alkalis. Upon melting with alkaline carbonates and sulfur, germanium compounds form salts known as thiogermanates. Germane is similar to methane. Four tetra halides are known. Under normal conditions GeI is a solid, GeF a gas and the others volatile liquids. For example, germanium tetrachloride, GeCl, is obtained as a colorless fuming liquid boiling at 83.1 ° C by heating the metal with chlorine. All the tetrahalides are readily hydrolyzed to hydrated germanium dioxide. GeCl is used in the production of organogermanium compounds. All four dihalides are known and in contrast to the tetrahalides are polymeric solids. Additionally Ge Cl and some higher compounds of formula Ge Cl are known. The unusual compound Ge Cl has been prepared that contains the Ge Cl unit with a neopentane structure. Germane ( GeH ) is a compound similar in structure to methane. Polygermanes -- compounds that are similar to alkanes -- with formula Ge H containing up to five germanium atoms are known. The germanes are less volatile and less reactive than their corresponding silicon analogues. GeH reacts with alkali metals in liquid ammonia to form white crystalline MGeH which contain the GeH anion. The germanium hydrohalides with one, two and three halogen atoms are colorless reactive liquids. Nucleophilic addition with an organogermanium compound. The first organogermanium compound was synthesized by Winkler in 1887 ; the reaction of germanium tetrachloride with diethylzinc yielded tetraethylgermane ( Ge ( C 5 ) 4 ). Organogermanes of the type R Ge ( where R is an alkyl ) such as tetramethylgermane ( Ge ( CH 3 ) 4 ) and tetraethylgermane are accessed through the cheapest available germanium precursor germanium tetrachloride and alkyl nucleophiles. Organic germanium hydrides such as isobutylgermane ( ( CH 3 ) 2CHCH 2GeH 3 ) were found to be less hazardous and may be used as a liquid substitute for toxic germane gas in semiconductor applications. Many germanium reactive intermediates are known : germyl free radicals, germylenes ( similar to carbenes ), and germynes ( similar to carbynes ). The organogermanium compound 2 - carboxyethylgermasesquioxane was first reported in the 1970s, and for a while was used as a dietary supplement and thought to possibly have anti-tumor qualities. Using a ligand called Eind ( 1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7 - octaethyl - s - hydrindacen - 4 - yl ) germanium is able to form a double bond with oxygen ( germanone ). Isotopes ( edit ) Main article : Isotopes of germanium Germanium occurs in 5 natural isotopes : 70 Ge, 72 Ge, 73 Ge, 74 Ge, and 76 Ge. Of these, 76 Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half - life of 7028561725280000000 ♠ 1.78 × 10 years. 74 Ge is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance of approximately 36 %. 76 Ge is the least common with a natural abundance of approximately 7 %. When bombarded with alpha particles, the isotope 72 Ge will generate stable 77 Se, releasing high energy electrons in the process. Because of this, it is used in combination with radon for nuclear batteries. At least 27 radioisotopes have also been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 58 to 89. The most stable of these is 68 Ge, decaying by electron capture with a half - life of 7007234100800000000 ♠ 270.95 days. The least stable is 60 Ge, with a half - life of 6998300000000000000 ♠ 30 ms. While most of germanium 's radioisotopes decay by beta decay, 61 Ge and 64 Ge decay by β + delayed proton emission. 84 Ge through 87 Ge isotopes also exhibit minor β − delayed neutron emission decay paths. Occurrence ( edit ) See also : Category : Germanium minerals. Germanium is created by stellar nucleosynthesis, mostly by the s - process in asymptotic giant branch stars. The s - process is a slow neutron capture of lighter elements inside pulsating red giant stars. Germanium has been detected in some of the most distant stars and in the atmosphere of Jupiter. Germanium 's abundance in the Earth 's crust is approximately 1.6 ppm. Only a few minerals like argyrodite, briartite, germanite, and renierite contain appreciable amounts of germanium, and none in mineable deposits. Some zinc - copper - lead ore bodies contain enough germanium to justify extraction from the final ore concentrate. An unusual natural enrichment process causes a high content of germanium in some coal seams, discovered by Victor Moritz Goldschmidt during a broad survey for germanium deposits. The highest concentration ever found was in Hartley coal ash with as much as 1.6 % germanium. The coal deposits near Xilinhaote, Inner Mongolia, contain an estimated 1600 tonnes of germanium. Production ( edit ) Renierite About 118 tonnes of germanium was produced in 2011 worldwide, mostly in China ( 80 t ), Russia ( 5 t ) and United States ( 3 t ). Germanium is recovered as a by - product from sphalerite zinc ores where it is concentrated in amounts as great as 0.3 %, especially from low - temperature sediment - hosted, massive Zn -- Pb -- Cu ( -- Ba ) deposits and carbonate - hosted Zn -- Pb deposits. A recent study found that at least 10,000 t of extractable germanium is contained in known zinc reserves, particularly those hosted by Mississippi - Valley type deposits, while at least 112,000 t will be found in coal reserves. In 2007 35 % of the demand was met by recycled germanium. While it is produced mainly from sphalerite, it is also found in silver, lead, and copper ores. Another source of germanium is fly ash of power plants fueled from coal deposits that contain germanium. Russia and China used this as a source for germanium. Russia 's deposits are located in the far east of Sakhalin Island, and northeast of Vladivostok. The deposits in China are located mainly in the lignite mines near Lincang, Yunnan ; coal is also mined near Xilinhaote, Inner Mongolia. Year Cost ( $ / kg ) 1999 1,400 2000 1,250 890 2002 620 2003 380 600 2005 660 2006 880 2007 1,240 2008 1,490 2009 950 940 2011 1,625 2012 1,680 2013 1,875 2014 1,900 2015 1,760 2016 950 The ore concentrates are mostly sulfidic ; they are converted to the oxides by heating under air in a process known as roasting : GeS + 3 O → GeO + 2 SO Some of the germanium is left in the dust produced, while the rest is converted to germanates, which are then leached ( together with zinc ) from the cinder by sulfuric acid. After neutralization, only the zinc stays in solution while germanium and other metals precipitate. After removing some of the zinc in the precipitate by the Waelz process, the residing Waelz oxide is leached a second time. The dioxide is obtained as precipitate and converted with chlorine gas or hydrochloric acid to germanium tetrachloride, which has a low boiling point and can be isolated by distillation : GeO + 4 HCl → GeCl + 2 H O GeO + 2 Cl → GeCl + O Germanium tetrachloride is either hydrolyzed to the oxide ( GeO ) or purified by fractional distillation and then hydrolyzed. The highly pure GeO is now suitable for the production of germanium glass. It is reduced to the element by reacting it with hydrogen, producing germanium suitable for infrared optics and semiconductor production : GeO + 2 H → Ge + 2 H O The germanium for steel production and other industrial processes is normally reduced using carbon : GeO + C → Ge + CO Applications ( edit ) A typical single - mode optical fiber. Germanium oxide is a dopant of the core silica ( Item 1 ). 1. Core 8 μm 2. Cladding 125 μm 3. Buffer 250 μm 4. Jacket 400 μm The major end uses for germanium in 2007, worldwide, were estimated to be : 35 % for fiber - optics, 30 % infrared optics, 15 % polymerization catalysts, and 15 % electronics and solar electric applications. The remaining 5 % went into such uses as phosphors, metallurgy, and chemotherapy. Optics ( edit ) The notable properties of germania ( GeO ) are its high index of refraction and its low optical dispersion. These make it especially useful for wide - angle camera lenses, microscopy, and the core part of optical fibers. It has replaced titania as the dopant for silica fiber, eliminating the subsequent heat treatment that made the fibers brittle. At the end of 2002, the fiber optics industry consumed 60 % of the annual germanium use in the United States, but this is less than 10 % of worldwide consumption. GeSbTe is a phase change material used for its optic properties, such as that used in rewritable DVDs. Because germanium is transparent in the infrared wavelengths, it is an important infrared optical material that can be readily cut and polished into lenses and windows. It is especially used as the front optic in thermal imaging cameras working in the 8 to 14 micron range for passive thermal imaging and for hot - spot detection in military, mobile night vision, and fire fighting applications. It is used in infrared spectroscopes and other optical equipment that require extremely sensitive infrared detectors. It has a very high refractive index ( 4.0 ) and must be coated with anti-reflection agents. Particularly, a very hard special antireflection coating of diamond - like carbon ( DLC ), refractive index 2.0, is a good match and produces a diamond - hard surface that can withstand much environmental abuse. Electronics ( edit ) Silicon - germanium alloys are rapidly becoming an important semiconductor material for high - speed integrated circuits. Circuits utilizing the properties of Si - SiGe junctions can be much faster than those using silicon alone. Silicon - germanium is beginning to replace gallium arsenide ( GaAs ) in wireless communications devices. The SiGe chips, with high - speed properties, can be made with low - cost, well - established production techniques of the silicon chip industry. Solar panels are a major use of germanium. Germanium is the substrate of the wafers for high - efficiency multijunction photovoltaic cells for space applications. High - brightness LEDs, used for automobile headlights and to backlight LCD screens, are an important application. Because germanium and gallium arsenide have very similar lattice constants, germanium substrates can be used to make gallium arsenide solar cells. The Mars Exploration Rovers and several satellites use triple junction gallium arsenide on germanium cells. Germanium - on - insulator substrates are seen as a potential replacement for silicon on miniaturized chips. Other uses in electronics include phosphors in fluorescent lamps and solid - state light - emitting diodes ( LEDs ). Germanium transistors are still used in some effects pedals by musicians who wish to reproduce the distinctive tonal character of the `` fuzz '' - tone from the early rock and roll era, most notably the Dallas Arbiter Fuzz Face. Other uses ( edit ) A PET bottle Germanium dioxide is also used in catalysts for polymerization in the production of polyethylene terephthalate ( PET ). The high brilliance of this polyester is especially favored for PET bottles marketed in Japan. In the United States, germanium is not used for polymerization catalysts. Due to the similarity between silica ( SiO ) and germanium dioxide ( GeO ), the silica stationary phase in some gas chromatography columns can be replaced by GeO. In recent years germanium has seen increasing use in precious metal alloys. In sterling silver alloys, for instance, it reduces firescale, increases tarnish resistance, and improves precipitation hardening. A tarnish - proof silver alloy trademarked Argentium contains 1.2 % germanium. Semiconductor detectors made of single crystal high - purity germanium can precisely identify radiation sources -- for example in airport security. Germanium is useful for monochromators for beamlines used in single crystal neutron scattering and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The reflectivity has advantages over silicon in neutron and high energy X-ray applications. Crystals of high purity germanium are used in detectors for gamma spectroscopy and the search for dark matter. Germanium crystals are also used in X-ray spectrometers for the determination of phosphorus, chlorine and sulfur. Germanium is emerging as an important material for spintronics and spin - based quantum computing applications. In 2010, researchers demonstrated room temperature spin transport and more recently donor electron spins in germanium has been shown to have very long coherence times. Germanium and health ( edit ) Germanium is not considered essential to the health of plants or animals. Germanium in the environment has little or no health impact. This is primarily because it usually occurs only as a trace element in ores and carbonaceous materials, and the various industrial and electronic applications involve very small quantities that are not likely to be ingested. For similar reasons, end - use germanium has little impact on the environment as a biohazard. Some reactive intermediate compounds of germanium are poisonous ( see precautions, below ). Germanium supplements, made from both organic and inorganic germanium, have been marketed as an alternative medicine capable of treating leukemia and lung cancer. There is, however, no medical evidence of benefit ; some evidence suggests that such supplements are actively harmful. Some germanium compounds have been administered by alternative medical practitioners as non-FDA - allowed injectable solutions. Soluble inorganic forms of germanium used at first, notably the citrate - lactate salt, resulted in some cases of renal dysfunction, hepatic steatosis, and peripheral neuropathy in individuals using them over a long term. Plasma and urine germanium concentrations in these individuals, several of whom died, were several orders of magnitude greater than endogenous levels. A more recent organic form, beta - carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide ( propagermanium ), has not exhibited the same spectrum of toxic effects. U.S. Food and Drug Administration research has concluded that inorganic germanium, when used as a nutritional supplement, `` presents potential human health hazard ''. Certain compounds of germanium have low toxicity to mammals, but have toxic effects against certain bacteria. Precautions for chemically reactive germanium compounds ( edit ) Some of germanium 's artificially - produced compounds are quite reactive and present an immediate hazard to human health on exposure. For example, germanium chloride and germane ( GeH ) are a liquid and gas, respectively, that can be very irritating to the eyes, skin, lungs, and throat. Future ( edit ) As of the year 2000, about 15 % of United States consumption of germanium was used for infrared optics technology and 50 % for fiber - optics. Over the past 20 years, infrared use has consistently decreased ; fiber optic demand, however, is slowly increasing. In America, 30 -- 50 % of current fiber optic lines are unused dark fiber, sparking discussion of over-production and a future reduction in demand. Worldwide, demand is increasing dramatically as countries such as China are installing fiber optic telecommunication lines throughout the country. See also ( edit ) Transistor Vitrain Books View or order collections of articles Germanium Period 4 elements Carbon group Chemical elements ( sorted alphabetically ) Chemical elements ( sorted by number ) Portals Access related topics Chemistry portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Definitions from Wiktionary Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ From Greek, argyrodite means silver - containing. Jump up ^ Just as the existence of the new element had been predicted, the existence of the planet Neptune had been predicted in about 1843 by the two mathematicians John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier, using the calculation methods of celestial mechanics. They did this in attempts to explain the fact that the planet Uranus, upon very close observation, appeared to be being pulled slightly out of position in the sky. James Challis started searching for it in July 1846, and he sighted this planet on September 23, 1846. Jump up ^ R. Hermann published claims in 1877 of his discovery of a new element beneath tantalum in the periodic table, which he named neptunium, after the Greek god of the oceans and seas. However this metal was later recognized to be an alloy of the elements niobium and tantalum. The name `` neptunium '' was much later given to the synthetic element one step past uranium in the Periodic Table, which was discovered by nuclear physics researchers in 1940. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meija, J. ; et al. ( 2016 ). `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) ''. Pure Appl. Chem. 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91. doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305. Jump up ^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press. Jump up ^ Weast, Robert ( 1984 ). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida : Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0464 - 4. ^ Jump up to : `` Properties of Germanium ''. Ioffe Institute. Jump up ^ Kaji, Masanori ( 2002 ). `` D.I. Mendeleev 's concept of chemical elements and The Principles of Chemistry '' ( PDF ). Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 27 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 16. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ Argyrodite -- Ag 8GeS 6 ( PDF ) ( Report ). Mineral Data Publishing. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01. ^ Jump up to : Winkler, Clemens ( 1887 ). `` Mittheilungen über des Germanium. Zweite Abhandlung ''. J. Prak. Chemie ( in German ). 36 ( 1 ) : 177 -- 209. doi : 10.1002 / prac. 18870360119. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20. ^ Jump up to : Winkler, Clemens ( 1887 ). `` Germanium, Ge, a New Nonmetal Element ''. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft ( in German ). 19 ( 1 ) : 210 -- 211. doi : 10.1002 / cber. 18860190156. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Jump up ^ Adams, J.C. ( November 13, 1846 ). `` Explanation of the observed irregularities in the motion of Uranus, on the hypothesis of disturbance by a more distant planet ''. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Blackwell Publishing. 7 : 149 -- 152. Bibcode : 1846MNRAS... 7... 149A. doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 7.9. 149. Jump up ^ Challis, Rev. J. ( November 13, 1846 ). `` Account of observations at the Cambridge observatory for detecting the planet exterior to Uranus ''. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Blackwell Publishing. 7 : 145 -- 149. Bibcode : 1846MNRAS... 7... 145C. doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 7.9. 145. Jump up ^ Sears, Robert ( July 1877 ). `` Scientific Miscellany ''. The Galaxy. Columbus, O ( hio ) : Siebert & Lilley. 24 ( 1 ) : 131. ISBN 0 - 665 - 50166 - 8. OCLC 16890343. Jump up ^ `` Editor 's Scientific Record ''. Harper 's new monthly magazine. 55 ( 325 ) : 152 -- 153. June 1877. Jump up ^ van der Krogt, Peter. `` Elementymology & Elements Multidict : Niobium ''. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ Westgren, A. ( 1964 ). `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951 : presentation speech ''. Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1942 -- 1962. Elsevier. Jump up ^ `` Germanium, a New Non-Metallic Element ''. The Manufacturer and Builder : 181. 1887. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ Brunck, O. ( 1886 ). `` Obituary : Clemens Winkler ''. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft ( in German ). 39 ( 4 ) : 4491 -- 4548. doi : 10.1002 / cber. 190603904164. Jump up ^ de Boisbaudran, M. Lecoq ( 1886 ). `` Sur le poids atomique du germanium ''. Comptes rendus ( in French ). 103 : 452. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20. ^ Jump up to : Haller, E.E. `` Germanium : From Its Discovery to SiGe Devices '' ( PDF ). Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22. Jump up ^ W.K. ( 1953 - 05 - 10 ). `` Germanium for Electronic Devices ''. NY Times. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22. Jump up ^ `` 1941 -- Semiconductor diode rectifiers serve in WW II ''. Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22. Jump up ^ `` SiGe History ''. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 05. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22. ^ Jump up to : Halford, Bethany ( 2003 ). `` Germanium ''. Chemical & Engineering News. American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22. Jump up ^ Bardeen, J. ; Brattain, W.H. ( 1948 ). `` The Transistor, A Semi-Conductor Triode ''. Physical Review. 74 ( 2 ) : 230 -- 231. Bibcode : 1948PhRv... 74... 230B. doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 74.230. Jump up ^ `` Electronics History 4 -- Transistors ''. National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22. ^ Jump up to : U.S. Geological Survey ( 2008 ). `` Germanium -- Statistics and Information ''. U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 28. Select 2008 Jump up ^ Teal, Gordon K. ( July 1976 ). `` Single Crystals of Germanium and Silicon - Basic to the Transistor and Integrated Circuit ''. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. ED - 23 ( 7 ) : 621 -- 639. Bibcode : 1976ITED... 23... 621T. doi : 10.1109 / T - ED. 1976.18464. ^ Jump up to : Emsley, John ( 2001 ). Nature 's Building Blocks. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 506 -- 510. ISBN 0 - 19 - 850341 - 5. ^ Jump up to : Holleman, A.F. ; Wiberg, E. ; Wiberg, N. ( 2007 ). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie ( 102nd ed. ). de Gruyter. ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017770 - 1. OCLC 145623740. ^ Jump up to : `` Germanium ''. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 28. Jump up ^ Chardin, B. ( 2001 ). `` Dark Matter : Direct Detection ''. In Binetruy, B. The Primordial Universe : 28 June -- 23 July 1999. Springer. p. 308. ISBN 3 - 540 - 41046 - 5. Jump up ^ Lévy, F. ; Sheikin, I. ; Grenier, B. ; Huxley, A. ( August 2005 ). `` Magnetic field - induced superconductivity in the ferromagnet URhGe ''. Science. 309 ( 5739 ) : 1343 -- 1346. Bibcode : 2005Sci... 309.1343 L. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1115498. PMID 16123293. Jump up ^ Tabet, N ; Salim, Mushtaq A. ( 1998 ). `` KRXPS study of the oxidation of Ge ( 001 ) surface ''. Applied Surface Science. 134 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 275 -- 282. Bibcode : 1998ApSS... 134... 275T. doi : 10.1016 / S0169 - 4332 ( 98 ) 00251 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Greenwood, Norman N. ; Earnshaw, Alan ( 1997 ). Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed. ). Butterworth - Heinemann. ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9. Jump up ^ Tabet, N ; Salim, M.A. ; Al - Oteibi, A.L. ( 1999 ). `` XPS study of the growth kinetics of thin films obtained by thermal oxidation of germanium substrates ''. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. 101 -- 103 : 233 -- 238. doi : 10.1016 / S0368 - 2048 ( 98 ) 00451 - 4. Jump up ^ Xu, Li ; Sevov, Slavi C. ( 1999 ). `` Oxidative Coupling of Deltahedral ( Ge ) Zintl Ions ''. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 ( 39 ) : 9245 -- 9246. doi : 10.1021 / ja992269s. Jump up ^ Bayya, Shyam S. ; Sanghera, Jasbinder S. ; Aggarwal, Ishwar D. ; Wojcik, Joshua A. ( 2002 ). `` Infrared Transparent Germanate Glass - Ceramics ''. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 85 ( 12 ) : 3114 -- 3116. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1151 - 2916.2002. tb00594. x. Jump up ^ Drugoveiko, O.P. ; Evstrop'ev, K.K. ; Kondrat'eva, B.S. ; Petrov, Yu. A. ; Shevyakov, A.M. ( 1975 ). `` Infrared reflectance and transmission spectra of germanium dioxide and its hydrolysis products ''. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy. 22 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 193. Bibcode : 1975JApSp... 22... 191D. doi : 10.1007 / BF00614256. Jump up ^ Lightstone, A.W. ; McIntyre, R.J. ; Lecomte, R. ; Schmitt, D. ( 1986 ). `` A Bismuth Germanate - Avalanche Photodiode Module Designed for Use in High Resolution Positron Emission Tomography ''. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 33 ( 1 ) : 456 -- 459. Bibcode : 1986ITNS... 33... 456L. doi : 10.1109 / TNS. 1986.4337142. Jump up ^ Johnson, Otto H. ( 1952 ). `` Germanium and its Inorganic Compounds ''. Chem. Rev. 51 ( 3 ) : 431 -- 469. doi : 10.1021 / cr60160a002. Jump up ^ Fröba, Michael ; Oberender, Nadine ( 1997 ). `` First synthesis of mesostructured thiogermanates ''. Chemical Communications ( 18 ) : 1729 -- 1730. doi : 10.1039 / a703634e. Jump up ^ Beattie, I.R. ; Jones, P.J. ; Reid, G. ; Webster, M. ( 1998 ). `` The Crystal Structure and Raman Spectrum of Ge Cl GeCl and the Vibrational Spectrum of Ge Cl ''. Inorg. Chem. 37 ( 23 ) : 6032 -- 6034. doi : 10.1021 / ic9807341. PMID 11670739. Jump up ^ Satge, Jacques ( 1984 ). `` Reactive intermediates in organogermanium chemistry ''. Pure Appl. Chem. 56 ( 1 ) : 137 -- 150. doi : 10.1351 / pac198456010137. Jump up ^ Quane, Denis ; Bottei, Rudolph S. ( 1963 ). `` Organogermanium Chemistry ''. Chemical Reviews. 63 ( 4 ) : 403 -- 442. doi : 10.1021 / cr60224a004. ^ Jump up to : Tao, S.H. ; Bolger, P.M. ( June 1997 ). `` Hazard Assessment of Germanium Supplements ''. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 25 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 219. doi : 10.1006 / rtph. 1997.1098. PMID 9237323. Jump up ^ Broadwith, Phillip ( 25 March 2012 ). `` Germanium - oxygen double bond takes centre stage ''. Chemistry World. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15. ^ Jump up to : Audi, G. ; Bersillon, O. ; Blachot, J. ; Wapstra, A.H. ( 2003 ). `` Nubase2003 Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties ''. Nuclear Physics A. Atomic Mass Data Center. 729 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 128. Bibcode : 2003NuPhA. 729... 3A. doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2003.11. 001. ^ Jump up to : Perreault, Bruce A. `` Alpha Fusion Electrical Energy Valve '', US Patent 7800286, issued September 21, 2010. PDF copy at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 12, 2007 ). Jump up ^ Sterling, N.C. ; Dinerstein, Harriet L. ; Bowers, Charles W. ( 2002 ). `` Discovery of Enhanced Germanium Abundances in Planetary Nebulae with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer ''. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 578 ( 1 ) : L55 -- L58. arXiv : astro - ph / 0208516. Bibcode : 2002ApJ... 578L... 55S. doi : 10.1086 / 344473. Jump up ^ Cowan, John ( 2003 - 05 - 01 ). `` Astronomy : Elements of surprise ''. Nature. 423 ( 29 ) : 29. Bibcode : 2003Natur. 423... 29C. doi : 10.1038 / 423029a. PMID 12721614. Jump up ^ Kunde, V. ; Hanel, R. ; Maguire, W. ; Gautier, D. ; Baluteau, J.P. ; Marten, A. ; Chedin, A. ; Husson, N. ; Scott, N. ( 1982 ). `` The tropospheric gas composition of Jupiter 's north equatorial belt / NH, PH, CH D, GeH, H O / and the Jovian D / H isotopic ratio ''. Astrophysical Journal. 263 : 443 -- 467. Bibcode : 1982ApJ... 263... 443K. doi : 10.1086 / 160516. ^ Jump up to : Höll, R. ; Kling, M. ; Schroll, E. ( 2007 ). `` Metallogenesis of germanium -- A review ''. Ore Geology Reviews. 30 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 145 -- 180. doi : 10.1016 / j. oregeorev. 2005.07. 034. Jump up ^ `` The distribution of gallium, germanium and indium in conventional and non-conventional resources - Implications for global availability ( PDF Download Available ) ''. ResearchGate. doi : 10.13140 / rg. 2.2. 20956.18564. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10. ^ Jump up to : Goldschmidt, V.M. ( 1930 ). `` Ueber das Vorkommen des Germaniums in Steinkohlen und Steinkohlenprodukten ''. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch - Physikalische Klasse : 141 -- 167. ^ Jump up to : Goldschmidt, V.M. ; Peters, Cl. ( 1933 ). `` Zur Geochemie des Germaniums ''. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch - Physikalische Klasse : 141 -- 167. Jump up ^ Bernstein, L ( 1985 ). `` Germanium geochemistry and mineralogy ''. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 49 ( 11 ) : 2409 -- 2422. Bibcode : 1985GeCoA... 49.2409 B. doi : 10.1016 / 0016 - 7037 ( 85 ) 90241 - 8. Jump up ^ Frenzel, Max ; Hirsch, Tamino ; Gutzmer, Jens ( July 2016 ). `` Gallium, germanium, indium and other minor and trace elements in sphalerite as a function of deposit type -- A meta - analysis ''. Ore Geology Reviews. Elsevier. 76 : 52 -- 78. doi : 10.1016 / j. oregeorev. 2015.12. 017. Jump up ^ Frenzel, Max ; Ketris, Marina P. ; Gutzmer, Jens ( 2013 - 12 - 29 ). `` On the geological availability of germanium ''. Mineralium Deposita. 49 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 486. Bibcode : 2014MinDe... 49... 471F. doi : 10.1007 / s00126 - 013 - 0506 - z. ISSN 0026 - 4598. Jump up ^ Frenzel, Max ; Ketris, Marina P. ; Gutzmer, Jens ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ). `` Erratum to : On the geological availability of germanium ''. Mineralium Deposita. 49 ( 4 ) : 487 -- 487. Bibcode : 2014MinDe... 49... 487F. doi : 10.1007 / s00126 - 014 - 0509 - 4. ISSN 0026 - 4598. ^ Jump up to : Naumov, A.V. ( 2007 ). `` World market of germanium and its prospects ''. Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals. 48 ( 4 ) : 265 -- 272. doi : 10.3103 / S1067821207040049. Jump up ^ R.N. Soar ( 1977 ). `` USGS Minerals Information ''. U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries. U.S. Geological Survey. January 2003, January 2004, January 2005, January 2006, January 2007, January 2010. ISBN 0 - 85934 - 039 - 2. OCLC 16437701. ^ Jump up to : Moskalyk, R.R. ( 2004 ). `` Review of germanium processing worldwide ''. Minerals Engineering. 17 ( 3 ) : 393 -- 402. doi : 10.1016 / j. mineng. 2003.11. 014. Jump up ^ Rieke, G.H. ( 2007 ). `` Infrared Detector Arrays for Astronomy ''. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 45 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 115. Bibcode : 2007ARA&A... 45... 77R. doi : 10.1146 / annurev. astro. 44.051905. 092436. ^ Jump up to : Brown, Jr., Robert D. ( 2000 ). `` Germanium '' ( PDF ). U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Chapter III : Optical Fiber For Communications '' ( PDF ). Stanford Research Institute. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Understanding Recordable & Rewritable DVD '' ( PDF ) ( First ed. ). Optical Storage Technology Association ( OSTA ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 04 - 19. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22. Jump up ^ Lettington, Alan H. ( 1998 ). `` Applications of diamond - like carbon thin films ''. Carbon. 36 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 555 -- 560. doi : 10.1016 / S0008 - 6223 ( 98 ) 00062 - 1. Jump up ^ Gardos, Michael N. ; Bonnie L. Soriano ; Steven H. Propst ( 1990 ). Feldman, Albert ; Holly, Sandor, eds. `` Study on correlating rain erosion resistance with sliding abrasion resistance of DLC on germanium ''. Proc. SPIE. SPIE Proceedings. 1325 ( Mechanical Properties ) : 99. doi : 10.1117 / 12.22449. Jump up ^ Washio, K. ( 2003 ). `` SiGe HBT and BiCMOS technologies for optical transmission and wireless communication systems ''. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 50 ( 3 ) : 656 -- 668. Bibcode : 2003ITED... 50... 656W. doi : 10.1109 / TED. 2003.810484. Jump up ^ Bailey, Sheila G. ; Raffaelle, Ryne ; Emery, Keith ( 2002 ). `` Space and terrestrial photovoltaics : synergy and diversity ''. Progress in Photovoltaics : Research and Applications. 10 ( 6 ) : 399 -- 406. doi : 10.1002 / pip. 446. Jump up ^ Crisp, D. ; Pathare, A. ; Ewell, R.C. ( 2004 ). `` The performance of gallium arsenide / germanium solar cells at the Martian surface ''. Acta Astronautica. 54 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 101. Bibcode : 2004AcAau... 54... 83C. doi : 10.1016 / S0094 - 5765 ( 02 ) 00287 - 4. Jump up ^ Szweda, Roy ( 2005 ). `` Germanium phoenix ''. III - Vs Review. 18 ( 7 ) : 55. doi : 10.1016 / S0961 - 1290 ( 05 ) 71310 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Thiele, Ulrich K. ( 2001 ). `` The Current Status of Catalysis and Catalyst Development for the Industrial Process of Poly ( ethylene terephthalate ) Polycondensation ''. International Journal of Polymeric Materials. 50 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 394. doi : 10.1080 / 00914030108035115. Jump up ^ Fang, Li ; Kulkarni, Sameer ; Alhooshani, Khalid ; Malik, Abdul ( 2007 ). `` Germania - Based, Sol - Gel Hybrid Organic - Inorganic Coatings for Capillary Microextraction and Gas Chromatography ''. Anal. Chem. 79 ( 24 ) : 9441 -- 9451. doi : 10.1021 / ac071056f. PMID 17994707. Jump up ^ Keyser, Ronald ; Twomey, Timothy ; Upp, Daniel. `` Performance of Light - Weight, Battery - Operated, High Purity Germanium Detectors for Field Use '' ( PDF ). Oak Ridge Technical Enterprise Corporation ( ORTEC ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 26, 2007. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06. Jump up ^ Ahmed, F.U. ; Yunus, S.M. ; Kamal, I. ; Begum, S. ; Khan, Aysha A. ; Ahsan, M.H. ; Ahmad, A.A.Z. ( 1996 ). `` Optimization of Germanium for Neutron Diffractometers ''. International Journal of Modern Physics E. 5 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 151. Bibcode : 1996IJMPE... 5... 131A. doi : 10.1142 / S0218301396000062. Jump up ^ Diehl, R. ; Prantzos, N. ; Vonballmoos, P. ( 2006 ). `` Astrophysical constraints from gamma - ray spectroscopy ''. Nuclear Physics A. 777 : 70 -- 97. arXiv : astro - ph / 0502324. Bibcode : 2006NuPhA. 777... 70D. doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2005.02. 155. Jump up ^ Eugene P. Bertin, Principles and practice of X-ray spectrometric analysis, Chapter 5.4 - Analyzer crystals, Table 5.1, p. 123 ; Plenum Press, 1970 Jump up ^ Shen, C. ; Trypiniotis, T. ; Lee, K.Y. ; Holmes, S.N. ; Mansell, R. ; Husain, M. ; Shah, V. ; Li, X.V. ; Kurebayashi, H. ( 2010 - 10 - 18 ). `` Spin transport in germanium at room temperature ''. Applied Physics Letters. 97 ( 16 ) : 162104. Bibcode : 2010ApPhL... 97p2104S. doi : 10.1063 / 1.3505337. ISSN 0003 - 6951. Jump up ^ Sigillito, A.J. ; Jock, R.M. ; Tyryshkin, A.M. ; Beeman, J.W. ; Haller, E.E. ; Itoh, K.M. ; Lyon, S.A. ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ). `` Electron Spin Coherence of Shallow Donors in Natural and Isotopically Enriched Germanium ''. Physical Review Letters. 115 ( 24 ) : 247601. arXiv : 1506.05767. Bibcode : 2015PhRvL. 115x7601S. doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 115.247601. PMID 26705654. Jump up ^ Brown Jr., Robert D. Commodity Survey : Germanium ( PDF ) ( Report ). US Geological Surveys. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09. Jump up ^ Ades TB, ed. ( 2009 ). `` Germanium ''. American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies ( 2nd ed. ). American Cancer Society. pp. 360 -- 363. ISBN 9780944235713. Jump up ^ Baselt, R. ( 2008 ). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man ( 8th ed. ). Foster City, CA : Biomedical Publications. pp. 693 -- 694. Jump up ^ Gerber, G.B. ; Léonard, A. ( 1997 ). `` Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of germanium compounds ''. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 387 ( 3 ) : 141 -- 146. doi : 10.1016 / S1383 - 5742 ( 97 ) 00034 - 3. Jump up ^ `` Germanium '' Mineral Commodity Profile, U.S. Geological Survey, 2005. External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Germanium. Germanium at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - ​ transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Germanium compounds Ge ( II ) GeCl GeF GeI GeO Ge ( OH ) GeS GeSe GeTe Ge ( IV ) GeF GeCl GeO GeS LCCN : sh85054449 GND : 4135644 - 5 BNF : cb122010330 ( data ) NDL : 00562424 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanium&oldid=811553754 '' Categories : Germanium Chemical elements Metalloids Infrared sensor materials Optical materials Group IV semiconductors Chemical elements predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Featured articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La. lojban. Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017, at 10 : 40. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Germanium", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Germanium&amp;oldid=811553754" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "2123011372809928387" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "At the Center of the Storm - wikipedia At the Center of the Storm Jump to : navigation, search At the Center of the Storm : My Years at the CIA Book cover Author George Tenet with Bill Harlow Country United States Language English Subject Central Intelligence Agency Genre Memoir Publisher HarperCollins Publication date April 30, 2007 Media type Hardcover Pages 576 ISBN 0 - 06 - 114778 - 8 OCLC 71163669 Dewey Decimal 327.12730092 B 22 LC Class JK468. I6 T42 2007 At the Center of the Storm : My Years at the CIA is a memoir co-written by former Director of the Central Intelligence Agency George Tenet with Bill Harlow, former CIA Director of Public Affairs. The book was released on April 30, 2007 and outlines Tenet 's version of 9 / 11, the War on Terrorism, the 2001 War in Afghanistan, the run - up to the 2003 Iraq war, rough interrogation and other events. Contents ( hide ) 1 60 Minutes interview 2 Criticism 3 Erratum 4 See also 5 Related memoirs 6 References 7 External links 60 Minutes interview ( edit ) On April 29, 2007, Tenet was interviewed about his memoir on 60 Minutes. Tenet outlined the content of his book including allegations that are contrary to the George W. Bush administration positions. Criticism ( edit ) Tenet faced accusations of hypocrisy from former espionage officials on the book 's release date, for not speaking out earlier against the White House 's push to invade Iraq. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice disputes Tenet 's claim that the Bush administration, before the U.S. led invasion of Iraq in March 2003, never had a serious debate about whether Iraq posed an imminent threat or whether to tighten existing sanctions. CIA veteran, Michael Scheuer, states, `` Sadly but fittingly, ' At the Center of the Storm ' is likely to remind us that sometimes what lies at the center of a storm is a deafening silence. '' Robert Baer, author and former CIA field officer assigned to the Middle East states, `` It 's not that Tenet is responsible for getting us into Iraq. It 's that he failed in not making a full disclosure to Congress and the White House that we were taking a leap into a bottomless black abyss. He should have resigned when he realized Bush would use bad intelligence to deceive the American people. This is what we get when we have a politicized CIA director. '' Douglas Feith, the former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, whom Tenet criticizes in his book, states : `` The problem with George Tenet is that he does n't seem to care to get his facts straight. He is not meticulous. He is willing to make up stories that suit his purposes and to suppress information that does not. '' In reference to Tenet 's error regarding Richard Perle ( see below ), Feith wrote that `` The date, the physical descriptions, the quotation marks are all, in the words of Gilbert and Sullivan 's ' Mikado, ' merely corroborative detail, intended to give artistic verisimilitude to an otherwise bald and unconvincing narrative. '' The memoir, Feith said, ``... does offer insight into Mr. Tenet. It allows you to hear the way he talked -- fast, loose, blustery, emotional, imprecise, from the ' gut. ' Mr. Tenet proudly refers to the guidance of his ' gut ' several times in the book -- a strange boast from someone whose stock - in - trade should be accuracy and precision. '' Erratum ( edit ) A key conversation with then Pentagon advisor Richard Perle on September 12, 2001, in which Tenet claims Perle told him that `` Iraq had to pay for the attack '' could not have occurred as Perle was stranded in Paris and did not return to Washington, D.C. until three days later ; however, in an interview with CNN 's Wolf Blitzer during an episode of The Situation Room Perle admitted that the two men indeed crossed each other one morning, as claimed by Tenet, but only later in the same week and not on September 12. See also ( edit ) 2001 anthrax attacks Abu Ghraib prison Command responsibility Extraordinary rendition Governments ' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq Guantanamo Bay detention camp Homeland Security Act Iraq and weapons of mass destruction Iraq disarmament crisis Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq Plausible deniability Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq UN Security Council and the Iraq war Unlawful combatant USA PATRIOT Act Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq Waterboarding Related memoirs ( edit ) A Journey by Tony Blair Decision Points by George W. Bush In My Time : A Personal and Political Memoir by Dick Cheney Known and Unknown : A Memoir by Donald Rumsfeld Spoken from the Heart by Laura Bush References ( edit ) Jump up ^ HarperCollins - Official homepage Jump up ^ CBS News ( 2007 - 04 - 25 ). `` George Tenet : At The Center Of The Storm ''. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 29. Jump up ^ Fox News. `` Ex-CIA director faces criticism over memoir ''. Reuters. Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 18. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30. ^ Jump up to : Associated Press. `` Tenet Memoir Draws Heat From Key Players ''. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16. Jump up ^ The Washington Post ( 2007 - 04 - 29 ). `` Tenet Tries to Shift the Blame. Do n't Buy It ''. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 29. Jump up ^ TIME. `` George Tenet 's Real Failure ''. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03. Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal. `` Inside the Inside Story ''. Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 08. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 04. External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Ex-CIA Director George Tenet 's memoir published Excerpt of 60 Minutes interview with George Tenet at YouTube. HarperCollins book description. Reviews Bloomberg. `` Tenet Attacks Woodward 's ` Slam Dunk ' Story, Lets Bush Off Hook ''. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02. MSNBC. `` Tenet claims CIA was a scapegoat for war ''. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30. ABC News. `` Former CIA Director Breaks Ranks With Bush, Rattles Washington ''. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30. The New York Times ( 2007 - 04 - 28 ). `` An Ex-C.I.A. Chief on Iraq and the Slam Dunk That Was n't ''. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 28. BBC News ( 2007 - 04 - 27 ). `` Ex-CIA chief pens critical memoir ''. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27. Reuters. `` Ex-CIA chief says ' slam dunk ' Iraq quote misused ''. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=At_the_Center_of_the_Storm&oldid=823413557 '' Categories : American memoirs Political memoirs 2007 non-fiction books War on Terror books War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) books Books about the 2003 invasion of Iraq Books on anti-terrorism policy of the United States Books about George W. Bush Books about the Central Intelligence Agency Books about the September 11 attacks HarperCollins books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018, at 02 : 43. About Wikipedia", "title": "At the Center of the Storm", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=At_the_Center_of_the_Storm&amp;oldid=823413557" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "12718703321983585751" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "College World Series - wikipedia College World Series Jump to : navigation, search For NCAA Division II, see NCAA Division II Baseball Championship. For NCAA Division III, see NCAA Division III Baseball Championship. For the women 's softball championship, see Women 's College World Series. College World Series First played 1947 Most recently played 2017 Current champions Florida ( 1st title ) Current runners - up LSU Most titles USC ( 12 ) The College World Series, or CWS, is an annual June baseball tournament held in Omaha, Nebraska. The CWS is the culmination of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Baseball Championship tournament -- featuring 64 teams in the first round -- which determines the NCAA Division I college baseball champion. The eight participating teams are split into two, four - team, double - elimination brackets, with the winners of each bracket playing in a best - of - three championship series. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Contract extension 2 Format history and changes 3 Division I champions by year 4 Team appearances 5 Most CWS wins 6 Most CWS Finals appearances 7 Most appearances without a CWS championship 8 Most CWS participants by one conference in a year 9 Championships by conference 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Since 1950, the College World Series ( CWS ) has been held in Omaha, Nebraska, and Omaha 's Creighton University and their baseball program serves as the permanent host school for the event. It was held at Rosenblatt Stadium from 1950 through 2010 ; starting in 2011, it has been held at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha. Earlier tournaments were held at Hyames Field in Kalamazoo, Michigan ( 1947 -- 48 ) and Wichita, Kansas ( 1949 ). The name `` College World Series '' is derived from that of the Major League Baseball World Series championship ; it is currently an MLB trademark licensed to the NCAA. Contract extension ( edit ) On June 10, 2009, the NCAA and College World Series of Omaha, Inc., which is the non-profit group that organizes the event, announced a new 25 - year contract extension, keeping the CWS in Omaha through 2035. A memorandum of understanding had been reached by all parties on April 30. The currently binding contract began in 2011, the same year the tournament moved from Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium to TD Ameritrade Park Omaha, a new ballpark across from CenturyLink Center Omaha. Format History and changes ( edit ) See also : NCAA Division I Baseball Championship § Past formats 2006 College World Series Championship game at Rosenblatt Stadium in Omaha, Nebraska. 1947 -- Eight teams were divided into two, four - team, single - elimination playoffs. The two winners then met in a best - of - three final in Kalamazoo, Michigan. 1948 -- Similar to 1947, but the two, four - team playoffs were changed to double - elimination tournaments. Again in the finals, the two winners met in a best - of - three format in Kalamazoo. 1949 -- The final was expanded to a four - team, double - elimination format and the site changed to Wichita, Kansas. Eight teams began the playoffs with the four finalists decided by a best - of - three district format. 1950 -- 1987 -- An eight - team, double - elimination format for the College World Series coincided with the move to Omaha in 1950. From 1950 to 1953, a baseball committee chose one team from each of the eight NCAA districts to compete at the CWS, which constituted the entire Division I tournament, as there were no preliminary rounds. ( In 1948 and 1949, a selection committee in each of the eight districts chose its district representative based on the committee 's own criteria, which might or might not include committee selections, conference champions, and district playoffs. ) Through 1987 the College World Series was a pure double - elimination event. That ended with the 1987 College World Series. In 1954, the Division I tournament began having preliminary rounds to determine the eight CWS teams. From 1954 to 1975, the number of teams in the first round of the overall tournament ranged from 21 to 32. The number of first - round teams was increased to 34 in 1976, 36 in 1982, 38 in 1985, 40 in 1986, and 48 in 1987. 1988 -- 1998 -- The format was changed beginning with the 1988 College World Series, when the tournament was divided into 2 four - team double - elimination brackets, with the survivors of each bracket playing in a single championship game. The single - game championship was designed for network television, with the final game on CBS on a Saturday afternoon. Before expanding to 64 teams in 1999, the 1998 Division I tournament began with 48 teams, split into 8 six - team regionals. The 8 regional winners advanced to the College World Series. The regionals were a test of endurance, as teams had to win at least four games over four days, sometimes five if a team dropped into the loser 's bracket, placing a premium on pitching. In the last two years of the six - team regional format, the eventual CWS champion -- LSU in 1997 and Southern California in 1998 -- had to battle back from the loser 's bracket in the regional to advance to Omaha. 1999 -- 2002 -- With some 293 Division I teams playing, the NCAA expanded the overall tournament to a 64 - team Regional field in 1999 -- with 8 National Seed teams ( the top 8 seeds ) -- divided into 16 four - team regionals ( each region seeded 1 to 4 ). The winners of the 16 `` Regionals '' advance to a second round, consisting of 8 two - team, best - of - three - format `` Super Regionals ''. ( The National Seed teams that win their regional bracket are placed in different Super Regionals, so that no National Seed teams meet each other in a Super Regional. ) The 8 Super Regional winners advance to the CWS in Omaha. While the CWS format remained the same, the expanded field meant that the eight CWS teams now are determined by the second - round Super Regionals. The 64 - team bracket is set at the beginning of the championship and teams are not reseeded for the CWS. Since the 1999 College World Series, the four - team brackets in the CWS have been determined by the results of super-regional play, much like the NCAA basketball tournament. Prior to 1999, the four - team brackets were determined by the regional tournaments. 2003 -- present -- The championship final became a best - of - three series between the 2 four - team bracket winners, with games scheduled for Saturday, Sunday, and Monday evenings. In the results shown below, Score indicates the score of the championship game ( s ) only. In 2008, the start of the CWS was moved back one day, and an extra day of rest was added in between bracket play and the championship series. Division I champions by year ( edit ) Year Champion Coach Score Runner - Up Most Outstanding Player 1947 California Clint Evans 17 -- 8, 8 -- 7 Yale 1948 Southern California Sam Barry 3 -- 1, 3 -- 8, 9 -- 2 Yale 1949 Texas Bibb Falk 10 -- 3 Wake Forest Tom Hamilton, Texas 1950 Texas Bibb Falk 3 -- 0 Washington State Ray VanCleef, Rutgers 1951 Oklahoma Jack Baer 3 -- 2 Tennessee Sidney Hatfield, Tennessee 1952 Holy Cross Jack Barry 8 -- 4 Missouri James O'Neill, Holy Cross 1953 Michigan Ray Fisher 7 -- 5 Texas J.L. Smith, Texas 1954 Missouri Hi Simmons 4 -- 1 Rollins Tom Yewcic, Michigan State 1955 Wake Forest Taylor Sanford 7 -- 6 Western Michigan Tom Borland, Oklahoma A&M 1956 Minnesota Dick Siebert 12 -- 1 Arizona Jerry Thomas, Minnesota 1957 California George Wolfman 1 -- 0 Penn State Cal Emery, Penn State 1958 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 8 -- 7 Missouri Bill Thom, Southern California 1959 Oklahoma State Toby Greene 5 -- 3 Arizona Jim Dobson, Oklahoma State 1960 Minnesota Dick Siebert 2 -- 1 Southern California John Erickson, Minnesota 1961 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 1 -- 0 Oklahoma State Littleton Fowler, Oklahoma State 1962 Michigan Don Lund 5 -- 4 Santa Clara Bob Garibaldi, Santa Clara 1963 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 5 -- 2 Arizona Bud Hollowell, Southern California 1964 Minnesota Dick Siebert 5 -- 1 Missouri Joe Ferris, Maine 1965 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 2 -- 1 Ohio State Sal Bando, Arizona State 1966 Ohio State Marty Karow 8 -- 2 Oklahoma State Steve Arlin, Ohio State 1967 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 11 -- 2 Houston Ron Davini, Arizona State 1968 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 4 -- 3 Southern Illinois Bill Seinsoth, Southern California 1969 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 10 -- 1 Tulsa John Dolinsek, Arizona State 1970 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 2 -- 1 Florida State Gene Ammann, Florida State 1971 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 7 -- 2 Southern Illinois Jerry Tabb, Tulsa 1972 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 1 -- 0 Arizona State Russ McQueen, Southern California 1973 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 4 -- 3 Arizona State Dave Winfield, Minnesota Southern California Rod Dedeaux 7 -- 3 Miami ( FL ) George Milke, Southern California Texas Cliff Gustafson 5 -- 1 South Carolina Mickey Reichenbach, Texas 1976 Arizona Jerry Kindall 7 -- 1 Eastern Michigan Steve Powers, Arizona 1977 Arizona State Jim Brock 2 -- 1 South Carolina Bob Horner, Arizona State 1978 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 10 -- 3 Arizona State Rod Boxberger, Southern California 1979 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 2 -- 1 Arkansas Tony Hudson, Cal State Fullerton 1980 Arizona Jerry Kindall 5 -- 3 Hawaii Terry Francona, Arizona 1981 Arizona State Jim Brock 7 -- 4 Oklahoma State Stan Holmes, Arizona State 1982 Miami ( FL ) Ron Fraser 9 -- 3 Wichita State Dan Smith, Miami ( FL ) Texas Cliff Gustafson 4 -- 3 Alabama Calvin Schiraldi, Texas 1984 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 3 -- 1 Texas John Fishel, Cal State Fullerton 1985 Miami ( FL ) Ron Fraser 10 -- 6 Texas Greg Ellena, Miami ( FL ) 1986 Arizona Jerry Kindall 10 -- 2 Florida State Mike Senne, Arizona Stanford Mark Marquess 9 -- 5 Oklahoma State Paul Carey, Stanford 1988 Stanford Mark Marquess 9 -- 4 Arizona State Lee Plemel, Stanford 1989 Wichita State Gene Stephenson 5 -- 3 Texas Greg Brummett, Wichita State 1990 Georgia Steve Webber 2 -- 1 Oklahoma State Mike Rebhan, Georgia 1991 LSU Skip Bertman 6 -- 3 Wichita State Gary Hymel, LSU 1992 Pepperdine Andy Lopez 3 -- 2 Cal State Fullerton Phil Nevin, Cal State Fullerton 1993 LSU Skip Bertman 8 -- 0 Wichita State Todd Walker, LSU 1994 Oklahoma Larry Cochell 13 -- 5 Georgia Tech Chip Glass, Oklahoma 1995 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 11 -- 5 Southern California Mark Kotsay, Cal State Fullerton LSU Skip Bertman 9 -- 8 Miami ( FL ) Pat Burrell, Miami ( FL ) 1997 LSU Skip Bertman 13 -- 6 Alabama Brandon Larson, LSU 1998 Southern California Mike Gillespie 21 -- 14 Arizona State Wes Rachels, Southern California 1999 Miami ( FL ) Jim Morris 6 -- 5 Florida State Marshall McDougall, Florida State 2000 LSU Skip Bertman 6 -- 5 Stanford Trey Hodges, LSU 2001 Miami ( FL ) Jim Morris 12 -- 1 Stanford Charlton Jimerson, Miami ( FL ) 2002 Texas Augie Garrido 12 -- 6 South Carolina Huston Street, Texas 2003 Rice Wayne Graham 4 -- 3, 3 -- 8, 14 -- 2 Stanford John Hudgins, Stanford Cal State Fullerton George Horton 6 -- 4, 3 -- 2 Texas Jason Windsor, Cal State Fullerton 2005 Texas Augie Garrido 4 -- 2, 6 -- 2 Florida David Maroul, Texas 2006 Oregon State Pat Casey 3 -- 4, 11 -- 7, 3 -- 2 North Carolina Jonah Nickerson, Oregon State 2007 Oregon State Pat Casey 11 -- 4, 9 -- 3 North Carolina Jorge Luis Reyes, Oregon State 2008 Fresno State Mike Batesole 6 -- 7, 19 -- 10, 6 -- 1 Georgia Tommy Mendonca, Fresno State 2009 LSU Paul Mainieri 7 -- 6, 1 -- 5, 11 -- 4 Texas Jared Mitchell, LSU South Carolina Ray Tanner 7 -- 1, 2 -- 1 UCLA Jackie Bradley, Jr., South Carolina 2011 South Carolina Ray Tanner 2 -- 1, 5 -- 2 Florida Scott Wingo, South Carolina 2012 Arizona Andy Lopez 5 -- 1, 4 -- 1 South Carolina Rob Refsnyder, Arizona 2013 UCLA John Savage 3 -- 1, 8 -- 0 Mississippi State Adam Plutko, UCLA 2014 Vanderbilt Tim Corbin 9 -- 8, 2 -- 7, 3 -- 2 Virginia Dansby Swanson, Vanderbilt 2015 Virginia Brian O'Connor 1 -- 5, 3 -- 0, 4 -- 2 Vanderbilt Josh Sborz, Virginia 2016 Coastal Carolina Gary Gilmore 0 -- 3, 5 -- 4, 4 -- 3 Arizona Andrew Beckwith, Coastal Carolina 2017 Florida Kevin O'Sullivan 4 -- 3, 6 -- 1 LSU Alex Faedo, Florida Team appearances ( edit ) Bold indicates team won the CWS that year School Appearances Titles Years Alabama 5 0 1950, 1983, 1996, 1997, 1999 Arizona 17 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1966, 1970, 1976, 1979, 1980, 1985, 1986, 2004, 2012, 2016 Arizona State 22 5 1964, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1993, 1994, 1998, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010 Arkansas 8 0 1979, 1985, 1987, 1989, 2004, 2009, 2012, 2015 Auburn 0 1967, 1976, 1994, 1997 Baylor 0 1977, 1978, 2005 Boston College 0 1953, 1960, 1961, 1967 Bradley 0 1950, 1956 BYU 0 1968, 1971 California 6 1947, 1957, 1980, 1988, 1992, 2011 Cal State Fullerton 18 1975, 1979, 1982, 1984, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2015, 2017 Cal State Los Angeles 0 1977 The Citadel 0 1990 Clemson 12 0 1958, 1959, 1976, 1977, 1980, 1991, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2006, 2010 Coastal Carolina 2016 Colgate 0 1955 Colorado State 0 1950 Connecticut 5 0 1957, 1959, 1965, 1972, 1979 Creighton 0 1991 Dartmouth 0 1970 Delaware 0 1970 Duke 0 1952, 1953, 1961 Eastern Michigan 0 1975, 1976 Florida 11 1988, 1991, 1996, 1998, 2005, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017 Florida State 22 0 1957, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2017 Fresno State 1959, 1988, 1991, 2008 Georgia 6 1987, 1990, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008 Georgia Southern 0 1973, 1990 Georgia Tech 0 1994, 2002, 2006 Harvard 0 1968, 1971, 1973, 1974 Hawaii 0 1980 Holy Cross 1952, 1958, 1962, 1963 Houston 0 1953, 1967 Indiana 0 2013 Indiana State 0 1986 Iowa 0 1972 Iowa State 0 1957, 1970 Ithaca 0 1962 James Madison 0 Kansas 0 1993 Kent State 0 2012 Lafayette 0 1953, 1954, 1958, 1965 Long Beach State 0 1989, 1991, 1993, 1998 Louisiana - Lafayette 0 2000 Louisville 0 2007, 2013, 2014, 2017 Loyola Marymount 0 1986 LSU 18 6 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2017 Maine 7 0 1964, 1976, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986 Massachusetts 0 1954, 1969 Miami ( FL ) 25 1974, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015, 2016 Michigan 7 1953, 1962, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1984 Michigan State 0 1954 Minnesota 5 1956, 1960, 1964, 1973, 1977 Mississippi State 9 0 1971, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1990, 1997, 1998, 2007, 2013 Missouri 6 1952, 1954, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1964 Missouri State 0 2003 Nebraska 0 2001, 2002, 2005 New Hampshire 0 1956 New Orleans 0 1984 NYU 0 1956, 1969 North Carolina 10 0 1960, 1966, 1978, 1989, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013 NC State 0 1968, 2013 Northeastern 0 1966 Northern Colorado 10 0 1952, 1953, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1974 Notre Dame 0 1957, 2002 Ohio 0 1970 Ohio State 1951, 1965, 1966, 1967 Oklahoma 10 1951, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1992, 1994, 1995, 2010 Oklahoma State 20 1954, 1955, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2016 Mississippi 5 0 1956, 1964, 1969, 1972, 2014 Oral Roberts 0 1978 Oregon 0 1954 Oregon State 6 1952, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2013, 2017 Penn State 5 0 1952, 1957, 1959, 1963, 1973 Pepperdine 1979, 1992 Princeton 0 1951 Rice 7 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008 Rider 0 1967 Rollins 0 1954 Rutgers 0 1950 St. John 's ( NY ) 6 0 1949, 1960, 1966, 1968, 1978, 1980 St. Louis 0 1965 San Jose State 0 2000 Santa Clara 0 1962 Seton Hall 0 1964, 1971, 1974, 1975 South Carolina 11 1975, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1985, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2010, 2011, 2012 Southern California 21 12 1948, 1949, 1951, 1955, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2001 Southern Illinois 5 0 1968, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1977 Southern Mississippi 0 2009 Springfield 0 1951, 1955 Stanford 16 1953, 1967, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2008 Stony Brook 0 2012 Syracuse 0 1961 TCU 5 0 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Temple 0 1972, 1977 Tennessee 0 1951, 1995, 2001, 2005 Texas 35 6 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2011, 2014 Texas A&M 6 0 1951, 1964, 1993, 1999, 2011, 2017 Texas Tech 0 2014, 2016 Texas -- Rio Grande Valley 0 1971 Tufts 0 1950 Tulane 0 2001, 2005 Tulsa 0 1969, 1971 UC Irvine 0 2007, 2014 UCLA 5 1969, 1997, 2010, 2012, 2013 UC Santa Barbara 0 2016 Utah 0 1951 Vanderbilt 2011, 2014, 2015 Virginia 2009, 2011, 2014, 2015 Wake Forest 1949, 1955 Washington State 0 1950, 1956, 1965, 1976 Western Michigan 6 0 1952, 1955, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963 Wichita State 7 1982, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996 Wisconsin 0 1950 Wyoming 0 1956 Yale 0 1947, 1948 Most CWS wins ( edit ) Rank School Wins CWS Winning % Appearances Wins per appearance Texas 85. 590 35 2.43 Southern California 74. 740 21 3.52 Arizona State 61. 616 22 2.77 Miami ( FL ) 48. 533 25 1.92 5 Arizona 43. 589 17 2.53 6 LSU 40. 597 18 2.22 6 Oklahoma State 40. 513 20 2.00 6 Stanford 40. 580 16 2.50 9 Cal State Fullerton 34. 523 18 1.89 10 South Carolina 32. 615 11 2.91 Most CWS Finals appearances ( edit ) Bold indicates team won the CWS that year Regular indicates team was Runner - up that year Rank School Champion Runner - up Total Years Southern California 12 14 1948, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1995, 1998 Texas 6 6 12 1949, 1950, 1953, 1975, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1989, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009 Arizona State 5 5 10 1965, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1988, 1998 Arizona 8 1956, 1959, 1963, 1976, 1980, 1986, 2012, 2016 5 LSU 6 7 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2009, 2017 6 Miami ( FL ) 6 1974, 1982, 1985, 1996, 1999, 2001 6 South Carolina 6 1975, 1977, 2002, 2010, 2011, 2012 6 Oklahoma State 5 6 1959, 1961, 1966, 1981, 1987, 1990 9 Cal State Fullerton 5 1979, 1984, 1992, 1995, 2004 9 Stanford 5 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2003 Most appearances without a CWS championship ( edit ) Top 10 Rank School Appearances CWS Winning % Runner - up Wins Per Appearance Florida State 22. 397 1.33 Clemson 12. 333 0 1.00 North Carolina 10. 447 1.70 Northern Colorado 10. 130 0 0.30 5 Mississippi State 9. 357 1.11 6 Arkansas 8. 407 1.37 7 Maine 7. 333 0 1.00 8 Western Michigan 6. 429 1.50 8 St. John 's ( NY ) 6. 333 0 1.00 8 Texas A&M 6. 143 0 0.33 Most CWS participants by one conference in a year ( edit ) Minimum three participants Number Year Conference Programs CWS Winner 1997 SEC Alabama, Auburn, LSU, Mississippi State LSU SEC Arkansas, Georgia, LSU, South Carolina Cal State Fullerton 2006 ACC Clemson, Georgia Tech, Miami ( FL ), North Carolina Oregon State 2015 SEC Arkansas, Florida, LSU, Vanderbilt Virginia 1988 Pac - 10 Arizona State, California, Stanford Stanford 1990 SEC Georgia, LSU, Mississippi State Georgia SEC Alabama, Florida, LSU LSU 1998 SEC Florida, LSU, Mississippi State Southern California 2005 Big 12 Baylor, Nebraska, Texas Texas 2008 ACC Florida State, Miami ( FL ), North Carolina Fresno State 2011 SEC Florida, South Carolina, Vanderbilt South Carolina 2012 SEC Arkansas, Florida, South Carolina Arizona 2014 Big 12 TCU, Texas, Texas Tech Vanderbilt 2016 Big 12 Oklahoma State, TCU, Texas Tech Coastal Carolina 2017 SEC Florida, LSU, Texas A&M Florida Championships by Conference ( edit ) Rank Conference Titles Pac - 12 17 Southeastern ( SEC ) 11 Western Athletic ( WAC ) 7 Big Ten 6 PCC - CIBA 6 6 Independents 5 7 Big Eight 7 Southwest 9 Atlantic Coast ( ACC ) 9 Big 12 9 Big West ( BWC ) 9 Big West ( SCBA ) 13 Big South ( BSC ) 13 Missouri Valley ( MVC ) 13 West Coast ( WCC ) CIBA was California Intercollegiate Baseball Association that competed as a division under the Pacific Coast Conference which operated under its own Charter. Independents = Miami Hurricanes ( 4 ) and Holy Cross Crusaders ( 1 ) SCBA was Southern California Baseball Association ( 1977 -- 84 ). The Big 12 does not claim any national championships, including baseball, that were won as members of the Big Eight and makes no claim to the history or records of the Big Eight. The Western Athletic Conference claims 7 national championships in baseball by former members. There are no gaps in its existence. The Conference has existed continuously since its inception. Coastal Carolina won the 2016 CWS as a member of the Big South Conference less than 24 hours before officially joining the Sun Belt Conference. See also ( edit ) Baseball portal NCAA Division I Baseball Championship NCAA Division II Baseball Championship NCAA Division III Baseball Championship National Club Baseball Association List of college baseball awards U.S. college baseball awards Pre-NCAA baseball champion Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Known in 1950 as Colorado A&M. At the same time, `` Colorado State '' referred to Colorado State College, now known as the University of Northern Colorado. Jump up ^ Prior to 1970, Northern Colorado was known as Colorado State College. Not to be confused with Colorado State University, known in 1950 as Colorado A&M. Jump up ^ UTRGV, in full The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, entered into full operation in 2015 following the merger of the University of Texas -- Pan American ( UTPA ) and the University of Texas at Brownsville. UTRGV is credited with UTPA 's College World Series appearance because the UTPA athletic program was directly transferred to the new institution. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` College World Series of Omaha, Inc. - Creighton University ''. Retrieved 28 June 2017. Jump up ^ CWS History. CWS Omaha, Inc. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11. Jump up ^ NCAA Trademarks -- NCAA.org Archived 2017 - 05 - 05 at the Wayback Machine., footnote at bottom : `` College World Series and Women 's College World Series : The NCAA is the exclusive licensee of these marks, registered by Major League Baseball, in connection with the NCAA Division I Men 's Baseball Championship and the Division I Women 's Softball Championship. '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 12. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12. NCAA Signs 25 - Year Agreement with College World Series of Omaha, Inc. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 12. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12. NCAA Memorandum of Understanding... Jump up ^ `` GENERAL CWS RECORDS '' ( PDF ). NCAA. 19 April 2017. p. 14. Retrieved 28 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` COLLEGE WORLD SERIES ''. NCAA. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` General CWS Records, All - Time Won - Lost by Conference, Pg 19 '' ( PDF ). NCAA.org. Retrieved June 12, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Big 12 National Championships ''. NeuLion, Inc. Retrieved 1 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` The College Football Report 's Long ( Somewhat ) And Illustrious ( Kind Of ) History Of The Big Six ''. The Beachwood Media Company. Retrieved 1 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Western Athletic Conference Official Site - National Champions ''. Western Athletic Conference. Retrieved 1 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Western Athletic Conference Official Site - WAC Timeline ''. Western Athletic Conference. Retrieved 1 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Baseball_Tournament_Records. pdf '' ( PDF ). Western Athletic Conference. Retrieved 1 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Coastal Carolina to join Sun Belt Conference in July 2016 ''. Ncaa.com. External links ( edit ) College World Series of Omaha ( CWS Omaha, Inc. ) official website College World Series ( NCAA official website ) NCAA Division I Men 's College World Series Ballparks Hyames Field ( 1947, 1948 ) Lawrence -- Dumont Stadium ( 1949 ) Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium ( 1950 -- 2010 ) TD Ameritrade Park Omaha ( 2011 -- present ) Tournaments 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Broadcasters CBS television coverage Most Outstanding Players NCAA Division I Baseball Championship NCAA Division I Baseball Champions 1947 California 1948 USC 1949 Texas 1950 Texas 1951 Oklahoma 1952 Holy Cross 1953 Michigan 1954 Missouri 1955 Wake Forest 1956 Minnesota 1957 California 1958 USC 1959 Oklahoma State 1960 Minnesota 1961 USC 1962 Michigan 1963 USC 1964 Minnesota 1965 Arizona State 1966 Ohio State 1967 Arizona State 1968 USC 1969 Arizona State 1970 USC 1971 USC 1972 USC 1973 USC USC Texas 1976 Arizona 1977 Arizona State 1978 USC 1979 Cal State Fullerton 1980 Arizona 1981 Arizona State 1982 Miami Texas 1984 Cal State Fullerton 1985 Miami 1986 Arizona Stanford 1988 Stanford 1989 Wichita State 1990 Georgia 1991 LSU 1992 Pepperdine 1993 LSU 1994 Oklahoma 1995 Cal State Fullerton LSU 1997 LSU 1998 USC 1999 Miami 2000 LSU 2001 Miami 2002 Texas 2003 Rice Cal State Fullerton 2005 Texas 2006 Oregon State 2007 Oregon State 2008 Fresno State 2009 LSU South Carolina 2011 South Carolina 2012 Arizona 2013 UCLA 2014 Vanderbilt 2015 Virginia 2016 Coastal Carolina 2017 Florida National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I sports and championships Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_World_Series&oldid=797902265 '' Categories : College World Series Sports in Omaha, Nebraska Organizations based in Omaha, Nebraska Non-profit organizations based in Nebraska Recurring sporting events established in 1947 Annual sporting events in the United States Baseball in Nebraska Tourism in Omaha, Nebraska Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017, at 20 : 51. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "College World Series", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=College_World_Series&amp;oldid=797902265" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "to : navigation, search For NCAA Division II, see NCAA Division II Baseball Championship. For NCAA Division III, see NCAA Division III Baseball Championship. For the women 's softball championship, see Women 's College World Series. College World Series First played 1947 Most recently played 2017 Current champions Florida ( 1st title ) Current runners - up LSU Most titles USC ( 12 ) The College World Series, or CWS, is an annual June baseball tournament held in Omaha, Nebraska. The CWS is the culmination of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Baseball Championship tournament -- featuring 64 teams in the first round -- which determines the NCAA Division I college baseball champion. The eight participating teams are split into two, four - team, double - elimination brackets, with the winners of each bracket playing in a best - of - three championship series. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Contract extension 2 Format history and changes 3 Division I champions by year 4 Team appearances 5 Most CWS wins 6 Most CWS Finals appearances" ], "id": [ "1791489897687453074" ], "short_answers": [ "Omaha, Nebraska" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation, search Tracy McConnell How I Met Your Mother character The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' First appearance `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Cristin Milioti Information Aliases The Mother Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Ted Mosby Significant other ( s ) Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Penny Mosby ( daughter, born in 2015, played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son, born in 2017, played by David Henrie ) Nationality American Tracy McConnell, better known as `` The Mother '', is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The show, narrated by Future Ted, tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9. The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti. The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment. Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '', the series finale. The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans. An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD. In the alternate ending, Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030. In the video, future Ted is heard saying, ``... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning, I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was... '', indirectly stating that The Mother is alive. The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling, implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby. Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons, the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother. Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show. Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood, but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown. Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples, Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before, so it better feel that way to the audience '', similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began. Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call. They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member. After competing for the role against at least two others, Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled, `` I had ignorance on my side. So I did n't know what it meant. '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer. Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19, 1984. The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death. After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele. The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love. In `` Wait for It '', it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella. In `` No Tomorrow '', Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended, as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max, her late boyfriend. She is still grieving, but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again, bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating. The two women run into Mitch, her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment. After they start talking, Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams. The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college. On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby, as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '', he is seen in front of the classroom of students, one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother. But in the first episode of season 5, `` Definitions '', it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture. At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '', the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ), whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate. They see Ted enter the room, but when he announces the subject, The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off. She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom. Later, in `` Girls Versus Suits '', Ted dates Cindy, not knowing that her roommate is his future wife. Throughout the episode, Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate. When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings, attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower. Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band. Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions, `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back. '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '', it is revealed that, after Ted left the apartment, the Mother had discovered the umbrella and, upon going to question Cindy, finds her in a state. As she tried to console her, Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted, and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive, before spontaneously kissing her, revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush. While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian, it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating, as the kiss was her first in a long time. Some time after this, a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics. Darren gradually takes over the band. In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man. In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man, should she ever get married. In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '', it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding. In the last episode of season 7, `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin, and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding. On the premiere of season 8, Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding, outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar. In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ?, '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute. The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding. The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans. Later at MacLaren 's Pub, she tells him she 's not yet ready to date. Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after. The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney, Lily, Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him. The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin, as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish ''. In `` The Locket '', Tracy meets Lily on a train journey. In `` Bass Player Wanted '', the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall, carrying his son Marvin, on her way to Farhampton Inn. On their way, it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band, that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception. But the band 's leader, Darren, forced her to quit. The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band. She ends up alone at the bar, and while practicing a speech to give Darren, Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason. '' Amused by this, the Mother laughs, and Darren quits the band in anger. In `` How Your Mother Met Me '', it is shown that after this incident, the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend. As she walks in the door, Louis proposes to her, but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes. She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage, going to check in at Farhampton Inn. On her room 's balcony, she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose ''. Ted hears her singing from his room next door. In `` Gary Blauman '', Ted and the Mother are on their first date. Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner. On the way there, Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis. She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating. Ted walks her back to her apartment. They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away. The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her. When the story is over, they say goodnight again. The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time, before deciding to carry on their date. In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '', Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn. She immediately accepts. In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '', the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child, Luke, in the year 2017. She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton. Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale, `` Last Forever ''. When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station, she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell. In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '', Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says ``... that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother ''. The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking, which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy. Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness. In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead. Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years. Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death. Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning. Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy. Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '', that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue ''. A petition was started, aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale. The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage. On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD. No new material was shot for this scene. In the alternate ending, the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set. The pilot is set on September 19, 2005. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath, Neela ( 7 September 2014 ). `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release ''. The Independent. Retrieved 15 February 2015. Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel ( September 6, 2014 ). `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending ''. Rolling Stone. Jump up ^ MacGregor, Rachel ( September 23, 2014 ). `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending ''. Metro UK. Jump up ^ Stransky, Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ). `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother ''. Entertainment Weekly. ^ Jump up to : Fallon, Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ). `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti ''. The Daily Beast. Jump up ^ Fallon, Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ). `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind ''. The Daily Beast. ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me ''. How I Met Your Mother. Season 9. Episode 16. January 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Pilot ''. How I Met Your Mother. Season 1. Episode 1. September 19, 2005. CBS. ^ Jump up to : Kuchman, Bill ( April 4, 2014 ). `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' ''. Retrieved July 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Rullo, Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ). `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother '? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret ''. Retrieved July 7, 2014. Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' ''. Rotten Tomatoes. April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014. Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 Jump up ^ Kuchman, Bill ( March 31, 2014 ). `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction ''. Retrieved July 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Guerrero, Danger ( April 4, 2014 ). `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending ''. Retrieved July 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Maresca, Rachel ( April 3, 2014 ). `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed ''. New York Daily News. Retrieved July 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set. https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 Jump up ^ James, Lauren ( April 5, 2014 ). `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition, Says Carter Bays ''. Contact Music. Retrieved July 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel ( September 6, 2014 ). `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 16, 2014. ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=802354471 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional female musicians Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017, at 17 : 03. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&amp;oldid=802354471" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "`` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Cristin Milioti Information Aliases The Mother Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Ted Mosby Significant other ( s ) Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Penny Mosby ( daughter, born in 2015, played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son, born in 2017, played by David Henrie ) Nationality American Tracy McConnell, better known as `` The Mother '', is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The show, narrated by Future Ted, tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9. The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti. The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including the fact that Ted once" ], "id": [ "1112131407266008052" ], "short_answers": [ "Tracy McConnell" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 film ) - wikipedia The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 film ) Jump to : navigation, search The Blue Lagoon Promotional film poster Directed by Randal Kleiser Produced by Randal Kleiser Screenplay by Douglas Day Stewart Based on The Blue Lagoon by Henry De Vere Stacpoole Starring Brooke Shields Christopher Atkins Leo McKern William Daniels Music by Basil Poledouris Cinematography Néstor Almendros Edited by Robert Gordon Production company Columbia Pictures Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 20, 1980 ( 1980 - 06 - 20 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4.5 million Box office $58,853,106 ( U.S. and Canada only ) The Blue Lagoon is a 1980 American romantic adventure drama film directed by Randal Kleiser and filmed on Turtle Island in Fiji. The screenplay by Douglas Day Stewart was based on the 1908 novel The Blue Lagoon by Henry De Vere Stacpoole. The film stars Brooke Shields and Christopher Atkins. The music score was composed by Basil Poledouris and the cinematography was by Néstor Almendros. The film tells the story of two young children marooned on a tropical island paradise in the South Pacific. With neither the guidance nor the restrictions of society, emotional feelings and physical changes arise as they reach puberty and fall in love. Shields was 14 years old at the time of filming and later testified before a U.S. Congressional inquiry that older body doubles were used in some of her nude scenes. Also, throughout the film in frontal shots her breasts were always covered by her long hair or in other ways. The film received a MPAA rating of R in the United States. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Box office 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Other honors 6 Versions and adaptations 6.1 DVD and Blu - ray 6.2 Streaming 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the early Victorian period, two young child cousins, Richard ( Glenn Kohan ) and Emmeline Lestrange ( Elva Josephson ), and a galley cook, Paddy Button ( Leo McKern ), survive a shipwreck in the South Pacific and reach a lush tropical island. Paddy cares for the small children and forbids them by `` law '' from going to the other side of the island, as he had found remains from bloody human sacrifices. He also warns them against eating a scarlet berry which is apparently deadly. ( He calls it the `` never - wake - up berry ''. ) Paddy soon dies after a drunken binge, and his body is discovered by Richard and Emmeline. Now alone, the children go to another part of the island and rebuild their home. Years pass and they both grow into tall, strong, and beautiful teenagers. They live in their hut, spending their days together fishing, swimming, and diving for pearls. Richard and Emmeline ( now portrayed by Christopher Atkins and Brooke Shields ) begin to fall in love, although this is emotionally stressful for them because of their lack of education on human sexuality. Emmeline is frightened after she has her first menstrual period ; confused about it, she refuses to allow Richard to inspect her for what he imagines is a wound. Richard finds himself becoming physically attracted to Emmeline but she, though often fearful of being left alone, does not reciprocate his feelings, inciting Richard to go off alone and masturbate. Sometime later, their relationship suffers a major blow when a ship appears for the first time in years. Richard 's desire to leave comes into conflict with Emmeline 's desire to stay, and she does not light the signal fire. As a result, the ship passes by without noticing them. When Richard angrily confronts Emmeline about this, she tells him that the island is their home now and that they should stay, to Richard 's disbelief. They insult each other and Emmeline reveals that she knows what happens when Richard goes off alone, having caught him in the act of masturbating and threatens to tell her Uncle Arthur about it, which leads him to throw a coconut at her. She throws one back, hitting him on the head. Immediately remorseful, Emmeline rushes over to him but he slaps her and says he wishes she was `` dead n ' buried ''. Richard 's fury leads him to kick Emmeline out of their hut. They make up for this fight after Emmeline is nearly killed upon stepping on a stonefish and Richard admits to his fear of losing her. Emmeline recovers and after she regains her ability to walk, they go skinny dipping in the lagoon and then swim to shore. Still naked, Richard and Emmeline discover sexual intercourse and passionate love. They regularly make love from then on while occasionally spending their time together in the nude. Emmeline becomes pregnant. During the pregnancy, Emmeline discovers cravings and morning sickness as she continually indulges in coconut and then is discovered by Richard the following morning vomiting by the seashore. Richard and Emmeline have no knowledge of childbirth and human reproduction and assume that the physical change in Emmeline 's body is her getting fat. They are stunned when they feel the baby move inside her and assume that it is her stomach causing the movements. One night, Emmeline gives birth to a baby boy, whom they name Paddy. Frustrated at not knowing how to feed the baby, Emmeline holds him and learns how to feed him as the baby instinctively starts sucking on her breast. The young parents spend their time playing with Paddy as he grows, teaching him how to swim, fish, and build things. As the family plays, a ship led by Richard 's father Arthur ( William Daniels ) approaches the island and sees the family playing on the shore. As they are covered in mud, their appearance is difficult to determine. When they notice the approaching ship, as they are happy with their life on the island with the young Paddy, they exchange looks and tacitly walk away and stay on the island instead of signaling for help. Arthur assumes that these are natives, not the young couple they have been searching for all these years, and the ship passes. One day, the young family takes the lifeboat to visit their original homesite. Richard goes off and finds bananas for them to eat, leaving Emmeline and Paddy at the boat. Emmeline looks around the shore of the island and does not notice when Paddy brings a branch of the scarlet berries into the boat. Emmeline and Paddy return to the boat and slowly drift away, until Paddy tosses one of the oars out. Unable to reach the oar, Emmeline shouts to Richard and he swims to her, followed closely by a shark. Emmeline throws the other oar at the shark, striking it and giving Richard time to get into the boat. Though close to shore, they are unable to return or retrieve the oars without risking a shark attack. They paddle with their hands to no avail ; the boat is caught in the current and drifts out to sea. After drifting for days in the boat, Richard and Emmeline awake to find Paddy eating the berries he picked. Realizing that these are poisonous berries, they try to stop him, but he has already swallowed some. Hopeless, Richard and Emmeline eat the berries as well, lying down to await death. A few hours later, Arthur 's ship finds them floating in the boat. Arthur asks, `` Are they dead? '' and the ship 's captain ( Gus Mercurio ) answers, `` No, sir. They 're asleep ''. Cast ( edit ) Brooke Shields as Emmeline Lestrange Elva Josephson as Young Emmeline Christopher Atkins as Richard Lestrange Glenn Kohan as Young Richard Bradley Pryce as Little Paddy Chad Timmermans as Infant Paddy Leo McKern as Paddy Button William Daniels as Arthur Lestrange Alan Hopgood as Captain Gus Mercurio as Officer Production ( edit ) The Fiji Crested Iguana became known to herpetologists through The Blue Lagoon. The movie was a passion project of Randal Kleiser, who had long admired the original novel. He hired Douglas Day Stewart, who had written Boy in the Plastic Bubble, to write the script, and met up with Richard Franklin, the Australian director, who was looking for work in Hollywood. This gave him the idea to use an Australian crew, which Franklin helped supervise. The film was shot in Jamaica and Nanuya Levu, a privately owned island in Fiji. The flora and fauna featured in the film includes an array of animals from multiple continents. As it turned out, the iguanas filmed on Fiji were a species hitherto unknown to biologists ; this was noted by the herpetologist John Gibbons when he watched the film, and after traveling to the island where the iguanas were filmed, he described the Fiji crested iguana ( Brachylophus vitiensis ) in 1981. The blue lagoon scenes were shot in Comino Island, Malta and Champagne Bay, Vanuatu. In the DVD and Blu - ray Disc versions of this film, it was stated that many of Brooke Shields ' nude scenes were in fact done by older body doubles. In addition, the film 's stunt coordinator, Kathy Troutt, was one of the body doubles, as well as the dolphin trainer. It was also stated that Brooke Shields had done many of her topless scenes with her hair glued to her breasts. Underwater moving picture photography was performed by Ron and Valerie Taylor. Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( April 2015 ) The Blue Lagoon was panned by critics. It currently holds a score of 11 % on Rotten Tomatoes out of 18 reviews. Roger Ebert gave the film 11⁄2 stars out of 4, claiming that the film `` made him itch ''. He and Gene Siskel selected the film as one of their `` dogs of the year '' in a 1980 episode of Sneak Previews. Box office ( edit ) The film was the ninth biggest box office hit of 1980 in North America according to Box Office Mojo, grossing US $58,853,106 in the United States and Canada. Awards and honors ( edit ) Main awards Nominee : Academy Award for Best Cinematography -- Néstor Almendros Nominee : Saturn Award -- Best Fantasy Film Nominee : Golden Globe Award, New Star of the Year -- Christopher Atkins 1st Golden Raspberry Award Won : Worst Actress ( Brooke Shields ) Young Artist Awards Nominee : Best Major Motion Picture -- Family Entertainment Nominee : Best Young Motion Picture Actor -- Christopher Atkins Nominee : Best Young Motion Picture Actress -- Brooke Shields Other honors ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Passions -- Nominated Versions and adaptations ( edit ) The Blue Lagoon was based on Henry De Vere Stacpoole 's novel by the same name, which first appeared in 1908. The first film adaptation of the book was the British silent 1923 film of that name. There was another British adaptation in the 1949 version. The 1980 version was true to the spirit of the book. It included much more nudity and sex scenes than the 1949 version, though far less nudity and sexual activity than did the book. The story was eventually continued in the sequel Return to the Blue Lagoon ( 1991 ). This film loosely picks up where The Blue Lagoon left off, except that Richard and Emmeline are found dead in the boat. Their son is rescued. As Paddy 's name is unknown to his rescuers, he is renamed Richard after his father. The movie was briefly parodied in a flashback scene of the movie Top Secret! ( 1984 ). The Quantum Leap episode `` Leaping of the Shrew '' guest - starred Brooke Shields, and was about a young man and woman marooned on a deserted island. It was also parodied in the movie Going Berserk ( 1983 ) when John Candy reveals his reoccurring nightmare inspired by the movie. The end of the dream spoofs Christopher Atkins ' masturbation scene when Candy is spotted masturbating by the jeering passengers of a ship that happens to pass by. On December 9, 2011, the cable TV network Lifetime greenlit the television film Blue Lagoon : The Awakening. It premiered on the channel on June 16, 2012. The male lead from the 1980 film, Christopher Atkins, appears in the 2012 film as one of the teachers on the ship - borne field trip where Emma and Dean are lost at sea and end up on an island. This film is available on DVD. DVD and Blu - ray ( edit ) The Special Edition DVD, with both widescreen and full - screen versions, was released on October 5, 1999. Its special features include the theatrical trailer, the original featurette, a personal photo album by Brooke Shields, audio commentary by Randal Kleiser and Christopher Atkins, and another commentary by Randal Kleiser, Douglas Day Stewart, and Brooke Shields. The film was re-released in 2005 as part of a two pack with its sequel, Return to the Blue Lagoon. A limited edition Blu - ray Disc of the film was released on December 11, 2012, by Twilight Time. Special features on the Blu - ray include an isolated score track, original trailer, three original teasers, behind the scenes featurette, An Adventure in Filmmaking : The Making of The Blue Lagoon, as well as audio commentary by Randal Kleiser, Douglas Day Stewart, and Brooke Shields and a second commentary by Randal Kleiser and Christopher Atkins. Streaming ( edit ) The 1980 movie was made available for streaming through services such as Amazon Video and Vudu. See also ( edit ) Paradise Return to the Blue Lagoon State of nature References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Filming of The Blue Lagoon ^ Jump up to : The Blue Lagoon ( DVD special edition ). Released October 5, 1999. Jump up ^ Scott Murray, `` The Blue Lagoon : Interview with Randal Kleiser '', Cinema Papers, June -- July 1980 ( 166 - 169, 212 ) Jump up ^ McMurran, Kristin ( August 11, 1980 ). `` Too Much, Too Young? ''. People. Retrieved April 28, 2013. Jump up ^ Robert George Sprackland ( 1992 ). Giant lizards. Neptune, New Jersey : T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0 - 86622 - 634 - 6. Jump up ^ The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 ) ( Blu - Ray ) Retrieved November 21, 2013 Jump up ^ Valerie and Ron Taylor join the action in ' THE BLUE LAGOON ', The Australian Women 's Weekly, November 19, 1980, pages 64 and 65, Retrieved February 17, 2013 Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/blue_lagoon/ Jump up ^ http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-blue-lagoon-1980 Jump up ^ Sneak Previews : Worst of 1980 Jump up ^ 1980 Domestic Grosses Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( December 9, 2011 ). `` Lifetime Greenlights ' Blue Lagoon ' Remake ''. Retrieved May 2, 2012. Jump up ^ 1999 DVD Release Jump up ^ 2005 DVD Double Feature release Jump up ^ The Blue Lagoon Blu - ray Jump up ^ Screen Archives Jump up ^ The Blue Lagoon Blu - ray, Twilight Time, 2012 Jump up ^ Amazon.com : The Blue Lagoon Jump up ^ Vudu : The Blue Lagoon External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Blue Lagoon The Blue Lagoon on IMDb The Blue Lagoon at the TCM Movie Database The Blue Lagoon at AllMovie The Blue Lagoon at the American Film Institute Catalog The Blue Lagoon at Box Office Mojo The Blue Lagoon at Rotten Tomatoes The Blue Lagoon by Henry De Vere Stacpoole Novels The Blue Lagoon ( 1908 ) The Garden of God ( 1923 ) The Gates of Morning ( 1925 ) Films The Blue Lagoon ( 1923 ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1949 ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 ) Pengantin Pantai Biru ( 1983 ) Return to the Blue Lagoon ( 1991 ) Blue Lagoon : The Awakening ( 2012 ) Films directed by Randal Kleiser Peege ( 1973 ) Dawn : Portrait of a Teenage Runaway ( 1976 ) The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ( 1976 ) The Gathering ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 ) Summer Lovers ( 1982 ) Grandview, U.S.A. ( 1984 ) Flight of the Navigator ( 1986 ) Big Top Pee - wee ( 1988 ) Getting It Right ( 1989 ) White Fang ( 1991 ) Honey, I Blew Up the Kid ( 1992 ) It 's My Party ( 1996 ) Shadow of Doubt ( 1998 ) Love Wrecked ( 2005 ) Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Blue_Lagoon_(1980_film)&oldid=806688146 '' Categories : 1980 films English - language films 1980s adventure films 1980s romantic drama films 1980s teen drama films 1980s teen romance films American films American adventure drama films American coming - of - age films American remakes of British films American romantic drama films American survival films American teen drama films American teen romance films Columbia Pictures films Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Film scores by Basil Poledouris Films about castaways Films about cousins Films about survivors of seafaring accidents or incidents Films about virginity Films based on British novels Films based on romance novels Films based on works by Henry De Vere Stacpoole Films directed by Randal Kleiser Films set in Oceania Films set in the 19th century Films set in the Victorian era Films set on beaches Films set on uninhabited islands Films shot in Fiji Films shot in Jamaica Films shot in Vanuatu Incest in film Screenplays by Douglas Day Stewart Teenage pregnancy in film Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles to be expanded from April 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017, at 15 : 23. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Blue Lagoon (1980 film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Blue_Lagoon_(1980_film)&amp;oldid=806688146" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "8488044431573898011" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "History of Europe - wikipedia History of Europe Jump to : navigation, search The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe from prehistory to the present. The period known as classical antiquity began with the emergence of the city - states of ancient Greece. Later, the Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin. The fall of the Roman Empire in AD 476 traditionally marks the start of the Middle Ages. Beginning in the 14th century a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology. Simultaneously, the Protestant Reformation set up Protestant churches primarily in Germany, Scandinavia and England. After 1800, the Industrial Revolution brought prosperity to Britain and Western Europe. The main powers set up colonies in most of the Americas and Africa, and parts of Asia. In the 20th century, World War I, and World War II resulted in massive numbers of deaths. The Cold War dominated European geo - politics from 1947 to 1989. Unification into a European Union moved forward after 1950, with some setbacks. Today, most countries west of Russia belong to the NATO military alliance, along with the United States and Canada. Europe depicted by Antwerp cartographer Abraham Ortelius in 1595 Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Prehistory 3 Minoans and Mycenae 2700 -- 1100 BC 4 Classical antiquity 4.1 Ancient Greece 4.2 The rise of Rome 4.3 Decline of the Roman Empire 4.4 Late Antiquity and Migration Period 5 Middle Ages 5.1 Byzantium 5.2 Early Middle Ages 5.2. 1 Feudal Christendom 5.3 High Middle Ages 5.3. 1 A divided church 5.3. 2 Holy wars 5.4 Late Middle Ages 6 Early modern Europe 6.1 Renaissance 6.2 Exploration and trade 6.3 Reformation 6.4 Mercantilism and colonial expansion 6.5 Crisis of the 17th century 6.6 Age of Absolutism 6.6. 1 Thirty Years ' War 1618 -- 1648 6.6. 2 War of the Spanish Succession 6.6. 3 Prussia 6.6. 4 Russia 6.7 Enlightenment 7 From revolution to imperialism ( 1789 -- 1914 ) 7.1 Industrial Revolution 7.2 Era of the French Revolution 7.3 Napoleon 7.3. 1 Impact of the French Revolution 7.4 Religion 7.4. 1 Protestantism 7.5 Nations rising 7.5. 1 Emerging nationalism 7.5. 1.1 Germany 7.5. 1.2 Italy 7.5. 1.3 Greece 7.5. 2 Serbia 7.5. 3 Poland 7.5. 4 Conservative forces 7.5. 5 France under Napoleon III 7.5. 6 Major powers 7.5. 7 Bismarck 's Germany 7.6 Imperialism 8 1914 -- 1945 : Two World wars 8.1 World War I 8.2 Paris Peace Conference 8.3 Interwar 8.3. 1 Fascism and authoritarianism 8.4 Great Depression : 1929 -- 1939 8.5 World War II 9 Cold War Era 9.1 Economic recovery 10 Recent history 11 Chronology 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 15.1 Surveys 15.2 Geography and atlases 15.3 Major nations 15.4 Classical 15.5 Late Roman 15.6 Medieval 15.7 Early modern 15.8 19th century 15.9 Since 1900 15.10 Agriculture and economy 15.11 Diplomacy 15.12 Empires and interactions 15.13 Ideas and science 15.14 Religion 15.15 Social 15.16 Warfare 15.17 Women and gender 16 External links Overview ( edit ) Some of the best - known civilizations of prehistoric Europe were the Minoan and the Mycenaean, which flourished during the Bronze Age until they collapsed in a short period of time around 1200 BC. The period known as classical antiquity began with the emergence of the city - states of Ancient Greece. After ultimately checking the Persian advance in Europe through the Greco - Persian Wars in the 5th century BC, Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia, Africa, and other parts of Europe. The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western and Eastern empires. During the 4th and 5th centuries, the Germanic peoples of Northern Europe grew in strength, and repeated attacks led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. AD 476 traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples became more powerful in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. Of all of the Germanic peoples, the Franks would rise to a position of hegemony over Western Europe, the Frankish Empire reaching its peak under Charlemagne around 800. This empire was later divided into several parts ; West Francia would evolve into the Kingdom of France, while East Francia would evolve into the Holy Roman Empire, a precursor to modern Germany and Italy. The British Isles were the site of several large - scale migrations. The Viking Age, a period of migrations of Scandinavian peoples, occurred from the late 8th century to the middle 11th century. The Normans, a Viking people who settled in Northern France, had a significant impact on many parts of Europe, from the Norman conquest of England to Southern Italy and Sicily. The Rus ' people founded Kievan Rus ', which evolved into Russia. After 1000 the Crusades were a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back under Christian rule. The Crusaders opened trade routes which enabled the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom. The peasants preparing the fields for the winter with a harrow and sowing for the winter grain, from The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry, c. 1410 Eastern Europe in the High Middle Ages was dominated by the rise and fall of the Mongol Empire. Led by Genghis Khan, the Mongols were a group of steppe nomads who established a decentralized empire which, at its height, extended from China in the east to the Black and Baltic Seas in Europe. As Mongol power waned towards the Late Middle Ages, the Grand Duchy of Moscow rose to become the strongest of the numerous Russian principalities and republics and would grow into the Tsardom of Russia in 1547. The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In Scandinavia, the Kalmar Union dominated the political landscape, while England fought with Scotland in the Wars of Scottish Independence and with France in the Hundred Years ' War. In Central Europe, the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth became a large territorial empire, while the Holy Roman Empire, which was an elective monarchy, came to be dominated for centuries by the House of Habsburg. Russia continued to expand southward and eastward into former Mongol lands. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire overran Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, which historians mark as the end of the Middle Ages. Beginning in the 14th century in Florence and later spreading through Europe, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology. The rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge had an enormous liberating effect on intellectuals. Simultaneously, the Protestant Reformation under German Martin Luther questioned Papal authority. Henry VIII seized control of the English Church and its lands. The European religious wars between German and Spanish rulers. The Reconquista ended Muslim rule in Iberia. By the 1490s a series of oceanic explorations marked the Age of Discovery, establishing direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia. Religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, until the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years ' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. A Watt steam engine. The steam engine, fuelled primarily by coal, propelled the Industrial Revolution in 19th century Northwestern Europe. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain, based on coal, steam, and textile mills. Political change in continental Europe was spurred by the French Revolution under the motto liberté, égalité, fraternité. Napoleon Bonaparte took control, made many reforms inside France, and transformed Western Europe. But his rise stimulated both nationalism and reaction and he was defeated in 1814 -- 15 as the old royal conservatives returned to power. The period between 1815 and 1871 saw revolutionary attempts in much of Europe ( apart from Britain ). They all failed however. As industrial work forces grew in Western Europe, socialism and trade union activity developed. The last vestiges of serfdom were abolished in Russia in 1861. Greece and the other Balkan nations began a long slow road to independence from the Ottoman Empire, starting in the 1820s. Italy was unified in its Risorgimento in 1860. After the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 -- 71, Otto von Bismarck unified the German states into an empire that was politically and militarily dominant until 1914. Most of Europe scrambled for imperial colonies in Africa and Asia in the Age of Empire. Britain and France built the largest empires, while diplomats ensured there were no major wars in Europe, apart from the Crimean War of the 1850s. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took sides. The 1917 October Revolution led the Russian Empire to become the world 's first communist state, the Soviet Union. The Allies, led by Britain and France, defeated the Central Powers, led by the German Empire and Austria - Hungary, in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles. The war 's human and material devastation was unprecedented. Germany lost its overseas empire and several provinces, had to pay large reparations, and was humiliated by the victors. They in turn had large debts to the United States. The 1920s were prosperous until 1929 when the Great Depression broke out, which led to the collapse of democracy in many European states. The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, rearmed Germany, and along with Mussolini 's Italy sought to assert themselves on the continent by demands and appeasement, leading eventually to the Second World War. Most of the fighting took place on the Eastern Front, and the war ended with the defeat of the Axis powers, leaving the USSR and the United States dominating Eastern and Western Europe respectively. The Iron Curtain now separated the east under Moscow 's control from the capitalist West. The United States launched the Marshall Plan from 1948 -- 51 and NATO from 1949, and rebuilt industrial economies that all were thriving by the 1950s. France and West Germany took the lead in forming the European Economic Community, which eventually became the European Union ( EU ). Secularization saw the weakening of Protestant and Catholic churches across most of Europe, except where they were symbols of anti-government resistance, as in Poland. The Revolutions of 1989 brought an end to both Soviet hegemony and communism in Eastern Europe. Germany was reunited, Europe 's integration deepened, and both NATO and the EU expanded to the east. The EU came under increasing pressure because of the worldwide recession after 2008. Prehistory ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistoric Europe, Palaeolithic Europe, Mesolithic Europe, Neolithic Europe, Stone Age, Bronze Age Europe, and Iron Age Europe Aurochs in Palaeolithic cave paintings in Lascaux, France. Homo erectus migrated from Africa to Europe before the emergence of modern humans. Lézignan - la - Cèbe in France, Orce in Spain, Monte Poggiolo Italy and Kozarnika in Bulgaria are amongst the oldest Palaeolithic sites in Europe. The earliest appearance of anatomically modern people in Europe has been dated to 35,000 BC, usually referred to as the Cro - Magnon man. Some locally developed transitional cultures ( Uluzzian in Italy and Greece, Altmühlian in Germany, Szeletian in Central Europe and Châtelperronian in the southwest ) use clearly Upper Palaeolithic technologies at very early dates. Nevertheless, the definitive advance of these technologies is made by the Aurignacian culture. The origins of this culture can be located in the Levant ( Ahmarian ) and Hungary ( first full Aurignacian ). By 35,000 BC, the Aurignacian culture and its technology had extended through most of Europe. The last Neanderthals seem to have been forced to retreat during this process to the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. Around 28,000 BC a new technology / culture appeared in the western region of Europe : the Gravettian. This technology / culture has been theorised to have come with migrations of people from the Balkans. Map showing the Neolithic expansions from the 7th to the 5th millennium BC, including the Cardium Culture in blue. Around 16,000 BC, Europe witnessed the appearance of a new culture, known as Magdalenian, possibly rooted in the old Gravettian. This culture soon superseded the Solutrean area and the Gravettian of mainly France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Ukraine. The Hamburg culture prevailed in Northern Europe in the 14th and the 13th millennium BC as the Creswellian ( also termed the British Late Magdalenian ) did shortly after in the British Islands. Around 12,500 BC, the Würm glaciation ended. Slowly, through the following millennia, temperatures and sea levels rose, changing the environment of prehistoric people. Nevertheless, Magdalenian culture persisted until c. 10,000 BC, when it quickly evolved into two microlithist cultures : Azilian ( Federmesser ), in Spain and southern France, and then Sauveterrian, in northern France and Central Europe, while in Northern Europe the Lyngby complex succeeded the Hamburg culture with the influence of the Federmesser group as well. Evidence of permanent settlement dates from the 8th millennium BC in the Balkans. The Neolithic reached Central Europe in the 6th millennium BC and parts of Northern Europe in the 5th and 4th millenniums BC. Minoans and Mycenae 2700 -- 1100 BC ( edit ) The Treasury of Atreus, or Tomb of Agamemnon in Mycenae 1250 BC The first well - known literate civilization in Europe was that of the Minoans. The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that arose on the island of Crete and flourished from approximately the 27th century BC to the 15th century BC. It was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of the British archaeologist Arthur Evans. Will Durant referred to it as `` the first link in the European chain ''. The Minoans were replaced by the Mycenaean civilization which flourished during the period roughly between 1600 BC, when Helladic culture in mainland Greece was transformed under influences from Minoan Crete, and 1100 BC. The major Mycenaean cities were Mycenae and Tiryns in Argolis, Pylos in Messenia, Athens in Attica, Thebes and Orchomenus in Boeotia, and Iolkos in Thessaly. In Crete, the Mycenaeans occupied Knossos. Mycenaean settlement sites also appeared in Epirus, Macedonia, on islands in the Aegean Sea, on the coast of Asia Minor, the Levant, Cyprus and Italy. Mycenaean artefacts have been found well outside the limits of the Mycenean world. Quite unlike the Minoans, whose society benefited from trade, the Mycenaeans advanced through conquest. Mycenaean civilization was dominated by a warrior aristocracy. Around 1400 BC, the Mycenaeans extended their control to Crete, center of the Minoan civilization, and adopted a form of the Minoan script ( called Linear A ) to write their early form of Greek in Linear B. The Mycenaean civilization perished with the collapse of Bronze - Age civilization on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The collapse is commonly attributed to the Dorian invasion, although other theories describing natural disasters and climate change have been advanced as well. Whatever the causes, the Mycenaean civilization had definitely disappeared after LH III C, when the sites of Mycenae and Tirynth were again destroyed and lost their importance. This end, during the last years of the 12th century BC, occurred after a slow decline of the Mycenaean civilization, which lasted many years before dying out. The beginning of the 11th century BC opened a new context, that of the protogeometric, the beginning of the geometric period, the Greek Dark Ages of traditional historiography. Classical antiquity ( edit ) Main article : Classical antiquity The Parthenon, an ancient Athenian Temple on the Acropolis ( hill - top city ) fell to Rome in 176 BC The Greeks and the Romans left a legacy in Europe which is evident in European languages, thought, visual arts and law. Ancient Greece was a collection of city - states, out of which the original form of democracy developed. Athens was the most powerful and developed city, and a cradle of learning from the time of Pericles. Citizens ' forums debated and legislated policy of the state, and from here arose some of the most notable classical philosophers, such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, the last of whom taught Alexander the Great. Through his military campaigns, the king of the kingdom of Macedon, Alexander, spread Hellenistic culture and learning to the banks of the River Indus. Meanwhile, the Roman Republic strengthened through victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars. Greek wisdom passed into Roman institutions, as Athens itself was absorbed under the banner of the Senate and People of Rome -- SPQR. The Romans expanded from Arabia to Britannia. In 44 BC as it approached its height, its dictator Julius Caesar was murdered by senators in an attempt to restore the Republic. In the ensuing turmoil, Octavian ( ruled as Augustus ; and as divi filius, or Son of God, as Julius had adopted him as an heir ) usurped the reins of power and fought the Roman Senate. While proclaiming the rebirth of the Republic, he had ushered in the transfer of the Roman state from a republic to an empire, the Roman Empire, which lasted for more than four centuries until the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Ancient Greece ( edit ) Main articles : Ancient Greece and Hellenistic period A mosaic showing Alexander the Great battling Darius III The Hellenic civilisation was a collection of city - states or poleis with different governments and cultures that achieved notable developments in government, philosophy, science, mathematics, politics, sports, theatre and music. The most powerful city - states were Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, and Syracuse. Athens was a powerful Hellenic city - state and governed itself with an early form of direct democracy invented by Cleisthenes ; the citizens of Athens voted on legislation and executive bills themselves. Athens was the home of Socrates, Plato, and the Platonic Academy. The Hellenic city - states established colonies on the shores of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean ( Asian Minor, Sicily and Southern Italy in Magna Graecia ). By the late 6th century BC, all the Greek city states in Asia Minor had been incorporated into the Persian Empire, while the latter had made territorial gains in the Balkans ( such as Macedon, Thrace, Paeonia, etc. ) and Eastern Europe proper as well. In the course of 5th century BC, some of the Greek city states attempted to overthrow Persian rule in the Ionian Revolt, which failed. This sparked the first Persian invasion of mainland Greece. At some point during the ensuing Greco - Persian Wars, namely during the Second Persian invasion of Greece, and precisely after the Battle of Thermopylae and the Battle of Artemisium, almost all of Greece to the north of the Isthmus of Corinth had been overrun by the Persians, but the Greek city states reached a decisive victory at the Battle of Plataea. With the end of the Greco - Persian wars, the Persians were eventually decisively forced to withdraw from their territories in Europe. The Greco - Persian Wars and the victory of the Greek city states directly influenced the entire further course of European history and would set its further tone. Some Greek city - states formed the Delian League to continue fighting Persia, but Athens ' position as leader of this league led Sparta to form the rival Peloponnesian League. The Peloponnesian Wars ensued, and the Peloponnesian League was victorious. Subsequently, discontent with Spartan hegemony led to the Corinthian War and the defeat of Sparta at the Battle of Leuctra. Hellenic infighting left Greek city states vulnerable, and Philip II of Macedon united the Greek city states under his control. The son of Philip II, known as Alexander the Great, invaded neighboring Persia, toppled and incorporated its domains, as well as invading Egypt and going as far off as India, increasing contact with people and cultures in these regions that marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period. The rise of Rome ( edit ) Main articles : Ancient Rome, Roman Republic, and Roman Empire Cicero addresses the Roman Senate to denounce Catiline 's conspiracy to overthrow the Republic, by Cesare Maccari Much of Greek learning was assimilated by the nascent Roman state as it expanded outward from Italy, taking advantage of its enemies ' inability to unite : the only challenge to Roman ascent came from the Phoenician colony of Carthage, and its defeats in the three Punic Wars marked the start of Roman hegemony. First governed by kings, then as a senatorial republic ( the Roman Republic ), Rome finally became an empire at the end of the 1st century BC, under Augustus and his authoritarian successors. The Roman Empire had its centre in the Mediterranean, controlling all the countries on its shores ; the northern border was marked by the Rhine and Danube rivers. Under emperor Trajan ( 2nd century AD ) the empire reached its maximum expansion, controlling approximately 5,900,000 km ( 2,300,000 sq mi ) of land surface, including Britain, Romania and parts of Mesopotamia. Pax Romana, a period of peace, civilisation and an efficient centralised government in the subject territories ended in the 3rd century, when a series of civil wars undermined Rome 's economic and social strength. In the 4th century, the emperors Diocletian and Constantine were able to slow down the process of decline by splitting the empire into a Western part with a capital in Rome and an Eastern part with the capital in Byzantium, or Constantinople ( now Istanbul ). Whereas Diocletian severely persecuted Christianity, Constantine declared an official end to state - sponsored persecution of Christians in 313 with the Edict of Milan, thus setting the stage for the Church to become the state church of the Roman Empire in about 380. Decline of the Roman Empire ( edit ) Main articles : Decline of the Roman Empire and Crisis of the Third Century Map of the partition of the Roman Empire in 395, at the death of Theodosius I : the Western Roman Empire is shown in red and the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantine Empire ) is shown in purple The Roman Empire had been repeatedly attacked by invading armies from Northern Europe and in 476, Rome finally fell. Romulus Augustus, the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, surrendered to the Germanic King Odoacer. The British historian Edward Gibbon argued in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1776 ) that the Romans had become decadent, they had lost civic virtue. Gibbon said that the adoption of Christianity, meant belief in a better life after death, and therefore made people lazy and indifferent to the present. `` From the eighteenth century onward '', Glen W. Bowersock has remarked, `` we have been obsessed with the fall : it has been valued as an archetype for every perceived decline, and, hence, as a symbol for our own fears. '' It remains one of the greatest historical questions, and has a tradition rich in scholarly interest. Some other notable dates are the Battle of Adrianople in 378, the death of Theodosius I in 395 ( the last time the Roman Empire was politically unified ), the crossing of the Rhine in 406 by Germanic tribes after the withdrawal of the legions to defend Italy against Alaric I, the death of Stilicho in 408, followed by the disintegration of the western legions, the death of Justinian I, the last Roman Emperor who tried to reconquer the west, in 565, and the coming of Islam after 632. Many scholars maintain that rather than a `` fall '', the changes can more accurately be described as a complex transformation. Over time many theories have been proposed on why the Empire fell, or whether indeed it fell at all. Late antiquity and Migration period ( edit ) Main articles : Late Antiquity and Migration Period A simplified map of migrations from the 2nd to the 5th century. See also the map of the world in 820 AD. When Emperor Constantine had reconquered Rome under the banner of the cross in 312, he soon afterwards issued the Edict of Milan in 313, declaring the legality of Christianity in the Roman Empire. In addition, Constantine officially shifted the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the Greek town of Byzantium, which he renamed Nova Roma - it was later named Constantinople ( `` City of Constantine '' ). In 395 Theodosius I, who had made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire, would be the last emperor to preside over a united Roman Empire. The empire was split into two halves : the Western Roman Empire centred in Ravenna, and the Eastern Roman Empire ( later to be referred to as the Byzantine Empire ) centred in Constantinople. The Western Roman Empire was repeatedly attacked by Germanic tribes ( see : Migration Period ), and in 476 finally fell to the Heruli chieftain Odoacer. Map showing Europe in 526 AD with the three dominating powers of the west Roman authority in the Western part of the empire had collapsed, and a power vacuum left in the wake of this collapse ; the central organization, institutions, laws and power of Rome had broken down, resulting in many areas being open to invasion by migrating tribes. Over time, feudalism and manorialism arose, two interlocking institutions that provided for division of land and labor, as well as a broad if uneven hierarchy of law and protection. These localised hierarchies were based on the bond of common people to the land on which they worked, and to a lord, who would provide and administer both local law to settle disputes among the peasants, as well as protection from outside invaders. Unlike under Roman rule, with its standard laws and military across the empire and its great bureaucracy to administer them and collect taxes, each lord ( although having obligations to a higher lord ) was largely sovereign in his domain. A peasant 's lot could vary greatly depending on the leadership skills and attitudes to justice of the lord toward his people. Tithes or rents were paid to the lord, who in turn owed resources, and armed men in times of war, to his lord, perhaps a regional prince. However, the levels of hierarchy were varied over time and place. The western provinces soon were to be dominated by three great powers : first, the Franks ( Merovingian dynasty ) in Francia 481 -- 843 AD, which covered much of present France and Germany ; second, the Visigothic kingdom 418 -- 711 AD in the Iberian Peninsula ( modern Spain ) ; and third, the Ostrogothic kingdom 493 -- 553 AD in Italy and parts of the western Balkans The Ostrogoths were later replaced by the Kingdom of the Lombards 568 -- 774 AD. These new powers of the west built upon the Roman traditions until they evolved into a synthesis of Roman and Germanic cultures. Although these powers covered large territories, they did not have the great resources and bureaucracy of the Roman empire to control regions and localities. The ongoing invasions and boundary disputes usually meant a more risky and varying life than that under the empire. This meant that in general more power and responsibilities were left to local lords. On the other hand, it also meant more freedom, particularly in more remote areas. In Italy, Theodoric the Great began the cultural romanization of the new world he had constructed. He made Ravenna a center of Romano - Greek culture of art and his court fostered a flowering of literature and philosophy in Latin. In Iberia, King Chindasuinth created the Visigothic Code. In the feudal system, new princes and kings arose, the most powerful of which was arguably the Frankish ruler Charlemagne. In 800, Charlemagne, reinforced by his massive territorial conquests, was crowned Emperor of the Romans ( Imperator Romanorum ) by Pope Leo III, effectively solidifying his power in western Europe. Charlemagne 's reign marked the beginning of a new Germanic Roman Empire in the west, the Holy Roman Empire. Outside his borders, new forces were gathering. The Kievan Rus ' were marking out their territory, a Great Moravia was growing, while the Angles and the Saxons were securing their borders. For the duration of the 6th century, the Eastern Roman Empire was embroiled in a series of deadly conflicts, first with the Persian Sassanid Empire ( see Roman -- Persian Wars ), followed by the onslaught of the arising Islamic Caliphate ( Rashidun and Umayyad ). By 650, the provinces of Egypt, Palestine and Syria were lost to the Muslim forces, followed by Hispania and southern Italy in the 7th and 8th centuries ( see Muslim conquests ). The Arab invasion from the east was stopped after the intervention of the Bulgarian Empire ( see Tervel of Bulgaria ). Middle Ages ( edit ) Main articles : Middle Ages and Medieval demography The Middle Ages are commonly dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire ( or by some scholars, before that ) in the 5th century to the beginning of the early modern period in the 16th century, marked by the rise of nation states, the division of Western Christianity in the Reformation, the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance, and the beginnings of European overseas expansion which allowed for the Columbian Exchange. Byzantium ( edit ) Main article : Byzantine Empire Constantine I and Justinian I offering their fealty to the Virgin Mary inside the Hagia Sophia Many consider Emperor Constantine I ( reigned 306 -- 337 ) to be the first `` Byzantine Emperor ''. It was he who moved the imperial capital in 324 from Nicomedia to Byzantium, which re-founded as Constantinople, or Nova Roma ( `` New Rome '' ). The city of Rome itself had not served as the capital since the reign of Diocletian. Some date the beginnings of the Empire to the reign of Theodosius I ( 379 -- 395 ) and Christianity 's official supplanting of the pagan Roman religion, or following his death in 395, when the empire was split into two parts, with capitals in Rome and Constantinople. Others place it yet later in 476, when Romulus Augustulus, traditionally considered the last western Emperor, was deposed, thus leaving sole imperial authority with the emperor in the Greek East. Others point to the reorganisation of the empire in the time of Heraclius ( c. 620 ) when Latin titles and usages were officially replaced with Greek versions. In any case, the changeover was gradual and by 330, when Constantine inaugurated his new capital, the process of hellenization and increasing Christianisation was already under way. The Empire is generally considered to have ended after the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic that afflicted the Byzantine Empire, including its capital Constantinople, in the years 541 -- 542. It is estimated that the Plague of Justinian killed as many as 100 million people across the world. It caused Europe 's population to drop by around 50 % between 541 and 700. It also may have contributed to the success of the Muslim conquests. Early Middle Ages ( edit ) Main articles : Early Middle Ages and Muslim Conquest The Early Middle Ages span roughly five centuries from 500 to 1000. From the 7th century Byzantine history was greatly affected by the rise of Islam and the Caliphates. Muslim Arabs first invaded historically Roman territory under Abū Bakr, first Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, who entered Roman Syria and Roman Mesopotamia. As the Byzantines and neighboring Sasanids were severely weakened by the time, amongst the most important reason ( s ) being the protracted, centuries - lasting and frequent Byzantine -- Sasanian wars, which included the climactic Byzantine -- Sasanian War of 602 -- 628, under Umar, the second Caliph, the Muslims entirely toppled the Sasanid Persian Empire, and decisively conquered Syria and Mesopotamia, as well as Roman Palestine, Roman Egypt, and parts of Asia Minor and Roman North Africa. In the mid 7th century AD, following the Muslim conquest of Persia, Islam penetrated into the Caucasus region, of which parts would later permanently become part of Russia. This trend, which included the conquests by the invading Muslim forces and by that the spread of Islam as well continued under Umar 's successors and under the Umayyad Caliphate, which conquered the rest of Mediterranean North Africa and most of the Iberian Peninsula. Over the next centuries Muslim forces were able to take further European territory, including Cyprus, Malta, Crete, and Sicily and parts of southern Italy. The Muslim conquest of Hispania began when the Moors ( Berbers and Arabs ) invaded the Christian Visigothic kingdom of Hispania in the year 711, under the Berber general Tariq ibn Ziyad. They landed at Gibraltar on 30 April and worked their way northward. Tariq 's forces were joined the next year by those of his Arab superior, Musa ibn Nusair. During the eight - year campaign most of the Iberian Peninsula was brought under Muslim rule -- save for small areas in the northwest ( Asturias ) and largely Basque regions in the Pyrenees. In 711, Visigothic Hispania was very weakened because it was immersed in a serious internal crisis caused by a war of succession to the throne involving two Visigoth suitors. The Muslims took advantage of the crisis that crossed the Hispano - Visigothic society to carry out their conquests. This territory, under the Arab name Al - Andalus, became part of the expanding Umayyad empire. The unsuccessful second siege of Constantinople ( 717 ) weakened the Umayyad dynasty and reduced their prestige. In 722 Don Pelayo, a nobleman of Visigothic origin, formed an army of 300 Astur soldiers, to confront Munuza 's Muslim troops. In the battle of Covadonga, the Astures defeated the Arab - Moors, who decided to retire. The Christian victory marked the beginning of the Reconquista and the establishment of the Kingdom of Asturias, whose first sovereign was Don Pelayo. The conquerors intended to continue their expansion in Europe and move northeast across the Pyrenees, but were defeated by the Frankish leader Charles Martel at the Battle of Poitiers in 732. The Umayyads were overthrown in 750 by the ' Abbāsids, and, in 756, the Umayyads established an independent emirate in the Iberian Peninsula. Feudal Christendom ( edit ) Main articles : Holy Roman Empire, Charlemagne, Christendom, Caliphate of Córdoba, Bulgarian Empire, Medieval England, Medieval Hungary, Medieval Poland, and Kievan Rus ' Europe in 1000, with most European states already formed Europe in 1204. The Holy Roman Empire emerged around 800, as Charlemagne, king of the Franks, was crowned by the pope as emperor. His empire based in modern France, the Low Countries and Germany expanded into modern Hungary, Italy, Bohemia, Lower Saxony and Spain. He and his father received substantial help from an alliance with the Pope, who wanted help against the Lombards. To the east, Bulgaria was established in 681 and became the first Slavic country. The powerful Bulgarian Empire was the main rival of Byzantium for control of the Balkans for centuries and from the 9th century became the cultural centre of Slavic Europe. The Empire created the Cyrillic script during the 10th century AD, at the Preslav Literary School. Two states, Great Moravia and Kievan Rus ', emerged among the Slavic peoples respectively in the 9th century. In the late 9th and 10th centuries, northern and western Europe felt the burgeoning power and influence of the Vikings who raided, traded, conquered and settled swiftly and efficiently with their advanced seagoing vessels such as the longships. The Hungarians pillaged mainland Europe, the Pechenegs raided Bulgaria, Rus States and the Arab states. In the 10th century independent kingdoms were established in Central Europe including Poland and the newly settled Kingdom of Hungary. The kingdoms of Croatia and Serbia also appeared in the Balkans. The subsequent period, ending around 1000, saw the further growth of feudalism, which weakened the Holy Roman Empire. In eastern Europe, Volga Bulgaria became an Islamic state in 921, after Almış I converted to Islam under the missionary efforts of Ahmad ibn Fadlan. Slavery in the early medieval period had mostly died out in western Europe by about the year 1000 AD, replaced by serfdom. It lingered longer in England and in peripheral areas linked to the Muslim world, where slavery continued to flourish. Church rules suppressed slavery of Christians. Most historians argue the transition was quite abrupt around 1000, but some see a gradual transition from about 300 to 1000. High Middle Ages ( edit ) Main article : High Middle Ages Europe in 1092 Europe in 1097, as the First Crusade to the Holy Land commences The slumber of the Dark Ages was shaken by a renewed crisis in the Church. In 1054, the East -- West Schism, an insoluble split, occurred between the two remaining Christian seats in Rome and Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ). The High Middle Ages of the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries show a rapidly increasing population of Europe, which caused great social and political change from the preceding era. By 1250, the robust population increase greatly benefited the economy, reaching levels it would not see again in some areas until the 19th century. From about the year 1000 onwards, Western Europe saw the last of the barbarian invasions and became more politically organized. The Vikings had settled in Britain, Ireland, France and elsewhere, whilst Norse Christian kingdoms were developing in their Scandinavian homelands. The Magyars had ceased their expansion in the 10th century, and by the year 1000, the Roman Catholic Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary was recognised in central Europe. With the brief exception of the Mongol invasions, major barbarian incursions ceased. In the 11th century, populations north of the Alps began to settle new lands, some of which had reverted to wilderness after the end of the Roman Empire. In what is known as the `` great clearances '', vast forests and marshes of Europe were cleared and cultivated. At the same time settlements moved beyond the traditional boundaries of the Frankish Empire to new frontiers in Europe, beyond the Elbe river, tripling the size of Germany in the process. Crusaders founded European colonies in the Levant, the majority of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered from the Muslims, and the Normans colonised southern Italy, all part of the major population increase and resettlement pattern. The High Middle Ages produced many different forms of intellectual, spiritual and artistic works. The most famous are the great cathedrals as expressions of Gothic architecture, which evolved from Romanesque architecture. This age saw the rise of modern nation - states in Western Europe and the ascent of the famous Italian city - states, such as Florence and Venice. The influential popes of the Catholic Church called volunteer armies from across Europe to a series of Crusades against the Seljuq Turks, who occupied the Holy Land. The rediscovery of the works of Aristotle led Thomas Aquinas and other thinkers to develop the philosophy of Scholasticism. A divided Church ( edit ) Main articles : East -- West Schism and Norman conquest of England The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings and the events leading to it The Great Schism between the Western ( Catholic ) and Eastern ( Orthodox ) Christian Churches was sparked in 1054 by Pope Leo IX asserting authority over three of the seats in the Pentarchy, in Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria. Since the mid-8th century, the Byzantine Empire 's borders had been shrinking in the face of Islamic expansion. Antioch had been wrested back into Byzantine control by 1045, but the resurgent power of the Roman successors in the West claimed a right and a duty for the lost seats in Asia and Africa. Pope Leo sparked a further dispute by defending the filioque clause in the Nicene Creed which the West had adopted customarily. The Orthodox today state that the XXVIIIth Canon of the Council of Chalcedon explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople. The Orthodox also state that the Bishop of Rome has authority only over his own diocese and does not have any authority outside his diocese. There were other less significant catalysts for the Schism however, including variance over liturgy. The Schism of Roman Catholic and Orthodox followed centuries of estrangement between the Latin and Greek worlds. Further changes were set afoot with a redivision of power in Europe. William the Conqueror, a Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066. The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history for several reasons. This linked England more closely with continental Europe through the introduction of a Norman aristocracy, thereby lessening Scandinavian influence. It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe and engendered a sophisticated governmental system. Being based on an island, moreover, England was to develop a powerful navy and trade relationships that would come to constitute a vast part of the world including India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and many key naval strategic points like Bermuda, Suez, Hong Kong and especially Gibraltar. These strategic advantages grew and were to prove decisive until after the Second World War. Holy wars ( edit ) Main articles : Crusades and Reconquista The Siege of Antioch, from a medieval miniature painting, during the First Crusade After the East -- West Schism, Western Christianity was adopted by the newly created kingdoms of Central Europe : Poland, Hungary and Bohemia. The Roman Catholic Church developed as a major power, leading to conflicts between the Pope and Emperor. The geographic reach of the Roman Catholic Church expanded enormously due to the conversions of pagan kings ( Scandinavia, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary ), the Christian Reconquista of Al - Andalus, and the crusades. Most of Europe was Roman Catholic in the 15th century. Early signs of the rebirth of civilization in western Europe began to appear in the 11th century as trade started again in Italy, leading to the economic and cultural growth of independent city - states such as Venice and Florence ; at the same time, nation - states began to take form in places such as France, England, Spain, and Portugal, although the process of their formation ( usually marked by rivalry between the monarchy, the aristocratic feudal lords and the church ) actually took several centuries. These new nation - states began writing in their own cultural vernaculars, instead of the traditional Latin. Notable figures of this movement would include Dante Alighieri and Christine de Pizan ( born Christina da Pizzano ), the former writing in Italian, and the latter, although an Italian ( Venice ), relocated to France, writing in French. ( See Reconquista for the latter two countries. ) Elsewhere, the Holy Roman Empire, essentially based in Germany and Italy, further fragmented into a myriad of feudal principalities or small city states, whose subjection to the emperor was only formal. The 13th and 14th centuries, when the Mongol Empire came to power, is often called the Age of the Mongols. Mongol armies expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan. Their western conquests included almost all of Russia ( save Novgorod, which became a vassal ), the Kipchak - Cuman Confederation, Hungary, and Poland ( which had remained a sovereign state ). Mongolian records indicate that Batu Khan was planning a complete conquest of the remaining European powers, beginning with a winter attack on Austria, Italy and Germany, when he was recalled to Mongolia upon the death of Great Khan Ögedei. Most historians believe only his death prevented the complete conquest of Europe. The areas of Eastern Europe and most of Central Asia that were under direct Mongol rule became known as the Golden Horde. Under Uzbeg Khan, Islam became the official religion of the region in the early 14th century. The invading Mongols, together with their mostly Turkic subjects, were known as Tatars. In Russia, the Tatars ruled the various states of the Rus ' through vassalage for over 300 years. `` Christianization of Lithuania in 1387 '', oil on canvas by Jan Matejko, 1889, Royal Castle in Warsaw In the Northern Europe, Konrad of Masovia gave Chelmno to the Teutonic Knights in 1226 as a base for a Crusade against the Old Prussians and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword were defeated by the Lithuanians, so in 1237 Gregory IX merged the remainder of the order into the Teutonic Order as the Livonian Order. By the middle of the century, the Teutonic Knights completed their conquest of the Prussians before conquering and converting the Lithuanians in the subsequent decades. The order also came into conflict with the Eastern Orthodox Church of the Pskov and Novgorod Republics. In 1240 the Orthodox Novgorod army defeated the Catholic Swedes in the Battle of the Neva, and, two years later, they defeated the Livonian Order in the Battle on the Ice. The Union of Krewo in 1386, bringing two major changes in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania : conversion to Catholicism and establishment of a dynastic union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland marked both the greatest territorial expansion of the Grand Duchy and the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. Late Middle Ages ( edit ) Main articles : Late Middle Ages, Lex mercatoria, Hundred Years ' War, and Fall of Constantinople The spread of the `` Black Death '' from 1347 to 1351 through Europe The Late Middle Ages span the 14th and 15th centuries. Around 1300, centuries of European prosperity and growth came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, such as the Great Famine of 1315 -- 1317 and the Black Death killed people in a matter of days, reducing the population of some areas by half as many survivors fled. Kishlansky reports : The Black Death touched every aspect of life, hastening a process of social, economic, and cultural transformation already underway... Fields were abandoned, workplaces stood idle, international trade was suspended. Traditional bonds of kinship, village and even religion were broken and the horrors of death, flight, and failed expectations. `` People cared no more for dead men than we care for dead goats, '' wrote one survivor. Depopulation caused labor to become scarcer ; the survivors were better paid and peasants could drop some of the burdens of feudalism. There was also social unrest ; France and England experienced serious peasant risings including the Jacquerie and the Peasants ' Revolt. At the same time, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Great Schism. Collectively these events have been called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages. Beginning in the 14th century, the Baltic Sea became one of the most important trade routes. The Hanseatic League, an alliance of trading cities, facilitated the absorption of vast areas of Poland, Lithuania and Livonia into trade with other European countries. This fed the growth of powerful states in this part of Europe including Poland - Lithuania, Hungary, Bohemia, and Muscovy later on. The conventional end of the Middle Ages is usually associated with the fall of the city of Constantinople and of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Turks made the city the capital of their Ottoman Empire, which lasted until 1922 and included Egypt, Syria and most of the Balkans. The Ottoman wars in Europe, also sometimes referred to as the Turkish wars, marked an essential part of the history of the continent as a whole. Early modern Europe ( edit ) Main articles : Early modern Europe ; Scientific revolution ; and International relations, 1648 -- 1814 Genoese ( red ) and Venetian ( green ) maritime trade routes in the Mediterranean and Black Sea The Early Modern period spans the centuries between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution, roughly from 1500 to 1800, or from the discovery of the New World in 1492 to the French Revolution in 1789. The period is characterised by the rise to importance of science and increasingly rapid technological progress, secularised civic politics and the nation state. Capitalist economies began their rise, beginning in northern Italian republics such as Genoa. The early modern period also saw the rise and dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism. As such, the early modern period represents the decline and eventual disappearance, in much of the European sphere, of feudalism, serfdom and the power of the Catholic Church. The period includes the Protestant Reformation, the disastrous Thirty Years ' War, the European colonisation of the Americas and the European witch - hunts. Renaissance ( edit ) Main article : Renaissance Portrait of Luca Pacioli, the founder of accounting, by Jacopo de ' Barbari ( Museo di Capodimonte ). Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress within the arts and sciences. A renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman as well as more recent Arabic texts led to what has later been termed the Italian Renaissance. The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the north, west and middle Europe during a cultural lag of some two and a half centuries, its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, history, religion, and other aspects of intellectual enquiry. The Italian Petrarch ( Francesco di Petracco ), deemed the first full - blooded Humanist, wrote in the 1330s : `` I am alive now, yet I would rather have been born in another time. '' He was enthusiastic about Greek and Roman antiquity. In the 15th and 16th centuries the continuing enthusiasm for the ancients was reinforced by the feeling that the inherited culture was dissolving and here was a storehouse of ideas and attitudes with which to rebuild. Matteo Palmieri wrote in the 1430s : `` Now indeed may every thoughtful spirit thank god that it has been permitted to him to be born in a new age. '' The renaissance was born : a new age where learning was very important. The Renaissance was inspired by the growth in study of Latin and Greek texts and the admiration of the Greco - Roman era as a golden age. This prompted many artists and writers to begin drawing from Roman and Greek examples for their works, but there was also much innovation in this period, especially by multi-faceted artists such as Leonardo da Vinci. The Humanists saw their repossession of a great past as a Renaissance -- a rebirth of civilization itself. Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 -- 1519 ), famed for the diversity of his talents. Important political precedents were also set in this period. Niccolò Machiavelli 's political writing in The Prince influenced later absolutism and real - politik. Also important were the many patrons who ruled states and used the artistry of the Renaissance as a sign of their power. In all, the Renaissance could be viewed as an attempt by intellectuals to study and improve the secular and worldly, both through the revival of ideas from antiquity, and through novel approaches to thought -- the immediate past being too `` Gothic '' in language, thought and sensibility. During this period, Spain experienced the greatest epoch of cultural splendor in its history. This epoch is known as the Spanish Golden age and took place between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Exploration and trade ( edit ) Main article : Age of Discovery Cantino planisphere, 1502, earliest chart showing explorations by Gama, Columbus and Cabral Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began. The growth of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the fall of Constantinople in 1453, cut off trading possibilities with the east. Western Europe was forced to discover new trading routes, as happened with Columbus ' travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama 's circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. The numerous wars did not prevent European states from exploring and conquering wide portions of the world, from Africa to Asia and the newly discovered Americas. In the 15th century, Portugal led the way in geographical exploration along the coast of Africa in search of a maritime route to India, followed by Spain near the close of the 15th century, dividing their exploration of the world according to the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. They were the first states to set up colonies in America and European trading posts ( factories ) along the shores of Africa and Asia, establishing the first direct European diplomatic contacts with Southeast Asian states in 1511, China in 1513 and Japan in 1542. In 1552, Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible conquered two major Tatar khanates, the Khanate of Kazan and the Astrakhan Khanate. The Yermak 's voyage of 1580 led to the annexation of the Tatar Siberian Khanate into Russia, and the Russians would soon after conquer the rest of Siberia, steadily expanding to the east and south over the next centuries. Oceanic explorations soon followed by France, England and the Netherlands, who explored the Portuguese and Spanish trade routes into the Pacific Ocean, reaching Australia in 1606 and New Zealand in 1642. Reformation ( edit ) Main article : Protestant Reformation The Ninety - Five Theses of German monk Martin Luther, which criticized the Catholic Church Map of Europe in 1648 With the development of the printing press, new ideas spread throughout Europe and challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology. Simultaneously, the Protestant Reformation under German Martin Luther questioned Papal authority. The most common dating of the Reformation begins in 1517, when Luther published The Ninety - Five Theses, and concludes in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars. During this period corruption in the Catholic Church led to a sharp backlash in the Protestant Reformation. It gained many followers especially among princes and kings seeking a stronger state by ending the influence of the Catholic Church. Figures other than Martin Luther began to emerge as well like John Calvin whose Calvinism had influence in many countries and King Henry VIII of England who broke away from the Catholic Church in England and set up the Anglican Church ; his daughter Queen Elizabeth finished the organization of the church. These religious divisions brought on a wave of wars inspired and driven by religion but also by the ambitious monarchs in Western Europe who were becoming more centralised and powerful. The Protestant Reformation also led to a strong reform movement in the Catholic Church called the Counter-Reformation, which aimed to reduce corruption as well as to improve and strengthen Catholic dogma. Two important groups in the Catholic Church who emerged from this movement were the Jesuits, who helped keep Spain, Portugal, Poland and other European countries within the Catholic fold, and the Oratorians of Saint Philip Neri, who ministered to the faithful in Rome, restoring their confidence in the Church of Jesus Christ that subsisted substantially in the Church of Rome. Still, the Catholic Church was somewhat weakened by the Reformation, portions of Europe were no longer under its sway and kings in the remaining Catholic countries began to take control of the church institutions within their kingdoms. Unlike many European countries, the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth and Hungary were more tolerant. While still enforcing the predominance of Catholicism, they continued to allow the large religious minorities to maintain their faiths, traditions and customs. The Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth became divided among Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox, Jews and a small Muslim population. Another important development in this period was the growth of pan-European sentiments. Eméric Crucé ( 1623 ) came up with the idea of the European Council, intended to end wars in Europe ; attempts to create lasting peace were no success, although all European countries ( except the Russian and Ottoman Empires, regarded as foreign ) agreed to make peace in 1518 at the Treaty of London. Many wars broke out again in a few years. The Reformation also made European peace impossible for many centuries. Europa regina, 1570 print by Sebastian Münster of Basel Another development was the idea of ' European superiority '. The ideal of civilisation was taken over from the ancient Greeks and Romans : Discipline, education and living in the city were required to make people civilised ; Europeans and non-Europeans were judged for their civility, and Europe regarded itself as superior to other continents. There was a movement by some such as Montaigne that regarded the non-Europeans as a better, more natural and primitive people. Post services were founded all over Europe, which allowed a humanistic interconnected network of intellectuals across Europe, despite religious divisions. However, the Roman Catholic Church banned many leading scientific works ; this led to an intellectual advantage for Protestant countries, where the banning of books was regionally organised. Francis Bacon and other advocates of science tried to create unity in Europe by focusing on the unity in nature. In the 15th century, at the end of the Middle Ages, powerful sovereign states were appearing, built by the New Monarchs who were centralising power in France, England, and Spain. On the other hand, the Parliament in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth grew in power, taking legislative rights from the Polish king. The new state power was contested by parliaments in other countries especially England. New kinds of states emerged which were co-operation agreements among territorial rulers, cities, farmer republics and knights. Alberico Gentili, the Father of international law. Mercantilism and colonial expansion ( edit ) Main article : Mercantilism Animated map showing the evolution of Colonial empires from 1492 to the present The Iberian states ( Spain and Portugal ) were able to dominate New World ( American ) colonial activity in the 16th century. The Spanish constituted the first global empire and during the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century, Spain was the most powerful nation in the world, but was increasingly challenged by British, French, and the short - lived Dutch and Swedish colonial efforts of the 17th and 18th centuries. New forms of trade and expanding horizons made new forms of government, law and eco nomics necessary. Colonial expansion continued in the following centuries ( with some setbacks, such as successful wars of independence in the British American colonies and then later Haiti, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, and others amid European turmoil of the Napoleonic Wars ; Haiti unique in abolishing slavery ). Spain had control of a large part of North America, all of Central America and a great part of South America, the Caribbean and the Philippines ; Britain took the whole of Australia and New Zealand, most of India, and large parts of Africa and North America ; France held parts of Canada and India ( nearly all of which was lost to Britain in 1763 ), Indochina, large parts of Africa and the Caribbean islands ; the Netherlands gained the East Indies ( now Indonesia ) and islands in the Caribbean ; Portugal obtained Brazil and several territories in Africa and Asia ; and later, powers such as Germany, Belgium, Italy and Russia acquired further colonies. This expansion helped the economy of the countries owning them. Trade flourished, because of the minor stability of the empires. By the late 16th century, American silver accounted for one - fifth of Spain 's total budget. The European countries fought wars that were largely paid for by the money coming in from the colonies. Nevertheless, the profits of the slave trade and of plantations of the West Indies, then the most profitable of all the British colonies, amounted to less than 5 % of the British Empire 's economy ( but was generally more profitable ) at the time of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century. Crisis of the 17th century ( edit ) Contemporary woodcut depicting the Second Defenestration of Prague ( 1618 ), which marked the beginning of the Bohemian Revolt, which began the first part of the Thirty Years ' War. Further information : The General Crisis The 17th century was an era of crisis. Many historians have rejected the idea, while others promote it as an invaluable insight into the warfare, politics, economics, and even art. The Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 -- 1648 ) focused attention on the massive horrors that wars could bring to entire populations. The 1640s in particular saw more state breakdowns around the world than any previous or subsequent period. The Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth, the largest state in Europe, temporarily disappeared. In addition, there were secessions and upheavals in several parts of the Spanish empire, the world 's first global empire. In Britain the entire Stuart monarchy ( England, Scotland, Ireland, and its North American colonies ) rebelled. Political insurgency and a spate of popular revolts seldom equalled shook the foundations of most states in Europe and Asia. More wars took place around the world in the mid-17th century than in almost any other period of recorded history. The crises spread far beyond Europe -- for example Ming China, the most populous state in the world, collapsed. Across the Northern Hemisphere, the mid-17th century experienced almost unprecedented death rates. Geoffrey Parker, a British historian, suggests that environmental factors may have been in part to blame, especially global cooling. Age of absolutism ( edit ) Further information : Political absolutism and International relations, 1648 -- 1814 Maria Theresa being crowned Queen of Hungary, St. Martin 's Cathedral, Bratislava. The `` absolute '' rule of powerful monarchs such as Louis XIV ( ruled France 1643 -- 1715 ), Peter the Great ( ruled Russia 1682 -- 1725 ), Maria Theresa ( ruled Habsburg lands 1740 -- 1780 ) and Frederick the Great ( ruled Prussia 1740 -- 86 ), produced powerful centralized states, with strong armies and powerful bureaucracies, all under the control of the king. Throughout the early part of this period, capitalism ( through mercantilism ) was replacing feudalism as the principal form of economic organisation, at least in the western half of Europe. The expanding colonial frontiers resulted in a Commercial Revolution. The period is noted for the rise of modern science and the application of its findings to technological improvements, which animated the Industrial Revolution after 1750. The Reformation had profound effects on the unity of Europe. Not only were nations divided one from another by their religious orientation, but some states were torn apart internally by religious strife, avidly fostered by their external enemies. France suffered this fate in the 16th century in the series of conflicts known as the French Wars of Religion, which ended in the triumph of the Bourbon Dynasty. England avoided this fate for a while and settled down under Elizabeth to a moderate Anglicanism. Much of modern - day Germany was made up of numerous small sovereign states under the theoretical framework of the Holy Roman Empire, which was further divided along internally drawn sectarian lines. The Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth is notable in this time for its religious indifference and a general immunity to the horrors of European religious strife. Thirty years ' War 1618 -- 1648 ( edit ) The Thirty Years ' War was fought between 1618 and 1648, across Germany and neighboring areas, and involved most of the major European powers except England and Russia. Beginning as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Bohemia, it quickly developed into a general war involving Catholics versus Protestants for the most part. The major impact of the war, in which mercenary armies were extensively used, was the devastation of entire regions scavenged bare by the foraging armies. Episodes of widespread famine and disease, and the breakup of family life, devastated the population of the German states and, to a lesser extent, the Low Countries, Bohemia and Italy, while bankrupting many of the regional powers involved. Between one - fourth and one - third of the German population perished from direct military causes or from disease and starvation, as well as postponed births. After the Peace of Westphalia, Europe 's borders were still stable in 1708 After the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the war in favour of nations deciding their own religious allegiance, absolutism became the norm of the continent, while parts of Europe experimented with constitutions foreshadowed by the English Civil War and particularly the Glorious Revolution. European military conflict did not cease, but had less disruptive effects on the lives of Europeans. In the advanced northwest, the Enlightenment gave a philosophical underpinning to the new outlook, and the continued spread of literacy, made possible by the printing press, created new secular forces in thought. Map of Europe in 1794 Samuel Dunn Map of the World From the Union of Krewo ( 1385 ) central and eastern Europe was dominated by Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the 16th and 17th centuries Central and Eastern Europe was an arena of conflict for domination of the continent between Sweden, the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. The Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth continued dominance central and eastern Europe until series of wars : Khmelnytsky Uprising, Russo - Polish War and the Deluge. This period saw a gradual decline of these three powers which were eventually replaced by new enlightened absolutist monarchies : Russia, Prussia and Austria. By the turn of the 19th century they had become new powers, having divided Poland between themselves, with Sweden and Turkey having experienced substantial territorial losses to Russia and Austria respectively as well as pauperisation. War of the Spanish Succession ( edit ) The War of the Spanish Succession ( 1701 -- 1715 ) was a major war with France opposed by a coalition of England, the Netherlands, the Austrian Empire, and Prussia. Duke of Marlborough commander the English and Dutch victory at the Battle Blenheim in 1704. The main issue was whether France under King Louis XIV would take control of Spain 's very extensive possessions and thereby become by far the dominant power, or be forced to share power with other major nations. After initial allied successes, the long war produced a military stalemate and ended with the Treaty of Utrecht, which was based on a balance of power in Europe. Historian Russell Weigley argues that the many wars almost never accomplished more than they cost. British historian G.M. Trevelyan argues : That Treaty ( of Utrecht ), which ushered in the stable and characteristic period of Eighteenth - Century civilization, marked the end of danger to Europe from the old French monarchy, and it marked a change of no less significance to the world at large, -- the maritime, commercial and financial supremacy of Great Britain. Prussia ( edit ) Frederick the Great, king of Prussia 1740 -- 86, modernized the Prussian army, introduced new tactical and strategic concepts, fought mostly successful wars and doubled the size of Prussia. Frederick had a rationale based on Enlightenment thought : he fought total wars for limited objectives. The goal was to convince rival kings that it was better to negotiate and make peace than to fight him. Russia ( edit ) Russia with its numerous wars and rapid expansion was in a continuous state of financial crisis, which it covered by borrowing from Amsterdam and issuing paper money that caused inflation. Russia boasted a large and powerful army, a very large and complex internal bureaucracy, and a splendid court that rivaled Paris and London. However the government was living far beyond its means and seized Church lands, leaving organized religion in a weak condition. Throughout the 18th century Russia remained `` a poor, backward, overwhelmingly agricultural, and illiterate country. '' Enlightenment ( edit ) Main article : Age of Enlightenment The Enlightenment was a powerful, widespread cultural movement of intellectuals beginning in late 17th - century Europe emphasizing the power of reason rather than tradition ; it was especially favourable to science ( especially Isaac Newton 's physics ) and hostile to religious orthodoxy ( especially of the Catholic Church ). It sought to analyze and reform society using reason, to challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and to advance knowledge through the scientific method. It promoted scientific thought, skepticism, and intellectual interchange. The Enlightenment was a revolution in human thought. This new way of thinking was that rational thought begins with clearly stated principles, uses correct logic to arrive at conclusions, tests the conclusions against evidence, and then revises the principles in the light of the evidence. Enlightenment thinkers opposed superstition. Some Enlightenment thinkers collaborated with Enlightened despots, absolutist rulers who attempted to forcibly impose some of the new ideas about government into practice. The ideas of the Enlightenment exerted significant influence on the culture, politics, and governments of Europe. Originating in the 17th century, it was sparked by philosophers Francis Bacon ( 1562 -- 1626 ), Baruch Spinoza ( 1632 -- 1677 ), John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ), Pierre Bayle ( 1647 -- 1706 ), Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1778 ), Francis Hutcheson, ( 1694 -- 1746 ), David Hume ( 1711 -- 1776 ) and physicist Isaac Newton ( 1643 -- 1727 ). Ruling princes often endorsed and fostered these figures and even attempted to apply their ideas of government in what was known as enlightened absolutism. The Scientific Revolution is closely tied to the Enlightenment, as its discoveries overturned many traditional concepts and introduced new perspectives on nature and man 's place within it. The Enlightenment flourished until about 1790 -- 1800, at which point the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on reason, gave way to Romanticism, which placed a new emphasis on emotion ; a Counter-Enlightenment began to increase in prominence. The Romantics argued that the Enlightenment was reductionistic insofar as it had largely ignored the forces of imagination, mystery, and sentiment. In France, Enlightenment was based in the salons and culminated in the great Encyclopédie ( 1751 -- 72 ) edited by Denis Diderot ( 1713 -- 1784 ) and ( until 1759 ) Jean le Rond d'Alembert ( 1717 -- 1783 ) with contributions by hundreds of leading intellectuals who were called philosophes, notably Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1778 ), Rousseau ( 1712 -- 1778 ) and Montesquieu ( 1689 -- 1755 ). Some 25,000 copies of the 35 volume encyclopedia were sold, half of them outside France. These new intellectual strains would spread to urban centres across Europe, notably England, Scotland, the German states, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Italy, Austria, and Spain, as well as Britain 's American colonies. The political ideals of the Enlightenment influenced the American Declaration of Independence, the United States Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and the Polish -- Lithuanian Constitution of May 3, 1791. Taking a long - term historical perspective, Norman Davies has argued that Freemasonry was a powerful force on behalf of Liberalism and Enlightenment ideas in Europe, from about 1700 to the 20th century. It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment, reaching practically every country in Europe. It was especially attractive to royalty, powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists. Its great enemy was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Austria, Spain ( and Mexico ), much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between the Church and Freemasonry. Twentieth century totalitarian movements, especially the Fascists and Communists, crushed the Freemasons. From Revolution to imperialism ( 1789 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) See also : 19th century and International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) The boundaries set by the Congress of Vienna, 1815. The `` long 19th century '', from 1789 to 1914 saw the drastic social, political and economic changes initiated by the Industrial Revolution, the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Following the reorganisation of the political map of Europe at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Europe experienced the rise of Nationalism, the rise of the Russian Empire and the peak of the British Empire, which was paralleled by the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Finally, the rise of the German Empire and the Austro - Hungarian Empire initiated the course of events that culminated in the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Industrial Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Industrial Revolution London 's chimney sky in 1870, by Gustave Doré The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th century and early 19th century when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transport affected socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain and subsequently spread throughout Europe and North America and eventually the world, a process that continues as industrialisation. Technological advancements, most notably the invention of the steam engine by Scottish engineer James Watt, were major catalysts in the industrialisation of Britain and, later, the wider world. It started in England and Scotland in the mid-18th century with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron - making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways. The introduction of steam power ( fuelled primarily by coal ) and powered machinery ( mainly in textile manufacturing ) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity. The development of all - metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world. The impact of this change on society was enormous. Era of the French Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : American Revolution, French Revolution, and Napoleonic Wars Historians R.R. Palmer and Joel Colton argue : In 1789 France fell into revolution, and the world has never since been the same. The French Revolution was by far the most momentous upheaval of the whole revolutionary age. It replaced the `` old regime '' with `` modern society, '' and at its extreme phase became very radical, so much so that all later revolutionary movements have looked back to it as a predecessor to themselves... From the 1760s to 1848, the role of France was decisive. The era of the French Revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic wars was a difficult time for monarchs. Tsar Paul I of Russia was assassinated ; King Louis XVI of France was executed, as was his queen Marie Antoinette. Furthermore, kings Charles IV of Spain, Ferdinand VII of Spain and Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden were deposed as were ultimately the Emperor Napoleon and all of the relatives he had installed on various European thrones. King Frederick William III of Prussia and Emperor Francis II of Austria barely clung to their thrones. King George III of England lost the better part of his empire. The American Revolution ( 1775 -- 1783 ) was the first successful revolt of a colony against a European power. It proclaimed, in the words of Thomas Jefferson, that `` all men are created equal, '' a position based on the principles of the Enlightenment. It rejected aristocracy and established a republican form of government under George Washington that attracted worldwide attention. The French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1804 ) was a product of the same democratic forces in the Atlantic World and had an even greater impact. French historian François Aulard says : From the social point of view, the Revolution consisted in the suppression of what was called the feudal system, in the emancipation of the individual, in greater division of landed property, the abolition of the privileges of noble birth, the establishment of equality, the simplification of life... The French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national, for it aimed at benefiting all humanity. '' The storming of the Bastille in the French Revolution of 1789 French intervention in the American Revolutionary War had nearly bankrupted the state. After repeated failed attempts at financial reform, King Louis XVI had to convene the Estates - General, a representative body of the country made up of three estates : the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. The third estate, joined by members of the other two, declared itself to be a National Assembly and swore an oath not to dissolve until France had a constitution and created, in July, the National Constituent Assembly. At the same time the people of Paris revolted, famously storming the Bastille prison on 14 July 1789. At the time the assembly wanted to create a constitutional monarchy, and over the following two years passed various laws including the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the abolition of feudalism, and a fundamental change in the relationship between France and Rome. At first the king agreed with these changes and enjoyed reasonable popularity with the people. As anti-royalism increased along with threat of foreign invasion, the king tried to flee and join France 's enemies. He was captured and on 12 January 1793, having been convicted of treason, he was guillotined. On 20 September 1792 the National Convention abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic. Due to the emergency of war, the National Convention created the Committee of Public Safety, controlled by Maximilien de Robespierre of the Jacobin Club, to act as the country 's executive. Under Robespierre, the committee initiated the Reign of Terror, during which up to 40,000 people were executed in Paris, mainly nobles and those convicted by the Revolutionary Tribunal, often on the flimsiest of evidence. Internal tensions at Paris drove the Committee towards increasing assertions of radicalism and increasing suspicions, fueling new terror : A few months into this phase, more and more prominent revolutionaries were being sent to the guillotine by Robespierre and his faction, for example Madame Roland and Georges Danton. Elsewhere in the country, counter-revolutionary insurrections were brutally suppressed. The regime was overthrown in the coup of 9 Thermidor ( 27 July 1794 ) and Robespierre was executed. The regime which followed ended the Terror and relaxed Robespierre 's more extreme policies. The Battle of Waterloo, where Napoleon was defeated by the Seventh Coalition in 1815 Napoleon ( edit ) Napoleon Bonaparte was one of the world 's most famous soldiers and statesmen, leading France to great victories over numerous European enemies. Despite modest origins he became Emperor and restructured much of European diplomacy, politics and law, until he was forced to abdicate in 1814. His 100 - day comeback in 1815 failed at the Battle of Waterloo, and he died in exile on a remote island, remembered as a great hero by many Frenchmen and as a great villain by British and other enemies. Napoleon, despite his youth, was France 's most successful general in the Revolutionary wars, having conquered large parts of Italy and forced the Austrians to sue for peace. In 1799 on 18 Brumaire ( 9 November ) he overthrew the feeble government, replacing it with the Consulate, which he dominated. He gained popularity in France by restoring the Church, keeping taxes low, centralizing power in Paris, and winning glory on the battlefield. In 1804 he crowned himself Emperor. In 1805, Napoleon planned to invade Britain, but a renewed British alliance with Russia and Austria ( Third Coalition ), forced him to turn his attention towards the continent, while at the same time the French fleet was demolished by the British at the Battle of Trafalgar, ending any plan to invade Britain. On 2 December 1805, Napoleon defeated a numerically superior Austro - Russian army at Austerlitz, forcing Austria 's withdrawal from the coalition ( see Treaty of Pressburg ) and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, a Fourth Coalition was set up. On 14 October Napoleon defeated the Prussians at the Battle of Jena - Auerstedt, marched through Germany and defeated the Russians on 14 June 1807 at Friedland. The Treaties of Tilsit divided Europe between France and Russia and created the Duchy of Warsaw. Napoleon 's army at the retreat from Russia at the Berezina river On 12 June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with a Grande Armée of nearly 700,000 troops. After the measured victories at Smolensk and Borodino Napoleon occupied Moscow, only to find it burned by the retreating Russian army. He was forced to withdraw. On the march back his army was harassed by Cossacks, and suffered disease and starvation. Only 20,000 of his men survived the campaign. By 1813 the tide had begun to turn from Napoleon. Having been defeated by a seven nation army at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, he was forced to abdicate after the Six Days ' Campaign and the occupation of Paris. Under the Treaty of Fontainebleau he was exiled to the island of Elba. He returned to France on 1 March 1815 ( see Hundred Days ), raised an army, but was finally defeated by a British and Prussian force at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815 and exiled to a small British island in the South Atlantic. Impact of the French Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Influence of the French Revolution Roberts finds that the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, from 1793 to 1815, caused 4 million deaths ( of whom 1 million were civilians ) ; 1.4 million were French deaths. Outside France the Revolution had a major impact. Its ideas became widespread. Roberts argues that Napoleon was responsible for key ideas of the modern world, so that, `` meritocracy, equality before the law, property rights, religious toleration, modern secular education, sound finances, and so on - were protected, consolidated, codified, and geographically extended by Napoleon during his 16 years of power. '' Furthermore, the French armies in the 1790s and 1800s directly overthrew feudal remains in much of western Europe. They liberalised property laws, ended seigneurial dues, abolished the guild of merchants and craftsmen to facilitate entrepreneurship, legalised of divorce, closed the Jewish ghettos and made Jews equal to everyone else. The Inquisition ended as did the Holy Roman Empire. The power of church courts and religious authority was sharply reduced and equality under the law was proclaimed for all men. In foreign affairs, the French Army down to 1812 was quite successful. Roberts says that Napoleon fought 60 battles, losing only seven. France conquered Belgium and turned it into another province of France. It conquered the Netherlands, and made it a puppet state. It took control of the German areas on the left bank of the Rhine River and set up a puppet regime. It conquered Switzerland and most of Italy, setting up a series of puppet states. The result was glory for France, and an infusion of much needed money from the conquered lands, which also provided direct support to the French Army. However the enemies of France, led by Britain and funded by the inexhaustible British Treasury, formed a Second Coalition in 1799 ( with Britain joined by Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Austria ). It scored a series of victories that rolled back French successes, and trapped the French Army in Egypt. Napoleon himself slipped through the British blockade in October 1799, returning to Paris, where he overthrew the government and made himself the ruler. Napoleon conquered most of Italy in the name of the French Revolution in 1797 -- 99. He consolidated old units and split up Austria 's holdings. He set up a series of new republics, complete with new codes of law and abolition of old feudal privileges. Napoleon 's Cisalpine Republic was centered on Milan ; Genoa became a republic ; the Roman Republic was formed as well as the small Ligurian Republic around Genoa. The Neapolitan Republic was formed around Naples, but it lasted only five months. He later formed the Kingdom of Italy, with his brother as King. In addition, France turned the Netherlands into the Batavian Republic, and Switzerland into the Helvetic Republic. All these new countries were satellites of France, and had to pay large subsidies to Paris, as well as provide military support for Napoleon 's wars. Their political and administrative systems were modernized, the metric system introduced, and trade barriers reduced. Jewish ghettos were abolished. Belgium and Piedmont became integral parts of France. Most of the new nations were abolished and returned to prewar owners in 1814. However, Artz emphasizes the benefits the Italians gained from the French Revolution : For nearly two decades the Italians had the excellent codes of law, a fair system of taxation, a better economic situation, and more religious and intellectual toleration than they had known for centuries... Everywhere old physical, economic, and intellectual barriers had been thrown down and the Italians had begun to be aware of a common nationality. Likewise in Switzerland the long - term impact of the French Revolution has been assessed by Martin : It proclaimed the equality of citizens before the law, equality of languages, freedom of thought and faith ; it created a Swiss citizenship, basis of our modern nationality, and the separation of powers, of which the old regime had no conception ; it suppressed internal tariffs and other economic restraints ; it unified weights and measures, reformed civil and penal law, authorized mixed marriages ( between Catholics and Protestants ), suppressed torture and improved justice ; it developed education and public works. The greatest impact came of course in France itself. In addition to effects similar to those in Italy and Switzerland, France saw the introduction of the principle of legal equality, and the downgrading of the once powerful and rich Catholic Church to just a bureau controlled by the government. Power became centralized in Paris, with its strong bureaucracy and an army supplied by conscripting all young men. French politics were permanently polarized -- new names were given, `` left '' and `` right '' for the supporters and opponents of the principles of the Revolution. British historian Max Hastings says there is no question that as a military genius Napoleon ranks with Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar in greatness. However, in the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was `` an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or, instead, a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler ''. Religion ( edit ) Main article : Christianity in the 19th century Protestantism ( edit ) Historian Kenneth Scott Latourette argues that the outlook for Protestantism at the start of the 19th century was discouraging. It was a regional religion based in northwestern Europe, with an outpost in the sparsely settled United States. It was closely allied with government, as in Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Prussia, and especially Great Britain. The alliance came at the expense of independence, as the government made the basic policy decisions, down to such details as the salaries of ministers and location of new churches. The dominant intellectual currents of the Enlightenment promoted rationalism, and most Protestant leaders preached a sort of deism. Intellectually, the new methods of historical and anthropological study undermine automatic acceptance of biblical stories, as did the sciences of geology and biology. Industrialization was a strongly negative factor, as workers who moved to the city seldom joined churches. The gap between the church and the unchurched grew rapidly, and secular forces, based both in socialism and liberalism undermine the prestige of religion. Despite the negative forces, Protestantism demonstrated a striking vitality by 1900. Shrugging off Enlightenment rationalism, Protestants embraced romanticism, with the stress on the personal and the invisible. Entirely fresh ideas as expressed by Friedrich Schleiermacher, Soren Kierkegaard, Albrecht Ritschl and Adolf von Harnack restored the intellectual power of theology. There was more attention to historic creeds such as the Augsburg, the Heidelberg, and the Westminster confessions. In England, Anglicans emphasize the historically Catholic components of their heritage, as the High Church element reintroduced vestments and incense into their rituals. The stirrings of pietism on the Continent, and evangelicalism in Britain expanded enormously, leading the devout away from an emphasis on formality and ritual and toward an inner sensibility toward personal relationship to Christ. Social activities, in education and in opposition to social vices such as slavery, alcoholism and poverty provided new opportunities for social service. Above all, worldwide missionary activity became a highly prized goal, proving quite successful in close cooperation with the imperialism of the British, German, and Dutch empires. Nations rising ( edit ) Main articles : International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ), Serbian Revolution, Italian unification, Revolutions of 1848, and Greek War of Independence Cheering the Revolutions of 1848 in Berlin Emerging nationalism ( edit ) Further information : Nationalism The political development of nationalism and the push for popular sovereignty culminated with the ethnic / national revolutions of Europe. During the 19th century nationalism became one of the most significant political and social forces in history ; it is typically listed among the top causes of World War I. Napoleon 's conquests of the German and Italian states around 1800 -- 1806 played a major role in stimulating nationalism and the demands for national unity. Germany ( edit ) In the German states east of Prussia Napoleon abolished many of the old or medieval relics, such as dissolving the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. He imposed rational legal systems and demonstrated how dramatic changes were possible. For example, his organization of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806 promoted a feeling of nationalism. Nationalists sought to encompass masculinity in their quest for strength and unity. In the 1860s it was Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck who achieved German unification in 1870 after the many smaller states followed Prussia 's leadership in wars against Denmark, Austria and France. Italy ( edit ) Italian nationalism emerged in the 19th century and was the driving force for Italian unification or the `` Risorgimento '' ( meaning the Resurgence or revival ). It was the political and intellectual movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860. The memory of the Risorgimento is central to both Italian nationalism and Italian historiography. Beginning in 1821, the Greek War of Independence began as a rebellion by Greek revolutionaries against the ruling Ottoman Empire. Greece ( edit ) Main article : Greek War of Independence The Greek drive for independence from the Ottoman Empire inspired supporters across Christian Europe, especially in Britain. France, Russia and Britain intervened to make this nationalist dream become reality. Serbia ( edit ) Main article : History of Serbia Breakup of Yugoslavia For centuries the Orthodox Christian Serbs were ruled by the Muslim - controlled Ottoman Empire. The success of the Serbian revolution against Ottoman rule in 1817 marked the foundation of modern Principality of Serbia. It achieved de facto independence in 1867 and finally gained recognition by the Great Powers in the Berlin Congress of 1878. The Serbs developed a larger vision for nationalism in Pan-Slavism and with Russian support sought to pull the other Slavs out of the Austro - Hungarian Empire. Austria, with German backing, tried to crush Serbia in 1914 but Russia intervened, thus igniting the First World War in which Austria dissolved into nation states. In 1918, the region of Vojvodina proclaimed its secession from Austria - Hungary to unite with the pan-Slavic State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs ; the Kingdom of Serbia joined the union on 1 December 1918, and the country was named Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. It was renamed Yugoslavia, which was never able to tame the multiple nationalities and religions and it flew apart in civil war in the 1990s. Poland ( edit ) Main article : History of Poland The cause of Polish nationalism was repeatedly frustrated before 1918. In the 1790s, Germany, Russia and Austria partitioned Poland. Napoleon set up the Duchy of Warsaw, a new Polish state that ignited a spirit of nationalism. Russia took it over in 1815 as Congress Poland with the tsar as King of Poland. Large - scale nationalist revolts erupted in 1830 and 1863 -- 64 but were harshly crushed by Russia, which tried to Russify the Polish language, culture and religion. The collapse of the Russian Empire in the First World War enabled the major powers to reestablish an independent Poland, which survived until 1939. Meanwhile, Poles in areas controlled by Germany moved into heavy industry but their religion came under attack by Bismarck in the Kulturkampf of the 1870s. The Poles joined German Catholics in a well - organized new Centre Party, and defeated Bismarck politically. He responded by stopping the harassment and cooperating with the Centre Party. Conservative forces ( edit ) After the defeat of revolutionary France, the other great powers tried to restore the situation which existed before 1789. In 1815 at the Congress of Vienna, the major powers of Europe managed to produce a peaceful balance of power among the various European empires. This was known as the Metternich system. However, their efforts were unable to stop the spread of revolutionary movements : the middle classes had been deeply influenced by the ideals of the French revolution, the Industrial Revolution brought important economical and social changes. The working classes and some intellectuals became a base for socialist, communist and anarchistic ideas ( especially those summarised by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto ). The middle classes and businessmen promoted liberalism, free trade and capitalism. Aristocratic elements concentrated in government service, the military and the established churches. Nationalist movements ( in Germany, Italy, Poland, Hungary, and elsewhere ) called upon the `` racial '' unity ( which usually meant a common language and an imagined common ethnicity ) to seek national unification and / or liberation from foreign rule. As a result, the period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Greece successfully revolted against Ottoman rule in the 1820s. European diplomats and intellectuals saw the Greek struggle for independence, with its accounts of Turkish atrocities, in a romantic light. France under Napoleon III ( edit ) Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon I, returned to France from exile in 1848, bringing a famous name that promised to stabilize the chaotic political situation. He was elected president and elected himself Emperor, a move approved later by a large majority of the French electorate. He modernized Paris, and build up the economy. He was most famous for his aggressive foreign policy in Europe, Mexico, and worldwide. He helped in the unification of Italy by fighting the Austrian Empire and joined the Crimean War on the side of the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire against Russia. His empire collapsed after being defeated in the Franco - Prussian War. France gave up monarchs and became the democratic but anti-clerical French Third Republic, which lasted until 1940. Giuseppe Garibaldi 's redshirts during the Battle of Calatafimi, part of the Italian Unification. Major powers ( edit ) Country Population in millions ( year ) Russia 71.8 ( 1870 ) Germany 42.7 ( 1875 ) Austria - Hungary 37.3 ( 1876 ) France 36.9 ( 1876 ) Great Britain 33.7 ( 1877 ) Italy 26.8 ( 1876 ) Source : Appleton Annual Cyclopedia : 1877 ( 1878 ) p 281 Most European states had become constitutional ( rather than absolute ) monarchies by 1871, and Germany and Italy merged many small city - states to become united nation - states. Germany in particular increasingly dominated the continent in terms of economics and political power. Meanwhile, on a global scale, Great Britain, with its far - flung British Empire, unmatched Royal Navy, and powerful bankers, became the world 's first global power. The sun never set on its territories, while an informal empire operated through British financiers, entrepreneurs, traders and engineers who established operations in many countries, and largely dominated Latin America. The British were especially famous for financing and constructing railways around the world. Bismarck 's Germany ( edit ) Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany From his base in Prussia, Otto von Bismarck in the 1860s engineered a series of short, decisive wars, that unified most of the German states ( excluding Austria ) into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. He humiliated France in the process, but kept on good terms with Austria - Hungary. With that accomplished by 1871 he then skillfully used balance of power diplomacy to preserve Germany 's new role and keep Europe at peace. He was removed from office in 1890 by an aggressive young Kaiser Wilhelm II, who pursued a disruptive foreign policy that polarized Europe into rival camps. These rival camps went to war with each other in 1914. Imperialism ( edit ) Main articles : Colonial Empires, History of colonialism, Habsburg Empire, Russian Empire, French colonial empire, British Empire, Dutch Empire, Italian colonial empire, and German colonial empire The Berlin Conference ( 1884 ) headed by Otto von Bismarck that regulated European colonization in Africa during the New Imperialism period Colonial empires were the product of the European Age of Discovery from the 15th century. The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed was trade, driven by the new ideas and the capitalism that grew out of the Renaissance. Both the Portuguese Empire and Spanish Empire quickly grew into the first global political and economic systems with territories spread around the world. Subsequent major European colonial empires included the French, Dutch, and British empires. The latter, consolidated during the period of British maritime hegemony in the 19th century, became the largest empire in history because of the improved ocean transportation technologies of the time as well as electronic communication through the telegraph, cable, and radio. At its height in 1920, the British Empire covered a quarter of the Earth 's land area and comprised a quarter of its population. Other European countries, such as Belgium, Germany, and Italy, pursued colonial empires as well ( mostly in Africa ), but they were smaller. Ignoring the oceans, Russia built its Russian Empire through conquest by land in Eastern Europe, and Asia. By the mid-19th century, the Ottoman Empire had declined enough to become a target for other global powers ( see History of the Balkans ). This instigated the Crimean War in 1854 and began a tenser period of minor clashes among the globe - spanning empires of Europe that eventually set the stage for the First World War. In the second half of the 19th century, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of Prussia carried out a series of wars that resulted in the creation of Italy and Germany as nation - states, significantly changing the balance of power in Europe. From 1870, Otto von Bismarck engineered a German hegemony of Europe that put France in a critical situation. It slowly rebuilt its relationships, seeking alliances with Russia and Britain to control the growing power of Germany. In this way, two opposing sides -- the Triple Alliance of 1882 ( Germany, Austria - Hungary and Italy ) and the Triple Entente of 1907 ( Britain, France and Russia ) -- formed in Europe, improving their military forces and alliances year - by - year. 1914 -- 1945 : two World wars ( edit ) Military alliances leading to World War ; Triple Entente in green ; Central Powers in brown German - American historian Konrad Jarausch, asked if he agreed that `` the European record of the past century ( was ) just one gigantic catastrophe '', argues : It is true that the first half of the 20th century was full of internecine warfare, economic depression, ethnic cleansing and racist genocide that killed tens of millions of people, more than any other period in human history. But looking only at the disasters creates an incomplete perception, because the second half of the century witnessed a much more positive development in spite of the Cold War. After the defeat of Fascism in 1945, the peaceful revolution of 1989 / 90 also liberated the East from Communist control in a quite unexpected fashion. As a result, Europeans generally live more free, prosperous and healthy lives than ever before. The `` short twentieth century '', from 1914 to 1991, included the First World War, the Second World War and the Cold War. The First World War used modern technology to kill millions of soldiers. Victory by Britain, France, the United States and other allies drastically changed the map of Europe, ending four major land empires ( the Russian, German, Austro - Hungarian and Ottoman empires ) and leading to the creation of nation - states across Central and Eastern Europe. The October Revolution in Russia led to the creation of the Soviet Union ( 1917 -- 1991 ) and the rise of the international communist movement. Widespread economic prosperity was typical of the period before 1914, and 1920 -- 1929. After the onset of the Great Depression in 1929, however, democracy collapsed in most of Europe. Fascists took control in Italy, and the even more aggressive Nazi movement led by Adolf Hitler took control of Germany, 1933 -- 45. The Second World War was fought on an even larger scale than the First war, killing many more people, and using even more advanced technology. It ended with the division of Europe between East and West, with the East under the control of the Soviet Union and the West dominated by NATO. The two sides engaged in the Cold War, with actual conflict taking place not in Europe but in Asia in the Korean War and the Vietnam War. The Imperial system collapsed. The remaining colonial empires ended through the decolonisation of European rule in Africa and Asia. The fall of Soviet Communism ( 1989 -- 1991 ) left the West dominant and enabled the reunification of Germany. It accelerated the process of a European integration to include Eastern Europe. The European Union continues today, but with German economic dominance. Since the worldwide Great Recession of 2008, European growth has been slow, and financial crises have hit Greece and other countries. Social divisiveness has been caused by large - scale immigration and radical Islamic rejection of European norms. While Russia is a weak version of the old Soviet Union, it has been confronting Europe in Ukraine and other areas. World War I ( edit ) Main articles : World War I, Home front during World War I, Diplomatic history of World War I, and Economic history of World War I Trenches and sand bags were defences against machine guns and artillery on the Western Front, 1914 -- 1918 After the relative peace of most of the 19th century, the rivalry between European powers, compounded by a rising nationalism among ethnic groups, exploded in August 1914, when the First World War started. Over 65 million European soldiers were mobilised from 1914 to 1918 ; 20 million soldiers and civilians died, and 21 million were seriously wounded. On one side were Germany, Austria - Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria ( the Central Powers / Triple Alliance ), while on the other side stood Serbia and the Triple Entente -- the coalition of France, Britain and Russia, which were joined by Italy in 1915, Romania in 1916 and by the United States in 1917. The Western Front involved especially brutal combat without any territorial gains by either side. Single battles like Verdun and the Somme killed hundreds of thousands of men while leaving the stalemate unchanged. Heavy artillery and machine guns caused most of the casualties, supplemented by poison gas. Czarist Russia collapsed in the February Revolution of 1917 and Germany claimed victory on the Eastern Front. After eight months of liberal rule, the October Revolution brought Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks to power, leading to the creation of the Soviet Union in place of the disintegrated Russian Empire. With American entry into the war in 1917 on the Allied side, and the failure of Germany 's spring 1918 offensive, Germany had run out of manpower, while an average of 10,000 American troops were arriving in France every day in the summer of 1918. Germany 's allies, Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, surrendered and dissolved, followed by Germany on 11 November 1918. The victors forced Germany to assume responsibility for the conflict and pay war reparations. One factor in determining the outcome of the war was that the Allies had significantly more economic resources they could spend on the war. One estimate ( using 1913 US dollars ) is that the Allies spent $58 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $25 billion. Among the Allies, Britain spent $21 billion and the U.S. $17 billion ; among the Central Powers Germany spent $20 billion. Paris peace Conference ( edit ) Main article : Paris Peace Conference, 1919 Europe in 1919 Detail from William Orpen 's painting The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28th June 1919, showing the signing of the peace treaty by a minor German official opposite to the representatives of the winning powers. The world war was settled by the victors at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Two dozen nations sent delegations, and there were many nongovernmental groups, but the defeated powers were not invited. The `` Big Four '' were President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain, George Clemenceau of France, and, of least importance, Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando. They met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions, which in turn were ratified by the others. The major decisions were the creation of the League of Nations ; the six peace treaties with defeated enemies, most notable the Treaty of Versailles with Germany ; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as `` mandates '', chiefly to Britain and France ; and the drawing of new national boundaries ( sometimes with plebiscites ) to better reflect the forces of nationalism. As the conference 's decisions were enacted unilaterally, and largely on the whims of the Big Four, for its duration Paris was effectively the center of a world government, which deliberated over and implemented the sweeping changes to the political geography of Europe. Most famously, the Treaty of Versailles itself weakened Germany 's military and placed full blame for the war and costly reparations on its shoulders -- the humiliation and resentment in Germany is sometimes considered as one of the causes of Nazi success and indirectly a cause of World War II. At the insistence of President Wilson, the Big Four required Poland to sign a treaty on 28 June 1919 that guaranteed minority rights in the new nation. Poland signed under protest, and made little effort to enforce the specified rights for Germans, Jews, Ukrainians, and other minorities. Similar treaties were signed by Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and later by Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania. Finland and Germany were not asked to sign a minority rights treaty. Interwar ( edit ) See also : Aftermath of World War I, Interwar period, and International relations ( 1919 -- 1939 ) Interwar Europe in 1923 In the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) the winners imposed relatively hard conditions on Germany and recognised the new states ( such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria, Yugoslavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania ) created in central Europe from the defunct German, Austro - Hungarian and Russian empires, based on national ( ethnic ) self - determination. It was a peaceful era with a few small wars before 1922 such as the Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 1921 ) and the Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 1921 ). Prosperity was widespread, and the major cities sponsored a youth culture called the `` Roaring Twenties '' that was often featured in the cinema, which attracted very large audiences. The Allied victory in the First World War seem to mark the triumph of liberalism, not just in the Allied countries themselves, but also in Germany and in the new states of Eastern Europe, as well as Japan. Authoritarian militarism as typified by Germany had been defeated and discredited. Historian Martin Blinkhorn argues that the liberal themes were ascendant in terms of `` cultural pluralism, religious and ethnic toleration, national self - determination, free - market economics, representative and responsible government, free trade, unionism, and the peaceful settlement of international disputes through a new body, the League of Nations. '' However, as early as 1917, the emerging liberal order was being challenged by the new communist movement taking inspiration from the Russian Revolution. Communist revolts were beaten back everywhere else, but they did succeed in Russia. Fascism and authoritarianism ( edit ) Italy adopted an authoritarian system known as Fascism in 1922 ; it became a model for Hitler in Germany and for right wing elements in other countries. Historian Stanley G. Payne says Fascism in Italy was : A primarily political dictatorship... The Fascist Party itself had become almost completely bureaucratized and subservient to, not dominant over, the state itself. Big business, industry, and finance retained extensive autonomy, particularly in the early years. The armed forces also enjoyed considerable autonomy... The Fascist militia was placed under military control... The judicial system was left largely intact and relatively autonomous as well. The police continued to be directed by state officials and were not taken over by party leaders... nor was a major new police elite created... There was never any question of bringing the Church under overall subservience... Sizable sectors of Italian cultural life retained extensive autonomy, and no major state propaganda - and - culture ministry existed... The Mussolini regime was neither especially sanguinary nor particularly repressive. Authoritarian regimes were established in the 1930s in Germany, Portugal, Austria, Poland, Greece, the Baltic countries and Spain. By 1940, there were only four liberal democracies left on the European continent : France, Finland, Switzerland and Sweden. Great Depression : 1929 -- 1939 ( edit ) Main article : Great Depression After the Wall Street Crash of 1929, nearly the whole world sank into a Great Depression, as prices fell, profits fell, and unemployment soared. The worst hit sectors included heavy industry, export - oriented agriculture, mining and lumbering, and construction. World trade fell by two thirds. Liberalism and democracy were discredited. In most of Europe, as well as in Japan and most of Latin America, nation after nation turned to dictators and authoritarian regimes. The most momentous change of government came when Hitler and his Nazis took power in Germany in 1933. A major civil war took place in Spain, with the nationalists winning. The League of Nations was helpless as Italy conquered Ethiopia and Japan seized Manchuria in 1931 and took over most of China starting in 1937. The Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) was marked by numerous small battles and sieges, and many atrocities, until the rebels ( the Nationalists ), led by Francisco Franco, won in 1939. There was military intervention as Italy sent land forces, and Germany sent smaller elite air force and armoured units to the Nationalists. The Soviet Union sold armaments to the leftist Republicans on the other side, while the Communist parties in numerous countries sent soldiers to the `` International Brigades. '' The civil war did not escalate into a larger conflict, but did become a worldwide ideological battleground that pitted the left, the communist movement and many liberals against Catholics, conservatives, and fascists. Britain, France and the US remained neutral and refused to sell military supplies to either side. Worldwide there was a decline in pacifism and a growing sense that another world war was imminent, and that it would be worth fighting for. World War II ( edit ) Main articles : Causes of World War II, World War II, Diplomatic history of World War II, and Home front during World War II In the Munich Agreement of 1938, Britain and France adopted a policy of appeasement as they gave Hitler what he wanted out of Czechoslovakia in the hope that it would bring peace. It did not. In 1939 Germany took over the rest of Czechoslovakia and appeasement policies gave way to hurried rearmament as Hitler next turned his attention to Poland. American and Soviet troops meet in April 1945, east of the Elbe River. After allying with Japan in the Anti-Comintern Pact and then also with Benito Mussolini 's Italy in the `` Pact of Steel '', and finally signing a non-aggression treaty with the Soviet Union in August 1939, Hitler launched the Second World War on 1 September 1939 by attacking Poland. To his surprise Britain and France declared war on Germany, but there was little fighting during the `` Phoney War '' period. War began in earnest in spring 1940 with the successful Blitzkrieg conquests of Denmark, Norway, the Low Countries, and France. Britain remained alone but refused to negotiate, and defeated Germany 's air attacks in the Battle of Britain. Hitler 's goal was to control Eastern Europe but because of his failure to defeat Britain and the Italian failures in North Africa and the Balkans, the great attack on the Soviet Union was delayed until June 1941. Despite initial successes, the German army was stopped close to Moscow in December 1941. Over the next year the tide was turned and the Germans started to suffer a series of defeats, for example in the siege of Stalingrad and at Kursk. Meanwhile, Japan ( allied to Germany and Italy since September 1940 ) attacked Britain and the United States on 7 December 1941 ; Germany then completed its over-extension by declaring war on the United States. War raged between the Axis Powers ( Germany, Italy, and Japan ) and the Allied Forces ( British Empire, Soviet Union, and the United States ). The Allied Forces won in North Africa, invaded Italy in 1943, and recaptured France in 1944. In the spring of 1945 Germany itself was invaded from the east by the Soviet Union and from the west by the other Allies. As the Red Army conquered the Reichstag in Berlin, Hitler committed suicide and Germany surrendered in early May. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, causing between 50 and 80 million deaths, the majority of whom were civilians ( approximately 38 to 55 million ). This period was also marked by systematic genocide. In 1942 -- 45, separately from the war - related deaths, the Nazis killed an additional number of over 11 million civilians identified through IBM - enabled censuses, including the majority of the Jews and Gypsies of Europe, millions of Polish and Soviet Slavs, and also homosexuals, Jehovah 's Witnesses, misfits, disabled, and political enemies. Meanwhile, in the 1930s the Soviet system of forced labour, expulsions and allegedly engineered famine had a similar death toll. During and after the war millions of civilians were affected by forced population transfers. Western European colonial empires in Asia and Africa disintegrated after World War II Cold War era ( edit ) Main articles : Cold War, NATO, Marshall Plan, and European Economic Community East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961 Remains of the `` Iron curtain '' in Devínska Nová Ves, Bratislava ( Slovakia ). The world wars ended the pre-eminent position of Britain, France and Germany in the Europe and the world. At the Yalta Conference, Europe was divided into spheres of influence between the victors of World War II, and soon became the principal zone of contention in the Cold War between the two power blocs, the Western countries and the Communist bloc. The United States and the majority of European liberal democracies at the time ( United Kingdom, France, Italy, Netherlands, West Germany etc. ) established the NATO military alliance. Later, the Soviet Union and its satellites ( Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania ) in 1955 established the Warsaw Pact as a counterpoint to NATO. The Warsaw Pact had a much larger ground force, but the American - French - British nuclear umbrellas protected NATO. Communist states were imposed by the Red Army in the East, while parliamentary democracy became the dominant form of government in the West. Most historians point to its success as the product of exhaustion with war and dictatorship, and the promise of continued economic prosperity. Martin Conway also adds that an important impetus came from the anti-Nazi wartime political coalitions. Economic recovery ( edit ) Main articles : Marshall Plan and European Economic Community The United States gave away about $20 billion in Marshall Plan grants and other grants and low - interest long - term loans to Western Europe, 1945 to 1951. Historian Michael J. Hogan argues that American aid was critical in stabilizing the economy and politics of Western Europe. It brought in modern management that dramatically increased productivity, and encouraged cooperation between labor and management, and among the member states. Local Communist parties were opposed, and they lost prestige and influence and a role in government. In strategic terms, says Hogan, the Marshall Plan strengthened the West against The possibility of a Communist invasion or political takeover. However, the Marshall Plan 's role in the rapid recovery has been debated. Most reject the idea that it only miraculously revived Europe, since the evidence shows that a general recovery was already under way thanks to other aid programs from the United States. Economic historians Bradford De Long and Barry Eichengreen conclude it was, `` History 's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program. '' They state : It was not large enough to have significantly accelerated recovery by financing investment, aiding the reconstruction of damaged infrastructure, or easing commodity bottlenecks. We argue, however, that the Marshall Plan did play a major role in setting the stage for post-World War II Western Europe 's rapid growth. The conditions attached to Marshall Plan aid pushed European political economy in a direction that left its post World War II `` mixed economies '' with more `` market '' and less `` controls '' in the mix. The Soviet Union concentrated on its own recovery. It seized and transferred most of Germany 's industrial plants and it exacted war reparations from East Germany, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria, using Soviet - dominated joint enterprises. It used trading arrangements deliberately designed to favor the Soviet Union. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes : The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan. Western Europe began economic and then political integration, with the aim to unite the region and defend it. This process included organisations such as the European Coal and Steel Community, which grew and evolved into the European Union, and the Council of Europe. The Solidarność movement in the 1980s weakened the Communist government in Poland. At the time the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev initiated perestroika and glasnost, which weakened Soviet influence in Europe, particularly in the USSR. In 1989 the Berlin Wall came down and Communist governments outside the Soviet Union were deposed. In 1990 the Federal Republic of Germany absorbed East Germany, after making large cash payments to the USSR. In 1991 the Communist Party in Moscow collapsed, ending the USSR, which split into fifteen independent states. The largest, Russia, took the Soviet Union 's seat on the United Nations Security Council. The most violent dissolution happened in Yugoslavia, in the Balkans. Four ( Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia ) out of six Yugoslav republics declared independence and for most of them a violent war ensued, in some parts lasting until 1995. In 2006 Montenegro seceded and became an independent state. In the post -- Cold War era, NATO and the EU have been gradually admitting most of the former members of the Warsaw Pact. Looking at the half century after the war historian Walter Lacquer concluded : `` The postwar generations of European elites aimed to create more democratic societies. They wanted to reduce the extremes of wealth and poverty and provide essential social services in a way that prewar generations had not. They had had quite enough of unrest and conflict. For decades many Continental societies had more or less achieved these aims and had every reason to be proud of their progress. Europe was quiet and civilized. Europe 's success was based on recent painful experience : the horrors of two world wars ; the lessons of dictatorship ; the experiences of fascism and communism. Above all, it was based on a feeling of European identity and common values -- or so it appeared at the time. '' The post-war period also witnessed a significant rise in the standard of living of the Western European working class. As noted by one historical text, `` within a single generation, the working classes of Western Europe came to enjoy the multiple pleasures of the consumer society. '' Western Europe 's industrial nations in the 1970s were hit by a global economic crisis. They had obsolescent heavy industry, and suddenly had to pay very high energy prices which caused sharp inflation. Some of them also had inefficient nationalized railways and heavy industries. In the important field of computer technology, European nations lagged behind the United States. They also faced high government deficits and growing unrest led by militant labour unions. There was an urgent need for new economic directions. Germany and Sweden sought to create a social consensus behind a gradual restructuring. Germany 's efforts proved highly successful. In Britain under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher, the solution was shock therapy, high interest rates, austerity, and selling off inefficient corporations as well as the public housing, which was sold off to the tenants. One result was escalating social tensions in Britain, led by the militant coal miners. Thatcher eventually defeated her opponents and radically changed the British economy, but the controversy never went away as shown by the hostile demonstrations at the time of her death in 2013. Recent History ( edit ) Further information : History of the European Union Germans standing on top of the Berlin Wall at the Brandenburg Gate, November 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days. Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War Following the end of the Cold War, the European Economic Community pushed for closer integration, co-operation in foreign and home affairs, and started to increase its membership into the neutral and former communist countries. In 1993, the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union, succeeding the EEC and furthering political co-operation. The neutral countries of Austria, Finland and Sweden acceded to the EU, and those that did n't join were tied into the EU 's economic market via the European Economic Area. These countries also entered the Schengen Agreement which lifted border controls between member states. The Maastricht Treaty created a single currency for most EU members. The euro was created in 1999 and replaced all previous currencies in participating states in 2002. The most notable exception to the currency union, or eurozone, was the United Kingdom, which also did not sign the Schengen Agreement. EU did not participate in the Yugoslav Wars, and was divided on supporting the United States in the 2003 -- 2011 Iraq War. NATO has been part of the war in Afghanistan, but at a much lower level of involvement than the United States. In 2004, the EU gained 10 new members. ( Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, which had been part of the Soviet Union ; Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia, five former - communist countries ; Malta, and the divided island of Cyprus. ) These were followed by Bulgaria and Romania in 2007. Russia 's regime had interpreted these expansions as violations against NATO 's promise to not expand `` one inch to the east '' in 1990. Russia engaged in a number of bilateral disputes about gas supplies with Belarus and Ukraine which endangered gas supplies to Europe. Russia also engaged in a minor war with Georgia in 2008. Supported by the United States and some European countries, Kosovo 's government unilaterally declared independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008. Public opinion in the EU turned against enlargement, partially due to what was seen as over-eager expansion including Turkey gaining candidate status. The European Constitution was rejected in France and the Netherlands, and then ( as the Treaty of Lisbon ) in Ireland, although a second vote passed in Ireland in 2009. The financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 effected Europe, and government responded with austerity measures. Limited ability of the smaller EU nations ( most notably Greece ) to handle their debts led to social unrest, government liquidation, and financial insolvency. In May 2010, the German parliament agreed to loan 22.4 billion euros to Greece over three years, with the stipulation that Greece follow strict austerity measures. See European sovereign - debt crisis. Beginning in 2014, Ukraine has been in a state of revolution and unrest with two breakaway regions ( Donetsk and Lugansk ) attempting to join Russia as full federal subjects. ( See War in Donbass. ) On 16 March, a referendum was held in Crimea leading to the de facto secession of Crimea and its largely internationally unrecognized annexation to the Russian Federation as the Republic of Crimea. The future of the EU was plunged into doubt in June 2016 when a United Kingdom membership referendum resulted in the country 's intended withdrawal. 52 % of the British voters voted to leave the EU, leading into a complex separation process implying political and economic changes for both the UK and the remaining European Union countries. Chronology ( edit ) 700 BC : Homer composes The Iliad, an epic poem that represents the first piece of European literature. 440 BC : Herodotus defends Athenian political freedom in the Histories. 323 BC : Alexander the Great dies and his Macedonian Empire fragments. 44 BC : Julius Caesar is murdered. The Roman Republic enters its terminal crisis. 27 BC : Establishment of the Roman Empire under Octavian. AD 45 -- 55 ( ca ) : First Christian congregations in mainland Greece and in Rome. 293 : Diocletian reorganizes the Empire by creating the Tetrarchy. 330 : Constantine makes Constantinople into his capital, a new Rome. 395 : Following the death of Theodosius I, the Empire is permanently split into the Eastern Roman Empire ( later Byzantium ) and the Western Roman Empire. 476 : Odoacer captures Ravenna and deposes the last Roman emperor in the west : traditionally seen as the end date of the Western Roman Empire. 527 : Justinian I is crowned emperor of Byzantium. Orders the editing of Corpus Juris Civilis, Digest ( Roman law ). 597 : Beginning of Roman Catholic Christianization of Anglo - Saxon England ( missions and churches had been in existence well before this date, but their contacts with Rome had been loose or nonexistent ) 600 : Saint Columbanus uses the term `` Europe '' in a letter. 655 : Jus patronatus. 681 : Khan Asparukh leads the Bulgars and invades the Byzantine empire in the Battle of Ongal, and creates Bulgaria. 718 : Tervel of Bulgaria helps the Byzantine Empire stop the Arabic invasion of Europe, and breaks the siege of Constantinople. 722 : Battle of Covadonga in the Iberian Peninsula. Pelayo, a noble Visigoth, defeats a Muslim army that tried to conquer the Cantabrian coast. This helps establish the Christian Kingdom of Asturias, and marks the beginning of the Reconquista. 732 : At the Battle of Tours, the Franks stop the advance of the Arabs into Europe. 800 : Coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor. 813 : Third Council of Tours : Priests are ordered to preach in the native language of the population. 843 : Treaty of Verdun. 863 : Saints Cyril and Methodius arrive in Great Moravia, initiating Christian mission among the Slav peoples. 864 : Boris I of Bulgaria baptises the whole nation, converting the population from tengri, to Eastern Orthodox Christianity 872 : Unification of Norway. 886 : Cyril and Methodius students -- Sava, Kliment, Naum, Gorazd, Angelariy -- arrive in Bulgaria. The Cyrillic alphabet becomes the official Bulgarian alphabet. 895 : Hungarian people led by Árpád start to settle in the Carpathian Basin. 917 : In the Battle of Achelous ( 917 ) Bulgaria defeats the Byzantine empire, and Simeon I of Bulgaria is proclaimed as emperor, thus Bulgaria becomes an empire. 962 : Otto I of East Francia is crowned as `` Emperor '' by the Pope, beginning the Holy Roman Empire. 988 Kievan Rus adopts Christianity, often seen as the origin of the Russian Orthodox Church - 1054 : Start of the East -- West Schism, which divides the Christian church for centuries. 1066 : Successful Norman Invasion of England by William the Conqueror. 1095 : Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade. 12th century : The 12th century in literature saw an increase in the number of texts. The Renaissance of the 12th century occurs. 1128 : Battle of São Mamede, formation of Portuguese sovereignty. 1250 : Death of emperor Frederick II ; end of effective ability of German emperors to exercise control in Italy. 1303 : The period of the Crusades is over. 1309 -- 1378 : The Avignon Papacy 1315 -- 1317 : The Great Famine of 1315 -- 1317 in Northern Europe 1341 : Petrarch, the `` Father of Humanism '', becomes the first poet laureate since antiquity. 1337 -- 1453 : The Hundred Years ' War between England and France. 1348 -- 1351 : Black Death kills about one - third of Europe 's population. 1439 : Johannes Gutenberg invents first movable type and the first printing press for books, starting the Printing Revolution. 1453 : Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks. 1492 : The Reconquista ends in the Iberian Peninsula. A Spanish expeditionary group, commanded by Christopher Columbus, lands in the New World. 1497 : Vasco da Gama departs to India starting direct trade with Asia. 1498 : Leonardo da Vinci paints The Last Supper in Milan as the Renaissance flourishes. 1508 : Maximilian I the last ruling `` King of the Romans '' and the first `` elected Emperor of the Romans ''. 1517 : Martin Luther nails his 95 theses on indulgences to the door of the church in Wittenberg, triggering discussions which would soon lead to the Reformation 1519 : Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano begin first global circumnavigation. Their expedition returns in 1522. 1519 : Hernán Cortés begins conquest of Mexico for Spain. 1532 : Francisco Pizarro begins the conquest of Peru ( the Inca Empire ) for Spain. 1543 : Nicolaus Copernicus publishes De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres ). 1547 : The Grand Duchy of Moscow becomes the Tsardom of Russia. 1582 : The introduction of the Gregorian calendar ; Russia refuses to adopt it until 1918. 1610 : Galileo Galilei uses his telescope to discover the moons of Jupiter. 1618 : The Thirty Years ' War brings massive devastation to central Europe. 1648 : The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years ' War, and introduces the principle of the integrity of the nation state. 1687 : Isaac Newton publishes Principia Mathematica, having a profound impact on The Enlightenment. 1699 : Treaty of Karlowitz concludes the Austro - Ottoman War. This marks the end of Ottoman control of Central Europe and the beginning of Ottoman stagnation, establishing the Habsburg Monarchy as the dominant power in Central and Southeastern Europe. 1700 : Outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession and the Great Northern War. The first would check the aspirations of Louis XIV, king of France to dominate European affairs ; the second would lead to Russia 's emergence as a great power and a recognizably European state. 18th century : Age of Enlightenment spurs an intellectual renaissance across Europe. 1707 : The Kingdom of Great Britain is formed by the union of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland. 1712 : Thomas Newcomen invents first practical steam engine which begins Industrial Revolution in Britain. 1721 : Foundation of the Russian Empire. 1775 : James Watt invents a new efficient steam engine accelerating the Industrial Revolution in Britain. 1784 : Immanuel Kant publishes Answering the Question : What Is Enlightenment?. 1789 : Beginning of the French Revolution and end of the absolute monarchy in France. 1792 -- 1802 : French Revolutionary Wars. 1799 : Napoleon comes to power as dictator of France. 1803 -- 1815 : Napoleonic Wars end in defeat of Napoleon. 1806 : Napoleon abolishes the Holy Roman Empire. 1814 -- 15 : Congress of Vienna ; Treaty of Vienna ; France is reduced to 1789 boundaries ; Reactionary forces dominate across Europe. 1825 : George Stephenson opens the Stockton and Darlington Railway the first steam train railway for passenger traffic in the world. 1836 : Louis Daguerre invents first practical photographic method, in effect the first camera. 1838 : SS Great Western, the first steamship built for regularly scheduled transatlantic crossings enters service. 1848 : Revolutions of 1848 and publication of The Communist Manifesto. 1852 : Start of the Crimean War, which ends in 1855 in a defeat for Russia. 1859 : Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species. 1861 : Unification of Italy after victories by Giuseppe Garibaldi. 1866 : First commercially successful transatlantic telegraph cable is completed. 1860s : Russia emancipates its serfs and Karl Marx completes the first volume of Das Kapital. 1870 : Franco - Prussian War and the fall of the Second French Empire. 1871 : Unification of Germany under the direction of Otto von Bismarck. 1873 : Panic of 1873 occurs. The Long Depression begins. 1885 : Karl Benz invents Benz Patent - Motorwagen, the world 's first automobile. 1885 : First permanent citywide electrical tram system in Europe ( in Sarajevo ). 1895 : Auguste and Louis Lumière begin exhibitions of projected films before the paying public with their cinematograph, a portable camera, printer, and projector. 1902 : Guglielmo Marconi sends first transatlantic radio transmission. 1914 : Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated ; World War I begins. 1917 : Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in the Russian Revolution. The ensuing Russian Civil War lasts until 1922. 1918 : World War I ends with the defeat of Germany and the Central Powers. Ten million soldiers killed ; collapse of Russian, German, Austrian, and Ottoman empires. 1918 : Collapse of the German Empire and monarchic system ; founding of Weimar Republic. 1918 : Worldwide Spanish flu epidemic kills millions in Europe. 1918 : Austro - Hungarian Empire dissolves. 1919 : Versailles Treaty strips Germany of its colonies, several provinces and its navy and air force ; limits army ; Allies occupy western areas ; reparations ordered. 1920 : League of Nations begins operations ; largely ineffective ; defunct by 1939. 1921 -- 22 : Ireland divided ; Irish Free State becomes independent and civil war erupts. 1922 : Benito Mussolini and the Fascists take power in Italy. 1929 : Worldwide Great Depression begins with stock market crash in New York City. 1933 : Adolf Hitler and the Nazis take power in Germany. 1935 : Italy conquers Ethiopia ; League sanctions are ineffective. 1936 : Start of the Spanish Civil War ; ends in 1939 with victory of Nationalists who are aided by Germany and Italy. 1938 : Germany escalates the persecution of Jews with Kristallnacht. 1938 : Appeasement of Germany by Britain and France ; Munich agreement splits Czechoslovakia ; Germany seized the remainder in 1939. 1939 : Britain and France hurriedly rearm ; failed to arrange treaty with USSR. 1939 : Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin agree partition of Eastern Europe in Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact. 1939 : Germany invades Poland, starting the Second World War. 1940 : Great Britain under Winston Churchill becomes the last nation to hold out against the Nazis after winning the Battle of Britain. 1941 : U.S. begins large - scale lend - lease aid to Britain, Free France, the USSR and other Allies ; Canada also provides financial aid. 1941 : Germany invades the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa ; fails to capture Moscow or Leningrad. 1942 : Nazi Germany commences the Holocaust -- a Final Solution, with the murder of 6 million Jews. 1943 : After Stalingrad and Kursk, Soviet forces begin recapturing Nazi - occupied territory in the East. 1944 : U.S., British and Canadian armed forces invade Nazi - occupied France at Normandy. 1945 : Hitler commits suicide, Mussolini is murdered. World War II ends with Europe in ruins and Germany defeated. 1945 : United Nations formed. 1947 : The British Empire begins a process of voluntarily dismantling with the granting of independence to India and Pakistan. 1947 : Cold War begins as Europe is polarized East versus West. 1948 -- 51 : U.S. provides large sums to rebuild Western Europe through the Marshall Plan ; stimulates large - scale modernization of European industries and reduction of trade restrictions. 1949 : The NATO alliance is established. 1955 : USSR creates a rival military coalition, the Warsaw Pact. 1950 : The Schuman Declaration begins the process of European integration. 1954 : The French Empire begins to be dismantled ; Withdraws from Vietnam. 1956 : Suez Crisis signals the end of the effective power of the British Empire. 1956 : Hungarian Uprising defeated by Soviet military forces. 1957 : Treaties of Rome establish the European Economic Community from 1958. 1968 : The May 1968 events in France lead France to the brink of revolution. 1968 : The Prague Spring is defeated by Warsaw Pact military forces. The Club of Rome is founded. 1980 : The Solidarność movement under Lech Wałęsa begins open, overground opposition to the Communist rule in Poland. 1985 : Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader of the Soviet Union and begins reforms which inadvertently leads to the fall of Communism and the Soviet Union. 1986 : Chernobyl disaster occurs, the worst nuclear disaster in history. 1989 : Communism overthrown in all the Warsaw Pact countries except the Soviet Union. Fall of the Berlin Wall ( opening of unrestrained border crossings between east and west, which effectively deprived the wall of any relevance ). 1990 : Reunification of Germany. 1991 : Breakup of Yugoslavia and the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars. 1991 : Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. 1993 : Maastricht Treaty establishes the European Union. 2002 : End of European colonial empires with the independence of East Timor, formerly Portuguese Timor. 2004 : Slovenia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Cyprus and Malta join the European Union. 2007 : Romania and Bulgaria join the European Union. 2008 : The Great Recession begins. Unemployment rises in some parts of Europe. 2013 : Croatia joins the European Union. 2014 : Revolution in Ukraine and serious tensions between Russia, Ukraine and the European Union. 2015 : European migrant crisis starts. 2016 : United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union. See also ( edit ) Atlantic World History of Western civilization House of European History, Museum scheduled to open in 2016 in Brussels List of historians, inclusive of most major historians List of history journals # Europe List of largest European cities in history List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe List of sovereign states by date of formation § Europe Timeline of sovereign states in Europe Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parker, `` States Make War But Wars Also Break States, '' Journal of Military History ( 2010 ) 74 # 1 pp 11 -- 34 Jump up ^ `` The Human Journey : Early Settlements in Europe ''. www.humanjourney.us. Retrieved 24 March 2017. Human fossil evidence from sites such as Atapuerca in Spain suggests that they were a form of Homo erectus ( sometimes called Homo ergaster ). Jump up ^ National Geographic Italia -- Erano padani i primi abitanti d'Italia ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ `` Ancient Crete ''. Oxfordbibliographiesonline.com. 15 February 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2012. Jump up ^ Durant, The Life of Greece ; The Story of Civilization Part II, ( New York : Simon & Schuster ) 1939 : 11. Jump up ^ Hammond, N.G.L. ( 1976 ). Migrations and invasions in Greece and adjacent areas. Park Ridge, N.J. : Noyes P. p. 139. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8155 - 5047 - 1. Jump up ^ Tandy, p. xii. `` Figure 1 : Map of Epirus showing the locations of known sites with Mycenaean remains '' ; Tandy, p. 2. `` The strongest evidence for Mycenaean presence in Epirus is found in the coastal zone of the lower Acheron River, which in antiquity emptied into a bay on the Ionian coast known from ancient sources as Glykys Limin ( Figure 2 - A ). '' Jump up ^ Borza, Eugene N. ( 1990 ). In the shadow of Olympus : the emergence of Macedon ( ( Nachdr. ) ed. ). Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00880 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Aegeobalkan Prehistory -- Mycenaean Sites ''. Retrieved 17 May 2012. Jump up ^ The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium BC III, Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 -- 2nd EuroConference, Vienna, 28 May -- 1 June 2003 Jump up ^ Use and appreciation of Mycenaean pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy, Gert Jan van Wijngaarden, Amsterdam Archaeological Studies Jump up ^ The Mycenaeans and Italy : the archaeological and archaeometric ceramic evidence, University of Glasgow, Department of Archaeology Jump up ^ Emilio Peruzzi, Mycenaeans in early Latium, ( Incunabula Graeca 75 ), Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzarri, Roma, 1980 Jump up ^ `` Socrates ''. 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008. Jump up ^ Brian Todd Carey, Joshua Allfree, John Cairns. Warfare in the Ancient World Pen and Sword, 19 jan. 2006 ISBN 1848846304 Jump up ^ Bowersock, `` The Vanishing Paradigm of the Fall of Rome '' Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 49. 8 ( May 1996 : 29 -- 43 ) p. 31. Jump up ^ Hunt, Lynn ; Thomas R. Martin ; Barbara H. Rosenwein ; R. Po - chia Hsia ; Bonnie G. Smith ( 2001 ). The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. A : To 1500. Bedford / St. Martins. p. 256. ISBN 0 - 312 - 18365 - 8. OCLC 229955165. Jump up ^ Di Berardino, A. ; D'Onofrio, G. ; Studer, B. ( 2008 ). History of Theology : The Middle Ages. Liturgical Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780814659168. Retrieved 18 May 2015. Jump up ^ Susan Wise Bauer, The History of the Medieval World : From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ * Kelly Boyd, ed. ( 1999 ). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing vol 2. Taylor & Francis. pp. 791 -- 94. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fletcher, Banister, `` Sir Banister Fletcher 's A History of Architecture '', Architectural Press ; 20 edition ( 11 September 1996 ), ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 2267 - 7, pp 172 Jump up ^ `` The History of the Bubonic Plague ''. Archived from the original on 18 December 2006. Jump up ^ `` Scientists Identify Genes Critical to Transmission of Bubonic Plague ''... niaid.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2010. Jump up ^ Ralph R. Frerichs. `` An Empire 's Epidemic ''. Ph.ucla.edu. Retrieved 31 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` Justinian 's Flea ''. Justiniansflea.com. Retrieved 31 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` The Great Arab Conquests ''. International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2010. Jump up ^ Events used to mark the period 's beginning include the sack of Rome by the Goths ( 410 ), the deposition of the last western Roman Emperor ( 476 ), the Battle of Tolbiac ( 496 ) and the Gothic War ( 535 -- 552 ). Particular events taken to mark its end include the founding of the Holy Roman Empire by Otto I the Great ( 962 ), the Great Schism ( 1054 ) and the Norman conquest of England ( 1066 ). Jump up ^ Hunter, Shireen ; et al. ( 2004 ). Islam in Russia : The Politics of Identity and Security. M.E. Sharpe. p. 3. (... ) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab conquest of the Iranian Sassanian Empire. Jump up ^ Kennedy, Hugh ( 1995 ). `` The Muslims in Europe ''. In McKitterick, Rosamund, The New Cambridge Medieval History : c. 500 - c. 700, pp. 249 -- 272. Cambridge University Press. 052136292X. Jump up ^ Joseph F. O ́ Callaghan, Reconquest and crusade in Medieval Spain ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ George Holmes ( ed. ). The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 371. ISBN 0 - 19 - 820073 - 0. Jump up ^ Michael Frassetto, Early Medieval World, The : From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Gerald Mako, `` The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars : A Question Reconsidered '', Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 18, 2011, 199 -- 223. Jump up ^ Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman, eds. A Historical Guide to World Slavery ( 1998 ) pp 197 -- 200 Jump up ^ John H. Mundy, Europe in the high Middle Ages, 1150 - 1309 ( 1973 ) online Jump up ^ `` The Destruction of Kiev ''. Tspace.library.utoronto.ca. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` Golden Horde '', in Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. Jump up ^ Wallace K. Ferguson, Europe in transition, 1300 - 1520 ( 1962 ) online. Jump up ^ Mark Kishlansky et al. Civilization in the West : Volume 1 to 1715 ( 5th ed. 2003 ) p. 316 Jump up ^ Cantor, p. 480. Jump up ^ e.g. Ibn al - Shatir : The Planetary Theory of Ibn al - Shatir : Latitudes of the Planets Jump up ^ Robert A. Nisbet ( 1980 ). History of the Idea of Progress. Transaction Publishers. p. 103. Jump up ^ `` kwabs.com ''. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Jump up ^ MacKnight, CC ( 1976 ). The Voyage to Marege : Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia. Melbourne University Press. Jump up ^ Euan Cameron, The European Reformation ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Conquest in the Americas. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Parker and Lesley M. Smith, eds. ( 1997 ). The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century. Psychology Press. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Trevor Aston, ed. Crisis in Europe 1560 -- 1660 : Essays from Past and Present ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Jan de Vries, `` The Economic Crisis of the Seventeenth Century after Fifty Years, '' Journal of Interdisciplinary History ( 2009 ) 40 # 2 pp. 151 -- 194 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Peter Burke, `` The Crisis in the Arts of the Seventeenth Century : A Crisis of Representation? '' Journal of Interdisciplinary History ( 2009 ) 40 # 2 pp. 239 -- 261 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Peter H. Wilson, The Thirty Years ' War : Europe 's Tragedy ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parker, `` Crisis and Catastrophe : The Global Crisis of the Seventeenth Century Reconsidered, '' American Historical Review ( 2008 ) 113 # 4 pp. 1053 -- 1079. Jump up ^ J.B. Shank, `` Crisis : A Useful Category of Post-Social Scientific Historical Analysis? '' American Historical Review ( 2008 ) 113 # 4 pp. 1090 -- 1099 Jump up ^ John B. Wolf, Louis XIV ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great ( 1998 ). Jump up ^ G.P. Gooch, Frederick the Great : The Ruler, the Writer, the Man ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Max Beloff, The age of absolutism, 1660 -- 1815 ( 1966 ). Jump up ^ Peter H. Wilson, Europe 's Tragedy : A History of the Thirty Years War ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Henry Kamen, `` The Economic and Social Consequences of the Thirty Years ' War, '' Past and Present ( 1968 ) 39 # 1 pp 44 -- 61 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Russell Weigley, The Age of Battles : The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo ( 1991 ). Jump up ^ G.M. Trevelyan, A shortened history of England ( 1942 ) p 363. Jump up ^ Paul M. Kennedy, ed. ( 1991 ). Grand Strategies in War and Peace. Yale U.P. p. 106. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dennis E. Showalter, The Wars of Frederick the Great ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Nicholas Riasanovsky, A History of Russia ( 4th ed. 1984 ), p 284 Jump up ^ Margaret C.C. Jacob, The Enlightenment : A Brief History with Documents ( 2000 ) ^ Jump up to : Alan Charles Kors, Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment ( Oxford UP, 2003 ) Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bruun, The enlightened despots ( 1967 ). Jump up ^ Sootin, Harry. `` Isaac Newton. '' New York, Messner ( 1955 ). Jump up ^ Casey, Christopher ( 30 October 2008 ). `` '' Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time `` : Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism ''. Foundations. Volume III, Number 1. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009. Jump up ^ Robert R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Richard Weisberger et al., eds., Freemasonry on both sides of the Atlantic : essays concerning the craft in the British Isles, Europe, the United States, and Mexico ( East European Monographs, 2002 ) Jump up ^ Margaret C. Jacob, Living the Enlightenment : Freemasonry and politics in eighteenth - century Europe ( Oxford University Press, 1991 ). Jump up ^ Norman Davies, Europe : A History ( 1996 ) pp 634 -- 635 Jump up ^ Business and Economics. Leading Issues in Economic Development, Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0 - 19 - 511589 - 9 Read it Jump up ^ Russell Brown, Lester. Eco-Economy, James & James / Earthscan. ISBN 1 - 85383 - 904 - 3 Read it Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer and Joel Colton, A History of the Modern World ( 5th ed. 1978 ), p. 341 Jump up ^ Steven Englund, Napoleon : A Political Life ( 2004 ) p. 388 Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood, The radicalism of the American Revolution ( 2011 ). Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution : A Political History of Europe and America, 1760 -- 1800 : The Challenge ( 1959 ) pp 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ A. Aulard in Arthur Tilley, ed. ( 1922 ). Modern France. A Companion to French Studies. Cambridge UP. p. 115. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts, `` Why Napoleon merits the title ' the Great, ' '' BBC History Magazine ( 1 November 2014 ) Jump up ^ Roberts, `` Why Napoleon merits the title ' the Great, '' BBC History Magazine ( 1 November 2014 ) Jump up ^ Robert R. Palmer and Joel Colton, A History of the Modern World ( New York : McGraw Hill, 1995 ), pp. 428 -- 9. Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts, `` Why Napoleon merits the title ' the Great, '' BBC History Magazine ( 1 November 2014 ) Jump up ^ William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) pp 341 -- 68 Jump up ^ Steven T. Ross, European Diplomatic History, 1789 -- 1815 : France Against Europe ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Alexander Grab, Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe ( 2003 ) pp 62 -- 65, 78 -- 79, 88 -- 96, 115 -- 17, 154 -- 59 Jump up ^ Frederick B. Artz, Reaction and Revolution : 1814 -- 1832 ( 1934 ) pp 142 -- 43 Jump up ^ William Martin, Histoire de la Suisse ( Paris, 1926 ), pp 187 -- 88, quoted in Crane Brinson, A Decade of Revolution : 1789 -- 1799 ( 1934 ) p 235 Jump up ^ Max Hastings, `` Everything Is Owed to Glory, '' Wall Street Journal 31 October 2014 Jump up ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette, Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, II : The Nineteenth Century in Europe : The Protestant and Eastern Churches ( 1959 ) pp 428 -- 31 Jump up ^ John Horne ( 2012 ). A Companion to World War I. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 21 -- 22. Jump up ^ Aaron Gillette, `` Why Did They Fight the Great War? A Multi-Level Class Analysis of the Causes of the First World War. '' The History Teacher 40.1 ( 2006 ) : 45 -- 58. Jump up ^ Hans Kohn, `` Napoleon and the Age of Nationalism. '' Journal of Modern History ( 1950 ) : 21 -- 37 in JSTOR. Jump up ^ Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson, eds. The Bee and the Eagle : Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire ( Palgrave Macmillan, 2009 ). Jump up ^ Karen Hagemann, `` Of ' manly valor ' and ' German Honor ' : nation, war, and masculinity in the age of the Prussian uprising against Napoleon. '' Central European History 30 # 2 ( 1997 ) : 187 -- 220. Jump up ^ Hagen Schulze, The Course of German Nationalism : From Frederick the Great to Bismarck 1763 -- 1867 ( Cambridge UP, 1991 ). Jump up ^ Silvana Patriarca and Lucy Riall, eds., The Risorgimento Revisited : Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth - century Italy ( Palgrave Macmillan, 2011 ). Jump up ^ Alister E. McGrath ( 2012 ). Christian History : An Introduction. p. 270. ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 33783 - 7. Jump up ^ Louis Levine, `` Pan-Slavism and European Politics. '' Political Science Quarterly 29.4 ( 1914 ) : 664 -- 686. in JSTOR free Jump up ^ Charles Jelavich, Tsarist Russia and Balkan nationalism : Russian influence in the internal affairs of Bulgaria and Serbia, 1879 -- 1886 ( 1958 ). Jump up ^ Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Richard Blanke, Prussian Poland in the German Empire ( 1871 -- 1900 ) ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Norman Davies, God 's Playground : A History of Poland, Vol. 2 : 1795 to the Present ( 2005 ). Jump up ^ J.P.T. Bury, Napoleon III and the Second Empire ( 1968 ). Jump up ^ Denis Brogan, The French Nation : From Napoleon to Pétain, 1814 -- 1940 ( 1957 ). Jump up ^ Andrew Porter and William Roger Louis, eds... The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume 3, The Nineteenth Century ( 1999 ). Jump up ^ Theodore S Hamerow, ed., Otto von Bismarck and imperial Germany : a historical assessment ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ See `` An Interview with Konrad H. Jarausch, author of Out of Ashes : A New History of Europe in the Twentieth Century '', Princeton University Press, June 2015 Jump up ^ Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 ( 2013 ) p xxiii Jump up ^ Overviews include David Stevenson, Cataclysm : The First World War as Political Tragedy ( 2005 ) and Ian F.W. Beckett, The Great War : 1914 -- 1918 ( 2nd ed. 2007 ) Jump up ^ For reference see Martin Gilbert, Atlas of World War I ( 1995 ) and Spencer Tucker, ed., The European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Gerd Hardach, The First World War, 1914 -- 1918 ( 1977 ) p 153, using estimated made by H. Menderhausen, The Economics of War ( 1941 ) p 305 Jump up ^ Margaret Macmillan, Peacemakers : The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ by Rene Albrecht - Carrie, Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna ( 1958 ) p 363 Jump up ^ Sally Marks, The Illusion of Peace : International Relations in Europe 1918 -- 1933 ( 2nd ed. 2003 ) Jump up ^ Zara Steiner, The Lights that Failed : European International History 1919 -- 1933 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Carole Fink, `` The Paris Peace Conference and the Question of Minority Rights, '' Peace and Change : A journal of peace research ( 1996 ) 21 # 3 pp 273 -- 88 Jump up ^ Nicholas Atkin ; Michael Biddiss ( 2008 ). Themes in Modern European History, 1890 -- 1945. Routledge. pp. 243 -- 44. Jump up ^ Gregory M. Luebbert, Liberalism, fascism, or social democracy : Social classes and the political origins of regimes in interwar Europe ( Oxford UP, 1991 ). Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne ( 1996 ). A History of Fascism, 1914 -- 1945. U of Wisconsin Press. p. 122. Jump up ^ Martin Blinkhorn, The Fascist Challenge in Gordon Martel, ed. A Companion to Europe : 1900 -- 1945 ( 2011 ) p 313 Jump up ^ Charles Kindleberger, The World in Depression, 1929 -- 1939 ( 2nd ed. 1986 ) Jump up ^ David Clay Large, Between Two Fires : Europe 's Path in the 1930s ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne, The Spanish Revolution ( 1970 ) pp 262 -- 76 Jump up ^ I.C.B. Dear and M.R.D. Foot, eds., The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 1995 ) covers every country and major campaign. Jump up ^ Norman Davies, No Simple Victory : World War II in Europe, 1939 -- 1945 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Second ' ' Second Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm ' ' ''. Users.erols.com. Retrieved 2 May 2012. Jump up ^ Dinah Shelton, ed., Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity ( 3 vol. 2004 ) Jump up ^ John Wheeler - Bennett, The Semblance Of Peace : The Political Settlement After The Second World War ( 1972 ) thorough diplomatic coverage 1939 - 1952. Jump up ^ Martin Conway, `` The Rise and Fall of Western Europe 's Democratic Age, 1945 -- -- 1973, '' Contemporary European History ( 2004 ) 13 # 1 pp 67 -- 88. Jump up ^ Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan : America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947 -- 1952 ( 1989 ) pp. 26 -- 28, 430 -- 443. Jump up ^ DeLong, J. Bradford ; Eichengreen, Barry ( 1993 ). `` The Marshall Plan : History 's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program ''. In Dornbusch, Rudiger ; Nolling, Wilhelm ; Layard, Richard. Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today. MIT Press. pp. 189 -- 230. ISBN 0 - 262 - 04136 - 7 -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Mark Kramer, `` The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe, '' Klaus Larresm ed. ( 2014 ). A Companion to Europe Since 1945. Wiley. p. 79. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walter Laqueur, `` The Slow Death of Europe '', The National Interest 16 August 2011 online Jump up ^ Hay, W.A. ; Sicherman, H. ( 2007 ). Is There Still a West? : The Future of the Atlantic Alliance. University of Missouri Press, Queen Elizabeth also had a major breakdown causing her to die cause of the stress overload. p. 107. ISBN 9780826265494. Retrieved 18 May 2015. Jump up ^ David Priestland, `` Margaret Thatcher? '' ' ' BBC History Magazine ' ' 1 May 2013 Jump up ^ `` A Europe without frontiers ''. Europa ( web portal ). Retrieved 25 June 2007. Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany ( 26 November 2009 ). `` NATO 's Eastward Expansion : Calming Russian Fears -- SPIEGEL ONLINE ''. SPIEGEL ONLINE. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Blum, Jerome et al. The European World ( 2 vol. 2nd ed. 1970 ) university textbook ; part 1, Middle Ages to 1815 ; part 2 since 1815 online Davies, Norman. Europe : A History ( 1998 ), advanced university textbook Gay, Peter and R.K. Webb Modern Europe : To 1815 ( 1973 ) online, university textbook Gay, Peter and R.K. Webb Modern Europe : Since 1815 ( 1973 ), university textbook McKay, John P. et al. A History of Western Society ( 2 vol 2010 ) 1300pp ; university textbook Moncure, James A. ed. Research Guide to European Historical Biography : 1450 -- Present ( 4 vol 1992 ) ; 2140pp ; historiographical guide to 200 major political and military leaders Roberts, J.M. The History of Europe ( 1997 ), survey Simms, Brendan. Europe : The Struggle for Supremacy, from 1453 to the Present ( 2013 ), survey Geography and atlases ( edit ) Catchpole, Brian. Map History of the Modern World ( 1982 ) Darby, H.C., and H. Fullard, eds. The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 14 : Atlas ( 1970 ) East, W. Gordon. An Historical Geography of Europe ( 4th ed. 1950 ) Haywood, John. Atlas of world history ( 1997 ) online free Kinder, Hermann and Werner Hilgemann. Anchor Atlas of World History ( 2 vol. 1978 ) ; advanced analytical maps, mostly of Europe Pounds, Norman J.G. An Historical Geography of Europe ( 1990 ) Talbert, Richard J.A. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World for iPad ( Princeton U.P. 2014 ) ISBN 9781400848768 ; 102 interactive color maps from archaic Greece to the Late Roman Empire. Major nations ( edit ) Black, Jeremy. A history of the British Isles ( 1996 ) Carr, Raymond, ed. Spain : A history ( 2000 ) Clark, Christopher M. Iron kingdom : the rise and downfall of Prussia, 1600 -- 1947 ( 2006 ) Davies, Norman. The Isles : A History ( 2001 ), Britain and Ireland Duggan, Christopher. A concise history of Italy ( 2013 ). Fraser, Rebecca. The Story of Britain : From the Romans to the Present : A Narrative History ( 2006 ) Holborn, Hajo. vol 1 : A History of Modern Germany : The Reformation ; vol 2 : A History of Modern Germany : 1648 -- 1840 ; vol 3 : A history of modern Germany : 1840 -- 1945 ( 1959 ). a standard scholarly survey. Kamen, Henry. A concise history of Spain ( 1973 ) Helle, Knut, ed. The Cambridge History of Scandinavia ( Vol. 1. 2003 ) Holmes, George, ed. The Oxford illustrated history of medieval Europe ( 2001 ). Holmes, George, ed. The Oxford illustrated history of Italy ( 1997 ) Jones, Colin. The Cambridge Illustrated History of France ( 1999 ) Kitchen, Martin The Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany ( 1996 ). Morgan, Kenneth O., ed. The Oxford illustrated history of Britain ( 1984 ) Price, Roger. A concise history of France ( 2014 ) Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg. A History of Russia ( 2 vol. 2010 ) Sagarra, Eda. A social history of Germany ( 2003 ) Tombs, Robert, The English and their History ( 2014 ) advanced history ; online review Wilson, Peter H. Heart of Europe : A History of the Holy Roman Empire ( 2016 ) 942pp Classical ( edit ) Boardman, John, et al. eds. The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World ( 2nd ed. 2002 ) 520pp Boardman, John, et al. eds. The Oxford History of the Roman World ( 2001 ) Cartledge, Paul. The Cambridge Illustrated History of Ancient Greece ( 2002 ) Late Roman ( edit ) Heather, Peter. Empires and Barbarians : The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe ( Oxford University Press ; 2010 ) ; 734 pages ; Examines the migrations, trade, and other phenomena that shaped a recognizable entity of Europe in the first millennium. Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire, 284 -- 602 : A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey ( 2 Vol. 1964 ) Mitchell, Stephen. A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284 -- 641 : The Transformation of the Ancient World ( 2006 ) Medieval ( edit ) Davis, R.H.C. A History of Medieval Europe ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) Ferguson, Wallace K. Europe in Transition, 1300 -- 1520 ( 1962 ) online Hanawalt, Barbara. The Middle Ages : An Illustrated History ( 1999 ) Holmes, George, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe ( 2001 ) Koenigsberger, H.G. Medieval Europe 400 -- 1500 ( 1987 ) Riddle, John M. A history of the Middle Ages, 300 -- 1500 ( 2008 ) Early modern ( edit ) Blanning, T.C.W. The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture : Old Regime Europe 1660 -- 1789 ( 2003 ) Cameron, Euan. Early Modern Europe : An Oxford History ( 2001 ) Friedrich, Carl J. The Age of the Baroque, 1610 - 1660 ( 1962 ) ; Despite the title, this is a wide - ranging Social, cultural, political and diplomatic history of Europe ; 14 - day borrowing copy Hesmyr, Atle. Scandinavia in the Early Modern Era ; From Peasant Revolts and Witch Hunts to Constitution Drafting Yeomen ( 2014 ) McKay, Derek, and Hamish M. Scott. The rise of the great powers 1648 - 1815 ( 3rd ed. 2014 ). Rice, Eugene F. The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460 -- 1559 ( 2nd ed. 1994 ) 240pp Merriman, John. A History of Modern Europe : From the Renaissance to the Present ( 3rd ed. 2009, 2 vol ), 1412 pp Scott, Hamish, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350 -- 1750 : Volume I : Peoples and Place ( 2015 ). Scott, Hamish, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350 -- 1750 : Volume II : Cultures and Power ( 2015 ). Stoye, John. Europe Unfolding, 1648 - 1688 ( 2nd ed. 2000 ). Treasure, Geoffrey. The Making of Modern Europe, 1648 -- 1780 ( 3rd ed. 2003 ), overview of each major country and inter-relations Wiesner, Merry E. Early Modern Europe, 1450 -- 1789 ( Cambridge History of Europe ) ( 2006 ) 19th century ( edit ) Anderson, M.S. The Ascendancy of Europe : 1815 -- 1914 ( 3rd ed. 2003 ) Blanning, T.C.W. ed. The Nineteenth Century : Europe 1789 -- 1914 ( Short Oxford History of Europe ) ( 2000 ) 320pp Bruun, Geoffrey. Europe and the French Imperium, 1799 - 1814 ( 1938 ) online. Cameron, Rondo. France and the Economic Development of Europe, 1800 -- 1914 : Conquests of Peace and Seeds of War ( 1961 ), awide - ranging economic and business history. Evans, Richard J. The Pursuit of Power : Europe 1815 -- 1914 ( 2016 ), 934pp Gildea, Robert. Barricades and Borders : Europe 1800 -- 1914 ( Short Oxford History of the Modern World ) ( 3rd ed. 2003 ) 544 pp, online 2nd ed, 1996 Grab, Alexander. Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe ( 2003 ) Kertesz, G.A. ed Documents in the Political History of the European Continent 1815 - 1939 ( 1968 ), 507pp ; several hundred short documents Mason, David S. A Concise History of Modern Europe : Liberty, Equality, Solidarity ( 2011 ), since 1700 Merriman, John, and J.M. Winter, eds. Europe 1789 to 1914 : Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire ( 5 vol. 2006 ) Steinberg, Jonathan. Bismarck : A Life ( 2011 ) Salmi, Hannu. 19th Century Europe : A Cultural History ( 2008 ). Taylor, A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) online free ; Advanced diplomatic history Since 1900 ( edit ) Brose, Eric Dorn. A History of Europe in the Twentieth Century ( 2004 ) 548pp Buchanan, Tom. Europe 's Troubled Peace : 1945 to the Present ( Blackwell History of Europe ) ( 2012 ) Cook, Bernard A. Europe Since 1945 : An Encyclopedia ( 2 vol ; 2001 ), 1465pp Davies, Norman. Europe at War 1939 -- 1945 : No Simple Victory ( 2008 ) Dear, I.C.B. and M.R.D. Foot, eds. The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2006 ) Jarausch, Konrad H. Out of Ashes : A New History of Europe in the Twentieth Century ( 2015 ), 870pp. Judt, Tony. Postwar : A History of Europe Since 1945 ( 2006 ) Martel, Gordon, ed. A Companion to Europe, 1900 -- 1950 ( 2011 ) 32 essays by scholars ; emphasis on historiography Mazower, Mark. Dark Continent : Europe 's Twentieth Century ( 2000 ) 512pp Merriman, John, and Jay Winter, eds. Europe Since 1914 : Encyclopedia of the Age War and Reconstruction ( 5 vol. 2006 ) Paxton, Robert O., and Julie Hessler. Europe in the twentieth century ( 5th edition 2011. Stone, Dan, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History ( 2015 ). Ther, Philipp. Europe since 1989 : A History ( Princeton UP, 2016 ) excerpt, 440pp Toynbee, Arnold, ed. Survey Of International Affairs : Hitler 's Europe 1939 - 1946 ( 1954 ) online Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2005 ) Agriculture and economy ( edit ) Bakels, C.C. The Western European Loess Belt : Agrarian History, 5300 BC -- AD 1000 ( 2009 ) Berend, Iván T. An Economic History of Twentieth - Century Europe ( 2013 ) Berend, Iván T. Europe Since 1980 ( 2010 ), focus on economic history Broadberry, Stephen, and Kevin H. O'Rourke, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe ( 2 vol 2010 ), 1700 to present Dovring, Folke, ed. Land and labor in Europe in the twentieth century : a comparative survey of recent agrarian history. 1965. 511 pp Gras, Norman. A history of agriculture in Europe and America ( 1925 ). free online edition Milward, Alan S. and S.B. Saul. The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe : 1850 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) Murray, Jacqueline. The First European Agriculture ( 1970 ) Pollard, Sidney, ed. Wealth and Poverty : an Economic History of the 20th Century ( 1990 ), 260pp ; global perspective online free Pounds, N.J.G. An Economic History of Medieval Europe ( 1994 ) Slicher van Bath, B.H. The agrarian history of Western Europe, AD 500 -- 1850 ( 1966 ) Thorp, William Long. Business Annals : United States, England, France, Germany, Austria, Russia, Sweden, Netherlands, Italy, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Australia, India, Japan, China ( 1926 ) capsule summary of conditions in each country for each quarter - year 1790 -- 1925 Diplomacy ( edit ) Albrecht - Carrié, René. A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna ( 1958 ), 736pp, basic introduction 1815 -- 1955 Black, Jeremy. A History of Diplomacy ( 2011 ) Black, Jeremy. European International Relations, 1648 -- 1815 ( 2002 ) Kertesz, G.A. ed Documents in the Political History of the European Continent 1815 - 1939 ( 1968 ), 507pp ; several hundred short documents Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History ( 5th ed. 1973 ), very detailed outline Macmillan, Margaret. The War That Ended Peace : The Road to 1914 ( 2013 ) cover 1890s to 1914 Mowat, R.B. History of European Diplomacy, 1451 -- 1789 ( 1928 ) 324 pages online Petrie, Charles. Earlier diplomatic history, 1492 -- 1713 ( 1949 ), covers all of Europe ; online Petrie, Charles. Diplomatic History, 1713 -- 1933 ( 1946 ), broad summary online free also online in Questia Schroeder, Paul. The Transformation of European Politics 1763 -- 1848 ( 1994 ) online ; advanced diplomatic history Steiner, Zara. The Lights that Failed : European International History 1919 -- 1933 ( 2007 ) Steiner, Zara. The Triumph of the Dark : European International History 1933 -- 1939 ( 2011 ) Taylor, A.J. P The struggle for mastery in Europe, 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) Empires and interactions ( edit ) Bayly, C.A. ed. Atlas of the British Empire ( 1989 ). survey by scholars ; heavily illustrated Brendon, Piers. The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781 -- 1997 ( 2008 ), wide - ranging survey Darwin, John. After Tamerlane : The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400 -- 2000 ( 2008 ). James, Lawrence. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire ( 1997 ) Tolan, John et al. eds. Europe and the Islamic World : A History ( 2013 ) online Ideas and science ( edit ) Heilbron, John L., ed. The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science ( 2003 ) Outhwaite, William. The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought ( 2003 ). Wiener, Philip P. Dictionary of the History of Ideas ( 5 vol 1973 ) Religion ( edit ) Latourette, Kenneth Scott. Christianity in a Revolutionary Age : A History of Christianity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries ( 1958 -- 69 ) vol 1, 2, and 4 for detailed country - by - country coverage MacCulloch, Diarmaid. Christianity : The First Three Thousand Years ( 2011 ) Social ( edit ) Stearns, Peter N., ed. Encyclopedia of European Social History ( 6 vol 2000 ), 3000 pp Tipton, F. and R. Aldrich. An Economic and Social History of Europe, 1890 -- 1939 ( 1987 ) ; An Economic and Social History of Europe, 1939 to the Present ( 1987 ) Warfare ( edit ) Archer, Christon I. ; John R. Ferris, Holger H. Herwig. World History of Warfare ( 2002 ) The Cambridge History of the First World War ( 3 vol 2014 ) online The Cambridge History of the Second World War ( 3 vol 2015 ) online Dear, I.C.B. ; Foot, M.R.D., eds. ( 2001 ) ( 1995 ). The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860446 - 4. Dupuy, R. Ernest, The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History : From 3500 BC to the Present ( 1993 ) Goldsworthy, Adrian, and John Keegan. Roman Warfare ( 2000 ) Horne, John, ed. A Companion to World War I ( 2012 ) Keegan, John. A History of Warfare ( 1994 ) Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1989 ) Paret, Peter, ed. Makers of Modern Strategy ( 1986 ), ideas of warfare Rapport, Mike. The Napoleonic Wars : A Very Short Introduction ( 2013 ) Sheehan, James J. Where Have All the Soldiers Gone? The Transformation of Modern Europe ( 2008 ). Weinberg, Gerhard L. ( 2005 ). A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2nd ed. ). ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy Zeiler, Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois, eds. A Companion to World War II ( 2 vol 2013 ), 1030pp ; comprehensive overview by scholars Women and gender ( edit ) Anderson, Bonnie S. and Judith P. Zinsser. A History of Their Own : Women in Europe from Prehistory to the Present ( 2nd ed 2000 ) Bridenthal, Renate, et al. eds. Becoming Visible : Women in European History ( 3rd ed. 1997 ), 608pp ; essays by scholars Frey, Linda, Marsha Frey, Joanne Schneider. Women in Western European History : A Select Chronological, Geographical, and Topical Bibliography ( 1982 ) online Hufton, Olwen. The Prospect Before Her : A History of Women in Western Europe, 1500 -- 1800 ( 1996 ) Herzog, Dagmar. Sexuality in Europe : A Twentieth - Century History ( 2011 ) Offen, Karen. `` Surveying European Women 's History since the Millenium : A Comparative Review '', Journal of Women 's History Volume 22, Number 1, Spring 2010 doi : 10.1353 / jowh. 0.13 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Europe. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : European History Wikiversity has learning resources about European History Wikivoyage has travel information for European history. Media related to Old maps of Europe at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Atlas of European history at Wikimedia Commons EurhistXX : The Network for the Contemporary History of Europe, edited in English from Berlin Contains information on historical trends in living standards in various European countries European History Primary Sources Online access to primary sources for historians New York Public Library. `` History of Europe ''. Research Guides. USA. Links to related articles History of Europe Prehistory Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe Classical antiquity Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Early Christianity Crisis of the Third Century Fall of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Christianization Francia Byzantine Empire Maritime republics Viking Age Kievan Rus ' Holy Roman Empire High Middle Ages Feudalism Crusades Mongol invasion Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Kalmar Union Renaissance Early modern Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Thirty Years ' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg Monarchy Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment Modern Great Divergence Industrial Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Revolutions of 1848 World War I Russian Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration See also Art of Europe Genetic history of Europe History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe History of Europe by country Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Periods of the history of Europe Prehistoric Europe Classical antiquity Late antiquity Middle Ages Renaissance Early modern Modern History by continent Africa Americas ( North America South America ) Antarctica Australia Eurasia ( Europe Asia ) Oceania Europe articles History Chronology Prehistory Classical antiquity Late antiquity Middle Ages Early modernity World War I & II Pax Europaea Crisis situations and unrest since 2000 By topic Military Sovereignty predecessor states Geography Areas and populations Countries by area European microstates Largest metropolitan areas Cities Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Sovereign states and dependent territories by population Villages Politics Eurosphere International organisations Integration Law Politics Post-Soviet Europe Transatlantic relations Intergovernmental Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) Council of Europe ( CoE ) Collective Security Treaty Organisation ( CSTO ) GUAM Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) statistics European Union Economy relations free trade agreements Education European Economic Area ( EEA ) European Neighbourhood Policy ( ENP ) European Union Customs Union ( EUCU ) Eurozone Foreign relations Members enlargement Politics Schengen Area Statistics Visa policy Economy History Financial ( and social ) rankings Free trade areas Energy Telecommunications Transport Intergovernmental Central European Free Trade Agreement ( CEFTA ) Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia ( CUBKR ) Eurasian Economic Community ( EAEC ) European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) Sovereign states by Average wage Budget revenues per capita Corruption index GDP ( nominal ) per capita GDP ( PPP ) per capita GNI ( nominal ) per capita GNI ( PPP ) per capita HDI Internet users ( % ) Minimum wage Press Freedom Index Unemployment rate ( % ) Health expense per capita Military spending ( % ) Childhood population ( % ) Urban population ( % ) Life expectancy Electricity use per capita Society Etiquette Social ( and financial ) rankings Languages endangered Universities Bologna Process Erasmus Culture Art painting sculpture Architecture Capital of Culture Cinema film festivals Classical music Cuisine Dance Literature Philosophy Religion Christianity Islam Judaism Sport Symbols Demographics Ageing Ethnic groups genetic history Immigration Life expectancy Retirement Outline Index Portal Maps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Europe&oldid=834244477 '' Categories : History of Europe Hidden categories : Articles with Italian - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2015 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikivoyage Languages Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Mirandés Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Patois Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018, at 17 : 55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "History of Europe", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=History_of_Europe&amp;oldid=834244477" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "10489632267086537060" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Jump to : navigation, search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens, Jr. Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two - hour premiere. The season will consist of 24 episodes, with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper. This season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season, following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season. The season also marked the last appearance for Martin Henderson as a series regular. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents, fellows, and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen. It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital, located in Seattle, Washington. The season picks up right where it left off after the fire in the previous season finale. Grey - Sloan takes on a new, improved appearance after it is repaired of the damages from the fire. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) finds herself in another love triangle with Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) and his long - lost fiancée, Megan Hunt ( Abigail Spencer ), though she encourages Riggs to resume his relationship with Megan over her. Meredith performs a ground - breaking surgery on Megan, landing her a Harper Avery Award. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) and Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) fiddle with the idea of a relationship after Jackson and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) decide to live apart. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) returns to Seattle to assist with Megan 's reappearance and notices the tension in Owen and Amelia 's relationship. With the help of DeLuca 's sister, visiting doctor Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ), Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) discovers she has a brain tumor that has been impairing her judgment for the last 10 years. After it is removed by her former professor Tom Koracick ( Greg Germann ), Amelia and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) decide to end their marriage. Meanwhile, after Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) reveals to Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) that he tracked down her husband, Alex and Jo reconcile their relationship, with Jo declaring that she will divorce Paul ( Matthew Morrison ). A new class of interns is introduced, one of which has a history with Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ). Ben Warren ( Jason George ) joins to Fire Academy but has trouble telling his wife, Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ). Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) threatens to pull funding from Grey - Sloan and fires Bailey as Chief, but he soon after passes away, reinstating Bailey in the position. After Eliza Minnick ( Marika Domińczyk ) is fired from Grey - Sloan, she ghosts Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ), who subsequently begins dating Carina. Their relationship is short - lived, however, as Arizona inadvertently ends it while preparing for Sofia to return home from New York. Carina begins a sexual relationship with the newly single Owen. Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Taylor Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Bethany Joy Lenz as Jenny Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Justin Bruening as Paramedic Matthew Taylor Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell Scott Speedman Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season, after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here, Now. Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast, but ABC passed on the project. Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season, Jessica Capshaw will return for the 14th season. On June 20, 2017, it was announced that Kim Raver is set to reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc. In August 2017, it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season. After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character, Eliza Minnick, it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show. On September 13, 2017, another special guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) ; though details of his role were not disclosed, it was revealed that his character 's name would be Tom Koracick and he 'd been seen in the episode `` Go Big or Go Home. '' His character turned out to be Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor and he re-appeared in the subsequent episode entitled `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head. '' On October 26, 2017, it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode of the season would be his last. On October 9, 2017, the new group of interns to join the cast as of the fourth episode, `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head, '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam, Alex Blue Davis as Casey, Rushi Kota as Vik, Jaicy Elliot as Taryn, Sophia Taylor Ali as Dahlia, and Jake Borelli as Levi. On January 31, 2018, it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground breaking surgery. Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10, 2017. It premiered on September 28, 2017, with a two - hour premiere. Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season. On April 28, 2017, veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season. On January 11, 2018, ABC released a six - episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series regular Sarah Drew. Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season. `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift, '' Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan, Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas. With Megan 's reappearance, Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom, which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia. With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit, Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person. After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza, Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her. When DeLuca comes home, he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona. 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 Carina, DeLuca 's sister, asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard. Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon. Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex, after it 's revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns. Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia, who seems to be avoiding him and his family. Even without the support of Jackson, Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor. She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain. 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor. Much to her chagrin, Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has n't been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she 's closest. Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him, Avery fires her. In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief. Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor. Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist, who winds up as a patient, to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan. Jo asks Alex to move back home. 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 Amelia has her brain tumor removed, but in the days following, she experiences some complications, such as speaking only French, and memory loss. Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine, which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper 's passing, a quarter billion dollars. Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate. Using her research to justify his entry into the country, Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America. Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness. Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home. Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her. 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she 'll start her new life with Nathan and her son, Farouk, they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah, Iraq. During their time overseas, Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was n't initially intended for her. Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean. Despite the good news of the engagement, Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat, which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing. Distraught over her brother 's betrayal, she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops, leading to her disappearance. While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen, he bonds with Farouk, who is having trouble acclimating to the free world. He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith, as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy. 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat, Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal, JSA, Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure, made possible by Jo 's persuasion, to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis. The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat, whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder. Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home. Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence, recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard. While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina, Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting. At the surgeon - intern mixer, Meredith learns that she 's been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however, the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient. Jackson gives half his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition. Jo learns she 's in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge. DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past, while Owen and Carina are caught kissing. 300 7 `` Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks, Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold. Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs. Cristina Yang, George O'Malley, and Izzie Stevens. Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR, after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair. As Arizona performs surgery on Liza, Izzie 's look - a-like, she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle. Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is, to which Alex says he knows how she is : a happily married surgeon with three children. As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston, Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek. Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department, due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues. Unable to fly out to Boston, in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award. 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons, Jo begins her reign as chief resident. Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial, as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million. Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented, Bailey realizes it 's due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance. Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed, they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age. '' One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence, causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere. Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband, Paul, on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient. 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 8.27 While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon, Jo tries to steer clear of him. Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce. Drenched in blood, Jackson and Maggie save their patient 's life, and then bond in the locker room after showers ; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions, very similar to when they were overseas. Bailey works with an exceptionally computer - savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital ; this intern later outs himself as `` a proud trans man. '' After Paul 's fiancée, Jenny, tells him about her secret exchange with Jo, Meredith has to pretend to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital. However, he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit - and - run. The episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233, the episode 's title. 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 8.62 With Paul recovering from surgery, Meredith questions the alibi that Alex and Jo provide her. Believing that it 's his fiancée, Jenny, who ran him over, Jo feels the need to consult her. April 's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé, Matthew, proving to be more than an awkward situation, as she helps deliver their baby, and then watches him deal with his wife 's unexpected death. Jackson, Bailey, and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12 - year - old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home by a window. Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER, prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker `` the talk. '' When Jo and Jenny go to Paul 's room to announce they are taking him to court, he gets in a bout of rage and falls out of his bed, knocking himself out and becoming brain dead. Still legally his wife, Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated. April ends up in the shower with Roy, an intern, after she finds herself questioning her faith. 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' Nicole Rubio Elisabeth R. Finch February 1, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 8.93 With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack, Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian ; however, after her doctors treat her condescendingly, assuming she 's imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD, she calls on Maggie to come save her. When Maggie arrives, she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey 's record of attendance. With her life flashing before her eyes, Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she 's gone through to get to this point in her life. Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life, Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up. Ben announces that he 's quit being a firefighter, but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves. 305 12 `` Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger '' Jeannot Szwarc Kiley Donovan February 8, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 7.32 As the contest draws near, a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars. In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday, Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie, who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother 's death. Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case, in order to save their patient 's ability to sing, as well as retain all mental capabilities. Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient, who 's back with multiple miniature spleens, which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition, and Jackson gets pulled into his mother 's gender confirmation proposal, despite his wishes. 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Nzingha Stewart Stacy McKee March 1, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) TBD 307 14 `` Games People Play '' Chandra Wilson Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong March 8, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) TBD Reception ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head? '' October 12, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat, Baby '' November 2, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story '' November 9, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 2.3 / 9 8.27 7 14 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 2.3 / 9 8.62 7 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' February 1, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 2.3 / 9 8.93 5 8 305 12 `` Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger '' February 8, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 2.0 / 8 7.32 6 13 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) Live + 7 day ( dvr ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head? '' October 12, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat, Baby '' November 2, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.5 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story '' November 9, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.5 3.53 3.4 11.67 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.07 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 1.3 3.30 3.6 11.58 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 1.3 3.35 3.6 11.98 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' February 1, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 1.4 3.41 3.7 12.35 305 12 `` Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger '' February 8, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich, Matt Webb ( July 24, 2017 ). `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return, Scandal 's Swan Song and More ''. TVLine. Retrieved July 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond ''. TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14. ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal ''. canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14. ^ Jump up to : Ausiello, Michael ( January 31, 2017 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit ''. TV Line. Retrieved February 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs ''. EW. Retrieved October 28, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( June 20, 2017 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 ''. Deadline. Retrieved June 21, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Petski, Denise ( 4 August 2017 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting ''. Retrieved 29 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : Nilles, Billy ( September 13, 2017 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role ''. E!. Retrieved September 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season ''. Retrieved 29 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 ''. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : Nilles, Billy ( October 9, 2017 ). `` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns ''. E!. Retrieved October 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Niles, Billy ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline ``. eonline.com. Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01. Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/02/scott-speedman-cast-greys-anatomy-guest-star-animal-kingdom-exit-tnt-1202279529/ Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan ( March 16, 2016 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot ''. TVLine. Retrieved May 14, 2017. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( June 28, 2015 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around ''. TVLine. Retrieved May 26, 2016. Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/26/greys-anatomy-martin-henderson-exit-riggs/ Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/910651/grey-s-anatomy-admits-candis-cayne-for-groundbreaking-season-14-transgender-storyline. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nilles, Billy ( March 30, 2017 ). `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy ''. E! Online. Retrieved May 14, 2017. Jump up ^ Vernoff, Krista ( April 28, 2017 ). `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14! # NeverSayNever ''. Twitter. Retrieved May 14, 2017. Jump up ^ Corinthios, Aurelie ( January 9, 2018 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team ''. People.com. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( September 29, 2017 ). `` ' Will & Grace, ' ' Superstore, ' ' Good Place, ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 29, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 6, 2017 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 6, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 13, 2017 ). `` ' Will & Grace, ' ' Grey 's Anatomy, ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 13, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 27, 2017 ). `` NFL adjusts up, scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 27, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 3, 2017 ). `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up, ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 3, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 10, 2017 ). `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 10, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 17, 2017 ). `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up, ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings ''. TV By the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( January 22, 2018 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up, ' The Four, ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 22, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( January 26, 2018 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up, ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 2, 2018 ). `` ' Big Bang Theory, ' ' The Four ' adjust up, ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 2, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 9, 2018 ). `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 9, 2018. Jump up ^ `` ( # 1413 ) `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' ``. The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 16, 2018. Jump up ^ `` ( # 1414 ) `` Games People Play '' ``. The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 16, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 3, 2017 ). `` ' Big Bang Theory, ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 3, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 10, 2017 ). `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 11, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 17, 2017 ). `` NFL, ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 17, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 31, 2017 ). `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 1, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 7, 2017 ). `` World Series, ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( November 14, 2017 ). `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 14, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 21, 2017 ). `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings ''. TV By the Numbers. Retrieved November 22, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( January 23, 2018 ). `` FOX dominates, ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings ''. TV By the Numbers. Retrieved January 23, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( January 30, 2018 ). `` Grammys and ' NCIS ' carry CBS to victory : Week 18 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings ''. TV By the Numbers. Retrieved January 30, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 6, 2018 ). `` Super Bowl LII ( obviously ) dominates week 19 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings ''. TV By the Numbers. Retrieved February 6, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 13, 2018 ). `` Olympics push NBC to No. 1 for the season : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings ''. TV By the Numbers. Retrieved February 13, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 13, 2017 ). `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( October 18, 2017 ). `` ' The Orville, ' ' Once Upon a Time, ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( October 25, 2017 ). `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( November 9, 2017 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( November 17, 2017 ). `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( November 27, 2017 ). `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( December 5, 2017 ). `` ' Jane the Virgin, ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( February 1, 2018 ). `` ' This Is Us, ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 1, 2018. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( February 8, 2018 ). `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 8, 2018. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( February 15, 2018 ). `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 15, 2018. Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going, Going, Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Station 19 A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&oldid=826069485 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2017 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018, at 00 : 51. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 14)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&amp;oldid=826069485" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens, Jr. Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two - hour premiere. The season will consist of 24 episodes, with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff" ], "id": [ "14978308651426083277" ], "short_answers": [ "September 28, 2017" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Blood gas tension - wikipedia Blood gas tension Jump to : navigation, search Blood gas tension refers to the partial pressure of gases in blood. There are several significant purposes for measuring gas tension ; the most common gas tensions measured are oxygen tension ( P O ), the carbon dioxide tension ( P CO ) and carbon monoxide tension ( P CO ). The subscript x in each symbol represents the source of the gas being measured ; `` a '' meaning arterial, `` A '' being alveolar, `` v '' being venous, `` c '' being capillary. Blood gas tests ( such as arterial blood gas tests ) measure these partial pressures. Contents ( hide ) 1 Oxygen tension 2 Carbon dioxide tension 3 Carbon monoxide tension 4 Significance 5 Equations 5.1 Oxygen content 5.2 Oxygen saturation 6 See also 7 References Oxygen tension ( edit ) Arterial blood oxygen tension ( normal ) P O -- Partial pressure of oxygen at sea level ( 765 mmHg ) in arterial blood is between 75 mmHg and 100 mmHg. Venous blood oxygen tension ( normal ) P O -- Oxygen tension in venous blood at sea level is between 30 mmHg and 40 mmHg. Carbon dioxide tension ( edit ) Carbon dioxide is a by - product of food metabolism and in high amounts has toxic effects including : dyspnea, acidosis and altered consciousness. Arterial blood carbon dioxide tension P CO -- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level ( 765 mmHg ) in arterial blood is between 35 mmHg and 45 mmHg. Venous blood carbon dioxide tension P CO -- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level in venous blood is between 40 mmHg and 50 mmHg. Carbon monoxide tension ( edit ) Arterial carbon monoxide tension ( normal ) P CO -- Partial pressure of CO at sea level ( 765 mmHg ) in arterial blood is approximately 0.02. It can be slightly higher in smokers and people living in dense urban areas. Significance ( edit ) The partial pressure of gas in blood is significant because it is directly related to ventilation and oxygenation. When used alongside the pH balance of the blood, the P CO and HCO ( and Lactate ) suggest to the health care practitioner which interventions, if any, should be made. Equations ( edit ) Oxygen Content ( edit ) C a O 2 = 1.36 ∗ H g b ∗ S a O 2 100 + 0.0031 ∗ P a O 2 ( \\ displaystyle C_ ( a ) O_ ( 2 ) = 1.36 * Hgb * ( \\ frac ( S_ ( a ) O_ ( 2 ) ) ( 100 ) ) + 0.0031 * P_ ( a ) O_ ( 2 ) ) The constant, 1.36, is the amount of oxygen ( ml at 1 atmosphere ) bound per gram of hemoglobin. The exact value of this constant varies from 1.34 to 1.39, depending on the reference and the way it is derived. The constant 0.0031 represents the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma. The dissolved - oxygen term is generally small relative to the term for hemoglobin - bound oxygen, but becomes significant at very high P O ( as in a hyperbaric chamber ) or in severe anemia. Oxygen saturation ( edit ) S O 2 = ( 23, 400 p O 2 3 + 150 p O 2 + 1 ) − 1 ( \\ displaystyle SO_ ( 2 ) = ( ( \\ frac ( 23,400 ) ( pO_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 3 ) + 150pO_ ( 2 ) ) ) + 1 ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) This is an estimation and does not account for differences in temperature, pH and concentrations of 2, 3 DPG. See also ( edit ) Alveolar air equation Fick 's laws of diffusion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Severinghaus JW, Astrup P, Murray JF ( 1998 ). `` Blood gas analysis and critical care medicine ''. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 157 ( 4 Pt 2 ) : S114 -- 22. PMID 9563770. doi : 10.1164 / ajrccm. 157.4. nhlb1 - 9. Jump up ^ Bendjelid K, Schütz N, Stotz M, Gerard I, Suter PM, Romand JA ( 2005 ). `` Transcutaneous PCO2 monitoring in critically ill adults : clinical evaluation of a new sensor ''. Crit Care Med. 33 ( 10 ) : 2203 -- 6. PMID 16215371. doi : 10.1097 / 01. ccm. 0000181734.26070. 26. ^ Jump up to : Yildizdaş D, Yapicioğlu H, Yilmaz HL, Sertdemir Y ( 2004 ). `` Correlation of simultaneously obtained capillary, venous, and arterial blood gases of patients in a paediatric intensive care unit ''. Arch Dis Child. 89 ( 2 ) : 176 -- 80. PMC 1719810. PMID 14736638. doi : 10.1136 / adc. 2002.016261. Jump up ^ Shapiro BA ( 1995 ). `` Temperature correction of blood gas values ''. Respir Care Clin N Am. 1 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 76. PMID 9390851. Jump up ^ Malatesha G, Singh NK, Bharija A, Rehani B, Goel A ( 2007 ). `` Comparison of arterial and venous pH, bicarbonate, PCO2 and PO2 in initial emergency department assessment ''. Emerg Med J. 24 ( 8 ) : 569 -- 71. PMC 2660085. PMID 17652681. doi : 10.1136 / emj. 2007.046979. ^ Jump up to : Chu YC, Chen CZ, Lee CH, Chen CW, Chang HY, Hsiue TR ( 2003 ). `` Prediction of arterial blood gas values from venous blood gas values in patients with acute respiratory failure receiving mechanical ventilation ''. J Formos Med Assoc. 102 ( 8 ) : 539 -- 43. PMID 14569318. Jump up ^ Walkey AJ, Farber HW, O'Donnell C, Cabral H, Eagan JS, Philippides GJ ( 2010 ). `` The accuracy of the central venous blood gas for acid - base monitoring ''. J Intensive Care Med. 25 ( 2 ) : 104 -- 10. PMID 20018607. doi : 10.1177 / 0885066609356164. Jump up ^ Adrogué HJ, Rashad MN, Gorin AB, Yacoub J, Madias NE ( 1989 ). `` Assessing acid - base status in circulatory failure. Differences between arterial and central venous blood ''. N Engl J Med. 320 ( 20 ) : 1312 -- 6. PMID 2535633. doi : 10.1056 / NEJM198905183202004. ^ Jump up to : Williams AJ ( 1998 ). `` ABC of oxygen : assessing and interpreting arterial blood gases and acid - base balance ''. BMJ. 317 ( 7167 ) : 1213 -- 6. PMC 1114160. PMID 9794863. doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 317.7167. 1213. ^ Jump up to : Hansen JE ( 1989 ). `` Arterial blood gases ''. Clin Chest Med. 10 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 37. PMID 2661120. Jump up ^ Tobin MJ ( 1988 ). `` Respiratory monitoring in the intensive care unit ''. Am Rev Respir Dis. 138 ( 6 ) : 1625 -- 42. PMID 3144222. doi : 10.1164 / ajrccm / 138.6. 1625. Jump up ^ `` Oxygen Content ''. Retrieved October 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Severinghaus, J.W. ( 1979 ). `` Simple, accurate equations for human blood O dissociation computations '' ( PDF ). J Appl Physiol. 46 ( 3 ) : 599 -- 602. PMID 35496. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_gas_tension&oldid=805131789 '' Categories : Hematology Respiratory therapy Pulmonology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017, at 07 : 57. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Blood gas tension", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Blood_gas_tension&amp;oldid=805131789" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "( edit ) Arterial blood oxygen tension ( normal ) P O -- Partial pressure of oxygen at sea level ( 765 mmHg ) in arterial blood is between 75 mmHg and 100 mmHg. Venous blood oxygen tension ( normal ) P O -- Oxygen tension in venous blood at sea level is between 30 mmHg and 40 mmHg. Carbon dioxide tension ( edit ) Carbon dioxide is a by - product of food metabolism and in high amounts has toxic effects including : dyspnea, acidosis and altered consciousness. Arterial blood carbon dioxide tension P CO -- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level ( 765 mmHg ) in arterial blood is between 35 mmHg and 45 mmHg. Venous blood carbon dioxide tension P CO -- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level in venous blood is between 40 mmHg and 50 mmHg. Carbon monoxide tension ( edit ) Arterial carbon monoxide tension ( normal ) P CO -- Partial pressure of CO at sea level ( 765 mmHg ) in arterial blood is approximately 0.02. It can be slightly higher in smokers and people living in dense urban areas. Significance ( edit ) The partial pressure of gas in blood is significant because it is directly related to ventilation and oxygenation. When used alongside the pH balance of the blood," ], "id": [ "508488268223953720" ], "short_answers": [ "at sea level (765 mmHg) in arterial blood is between 35 mmHg and 45 mmHg" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Scott Joplin - Wikipedia Scott Joplin Jump to : navigation, search For the biographical film, see Scott Joplin ( film ). For the painting by Ellen Banks, see Scott Joplin ( painting ). Scott Joplin Scott Joplin in June 1903. This picture also appears on the cover of `` The Cascades '' from 1904. Background information Birth name Scott Joplin c. late 1867 or 1868 ( tombstone says November 24, 1868 ) Northeast Texas, U.S. Origin Texarkana, Texas, U.S. April 1, 1917 ( 1917 - 04 - 01 ) ( aged 48 ) New York City, New York, U.S. Genres Ragtime march waltz Occupation ( s ) Composer pianist music teacher Instruments Piano cornet guitar mandolin violin banjo vocals Years active 1895 -- 1917 Signature Scott Joplin ( / ˈdʒɒplɪn / ; c. 1867 / 68 or November 24, 1868 -- April 1, 1917 ) was an African - American composer and pianist. Joplin achieved fame for his ragtime compositions and was dubbed the `` King of Ragtime ''. During his brief career, he wrote 44 original ragtime pieces, one ragtime ballet, and two operas. One of his first, and most popular pieces, the `` Maple Leaf Rag '', became ragtime 's first and most influential hit, and has been recognized as the archetypal rag. Joplin was born into a musical family of railway laborers in Northeast Texas, and developed his musical knowledge with the help of local teachers. Joplin grew up in Texarkana, where he formed a vocal quartet, and taught mandolin and guitar. During the late 1880s he left his job as a laborer with the railroad, and travelled around the American South as an itinerant musician. He went to Chicago for the World 's Fair of 1893, which played a major part in making ragtime a national craze by 1897. Joplin moved to Sedalia, Missouri, in 1894 and earned a living as a piano teacher ; there he taught future ragtime composers Arthur Marshall, Scott Hayden and Brun Campbell. Joplin began publishing music in 1895, and publication of his `` Maple Leaf Rag '' in 1899 brought him fame. This piece had a profound influence on subsequent writers of ragtime. It also brought the composer a steady income for life, though Joplin did not reach this level of success again and frequently had financial problems. In 1901 Joplin moved to St. Louis, where he continued to compose and publish music, and regularly performed in the St. Louis community. The score to his first opera A Guest of Honor was confiscated in 1903 with his belongings because of a non-payment of bills, and is now considered lost. He continued to compose and publish music, and in 1907 moved to New York City to find a producer for a new opera. He attempted to go beyond the limitations of the musical form that made him famous, without much monetary success. His second opera, Treemonisha, was not received well at its partially staged performance in 1915. In 1916, Joplin descended into dementia as a result of syphilis. He was admitted to a mental institution in January 1917, and died there three months later at the age of 49. Joplin 's death is widely considered to mark the end of ragtime as a mainstream music format, and in the next several years it evolved with other styles into stride, jazz, and eventually big band swing. His music was rediscovered and returned to popularity in the early 1970s with the release of a million - selling album recorded by Joshua Rifkin. This was followed by the Academy Award -- winning 1973 movie The Sting that featured several of his compositions including `` The Entertainer ''. The opera Treemonisha was finally produced in full to wide acclaim in 1972. In 1976, Joplin was posthumously awarded a Pulitzer Prize. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Life in the Southern states and Chicago 3 Life in Missouri 4 Later years and death 5 Works 5.1 Treemonisha 5.2 Performance skills 6 Legacy 6.1 Museum 7 Revival 8 Other awards and recognition 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 10.1. 1 Books 10.1. 2 Web - pages 10.1. 3 Journals 11 External links 11.1 Recordings and sheet music Early life ( edit ) According to author Edward A. Berlin, `` One tenacious myth tells us that Joplin was born in Texarkana, Texas, on November 24, 1868. The location is easily dispensed with : Texarkana was not established until 1873. '' But, based on a letter discovered by musicologist John Tennison in 2015 in the December 19, 1856 edition of the Times - Picayune, it is clear that Texarkana was established as a place - name at least as early as 1856. Consequently, it appears possible that Joplin, born 12 years later, could have been born in Texarkana. Despite evidence to support such a conclusion, some insist that Joplin was born in Linden, Texas, either in late 1867 or early 1868. He was the second of six children ( the others being Monroe, Robert, William, Myrtle, and Ossie ) born to Giles Joplin, an ex-slave from North Carolina, and Florence Givens, a freeborn African - American woman from Kentucky. The Joplins subsequently moved to Texarkana where Giles worked as a laborer for the railroad and Florence was a cleaner. Joplin 's father had played the violin for plantation parties in North Carolina, and his mother sang and played the banjo. Joplin was given a rudimentary musical education by his family and from the age of seven, he was allowed to play the piano while his mother cleaned. At some point in the early 1880s, Giles Joplin left the family for another woman. His wife Florence struggled to support her children through domestic work. Biographer Susan Curtis speculated that the mother 's support of Joplin 's musical education was critical to the parents ' separation. Joplin 's father wanted the boy to pursue practical employment that would supplement the family income. According to a family friend, the young Joplin was serious and ambitious, studying music and playing the piano after school. While a few local teachers aided him, he received most of his music education from Julius Weiss, a German - born music professor who had immigrated to Texas in the late 1860s and was employed as music tutor to a prominent local business family. Weiss had studied music at university in Germany and was listed in town records as a Professor of music. Impressed by Joplin 's talent, and realizing his family 's dire straits, Weiss taught him free of charge. He tutored the 11 - year - old Joplin until the boy was 16, during which time Weiss introduced him to folk and classical music, including opera. Weiss helped Joplin appreciate music as an `` art as well as an entertainment, '' and helped his mother acquire a used piano. According to Weiss ' wife, Lottie, Joplin never forgot Weiss. In his later years, after achieving fame as a composer, Joplin sent his former teacher ``... gifts of money when he was old and ill, '' until Weiss died. At the age of 16, Joplin performed in a vocal quartet with three other boys in and around Texarkana, also playing piano. In addition he taught guitar and mandolin. Life in the Southern States and Chicago ( edit ) In the late 1880s, having performed at various local events as a teenager, Joplin chose to give up work as a laborer with the railroad and left Texarkana to become a traveling musician. Little is known about his movements at this time, although he is recorded in Texarkana in July 1891 as a member of the Texarkana Minstrels in a performance that happened to be raising money for a monument to Jefferson Davis, President of the Southern Confederacy. He soon discovered, however, that there were few opportunities for black pianists. Churches and brothels were among the few options for steady work. Joplin played pre-ragtime ' jig - piano ' in various red - light districts throughout the mid-South, and some claim he was in Sedalia and St. Louis during this time. In 1893 Joplin was in Chicago for the World 's Fair. While in Chicago, he formed his first band playing cornet and began arranging music for the group to perform. Although the World 's Fair minimized the involvement of African - Americans, black performers still came to the saloons, cafés and brothels that lined the fair. The exposition was attended by 27 million Americans and had a profound effect on many areas of American cultural life, including ragtime. Although specific information is sparse, numerous sources have credited the Chicago World Fair with spreading the popularity of ragtime. Joplin found that his music, as well as that of other black performers, was popular with visitors. By 1897 ragtime had become a national craze in American cities, and was described by the St. Louis Dispatch as ``... a veritable call of the wild, which mightily stirred the pulses of city bred people. '' Life in Missouri ( edit ) Maple Leaf Rag 1906 recording of the `` Maple Leaf Rag '' by the United States Marine Band. This is the first surviving recording of the `` Maple Leaf Rag '' Problems playing this file? See media help. In 1894 Joplin arrived in Sedalia, Missouri. At first, Joplin stayed with the family of Arthur Marshall, at the time a 13 - year - old boy but later one of Joplin 's students and a rag - time composer in his own right. There is no record of Joplin having a permanent residence in the town until 1904, as Joplin was making a living as a touring musician. Front cover of the third edition of the `` Maple Leaf Rag '' sheet music There is little precise evidence known about Joplin 's activities at this time, although he performed as a solo musician at dances and at the major black clubs in Sedalia, the Black 400 club and the Maple Leaf Club. He performed in the Queen City Cornet Band, and his own six - piece dance orchestra. A tour with his own singing group, the Texas Medley Quartet, gave him his first opportunity to publish his own compositions and it is known that he went to Syracuse, New York and Texas. Two businessmen from New York published Joplin 's first two works, the songs `` Please Say You Will '', and `` A Picture of her Face '' in 1895. Joplin 's visit to Temple, Texas enabled him to have three pieces published there in 1896, including the `` Great Crush Collision March '', which commemorated a planned train crash on the Missouri -- Kansas -- Texas Railroad on September 15 that he may have witnessed. The March was described by one of Joplin 's biographers as a `` special... early essay in ragtime. '' While in Sedalia he was teaching piano to students who included future ragtime composers Arthur Marshall, Brun Campbell, and Scott Hayden. In turn, Joplin enrolled at the George R. Smith College, where he apparently studied ``... advanced harmony and composition. '' The College records were destroyed in a fire in 1925, and biographer Edward A. Berlin notes that it was unlikely that a small college for African - Americans would be able to provide such a course. In 1899, Joplin married Belle, the sister - in - law of collaborator Scott Hayden. Although there were hundreds of rags in print by the time the `` Maple Leaf Rag '' was published, Joplin was not far behind. His first published rag, `` Original Rags '', had been completed in 1897, the same year as the first ragtime work in print, the `` Mississippi Rag '' by William Krell. The `` Maple Leaf Rag '' was likely to have been known in Sedalia before its publication in 1899 ; Brun Campbell claimed to have seen the manuscript of the work in around 1898. The exact circumstances that led to the Maple Leaf Rag 's publication are unknown, and a number of versions of the event contradict each other. After several unsuccessful approaches to publishers, Joplin signed a contract on August 10, 1899 with John Stillwell Stark, a retailer of musical instruments who later became his most important publisher. The contract stipulated that Joplin would receive a 1 % royalty on all sales of the rag, with a minimum sales price of 25 cents. With the inscription `` To the Maple Leaf Club '' prominently visible along the top of at least some editions, it is likely that the rag was named after the Maple Leaf Club, although there is no direct evidence to prove the link, and there were many other possible sources for the name in and around Sedalia at the time. Scott Joplin House in St. Louis, Missouri There have been many claims about the sales of the `` Maple Leaf Rag '', for example that Joplin was the first musician to sell 1 million copies of a piece of instrumental music. Joplin 's first biographer, Rudi Blesh wrote that during its first six months the piece sold 75,000 copies, and became ``... the first great instrumental sheet music hit in America. '' However, research by Joplin 's later biographer Edward A. Berlin demonstrated that this was not the case ; the initial print - run of 400 took one year to sell, and under the terms of Joplin 's contract with a 1 % royalty would have given Joplin an income of $4 ( or approximately $115 at current prices ). Later sales were steady, and would have given Joplin an income that would have covered his expenses. In 1909, estimated sales would have given him an income of $600 annually ( approximately $15,993 in current prices ). The `` Maple Leaf Rag '' did serve as a model for the hundreds of rags to come from future composers, especially in the development of classic ragtime. After the publication of the `` Maple Leaf Rag '', Joplin was soon being described as `` King of rag time writers '', not least by himself on the covers of his own work, such as `` The Easy Winners '' and `` Elite Syncopations ''. After the Joplins moved to St. Louis in early 1900, they had a baby daughter who died only a few months after birth. Joplin 's relationship with his wife was difficult, as she had no interest in music. They eventually separated and then divorced. About this time, Joplin collaborated with Scott Hayden in the composition of four rags. It was in St. Louis that Joplin produced some of his best - known works, including `` The Entertainer '', `` March Majestic '', and the short theatrical work `` The Ragtime Dance ''. In June 1904, Joplin married Freddie Alexander of Little Rock, Arkansas, the young woman to whom he had dedicated `` The Chrysanthemum ''. She died on September 10, 1904, of complications resulting from a cold, ten weeks after their wedding. Joplin 's first work copyrighted after Freddie 's death, `` Bethena '', was described by one biographer as ``... an enchantingly beautiful piece that is among the greatest of ragtime waltzes. '' During this time, Joplin created an opera company of 30 people and produced his first opera A Guest of Honor for a national tour. It is not certain how many productions were staged, or even if this was an all - black show or a racially mixed production. During the tour, either in Springfield, Illinois, or Pittsburg, Kansas, someone associated with the company stole the box office receipts. Joplin could not meet the company 's payroll or pay for its lodgings at a theatrical boarding house. It is believed that the score for A Guest of Honor was lost and perhaps destroyed because of non-payment of the company 's boarding house bill. Later years and death ( edit ) Front cover of the `` Wall Street Rag '' ( 1909 ) sheet music In 1907, Joplin moved to New York City, which he believed was the best place to find a producer for a new opera. After his move to New York, Joplin met Lottie Stokes, whom he married in 1909. In 1911, unable to find a publisher, Joplin undertook the financial burden of publishing Treemonisha himself in piano - vocal format. In 1915, as a last - ditch effort to see it performed, he invited a small audience to hear it at a rehearsal hall in Harlem. Poorly staged and with only Joplin on piano accompaniment, it was `` a miserable failure '' to a public not ready for `` crude '' black musical forms -- so different from the European grand opera of that time. The audience, including potential backers, was indifferent and walked out. Scott writes that `` after a disastrous single performance... Joplin suffered a breakdown. He was bankrupt, discouraged, and worn out. '' He concludes that few American artists of his generation faced such obstacles : `` Treemonisha went unnoticed and unreviewed, largely because Joplin had abandoned commercial music in favor of art music, a field closed to African Americans. '' In fact, it was not until the 1970s that the opera received a full theatrical staging. In 1914, Joplin and Lottie self - published his `` Magnetic Rag '' as the Scott Joplin Music Company, which he had formed the previous December. Biographer Vera Brodsky Lawrence speculates that Joplin was aware of his advancing deterioration due to syphilis and was ``... consciously racing against time. '' In her sleeve notes on the 1992 Deutsche Grammophon release of Treemonisha she notes that he ``... plunged feverishly into the task of orchestrating his opera, day and night, with his friend Sam Patterson standing by to copy out the parts, page by page, as each page of the full score was completed. '' By 1916, Joplin was suffering from tertiary syphilis and a resulting descent into insanity. In January 1917, he was admitted to Manhattan State Hospital, a mental institution. He died there on April 1 of syphilitic dementia at the age of 49 and was buried in a pauper 's grave that remained unmarked for 57 years. His grave at Saint Michaels Cemetery in East Elmhurst was finally given a marker in 1974, the year The Sting, which showcased his music, won for Best Picture at the Oscars. Works ( edit ) Further information : List of compositions by Scott Joplin Maple Leaf Rag The Entertainer Problems playing these files? See media help. The combination of classical music, the musical atmosphere present around Texarkana ( including work songs, gospel hymns, spirituals and dance music ) and Joplin 's natural ability have been cited as contributing significantly to the invention of a new style that blended African - American musical styles with European forms and melodies, and first became celebrated in the 1890s : ragtime. When Joplin was learning the piano, serious musical circles condemned ragtime because of its association with the vulgar and inane songs ``... cranked out by the tune - smiths of Tin Pan Alley. '' As a composer Joplin refined ragtime, elevating it above the low and unrefined form played by the ``... wandering honky - tonk pianists... playing mere dance music '' of popular imagination. This new art form, the classic rag, combined Afro - American folk music 's syncopation and 19th - century European romanticism, with its harmonic schemes and its march - like tempos. In the words of one critic, `` Ragtime was basically... an Afro - American version of the polka, or its analog, the Sousa - style march. '' With this as a foundation, Joplin intended his compositions to be played exactly as he wrote them -- without improvisation. Joplin wrote his rags as `` classical '' music in miniature form in order to raise ragtime above its `` cheap bordello '' origins and produced work that opera historian Elise Kirk described as, ``... more tuneful, contrapuntal, infectious, and harmonically colorful than any others of his era. '' Some speculate that Joplin 's achievements were influenced by his classically trained German music teacher Julius Weiss, who may have brought a polka rhythmic sensibility from the old country to the 11 - year old Joplin. As Curtis put it, `` The educated German could open up the door to a world of learning and music of which young Joplin was largely unaware. '' Joplin 's first and most significant hit, the `` Maple Leaf Rag '', was described as the archetype of the classic rag, and influenced subsequent rag composers for at least 12 years after its initial publication thanks to its rhythmic patterns, melody lines, and harmony, though with the exception of Joseph Lamb, they generally failed to enlarge upon it. Treemonisha ( edit ) Treemonisha ( 1911 ) Main article : Treemonisha The opera 's setting is a former slave community in an isolated forest near Joplin 's childhood town Texarkana in September 1884. The plot centers on an 18 - year - old woman Treemonisha who is taught to read by a white woman, and then leads her community against the influence of conjurers who prey on ignorance and superstition. Treemonisha is abducted and is about to be thrown into a wasps ' nest when her friend Remus rescues her. The community realizes the value of education and the liability of their ignorance before choosing her as their teacher and leader. Joplin wrote both the score and the libretto for the opera, which largely follows the form of European opera with many conventional arias, ensembles and choruses. In addition the themes of superstition and mysticism evident in Treemonisha are common in the operatic tradition, and certain aspects of the plot echo devices in the work of the German composer Richard Wagner ( of which Joplin was aware ). A sacred tree Treemonisha sits beneath recalls the tree that Siegmund takes his enchanted sword from in Die Walküre, and the retelling of the heroine 's origins echos aspects of the opera Siegfried. In addition, African - American folk tales also influence the story -- the wasp nest incident is similar to the story of Br'er Rabbit and the briar patch. Treemonisha is not a ragtime opera -- because Joplin employed the styles of ragtime and other black music sparingly, using them to convey `` racial character, '' and to celebrate the music of his childhood at the end of the 19th century. The opera has been seen as a valuable record of rural black music from late 19th century re-created by a `` skilled and sensitive participant. '' Berlin speculates about parallels between the plot and Joplin 's own life. He notes that Lottie Joplin ( the composer 's third wife ) saw a connection between the character Treemonisha 's wish to lead her people out of ignorance, and a similar desire in the composer. In addition, it has been speculated that Treemonisha represents Freddie, Joplin 's second wife, because the date of the opera 's setting was likely to have been the month of her birth. At the time of the opera 's publication in 1911, the American Musician and Art Journal praised it as, ``... an entirely new form of operatic art. '' Later critics have also praised the opera as occupying a special place in American history, with its heroine, ``... a startlingly early voice for modern civil rights causes, notably the importance of education and knowledge to African American advancement. '' Curtis 's conclusion is similar : `` In the end, Treemonisha offered a celebration of literacy, learning, hard work, and community solidarity as the best formula for advancing the race. '' Berlin describes it as a ``... fine opera, certainly more interesting than most operas then being written in the United States, '' but later states that Joplin 's own libretto showed the composer, ``... was not a competent dramatist, '' with the book not up to the quality of the music. As Rick Benjamin, the founder and director of the Paragon Ragtime Orchestra, found out, Joplin succeeded in performing Treemonisha for paying audiences in Bayonne, New Jersey, in 1913. On 6 December 2011, the centenary of the Joplin piano score 's publication, New World Records released an entirely new recording of Treemonisha. August 1984 saw the German premiere of Treemonisha at the Stadttheater Gießen. Another performance in Germany, falsely labelling itself as the German premiere, occurred on 25 April 2015 at the Staatsschauspiel Dresden under direction and choreography of Massimo Gerardi ( de ). Performance skills ( edit ) `` Pleasant Moments -- Ragtime Waltz '' -- played by Scott Joplin ( April 1916 ) An April 1916 piano roll recording of Scott Joplin. Thought lost until discovered by a collector in New Zealand in 2006. `` Maple Leaf Rag '' -- played by Scott Joplin ( June 1916 ) A June 1916 Piano Roll recording of Scott Joplin for The Aeolian Company. Problems playing these files? See media help. Joplin 's skills as a pianist were described in glowing terms by a Sedalia newspaper in 1898, and fellow ragtime composers Arthur Marshall and Joe Jordan both said that he played the instrument well. However, the son of publisher John Stark stated that Joplin was a rather mediocre pianist and that he composed on paper, rather than at the piano. Artie Matthews recalled the `` delight '' the St. Louis players took in outplaying Joplin. While Joplin never made an audio recording, his playing is preserved on seven piano rolls for use in mechanical player pianos. All seven were made in 1916. Of these, the six released under the Connorized label show evidence of significant editing to correct the performance to strict rhythm and add embellishments, probably by the staff musicians at Connorized. Berlin theorizes that by the time Joplin reached St. Louis, he may have experienced discoordination of the fingers, tremors, and an inability to speak clearly -- all symptoms of the syphilis that took his life in 1917. Biographer Blesh described the second roll recording of `` Maple Leaf Rag '' on the UniRecord label from June 1916 as ``... shocking... disorganized and completely distressing to hear. '' While there is disagreement among piano - roll experts as to how much of this is due to the relatively primitive recording and production techniques of the time, Berlin notes that the `` Maple Leaf Rag '' roll was likely to be the truest record of Joplin 's playing at the time. The roll, however, may not reflect his abilities earlier in life. Legacy ( edit ) `` Nonpareil '' ( 1907 ) Joplin and his fellow ragtime composers rejuvenated American popular music, fostering an appreciation for African - American music among European - Americans by creating exhilarating and liberating dance tunes. `` Its syncopation and rhythmic drive gave it a vitality and freshness attractive to young urban audiences indifferent to Victorian proprieties... Joplin 's ragtime expressed the intensity and energy of a modern urban America. '' Joshua Rifkin, a leading Joplin recording artist, wrote, `` A pervasive sense of lyricism infuses his work, and even at his most high - spirited, he can not repress a hint of melancholy or adversity... He had little in common with the fast and flashy school of ragtime that grew up after him. '' Joplin historian Bill Ryerson adds that, `` In the hands of authentic practitioners like Joplin, ragtime was a disciplined form capable of astonishing variety and subtlety... Joplin did for the rag what Chopin did for the mazurka. His style ranged from tones of torment to stunning serenades that incorporated the bolero and the tango. '' Biographer Susan Curtis wrote that Joplin 's music had helped to `` revolutionise American music and culture '' by removing Victorian restraint. Composer and actor Max Morath found it striking that the vast majority of Joplin 's work did not enjoy the popularity of the `` Maple Leaf Rag '', because while the compositions were of increasing lyrical beauty and delicate syncopation they remained obscure and unheralded during his lifetime. Joplin apparently realized that his music was ahead of its time : As music historian Ian Whitcomb mentions that Joplin, ``... opined that `` Maple Leaf Rag '' would make him ' King of Ragtime Composers ' but he also knew that he would not be a pop hero in his own lifetime. ' When I 'm dead twenty - five years, people are going to recognize me, ' he told a friend. '' Just over thirty years later he was recognized, and later historian Rudi Blesh wrote a large book about ragtime, which he dedicated to the memory of Joplin. Although he was penniless and disappointed at the end of his life, Joplin set the standard for ragtime compositions and played a key role in the development of ragtime music. And as a pioneer composer and performer, he helped pave the way for young black artists to reach American audiences of both races. After his death, jazz historian Floyd Levin noted : `` Those few who realized his greatness bowed their heads in sorrow. This was the passing of the king of all ragtime writers, the man who gave America a genuine native music. '' Museum ( edit ) Main article : Scott Joplin House State Historic Site The home Joplin rented In St. Louis 1900 - 1903 was recognized as a National Historic Landmark in 1976 and was saved from destruction by the local African American community. In 1983, the Missouri Department of Natural Resources made it the first state historic site in Missouri dedicated to the African American heritage. At first it focused entirely on Joplin and ragtime music, ignoring the urban milieu which shaped his musical compositions. A newer heritage project has expanded coverage to include the more complex social history of black urban migration and the transformation of a multi-ethnic neighborhood to the contemporary community. Part of this diverse narrative now includes coverage of uncomfortable topics of racial oppression, poverty, sanitation, prostitution, and sexually transmitted diseases. Revival ( edit ) After his death in 1917, Joplin 's music and ragtime in general waned in popularity as new forms of musical styles, such as jazz and novelty piano, emerged. Even so, jazz bands and recording artists such as Tommy Dorsey in 1936, Jelly Roll Morton in 1939 and J. Russell Robinson in 1947 released recordings of Joplin compositions. `` Maple Leaf Rag '' was the Joplin piece found most often on 78 rpm records. In the 1960s, a small - scale reawakening of interest in classical ragtime was underway among some American music scholars such as Trebor Tichenor, William Bolcom, William Albright and Rudi Blesh. Audiophile Records released a two record set, The Complete Piano Works of Scott Joplin, The Greatest of Ragtime Composers, performed by Knocky Parker, in 1970. In 1968, Bolcom and Albright interested Joshua Rifkin, a young musicologist, in the body of Joplin 's work. Together, they hosted an occasional ragtime - and - early - jazz evening on WBAI radio. In November 1970, Rifkin released a recording called Scott Joplin : Piano Rags on the classical label Nonesuch. It sold 100,000 copies in its first year and eventually became Nonesuch 's first million - selling record. The Billboard `` Best - Selling Classical LPs '' chart for September 28, 1974 has the record at number 5, with the follow - up `` Volume 2 '' at number 4, and a combined set of both volumes at number 3. Separately both volumes had been on the chart for 64 weeks. In the top seven spots on that chart, six of the entries were recordings of Joplin 's work, three of which were Rifkin 's. Record stores found themselves for the first time putting ragtime in the classical music section. The album was nominated in 1971 for two Grammy Award categories : Best Album Notes and Best Instrumental Soloist Performance ( without orchestra ). Rifkin was also under consideration for a third Grammy for a recording not related to Joplin, but at the ceremony on March 14, 1972, Rifkin did not win in any category. He did a tour in 1974, which included appearances on BBC Television and a sell - out concert at London 's Royal Festival Hall. In 1979 Alan Rich in the New York Magazine wrote that by giving artists like Rifkin the opportunity to put Joplin 's music on disk Nonesuch Records ``... created, almost alone, the Scott Joplin revival. '' In January 1971, Harold C. Schonberg, music critic at The New York Times, having just heard the Rifkin album, wrote a featured Sunday edition article entitled `` Scholars, Get Busy on Scott Joplin! '' Schonberg 's call to action has been described as the catalyst for classical music scholars, the sort of people Joplin had battled all his life, to conclude that Joplin was a genius. Vera Brodsky Lawrence of the New York Public Library published a two - volume set of Joplin works in June 1971, entitled The Collected Works of Scott Joplin, stimulating a wider interest in the performance of Joplin 's music. In mid-February 1973 under the direction of Gunther Schuller, The New England Conservatory Ragtime Ensemble recorded an album of Joplin 's rags taken from the period collection Standard High - Class Rags called Joplin : The Red Back Book. The album won a Grammy Award as Best Chamber Music Performance in that year, and went on to become Billboard magazine 's Top Classical Album of 1974. The group subsequently recorded two more albums for Golden Crest Records : More Scott Joplin Rags in 1974 and The Road From Rags To Jazz in 1975. In 1973, film producer George Roy Hill contacted Schuller and Rifkin separately, asking each man to write the score for a film project he was working on : The Sting. Both men turned down the request because of previous commitments. Instead Hill found Marvin Hamlisch available, and brought him into the project as composer. Hamlisch lightly adapted Joplin 's music for The Sting, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and Adaptation on April 2, 1974. His version of `` The Entertainer '' reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the American Top 40 music chart on May 18, 1974, prompting The New York Times to write, `` The whole nation has begun to take notice. '' Thanks to the film and its score, Joplin 's work became appreciated in both the popular and classical music world, becoming ( in the words of music magazine Record World ), the `` classical phenomenon of the decade. '' Rifkin later said of the film soundtrack that Hamlisch lifted his piano adaptations directly from Rifkin 's style and his band adaptations from Schuller 's style. Schuller said Hamlisch, ``... got the Oscar for music he did n't write ( since it is by Joplin ) and arrangements he did n't write, and ' editions ' he did n't make. A lot of people were upset by that, but that 's show biz! '' On October 22, 1971, excerpts from Treemonisha were presented in concert form at Lincoln Center with musical performances by Bolcom, Rifkin and Mary Lou Williams supporting a group of singers. Finally, on January 28, 1972, T.J. Anderson 's orchestration of Treemonisha was staged for two consecutive nights, sponsored by the Afro - American Music Workshop of Morehouse College in Atlanta, with singers accompanied by the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Robert Shaw, and choreography by Katherine Dunham. Schonberg remarked in February 1972 that the `` Scott Joplin Renaissance '' was in full swing and still growing. In May 1975, Treemonisha was staged in a full opera production by the Houston Grand Opera. The company toured briefly, then settled into an eight - week run in New York on Broadway at the Palace Theatre in October and November. This appearance was directed by Gunther Schuller, and soprano Carmen Balthrop alternated with Kathleen Battle as the title character. An `` original Broadway cast '' recording was produced. Because of the lack of national exposure given to the brief Morehouse College staging of the opera in 1972, many Joplin scholars wrote that the Houston Grand Opera 's 1975 show was the first full production. 1974 saw the Royal Ballet, under director Kenneth MacMillan, create Elite Syncopations a ballet based on tunes by Joplin and other composers of the era. That year also brought the premiere by the Los Angeles Ballet of Red Back Book, choreographed by John Clifford to Joplin rags from the collection of the same name, including both solo piano performances and arrangements for full orchestra. In 2016, Scott Joplin appeared as a character in the second season of the Comedy Central show Another Period, portrayed by Cedric the Entertainer. Other Awards and recognition ( edit ) 1970 : Joplin was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame by the National Academy of Popular Music. 1976 : Joplin was awarded a special Pulitzer Prize, ``... bestowed posthumously in this Bicentennial Year, for his contributions to American music. '' 1977 : Motown Productions produced Scott Joplin, a biographical film starring Billy Dee Williams as Joplin, released by Universal Pictures. 1983 : the United States Postal Service issued a stamp of the composer as part of its Black Heritage commemorative series. 1989 : Joplin received a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. 2002 : a collection of Joplin 's own performances recorded on piano rolls in the 1900s ( decade ) was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the Library of Congress National Recording Registry. The board annually selects songs that are ``... culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant ''. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 121 Jump up ^ Joplin, Scott ( 1899 ). Maple Leaf Rag ( 2nd edition ) ( sheet music cover ). John Stark. p. 1. ^ Jump up to : Edwards 2008. Jump up ^ Berlin, Edward A. `` Scott Joplin : Brief Biographical Sketch ''. Berlin. Retrieved April 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Berlin, Edward A. `` Scott Joplin : Brief Biographical Sketch ''. Retrieved May 3, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Jasen, David A. ( 2007 ). Ragtime : An Encyclopedia, Discography, and Sheetography. New York : Taylor & Francis. p. 109. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97862 - 0. Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 24. Jump up ^ Jasen & Tichenor ( 1978 ) p. 82. Jump up ^ `` Scott Joplin ''. Texas Music History Online. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2006. Jump up ^ Kirchner ( 2005 ) p. 32. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 6. ^ Jump up to : Curtis ( 2004 ) p. 38. ^ Jump up to : Albrecht ( 1979 ) pp. 89 -- 105. ^ Jump up to : Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 7 -- 8. Jump up ^ Christensen ( 1999 ) p. 442 Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Kirk ( 2001 ) p. 190. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 11 -- 12. Jump up ^ Christensen ( 1999 ) p. 442. Jump up ^ St. Louis Dispatch, quoted in Scott & Rutkoff ( 2001 ) p. 36 Jump up ^ Jasen ( 1981 ) p. 319 -- 320. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 131 -- 132. Jump up ^ Edwards 2010. Jump up ^ RedHotJazz. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 24 -- 25. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 25 -- 27. Jump up ^ Blesh ( 1981 ) p. xviii. ^ Jump up to : Scott & Rutkoff ( 2001 ) p. 37 Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 19 Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 31 -- 34 Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 27. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 47, 52. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 56, 58. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 62. Jump up ^ Blesh ( 1981 ) p. xxiii. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 56, 58. ^ Jump up to : Blesh ( 1981 ) p. xxiii. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 128. ^ Jump up to : Ryerson ( 1973 ) ^ Jump up to : Jasen & Tichenor ( 1978 ) p. 88 Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 142 Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 149. Jump up ^ `` Profile of Scott Joplin ''. Classical.net. Retrieved November 14, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Kirk ( 2001 ) p. 191. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 226, 230. Jump up ^ Vera Brodsky Lawrence, Sleeve notes to 1992 Deutsche Grammophon release of Treemonisha, quoted in Kirk ( 2001 ) p. 191. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 239. Jump up ^ Walsh, Michael ( September 19, 1994 ). `` American Schubert ''. Time. Retrieved November 14, 2009. Jump up ^ Berlin 1998. Jump up ^ Scott & Rutkoff ( 2001 ) p. 38. Jump up ^ John Chancellor ( October 3, 1974 ). `` Vanderbilt Television News Archive summary ''. Vanderbilt Television News Archive. Retrieved December 17, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Curtis ( 2004 ) p. 37. ^ Jump up to : Whitcomb ( 1986 ) p. 24. Jump up ^ Davis ( 1995 ) pp. 67 -- 68. Jump up ^ Williams ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Tennison, John. `` History of Boogie Woogie ''. Chapter 15. Retrieved October 4, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Kirchner ( 2005 ) p. 33. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 203. Jump up ^ Crawford ( 2001 ) p. 545. ^ Jump up to : Christensen ( 1999 ) p. 444. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 203 -- 204. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 202, 204. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 207 -- 208. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 202. Jump up ^ Kirk ( 2001 ) p. 194. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 202 -- 203. Jump up ^ Barrymore Laurence Scherer ( 6 December 2011 ). `` Opera Treemonisha as It Was Intended To Be ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 April 2015. Jump up ^ Nancy R. Ping Robbins, Guy Marco : Scott Joplin : A Guide to Research. Routledge, 2014, p. 299 Jump up ^ `` Treemonisha Oper mit getanzten Szenen ''. Staatsschauspiel Dresden. Retrieved 26 April 2015. Jump up ^ `` Pianola.co.nz ''. Retrieved April 20, 2009. Jump up ^ Jasen & Tichenor ( 1978 ) p. 86. ^ Jump up to : Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 237. Jump up ^ `` List of Piano Roll Artists ''. Pianola. Retrieved July 31, 2010. Jump up ^ Berlin ( 1994 ) pp. 237, 239. Jump up ^ Blesh ( 1981 ) p. xxxix. Jump up ^ Siepmann ( 1998 ) p. 36. Jump up ^ Philip ( 1998 ) pp. 77 -- 78. Jump up ^ Howat ( 1986 ) p. 160. Jump up ^ McElhone ( 2004 ) p. 26. Jump up ^ Rifkin, Joshua. Scott Joplin Piano Rags, Nonesuch Records ( 1970 ) album cover Jump up ^ Curtis ( 2004 ) p. 1. Jump up ^ Levin ( 2002 ) p. 197. Jump up ^ Timothy Baumann, et al. `` Interpreting Uncomfortable History at the Scott Joplin House State Historic Site in St. Louis, Missouri. '' The public historian 33.2 ( 2011 ) : 37 - 66. online Jump up ^ Jasen ( 1981 ) pp. 319 -- 320. Jump up ^ The Complete Piano Works of Scott Joplin, The Greatest of Ragtime Composers, John W. ( Knocky ) Parker, piano. Audiophile Records ( 1970 ) AP 71 -- 72 Jump up ^ Waldo ( 1976 ) pp. 179 -- 182. Jump up ^ `` Scott Joplin Piano Rags Nonesuch Records CD ( with bonus tracks ) ''. Retrieved March 19, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Nonesuch Records ''. Retrieved March 19, 2009. Jump up ^ Billboard Magazine 1974a, p. 61... Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Awards Database ''. LA Times. Retrieved March 17, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Kronenberger, John ( August 11, 1974 ). `` The Ragtime Revival -- A Belated Ode to Composer Scott Joplin ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Rich 1979, p. 81... Jump up ^ Schonberg, Harold C. ( January 24, 1971 ). `` Scholars, Get Busy on Scott Joplin! ''. The New York Times. Retrieved March 20, 2009. Jump up ^ Waldo ( 1976 ) p. 184. Jump up ^ Billboard Magazine & December 26, 1974, pp. 4, 34... ^ Jump up to : Waldo ( 1976 ) p. 187. Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Awards Database ''. LA Times. Retrieved March 14, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Charis Music Group, compilation of cue sheets from the American Top 40 radio Show '' ( PDF ). Retrieved September 5, 2009. Jump up ^ Billboard Magazine 1974b, p. 64. Jump up ^ Record World Magazine July 1974, quoted in Berlin ( 1994 ) p. 251. ^ Jump up to : Ping - Robbins 1998, p. 289. ^ Jump up to : Peterson, Bernard L. ( 1993 ). A century of musicals in black and white. Westport, Connecticut : Greenwood Press. p. 357. ISBN 0 - 313 - 26657 - 3. Retrieved March 20, 2009. Jump up ^ Schonberg, Harold C. ( February 13, 1972 ). `` The Scott Joplin Renaissance Grows ''. The New York Times. Retrieved March 20, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Royal Ballet ''. Retrieved September 6, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Songwriters Hall of Fame ''. Retrieved March 17, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Special Awards and Citations ''. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved March 14, 2009. Jump up ^ IMDB.com. Jump up ^ ESPER. Jump up ^ St. Louis Walk of Fame. `` St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees ''. stlouiswalkoffame.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2002 National Recording Registry from the National Recording Preservation Board of the Library of Congress ''. Library of Congress. Retrieved September 6, 2009. References ( edit ) Bibliography ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Blesh, Rudi ( 1981 ). `` Scott Joplin : Black - American Classicist ''. In Lawrence, Vera Brodsky. Scott Joplin Complete Piano Works. New York Public Library. ISBN 0 - 87104 - 272 - X. Berlin, Edward A. ( 1994 ). King of Ragtime : Scott Joplin and His Era. Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 510108 - 1. Crawford, Richard ( 2001 ). America 's Musical Life : A History. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0 - 393 - 04810 - 1. Curtis, Susan ( 1999 ). Christensen, Lawrence O, ed. Dictionary of Missouri Biography. Univ. of Missouri Press. ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1222 - 0. Retrieved October 2, 2009. Curtis, Susan ( 2004 ). Dancing to a Black Man 's Tune : A Life of Scott Joplin. Univ. of Missouri Press. ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1547 - 5. Davis, Francis ( 1995 ). The History of the Blues : The Roots, the Music, the People. Hyperion. ISBN 0 - 306 - 81296 - 7. Gioia, Ted ( 1997 ). The History of Jazz. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 509081 - 0. Haskins, James ( 1978 ). Scott Joplin. New York : Doubleday & Company, Inc. ISBN 0 - 385 - 11155 - X. Howat, Roy ( 1986 ). Debussy in Proportion : A Musical Analysis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 31145 - 4. Retrieved April 17, 2009. Jasen, David A. ; Trebor Jay Tichenor ( 1978 ). Rags and Ragtime : A Musical History. New York, NY : Dover Publications, Inc. p. 88. ISBN 0 - 486 - 25922 - 6. Jasen, David A. ( 1981 ). `` Discography of 78 rpm Records of Joplin Works ''. In Lawrence, Vera Brodsky. Scott Joplin Complete Piano Works. New York Public Library. ISBN 0 - 87104 - 272 - X. Kirk, Elise Kuhl ( 2001 ). American Opera. Univ. of Illinois Press. ISBN 0 - 252 - 02623 - 3. Lawrence, Vera Brodsky, ed. ( 1971 ). Scott Joplin Complete Piano Works. New York Public Library. ISBN 0 - 87104 - 242 - 8. Levin, Floyd ( 2002 ). Classic Jazz : A Personal View of the Music and the Musicians. Univ. of California Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23463 - 5. MaGee, Jeffrey ( 1998 ). `` Ragtime and Early Jazz ''. In David Nicholls ( ed. ). The Cambridge History of American Music. New York : The Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 45429 - 8. CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) McElhone, Kevin ( 2004 ). Mechanical Music ( 2 ed. ). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0578 - 4. Retrieved April 16, 2009. Morath, Max ( 2005 ). Kirchner, Bill, ed. The Oxford Companion to Jazz. Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 518359 - 2. Palmer, Tony ( 1976 ). All You Need Is Love / The Story Of Popular Music. Book Club Associates. ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 11448 - 1. Philip, Robert ( 1998 ). Rowland, David, ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Piano. Cambridge Companions to Music ( Illustrated, reprint ed. ). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 47986 - X. Retrieved April 17, 2009. Scott, William B. ; Rutkoff, Peter M ( 2001 ). New York Modern : The Arts and the City. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6793 - 2. Ping - Robbins, Nancy R. ( 1998 ). Scott Joplin : a guide to research. p. 289. ISBN 0 - 8240 - 8399 - 7. Retrieved March 20, 2009. Siepmann, Jeremy ( 1998 ). The Piano : The Complete Illustrated Guide to the World 's Most Popular Musical Instrument. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0 - 7935 - 9976 - 8. Ryerson, Bill ; Joplin, Scott ( 1973 ). Best of Scott Joplin : a Collection of Original Ragtime Piano Compositions. C. Hansen Music and Books. ISBN 0 - 8494 - 0581 - 5. Waldo, Terry ( 1976 ). This Is Ragtime. New York : Hawthorn Books, Inc. ISBN 0 - 8015 - 7618 - 0. Waterman, Guy ( 1985a ). `` Ragtime ''. In J.E. Hasse ( ed. ). Ragtime : Its History, Composers, and Music. New York : Shirmer Books. ISBN 0 - 02 - 871650 - 7. CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Waterman, Guy ( 1985b ). `` Joplin 's Late Rags : An Analysis ''. In J.E. Hasse ( ed. ). Ragtime : Its History, Composers, and Music. New York : Shirmer Books. ISBN 0 - 02 - 871650 - 7. CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Whitomb, Ian ( 1986 ). After the Ball. Hal Leonard Corp. ISBN 0 - 87910 - 063 - X. Williams, Martin ( 1959 ). The Art of Jazz : Ragtime to Bebop. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 306 - 80134 - 5. Williams, Martin, ed. ( 1987 ). The Smithsonian Collection of Classic Jazz. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 0 - 393 - 99342 - 6. Web - pages ( edit ) Berlin, Edward A. ( 2012 ). `` Scott Joplin : Brief Biographical Sketch ''. Edward A. Berlin. Retrieved April 3, 2012. Berlin, Edward A. ( 1998 ). `` A Biography of Scott Joplin ''. The Scott Joplin International Ragtime Foundation. Retrieved November 14, 2009. Edwards, `` Perfessor '' Bill ( 2008 ). `` Rags & Pieces by Scott Joplin, 1895 -- 1905 ''. Retrieved November 14, 2009. Edwards, `` Perfessor '' Bill ( 2010 ). `` '' Perfessor '' Bill 's guide to notable Ragtime Era Composers ``. Retrieved July 28, 2011. ESPER. `` Black Heritage Stamp issues ''. Ebony Society of Philatelic Reflections, Inc. Retrieved August 17, 2011. IMDB.com. `` Listing for Scott Joplin ( TV 1977 ) ''. IMDB.com, Inc. Retrieved August 16, 2011. RedHotJazz. `` Wilbur Sweatman and His Band ''. Retrieved July 25, 2011. St. Louis Walk of Fame. `` Inductees to the St. Louis Walk of Fame ''. St. Louis Walk of Fame. Retrieved August 17, 2011. Journals ( edit ) Albrecht, Theodore ( 1979 ). Julius Weiss : Scott Joplin 's First Piano Teacher. 19. Case Western Univ. College Music Symposium. pp. 89 -- 105. Billboard Magazine ( 1974a ). `` Best Selling Classical LPs ''. Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. ( September 28, 1974 ) : 61. Retrieved July 29, 2011. Billboard Magazine ( 1974b ). `` Hot 100 ''. Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. ( May 18, 1974 ) : 64. Retrieved August 5, 2011. Rich, Alan ( 1979 ). `` Music ''. New York Magazine. New York Media LLC ( December 24, 1979 ) : 81. Retrieved August 5, 2011. External links ( edit ) Find more aboutScott Joplinat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Texas State Historical Association -- Biography of Scott Joplin The Scott Joplin International Ragtime Foundation Joplin at St. Louis Walk of Fame `` Perfessor '' Bill Edwards plays Joplin, with anecdotes and research. Maple Leaf Rag A site dedicated to 100 years of the Maple Leaf Rag. The Scott Joplin House -- St. Louis, Missouri Scott Joplin at Find a Grave Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture Scott Joplin at Library of Congress Authorities, with 276 catalog records Recordings and sheet music ( edit ) Free recordings of Joplin 's music in Mp3 format by various pianists at PianoSociety.com www.kreusch-sheet-music.net -- Free scores by Joplin Sheet Music and Covers ( includes cover art, comprehensive sheet music selection, and biography ) Free scores by Scott Joplin at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Kunst der Fuge : Scott Joplin -- MIDI files ( live and piano - rolls recordings ) John Roache 's site has MIDI performances of ragtime music by Joplin and others The Mutopia Project has compositions by Scott Joplin Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards ( Arts ) Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II for Oklahoma! ( 1944 ) Roger Sessions ( 1974 ) Scott Joplin ( 1976 ) Milton Babbitt ( 1982 ) William Schuman ( 1985 ) George Gershwin ( 1998 ) Duke Ellington ( 1999 ) Thelonious Monk ( 2006 ) John Coltrane ( 2007 ) Bob Dylan ( 2008 ) Hank Williams ( 2010 ) Complete list ( Journalism ) ( Letters ) ( Arts ) ( Service ) Scott Joplin Compositions Piano rags `` Original Rags '' ( 1899 ) `` Maple Leaf Rag '' ( 1899 ) `` The Easy Winners '' ( 1901 ) `` Elite Syncopations '' ( 1902 ) `` The Entertainer '' ( 1902 ) `` The Ragtime Dance '' ( 1902 / 1906 ) `` Weeping Willow '' ( 1903 ) `` Searchlight Rag '' ( 1907 ) `` Wall Street Rag '' ( 1909 ) `` Silver Swan Rag '' ( 1914 / 1971 ) `` Magnetic Rag '' ( 1914 ) Operas and other music A Guest of Honor ( 1903 ) Bethena ( 1905 ) Treemonisha ( 1911 ) Collaborations `` Swipesy Cakewalk '' ( 1900 ) `` Sunflower Slow Drag '' ( 1901 ) `` Heliotrope Bouquet '' ( 1907 ) Related articles The Sting ( 1973 ) Scott Joplin : Piano Rags ( 1970 ) Scott Joplin ( 1977 ) Biography portal VIAF : 56796614 LCCN : n50039880 ISNI : 0000 0001 0904 5211 GND : 119174030 SUDOC : 060341742 BNF : cb13895753j ( data ) MusicBrainz : aec8a328 - d2e8 - 4780 - b2ea - 318c7f8d6f75 NDL : 00756299 ICCU : IT \\ ICCU \\ CFIV \\ 040245 BNE : XX1114220 IATH : w6mc959q Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Joplin&oldid=804713980 '' Categories : Scott Joplin 1860s births 1868 births 1917 deaths 19th - century American pianists 19th - century classical composers 19th - century classical pianists 20th - century American pianists 20th - century classical composers 20th - century classical pianists African - American classical composers African - American classical musicians African - American classical pianists African - American opera composers American classical composers American classical musicians American male classical composers American music educators American Romantic composers Composers for piano Deaths from syphilis Male opera composers Musicians from Missouri Musicians from St. Louis Musicians from Texas People from Sedalia, Missouri People from Texarkana, Texas Pulitzer Prize winners Ragtime composers Ragtime pianists Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Texas classical music Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2012 Use American English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Interlanguage link template link number CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Composers with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Papiamentu Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017, at 17 : 58. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Scott Joplin", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Scott_Joplin&amp;oldid=804713980" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "6278454638115923254" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Perfect Mate - wikipedia The Perfect Mate Jump to : navigation, search `` The Perfect Mate '' Star Trek : The Next Generation episode The make up designed for Famke Janssen as Kamala ( pictured left ) was later used on Terry Farrell in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Episode no. Season 5 Episode 21 Directed by Cliff Bole Story by René Echevarria Gary Percante Teleplay by Gary Percante Michael Piller Featured music Jay Chattaway Production code 221 Original air date April 27, 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 27 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Famke Janssen -- Kamala Tim O'Connor -- Briam Max Grodénchik -- Par Lenor Mickey Cottrell -- Alrik Michael Snyder -- Qol David Paul Needles -- Miner # 1 Roger Rignack -- Miner # 2 Charles Gunning -- Miner # 3 April Grace -- Transporter Officer Majel Barrett -- Computer Voice Episode chronology ← Previous `` Cost of Living '' Next → `` Imaginary Friend '' List of Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes `` The Perfect Mate '' is the 21st episode of the fifth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation, the 121st overall. The episode was credited to Gary Percante and Michael Piller from a story by Percante and René Echevarria. Percante was a pseudonym of Rueben Leder, which was used by the writer in protest against re-writes. Four endings were written, with two filmed. `` The Perfect Mate '' was directed by Cliff Bole. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship Enterprise. In this episode, Captain Jean - Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) develops feelings for Kamala ( Famke Janssen ), a woman destined from childhood for an arranged marriage which hopefully might end a war between two planets. Picard steps in to help in the peace ceremony and later gives Kamala away at her wedding. The episode was the second acting job for former model Janssen, and she would subsequently turn down the offer to join the main cast in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine. Her makeup seen in `` The Perfect Mate '' would end up being used on Jadzia Dax in that series. Also appearing was Max Grodénchik, who would go on to play Rom in Deep Space Nine. `` The Perfect Mate '' received Nielsen ratings of 10.8 percent, and received a mixed reception from reviewers, with criticism directed at the presentation of Kamala and the Ferengi, while Janssen was subsequently praised. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 2.1 Writing 2.2 Casting 3 Themes 4 Reception 5 Home media release 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Kriosian ambassador Briam ( Tim O'Connor ) comes on board the Enterprise with some cargo, ready for a peace ceremony with the Valtian. As the ship heads to the rendezvous, they save two Ferengi from a failing ship. Despite security being assigned, the Ferengi enter the cargo bay and deactivate the stasis field on Briam 's cargo, revealing a young Kriosian woman named Kamala ( Famke Janssen ). With the Ferengi secured, it is revealed that she is an empathic metamorph who can sense what males around her desire and react appropriately. She was being brought as an arranged marriage to the Valtian representative. Kamala is generating pheromones that can affect males around her, which was why she was kept in stasis until the ceremony. Briam tells Kamala to stay in her quarters, but Captain Picard allows her to travel throughout the ship, with the unaffected Lt. Commander Data ( Brent Spiner ) as her escort. This results in a fight nearly breaking out in Ten Forward, when Kamala begins to interact with several miners. The Ferengi seek to bribe Briam to turn Kamala over to them, but he rejects their offer. As he leaves, they attack him, causing him to fall, hit his head, and lose consciousness. The Enterprise turns the Ferengi over to the nearest starbase to stand trial, but Briam is unable to participate in the ceremony. Kamala helps Picard to take on Briam 's role, and the two become close. He seeks to resist her abilities and tells her to be herself, and she explains that the woman he wants her to be is who she actually is. They meet with the Valtian ambassador, Chancellor Alrik ( Mickey Cottrell ), who is uninterested in the marriage and wants to pursue trade agreements. With the arrangements made, Picard visits Kamala to say goodbye ; she tells him that she has permanently bonded with him instead of Alrik. Kamala explains that he has changed her for the better, and will continue in her duty for her people to marry Alrik. At the wedding ceremony, Picard escorts Kamala down the aisle and watches as she marries another. After the newlyweds have returned to the planet, Picard says goodbye to Briam in the transporter room. When asked how he resisted Kamala, the expression on Picard 's face reveals how much of a struggle it has been and how much he feels he has lost. Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) The story for `` The Perfect Mate '' was created by René Echevarria and Rueben Leder and then written as a teleplay by Leder and executive producer Michael Piller. A great deal of edits were made to the script by a number of staff members, and Piller felt that it was a difficult one due to the subject matter. As Piller explained to Echevarria in a memo, he felt that Kamala had to be a well - rounded character which would be loved by the viewer in order for the episode to work. Fellow executive producer Rick Berman recalled heated discussions over the content of the script, and following re-writes to the draft, Leder elected to be credited only under the pseudonym Gary Percante. This was the only time during Piller 's tenure as executive producer that a writer chose to be credited under a pseudonym. Piller subsequently praised the episode, saying `` We have Beverly argue the point that Kamala 's mission amounts to prostitution, and we have Picard taking the other tack ; that whether or not we approve, we ca n't change or interfere with the way these people are. And if you accept ( Gene ) Roddenberry 's vision, which we are built on, you have to respect that. '' Two of the scenes seen in `` The Perfect Mate '' built upon references in earlier episodes. The morning meeting over tea between Picard and Crusher seen here was previously mentioned in `` Qpid '', while in `` Family '' there was the mention of Picard taking piano lessons as a child. In `` The Perfect Mate '', he relates that these were only briefly taken because his mother wanted him to. Four endings were written for the episode, with two filmed. Piller preferred a `` trick ending '' in which Picard daydreamed of objecting to the wedding, but ultimately with Kamala rejecting both him and Alrik having been enlightened by Picard 's influence. Casting ( edit ) Famke Janssen had worked as a model before appearing in `` The Perfect Mate ''. Prior to working on The Next Generation, Famke Janssen had worked as a model in Europe for seven years. Her first acting role was on the television series Fathers and Sons, with Star Trek representing her second acting performance. Two days after auditioning for the role of Kamala, she was on set filming the episode. She later described how this did not give a great deal of time to prepare for the role, and that new script pages would be delivered on a daily basis through the seven day shoot which she found difficult due to her lack of fluency in English at the time. However, she said the cast were friendly and described them as a `` family ''. Regarding the make - up, she said that on the first day they created a stencil through which they applied the spots on the following six days. Janssen said that Kamala was `` very intelligent and educated ''. Berman described Janssen as `` about as beautiful as any woman any of us have ever seen and she gave a delightful performance ''. Following her appearance in the episode, Janssen was offered a five - year contract to appear in the main cast as Jadzia Dax on Star Trek : Deep Space Nine but turned it down as she did not want to be tied to a long term series contract, and felt it would have made her lazy as an actor. The makeup worn by Janssen was used on the actress cast in that part, Terry Farrell, although without stencilling. This was as a result of Berman 's rejection of the original Trill makeup from `` The Host '', with Kamala 's makeup suggested as a replacement. At the time of an interview with Starlog magazine in 1993, Janssen said that she would be happy to return to The Next Generation to portray Kamala once again. She did not return to the series, but went on to appear as Jean Grey alongside Stewart in the 2000 film X-Men and subsequent films in the series. She found working with Stewart easy when they were reunited, because of their previous work on `` The Perfect Mate ''. `` The Perfect Mate '' was one of several episodes of The Next Generation where Max Grodénchik portrayed a Ferengi. He would subsequently audition for the role of Quark on Deep Space Nine, but this went to Armin Shimerman. Grodénchik then portrayed `` Ferengi Pit Boss '' in the pilot of Deep Space Nine, `` Emissary '', who was subsequently written to become the brother of Quark, Rom. Michael Snyder went on to appear as another Ferengi in The Next Generation episode `` Rascals ''. Themes ( edit ) Robin Roberts discussed `` The Perfect Mate '' in his 1999 book Sexual Generations. He explained that the premise of a perfect mate had been seen elsewhere in science fiction, such as in The Stepford Wives, and said that he found it disturbing when works of the genre depicted this as a role model for women. He called `` The Perfect Mate '' the exemplification of the `` depiction of woman as a passive reflection of a male partner ''. He compared the Federation non-interference in a people who treat women as gifts to the involvement of the United States in the Gulf War in defence of Kuwait, a country which limits rights for women. In Chris Gregory 's 2000 book Star Trek : Parallel Narratives, he compared `` The Perfect Mate '' to the Star Trek : The Original Series episode `` Elaan of Troyius '' to the ancient Greek poem the Iliad. He said that the influence of Picard caused Kamala to abandon any potential sense of happiness and replace it with an increased sense of self - awareness and remove the ability for her to legitimately love Arik. Reception ( edit ) `` The Perfect Mate '' aired during the week commencing May 10, 1992, in broadcast syndication. According to Nielsen Media Research, it received ratings of 10.8 percent. This means that it was watched by 10.8 percent of all households watching television during its timeslot. This was the lowest first run episode of the season. It was the lowest rating since `` In Theory '', broadcast during the fourth season, and no episode broadcast afterwards during the course of the season received ratings equal or lower. Starlog magazine reported in 1993 that the reception from female fans of Star Trek was mostly negative due to the manner in which Kamala was presented, while some reviewers offered a similar opinion. Michelle Erica Green, in her review for TrekNation in 2013, praised the chemistry between Stewart and Janssen but called it `` a terrible episode, an enormous setback in terms of how Next Gen presents women in the 24th century, and the fact that I appreciate several of the performances does n't mean I do n't wish it had never been produced. '' She questioned that if Kamala 's gender was switched about whether the arguments presented in the episode would have remained, and felt it was a missed opportunity to tackle social issues. Keith DeCandido hated the episode in his review for Tor.com in 2012, giving it a score of 2 out of 10, and said that when he first watched it, the episode had left him `` seething ''. He explained that he would `` expect a storyline rooted in tiresomely traditional gender roles from a show airing in the late 1960s. Not so much the early 1990s. '' He said that Janssen was `` flat '', and did not have any chemistry with Stewart. DeCandido also criticized the Ferengi `` at their absolute worst '' and the absence of Deanna Troi from the episode. However, other reviewers received the episode more positively. Zack Handlen gave the episode a rating of a `` B + '' in his 2011 review for The A.V. Club. He called the Ferengi `` as awful as ever '', but otherwise praised the episode. He said that Janssen was one of the reasons why it worked, with the evolution of Kamala through `` The Perfect Mate '' showing `` a sense of someone coming into their own as a sexually aware, potentially powerful individual. '' Handlen compared the situation to the `` Elaan of Troyius '', and found the imprinting of Kamala on Picard an unexpected twist. It was ranked in 47th place out of the top 100 of the entire franchise in Charlie Jane Anders ' list for io9, In the Toronto Sun 's list of the 50 top moments of the franchise, Janssen 's appearance as Kamala was placed 13th. Home Media release ( edit ) `` The Perfect Mate '' was first released on VHS cassette in the United States and Canada on October 7, 1997. The episode was later released in the United States on November 5, 2002, as part of the season five DVD box set. The first Blu Ray release was in the United States on November 19, 2013, followed by the United Kingdom on November 18. See also ( edit ) `` Precious Cargo '' ( Star Trek : Enterprise ) The first meeting between Kriosians and humans Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nemecek 2003, p. 199. ^ Jump up to : Gross & Altman 1993, p. 245. ^ Jump up to : Nemecek 2003, p. 200. ^ Jump up to : Bloch - Hansen, Peter ( December 1993 ). `` Perfect Mating ''. Starlog ( 197 ) : 58 -- 62 -- via Archive.org. ^ Jump up to : `` Famke Janssen Talks TNG & Her New Film, Jack of the Red Hearts ''. StarTrek.com. February 24, 2016. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Erdmann & Block 2000, p. 245. Jump up ^ Westmore 2000, p. 133. Jump up ^ McDonnell, David ( July 27, 2013 ). `` Starlogging With David McDonnell : Lunch With The Perfect Mate ''. StarTrek.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Reeves - Stevens & Reeves - Stevens 1994, p. 9. Jump up ^ Nemecek 2003, p. 224. Jump up ^ Roberts 1999, p. 66. Jump up ^ Roberts 1999, p. 73. Jump up ^ Roberts 1999, pp. 74 -- 75. Jump up ^ Gregory 2000, p. 186. Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation Nielsen Ratings -- Seasons 5 -- 6 ''. TrekNation. Archived from the original on October 5, 2000. Retrieved September 13, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation Nielsen Ratings -- Seasons 3 -- 4 ''. TrekNation. Archived from the original on October 5, 2000. Retrieved September 13, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation Nielsen Ratings -- Season 7 ''. TrekNation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2001. Retrieved September 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Green, Michelle Erica ( November 6, 2009 ). `` Retro Review : The Perfect Mate ''. TrekNation. Archived from the original on November 12, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2016. Jump up ^ DeCandido, Keith ( August 17, 2012 ). `` Star Trek : The Next Generation Rewatch : `` The Perfect Mate '' ``. Tor.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Handlen, Zack ( April 28, 2011 ). `` Star Trek : The Next Generation : `` The Perfect Mate '' / `` Imaginary Friend '' ``. The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on February 28, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Anders, Charlie Jane ( October 2, 2014 ). `` The Top 100 Star Trek Episodes Of All Time! ''. io9. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2015. Jump up ^ Slotek, Jim ( June 3, 2016 ). `` Star Trek 's 50th : 50 great moments for Trekkies to celebrate ''. Toronto Sun. Retrieved September 13, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Star Trek -- The Next Generation, Episode 121 : The Perfect Mate ( VHS ) ''. Tower Video. Retrieved September 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Ordway, Holly E. ( November 5, 2002 ). `` Star Trek the Next Generation -- Season 5 ''. DVD Talk. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Miller III, Randy ( November 19, 2013 ). `` Star Trek : The Next Generation -- Season Five ( Blu - ray ) ''. DVD Talk. Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Simpson, Michael ( November 11, 2013 ). `` Star Trek : The Next Generation Season 5 Blu - Ray Review ''. Sci - Fi Now. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016. References ( edit ) Erdmann, Terry J. ; Block, Paula M. ( 2000 ). Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Companion. New York : Pocket Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 50106 - 8. Gregory, Chris ( 2000 ). Star Trek : Parallel Narratives. New York : St. Martin 's Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 74488 - 8. Gross, Edward ; Altman, Mark A. ( 1993 ). Captain 's Logs : The Complete Trek Voyages. London : Boxtree. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85283 - 899 - 7. Nemecek, Larry ( 2003 ). Star Trek : The Next Generation Companion ( 3rd ed. ). New York : Pocket Books. ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5798 - 6. Reeves - Stevens, Judith ; Reeves - Stevens, Garfield ( 1994 ). The Making of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine. New York : Pocket Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 87430 - 8. Roberts, Robin ( 1999 ). Sexual Generations : `` Star Trek : The Next Generation '' and Gender. Urbana : University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06810 - 2. Westmore, Michael ( 2000 ). Star Trek : Aliens & Artifacts. New York : Pocket Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 04299 - 8. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Perfect Mate The Perfect Mate on IMDb The Perfect Mate at StarTrek.com The Perfect Mate at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) ( hide ) Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes Seasons 5 6 7 Season 5 `` Redemption II '' `` Darmok '' `` Ensign Ro '' `` Silicon Avatar '' `` Disaster '' `` The Game '' `` Unification, Part I '' `` Unification, Part II '' `` A Matter of Time '' `` New Ground '' `` Hero Worship '' `` Violations '' `` The Masterpiece Society '' `` Conundrum '' `` Power Play '' `` Ethics '' `` The Outcast '' `` Cause and Effect '' `` The First Duty '' `` Cost of Living '' `` The Perfect Mate '' `` Imaginary Friend '' `` I, Borg '' `` The Next Phase '' `` The Inner Light '' `` Time 's Arrow, Part I '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Perfect_Mate&oldid=810440948 '' Categories : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 5 ) episodes 1992 American television episodes Holography in fiction Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from October 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017, at 07 : 26. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Perfect Mate", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Perfect_Mate&amp;oldid=810440948" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "18372879714968682888" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of Full House and Fuller House characters - wikipedia List of Full House and Fuller House characters Jump to : navigation, search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( February 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy. ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main cast in season seven This is a list of the characters from the American television sitcom Full House and its sequel series Fuller House. The former ran for eight seasons on ABC from September 22, 1987 to May 23, 1995. Fuller House followed 21 years later, airing on Netflix beginning February 26, 2016. The first nine episodes of the third season were released on September 22, 2017, and the back nine was released on December 22, 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Jesse Katsopolis 1.2 Danny Tanner 1.3 Joey Gladstone 1.4 D.J. Tanner 1.5 Stephanie Tanner 1.6 Michelle Tanner 1.7 Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis 1.8 Kimmy Gibbler 1.9 Steve Hale 1.10 Nicky and Alex Katsopolis 1.11 Jackson Fuller 1.12 Max Fuller 1.13 Ramona Gibbler 1.14 Tommy Fuller 1.15 Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero 1.16 Matt Harmon 1.17 Lola Wong 1.18 Jimmy Gibbler 2 Recurring characters 3 Other characters 4 Guest stars 5 References Main characters Character Actor Full House seasons Fuller House seasons 5 6 7 8 Jesse Katsopolis John Stamos Main Recurring Danny Tanner Bob Saget Main Guest Recurring Joey Gladstone Dave Coulier Main Recurring D.J. Tanner Candace Cameron Bure Main Stephanie Tanner Jodie Sweetin Main Michelle Tanner Mary - Kate & Ashley Olsen Recurring Main Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis Lori Loughlin Recurring Main Recurring Kimmy Gibbler Andrea Barber Recurring Main Steve Hale Scott Weinger Guest Main Guest Recurring Main Nicky and Alex Katsopolis Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit Recurring Main Guest Jackson Fuller Michael Campion Main Max Fuller Elias Harger Main Ramona Gibbler Soni Nicole Bringas Main Tommy Fuller Dashiell & Fox Messitt Main Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero Juan Pablo Di Pace Recurring Main Matt Harmon John Brotherton Recurring Main Lola Wong Ashley Liao Recurring Main Guest Jimmy Gibbler Adam Hagenbuch Recurring Main Note Jump up ^ `` Jesse Cochran '' during season one Jump up ^ Daniel and Kevin Renteria ( as babies ) ^ Note 1 : Scott Weinger, John Brotherton, Ashley Liao and Adam Hagenbuch are credited after the opening credits and only for the episodes in which they appear. ^ Note 2 : Scott Weinger is credited as a Special Guest Star in the sixth episode of season two but as starring in all of his other appearances. Jesse Katsopolis Jesse Katsopolis ( portrayed by John Stamos ; the character 's last name in season one was Cochran, but was changed reportedly due to John Stamos wanting his character to better reflect his Greek heritage ) is Danny 's brother - in - law, Pam 's younger brother, husband of Rebecca Donaldson and father of twin sons Nicky and Alex. Born Hermes Katsopolis ( as revealed in the season five episode `` The Legend of Ranger Joe '' ), he was named after his great - grandfather, who in turn is named after the Greek god of swiftness. However, he did not like his birth name, as other kids teased him for it ; so when he was in kindergarten, he begged his parents to have his name changed to Jesse, thinking that one had to have a `` cool name '' to be in the in - crowd. As an adult, he was more confident with his true name, telling the girls about the Greek god of speed, and how his great - grandfather saved a village from a volcano, but still goes by Jesse. In contrast with Danny, Jesse is portrayed as being irresponsible most of the time, but occasionally serves as a responsible adult when a responsible adult is needed ( such as when he discovers Stephanie 's classmate is a child abuse victim in the season 6 episode `` Silence is Not Golden '' ). Jesse is revealed as a high school dropout in season six 's `` Educating Jesse '', though in an earlier plot ( in season four 's `` One Last Kiss '' ) about a high school reunion, he mentions not wearing his cap to his graduation because he did not want to mess up his hair. Jesse 's obsession with his hair becomes a major trait of his throughout the series, as well as his obsession with Elvis Presley. His obsession with the former is fully established in the season two premiere `` Cutting it Close '', which focuses on Jesse 's tough time coping when Stephanie accidentally cuts off a hunk of his mullet, which leads to him getting into a motorcycle accident that lands him in a full arm cast ; later episodes reveal that he has a special comb called Mr. Goodpart ( which gets damaged in a melee to purchase a Mighty Mutant Super Kids Super Fortress for Michelle in season eight 's `` I 've Got a Secret '' ) and that he gives pep talks to his hair ( as revealed in season seven 's `` Wrong - Way Tanner '' ). Jesse first moves into the house with virtually no experience in taking care of young children or babies, but starts to learn the ropes along the way. He becomes closer to all of his nieces over the course of the series, especially Michelle, whom he affectionately nicknames `` munchkin '' and `` shorty '', among others. In the first season, Jesse works for his father Nick 's exterminating business before leaving to pursue work in advertising, frequently working with Joey. He later works with Joey as co-hosts of an afternoon drive time show on local radio station KFLH called The Rush Hour Renegades. Further along in the series, in season seven 's `` Smash Club : The Next Generation '', Jesse becomes the new owner of The Smash Club. Although he was shown to be a sports fan as well as a good athlete in the earlier seasons, it is revealed in later seasons that Jesse hated all sports ( especially basketball, as revealed in `` Air Jesse '' from season eight ) and was not very athletic. Jesse 's main passion is music, and struggles to `` hit it big '' with his band, Jesse and the Rippers ( in the earlier part of the series ). However, his increasing responsibilities to his family, radio job, and as owner of a club, lead his band members to kick him out of the band ( in the season eight premiere `` Comet 's Excellent Adventure '' ) ; in `` Making Out is Hard to Do '', he briefly decides to quit being a musician until he has a nightmare in which he appears on Downbeat ( a Behind the Music - style show - within - a-dream - sequence ) has him dream that his family hates him, Rebecca has divorced him ( and moved on with Joey ) and Jesse himself was a mechanic, as well as overweight and balding ( because of a scalp infection ), with Kimmy Gibbler ( dressed in the attire of the Married... with Children character Peggy Bundy ) as a wife. Two episodes later in `` To Joey, With Love, '' he subsequently starts a new band called Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets. In Fuller House Jesse, Becky, and Danny all move to Los Angeles. Jesse becomes the music composer for General Hospital while Becky and Danny start a new nationally syndicated talk show called, Wake Up USA. In the season two finale, Jesse and Becky adopt a baby girl whom they name Pamela after his sister. Somewhere along the line Jesse became a stay at home dad. When Becky and Danny get fired from Wake Up USA, they try to get their old jobs back but the station only wanted her back to co-host an all women 's talk show. Jesse, Becky and Pamela are all moving back to San Francisco, and he also bought back the Smash Club ( which is now a laundromat ) along with Joey. Danny Tanner Daniel Ernest `` Danny '' Tanner ( portrayed by Bob Saget, John Posey in the unaired pilot ) is left with three young daughters to raise after his wife, Pam, dies in a car accident caused by a drunk driver. At the beginning of the series, he works as a sportscaster for Channel 8 News. In the season two episode `` Tanner vs. Gibbler '', he is chosen by his station 's general manager Mr. Strowbridge to be the co-host for the station 's new morning talk show, Wake Up, San Francisco, alongside Rebecca Donaldson. In season one 's `` The Big Three - O, '' Danny 's beloved car, `` Bullet, '' is severely damaged after another driver rear - ends the vehicle, leading it roll out of park and become submerged in the San Francisco Bay as Jesse and Joey shop for new seat covers for the car to surprise Danny with as a present for his 30th birthday ; Jesse and Joey end up bidding for a new car that is identical in appearance, unknowingly competing with Danny, who purchases the car ( and later named it `` Walter '' ) after he calls the car dealership that Jesse and Joey are and places a bid over the phone. Danny goes on his first date since his wife 's death in the season one episode `` Sea Cruise, '' as part of a fishing trip that was intended to only include himself, Jesse and Joey ; he is seen going out on dates on select occasions throughout the series. While Rebecca goes on maternity leave in season five just before giving birth to his nephews Nicky and Alex, Danny ends up falling in love with her co-host replacement, Vicky Larson. The two of them begin dating in season five 's `` Easy Rider, '' becoming Danny 's most serious relationship since he became a widower, and the two later become engaged in the season six finale `` The House Meets the Mouse ''. However, their relationship turned into a long - distance situation as Vicky was assigned various reporting jobs away from San Francisco. In season seven 's `` The Perfect Couple, '' Vicky ended up getting her dream job of anchoring the network news in New York City, but a long - distance relationship did not work for either of them, so Danny decides to break up with her ; this leads him to a mass feng shui habit in the following episode, `` Is It True About Stephanie?, '' to which his family acknowledges was his way of trying to cope with his breakup. Danny eventually meets fellow single parent Claire Mahan in season eight episode `` Making Out Is Hard to Do, '' and go on a date in the episode `` Claire and Present Danger. '' Although he is not established with this trait early on ( season one 's `` The Return of Grandma '' depicts him as begrudgingly trying to clean the messy house with Jesse and Joey after their mothers threaten to move in if they can not keep the place clean ), much of the humor surrounding Danny 's character comes from his obsession with cleaning and cleanliness. Danny can often be found cleaning for cleaning 's sake, sometimes even cleaning his cleaning products ( in a version of the original season three opening titles, seen during episodes in which Lori Loughlin does not appear as Rebecca Donaldson, Danny is even shown to be cleaning his floor vacuum with a handheld vacuum ). He says the family motto is `` clean is good, dirt is bad ''. Danny views spring cleaning as his equivalent to Christmas and home movies as his New Year 's Eve ( as revealed in the season two episode `` Goodbye, Mr. Bear '' ). His quirkiness and generally `` unhip dad '' personality are also targets for humor. He is a skilled pool, dart player and guitarist ( as respectively revealed in season four 's, `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun, '' and season eight 's, `` To Joey, with Love '' ). Like most other characters, he generally can not stand Kimmy Gibbler, considering her as `` an annoying, obnoxious nuisance '' ; at times, urging D.J. to make new friends whenever Kimmy does something that irritates him. Danny also has one brother and one sister, and his parents are divorced. Unlike his brother - in - law Jesse ( who is more into rock - and - roll ), Danny has a taste for 1970s Disco music ; one of his favorite songs is `` Play That Funky Music '' by Wild Cherry. In the first episode of Fuller House, Danny and Becky relocate to Los Angeles for their new talk show, Wake Up USA, and it is revealed that Danny got remarried to a woman named Teri. During the second season Danny goes through a little bit of a mid-life crisis since he just turned 60. In season three Danny reveals that him and Teri got divorced. Danny and Becky asked for raises on their show but since they asked for too much they are fired and replaced by Mario Lopez. After feeling sorry for themselves they go back to Wake Up San Francisco to ask for their old jobs back but the station only wants Becky back. To cheer him up, the girls somehow tracked down Vicky and surprised him with her. He invites her to the 30th `` Dadiversary '' party the girls threw for him, Jesse and Joey. Since Becky, Jesse and Joey are all moving back to San Francisco, Danny announces he 's moving back too, and back into the house. Joey Gladstone Joseph Alvin `` Joey '' Gladstone ( portrayed by Dave Coulier ) is the childhood best friend of Danny Tanner, and adulthood best friend of Jesse Katsopolis. Joey moved in with Danny shortly after the death of Danny 's wife, Pam, to help raise D.J., Stephanie, and Michelle. Joey works as a stand - up comedian, whose act usually includes vocal imitations of cartoon characters such as Popeye, Bullwinkle J. Moose, Pepé Le Pew and others. Joey initially slept in the alcove of Danny 's living room. However, after complaining of not being able to find privacy, Danny reconstructs his basement garage into a bedroom for him in the season one episode `` Joey 's Place '' ( prior to the reveal, Joey contemplates moving out after the family 's behavior makes him believe that Jesse and Danny can handle taking care of the girls and that he is not needed ). Joey nearly quits comedy in the season one episode `` But Seriously, Folks, '' after Phyllis Diller ( who was there as an audience member ) hogs his slot at a comedy club, deciding to change his name to Joe and become a serious businessman. He reverses his decision after D.J. decides to quit practicing the guitar, realizing that he is not setting a good example. Although there was some tension between Joey and Jesse when they first move in with the Tanners, they quickly become good friends to the point where Jesse asks Joey to be his best man at his wedding. Even so, Joey 's perceived immaturity does irritate Jesse at times. Joey usually handles the day - to - day raising of the kids by doing chores like making meals, driving the kids to school appointments, and after school activities, taking care of Michelle as a baby, and helping the kids with their homework. Joey also buys D.J. her first car for her 16th birthday in the season six episode `` Grand Gift Auto, '' which ends up getting repossessed after the police discover that the car had been stolen ; Joey nearly moves out again after the family 's attempts to try illustrate that Joey is not capable of committing a crime make him believe that the rest of the family thinks of him as a big joke. It is in this episode that Joey reveals that he had wished to have siblings as he grew up as an only child ( even imaging that he was part of The Brady Bunch ), and that being part of the Tanner family gave him the extended family he always wanted. In season four 's `` Viva Las Joey, '' Joey is reunited with his estranged father ( at the arrangement of Stephanie and D.J. ), a former serviceman in the Armed Forces, with whom Joey did not get along with growing up due to his strict parenting style and his disapproval of Joey 's dream of being a comedian ; his father realizes that Joey made the right career decision when he sees his son 's routine when Joey is invited as an opening act for Wayne Newton in Las Vegas. Joey has held various jobs in addition to his work as a stand - up comic. For a while during seasons two and three, Joey and Jesse run an advertising business, J&J Creative Services, in which they partnered to compose jingles for television and radio commercials. In season four 's `` Joey Goes Hollywood, '' Joey wins a role he secretly auditions for in a sitcom co-starring Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello called Surf 's Up. Joey 's most successful job was portraying `` Ranger Joe, '' on an afternoon children 's variety television show. He was given the job to replace retiring original host `` Ranger Roy '' in season five 's `` The Legend of Ranger Joe, '' only to be fired after triggering Roy 's acute physical paranoia when hugging him as a thank you ; after Danny informs Joey of this while telling him of his firing, Joey ends up saving Roy from a `` hug - o - gram '' that he had sent to gratitude for the job ; he then gets rehired after Roy becomes impressed with Joey 's hosting skills when he takes over for Roy on his last show. Ranger Joe 's sidekick is his wise - cracking woodchuck marionette puppet `` Mr. Woodchuck '' ( first seen in `` The Legend of Ranger Joe '' and last seen in `` Michelle Rides Again '' ). Joey quits his job in season six 's `` Radio Days, '' after he becomes disgruntled with his boss Mr. Strowbridge 's wife as his co-host. Jesse and Joey subsequently become co-hosts of a successful afternoon show on radio station KFLH called, Rush Hour Renegades. Besides his impressions, much of Joey 's humor comes from his depiction as a man child, particularly the fact that he still watches cartoons as an adult and has an extensive knowledge of animation. Joey has moved to Las Vegas in Fuller House, and is now married with four kids. His wife Ginger is a magician, and their kids, Phyllis, Lewis, Joan, and Jerry are very loud and obnoxious kids. Joey and his kids are moving back to San Francisco since his wife will be working as a magician on a cruise ship for six months. He also bought back the Smash Club with Jesse. D.J. Tanner Donna Jo Margaret `` D.J. '' Tanner ( portrayed by Candace Cameron Bure ) is Danny and Pam 's oldest child. Over the course of the show 's run, D.J. attends Frasier Street Elementary, Van Atta Junior High and Bayview High School. In the pilot episode `` Our Very First Show, '' she ends up having to share her bedroom with Stephanie in order to allow Jesse to move into Stephanie 's old bedroom ; due to problems with privacy regarding Stephanie, in the season five episode `` Take My Sister, Please, '' she sells Danny on an idea to switch rooms with Michelle, who in turn would move in with Stephanie ( only after convincing Michelle to move in with Stephanie, after she rejects the offer to move in with her older sister ). D.J. is typically the daughter who acts the most practical, often giving advice to her younger sisters, Michelle and Stephanie. Although she sometimes bickers with them, she cares for them deeply. As D.J. entered into middle school, she started to deal with more serious issues like puberty and dating. She has her first serious relationship with Steve Hale ( who was first introduced in the season five episode `` Sisters in Crime '' ), who later becomes a real fixture in her life ( and a regular character beginning in season six ) when their characters return from a summer abroad in Spain. Their relationship lasts until they break up in the season seven episode `` Love on the Rocks, '' when they realize that the passion in their relationship is gone, but they agree to remain friends. D.J. has on - and - off relationships ( during the show 's final season ) with guitarist Viper ( a member of Jesse 's new band Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets ) and rich kid Nelson, but both relationships do not last ( the two end up vying for D.J. 's affections in the season eight episode `` D.J. 's Choice, '' only for D.J. to reject them both after their fighting gets to be too much for her to bear ). In the series finale `` Michelle Rides Again, '' Steve shows up at the Tanner house to take D.J. to her senior prom and they share a kiss. Her best friend throughout the show was next - door neighbor Kimmy Gibbler, who was the complete opposite of D.J. in every way. In season eight, D.J. gets accepted to University of California, Berkeley and it is implied she will go to college there after graduating high school ( after she was rejected from her first choice, Stanford University ). In Fuller House, D.J. is a recent widow and mother of three kids ; Jackson, Max and Tommy, and moves in with Stephanie and Kimmy. D.J. has since become a veterinarian. When her boss retires he has his son, Matt Harmon and D.J. take over the pet clinic. Matt and Steve fight for D.J. 's affection but they both end up dating other people when she 's not ready to commit someone new yet. Realizing they have feelings for each other, Matt breaks up with his girlfriend, and starts dating D.J. On the way to Steve 's wedding in Japan, D.J. who 's preparing to fall asleep, and wearing a sleeping mask reveals to Kimmy that she was going to pick Steve not Matt, and feels like she 's losing her soulmate. Unbeknownst to her Steve was the one who heard her confession not Kimmy. Steve tells Kimmy what she said, and he was going to confront D.J. but he saw Matt proposing to her. The next day before the wedding starts Kimmy tells D.J. that Steve was the one who heard what she said on the plane. At the alter Steve calls off the wedding, and D.J. breaks off her engagement to Matt. Back home the two wait a month before they will start dating again. After her their third first date, Steve tells her that the Lakers want him to be the team 's foot doctor. He chooses to stay with her but D.J. called the team and said that he will take the job. Stephanie Tanner Stephanie Judith Tanner ( portrayed by Jodie Sweetin ) is the witty, sarcastic middle child of Danny and Pam, the younger sister of D.J., and the older sister of Michelle. Her mother died when she was five years old. Her catchphrases during the early seasons of the series include `` how rude!, '' `` well, pin a rose on your nose! '' and `` hot dog ''. She eventually evolved into something of a tomboy in seasons four and five. Stephanie has a habit of spying on D.J. 's life by reading her diary and eavesdropping on her telephone calls ( having been caught in the act several times ), and is generally the most athletic and nosiest of the Tanner girls. Her best friends in school are Gia Mahan and Mickey, whom she meets in season seven ( the former is the only one who appears through to season eight ). Of the three sisters, Stephanie has dealt with the toughest issues, such as peer pressure into smoking ( in season seven 's `` Fast Friends '' ), `` make - out '' parties ( in season eight 's `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' ), joyriding ( in season eight 's `` Stephanie 's Wild Ride '' ), and uncovering a classmate 's child abuse ( in season six 's `` Silence is Not Golden '' ), as well as the death of her mother when she was only five. In her early years, she is very sentimental about Mr. Bear, a stuffed animal that her mother gave to her after Michelle was born ( this was the focal point of the season two episode `` Goodbye Mr. Bear '' ). She and Jesse are the most abrasive when it comes to how they feel about Kimmy Gibbler. In Fuller House, Stephanie volunteers to give up her life in London to move back into her childhood home to help take care of her sister 's three kids. Kimmy volunteers to move in as well much to Stephanie 's dismay but she soon puts her abrasive feelings aside, and becomes friends with her. Stephanie confesses to D.J. that she ca n't have kids but wants to. Stephanie starts a relationship with Kimmy 's younger brother Jimmy. Becky schedules Stephanie for a pelvic exam and turns out she has three vivable eggs and can have a baby via surrogacy. Since she has n't been dating Jimmy for that long she does n't want to put pressure on him for being the father, and throwing him into a life long commitment so soon in their relationship. He wants to be the father. They are able to make embryos and Kimmy volunteers to be the surrogate mother. Kimmy is able to get pregnant with the embryos. Michelle Tanner Main article : Michelle Tanner Michelle Elizabeth Tanner ( played by twins Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen ), is Danny and Pam 's youngest daughter. Danny is more overprotective of Michelle than the other girls. Michelle was just a baby when Pam died, so she hardly remembers her mom. Jesse and Joey 's misadventures in taking care of her when she was a baby provided a great deal of humor. Once Michelle started to grow up, she became the focus of more of the show 's storylines. Her best friends, Teddy and Denise, appear frequently in later seasons. She also has other friends, such as Derek Boyd, Lisa Leeper, and bossy Aaron Bailey, who Michelle has an uneasy friendship with. Her favorite toys ( in earlier seasons ) are Barney, a plush bear who hangs on the wall above her bed, and her stuffed pig. It is apparent that Jesse is somewhat closer to her than her sisters, and he gives her nicknames such as `` munchkin '', `` shorty '' and `` rugrat ''. She is known for her many recurring catchphrases such as `` you got it, dude! '', `` you 're in big trouble, mister! '', `` oh, puh - lease! '', `` aw, nuts! '', `` duh! '', and `` no way, José! '' Michelle does not appear in Fuller House but it is mentioned that she is now living in New York, and owns a fashion company. Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis ( portrayed by Lori Loughlin ), is the sarcastic, practical, but very loving and well - educated woman who becomes the love interest and later wife of Jesse Katsopolis. Becky was born in Valentine, Nebraska and decided to pursue journalism as a career while she was in high school. Becky moves to San Francisco to become the co-host of Wake Up, San Francisco, being paired with Danny as her co-host ; the two become close friends, although she often quips about Danny 's quirks and tendency to ramble in his conversations. She was reluctant to admit her feelings for Jesse at first, but she eventually falls in love with him. The two almost elope in Lake Tahoe in the season two finale `` Luck Be a Lady '', but backed out when Becky realized that she and Jesse were not really ready to get married. They eventually get married ( in the second part of the season four episode `` The Wedding '' ) on Valentine 's Day. After Jesse has a bittersweet farewell to the rest of the family when he decides to move into Rebecca 's apartment in the season four episode `` Fuller House '', Rebecca agrees to move in with the Tanners and Joey when she discovers how much Jesse misses them, living together in the attic ( which Jesse and Joey have converted into an apartment ). Becky helps to transform Jesse, although she still teases him about his obsession with his hair and love of Elvis. She also serves as a mother figure to the girls at times ; most prominently giving advice to D.J. as she becomes a teenager. Becky gives birth to twin boys Nicholas and Alexander on Michelle 's fifth birthday in part two of the season five episode `` Happy Birthday, Babies ''. She and Jesse name Alexander after a teacher who inspired her to become a journalist and Nicholas after Jesse 's father. Becky is offered a producer role on Wake Up, San Francisco in the season eight episode `` The Producer '', which results in Danny briefly quitting the show due to him being passed over for such a promotion. In Fuller House, she, Jesse, and Danny all move to Los Angeles to start their new jobs. She and Danny now host a nationally syndicated talk show called, Wake Up USA. Becky gets baby fever when around D.J. 's youngest son, Tommy. She and Jesse end up adopting a baby girl whom they name Pamela. Becky and Danny get fired from Wake Up USA when they asked for too much money. They ask for their old jobs back at Wake Up San Francisco but the station only wants her back. They want her to host an all women 's talk show called The Gab. She, Jesse and Pamela are moving back to San Francisco. Kimmy Gibbler Kimberly Louise `` Kimmy '' Gibbler ( portrayed by Andrea Barber, recurring since season one and upgraded to a series regular in season five ) is D.J. 's best friend and the Tanners ' annoying but well - meaning next - door neighbor. Kimmy and D.J. have been best friends since the Gibblers moved next door to the Tanners, despite their differing personalities ; the two have temporarily ended their friendship multiple times during the show 's run due to disputes over various situations, but always end up reconciling and forgiving each other. Most of the Tanner family can not stand her ( Danny, Stephanie and Jesse are especially annoyed by her, with Stephanie often making jabs at her lack of intelligence and other unusual quirks and Danny urging D.J. to make new friends and often asking Kimmy to leave the house ). She is often known to be a poor student in school, and had copied D.J. 's homework during most of the early seasons. Kimmy is the subject of a recurring gag in the series, regarding her terrible foot odor, which becomes noticeable to other people mainly once she removes her shoes ; Kimmy also becomes aware of this in a scene in the season seven episode `` The Apartment '', in which she accidentally grabs one of her shoes while searching for her phone when Danny calls her to find out the whereabouts of D.J. ( who had fallen asleep on her boyfriend Steve 's couch while watching a movie in his apartment ). She is also known to be addicted to shopping. In the episode `` Another Opening, Another No Show '', Jesse and Kimmy get locked in a closet on the night of the grand re-opening of The Smash Club, after the door handle breaks off in Jesse 's hand ; while there, Kimmy finally tells Jesse how much it hurts when he and the other Tanners ( except for D.J. ) pick on her. He finally tries to stop picking on her and tells the Tanners to try to go easy on her. However, their behavior towards her remains the same in later episodes, although she never seems to mind it anymore. Kimmy 's only serious relationship is with Duane ( who is introduced in season eight episode `` Taking the Plunge '' ), a very air - headed boy who was only known to say `` whatever ''. Ironically, he was shown to have a fondness for Shakespearean works as he passionately quoted a line from Shakespeare 's 18th sonnet. In `` Taking the Plunge, '' Kimmy decides to run off to Reno and elope with Duane after she was rejected by the colleges that she had applied to, and is afraid that D.J. will go off to school and forget her. When D.J., Jesse, and Danny arrive at the chapel to stop her from getting married too young, D.J. tells her that she will always be her best friend no matter what. In the two - part series finale `` Michelle Rides Again, '' she tries to find D.J. a blind date for prom, and ends up surprising her with her ex-boyfriend Steve instead. Sometime after high school Kimmy got married to a race car driver named Fernando, and has a daughter named Ramona. In the sequel series she and Ramona move into the Tanner family home after D.J 's husband passed away. She moved in to help her along with Stephanie. Kimmy has become a party planner. Kimmy volunteers to be Stephanie and Jimmy 's surrogate mother, Steve Hale Steven `` Steve '' Hale ( originally introduced as Steve Peters ; portrayed by Scott Weinger ) is D.J. 's first steady boyfriend. He is introduced in the season five episode `` Sisters in Crime '' as D.J. 's date to a movie that she ends up taking Michelle and Stephanie to, and returns to the series as a regular character in the sixth - season premiere `` Come Fly With Me '' ( which establishes the character as played by Weinger in his original appearance the season prior ). Steve is two years older than D.J. and is a star member of the high school wrestling team. He is known for having a healthy appetite, and often eats at the Tanners ' when he visits. In `` A Very Tanner Christmas, '' Steve receives an acceptance letter to a party school in Florida that he had applied to ( this causes the two to briefly break up due to D.J. 's concern that she would miss him ), but decides to go to a local community college in order to improve his grades and continue his relationship with D.J. In the season six episode `` Prom Night, '' both he and D.J. attend Steve 's prom where he is elected prom king ( although his ex-girlfriend -- whose affections he later rejects -- is named prom queen ). Steve and D.J. break up in the season seven episode `` Love on the Rocks, '' after they realize that their relationship was not as passionate as it used to be, but they decide to remain friends. When D.J. needs a date for her senior prom, Kimmy surprises her and gets Steve to be her date. After college Steve becomes a podiatrist. In Fuller House Steve is a divorcee and his ex took half what he 's worth. With him and D.J. both now single he tries to start a relationship with her again. He ends up later getting engaged to woman named C.J. who is just like D.J. On the way to Japan, thinking that Kimmy is sitting next to her, D.J. confesses that she was going to pick Steve not Matt, and feels like she is losing her soulmate. Steve was the one who actually heard it. At the alter he realizes he still loves D.J. and ca n't marry C.J. so he calls the wedding off. D.J who still has feelings for Steve break up with Matt. A month after the almost wedding they start dating again. There is bad news for the reunited couple when the Lakers want him to be their foot doctor. He declines to stay with D.J. but she calls the team to say he will take the job. Steve tells her they will back together in six months. Nicky and Alex Katsopolis Nicholas `` Nicky '' and Alexander `` Alex '' Katsopolis, ( played by Daniel and Kevin Renteria as babies during season 5 ; Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit as toddlers for seasons 6 -- 8 ) are the twin sons of Jesse and Becky Katsopolis. The two were born in the season five episode `` Happy Birthday, Babies, '' on the date of Michelle 's fifth birthday. Becky named Alex after a high school teacher who inspired her to venture into a career in journalism, while Jesse chose to name Nicky after his father, for giving him great hair. They have strawberry - blond hair and are fun - loving toddlers, with minor distinctions between them. Nicky is more quiet and sweet, while Alex is more outspoken and mischievous. They often repeat each other 's words. In Fuller House, the twins follow their parents to Los Angeles, and decide to run a fish taco food truck. Jackson Fuller Jackson Fuller ( portrayed by Michael Campion ) is D.J. 's oldest son. When Kimmy and her daughter, Ramona moves in Jackson has to give up his room and move in with his brother Max. Jackson and Ramona do n't get along at first but become like brother and sister. Jackson has shown to be a good older brother to Max and Tommy. Jackson likes to do stunts, and joins the football team to impress Ramona 's friend, Lola. He likes to call himself `` J. Money '' and `` Action Jackson ''. He breifly dates Lola but she breaks up with him for being too clingy. While attending summer school he becomes friends with Gia 's daughter Rocki, much to D.J 's dislike. Max Fuller Max Fuller ( portrayed by Elias Harger ) is D.J. 's well dressed and intelligent middle child. He likes science, and is shown to be a clean freak like his grandfather. Max has rivalries with Kimmy 's fiancé Fernando and classmate Taylor. Max 's girlfriend is Rose, the daughter of Steve 's fiancée C.J. Ramona Gibbler Ramona Gibbler ( portrayed by Soni Nicole Bringas ) is the daughter of Kimmy Gibbler and her ex husband / fiancé, Fernando. She is not thrilled when she has to move into the Tanner family home and change schools. Ramona quickly befriends one of the popular girls in school, Lola Wong, and briefly dates Jackson 's friend, Bobby Popko. She is an aspiring dancer. Tommy Fuller Tommy Fuller, Jr. ( portrayed by twins, Dashiell and Fox Messitt ) is D.J. 's youngest son. Like his aunt Michelle he also loses a parent as a baby. Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero ( portrayed by Juan Pablo Di Pace ), is Kimmy Gibbler 's race car driving ex-husband / fiancé. At the start of Fuller House, him and Kimmy are separated due to his unfaithfulness to her. Fernando begins to miss her and tries to win her back. It works but he ends up finally signing their divorce papers. Though he only does this to repropose which she accepts. Fernando retires from his racing career, and moves in. Ten months after moving in, he buys Kimmy 's childhood home and moves in with her brother. Matt Harmon Matt Harmon ( portrayed by John Brotherton ) is D.J. 's partner at the Harmon / Fuller Pet Care. He originally intended to fill in for his dad while he was away on a trip to India but decides to stay in San Francisco. When his dad retires he has Matt and D.J. take over the business. Matt and Steve fight for D.J. 's affection. She and him eventually begin dating. While in Japan for Steve and C.J 's wedding, Matt proposed to D.J. and she says yes. The next day at the wedding Steve calls off his wedding, and D.J. breaks off her engagement. A heartbroken Matt walks off. He goes on a eight day vacation and when he comes back to work he tells D.J. he does n't know how he able to work with her if they 're not together anymore. He takes some time off to think, and when he returns he tells her that he will be opening up a new pet clinic two blocks down. Lola Wong Lola Wong ( portrayed by Ashley Liao ) is Ramona 's best friend and Jackson 's ex girlfriend. Lola 's father gets a job in Fresno and she moves. Jimmy Gibbler Jimmy Gibbler ( portrayed by Adam Hagenbuch ) is Kimmy 's younger brother. One day he walks into the family 's backyard and hears Stephanie singing. The two end up kissing, and are interrupted by Kimmy who informs Stephanie that he is her brother. Jimmy and Stephanie begin dating. When Stephanie gets the news that she can have a baby via surrogacy, she thinks it 's too soon in their relationship to ask him to be the father. After finding that out from Kimmy, he tells her that he wants to be her baby 's father. Kimmy volunteers to be his and Stephanie 's surrogate. Recurring characters Vicky Larson ( played by Gail Edwards ) is Danny 's girlfriend during seasons five and six and was briefly his fiancée from the season six episode `` The House Meets the Mouse '' until halfway through season seven. Vicky is very focused on her career, which proves to be the undoing in her long - distance relationship with Danny. They meet in season five 's `` Nicky and / or Alexander, '' when Vicky fills in for Becky ( who is on maternity leave ) on Wake Up, San Francisco, and start dating two episodes later in `` Easy Rider ''. Later in season five 's `` Play It Again, Jesse, '' Danny insists that she take a news anchor job in Chicago that she was offered once Becky returns, and that starts a long - distance relationship ( that goes from early season six to mid-season seven ). Danny eventually proposes to her when she comes along on the family 's vacation to Walt Disney World in `` The House Meets the Mouse ''. However, Vicky later gets her dream job -- anchoring the network news in New York City -- in the season seven episode `` The Perfect Couple '' ( the character 's final appearance ) ; as a result, she can not come to live with Danny and his family in San Francisco, nor is Danny able to uproot his family in California. Therefore, to the dismay of themselves and Danny 's family, they have a mutual breakup. Vicky often gives advice, such as helping D.J. with her relationship with Steve, and helping Danny to deal with it and serves as a motherly figure to D.J., Stephanie, and Michelle. Vicky makes a brief appearance in the season 3 finale of Fuller House. D.J. and Stephanie apparently tracked her down to cheer up Danny. He invites her to the 30th `` Dadiversary '' party the girls threw for Danny, Joey and Jesse. Nick Katsopolis ( played by John Aprea ) is Jesse and Pam 's father and maternal grandfather to D.J., Stephanie, and Michelle. He is an avid fan of Elvis Presley, just like Jesse. Also, like his son, he is very much interested in his hair and women ( as he states in the season two episode `` Our Very First Christmas Show '', `` there are two things Katsopolis men are known for : kissing and great hair '' ). Nick is the owner of an insect extermination business. He met his wife, Irene, the day that Elvis was drafted into the United States Army. Nick was a firm but caring parent. In the episode, `` D.J. 's Day Off '' it is mentioned that he would punish Jesse severely. This combination is also seen in the episode `` It Is Not My Job '', when Jesse quits the extermination business Nick responds with : `` If you 're out of the business, you 're out of the family. '' Later on, he explains this by saying that he did not build up the business to sell it to a stranger. His love for his family is also shown by the fact that Irene bringing in Michelle curbed his anger. When Michelle was getting ready to do a television commercial for marshmallows in the season two episode `` El Problema Grande de D.J. '', he remarked that Michelle looked like a little blonde version of the redhead he likes on Gilligan 's Island, which was revealed to be Tina Louise by Irene. In honor of inheriting Nick 's hair, Jesse names one of his twin sons after him. Nicky and Alex never interact with their grandparents on - screen like the girls have, as Nick and Irene are last seen in season four. Nick re-appears in season three of Fuller House when he comes to take care of Tommy while everyone else goes to Japan for Steve 's wedding. Nick mentions to Tommy about going out to find women, so it is assumed that him and Irene are no longer together or she is no longer living. Irene Katsopolis ( played by Yvonne Wilder, and by Rhoda Gemignani in `` The Return of Grandma '' ) is Jesse and Pam 's mother, the wife of Nick Katsopolis, and maternal grandmother to D.J., Stephanie, and Michelle. She often talked about diapering Jesse 's `` tushy '', and touched his and other people 's `` tushies, '' which made Jesse mad ; at other times, she would talk about when Jesse was a kid. She often mentioned how she is older than Nick, and her passion for younger men ( which makes Nick feel inferior at times ). Claire Tanner ( portrayed by Alice Hirson, and Doris Roberts ) is Danny 's mother. She helped Danny raise the girls in the first few months after the death of Danny 's wife, Pam, prior to Jesse and Joey moving into the house. She appeared in only three episodes : `` Our Very First Show '' and `` The Return of Grandma '' ( as portrayed by Hirson ), and in `` Granny Tanny '' ( as portrayed by Roberts ). Teddy ( played by Tahj Mowry ) is Michelle 's best friend. He first appeared in the season five premiere `` Double Trouble, '' when Michelle meets him on their first day of kindergarten following the advice that Joey told Michelle that the best way to make new friends was by being funny, and does a Bullwinkle impression. He accompanies her when she needs a `` date '' to sneak out and join Danny on a date with Vicky in the season five episode `` Bachelor of the Month ''. He is also the one whose house Michelle runs away to in `` The Devil Made Me Do It '' later that season ( Tahj Mowry 's real - life sisters Tia and Tamera Mowry appear in that episode in a dual role as Teddy 's older sister ). He moves to Amarillo, Texas in the season six episode `` The Long Goodbye '' ; Teddy returns in the season seven episode `` Be Your Own Best Friend '', when his father 's job moves him back to San Francisco. He and Michelle even consider trying to be boyfriend and girlfriend in third grade in the season eight episode `` Dateless in San Francisco '', but find that it is no fun for children their age. Denise Frazer ( played by Jurnee Smollett ) is Michelle 's best female friend, introduced in the season six episode `` The Long Goodbye ''. She replaces Teddy as Michelle 's best friend after Teddy moves to Texas. Denise, like Teddy before her, often gets Michelle into trouble. In the season seven episode `` Be Your Own Best Friend, '' Teddy moves back to San Francisco, leaving Michelle to choose between him and Denise for whom to serve as her best friend. Danny makes her understand that it is possible to have more than one best friend. Michelle ultimately forms a trio of friends with Teddy and Denise at the end of that episode. In the season seven episode `` Too Little Richard Too Late, '' it is revealed that Denise 's uncle is Little Richard ( who guest starred in the episode ). Denise does not appear after that episode, having been written out without explanation due to Smollett 's role in the short - lived ABC sitcom On Our Own ( which aired during the 1994 - 95 season, concurring with the run of Full House 's eighth and final season ). Aaron Bailey ( played by Miko Hughes ) is Michelle 's recurring and longest running classmate. Introduced in the season three episode `` Bye, Bye Birdie '', he is the typical class bully, who tends to be annoying and rude at times. He pinches Michelle in the season four episode `` A Pinch for a Pinch, '' which results in Jesse telling Michelle to fight back by pinching him in retaliation. When the teacher punishes them, Jesse takes Michelle home, pulling her out of preschool. While that behavior does not continue, his obnoxious ways continue throughout the series. In other episodes, he treats Jesse as either an equal or underlying rival. In addition, he also creates trouble for D.J. and Kimmy when they have boys over while Kimmy is babysitting in season four 's `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun ''. Danny even remarks ( in season seven ) that they are watching Aaron for several days `` until his regular babysitter stops twitching ''. He is sometimes seen being nice to Michelle. Gia Mahan ( played by Marla Sokoloff ) is Stephanie 's archenemy ( beginning with her first appearance in the season seven episode `` Fast Friends '' ), who later becomes her best friend ( starting with the conclusion of `` Is It True About Stephanie? '' from that same season, but more prominently during season eight ). She leads Stephanie into dangerous or not - so - smart situations. Stephanie gets involved in a few wild, irresponsible things because of Gia, such as going to a make - out party planned by her in the season eight episode `` Making Out is Hard to Do '', and ( almost ) smoking in `` Fast Friends ''. Conversely, Stephanie was also a positive influence on Gia. During an unknown time when her parents had been through a divorce, Gia is shown as a cigarette - smoking, rebellious teen with horrible grades. She is two years older than Stephanie, as she was held back in school. Viewers learn ( as of `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' ) that because of Stephanie, Gia has stopped smoking, became more respectful, improved her grades, and lost her inclination to play pranks on other people. Gia becomes the target of put downs at the hands of Michelle in much the same way as Kimmy is targeted by Stephanie. Over time, Michelle becomes quite creative with her insults. Gia reappears in season 2 of Fuller House when Kimmy gets the idea of getting their band `` Girl Talk '' back together. Things do n't go well when Gia and D.J. have a hard time getting along. In season 3, it was revealed that Gia has a daughter named Roxanne `` Rocki '' ( portrayed by Landry Bender ) who is in summer school with Jackson. Derek S. Boyd ( played by Blake McIver Ewing ) is one of Michelle 's friends ( appearing in eight episodes total throughout seasons six through eight ). Michelle first meets Derek in the episode `` The Play 's the Thing, '' when he lands the role of Yankee Doodle in their school play, America the Beautiful. Though Michelle is initially jealous of Derek for winning the part over her ( due in no small part to the fact that both of her sisters played Yankee Doodle in the same play ), she helps him recover from a case of stage - fright, and they eventually become friends. Derek is very educated and well - spoken for a boy of his age, though also a bit on the wimpy side. He also shows signs of being a bit obsessive - compulsive. As shown in several episodes ( including in his first appearance ), he is also shown to be a very talented singer. In the scene in which he is first introduced, Derek says he blends in with his surroundings. Lisa Leeper ( played by Kathryn Zaremba ) is one of Michelle 's friends ( featured in six episodes during the eighth season, beginning with `` I 've Got a Secret '' ) ; in the episode We Got the Beat, '' Lisa is shown to be an extremely good singer when she sings a duet of `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' with Derek. Nelson Burkhardt ( played by Jason Marsden ; Hal Sparks in Fuller House ) is a love interest for D.J. that is introduced in the season eight premiere `` Comet 's Excellent Adventure ''. Nelson is a teenager who comes from a very wealthy family, and dates D.J. on - and - off for some time ( ironically, it is in his first appearance that D.J. breaks up with him ; he ends up going on a date with Kimmy three episodes later in `` I 've Got a Secret '' ). Not much is revealed about Nelson 's background or family, aside from the fact that he is very rich, and often throws and attends big parties on yachts. Though in `` Taking the Plunge, '' he mentions that his cousin, Regina -- with whom he sets Joey up on a date -- is visiting the United States from England. Toward the latter stages of his `` relationship '' with D.J., in `` D.J. 's Choice, '' he gets into a `` tug - of - war '' with Viper to be D.J. 's boyfriend, to which she declines both boys. Nelson shows up to his and D.J. 's 20th High School Reunion in season 2 of Fuller House. C.J. Harbenberger ( played by Virginia Williams ) is Steve 's fiancée and mother to Max 's friend, Rose. C.J. is strikingly similarly to D.J. Bobby Popko ( played by Isaak Presley ) is Jackson 's best friend and Ramona 's ex boyfriend. Taylor ( played by Lucas Jaye ) is Max 's friend who challenges him. Rose Harbenberger ( played by Mckenna Grace ) is C.J. 's daughter, and Max 's love interest. Rocki ( played by Landry Bender ) is Gia 's daughter who attends summer school with Jackson and is Jackson 's new love interest. Other characters Stavros ( played by John Stamos in a dual role ) is Jesse 's swarthy, greasy, woman - crazed Greek look - alike cousin ( with minor cosmetic differences in appearance from Jesse, namely Stavros having a mustache, a gap in his teeth, a slightly larger nose than his cousin and a mole on his cheek ). Appearing only in the season seven episode `` Kissing Cousins, '' he hits on Becky -- despite the fact that she is Jesse 's wife -- several times during the episode. He is shown to be a con artist ; he cheats Joey out of his watch and money during a card game, and tells a fake story about a mudslide that devastated his village in order to pilfer the `` donations '' and leave, to which the family catches on. Jesse expresses his disappointment with the dastardly deeds that Stavros -- who ends up being arrested -- commits. Wendy Tanner ( played by Darlene Vogel ) is Danny 's sister, who is an avid animal enthusiast, and works at a zoo. She owns a chimpanzee named Ginger, and is known to have had somewhat of a rivalry with Joey in their childhood, but when she comes back to San Francisco in the season five episode `` Too Much Monkey Business, '' she and Joey have a brief relationship after they both revealed themselves to have had `` secret crushes '' on each other. It is also revealed that she collects exotic souvenirs from around the world. She and Joey date briefly ( but she is not seen or mentioned after the episode ). Iorgos `` Papouli '' Katsopolis ( played by Jack Kruschen ) is Jesse 's Greek grandfather, introduced in the season four episode `` Greek Week ''. Papouli is the central to the storyline of the season seven episode `` The Last Dance, '' when he visits San Francisco to see the family and starts to forge a very close relationship with his great - granddaughter Michelle. Later in the episode, Papouli dies of natural causes ( as Danny specifically mentions that his heart gave out and he died in his sleep while staying at the house ). When Michelle hears about the tragedy after her Honeybee meeting, she becomes very despondent and decides not to go to school, acknowledging that Papouli promised to appear as part of her school assignment and teach her class a Greek dance. Michelle attempts not to show any emotion in front of Jesse, who himself has a hard time coping with Papouli 's death. However, when she tells him the truth, Jesse tells Michelle that it is okay to cry in mourning of Papouli, as the two start sobbing and hugging each other. Jesse appears at Michelle 's school and accompanies her in performing the dance that Papouli taught her earlier in the episode when she is unable to remember the rest of the dance. Mindy Gladstone ( played by Beverly Sanders ) is Joey 's mother. She appears only in the season one episode `` The Return of Grandma, '' although Joey talks about her often during the series, such as when Joey lands a gig opening for Wayne Newton in Las Vegas in the season four episode `` Viva Las Joey ''. When Joey was asked by Jesse why he could not invite his mother to come see the show, he claims she is working as Goofy at Walt Disney World. Kathy Santoni ( played by Anne Marie McEvoy ) is a classmate of D.J. 's. While only appearing in four episodes ( beginning with season three 's `` Back to School Blues '' ), Kathy Santoni is mentioned in several episodes by various characters. In the season seven episode `` The Apartment, '' it is revealed that she got married and pregnant at age 16. Kathy shows up to her 20th high school reunion in Fuller House. Walter F. Berman ( played by Whitby Hertford ) is a school friend of Stephanie Tanner. At first, Stephanie disliked him, and went as far as teasing and imitating his resemblance to a duck ( which occurs when his lips are pursed ). She -- along with the rest of the class -- even nicknamed him `` Duckface ''. However, after following her Uncle Jesse 's advice, she learned to appreciate Walter more, even if he was a nerd. This led to Walter briefly considering Stephanie as his `` secret girlfriend ''. Harry Takayama ( played by Nathan Nishiguchi in Full House ; Michael Sun Lee in Fuller House ) is the first on - screen friend of Stephanie 's ( appearing in season two, beginning with the episode `` Middle Age Crazy '' ). He usually calls her `` Chief '', and she refers to him as her boyfriend -- without understanding that term 's full meaning ( as Stephanie put it in Harry 's first appearance, `` you 're a boy, and you 're my friend ; that makes you my boyfriend '' ). Stephanie decides to have a pretend wedding with Harry in `` Middle Age Crazy, '' feeling that she is not receiving attention from the rest of the family. His last appearance is in the season three episode `` Nerd For a Day ''. In the episode `` Pal Joey, '' Harry becomes infatuated with D.J. after she teaches him a mathematic problem using oranges. Over the years him and Stephanie stayed in touch, and she jokingly refers to him as her `` husband ''. In Fuller House, when a thousand roses showed up to the house, Stephanie wonders if Harry sent them. Turns out he did n't send them and is actually getting married. Cindy ( played by Debra Sandlund ) is a girlfriend of Danny 's, appearing in three episodes during season four, beginning with the episode `` Terror in Tanner Town ''. It is revealed that she works as a dry cleaner in that episode, and she first met Danny when he comes to the store as a customer. She also has a precocious and troublesome 10 - year - old son named Rusty. Rusty ( portrayed by Jordan Christopher Michael ) is the son of Cindy, Danny 's girlfriend in season four, first appearing in `` Terror in Tanner Town ''. Rusty has a penchant of performing mischievous antics and practical jokes that wreak havoc on the family. During a crazy prank that Rusty started in `` Secret Admirer, '' he misunderstood D.J. 's words and believed that she was romantically interested in him. This caused him to develop a brief crush on her, but quickly got over it when the other members of the family caught on to his prank, in which he sent a letter intended to D.J. ( without signing his name on it ) that ends up being circulated to the rest of the family as well as Kimmy and Cindy, resulting in everyone mistakenly believing that someone else in the group was interested in them. He was last seen in `` Stephanie Plays the Field, '' training for baseball with Stephanie. Ricky ( played by R.J. Williams in the season four episodes `` Secret Admirer and `` Happy New Year '' ) is the neighborhood paperboy whom D.J. had a crush on. Brett Davis ( played by Sean Fox in season four, introduced in the episode `` Stephanie Plays the Field '' ) is a classmate and friend of Stephanie 's who plays Little League Baseball for the Cubs. He is supposedly Stephanie Tanner 's first love. Viper ( played by David Lipper ) is a guitarist in Jesse 's band, Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets during season eight. He is introduced in `` To Joey, With Love '', when he auditions for the band in competition with Danny, who is revealed to be as equally excellent at guitar. He begins to date D.J. in the episode `` On the Road Again, '' much to the initial dismay of Danny and Jesse, the latter of whom briefly kicks him out of the band. He is revealed to have insecurities about not going to college in the episode `` Claire and Present Danger '', and ends up twisting everything D.J. says to where she puts him down. He eventually dumps her in `` D.J. 's Choice, '' because he thinks things are moving too fast for him and wants space. He then changes his mind and begs her to take him back. This causes problems as D.J. starts to date her old boyfriend Nelson again. D.J. can not decide between the two and asks for time to think. Unfortunately, neither one gives her space and begin to fight over her. D.J. then says that if they are going to force her to choose, then she would not choose either one and dumps them both. Viper showed up to D.J. 's 20th high school reunion even though it 's not his reunion. He tries to win her back, and again ends up fighting over her with Nelson. Caroline ( portrayed by ( Dorothy Parke ) is a friend of Danny 's, who was first seen in the season one episode `` Sea Cruise, '' as one of the dates who appear while Danny, Joey, and Jesse go on a fishing trip on a boat. She also appeared in the episode `` The Big Three - O '' six episodes later. Adrianna ( played by Fabiana Udenio ) is Jesse 's one - time girlfriend in the season one episode `` Daddy 's Home ''. Corinna Spicer ( played by Elizabeth Keifer ) is a student in Jesse 's `` private music class, '' whom Jesse was interested in, in the season one episode `` Jesse 's Girl ''. At the end of the episode, she winds up with Joey instead. Jill ( Darcy DeMoss ) is one of Jesse 's early girlfriends. She and Jesse date when there is no one else to date, according to her. Duane Moffat ( played by Scott Menville ) is Kimmy Gibbler 's boyfriend in season eight ( first appearing in the episode `` Taking the Plunge '' ), whom she considered marrying in Reno. He is often airheaded like Kimmy is, and is mostly quiet and known for saying `` whatever '' in a surfer - like accent. One thing is known about him is that he loves the works of William Shakespeare. In part one of `` Michelle Rides Again, '' he passionately recites lines from Shakespeare 's 18th sonnet. Duane makes an appearance at their 20th high school reunion. Duane has become a motivational speaker. Mrs. Carruthers ( played by Marcia Wallace ) is a neighbor of the Tanners ( appearing in seasons seven and eight ), who has a massive ( but obviously one - sided ) crush on Joey, as evidenced by her constant `` chasing '' him down, and his subsequent attempts to `` hide '' from her and reject her advances. She collaborates with Kimmy Gibbler to form a Neighborhood Watch program known as the `` Crime Catchers '' in season seven 's `` The Bicycle Thief ''. She also is known to `` dominate '' the PTA elections at Michelle 's school, Frasier Street Elementary, every year, inspiring Joey to run for PTA president in a fair election in `` Too Little Richard Too Late, '' to which he is ultimately disqualified due to Mrs. Carruthers pointing out that PTA rules require that the president must be a parent of a Frasier Street student. However, Mrs. Carruthers offers Joey the opportunity to be her vice president instead, a position he accepts. Pamela `` Pam '' Katsopolis Tanner ( portrayed by Christie Houser ) is Danny 's wife, Jesse 's sister, and the mother of D.J., Stephanie, and Michelle, who was an unseen character, except in the form of a home video shot when she and Danny brought Michelle home from the hospital in the season two episode `` Goodbye Mr. Bear ''. She was killed by a drunk driver before the start of the first series ( according to D.J. in the eighth - season episode `` Under the Influence '' ). She has been described as traits her children have : always smiling ( Michelle ), full of energy ( Stephanie ), and always did her best at everything ( D.J. ). Teri Tanner ( played by Eva LaRue ), is Danny 's second wife. In the Fuller House season three episode `` Declarations of Independence '', Danny reveals that he and Teri got divorced. He mentions that they barely knew each other when they got married. Tommy Fuller Sr. ( played by unknown actor ), is D.J. 's husband and the father of Jackson, Max, and Tommy Jr., who was also an unseen character, except in the form of a photograph in the boy 's room in the season one episode `` Secrets, Lies, and Firetrucks ''. He died in the line of duty while being a firefighter before the start of the second series ( according to D.J. in the series premiere `` Our Very First Show Again '' ). His sons have been described having the same nice smile. Dr. Fred Harmon ( played by Robin Thomas ) is Matt 's father, and the owner of Harmon Pet Care. When he retires he has Matt and D.J. take over the business, and moves to India. Ginger Gladstone ( played by Laura Bell Bundy ) is Joey 's wife who is a magician. Lewis Gladstone ( played by Finn Carr ) is Joey 's oldest son. Joan Gladstone ( played by Kingston Foster ) is Joey 's youngest daughter. Jerry Gladstone ( played by Noah Salsbury Lipson ) is Joey 's youngest son. Phyllis Gladstone ( played by Ruby Rose Turner ) is Joey 's oldest daughter. Mankowski ( played by Trevor Larcom ) is one of Jackson 's friends. Chad Brad Bradley ( played by Tanner Buchanan ) is the captain of Bayview 's dance team. When Ramona tries out for the school 's dance team, she shows him up resulting in him cutting her. He eventually lets her on the team. Guest stars Season one Kirk Cameron -- Episode 18 : `` Just One of the Guys '', as Steve, Danny 's nephew and the girls ' cousin. He is the real - life brother of Candace Cameron Bure ( Kirk 's eventual wife and Candace 's sister - in - law Chelsea Noble appears in the following episode `` The Seven - Month Itch '' as Jesse 's girlfriend Samantha ). Phyllis Diller -- Episode 16 : `` But Seriously, Folks ''. Joey was getting ready to start his set at a comedy club but the host spots Phyllis and invites her onstage resulting in Joey not getting to perform. Belita Moreno -- Episode 12 : `` Our Very First Promo '' as Ronnie Gardner Season two The Beach Boys ( as themselves ) -- Episode 16 : `` Beach Boy Bingo ''. They also appear in season three, episode 24 : `` Our Very First Telethon '', and season five 's `` Captain Video '' ( parts 1 and 2 ) in the `` Forever '' music video. The first time they appeared, they were supposed to be guests on Wake Up, San Francisco, but had to cancel their appearance due to fog preventing their plane from landing. D.J. then wins a telephone contest to get tickets to their concert, but she has trouble deciding whom to take with her. In the end, the whole family ends up going and even joins the band on stage. Jonathan Brandis -- Episode 11 : `` A Little Romance '' as Michael Monford Season three Bobbie Eakes -- Episode 3 : `` Breaking Up is Hard to Do ( in 22 Minutes ) '' as Diane Scott Baio -- Episode 9 : `` Dr. Dare Rides Again '' as Pete Bianco, an old band mate of Jesse 's. Season four Frankie Avalon -- Episode 23 : `` Joey Goes Hollywood ''. Joey films a TV pilot with Frankie and Annette. Annette Funicello -- Episode 23 : `` Joey Goes Hollywood '' Erika Eleniak -- Episode 9 : `` One Last Kiss '' as Carrie Fowler. Jesse 's high school girlfriend. Wayne Newton -- Episode 7 : `` Viva Las Joey ''. Joey opened for Newton in Las Vegas. Jaleel White -- Episode 16 : `` Stephanie Gets Framed ''. He appears as his character Steve Urkel from Family Matters ( which was produced by Full House 's production companies Miller - Boyett Productions and Lorimar Television ). Urkel happens to be a cousin of D.J. 's friend Julie ( played by Tasha Scott, who was also White 's love interest in the 1990 TV movie Camp Cucamonga ). During his visit, he helped and gave advice to Stephanie Tanner, because she had to get reading glasses. Stephanie is reluctant because of how reading glasses will make her look, but Steve tells her `` the trick is to make them laugh with you before they laugh at you. '' Season five David Lascher -- Episode 3 : `` Take My Sister, Please '' as Rick June Lockhart -- Episodes 1 and 2 : `` Double Trouble '' and `` Matchmaker Michelle '' as Ms. Wiltrout, Michelle 's kindergarten teacher. Whitman Mayo -- Episode 7 : `` The Volunteer '' as Eddie Johnson Tommy Page -- Episode 16 : `` Crushed ''. Danny gets Tommy to sing at Stephanie 's tenth birthday party. Season six Hillary Shepard -- Episodes 4 and 5 : `` Radio Days '' and `` Love and Other Tanners '' as Julie Mark Linn - Baker -- Episode 7 : `` Trouble in Twin Town '' as Dick Donaldson, Becky 's rich and obnoxious cousin, who puts down Jesse for not being rich. Danielle Fishel -- Episode 10 and 17 : `` I 'm Not D.J. '' and `` Silence is Not Golden '' as Jennifer P. Jennifer Rhodes -- Episodes 11 : `` Designing Mothers '' as Liz Larson, Vicky 's mom. Season seven Little Richard -- Episode : `` Too Little Richard Too Late ''. It is revealed that he is Denise 's uncle. Because he was holding a concert in San Francisco, Michelle asks him to perform a concert to help Joey 's campaign for PTA president. He accepts, and performs for Joey 's campaign. Richard is quite late to the concert, but makes it up to them. He has a dislike to Jesse after Jesse 's comment about him putting a punch bowl on his head at family gatherings. Suzanne Somers -- Episode 19 : `` Love on the Rocks '' Ben Stein -- Episode : `` Another Opening, Another No Show '' as Elliott Warner Vanna White -- Episode 15 : `` The Test '' Season eight Andrea Abbate as Gia 's mother Claire Mahan and Danny 's new girlfriend Kareem Abdul - Jabbar -- Episode 16 : `` Air Jesse '' Mickey Rooney - Episode 11 : `` Arrest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' as Mr. Dreghorn Frankie Valli -- Episode 12 : `` D.J. 's Choice '' Barry Williams -- Episode : `` Making Out is Hard to Do '', as himself replacing Jesse as lead singer of The Rippers Fuller House Maksim Chmerkovskiy -- Episode 1.3 : `` Funner House '' Valentin Chmerkovskiy -- Episode 1.3 : `` Funner House '' Hunter Pence -- Episode 1.10 : `` A Giant Leap ''. Hunter is a right fielder for the San Francisco Giants who briefly dates Stephanie but when it is revealed that she is the `` mystery blond '' who is causing his worsening batting streak, Stephanie breaks up because she ca n't take the pressure of dating a famous athlete. She dumps him in front of the entire stadium after singing `` Take Me Out to the Ballgame ''. He hits a homer after the breakup. Alan Thicke -- Episode 2.2 : `` Mom Interference '' as Mike. He is the grandfather of Matt 's girlfriend Crystal. Bruno Tonioli -- Episode 2.5 : `` Doggy Daddy '' as Guiseppe Pignoli, Ramona 's famous Italian dance coach. New Kids on the Block -- Episode 2.10 : `` New Kids in the House ''. When Stephanie discovers the New Kids on the Block tickets Kimmy got for D.J. 's Birthday are counterfeit, they make it up by bringing the band by the house. Lonzo Ball -- Episode 3.18 : `` Here Comes the Sun '' as himself. Lonzo comes to town to try to convince Steve to be the Lakers ' foot doctor. References Jump up ^ Adam I. Lapidus ( writer ) John Tracy ( director ) ( December 6, 1994 ). `` Under the Influence ''. Full House. Season 8. Episode 10. American Broadcasting Company. Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.com/fuller-house-cast-member-candace-cameron-bure-discusses-playing-mom-spinoff-teases-2055222 ( hide ) Full House Characters Michelle Tanner Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Fuller House episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Full_House_and_Fuller_House_characters&oldid=836674248 '' Categories : 1980s - related lists 1990s - related lists 2010s - related lists Fictional characters from San Francisco Full House Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles that may contain original research from February 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with a promotional tone from March 2014 All articles with a promotional tone Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018, at 05 : 19. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Full House and Fuller House characters", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Full_House_and_Fuller_House_characters&amp;oldid=836674248" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Recurring Main Note Jump up ^ `` Jesse Cochran '' during season one Jump up ^ Daniel and Kevin Renteria ( as babies ) ^ Note 1 : Scott Weinger, John Brotherton, Ashley Liao and Adam Hagenbuch are credited after the opening credits and only for the episodes in which they appear. ^ Note 2 : Scott Weinger is credited as a Special Guest Star in the sixth episode of season two but as starring in all of his other appearances. Jesse Katsopolis Jesse Katsopolis ( portrayed by John Stamos ; the character 's last name in season one was Cochran, but was changed reportedly due to John Stamos wanting his character to better reflect his Greek heritage ) is Danny 's brother - in - law, Pam 's younger brother, husband of Rebecca Donaldson and father of twin sons Nicky and Alex. Born Hermes Katsopolis ( as revealed in the season five episode `` The Legend of Ranger Joe '' ), he was named after his great - grandfather, who in turn is named after the Greek god of swiftness. However, he did not like his birth name, as other kids teased him for it ; so when he was in kindergarten, he begged his parents to have his name changed to Jesse, thinking that one had" ], "id": [ "6741771651054188278" ], "short_answers": [ "Cochran" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Gulf of Mexico - wikipedia Gulf of Mexico Jump to : navigation, search Gulf of Mexico Bathymetry of the Gulf of Mexico Location American Mediterranean Sea Coordinates 25 ° N 90 ° W  /  25 ° N 90 ° W  / 25 ; - 90  ( Gulf of Mexico ) Coordinates : 25 ° N 90 ° W  /  25 ° N 90 ° W  / 25 ; - 90  ( Gulf of Mexico ) River sources Rio Grande, Mississippi River Ocean / sea sources Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea Basin countries United States Mexico Cuba Max. width 1,500 km ( 932.06 mi ) Surface area 1,550,000 km ( 600,000 sq mi ) Settlements Houston, New Orleans, Tampa, Havana, Campeche, Mobile, Gulfport, Tampico, Key West Galveston harbor by Verner Moore White Ship and oil rigs in the Gulf The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish : Golfo de México ) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The U.S. states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas border the Gulf on the north, which are often referred to as the `` Third Coast '' in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts, or sometimes the `` south coast '', in juxtaposition to the Great Lakes region being the `` north coast. '' One of the gulf 's seven main areas is the Gulf of Mexico basin. The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf 's basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles ( 1,500 km ; 930 mi ) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean ( with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea ) via the Yucatán Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km ( 615,000 sq mi ). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters ( 550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Extent 2 Geology 3 History 3.1 European exploration 4 Shipwrecks 5 Geography 5.1 2006 earthquake 5.2 Maritime boundary delimitation agreements 6 Biota 7 Pollution 7.1 Ixtoc I explosion and oil spill 7.2 Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill 7.3 Minor oil spills 7.3. 1 Brutus oil spill 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Extent ( edit ) The International Hydrographic Organization defines the southeast limit of the Gulf of Mexico as follows : A line leaving Cape Catoche Light ( 21 ° 37 ′ N 87 ° 04 ′ W  /  21.617 ° N 87.067 ° W  / 21.617 ; - 87.067 ) with the Light on Cape San Antonio in Cuba, through this island to the meridian of 83 ° W and to the Northward along this meridian to the latitude of the South point of the Dry Tortugas ( 24 ° 35'N ), along this parallel Eastward to Rebecca Shoal ( 82 ° 35'W ) thence through the shoals and Florida Keys to the mainland at eastern end of Florida Bay, all the narrow waters between the Dry Tortugas and the mainland being considered to be within the Gulf. Geology ( edit ) Sediment in the Gulf of Mexico The consensus among geologists who have studied the geology of the Gulf of Mexico, is that prior to the Late Triassic, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist. Before the Late Triassic, the area now occupied by the Gulf of Mexico consisted of dry land, which included continental crust that now underlies Yucatán, within the middle of the large supercontinent of Pangea. This land lay south of a continuous mountain range that extended from north - central Mexico, through the Marathon Uplift in West Texas and the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma, and to Alabama where it linked directly to the Appalachian Mountains. It was created by the collision of continental plates that formed Pangea. As interpreted by Roy Van Arsdale and Randel T. Cox, this mountain range was breached in Late Cretaceous times by the formation of the Mississippi Embayment. Geologists and other Earth scientists agree in general that the present Gulf of Mexico basin originated in Late Triassic time as the result of rifting within Pangea. The rifting was associated with zones of weakness within Pangea, including sutures where the Laurentia, South American, and African plates collided to create it. First, there was a Late Triassic - Early Jurassic phase of rifting during which rift valleys formed and filled with continental red beds. Second, as rifting progressed through Early and Middle Jurassic time, continental crust was stretched and thinned. This thinning created a broad zone of thick transitional crust, which displays modest and uneven thinning with block faulting, and a broad zone of uniformly thinned transitional crust, which is half the typical thickness, 35 kilometers, of normal continental crust. It was at this time that tectonics first created a connection to the Pacific Ocean across central Mexico and later eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. This flooded the subsiding basin created by rifting and crustal thinning to create the Gulf of Mexico. While the Gulf of Mexico was a restricted basin, the subsiding transitional crust was blanketed by the widespread deposition of Louann Salt and associated anhydrite evaporites. Initially, during the Late Jurassic, continued rifting widened the Gulf of Mexico and progressed to the point that sea - floor spreading and formation of oceanic crust occurred. At this point, sufficient circulation with the Atlantic Ocean was established that the deposition of Louann Salt ceased. During the Late Jurassic through Early Cretaceous, the basin occupied by the Gulf of Mexico experienced a period of cooling and subsidence of the crust underlying it. The subsidence was the result of a combination of crustal stretching, cooling, and loading. Initially, the combination of crustal stretching and cooling caused about 5 -- 7 km of tectonic subsidence of the central thin transitional and oceanic crust. Because subsidence occurred faster than sediment could fill it, the Gulf of Mexico expanded and deepened. Later, loading of the crust within the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent coastal plain by the accumulation of kilometers of sediments during the rest of the Mesozoic and all of the Cenozoic further depressed the underlying crust to its current position about 10 -- 20 km below sea level. Particularly during the Cenozoic, thick clastic wedges built out the continental shelf along the northwestern and northern margins of the Gulf of Mexico. To the east, the stable Florida platform was not covered by the sea until the latest Jurassic or the beginning of Cretaceous time. The Yucatán platform was emergent until the mid-Cretaceous. After both platforms were submerged, the formation of carbonates and evaporites has characterized the geologic history of these two stable areas. Most of the basin was rimmed during the Early Cretaceous by carbonate platforms, and its western flank was involved during the latest Cretaceous and early Paleogene periods in a compressive deformation episode, the Laramide Orogeny, which created the Sierra Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico. In 2002 geologist Michael Stanton published a speculative essay suggesting an impact origin for the Gulf of Mexico at the close of the Permian, which could have caused the Permian -- Triassic extinction event. However, Gulf Coast geologists do not regard this hypothesis as having any credibility. Instead they overwhelmingly accept plate tectonics, not an asteroid impact, as having created the Gulf of Mexico as illustrated by papers authored by Kevin Mickus and others. This hypothesis is not to be confused with the Chicxulub Crater, a large impact crater on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico on the Yucatán Peninsula. Today, the Gulf of Mexico has the following 7 main areas : Gulf of Mexico basin, which contains the Sigsbee Deep and can be further divided into the continental rise, the Sigsbee Abyssal Plain, and the Mississippi Cone. Northeast Gulf of Mexico, which extends from a point east of the Mississippi River Delta near Biloxi to the eastern side of Apalachee Bay. South Florida Continental Shelf and Slope, which extends along the coast from Apalachee Bay to the Straits of Florida and includes the Florida Keys and Dry Tortugas. Campeche Bank, which extends from the Yucatán Straits in the east to the Tabasco -- Campeche Basin in the west and includes Arrecife Alacran. Bay of Campeche, which is an isthmian embayment extending from the western edge of Campeche Bank to the offshore regions just east of the port of Veracruz. Western Gulf of Mexico, which is located between Veracruz to the south and the Rio Grande to the north. Northwest Gulf of Mexico, which extends from Alabama to the Rio Grande. History ( edit ) European exploration ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fishing boats in Biloxi Graph showing the overall water temperature of the Gulf between Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Although Katrina cooled waters in its path by up to 4 ° C, they had rebounded by the time of Rita 's appearance. Although Christopher Columbus was credited with the discovery of the Americas by Europeans, the ships in his four voyages never reached the Gulf of Mexico. Instead, Columbus sailed into the Caribbean around Cuba and Hispaniola. The first European exploration of the Gulf of Mexico was by Amerigo Vespucci in 1497. He followed the coastal land mass of Central America before returning to the Atlantic Ocean via the Straits of Florida between Florida and Cuba. In his letters, Vespucci described this trip, and once Juan de la Cosa returned to Spain, a famous world map, depicting Cuba as an island, was produced. In 1506, Hernán Cortés took part in the conquest of Hispaniola and Cuba, receiving a large estate of land and Indian slaves for his effort. In 1510, he accompanied Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, an aide of the governor of Hispaniola, in his expedition to conquer Cuba. In 1518 Velázquez put him in command of an expedition to explore and secure the interior of Mexico for colonization. In 1517, Francisco Hernández de Córdoba discovered the Yucatán Peninsula. This was the first European encounter with an advanced civilization in the Americas, with solidly built buildings and a complex social organization which they recognized as being comparable to those of the Old World ; they also had reason to expect that this new land would have gold. All of this encouraged two further expeditions, the first in 1518 under the command of Juan de Grijalva, and the second in 1519 under the command of Hernán Cortés, which led to the Spanish exploration, military invasion, and ultimately settlement and colonization known as the Conquest of Mexico. Hernández did not live to see the continuation of his work : he died in 1517, the year of his expedition, as the result of the injuries and the extreme thirst suffered during the voyage, and disappointed in the knowledge that Diego Velázquez had given precedence to Grijalva as the captain of the next expedition to Yucatán. In 1523, Ángel de Villafañe sailed toward Mexico City, but was shipwrecked en route along the coast of Padre Island, Texas, in 1554. When word of the disaster reached Mexico City, the viceroy requested a rescue fleet and immediately sent Villafañe marching overland to find the treasure - laden vessels. Villafañe traveled to Pánuco and hired a ship to transport him to the site, which had already been visited from that community. He arrived in time to greet García de Escalante Alvarado ( a nephew of Pedro de Alvarado ), commander of the salvage operation, when Alvarado arrived by sea on July 22, 1554. The team labored until September 12 to salvage the Padre Island treasure. This loss, in combination with other ship disasters around the Gulf of Mexico, gave rise to a plan for establishing a settlement on the northern Gulf Coast to protect shipping and more quickly rescue castaways. As a result, the expedition of Tristán de Luna y Arellano was sent and landed at Pensacola Bay on August 15, 1559. On December 11, 1526, Charles V granted Pánfilo de Narváez a license to claim what is now the Gulf Coast of the United States, known as the Narváez expedition. The contract gave him one year to gather an army, leave Spain, be large enough to found at least two towns of 100 people each, and garrison two more fortresses anywhere along the coast. On April 7, 1528, they spotted land north of what is now Tampa Bay. They turned south and traveled for two days looking for a great harbor the master pilot Miruelo knew of. Sometime during these two days, one of the five remaining ships was lost on the rugged coast, but nothing else is known of it. In 1697, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville sailed for France and was chosen by the Minister of Marine to lead an expedition to rediscover the mouth of the Mississippi River and to colonize Louisiana which the English coveted. Iberville 's fleet sailed from Brest on October 24, 1698. On January 25, 1699, Iberville reached Santa Rosa Island in front of Pensacola founded by the Spanish ; he sailed from there to Mobile Bay and explored Massacre Island, later renamed Dauphin Island. He cast anchor between Cat Island and Ship Island ; and on February 13, 1699, he went to the mainland, Biloxi, with his brother Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. On May 1, 1699, he completed a fort on the north - east side of the Bay of Biloxi, a little to the rear of what is now Ocean Springs, Mississippi. This fort was known as Fort Maurepas or Old Biloxi. A few days later, on May 4, Pierre Le Moyne sailed for France leaving his teenage brother, Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne, as second in command to the French commandant. Shipwrecks ( edit ) The Mardi Gras shipwreck around the early - 19th century about 35 miles off the coast of Louisiana in 4,000 feet ( 1220 meters ) of water. She is believed to have been a privateer or trader. The shipwreck, whose real identity remains a mystery, lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company ( OGGC ). In May 2007, an expedition, led by Texas A&M University and funded by OGGC under an agreement with the Minerals Management Service ( now BOEM ), was launched to undertake the deepest scientific archaeological excavation ever attempted at that time to study the site on the seafloor and recover artifacts for eventual public display in the Louisiana State Museum. As part of the project educational outreach Nautilus Productions in partnership with BOEM, Texas A&M University, the Florida Public Archaeology Network and Veolia Environmental produced a one - hour HD documentary about the project, short videos for public viewing and provided video updates during the expedition. Video footage from the ROV was an integral part of this outreach and used extensively in the Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck documentary. On July 30, 1942 the Robert E. Lee, captained by William C. Heath, was torpedoed by the German submarine U-166. She was sailing southeast of the entrance to the Mississippi River when the explosion destroyed the # 3 hold, vented through the B and C decks and damaged the engines, the radio compartment and the steering gear. After the attack she was under escort by the USS PC - 566, captained by LCDR Herbert G. Claudius, en route to New Orleans. The USS PC - 566 began dropping depth charges on a sonar contact, sinking the U-166. The badly damaged Robert E. Lee first listed to port then to starboard and finally sank within about 15 minutes of the attack. One officer, nine crewmen and 15 passengers were lost. Ironically the passengers aboard the Robert E. Lee were primarily survivors of previous torpedo attacks by German U-boats. The wreck 's precise location was discovered during the C & C Marine survey that located the U-166. The German submarine U-166 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on December 6, 1940 at the Seebeckwerft ( part of Deutsche Schiff - und Maschinenbau AG, Deschimag ) at Wesermünde ( modern Bremerhaven ) as yard number 705, launched on November 1, 1941 and commissioned on March 23, 1942 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Hans - Günther Kuhlmann. After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla, U-166 was transferred to the 10th U-boat Flotilla for front - line service on June 1, 1942. The U-boat sailed on only two war patrols and sank four ships totalling 7,593 gross register tons ( GRT ). She was sunk on July 30, 1942 in Gulf of Mexico. In 2001 the wreck of U-166 was located in 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) of water, less than two miles from where it had attacked the Robert E. Lee. An archaeological survey of the seafloor prior to construction of a natural gas pipeline led to the discoveries by C & C Marine archaeologists Robert A. Church and Daniel J. Warren. The sonar contacts consisted of two large sections lying approximately 500 feet apart at either end of a debris field that indicated the presence of a U-boat. Geography ( edit ) Gulf beach near Sabine Pass The Mississippi River Watershed is the largest drainage basin of the Gulf of Mexico Watershed. Map of northern part of Gulf of Mexico The shaded relief map of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean area. The Gulf of Mexico 's eastern, northern, and northwestern shores lie along the US states of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. The US portion of the Gulf coastline spans 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ), receiving water from 33 major rivers that drain 31 states. The Gulf 's southwestern and southern shores lie along the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatán, and the northernmost tip of Quintana Roo. The Mexican portion of the Gulf coastline spans 1,743 miles ( 2,805 km ). On its southeast quadrant the Gulf is bordered by Cuba. It supports major American, Mexican and Cuban fishing industries. The outer margins of the wide continental shelves of Yucatán and Florida receive cooler, nutrient - enriched waters from the deep by a process known as upwelling, which stimulates plankton growth in the euphotic zone. This attracts fish, shrimp, and squid. River drainage and atmospheric fallout from industrial coastal cities also provide nutrients to the coastal zone. The Gulf Stream, a warm Atlantic Ocean current and one of the strongest ocean currents known, originates in the gulf, as a continuation of the Caribbean Current - Yucatán Current - Loop Current system. Other circulation features include the anticyclonic gyres which are shed by the Loop Current and travel westward where they eventually dissipate, and a permanent cyclonic gyre in the Bay of Campeche. The Bay of Campeche in Mexico constitutes a major arm of the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, the gulf 's shoreline is fringed by numerous bays and smaller inlets. A number of rivers empty into the gulf, most notably the Mississippi River and Rio Grande in the northern gulf, and the Grijalva and Usumacinta rivers in the southern gulf. The land that forms the gulf 's coast, including many long, narrow barrier islands, is almost uniformly low - lying and is characterized by marshes and swamps as well as stretches of sandy beach. The Gulf of Mexico is an excellent example of a passive margin. The continental shelf is quite wide at most points along the coast, most notably at the Florida and Yucatán Peninsulas. The shelf is exploited for its oil by means of offshore drilling rigs, most of which are situated in the western gulf and in the Bay of Campeche. Another important commercial activity is fishing ; major catches include red snapper, amberjack, tilefish, swordfish, and various grouper, as well as shrimp and crabs. Oysters are also harvested on a large scale from many of the bays and sounds. Other important industries along the coast include shipping, petrochemical processing and storage, military use, paper manufacture, and tourism. The gulf 's warm water temperature can feed powerful Atlantic hurricanes causing extensive human death and other destruction as happened with Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In the Atlantic, a hurricane will draw up cool water from the depths and making it less likely that further hurricanes will follow in its wake ( warm water being one of the preconditions necessary for their formation ). However, the Gulf is shallower ; when a hurricane passes over the water temperature may drop but it soon rebounds and becomes capable of supporting another tropical storm. The Gulf is considered aseismic ; however, mild tremors have been recorded throughout history ( usually 5.0 or less on the Richter magnitude scale ). Earthquakes may be caused by interactions between sediment loading on the sea floor and adjustment by the crust. 2006 earthquake ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Gulf of Mexico earthquake On September 10, 2006, the U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center reported that a magnitude 6.0 earthquake occurred about 250 miles ( 400 km ) west - southwest of Anna Maria, Florida, around 10 : 56 AM EDT. The quake was reportedly felt from Louisiana to Florida in the Southeastern United States. There were no reports of damage or injuries. Items were knocked from shelves and seiches were observed in swimming pools in parts of Florida. The earthquake was described by the USGS as an intraplate earthquake, the largest and most widely felt recorded in the past three decades in the region. According to the September 11, 2006 issue of The Tampa Tribune, earthquake tremors were last felt in Florida in 1952, recorded in Quincy, 20 miles ( 32 km ) northwest of Tallahassee Maritime boundary delimitation agreements ( edit ) Cuba and Mexico : Exchange of notes constituting an agreement on the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone of Mexico in the sector adjacent to Cuban maritime areas ( with map ), of July 26, 1976. Cuba and United States of America : Maritime boundary agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba, of December 16, 1977. Mexico and United States of America : Treaty to resolve pending boundary differences and maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary, of November 23, 1970 ; Treaty on maritime boundaries between the United States of America and the United Mexican States ( Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean ), of May 4, 1978, and Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States on the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ), of June 9, 2000. On December 13, 2007, Mexico submitted information to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf ( CLCS ) regarding the extension of Mexico 's continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. Mexico sought an extension of its continental shelf in the Western Polygon based on international law, UNCLOS, and bilateral treaties with the United States, in accordance with Mexico 's domestic legislation. On March 13, 2009, the CLCS accepted Mexico 's arguments for extending its continental shelf up to 350 NM into the Western Polygon. Since this would extend Mexico 's continental shelf well into territory claimed by the United States, however, Mexico and the U.S. would need to enter a bilateral agreement based on international law that delimits their respective claims. Places adjacent to Gulf of Mexico Texas United States Louisiana Mississippi Alabama Florida Mexico Tamaulipas Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Mexico Veracruz Mexico Tabasco Campeche Yucatán Quintana Roo Cuba Caribbean Biota ( edit ) Various biota include chemosynthetic communities near cold seeps and nonchemosynthetic communities such as bacteria and other micro -- benthos, meiofauna, macrofauna, and megafauna ( larger organisms such as crabs, sea pens, crinoids, and demersal fish and cetaceans including endangered ones ) are living in the Gulf of Mexico. Recently, resident Bryde 's whales within the gulf were classified as an endemic, unique subspecies and making them as one of the most endangered whales in the world. The Gulf of Mexico yields more finfish, shrimp, and shellfish annually than the south and mid-Atlantic, Chesapeake, and New England areas combined. The Smithsonian Institution Gulf of Mexico holdings are expected to provide an important baseline of understanding for future scientific studies on the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. In Congressional testimony, Dr. Jonathan Coddington, Associate Director of Research and Collections at the Smithsonian 's National Museum of Natural History, provides a detailed overview of the Gulf collections and their sources which Museum staff have made available on an online map. The samples were collected for years by the former Minerals Management Service ( renamed the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement ) to help predict the potential impacts of future oil / gas explorations. Since 1979, the specimens have been deposited in the national collections of the National Museum of Natural History. Pollution ( edit ) Dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico The major environmental threats to the Gulf are agricultural runoff and oil drilling. There are frequent `` red tide '' algae blooms that kill fish and marine mammals and cause respiratory problems in humans and some domestic animals when the blooms reach close to shore. This has especially been plaguing the southwest and southern Florida coast, from the Florida Keys to north of Pasco County, Florida. The Gulf contains a hypoxic dead zone that runs east - west along the Texas - Louisiana coastline. In July 2008, researchers reported that between 1985 and 2008, the area roughly doubled in size and now stretches from near Galveston, Texas, to near Venice, Louisiana. It is now about 8,000 square miles ( 21,000 km ), nearly the record. Poor agricultural practices in the northern portion of the Gulf of Mexico have led to a tremendous increase of nitrogen and phosphorus in neighboring marine ecosystems, which has resulted in algae blooms and a lack of available oxygen. Occurrences of masculinization and estrogen suppression were observed as a result. An October 2007 study of the Atlantic croaker found a disproportioned sex ratio of 61 % males to 39 % females in hypoxic Gulf sites. This was compared with a 52 % to 48 % male - female ratio found in reference sites, showing an impairment of reproductive output for fish populations inhabiting hypoxic coastal zones. There are 27,000 abandoned oil and gas wells beneath the Gulf. These have generally not been checked for potential environmental problems. Ixtoc I explosion and oil spill ( edit ) Main articles : Ixtoc I and Ixtoc I oil spill In June 1979, the Ixtoc I oil platform in the Bay of Campeche suffered a blowout leading to a catastrophic explosion, which resulted in a massive oil spill that continued for nine months before the well was finally capped. This was ranked as the largest oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico until the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill ( edit ) Main articles : Deepwater Horizon explosion and Deepwater Horizon oil spill On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil platform, located in the Mississippi Canyon about 40 miles ( 64 km ) off the Louisiana coast, suffered a catastrophic explosion ; it sank a day - and - a-half later. It was in the process of being sealed with cement for temporary abandonment, to avoid environmental problems. Although initial reports indicated that relatively little oil had leaked, by April 24, it was claimed by BP that approximately 1,000 barrels ( 160 m ) of oil per day were issuing from the wellhead, about 1 - mile ( 1.6 km ) below the surface on the ocean floor. On April 29, the U.S. government revealed that approximately 5,000 barrels ( 790 m ) per day, five times the original estimate, were pouring into the Gulf from the wellhead. The resulting oil slick quickly expanded to cover hundreds of square miles of ocean surface, posing a serious threat to marine life and adjacent coastal wetlands, and to the livelihoods of Gulf Coast shrimpers and fishermen. Coast Guard Rear Adm. Sally Brice O'Hare stated that the U.S. government will be `` employing booms, skimmers, chemical dispersants and controlled burns '' to combat the oil spill. By May 1, 2010, the oil spill cleanup efforts were underway, but hampered by rough seas and the `` tea like '' consistency of the oil. Cleanup operations were resumed after conditions became favorable. On May 27, 2010, The USGS had revised the estimate of the leak from 5,000 barrels per day ( 790 m / d ) to 12,000 -- 19,000 barrels per day ( 3,000 m / d ) an increase from earlier estimates. On July 15, 2010, BP announced that the leak stopped for the first time in 88 days. In July 2015 BP reached an $18.7 bn settlement with the US government, the states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, as well as 400 local authorities. To date BP 's cost for the clean - up, environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached $54 bn. Minor oil spills ( edit ) According to the National Response Center, the oil industry has thousands of minor accidents in the Gulf of Mexico every year. Brutus oil spill ( edit ) On May 12, 2016, a release of oil from subsea infrastructure on Shell 's Brutus oil rig released 2,100 barrels of oil. This leak created a visible 2 mile by 13 mile oil slick in the sea about 97 miles south of Port Fourchon, Louisiana, according to the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. See also ( edit ) Cantarell Field Brine pool Charlotte Harbor Estuary, Florida Gulf Coast Gulf of Mexico Foundation Hypoxia Jack 2 ( a test well in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico ) Orca Basin Outer Continental Shelf Territorial evolution of the Caribbean US Gulf of Mexico Protraction areas Atwater Valley East Cameron Eugene Island Garden Banks Green Canyon Keathley Canyon Mississippi Canyon Sigsbee Escarpment South Marsh Island Walker Ridge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.deepseawaters.com/Gulf_of_Mexico.htm Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico ''. Geographic Names Information System. January 1, 2000. Retrieved July 8, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Huerta, A.D., and D.L. Harry ( 2012 ) Wilson cycles, tectonic inheritance, and rifting of the North American Gulf of Mexico continental margin. Geosphere. 8 ( 1 ) : GES00725. 1, first published on March 6, 2012, doi : 10.1130 / GES00725. 1 ^ Jump up to : `` General Facts about the Gulf of Mexico ''. epa.gov. Retrieved December 27, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition '' ( PDF ). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved February 7, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Salvador, A. ( 1991 ) Origin and development of the Gulf of Mexico basin, in A. Salvador, ed., p. 389 - 444, The Gulf of Mexico Basin : The Geology of North America, v. J., Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. ^ Jump up to : Stern, R.J., and W.R. Dickinson ( 2010 ) The Gulf of Mexico is a Jurassic backarc basin. Geosphere. 6 ( 6 ) : 739 -- 754. Jump up ^ Van Arsdale, R.B. ( 2009 ) Adventures Through Deep Time : The Central Mississippi River Valley and Its Earthquakes. Special Paper no. 455, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. 107 pp. Jump up ^ Cox, R.T., and R.B. Van Arsdale ( 2002 ) The Mississippi Embayment, North America : a first order continental structure generated by the Cretaceous superplume mantle event. Journal of Geodynamics. 34 : 163 -- 176. Jump up ^ Zell, P., Stinnesbeck, W., Beckmann, S., ( 2016 ). `` Late Jurassic aptychi from the La Caja Formation of northeastern Mexico '' ( PDF ). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 68 : 515 -- 536. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Buffler, R.T., 1991, Early Evolution of the Gulf of Mexico Basin, in D. Goldthwaite, ed., pp. 1 -- 15, Introduction to Central Gulf Coast Geology, New Orleans Geological Society, New Orleans, Louisiana. ^ Jump up to : Galloway, W.E., 2008, Depositional evolution of the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin. in K.J. Hsu, ed., pp. 505 -- 549, The Sedimentary Basins of the United States and Canada, Sedimentary Basins of the World. v. 5, Elsevier, The Netherlands. ^ Jump up to : Sawyer, D.S., R.T. Buffler, and R.H. Pilger, Jr., 1991, The crust under the Gulf of Mexico basin, in A. Salvador, ed., pp. 53 -- 72, The Gulf of Mexico Basin : The Geology of North America, v. J., Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. ^ Jump up to : gulfbase.org Jump up ^ Stanton, M.S., 2002, Is the Gulf 's Origin Heaven Sent? AAPG Explorer ( Dec. 2002 ) American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Tulsa Oklahoma. Jump up ^ Mickus, K., R.J. Stern2, G.R. Keller, and E.Y. Anthony ( 2009 ) Potential field evidence for a volcanic rifted margin along the Texas Gulf Coast. Journal of Geology. v. 37, p. 387 - 390. Jump up ^ Kevin Knight ( 2009 ). `` Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville ''. newadvent.org. Retrieved May 8, 2009. Jump up ^ `` FPAN Home ''. Florida Public Archaeology. Jump up ^ `` Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck ''. Nautilus Productions. Jump up ^ `` Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck Documentary ''. MUA. Jump up ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. `` Robert E. Lee ''. German U-boats of World War II -- uboat.net. Retrieved August 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. `` U-166 ''. German U-boats of World War II -- uboat.net. Retrieved July 31, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Historic Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico ''. gomr.mms.gov. Archived from the original on October 17, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2010. Jump up ^ Daniel J. Warren, Robert A. Church. `` The Discovery of U -- 166 : Rewriting History with New Technology '' ( PDF ). Offshore Technology Conference. Retrieved July 31, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico Watershed ''. EPA.gov. Retrieved December 6, 2010. Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center, 1999. Global Land One - kilometer Base Elevation ( GLOBE ) v. 1. Hastings, D. and P.K. Dunbar. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi : 10.7289 / V52R3PMS ( access date : March 16, 2015 ) Jump up ^ Amante, C. and B.W. Eakins, 2009. ETOPO1 1 Arc - Minute Global Relief Model : Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC - 24. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi : 10.7289 / V5C8276M ( access date : March 18, 2015 ). Jump up ^ `` National Water Program Guidance : FY 2005 ''. epa.gov. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006. Retrieved January 21, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico ''. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Warm Waters Provide Fuel for Potential Storms ''. NASA Earth Observatory. Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved May 5, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes in the Gulf of Mexico ''. Retrieved December 27, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Central Florida Feels Quake ''. Archived from the original on August 28, 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2006. Jump up ^ Observer News ^ Jump up to : United States Geological Survey, September 11, 2006 Archived October 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's Attempt to Extend its Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles Serves as a Model for the International Community, Mexican Law Review, Volume V, Number 2, Jan. -- June 2013 '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS Region ( November 2006 ). `` Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas Lease Sales : 2007 -- 2012. Western Planning Area Sales 204, 207, 210, 215, and 218. Central Planning Area Sales 205, 206, 208, 213, 216, and 222. Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Volume I : Chapters 1 -- 8 and Appendices ''. U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans. page 3 - 27 -- 3 - 34 PDF Archived March 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine... Jump up ^ Rosel E.P.. Corkeron P... Engleby L... Epperson D... Mullin D.K.. Soldevilla S.M.. Taylor L.B.. 2016. STATUS REVIEW OF BRYDE 'S WHALES ( BALAENOPTERA EDENI ) IN THE GULF OF MEXICO UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS - SEFSC - 692 Jump up ^ Zongker, Brett ( July 21, 2010 ). `` Smithsonian Holdings to Aid Researchers in the Gulf ''. Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2010. Jump up ^ Coddington, Jonathan ( June 15, 2010 ). `` Testimony to the Subcommittee on Insular Affairs, Oceans and Wildlife ; Committee on Natural Resources ; U.S. House of Representatives '' ( PDF ). ( Smithsonian Ocean Portal ). Retrieved July 29, 2010. Jump up ^ `` The Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone and Red Tides ''. Retrieved December 27, 2006. Jump up ^ Joel Achenbach, `` A ' Dead Zone ' in The Gulf of Mexico : Scientists Say Area That Cannot Support Some Marine Life Is Near Record Size '', Washington Post, July 31, 2008 Jump up ^ Thomas, Peter ; Md Saydur Rahman ( 2012 ). `` Extensive Reproductive Disruption, Ovarian Masculinization and Aromatase Suppression in Atlantic Croaker in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone ''. Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences. 279 ( 1726 ) : 28 -- 38. doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.0529. ^ Jump up to : Donn, Jeff ( July 7, 2010 ). `` Gulf home to 27,000 abandoned wells ''. Burlington, Vermont : Burlington Free Press. pp. 1A. Jump up ^ `` Burning oil rig sinks, setting stage for spill ; 11 still missing '', by Kevin McGill and Holbrook Mohr ( Associated Press ), Boston Globe, April 23, 2010 Jump up ^ `` Well from sunken rig leaking oil '', by Cain Burdeau ( Associated Press ), Boston Globe, April 25, 2010 Jump up ^ Robertson, Campbell ; Kaufman, Leslie ( April 28, 2010 ). `` Size of Spill in Gulf of Mexico Is Larger Than Thought ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ `` Race to plug leaking oil well off La. spurs new tactics '', by Cain Burdeau ( Associated Press ), Boston Globe, April 27, 2010 Jump up ^ `` Gulf Oil Spill Worst in U.S. History ; Drilling Postponed '', by Marianne Lavelle, National Geographic, May 27, 2010 Jump up ^ Ed Crooks, Christopher Adams,. `` BP : Into uncharted waters ''. ft.com. Retrieved August 10, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Chow, Lorraine. `` Shell Oil Spill Dumps Nearly 90,000 Gallons of Crude Into Gulf ''. EcoWatch. Retrieved June 6, 2016. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf of Mexico. Resource Database for Gulf of Mexico Research Gulf of Mexico Integrated Science Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck `` Mexico, Gulf of ''. Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed. ). 1911. `` Mexico, Gulf of ''. Collier 's New Encyclopedia. 1921. Bathymetry of the Northern Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean East of Florida United States Geological Survey The Present State of the West - Indies : Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe written by Thomas Kitchin, 1778, in which Kitchin discusses, in chapter 1, why the Gulf should have been called the `` West Indian Sea. '' BP Oil Spill, NPR Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea Book Category Petroleum industry Petroleum Primary energy Benchmarks Argus Sour Bonny Light Brent Dubai Indian Basket Indonesian Isthmus - 34 Light Japan Cocktail OPEC Reference Basket Tapis Urals West Texas Intermediate Western Canadian Select Data Natural gas Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price Petroleum Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price ( of gasoline and diesel ) Exploration Core sampling Geophysics Integrated asset modelling Petroleum engineering Reservoir simulation Seismic to simulation Petroleum geology Petrophysics Reflection seismology ( Seismic inversion ) Seismic source Drilling Blowout Completion ( Squeeze job ) Differential sticking Directional drilling ( Geosteering ) Drilling engineering Drilling fluid ( invasion ) Drill stem test Lost circulation Measurement Tracers Underbalanced drilling Well logging Production Petroleum fiscal regime Concessions Production sharing agreements Artificial lift Pumpjack Submersible pump ( ESP ) Gas lift Downstream Enhanced oil recovery ( EOR ) Steam injection Gas reinjection Midstream Petroleum product Pipeline transport Refining Upstream Water injection Well intervention XT History 1967 Oil Embargo 1973 oil crisis 1979 energy crisis 1980s oil glut 1990 oil price shock 2000s energy crisis 2010s oil glut Founders History of the petroleum industry Nationalization OPEC GECF Seven Sisters Standard Oil Oil market timelines Provinces and fields List of natural gas fields List of oil fields East Midlands Oil Province East Texas Gulf of Mexico Niger Delta North Sea Permian Basin Persian Gulf Prudhoe Bay Oil Field Russia Venezuela Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Other topics Acronyms Oil shale gas Peak oil mitigation timing People Petrocurrency Petrodollar recycling Shale gas Swing producer Unconventional oil heavy crude oil sands oil shale Companies and organisations Major petroleum companies Supermajors BP Chevron Eni ExxonMobil Royal Dutch Shell Total National oil companies ADNOC ( UAE ) CNOOC ( China ) CNPC ( China ) Ecopetrol ( Colombia ) Gazprom ( Russia ) Iraq National Oil Company Indian Oil Corporation KazMunayGas ( Kazakhstan ) Kuwait Petroleum Corporation Lotos ( Poland ) Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NIOC ( Iran ) NISOC ( Iran ) OGDCL ( Pakistan ) ONGC ( India ) PDVSA ( Venezuela ) PKN Orlen ( Poland ) Pemex ( Mexico ) Pertamina ( Indonesia ) PetroBangla ( Bangladesh ) Petrobras ( Brazil ) PetroChina Petronas ( Malaysia ) Petrovietnam PTT ( Thailand ) Qatar Petroleum Rosneft ( Russia ) Saudi Aramco ( Saudi Arabia ) Sinopec ( China ) SOCAR ( Azerbaijan ) Sonangol ( Angola ) Sonatrach ( Algeria ) Statoil ( Norway ) TPAO ( Turkey ) YPF ( Argentina ) Energy trading Glencore Gunvor Mercuria Naftiran Intertrade Trafigura Vitol Other Anadarko Apache BG Group Cenovus Energy Compañía Española de Petróleos ConocoPhillips Devon Galp Energia Hess Husky Energy Imperial Oil Lukoil Marathon Oil Nippon Oil Occidental OMV Port Harcourt Refining Company Reliance Industries Repsol Suncor Energy Surgutneftegas TNK - BP Tullow Oil Tüpraş Major services companies Amec Foster Wheeler Baker Hughes Cameron CGG CH2M Hill Chicago Bridge & Iron Company China Oilfield Services Enbridge Ensco GE Oil & Gas Halliburton Nabors Industries Naftiran Intertrade National Oilwell Varco Petrofac Saipem Schlumberger Snam Subsea 7 TransCanada Transocean Weatherford Wood Group Other International Association of Oil & Gas Producers International Energy Agency International Petroleum Exchange OPEC Society of Petroleum Engineers World Petroleum Council Category Commons VIAF : 236793919 GND : 4039059 - 7 SELIBR : 154017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&oldid=800799058 '' Categories : Gulf of Mexico Gulfs of the Atlantic Ocean Gulfs of the United States Mexico -- United States border Bodies of water of Alabama Bodies of water of Florida Bodies of water of Louisiana Bodies of water of Mississippi Bodies of water of Texas Gulfs of Mexico Landforms of Tamaulipas Landforms of Veracruz Landforms of Tabasco Landforms of Campeche Landforms of Yucatán Landforms of Quintana Roo Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles needing additional references from June 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs La. lojban. Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017, at 18 : 57. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&amp;oldid=800799058" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "6112982262577167361" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Judge Mathis - Wikipedia Judge Mathis This article is about the television series. For the eponymous arbiter of this court show, see Greg Mathis. Judge Mathis Genre Court show Presented by Greg Mathis Music by Brian Wayy Roy Shakked Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 19 No. of episodes 2,000 Production Location ( s ) NBC Tower Chicago, Illinois Camera setup Multiple Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Telepictures Productions Black Pearl Entertainment ( 1999 - 2002 ) ( seasons 1 - 3 ) Distributor Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution Release Original network Syndication Picture format 480i 4 : 3 ( SDTV ) ( 1999 - 2012 ) 480i 16 : 9 ( SDTV ) ( 2012 - ) Original release September 13, 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 13 ) -- present External links Website Production website Judge Mathis is a syndicated arbitration - based reality court show presided over by the retired Judge of Michigan 's 36th District Court, Greg Mathis. The syndicated series features Mathis adjudicating small claims disputes. The series was originally produced by Black Pearl Entertainment. It 's now produced by Telepictures Productions and Syndicated Productions, while distributed by Warner Bros. Television. It is taped at the NBC Tower in Chicago, but includes cases and litigants from other U.S. jurisdictions. Greg Mathis 's `` inspirational and positive messages to young people '' won the court show a PRISM Commendation in May 2002. The court show also won an NAACP Image Award in 2004 and a Daytime Emmy Award in 2018. Each Judge Mathis episode runs for one hour and typically consists of 4 cases. The show is broadcast weekdays nationwide in the United States. It is also broadcast in Canada through Omni Television. The show has aired since 1999 and has aired over 2000 episodes. In the 2014 - 15 television season, Judge Mathis began its 16th season, making Mathis the longest serving African American court show arbitrator, after Judge Joe Brown whose program lasted 15 seasons. Judge Mathis is the fourth longest running courtroom series behind Divorce Court, The People 's Court, and Judge Judy. It began its 19th season on Monday, September 4, 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Show format 2 Incorporation of life story into court show 3 Judge Gregory Mathis 's adjudicating approach 4 References 5 External links Show format ( edit ) The cases on Judge Mathis are classified as tort law, civil disputes with a maximum $5,000 claim, a typical amount for small claims court. The producers of the show select the cases. To acquire cases, the show solicits real - life litigants with pending disputes or individuals with potential disputes. If litigants agree to be on the show, they are paid a talent fee ranging from $150 to $300, and they receive travel accommodations. Mathis does have prior knowledge of the cases. In all cases, litigants give their prospective case managers all evidence in advance. Any real legal case pending must be dismissed by both parties. Typically, Mathis 's producers only seek cases that they deem `` juicy '' enough for TV. Occasionally, Mathis leaves the courtroom to deliberate and then returns with his verdict. Upon final judgment, he may briefly explain the legal principle guiding his verdict, especially if his ruling is based on a particular state 's law. Reportedly, Mathis ' rulings conform to the laws of the state where the case was originally filed. Incorporation of life story into court show ( edit ) As a child and a teenager, Mathis was frequently in legal trouble. He was a member of a street gang in Detroit, and he was arrested and sentenced to jail for illegally carrying a firearm when he was 17 years old. Mathis has frequently used his courtroom series to highlight his troubled - youth - turned - success - story as a way of motivating and inspiring his audience ( especially youth audience ) that there 's no adversity that they ca n't pick themselves up from. It is from his background where Mathis derives much of his courtroom formula. For example, his show 's opening theme was formerly a brief documentary of his powerful life story. As another example, he takes a liking to litigants who 've seen the error of their ways and have made efforts to improve and better their lives. Judge gregory Mathis 's adjudicating approach ( edit ) Main article : Greg Mathis Mathis typically begins proceedings by having litigants expound on their side of the dispute, so as to gain insight into the matter. Cases on Judge Mathis tend to go deeper and to more revealing places than those of most other court shows. He also calls attention to peculiarities or juicy details exposed throughout the course of the proceedings as a means of making the cases more interesting to viewers. Furthermore, Mathis does n't hesitate to tackle any social issues that emerge during the proceedings, tying his social justice perspectives to the cases. While hearing the testimonies, Mathis takes on a relaxed, attentive, understanding and open - minded nature. Rarely missing an opportunity to jest or poke fun, Mathis is given to fun, humor, good - natured ridicule and gibes, often rousing his audience to uproarious amusement. He sometimes cuts the tension -- even tension he himself has fostered -- with wisecracks or taunting remarks. Mathis has bantered directly at audience members on occasion, also resulting in audience amusement. He uses a rather high - pitched voice as part of stultifying litigants and suggesting that they 've not recognized the obvious. Combined with his teasing and comedic tendencies on the bench, Mathis is known for his street smart, urban expressions and stern side as well. In moments in which Mathis has found a litigant guilty of a particularly reprehensible act, he takes on a very resentful nature along with lecturing and shaming behaviors. Sometimes in these moments, Mathis makes a point of solemnizing his courtroom due to prior laughs and lightheartedness, letting litigants and everyone on hand know that things are no longer a laughing matter and that he 's to be taken seriously. The final portion of most of the cases generally see Mathis displaying a harshly corrective side, providing an explanation behind the direction of his verdict in the form of a sharp tirade, unbroken in delivery so as not to allow anyone a word in edgewise before his gavel pound and exit. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Judge Mathis Bio ''. Judgemathistv.warnerbros.com. September 11, 2006. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Judge Mathis website. Online at : `` About the Show '' Archived 2007 - 05 - 05 at the Wayback Machine... Accessed May 8, 2007 Jump up ^ Judge Mathis website. Online at : `` When its on ''. Accessed March 5, 2011 Jump up ^ Omni Television. Ontario `` Judge Mathis '' Accessed May 8, 2007 Jump up ^ `` Judge Mathis 1999 TV SHOW ''. TV Guide. Retrieved August 30, 2015. Jump up ^ The A to Z of African - American Television - Kathleen Fearn - Banks - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved September 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Judge Mathis interview. Online at : `` Interview with the Judge Mathis '' Archived 2011 - 07 - 07 at the Wayback Machine... Accessed March 5, 2011 Jump up ^ http://radaronline.com/exclusives/2014/07/greg-mathis-judge-mathis-gang-gun-arrest-detroit/ ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Television Law Shows : Factual and Fictional Series about... - Hal Erickson - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved September 9, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Roger M. Grace ( October 2, 2003 ). `` Seven Courtroom Shows Appear on TV 's Fall Docket ''. Metnews.com. Retrieved September 9, 2013. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Judge Mathis Episode Guide Judge Mathis on IMDb Ask Judge Mathis - Judge Mathis ' official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judge_Mathis&oldid=846594605 '' Categories : 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series 1999 American television series debuts First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television series by Warner Bros. Television Court shows Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018, at 18 : 51 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Judge Mathis", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Judge_Mathis&amp;oldid=846594605" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "- 3 ) Distributor Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution Release Original network Syndication Picture format 480i 4 : 3 ( SDTV ) ( 1999 - 2012 ) 480i 16 : 9 ( SDTV ) ( 2012 - ) Original release September 13, 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 13 ) -- present External links Website Production website Judge Mathis is a syndicated arbitration - based reality court show presided over by the retired Judge of Michigan 's 36th District Court, Greg Mathis. The syndicated series features Mathis adjudicating small claims disputes. The series was originally produced by Black Pearl Entertainment. It 's now produced by Telepictures Productions and Syndicated Productions, while distributed by Warner Bros. Television. It is taped at the NBC Tower in Chicago, but includes cases and litigants from other U.S. jurisdictions. Greg Mathis 's `` inspirational and positive messages to young people '' won the court show a PRISM Commendation in May 2002. The court show also won an NAACP Image Award in 2004 and a Daytime Emmy Award in 2018. Each Judge Mathis episode runs for one hour and typically consists of 4 cases. The show is broadcast weekdays nationwide" ], "id": [ "1554810841786330648" ], "short_answers": [ "Greg Mathis" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Elf on the Shelf - wikipedia The Elf on the Shelf Jump to : navigation, search The Elf on the Shelf : A Christmas Tradition Author Carol Aebersold Chanda Bell Illustrator Coë Steinwart Language English Genre Picture book Publisher CCA and B Publishing Publication date 2005 Published in English 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 9769907 - 9 - 6 The Elf on the Shelf : A Christmas Tradition is a 2005 children 's picture book, written by Carol Aebersold and her daughter Chanda Bell, and illustrated by Coë Steinwart. The book tells a Christmas - themed story, written in rhyme, that explains how Santa Claus knows who is naughty and who is nice. It describes elves visiting children between Thanksgiving and Christmas Eve, after which they return to the North Pole until the next holiday season. The Elf on the Shelf comes in a keepsake box that features a hardbound picture book and a small soft toy in the form of a pixie scout elf. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 History 2.1 Mensch on a Bench 3 Criticism 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This story describes how Santa 's `` scout elves '' hide in people 's homes to watch over events. Once everyone goes to bed, the scout elf flies back to the North Pole to report to Santa the activities, good and bad, that have taken place throughout the day. Before the family wakes up each morning, the scout elf flies back from the North Pole and hides. By hiding in a new spot each morning around the house, the scout elf plays an ongoing game of hide and seek with the family. The Elf on the Shelf explains that scout elves get their magic by being named and being loved by a child. In the back of each book, families have an opportunity to write their elf 's name and the date that they adopted it. Once the elf is named, the scout elf receives its special Christmas magic, which allows it to fly to and from the North Pole. The book tells how the magic might disappear if the scout elf is touched, so the rule for The Elf on the Shelf states, `` There 's only one rule that you have to follow, so I will come back and be here tomorrow : Please do not touch me. My magic might go, and Santa wo n't hear all I 've seen or I know. '' Although families are told not to touch their scout elf, they can speak to it and tell it all their Christmas wishes so that it can report back to Santa accurately. The story ends on Christmas Day with the elf leaving to stay with Santa for the rest of the year until the following Christmas season. History ( edit ) The Elf on the Shelf was written in 2004 by Carol Aebersold and daughter Chanda Bell over a cup of tea. Bell suggested they write a book about an old tradition of an elf sent from Santa who came to watch over them at Christmas time. Aebersold 's other daughter, Christa Pitts, was recruited by the family to share her expertise in sales and marketing. Together, the trio devoted the next three years promoting their self - published book and attending book signings and trade shows. The Elf on the Shelf won the Best Toy Award by Learning Express, won Book of the Year Award from Creative Child Awards and National Best Books Award sponsored by USA Book News in 2008. In 2012, The Elf on the Shelf made its first appearance in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade alongside fellow parade newcomers Hello Kitty and Papa Smurf. In 2013, The Elf on the Shelf hit the # 1 spot on the USA Today Bestsellers List. On 26 November 2011, the book aired on CBS as a 30 - minute animated TV show, An Elf 's Story : The Elf on the Shelf, directed by Chad Eikhoff. The Washington Post criticized the quality of the animation and dismissed it as `` just a half - hour advertisement for a book and a toy '', which it felt would not join `` the canon of prime - time animated Christmas specials that actually move the spirit ''. Common Sense Media disagreed, calling the special `` a great addition to families ' holiday TV traditions '' ; however, they also warn parents about the consumer - driven nature of the story, and make note of its lack of educational value. In October 2013, The Elf on the Shelf : A Birthday Tradition was released. Written and illustrated by the same team that created the first book, it offers instructions for inviting a scout elf to visit for a child 's birthday party and describes how the elf decorates a chair for the child. In April 2014, two supplemental birthday products were released : The Elf on the Shelf Birthday Countdown Game and The Elf on the Shelf Birthday Chair Decoration Kit. The Elf on the Shelf was parodied as `` The Gnome in the Home '' in `` The Nightmare After Krustmas, '' a 2016 episode of The Simpsons. Mensch on a Bench ( edit ) A Jewish counterpart to Elf On The Shelf was created : `` Mensch on a Bench, '' a stuffed toy that looks a bit like a rabbi or a Hasidic Jew. Jewish father Neal Hoffman, a former Hasbro Toys toy marketing executive, raised more than $20,000, using the crowdfunding website Kickstarter to fund creation of the toy in the Spring of 2011. `` Mensch '', in Yiddish, means a person of integrity or honor. Cody Decker, the starting left fielder for Team Israel at the 2017 World Baseball Classic, brought the team 's mascot, a five - foot version of `` Mensch on a Bench, '' with him to Asia from the United States for the World Baseball Classic. Decker said he `` tried getting him a first - class ticket. But that did n't fly, so he was put in a duffel bag and checked. '' The mascot proved to be a big hit. He has his own locker, sits on Team Israel 's bench in the dugout during every game, and sat alongside Decker at a press conference in South Korea. Decker said : `` He 's a mascot, he 's a friend, he 's a teammate, he 's a borderline deity to our team... He brings a lot to the table... Every team needs their Jobu. He was ours. He had his own locker, and we even gave him offerings : Manischewitz, gelt, and gefilte fish... He is everywhere and nowhere all at once. His actual location is irrelevant because he exists in higher metaphysical planes. But he 's always near. '' Team Israel Manager Jerry Weinstein said : `` He 's on the team. Everybody brings something to the team, and certainly The Mensch is a unifying factor for the ball club. '' Pitcher Gabe Cramer said : `` The Mensch on a Bench is... a symbol we can rally around as a team. We are proud to be Jewish, but we know how to make and take a joke, something Jews have a long history of doing. The Mensch is a great way to have fun in the dugout while reminding us of why we 're here and who we 're representing. '' Criticism ( edit ) The Elf has received some criticism from cultural reviewers. The Atlantic columnist Kate Tuttle calls it `` a marketing juggernaut dressed up as a tradition '' whose purpose is `` to spy on kids '' and that one should n't `` bully your child into thinking that good behavior equals gifts. '' Washington Post reviewer Hank Stuever characterized the concept as `` just another nannycam in a nanny state obsessed with penal codes ''. Writing for Psychology Today, Dr. David Kyle Johnston calls it a `` dangerous parental crutch '', with much the same reasoning as what he terms the `` Santa lie ''. Professor Laura Pinto suggests that it conditions kids to accept the surveillance state and that it communicates to children that `` it 's okay for other people to spy on you, and you 're not entitled to privacy. '' She argues that `` if you grow up thinking it 's cool for the elves to watch me and report back to Santa, well, then it 's cool for the NSA to watch me and report back to the government... The rule of play is that kids get to interact with a doll or video game or what have you, but not so with the Elf on the Shelf : The rule is that you do n't touch the elf. Think about the message that sends. '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` An Elf 's Story ''. The Elf on the Shelf. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 04. ^ Jump up to : Hank Stuever ( November 24, 2011 ). `` CBS 's ' Elf on the Shelf ' : Unwarranted Christmas surveillance techniques ''. Washington Post. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Elf on the Shelf : An Elf 's Story ''. commonsensemedia.org. ^ Jump up to : `` Israel 's Mensch on the Bench mascot at World Baseball Classic, '' Newsday. ^ Jump up to : Meet Mensch On A Bench, Jewish Counterpart To Eldhdhshf On The Shelf : NPR Jump up ^ The Mensch On The Bench New York Post Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2867382/The-Elf-Shelf-competition-Introducing-Mensch-Bench-Hanukkahs-hilarious-answer-popular-Christmas-character.html Jump up ^ The Mensch on a Bench claims space on elf toy 's holiday turf - NY Daily News Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2014/12/11/the-mensch-on-a-bench-from-basement-to-big-box-and-now-shark-tank/#2d31052210da ^ Jump up to : `` Israel 's World Baseball Classic mascot : Mensch on a Bench, '' Yahoo. Jump up ^ `` With Mensch on Bench, Israel ready for Classic, '' mlb.com. ^ Jump up to : `` Dutch Players Take Leave From Spring Training For World Baseball Classic, '' NPR. Jump up ^ `` Mensch on a Bench, mascot of Israel baseball team, a hoot ahead of WBC, '', The Times of Israel. ^ Jump up to : `` The best thing about Team Israel 's World Baseball Classic run is their delightful mascot, '' USA Today. Jump up ^ `` Israel 's suddenly the undefeated darling of the baseball world, '' The New York Post. Jump up ^ `` Team Israel scores another surprise baseball win -- with a Marin pitcher, '' J. Jump up ^ You 're a Creepy One, Elf on the Shelf in The Atlantic, December 6, 2012. Jump up ^ David Kyle Johnston, Let 's Bench the Elf on the Shelf. Psychology Today, December 19, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Who 's the Boss? ''. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01. Jump up ^ Craig Johnson, Does the Elf contribute to the surveillance state?. HLNtv.com, December 1, 2014. Jump up ^ Kyle Olsen, Prof : ' Elf on the Shelf ' conditions kids to accept surveillance state. Education Action Group Foundation, Inc., December 15, 2014. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Elf on the Shelf. Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Elf_on_the_Shelf&oldid=822403574 '' Categories : Elves in popular culture American children 's books 2005 children 's books Christmas children 's books Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018, at 04 : 49. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Elf on the Shelf", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Elf_on_the_Shelf&amp;oldid=822403574" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "'s only one rule that you have to follow, so I will come back and be here tomorrow : Please do not touch me. My magic might go, and Santa wo n't hear all I 've seen or I know. '' Although families are told not to touch their scout elf, they can speak to it and tell it all their Christmas wishes so that it can report back to Santa accurately. The story ends on Christmas Day with the elf leaving to stay with Santa for the rest of the year until the following Christmas season. History ( edit ) The Elf on the Shelf was written in 2004 by Carol Aebersold and daughter Chanda Bell over a cup of tea. Bell suggested they write a book about an old tradition of an elf sent from Santa who came to watch over them at Christmas time. Aebersold 's other daughter, Christa Pitts, was recruited by the family to share her expertise in sales and marketing. Together, the trio devoted the next three years promoting their self - published book and attending book signings and trade shows. The Elf on the Shelf won the Best Toy Award by Learning Express, won Book of the Year Award from Creative Child Awards and National Best Books Award sponsored by USA Book News in 2008. In 2012, The Elf on the Shelf made its first appearance" ], "id": [ "18312259629571259184" ], "short_answers": [ "Chanda Bell" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "How to Win Friends and Influence people - wikipedia How to Win Friends and Influence people Jump to : navigation, search For the Terrorvision album, see How to Make Friends and Influence People. How to Win Friends and Influence People First edition, 11th printing ( February 1937 ) Author Dale Carnegie Country United States Language English Subject Self - help Genre Non-fiction Publisher Simon and Schuster ( 1936 ) Publication date October 1936 Media type Print ( hardcover / paperback ) Pages 291 pp ISBN 1 - 4391 - 6734 - 6 OCLC 40137494 How to Win Friends and Influence People is a self - help book written by Dale Carnegie, published in 1936. Over 30 million copies have been sold world - wide, making it one of the best - selling books of all time. In 2011, it was number 19 on Time Magazine 's list of the 100 most influential books. In 1934, Leon Shimkin of the publishing firm Simon & Schuster took one of Carnegie 's 14 - week courses ; afterward, Shimkin persuaded Carnegie to let a stenographer take notes from the course to be revised for publication. The original book contained colorful anecdotes and insightful wisdom, and gave instruction in handling people, `` winning '' friends, bringing people to your way of thinking, being a great leader, and successfully navigating home life. Carnegie combined age - old truisms with the emerging field of psychology to present a handbook in human relations which was interesting and accessible. Emphasizing using others ' egotistical tendencies to one 's advantage, Carnegie maintained that success could be found by charm, appreciation, and personality. The book sold exceptionally well from the start, going through 17 editions in its first year alone. In 1981, a revised edition containing updated language and anecdotes was released. The revised edition reduced the number of sections from six to four, eliminating sections on effective business letters and improving marital satisfaction. In 2011, a third edition was released, How to Win Friends and Influence People in the Digital Age. Written by Dale Carnegie & Associates, it applies Carnegie 's prescription for relationship and business success to the digital age. Contents ( hide ) 1 Major sections and points 1.1 Twelve Things This Book Will Do For You 1.2 Fundamental Techniques in Handling People 1.3 Six Ways to Make People Like You 1.4 Twelve Ways to Win People to Your Way of Thinking 1.5 Be a Leader : How to Change People Without Giving Offense or Arousing Resentment 1.6 Letters That Produced Miraculous Results 1.7 Seven Rules For Making Your Home Life Happier 2 Origins 3 Reception 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 External links Major sections and points ( edit ) Twelve things this book will do for you ( edit ) This section was included in the original 1936 edition as a single page list, which preceded the main content of the book, showing a prospective reader what to expect from it. The 1981 edition omits points 6 to 8, and 11. Get you out of a mental rut, give you new thoughts, new visions, new ambitions. Enable you to make friends quickly and easily. Increase your popularity. Help you to win people to your way of thinking. Increase your influence, your prestige, your ability to get things done. Enable you to win new clients, new customers. Increase your earning power. Make you a better salesman, a better executive. Help you to handle complaints, avoid arguments, keep your human contacts smooth and pleasant. Make you a better speaker, a more entertaining conversationalist. Make the principles of psychology easy for you to apply in your daily contacts. Help you to arouse enthusiasm among your associates. The book has six major sections. The core principles of each section are explained and quoted from below. Fundamental techniques in handling people ( edit ) Do n't criticize, condemn, or complain. Human nature does not like to admit fault. When people are criticized or humiliated, they rarely respond well and will often become defensive and resent their critic. To handle people well, we must never criticize, condemn or complain because it will never result in the behavior we desire. Give honest and sincere appreciation. Appreciation is one of the most powerful tools in the world. People will rarely work at their maximum potential under criticism, but honest appreciation brings out their best. Appreciation, though, is not simple flattery, it must be sincere, meaningful and with love. Arouse in the other person an eager want. To get what we want from another person, we must forget our own perspective and begin to see things from the point of view of others. When we can combine our desires with their wants, they become eager to work with us and we can mutually achieve our objectives. Six ways to make people like you ( edit ) Become genuinely interested in other people. `` You can make more friends in two months by being interested in them, than in two years by making them interested in you. '' The only way to make quality, lasting friendships is to learn to be genuinely interested in them and their interests. Smile. Happiness does not depend on outside circumstances, but rather on inward attitudes. Smiles are free to give and have an amazing ability to make others feel wonderful. Smile in everything that you do. Remember that a person 's name is, to that person, the sweetest and most important sound in any language. `` The average person is more interested in their own name than in all the other names in the world put together. '' People love their names so much that they will often donate large amounts of money just to have a building named after themselves. We can make people feel extremely valued and important by remembering their name. Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves. The easiest way to become a good conversationalist is to become a good listener. To be a good listener, we must actually care about what people have to say. Many times people do n't want an entertaining conversation partner ; they just want someone who will listen to them. Talk in terms of the other person 's interest. The royal road to a person 's heart is to talk about the things he or she treasures most. If we talk to people about what they are interested in, they will feel valued and value us in return. Make the other person feel important -- and do it sincerely. The golden rule is to treat other people how we would like to be treated. We love to feel important and so does everyone else. People will talk to us for hours if we allow them to talk about themselves. If we can make people feel important in a sincere and appreciative way, then we will win all the friends we could ever dream of. Twelve ways to Win people to your way of thinking ( edit ) The only way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it. Whenever we argue with someone, no matter if we win or lose the argument, we still lose. The other person will either feel humiliated or strengthened and will only seek to bolster their own position. We must try to avoid arguments whenever we can. Show respect for the other person 's opinions. Never say `` You 're wrong. '' We must never tell people flat out that they are wrong. It will only serve to offend them and insult their pride. No one likes to be humiliated, we must not be so blunt. If you 're wrong, admit it quickly and emphatically. Whenever we are wrong we should admit it immediately. When we fight we never get enough, but by yielding we often get more than we expected. When we admit that we are wrong people trust us and begin to sympathize with our way of thinking. Begin in a friendly way. `` A drop of honey can catch more flies than a gallon of gall. '' If we begin our interactions with others in a friendly way, people will be more receptive. Even if we are greatly upset, we must be friendly to influence people to our way of thinking. Start with questions to which the other person will answer yes. Do not begin by emphasizing the aspects in which we and the other person differ. Begin by emphasizing and continue emphasizing the things on which we agree. People must be started in the affirmative direction and they will often follow readily. Never tell someone they are wrong, but rather lead them where we would like them to go with questions that they will answer `` yes '' to. Let the other person do a great deal of the talking. People do not like listening to us boast, they enjoy doing the talking themselves. Let them rationalize and talk about the idea, because it will taste much sweeter to them in their own mouth. Let the other person feel the idea is his or hers. People inherently like ideas they come to on their own better than those that are handed to them on a platter. Ideas can best be carried out by allowing others to think they arrived at it themselves. Try honestly to see things from the other person 's point of view. Other people may often be wrong, but we can not condemn them. We must seek to understand them. Success in dealing with people requires a sympathetic grasp of the other person 's viewpoint. Be sympathetic with the other person 's ideas and desires. People are hungering for sympathy. They want us to recognize all that they desire and feel. If we can sympathize with others, they will appreciate our side as well and will often come around to our way of thinking. Appeal to the nobler motives. Everyone likes to be glorious in their own eyes. People believe that they do things for noble and morally upright reasons. If we can appeal to others ' noble motives we can successfully convince them to follow our ideas. Dramatize your ideas. In this fast paced world, simply stating a truth is n't enough. The truth must be made vivid, interesting, and dramatic. Television has been doing it for years. Sometimes ideas are not enough and we must dramatize them. Throw down a challenge. The thing that most motivates people is the game. Everyone desires to excel and prove their worth. If we want someone to do something, we must give them a challenge and they will often rise to meet it. Be a leader : How to change people without giving offense or arousing resentment ( edit ) Begin with praise and honest appreciation. People will do things begrudgingly for criticism and an iron - fisted leader, but they will work wonders when they are praised and appreciated. Call attention to people 's mistakes indirectly. No one likes to make mistakes, especially in front of others. Scolding and blaming only serves to humiliate. If we subtly and indirectly show people mistakes, they will appreciate us and be more likely to improve. Talk about your own mistakes before criticizing the other person. When something goes wrong, taking responsibility can help win others to your side. People do not like to shoulder all the blame and taking credit for mistakes helps to remove the sting from our critiques of others. Ask questions instead of giving direct orders. No one likes to take orders. If we offer suggestions, rather than orders, it will boost others confidence and allow them to learn quickly from their mistakes. Let the other person save face. Nothing diminishes the dignity of a man quite like an insult to his pride. If we do n't condemn our employees in front of others and allow them to save face, they will be motivated to do better in the future and confident that they can. Praise every improvement. People love to receive praise and admiration. If we truly want someone to improve at something, we must praise their every advance. `` Abilities wither under criticism, they blossom under encouragement. '' Give the other person a fine reputation to live up to. If we give people a great reputation to live up to, they will desire to embody the characteristics with which we have described them. People will work with vigor and confidence if they believe they can be better. Use encouragement. Make the fault seem easy to correct. If a desired outcome seems like a momentous task, people will give up and lose heart. But if a fault seems easy to correct, they will readily jump at the opportunity to improve. If we frame objectives as small and easy improvements, we will see dramatic increases in desire and success in our employees. Make the other person happy about doing what you suggest. People will most often respond well when they desire to do the behavior put forth. If we want to influence people and become effective leaders, we must learn to frame our desires in terms of others ' desires. Letters that produced miraculous results ( edit ) This section was included in the original 1936 edition but omitted from the revised 1981 edition. In this chapter, the shortest in the book, Carnegie analyzes two letters and describes how to appeal to someone with the term `` do me a favor '' as opposed to directly asking for something which does not offer the same feeling of importance to the recipient of the request. Seven rules for making your home life happier ( edit ) This section was included in the original 1936 edition but omitted from the revised 1981 edition. Do n't nag. Do n't try to make your partner over. Do n't criticize. Give honest appreciation. Pay little attentions. Be courteous. Read a good book on the sexual side of marriage. Origins ( edit ) Before How to Win Friends and Influence People was released, the genre of self - help books had an ample heritage. Authors such as Napoleon Hill, Orison Swett Marden, and Samuel Smiles had enormous success with their self - help books in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Dale Carnegie began his career not as a writer, but as a teacher of public speaking. He started out teaching night classes at a YMCA in New York and his classes became wildly popular and highly attended. The success of the classes in New York prompted YMCAs in Philadelphia and Baltimore to begin hosting the course as well. After even greater success, Carnegie decided to begin teaching the courses on his own at hotels in London, Paris, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Because he could not find any satisfactory handbook already in publication, Carnegie originally began writing small booklets to go along with his courses. After one of his 14 - week courses, he was approached by publisher Leon Shimkin of the publishing house Simon & Schuster. Shimkin urged Carnegie to write a book, but he was not initially persuaded. Shimken then hired a stenographer to type up what he heard in one of Carnegie 's long lectures and presented the transcript to Carnegie. Dale Carnegie liked the transcript so much he decided to edit and revise it into a final form. He wanted it to be extremely practical and interesting to read. To market the book, Shimkin decided to send 500 copies of the book to former graduates of the Dale Carnegie Course, with a note that pointed out the utility of the book for refreshing students with the advice they had learned. The 500 mailed copies brought orders for over 5,000 more copies of the book and Simon & Schuster had to increase the original print order of 1,200 quickly. Shimkin also ran a full page ad in the New York Times complete with quotes by Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller on the importance of human relations. Originally published in November 1936, the book reached the New York Times best - seller list by the end of the year, and did not fall off for the next two years. Simon & Schuster continued to advertise the book relying heavily on testimonials as well as the testable approach the book offered. Carnegie had created a new kind of book, one that was not read with passive interest, but rather a manual of active participation. Reception ( edit ) How to Win Friends and Influence People became one of the most successful books in American history. It went through 17 print editions in its first year of publishing and sold 250,000 copies in the first three months. The book has sold over 30 million copies worldwide since and annually sells in excess of 100,000 copies. A recent Library of Congress survey ranked Carnegie 's volume as the seventh most influential book in American history. The book met widespread popularity, but also stark criticism in many cases. Despite many of the negative comments from his critics, Carnegie 's book established a new genre. Carnegie described his book as an `` action - book '' but the category he created has since become known as the self - help genre. Almost every self - help book since has borrowed some type of style or form from Carnegie 's `` path - breaking best seller. '' Although How to Win Friends and Influence People ascended quickly on best - seller lists, the New York Times did not review it until February 1937. They offered a balanced critique arguing that Carnegie indeed offered insightful advice in dealing with people, but that his wisdom was extremely simple and should not overrule the foundation of actual knowledge. The satirical writer Sinclair Lewis waited a year to offer his scathing critique. He described Carnegie 's method as teaching people to `` smile and bob and pretend to be interested in other people 's hobbies precisely so that you may screw things out of them. '' However, despite the criticism, sales continued to soar and the book was talked about and reviewed as it rapidly became mainstream. Scholarly critique however, was little and oscillated over time. Due to the book 's lay appeal, it was not significantly discussed in academic journals. In the early stages of the book 's life, the few scholarly reviews that were written explained the contents of the book and attempted to describe what made the book popular. As time passed however, scholarly reviews became more critical, chiding Carnegie for being insincere and manipulative. Despite the lack of attention in academic circles, How to Win Friends and Influence People was written for a popular audience and Carnegie successfully captured the attention of his target. The book experienced mass consumption and appeared in many popular periodicals, including garnering 10 pages in the January 1937 edition of Reader 's Digest. The book continued to remain at the top of best - seller lists and was even noted in the New York Times to have been extremely successful in Nazi Germany, much to the writer 's bewilderment. He wrote that Carnegie would rate `` butter higher than guns as a means of winning friends '' something `` diametrically opposite to the official German view. '' How to Win Friends and Influence People continues to have success even into the 21st century. The book ranks as the 11th highest selling non-fiction book on Amazon of all time and shows no signs of slowing down. In popular culture ( edit ) Warren Buffett took the Dale Carnegie course `` How to Win Friends and Influence People '' when he was 20 years old, and to this day has the diploma in his office. Charles Manson used what he learned from the book in prison to manipulate women into killing on his behalf. The title of Lenny Bruce 's autobiography, How to Talk Dirty and Influence People is a parody of the title of this book. English rock band Terrorvision titled their second album How to Make Friends and Influence People in reference to the book. In August 2015, the book was featured on Showtime 's Masters of Sex, with portions recited in a voiceover as a main character studies the text. The title of Toby Young 's memoir How to Lose Friends & Alienate People is a parody of the title of this book. The memoir was also adapted into a 2008 film of the same name starring Simon Pegg. An episode from season 7 of Cheers is called `` How to Win Friends and Electrocute People '' as a play on the title of the book. Season 7 episode 9 of Supernatural is titled `` How to Win Friends and Influence Monsters '', in reference to the title of the book. Season 2 episode 3 of Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is titled `` Making Friends and Influencing People '', in reference to this book. It aired October 7th, 2014. The book is referenced in the 2016 film Imperium, in which an undercover FBI agent uses principles from the book to infiltrate an extremist group. In the November 2, 2017 episode of Young Sheldon, `` Rockets, Communists, and the Dewey Decimal System '', Sheldon reads the book and attempts to apply its advice. The book is said to have greatly influenced the life of television and film actress Donna Reed. It was given to her by her high school chemistry teacher Edward Tompkins to read as a sophomore at Denison ( Iowa ) High School in 1936. Upon reading it she won the lead in the school play, was voted Campus Queen and was in the top 10 of the 1938 graduating class. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` How to Win Friends and Influence People in the Digital Age ''. Dalecarnegie.com. 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Walters, Ray ( September 5, 1982 ). `` Paperback Talk ''. New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2008. Jump up ^ Each section is a paraphrase of the main ideas written and developed by Dale Carnegie. Dale Carnegie, How to Win Friends and Influence People ( Gallery : New York, 1998 ). Jump up ^ Dale Carnegie, How to Win Friends and Influence People ( Gallery : New York, 1998 ) 52. Jump up ^ Dale Carnegie. How to Win Friends and Influence People ( New York : Gallery, 1998 ) 73. Jump up ^ Dale Carnegie. How to Win Friends and Influence People ( New York : Gallery, 1998 ) 143. Jump up ^ Dale Carnegie, How to Win Friends and Influence People New York : Gallery, 1998. 220. Jump up ^ Lowell Thomas, Shortcut to Distinction Introduction to How to Win Friends and Influence People. ( New York : Gallery, 1998 ) 103. Jump up ^ Steven Watts, Self - Help Messiah ( New York : Other, 2013 ) Jump up ^ Korda, Michael ( 1999 ). Another Life : A Memoir of Other People. Random House. p. 149. ISBN 9780679456599. It was not for nothing that Shimkin had been the discoverer of Dale Carnegie, whose lectures he had attended with results that changed both Carnigie 's life and his own : How to Win Friends and Influence People became the biggest best - seller in S&S 's history. Jump up ^ Silverman, Al ( 2008 ). The Time of Their Lives : The Golden Age of Great American Book Publishers, Their Editors, and Authors. Truman Talley. pp. 252 -- 254. ISBN 978 - 0312 - 35003 - 1. Jump up ^ Giles, Kemp. Dale Carnegie ( New York : St. Martin 's, 1989 ) 137 -- 141 ^ Jump up to : Giles, Kemp. Dale Carnegie ( New York : St. Martin 's, 1989 ) 141. Jump up ^ Giles, Kemp. Dale Carnegie ( New York : St. Martin 's, 1989 ) 142. ^ Jump up to : Display ad 42 -- no title. ( 1936, Dec 07 ). New York Times ( 1923 -- Current File ) Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/101624338 Jump up ^ Steven Watts, Self - Help Messiah ( New York : Other, 2013 ) 2 -- 4 Jump up ^ Giles, Kemp. Dale Carnegie ( New York : St. Martin 's, 1989 ) 147. Jump up ^ `` Miscellaneous Brief Reviews. '' 1937. New York Times ( 1923 -- Current File ), Feb 14, 104. http://search.proquest.com/docview/101971502 Jump up ^ Sinclair Lewis, quoted in Tom Sant, The Giants of Sales. ( New York : AMACOM, 2006 ) 96. Jump up ^ Giles, Kemp. Dale Carnegie ( New York : St. Martin 's, 1989 ) 152. Jump up ^ Symons, A.E. 1937. The Australian Quarterly, 9 ( 3 ). Australian Institute of Policy and Science : 115 -- 16. doi : 10.2307 / 20629470 Jump up ^ Parker, Gail Thain. 1977. `` How to Win Friends and Influence People : Dale Carnegie and the Problem of Sincerity ''. American Quarterly 29 ( 5 ). Johns Hopkins University Press : 506 -- 18. doi : 10.2307 / 2712571 Jump up ^ Display ad 49 -- no title. ( 1937, Jan 25 ). New York Times ( 1923 -- Current File ) Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/102017737 Jump up ^ `` Books and Authors. '' 1940. New York Times ( 1923 -- Current File ), Dec 29, 1. http://search.proquest.com/docview/105230738 Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Top 20 Lists in Books : Books ''. Jump up ^ Lasson, Sally Ann ( February 16, 2009 ). `` Warren Buffet : The secret of the billionaire 's success ''. The Independent. Retrieved April 8, 2013. Jump up ^ Brady, Diane ( July 22, 2013 ). `` Charles Manson 's turning point : Dale Carnegie classes ''. Business Week. Retrieved October 23, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 75 - year history of Broadway Elementary building celebrated ''. Denison Bulletin - Review. March 20, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2017. External links ( edit ) How to Win Friends and Influence People : Google Books Dale Carnegie : Secrets of Success ( PDF ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Win_Friends_and_Influence_People&oldid=821766594 '' Categories : 1936 books Self - help books Books about friendship Books by Dale Carnegie Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2011 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018, at 14 : 25. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=How_to_Win_Friends_and_Influence_People&amp;oldid=821766594" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "11007167775496252188" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Natural - born - citizen clause - wikipedia Natural - born - citizen clause Jump to : navigation, search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Status as a natural - born citizen of the United States is one of the eligibility requirements established in the United States Constitution for holding the office of President or Vice President. This requirement was intended to protect the nation from foreign influence. The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase `` natural born Citizen '', and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning. The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars, together with relevant case law, is that natural - born citizens include, subject to exceptions, those born in the United States. Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship `` at the moment of birth '', regardless of place of birth, are also natural - born citizens. Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States ; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil. The natural - born - citizen clause has been mentioned in passing in several decisions of the United States Supreme Court, and by some lower courts that have addressed eligibility challenges, but the Supreme Court has never directly addressed the question of a specific presidential or vice-presidential candidate 's eligibility as a natural - born citizen. Many eligibility lawsuits from the 2008, 2012, and 2016 election cycles were dismissed in lower courts due to the challengers ' difficulty in showing that they had standing to raise legal objections. Additionally, some experts have suggested that the precise meaning of the natural - born - citizen clause may never be decided by the courts because, in the end, presidential eligibility may be determined to be a non-justiciable political question that can be decided only by Congress rather than by the judicial branch of government. Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional provisions 2 History 2.1 Antecedents in Britain 2.2 Between 1776 and 1789 2.3 Constitutional Convention 2.4 Constitutionality of the natural - born - citizen clause 2.5 Proposed constitutional amendments 3 Rationale 4 Interpretations of the clause 4.1 Naturalization Acts of 1790 and 1795 4.2 Government officials ' interpretations 4.2. 1 1800s 4.2. 2 1900s 4.3 Interpretations by the courts 4.3. 1 1800s 4.3. 2 1900s 4.3. 3 2000s 4.4 Academic interpretations 4.4. 1 1800s 4.4. 2 1900s 4.4. 3 2000s 4.4. 3.1 Foreign soil & territories 4.4. 3.2 American soil 5 Eligibility challenges 5.1 1800s 5.1. 1 Chester A. Arthur 5.1. 2 Christopher Schürmann 5.2 1900s 5.2. 1 Charles Evans Hughes 5.2. 2 Barry Goldwater 5.2. 3 George Romney 5.2. 4 Lowell Weicker 5.3 2000s 5.3. 1 John McCain 5.3. 2 Barack Obama 5.3. 3 Ted Cruz 5.3. 4 Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal 5.4 Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible 5.4. 1 Arnold Schwarzenegger 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Constitutional provisions ( edit ) Part of the constitutional provision as it appeared in 1787 Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as president of the United States, under clause 5 ( emphasis added ) : No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President ; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty - five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. The Twelfth Amendment states, `` No person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. '' The Fourteenth Amendment does not use the phrase natural - born citizen. It does provide, `` All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. '' Under Article One, representatives and senators are required to be U.S. citizens, but there is no requirement that they be natural born. History ( edit ) Antecedents in Britain ( edit ) The use of the term `` natural born '' was not without precedent. An early recorded mention was in Calvin 's Case ( 1608 ), in terms of birth within the jurisdiction of the sovereignty of the King. Statutes in Britain prior to American independence used the phrase `` natural born subject ''. For example, clause III of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708 provided : That the Children of all natural born Subjects born out of the Ligeance of Her Majesty Her Heires and Successors shall be deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Subjects of this Kingdom to all Intents Constructions and Purposes whatsoever The Act was repealed ( except for the quoted clause III regarding foreign - born children ) by the Tories in 1711 by the statute 10 Anne c. 5. Subsequently, the British Nationality Act 1730 provided : for the explaining the said recited Clause in the said Act... ( t ) hat all Children born out of the Ligeance of the Crown of England, or of Great Britain, or which shall hereafter be born out of such Ligeance, whose Fathers were or shall be natural - born Subjects of the Crown of England, or of Great Britain, at the Time of the Birth of such Children respectively... are hereby declared to be natural - born Subjects of the Crown of Great Britain, to all Intents, Constructions and Purposes whatsoever. Another use is in the Plantation Act 1740 : ( A ) ll persons born out of the legience of His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, who have... or shall inhabit or reside for... seven years or more in any of His Majesty 's colonies in America... shall be deemed, adjudged, and taken to be His Majesty 's natural - born subjects of this Kingdom. Jurist William Blackstone wrote in 1765 that `` Natural - born subjects are such as are born within the dominions of the crown of England ''. Blackstone added that offspring who are not inhabitants may also be natural born subjects : But by several more modern statutes... all children, born out of the king 's ligeance, whose fathers were natural - born subjects, are now natural - born subjects themselves, to all intents and purposes, without any exception ; unless their said fathers were attainted, or banished beyond sea, for high treason ; or were then in the service of a prince at enmity with Great Britain. In 1775, however, Blackstone reversed his opinion and explained that the children `` are now deemed to be natural - born subjects '' rather than `` are now natural - born subjects. '' Similarly, Francis Plowden ( barrister ) initially explained that an early English statute made foreign - born children of English parents `` in fact and law... true native subjects '' and that the eighteenth century British statutes made persons natural born subjects by statute law just as others were natural born subjects by the common law. However, after further consideration he also reversed his opinion and concluded in 1785 that the statutes did not make the children natural born subjects -- rather, there remained a `` relict of alienage in them. '' Prior to Blackstone, Edward Coke offered a narrower opinion in Calvin 's Case. According to Coke : `` ( I ) f any of the King 's ambassadors in foreign nations, have children there of their wives, being English women, by the common laws of England they are natural - born subjects, and yet they are born out - of the King 's dominions. '' The term `` natural born '' has often been used synonymously with `` native born ''. The English lexicographer Samuel Johnson wrote in 1756 that the word `` natural '' means `` native, '' and that the word `` native '' may mean either an `` inhabitant '' or an `` offspring ''. Between 1776 and 1789 ( edit ) From the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) to the ratification of the Constitution ( 1789 ), the thirteen states were independent of Britain, and during much of this time the Articles of Confederation tied together the country. The phrase `` natural born citizen '' was sometimes used during this period. An example occurred in 1784 when the Maryland General Assembly conferred citizenship on the ( French - born ) Marquis de Lafayette : Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland -- that the Marquis de laFayette and his Heirs male forever shall be and they and each of them are hereby deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Citizens of this State and shall henceforth be entitled to all the Immunities, Rights and Privileges of natural born Citizens thereof... Constitutional Convention ( edit ) The Constitution does not explain the meaning of `` natural born ''. On June 18, 1787, Alexander Hamilton submitted to the Convention a sketch of a plan of government. The sketch provided for an executive `` Governour '' but had no eligibility requirements. At the close of the Convention, Hamilton conveyed a paper to James Madison he said delineated the Constitution that he wished had been proposed by the Convention ; he had stated its principles during the deliberations. Max Farrand wrote that it `` was not submitted to the Convention and has no further value than attaches to the personal opinions of Hamilton. '' Article IX, section 1 of Hamilton 's draft constitution provided : `` No person shall be eligible to the office of President of the United States unless he be now a Citizen of one of the States, or hereafter be born a Citizen of the United States. '' On July 25, 1787, John Jay wrote to George Washington, presiding officer of the Convention : Permit me to hint, whether it would not be wise and seasonable to provide a strong check to the admission of Foreigners into the administration of our national Government, and to declare expressly that the Command in chief of the American army shall not be given to, nor devolve on, any but a natural born Citizen. While the Committee of Detail originally proposed that the President must be merely a citizen, as well as a resident for 21 years, the Committee of Eleven changed `` citizen '' to `` natural born citizen '', and the residency requirement to 14 years, without recorded explanation after receiving Jay 's letter. The Convention accepted the change without further recorded debate. Constitutionality of the natural - born - citizen clause ( edit ) In 2012, Abdul Karim Hassan filed several unsuccessful lawsuits that claimed the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment had superseded the natural - born - citizen clause ; he had argued natural - born citizenship was a form of discrimination based on national origin. Proposed constitutional amendments ( edit ) More than two dozen proposed constitutional amendments have been introduced in Congress to relax the restriction. Two of the more well known were introduced by Representative Jonathan Bingham in 1974, with the intent to allow German - born Secretary of State Henry Kissinger ( otherwise fourth in the line of succession ) to become eligible, and the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment by Senator Orrin Hatch in 2003, intending to allow eligibility for Austrian - born Arnold Schwarzenegger. The Bingham amendment would have also made clear the eligibility of those born abroad to U.S. parents, while the Hatch one would have allowed those who have been naturalized citizens for twenty years to be eligible. Rationale ( edit ) St. George Tucker, an early federal judge, wrote in his 1803 edition of William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England, perhaps the leading authority for the delegates to the Constitutional Convention for the terms used in the Constitution, that the natural born citizen clause is `` a happy means of security against foreign influence '' and that `` ( t ) he admission of foreigners into our councils, consequently, can not be too much guarded against. '' In a footnote, Tucker wrote that naturalized citizens have the same rights as the natural - born except `` they are forever incapable of being chosen to the office of president of the United States. '' In a speech before the Senate, delegate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney gave the rationale, `` to insure experience and attachment to the country. '' Professor Akhil Amar of Yale Law School claimed that there had been a perception on the part of those drafting the constitution that a member of the European aristocracy could immigrate and buy his way into power. Interpretations of the clause ( edit ) Naturalization acts of 1790 and 1795 ( edit ) Because of the large number of Framers who went on to serve in Congress, laws passed by the early sessions of Congress have often been looked to as evidence of the Framers ' intent. The Naturalization Act of 1790 stated that `` the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered as natural born citizens : Provided, That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States. '' This act was repealed by the Naturalization Act of 1795, which removed the characterization of such children as `` natural born '', stating that `` the children of citizens of the United States, born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, shall be considered as citizens of the United States '' while retaining the same residency restrictions as the 1790 act. Government officials ' interpretations ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) John Bingham, an American lawyer and politician, held to the belief that natural born should be interpreted as born in the United States. In 1862, in the House of Representatives he stated : The Constitution leaves no room for doubt upon this subject. The words `` natural born citizen of the United States '' appear in it, and the other provision appears in it that, `` Congress shall have power to pass a uniform system of naturalization. '' To naturalize a person is to admit him to citizenship. Who are natural born citizens but those born within the Republic? Those born within the Republic, whether black or white, are citizens by birth -- natural born citizens. He reiterated his statement in 1866 : Every human being born within the jurisdiction of the United States of parents not owing allegiance to any foreign sovereignty is, in the language of your Constitution itself, a natural - born citizen ; but, sir, I may be allowed to say further that I deny that the Congress of the United States ever had the power, or color of power to say that any man born within the jurisdiction of the United States, not owing a foreign allegiance, is not and shall not be a citizen of the United States. Citizenship is his birthright and neither the Congress nor the States can justly or lawfully take it from him. Edward Bates also held to the belief that `` natural born '' should be interpreted as `` born in the United States ''. He also indicated that those born in the United States to alien parents, even if they reside elsewhere, are still considered natural born. In 1862, Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase sent a query to Attorney General Edward Bates asking whether or not `` colored men '' can be citizens of the United States. The question arose because the Coast Guard had detained a schooner commanded by a free `` colored man '' who claimed he was a citizen of the United States. If he were a U.S. citizen the boat could be released, but otherwise -- the Civil War then being fought -- it would be confiscated. No information about the man 's birth or parentage was provided. Bates responded on November 29, 1862, with a 27 - page opinion -- considered of such importance that the government published it not only in the official volumes of Attorney - General opinions but also as a separate booklet -- concluding, I conclude that the free man of color, mentioned in your letter, if born in the United States, is a citizen of the United States. ( italics in original ) In the course of that opinion, Bates commented at some length on the nature of citizenship, and wrote,... our constitution, in speaking of natural born citizens, uses no affirmative language to make them such, but only recognizes and reaffirms the universal principle, common to all nations, and as old as political society, that the people born in a country do constitute the nation, and, as individuals, are natural members of the body politic. ( italics in original ) In another opinion, dated September 1, 1862, Bates dealt with a question from the Secretary of State, of whether a person born in the U.S. to two non-citizens, who is taken with them back to their country, could, years later, re-enter the United States as of right, as a U.S. citizen. Bates wrote : I am quite clear in the opinion that children born in the United States of alien parents, who have never been naturalized, are native - born citizens of the United States, and, of course, do not require the formality of naturalization to entitle them to the rights and privileges of such citizenship. I might sustain this opinion by a reference to the well - settled principle of the common law of England on this subject ; to the writings of many of the earlier and later commentators on our Constitution and laws ;... and lastly to the dicta and decisions of many of our national and state tribunals. But all this has been well done by Assistant Vice Chancellor Sandford, in the case of Lynch vs. Clarke, and I forbear. I refer to his opinion for a full and clear statement of the principle, and of the reasons and authorities for its support. Unlike Edward Bates, U.S. Secretary of State William Learned Marcy was equivocal about whether those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens. In 1854 Marcy wrote John Y. Mason, the U.S. Minister to France : In reply to the inquiry... whether `` the children of foreign parents born in the United States, but brought to the country of which the father is a subject, and continuing to reside within the jurisdiction of their father 's country, are entitled to protection as citizens of the United States '', I have to observe that it is presumed that, according to the common law, any person born in the United States, unless he be born in one of the foreign legations therein, may be considered a citizen thereof until he formally renounces his citizenship. There is not, however any United States statute containing a provision upon this subject, nor, so far as I am aware, has there been any judicial decision in regard to it. U.S. Attorney General Edwards Pierrepont, however, shared Edward Bates ' opinion that those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens, and he added that they should be entitled to be president of the United States, if elected. In 1875 Pierrepont was presented with a query from the Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish. A young man, named Arthur Steinkauler, had been born in Missouri in 1855, a year after his father was naturalized a U.S. citizen. When he was four years old, his father returned to Germany with him and both had stayed there ever since. The father had relinquished his American citizenship and the young man was now 20 years old and about to be drafted into the Imperial German army. The question was asked `` What was this young man 's situation as a native - born American citizen? '' After studying the relevant legal authorities, Pierrepont wrote : Under the treaty ( of 1868 with Germany ), and in harmony with American doctrine, it is clear that Steinkauler the father abandoned his naturalization in America and became a German subject ( his son being yet a minor ), and that by virtue of German laws the son acquired German nationality. It is equally clear that the son, by birth, has American nationality, and hence he has two nationalities, one natural, the other acquired... Young Steinkauler is a native - born American citizen. There is no law of the United States under which his father or any other person can deprive him of his birthright. He can return to America at the age of 21, and in due time, if the people elect, he can become President of the United States... I am of opinion that when he reaches the age of 21 years he can then elect whether he will return and take the nationality of his birth, with its duties and privileges, or retain the nationality acquired by the act of his father. 1900s ( edit ) Frederick van Dyne, the Assistant Solicitor of the U.S. Department of State ( 1900 -- 1907 ) indicated that children of citizens born outside the United States are also considered citizens. In 1904, he published a textbook, Citizenship of the United States, in which he wrote : There is no uniform rule of international law covering the subject of citizenship. Every nation determines for itself who shall, and who shall not, be its citizens... By the law of the United States, citizenship depends, generally, on the place of birth ; nevertheless the children of citizens, born out of the jurisdiction of the United States, are also citizens... The Constitution of the United States, while it recognized citizenship of the United States in prescribing the qualifications of the President, Senators, and Representatives, contained no definition of citizenship until the adoption of the 14th Amendment, in 1868 ; nor did Congress attempt to define it until the passage of the civil rights act, in 1866... Prior to this time the subject of citizenship by birth was generally held to be regulated by the common law, by which all persons born within the limits and allegiance of the United States were deemed natural - born citizens. It appears to have been assumed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Murray v. The Charming Betsy ( 1804 ) 2 Cranch ( 6 U.S. ) 64, 119, 2 L. Ed. 208, 226, that all persons born in the United States were citizens thereof... In M'Creery v. Somerville ( 1824 ) 9 Wheat. ( 22 U.S. ) 354, 6 L. Ed. 109, which concerned the title to land in the state of Maryland, it was assumed that children born in that state to an alien were native - born citizens of the United States... The Federal courts have almost uniformly held that birth in the United States, of itself, confers citizenship. Interpretations by the courts ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) Although eligibility for the Presidency was not an issue in any 19th - century litigation, there have been a few cases that shed light on the definitions of natural born and native born citizen. The leading case, Lynch v. Clarke of 1844, indicated that citizens born `` within the dominions and allegiance of the United States '' are citizens regardless of parental citizenship. This case dealt with a New York law ( similar to laws of other states at that time ) that only a U.S. citizen could inherit real estate. The plaintiff, Julia Lynch, had been born in New York while her parents, both British, were briefly visiting the U.S., and shortly thereafter all three left for Britain and never returned to the U.S. The New York Chancery Court determined that, under common law and prevailing statutes, she was a U.S. citizen by birth and nothing had deprived her of that citizenship, notwithstanding that both her parents were not U.S. citizens or that British law might also claim her through her parents ' nationality. In the course of the decision, the court cited the Constitutional provision and said : Suppose a person should be elected president who was native born, but of alien parents ; could there be any reasonable doubt that he was eligible under the Constitution? I think not. The position would be decisive in his favor, that by the rule of the common law, in force when the Constitution was adopted, he is a citizen. And further : Upon principle, therefore, I can entertain no doubt, but that by the law of the United States, every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States, whatever the situation of his parents, is a natural born citizen. It is surprising that there has been no judicial decision upon this question. The decision in Lynch was cited as persuasive or authoritative precedent in numerous subsequent cases, and reinforced the interpretation that `` natural born citizen '' meant born `` within the dominions and allegiance of the United States '' regardless of parental citizenship. For example, in an 1884 case, In re Look Tin Singg, the federal court held, that despite laws preventing naturalization of Chinese visitors, Chinese persons born in the United States were citizens by birth, and remained such despite any long stay in China. Citing Lynch, Justice Stephen J. Field wrote : After an exhaustive examination of the law, the Vice-Chancellor said that he entertained no doubt that every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States, whatever the situation of his parents, was a natural - born citizen, and added that this was the general understanding of the legal profession, and the universal impression of the public mind. The Lynch case was also cited as a leading precedent in the U.S. Supreme Court decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ), which similarly held a child born in the United States of two Chinese parents became `` at the time of his birth a citizen of the United States ''. 1900s ( edit ) Consistent with the earlier decisions, in 1939, the U.S. Supreme Court stated in its decision in Perkins v. Elg that a person born in America and raised in another country was a natural born citizen, and specifically stated that they could `` become President of the United States ''. The case was regarding a young woman, born in New York a year after her father became a naturalized U.S. citizen. However, when she was about four her parents returned to Sweden taking her with them, and they stayed in Sweden. At age 20, she contacted the American embassy in Sweden and, shortly after her 21st birthday, returned to the United States on a U.S. passport and was admitted as a U.S. citizen. Years later, while she was still in America, her father in Sweden relinquished his American citizenship, and, because of that, the Department of Labor ( then the location of the Immigration & Naturalization Service ) declared her a non-citizen and tried to deport her. The young woman filed suit for a declaratory judgment that she was an American citizen by birth. She won at the trial level, and at the circuit court -- where she was repeatedly described as `` a natural born citizen '' -- and finally in the U.S. Supreme Court, where the court decision quoted at length from the U.S. Attorney General 's opinion in Steinkauler 's Case ( mentioned above ) including the comment that a person born in America and raised in another country could yet `` become President of the United States ''. Some federal cases argued for a narrow reading of the Fourteenth Amendment, according to which U.S. citizens were necessarily either born or naturalized in the United States, and any citizen who was not born in the United States must have been naturalized by operation of law, even if such naturalization was `` automatic '' at birth. In this view, such a person should not be considered a natural born citizen, but rather a `` naturalized '' citizen who is not eligible for the Presidency. In 1951, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit noted in Zimmer v. Acheson that `` ( t ) here are only two classes of citizens of the United States, native - born citizens and naturalized citizens '', quoting a dictum by Justice Gray from United States v. Wong Kim Ark and Elk v. Wilkins. The court ruled that Zimmer, who was born abroad in 1905 to a U.S. citizen father and a noncitizen mother, was himself a citizen under the nationality law in force at the time of his birth, but `` his status as a citizen was that of a naturalized citizen and not a native - born citizen ''. In the 1956 case of Wong Kam Wo v. Dulles, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit quoted Zimmer v. Acheson and United States v. Wong Kim Ark in support of a ruling that the statute that was in effect prior to 1940 granting citizenship to foreign - born children of U.S. citizens was a naturalization law rather than a provision for nationality at birth. In 1940, however, the federal law was amended to explicitly define `` naturalization '' as conferring nationality after birth. In 1961, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Montana v. Kennedy that an individual who was born in 1906 in Italy to a U.S. citizen mother and a noncitizen father was not a U.S. citizen by birth under the nationality laws in force at the time of his birth. It observed that automatic citizenship was granted to children of U.S. citizen fathers and noncitizen mothers by an 1855 act of Congress, but the reverse situation was only addressed, non-retroactively, in 1934. In 1971, the Court encountered a similar situation in Rogers v. Bellei, where the individual in question was born after 1934 and so was granted automatic U.S. citizenship, though subject to residence requirements and was subject to expatriation. The Court `` appeared to assume or imply that such persons became citizens at birth by way of naturalization ''. More recent cases, particularly Nguyen v. INS and Robinson v. Bowen, relaxed this view, suggesting that the Fourteenth Amendment merely establishes a `` floor '' for birthright citizenship, and this category may be expanded by Congress. 2000s ( edit ) In 2009 in Ankeny v. Governor, the Indiana Court of Appeals reaffirmed that persons born within the borders of the United States are `` natural born Citizens '', regardless of the citizenship of their parents. The court referred to the case of Wong Kim Ark, and provides a compilation of the arguments pertaining to this topic. A clarification to this interpretation was made in 2010, where a three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that natural born citizens can lose their citizenship if their territory of birth later ceases to be U.S. territory. The case involved a Philippine - born litigant who could not claim U.S. citizenship on the basis of his parents, who lived all their lives in the Philippines, because they were born while the Philippines was U.S. territory prior to being given its independence. The Courts for the Second, Third, and Ninth Circuits have also held that birth in the Philippines at a time when the country was a territory of the United States does not constitute birth `` in the United States '' under the Citizenship Clause, and thus did not give rise to United States citizenship. In a 2012 New York case, Strunk v. N.Y. State Board of Elections, the pro se plaintiff challenged Barack Obama 's presence on the presidential ballot, based on his own interpretation that `` natural born citizen '' required the president `` to have been born on United States soil and have two United States born parents '' ( emphasis added ). To this the Court responded, `` Article II, section 1, clause 5 does not state this. No legal authority has ever stated that the Natural Born Citizen clause means what plaintiff Strunk claims it says... Moreover, President Obama is the sixth U.S. President to have had one or both of his parents not born on U.S. soil ''. The opinion then listed Andrew Jackson, James Buchanan, Chester A. Arthur, Woodrow Wilson, and Herbert Hoover. Academic interpretations ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) William Rawle, formerly the U.S. Attorney for Pennsylvania ( 1791 -- 1799 ) defined natural born citizen as every person born within the United States, regardless of the citizenship of their parents. In an 1825 treatise, A View of the Constitution of the United States of America, he wrote : The citizens of each state constituted the citizens of the United States when the Constitution was adopted... ( He ) who was subsequently born the citizen of a State, became at the moment of his birth a citizen of the United States. Therefore every person born within the United States, its territories or districts, whether the parents are citizens or aliens, is a natural born citizen in the sense of the Constitution, and entitled to all the rights and privileges appertaining to that capacity... Under our Constitution the question is settled by its express language, and when we are informed... no person is eligible to the office of President unless he is a natural born citizen, the principle that the place of birth creates the relative quality is established as to us. James F. Wilson agreed with Rawle 's opinion, but added the exclusion of visiting foreign diplomats. During an 1866 House debate, he quoted Rawle 's opinion, and also referred to the `` general law relating to subjects and citizens recognized by all nations '', saying :... and that must lead us to the conclusion that every person born in the United States is a natural - born citizen of such States, except it may be that children born on our soil to temporary sojourners or representatives of foreign Governments, are native - born citizens of the United States. Supreme Court Justice Peter Vivian Daniel disagreed with this position and considered natural born citizen as every person born of citizen parents within the United States. In 1857, in a concurring opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford, he quoted an English - language translation of Emerich de Vattel 's 1758 treatise The Law of Nations ( Le Droit des gens ), stating that `` The natives, or natural - born citizens, are those born in the country of parents who are citizens ''. This was quoted again in 1898 by Chief Justice Melville Fuller in his dissenting opinion in United States v. Wong Kim Ark. However, two paragraphs later, Justice Vattel disagrees and states, `` § 214... there are states, as, for instance, England, where the single circumstance of being born in the country naturalizes the children of a foreigner. '' Joseph Story, an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, believed that the term native citizen is synonymous with natural born citizen, though he does not define either term. In his 1840 guidebook to the Constitution, A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States, about the natural - born - citizen clause he wrote `` It is not too much to say that no one, but a native citizen, ought ordinarily to be ( e ) ntrusted with an office so vital to the safety and liberties of the people. '' This same wording also appeared in his 1834 work The constitutional class book : being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools. 1900s ( edit ) Alexander Porter Morse, the lawyer who represented Louisiana in Plessy v. Ferguson, considered this connection between native born and natural born to signify that only a child of citizens should be allowed to run for President. In the Albany Law Journal, he wrote : If it was intended that anybody who was a citizen by birth should be eligible, it would only have been necessary to say, `` no person, except a native - born citizen '' ; but the framers thought it wise, in view of the probable influx of European immigration, to provide that the president should at least be the child of citizens owing allegiance to the United States at the time of his birth. It may be observed in passing that the current phrase `` native - born citizen '' is well understood ; but it is pleonasm and should be discarded ; and the correct designation, `` native citizen '' should be substituted in all constitutional and statutory enactments, in judicial decisions and in legal discussions where accuracy and precise language are essential to intelligent discussion. 2000s ( edit ) Black 's Law Dictionary ( 9th Edition ) defines `` Natural Born Citizen '' as `` A person born within the jurisdiction of a national government ''. Foreign soil & territories ( edit ) In 2000, the Congressional Research Service ( CRS ), in one of its reports, wrote that most constitutional scholars interpret the natural born citizen clause to include citizens born outside the United States to parents who are U.S. citizens. This same CRS report also asserts that citizens born in the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, are legally defined as `` natural born '' citizens and are, therefore, also eligible to be elected President. This opinion was reaffirmed in a 2009 CRS report, which stated : Considering the history of the constitutional qualifications provision, the common use and meaning of the phrase `` natural - born subject '' in England and in the Colonies in the 1700s, the clause 's apparent intent, the subsequent action of the first Congress in enacting the Naturalization Act of 1790 ( expressly defining the term `` natural born citizen '' to include a person born abroad to parents who are United States citizens ), as well as subsequent Supreme Court dicta, it appears that the most logical inferences would indicate that the phrase `` natural born Citizen '' would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship `` at birth '' or `` by birth ''. The interpretation of natural born being the equivalent of a citizen at birth was repeated in a 2011 CRS report and a 2016 CRS report. The 2011 report stated : The weight of legal and historical authority indicates that the term `` natural born '' citizen would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship `` by birth '' or `` at birth, '' either by being born `` in '' the United States and under its jurisdiction, even those born to alien parents ; by being born abroad to U.S. citizen - parents ; or by being born in other situations meeting legal requirements for U.S. citizenship `` at birth ''. Such term, however, would not include a person who was not a U.S. citizen by birth or at birth, and who was thus born an `` alien '' required to go through the legal process of `` naturalization '' to become a U.S. citizen. The 2016 report similarly stated : Although the eligibility of U.S. born citizens has been settled law for more than a century, there have been legitimate legal issues raised concerning those born outside of the country to U.S. citizens. From historical material and case law, it appears that the common understanding of the term `` natural born '' in England and in the American colonies in the 1700s included both the strict common law meaning as born in the territory ( jus soli ), as well as the statutory laws adopted in England since at least 1350, which included children born abroad to British fathers ( jus sanguinis, the law of descent ). Legal scholars in the field of citizenship have asserted that this common understanding and legal meaning in England and in the American colonies was incorporated into the usage and intent of the term in the U.S. Constitution to include those who are citizens at birth. Gabriel J. Chin, Professor of Law at UC Davis School of Law, held the opinion that the term `` natural born '' is ambiguous and citizenship - granting authority has changed over the years. He notes that persons born outside the United States to U.S. - citizen parents have not always been born citizens. For example, foreign - born children of persons who became citizens between April 14, 1802 and 1854 were aliens. He also believed that children born in the Panama Canal Zone to at least one U.S. then - citizen before August 4, 1937, when Congress granted citizenship to all such persons, were born without American citizenship. Congress possesses the authority either to grant not only citizenship ( as is undisputed ) but the more specific status of a `` natural born '' citizen, with an affirmative answer raising the question of whether it can also act to remove that status ( and thereby disqualify individuals from the Presidency through action short of stripping them of their citizenship ), or to issue `` declarations '' regarding the meaning of preexisting law ( in this case, U.S. citizenship law between the aforementioned dates ) and having binding authority, a claim likely to violate separation of powers given the Constitution 's provisions in Article III that `` ( t ) he judicial Power of the United States ( ) shall be vested in one supreme Court ( ) and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish '' ( Section 1 ) and that `` ( t ) he judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority '' ( Section 2 ) and the statute ( currently codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1403 ( a ) ) -- which states only that `` any person ( fitting the above description ) is declared to be a citizen of the United States '' and neither expressly claims that its declaration ( whether a grant or an interpretation ) has retroactive rather than merely prospective effect ( contrast the locution `` to have been a citizen of the United States ( from birth ) '' ) nor in any way mentions `` natural born '' status ( instead conferring or recognizing the preexistence only of `` citizen ( ship ) '' generally ) -- in fact grants or recognizes citizenship from birth, let alone status as a natural born citizen ( to whatever extent the requirements of that status exceed those for citizenship from birth ). In 2009, G. Edward `` Ted '' White, Professor of Law at the University of Virginia, stated the term refers to anyone born on U.S. soil or anyone born on foreign soil to American citizen parents. Unlike Chin and White, Mary McManamon, Professor of Law at Widener University School of Law, has argued in the Catholic University Law Review that, aside from children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory, both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign, a natural born citizen must be born in the United States. She claims that common law provides an exception for the children of U.S. ambassadors born abroad and the children of American soldiers while engaged in hostilities. Thus, with these two limited exceptions, she equates `` natural born '' with `` native born ''. Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard Law School agrees with Professor McManamon that `` natural born '' means `` native born '' and therefore the wording of the Constitution `` does not permit his ( Ted Cruz 's ) candidacy. '' Professor Robert Clinton at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University is also of the opinion that `` natural born citizen '' means `` born in the United States. '' University of Chicago Professor Eric Posner also concludes that `` natural born citizen '' means a `` person born in the ( United States ) ''. Former Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals, Sol Wachtler, concludes the same. Their conclusion is consistent with the position that the eighteenth century legal usage of the term `` shall be considered as natural born '' in the Naturalization Act of 1790 merely naturalized persons or granted them limited rights of the natural born. American soil ( edit ) There is consensus among academics that those born on American soil, except children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory, both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign, are natural born citizens, or jus soli, regardless of parental citizenship status. In a 2008 article published by the Michigan Law Review, Lawrence Solum, Professor of Law at the University of Illinois, stated that `` there is general agreement on the core of ( the ) meaning ( of the Presidential Eligibility Clause ). Anyone born on American soil whose parents are citizens of the United States is a ' natural born citizen ' ''. In April 2010, Solum republished the same article as an online draft, in which he clarified his original statement so that it would not be misunderstood as excluding the children of one citizen parent. In a footnote he explained, `` based on my reading of the historical sources, there is no credible case that a person born on American soil with one American parent was clearly not a ' natural born citizen '. '' He further extended natural born citizenship to all cases of jus soli as the `` conventional view ''. Although Solum stated elsewhere that the two - citizen - parents arguments were not `` crazy '', he believes `` the much stronger argument suggests that if you were born on American soil that you would be considered a natural born citizen. '' Ronald Rotunda, Professor of Law at Chapman University, has remarked `` There 's ( sic ) some people who say that both parents need to be citizens. That 's never been the law. '' Polly Price, Professor of Law at Emory University, has commented `` It 's a little confusing, but most scholars think it 's a pretty unusual position for anyone to think the natural born citizen clause would exclude someone born in the U.S. '' Chin concurred with that assessment, stating, `` there is agreement that ' natural born citizens ' include those made citizens by birth under the 14th Amendment. '' Similarly, Eugene Volokh, Professor of Law at UCLA, found `` quite persuasive '' the reasoning employed by the Indiana Court of Appeals, which had concluded `` that persons born within the borders of the United States are ' natural born Citizens ' for Article II, Section 1 purposes, regardless of the citizenship of their parents ''. Daniel Tokaji, Professor of Law at Ohio State University, agrees the citizenship status of a U.S. - born candidate 's parents is irrelevant. Eligibility challenges ( edit ) Several courts have ruled that private citizens do not have standing to challenge the eligibility of candidates to appear on a presidential election ballot. Alternatively, there is a statutory method by which the eligibility of the president - elect of the United States to take office may be challenged in Congress. Some legal scholars assert that, even if eligibility challenges are nonjusticiable in federal courts, and are not undertaken in Congress, there are other avenues for adjudication, such as an action in state court in regard to ballot access. Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or born in the United States ; of the former group, all except one had two parents with citizenship in what would become the U.S. ( Andrew Jackson ). Of those in the latter group, every president except two ( Chester A. Arthur and Barack Obama ) had two U.S. - citizen parents. Further, four additional U.S. Presidents had one or both of his U.S. - citizen parents not born on U.S. soil ( James Buchanan, Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Hoover and Donald Trump ). Some presidential candidates were not born in a U.S. state or lacked two U.S. - citizen parents. In addition, one U.S. vice president ( Al Gore ) was born in Washington, D.C., and another ( Charles Curtis ) was born in the Kansas Territory. This does not necessarily mean that these officeholders or candidates were ineligible, only that there was some controversy about their eligibility, which may have been resolved in favor of eligibility. 1800s ( edit ) Chester a Arthur ( edit ) Chester A. Arthur, who was sworn in as president when James A. Garfield died after being shot, was rumored to have been born in Canada. Chester A. Arthur was born in Vermont on October 5, 1829 to a Vermont - born mother and a father from Ireland ( who later became a U.S. citizen, 14 years after Chester A. Arthur was born ). His mother, Malvina Stone Arthur, was a native of Berkshire, Vermont, who moved with her family to Quebec, where she met and married the future president 's father, William Arthur, on April 12, 1821. After the family had settled in Fairfield, Vermont, somewhere between 1822 and 1824, William Arthur traveled with his eldest daughter to East Stanbridge, Canada, in October 1830 and commuted to Fairfield on Sundays to preach. `` It appears that he traveled regularly between the two villages, both of which were close to the Canada -- US border, for about eighteen months, holding two jobs '', which may well explain the confusion about Chester A. Arthur 's place of birth, as perhaps did the fact that he was born in Franklin County, and thus within a day 's walk of the Vermont -- Quebec border. Moreover, Chester A. Arthur himself added a bit of confusion into the record by sometimes reporting his birth year as 1830. No evidence of his having been born in Canada was ever demonstrated by his Democratic opponents, although Arthur Hinman, an attorney who had investigated Chester A. Arthur 's family history, raised the allegation as an objection during his vice-presidential campaign and, after the end of his presidency, published a book on the subject. Christopher Schürmann ( edit ) Christopher Schürmann ( born in New York City ) entered the Labor primaries during the 1896 presidential election. His eligibility was questioned in a New York Tribune article, because he was born to parents of German nationality. It was stated that `` various Attorney - Generals ( sic ) of the United States have expressed the opinion that a child born in this country of alien parents, who have not been naturalized, is, by the fact of birth, a native - born citizen entitled to all rights and privileges as such. '' But due to a lack of any statute on the subject, Schürmann 's eligibility was `` at best an open question, and one which should have made ( his ) nomination under any circumstances an impossibility '', because questions concerning his eligibility could have been raised after the election. 1900s ( edit ) Charles Evans Hughes ( edit ) The eligibility of Charles Evans Hughes was questioned in an article written by Breckinridge Long, one of Woodrow Wilson 's campaign workers, and published on December 7, 1916 in the Chicago Legal News -- a full month after the U.S. presidential election of 1916, in which Hughes was narrowly defeated by Woodrow Wilson. Long claimed that Hughes was ineligible because his father was not yet naturalized at the time of his birth and was still a British citizen ( in fact, both his parents were British citizens and never became U.S. citizens ). Observing that Hughes, although born in the United States, was also ( according to British law ) a British subject and therefore `` enjoy ( ed ) a dual nationality and owe ( d ) a double allegiance '', Long argued that a native born citizen was not natural born without a unity of U.S. citizenship and allegiance and stated : `` Now if, by any possible construction, a person at the instant of birth, and for any period of time thereafter, owes, or may owe, allegiance to any sovereign but the United States, he is not a ' natural - born ' citizen of the United States. '' Barry Goldwater ( edit ) Barry Goldwater was born in Phoenix, in what was then the incorporated Arizona Territory of the United States. During his presidential campaign in 1964, there was a minor controversy over Goldwater 's having been born in Arizona three years before it became a state. George Romney ( edit ) George W. Romney, who ran for the Republican party presidential nomination in 1968, was born in Mexico to U.S. parents. Romney 's grandfather, a member of the LDS Church, had emigrated to Mexico in 1886 with his three wives and their children, after the U.S. federal government outlawed polygamy. However Romney 's parents ( monogamous under new church doctrine ) retained their U.S. citizenship and returned to the United States with him and his siblings in 1912. Romney 's eligibility for President became moot when Richard Nixon was nominated as the Republican presidential candidate. Lowell Weicker ( edit ) Lowell P. Weicker entered the race for the Republican party nomination of 1980 but dropped out before voting in the primaries began ; he was also suggested as a possible vice-presidential nominee in 1976, to replace retiring Vice President Nelson Rockefeller under the Republican ticket of incumbent President Gerald Ford. However Senator Bob Dole from Kansas was later chosen as the nominee. He was born in Paris, France, to parents who were U.S. citizens. His father was an executive for E.R. Squibb & Sons and his mother was born in India, the daughter of a British general. 2000s ( edit ) John McCain ( edit ) John McCain was born in 1936 at Coco Solo, Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone. McCain 's eligibility was not challenged during his 2000 campaign, but it was challenged during his 2008 campaign. McCain never released his birth certificate to the press or independent fact - checking organizations, but in 2008 one was shown to Washington Post reporter Michael Dobbs, who wrote, `` ( A ) senior official of the McCain campaign showed me a copy of ( McCain 's ) birth certificate issued by the ' family hospital ' in the Coco Solo submarine base. '' A lawsuit filed by Fred Hollander in 2008 alleged McCain was actually born in a civilian hospital in Colón, Panama. Dobbs wrote that in his autobiography, Faith of My Fathers, McCain wrote that he was born `` in the Canal Zone '' at the U.S. Naval Air Station in Coco Solo, which was under the command of his grandfather, John S. McCain Sr. `` The senator 's father, John S. McCain Jr., was an executive officer on a submarine, also based in Coco Solo. His mother, Roberta McCain, has said that she has vivid memories of lying in bed listening to raucous celebrations of her son 's birth from the nearby officers ' club. The birth was announced days later in the English - language Panamanian American newspaper. '' The former unincorporated territory of the Panama Canal Zone and its related military facilities were not regarded as United States territory at the time, but 8 U.S.C. § 1403, which became law in 1937, retroactively conferred citizenship on individuals born within the Canal Zone on or after February 26, 1904, and on individuals born in the Republic of Panama on or after that date who had at least one U.S. citizen parent employed by the U.S. government or the Panama Railway Company ; 8 U.S.C. § 1403 was cited in Judge William Alsup 's 2008 ruling, described below. A March 2008 paper by former Solicitor General Ted Olson and Harvard Law Professor Laurence H. Tribe opined that McCain was eligible for the Presidency. In April 2008, the U.S. Senate approved a non-binding resolution recognizing McCain 's status as a natural - born citizen. In September 2008, U.S. District Judge William Alsup stated obiter in his ruling that it is `` highly probable '' that McCain is a natural - born citizen from birth by virtue of 8 U.S.C. § 1401, although he acknowledged the alternative possibility that McCain became a natural - born citizen retroactively, by way of 8 U.S.C. § 1403. These views have been criticized by Chin, who argues that McCain was at birth a citizen of Panama and was only retroactively declared a born citizen under 8 U.S.C. § 1403, because at the time of his birth and with regard to the Canal Zone the Supreme Court 's Insular Cases overruled the Naturalization Act of 1795, which would otherwise have declared McCain a U.S. citizen immediately at birth. The U.S. State Department 's Foreign Affairs Manual states that children born in the Panama Canal Zone at certain times became U.S. nationals without citizenship. In Rogers v. Bellei, the Supreme Court ruled that children `` born abroad of American parents '' are not citizens within the citizenship clause of the 14th Amendment but did not elaborate on their natural - born status. Similarly, legal scholar Lawrence Solum concluded in an article on the natural born citizen clause that the question of McCain 's eligibility could not be answered with certainty, and that it would depend on the particular approach of `` constitutional construction ''. The urban legend fact checking website Snopes.com considers McCain 's eligibility `` undetermined ''. Arguments over McCain 's eligibility became moot after he lost the United States presidential election in 2008. Barack Obama ( edit ) Main article : Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation Barack Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii ( which had become a U.S. state in 1959 ). His mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was a British subject from British Kenya. Before and after the 2008 presidential election, arguments were made that Obama was not a natural - born citizen. On June 12, 2008, the Obama presidential campaign launched a website to counter what it described as a smear campaign by his opponents, including conspiracy theories challenging his eligibility. The most prominent issue raised against Obama was the claim made in several lawsuits that he was not actually born in Hawaii. The Supreme Court declined without comment to hear two lawsuits in which the plaintiffs argued it was irrelevant whether Obama was born in Hawaii. Most of the cases were dismissed because of the plaintiff 's lack of standing ; however, several courts have given guidance on the question. In Ankeny v. Governor, a three - member Indiana Court of Appeals stated, Based upon the language of Article II, Section 1, Clause 4 and the guidance provided by Wong Kim Ark, we conclude that persons born within the borders of the United States are ' natural born Citizens ' for Article II, Section 1 purposes, regardless of the citizenship of their parents. Administrative Law Judge Michael Malihi in Georgia decided a group of eligibility challenge cases by saying, `` The Indiana Court rejected the argument that Mr. Obama was ineligible, stating that the children born within the United States are natural born citizens, regardless of the citizenship of their parents... This Court finds the decision and analysis of Ankeny persuasive. '' Federal District Judge John A. Gibney, Jr. wrote in his decision in the case of Tisdale v. Obama : The eligibility requirements to be President of the United States are such that the individual must be a `` natural born citizen '' of the United States... It is well settled that those born in the United States are considered natural born citizens. See, e.g. United States v. Ark ( sic )... On October 31, 2008, Hawaii Health Director Chiyome Fukino issued a statement saying, I... have personally seen and verified that the Hawai'i State Department of Health has Sen. Obama 's original birth certificate on record in accordance with state policies and procedures. On July 27, 2009, Fukino issued an additional statement : I... have seen the original vital records maintained on file by the Hawaii State Department of Health verifying Barack Hussein Obama was born in Hawaii and is a natural - born American citizen. Attempts to prevent Obama from participating in the 2012 Democratic primary election in several states failed. Ted Cruz ( edit ) Ted Cruz announced on March 22, 2015, that he was running for the Republican Party 's nomination for president in the 2016 election. Cruz was born in Calgary, Canada. Cruz 's mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was born in Cuba, but his father eventually became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2005. This gave Cruz dual Canadian - American citizenship, as he was granted U.S. citizenship at the time of his birth by the virtue of his mother 's citizenship, and Canada grants birthright citizenship to every person born in Canada. Cruz applied to formally renounce his Canadian citizenship and ceased being a citizen of Canada on May 14, 2014. Former Solicitor General Paul Clement, former Acting Solicitor General Neal Katyal, University of California, Irvine School of Law Dean Erwin Chemerinsky, Professor Chin ( see above ), Temple University Law School Professor Peter Spiro, Professor Akhil Amar, Georgetown University Law Center Professor Randy Barnett, Yale Law School Professor Jack Balkin, and University of San Diego Professor Michael Ramsey believe Cruz meets the constitutional requirements to be eligible for the presidency. Similarly, Bryan Garner, the editor of Black 's Law Dictionary, believes the U.S. Supreme Court would find Cruz to be eligible, and Case Western Reserve University School of Law professor Jonathan H. Adler agrees that no court will rule against Cruz 's eligibility. Laurence Tribe of Harvard, however, described Cruz 's eligibility as `` murky and unsettled ''. Harvard Law Professor Cass Sunstein believes that Cruz is eligible, but agrees with Ramsey that Cruz 's eligibility is not `` an easy question ''. Sunstein believes concerns over standing and the political - question doctrine make it unlikely that courts would rule against Cruz. Mary McManamon ( see above ) writing in the Catholic University Law Review believes that Cruz is not eligible because he was not born in the United States. Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard, Professor Robert Clinton of Arizona State University, University of Chicago Professor Eric Posner, former Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals Sol Wachtler, and Professor Victor Williams of Catholic University of America 's law school agree that Cruz is not eligible. Alan Grayson, a Democratic Member of Congress from Florida, does not believe Cruz is a natural - born citizen, and stated he would have filed a lawsuit if Cruz had become the Republican nominee. Orly Taitz, Larry Klayman, and Mario Apuzzo, who each filed multiple lawsuits challenging Obama 's eligibility, have also asserted that Cruz is not eligible. Cruz 's eligibility was questioned by some of his primary opponents, including Donald Trump, Mike Huckabee, Rick Santorum, Carly Fiorina, and Rand Paul. Marco Rubio, however, believes Cruz is eligible. Two November 2015 ballot challenges in New Hampshire alleging that Cruz was not a natural - born citizen were unsuccessful. In December, a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont, and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida. In January 2016, similar lawsuits were unsuccessfully filed in Texas and Utah, and two similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Illinois. In February, two similar unsuccessful lawsuits were filed in Pennsylvania and one was filed in Arkansas ; a similar lawsuit was filed in Alabama ; similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Indiana ; and similar ballot challenges and an unsuccessful similar lawsuit were also filed in New York. In March, a similar lawsuit was filed in New York. In April, a similar ballot challenge was unsuccessfully filed in New Jersey. No lawsuit or challenge has been successful, and in February 2016, the Illinois Board of Elections ruled in Cruz 's favor, stating, `` The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth. '' The question of Cruz 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his campaign on May 3, 2016. Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal ( edit ) Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal both announced in 2015 that they were running for the Republican Party 's nomination for president in the 2016 election. Taitz and Apuzzo each have claimed neither Rubio nor Jindal is eligible because both were born ( albeit in the United States ) to parents who were not U.S. citizens at the time of their respective births. The question of Jindal 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in November 2015. Nonetheless, a lawsuit filed in December 2015 in Vermont and a ballot challenge filed in February 2016 in New York challenged Jindal 's eligibility. A November 2015 ballot challenge in New Hampshire alleging that Rubio was not a natural - born citizen was unsuccessful. In December, a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont, and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida. In January 2016, a similar unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Illinois. In February, a similar unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Arkansas ; a similar ballot challenge was filed in New York ; and an unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Indiana. The question of Rubio 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in March 2016. Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger was reported as considering challenging the prevailing interpretation of the clause. In 2003, Senator Orrin Hatch unsuccessfully put forth the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment, intending to allow eligibility for Arnold Schwarzenegger. In October 2013, the New York Post reported that Schwarzenegger -- who is originally from Austria and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1983, also retaining Austrian citizenship -- was exploring a future run for the American presidency. He reportedly lobbied legislators about a possible constitutional change, or filing a legal challenge to the provision. Cornell University law professor Michael C. Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger 's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office, noting, `` The law is very clear, but it 's not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process ''. Schwarzenegger subsequently denied that he was running. See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law portal Jus sanguinis United States nationality law United States presidential eligibility legislation Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tucker, St. George ( 1803 ). `` St. George Tucker, Blackstone 's Commentaries 1 : App. 316 -- s25, 328 -- 29 ''. Retrieved April 10, 2016. Jump up ^ Williams, Pete ( January 19, 2016 ). `` ' Natural Born ' Issue for Ted Cruz Is Not Settled and Not Going Away ''. NBC News. The emerging consensus of the legal experts, however, is that being ' natural born ' means becoming a citizen at the moment of birth, as opposed to achieving it later through the process of naturalization... ^ Jump up to : Maskell, Jack ( November 14, 2011 ). `` Qualifications for President and the ' Natural Born ' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement '' ( PDF ). Congressional Research Service. p. 2. Retrieved February 25, 2012. In addition to historical and textual analysis, numerous holdings and references in federal ( and state ) cases for more than a century have clearly indicated that those born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction ( i.e., not born to foreign diplomats or occupying military forces ), even to alien parents, are citizens ' at birth ' or ' by birth, ' and are ' natural born, ' as opposed to ' naturalized, ' U.S. citizens. There is no provision in the Constitution and no controlling American case law to support a contention that the citizenship of one 's parents governs the eligibility of a native born U.S. citizen to be President. ^ Jump up to : `` Strunk v New York State Bd. of Elections : : 2012 : : New York Other Courts Decisions : : New York Case Law : : New York Law : : U.S. Law : : Justia ''. Law.justia.com. Retrieved January 16, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Pilon, Mary ( June 24, 2016 ). `` Donald Trump 's Immigrant Mother ''. The New Yorker. ^ Jump up to : Tokaji, Daniel ( 2008 ). `` The Justiciability of Eligibility : May Courts Decide Who Can Be President? ''. Michigan Law Review, First Impressions. 107 : 31. ^ Jump up to : Gordon, Charles ( 1968 ). `` Who can be President of the United States : The Unresolved Enigma ''. Maryland Law Review. Baltimore Maryland : Maryland Law Review, Inc. University of Maryland School of Law. 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 32. Retrieved October 8, 2012. Jump up ^ Bradley, Curtis A. ; Siegel, Neil ( April 2015 ). `` CONSTRUCTED CONSTRAINT AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL TEXT ''. Duke Law Journal. 64 ( 7 ) : 1243 ( footnote 130 ). Jump up ^ A Duke Law Journal article has noted, `` Because of the placement of the commas, this clause, if read literally, suggests that only individuals alive at the time the Constitution was adopted are eligible to be president. For purposive and consequentialist reasons, however, the clause never has been read that way. '' Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution : Article 1, Section 2, Clause 2 : Qualifications of Members Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution : Article 1, Section 3, Clause 3 : Qualifications of Senators Jump up ^ Coke, Edward ( March 26, 2018 ). `` The reports of Sir Edward Coke, knt. ( 1572 - 1617 ). In thirteen parts. A new ed., with additional notes and references, and with abstracts of the principal points : ''. London :. Jump up ^ Great Britain, Statutes of the Realm, Vol. 9, p. 63 ( London, Dawsons of Pall Mall 1822, reprinted 1962 ). Jump up ^ Piggott, Francis. Nationality and Naturalization, pp. 48 - 50 ( W. Clowes and Sons, 1907 ). ^ Jump up to : McManamon, Mary. `` The Natural Born Citizen Clause as Originally Understood '', Catholic University Law Review, v. 64, no. 2 ( 2015 ). ^ Jump up to : William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol. 1, p. 363 ( Oxford, The Clarendon Press 1765 ) Jump up ^ Biglieri, Ezio ; Prati, G. ( 2014 ). Enclyclopedia of Public International Law. Elsevier. p. 54. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4832 - 9477 - 3. Jump up ^ `` British Nationality Act, 1730 ''. United Settlement. Retrieved 3 March 2016. Jump up ^ Cohen, Elizabeth. `` Citizenship and the Law of Time in the United States '', Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy, Vol. 8, p. 67 n. 59 ( 2013 ). ^ Jump up to : Blackstone, William. Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol. 1, p. 354 ( Oxford, The Clarendon Press 1765 ). Jump up ^ Dann, Carrie. `` Yes, Ted Cruz Was Born in Canada. So What? '', NBC News ( March 26, 2015 ). Jump up ^ Blackstone, William. `` Commentaries on the Laws of England '', Vol. 1, p. 373 ( Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 7th ed. 1775 ). Jump up ^ Plowden, Francis. `` An Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects '', pp. 74, 161 - 62 ( London, Baldwin, Whieldon & Debrett 1784 ). Jump up ^ Plowden, Francis. `` A Supplement to the Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects '', p. 134 ( London, Baldwin, Whieldon & Debrett 1785 ). Jump up ^ 7 Coke Report 1a, 77 ER 377 ( 1608 ), Opinion of Edward Coke. Jump up ^ Edwards, F.B. `` Natural - Born British Subjects at Common Law '', Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, Vol. 14, p. 318 ( 1914 ). Jump up ^ Maskell, Jack. `` Qualifications for President and the ' Natural Born ' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement '', CRS Report for Congress, pp. 31 - 32 ( 2011 ). Jump up ^ Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary Of The English Language : In Which The Words are Deduced from Their Originals, And Illustrated in Their Different Significations By Examples from the Best Writers, To Which Are Prefixed, A History of the Language, And An English Grammar : In Two Volumes, Volume 2, pp. 180 -- 181 ( Knapton, 1756 ). Jump up ^ Speare, Morris. `` Lafayette, Citizen of America '', New York Times ( September 7, 1919 ). Jump up ^ Riley, Elihu. `` The Ancient City '' : A History of Annapolis, in Maryland, 1649 - 1887, p. 198 ( Record Printing Office 1887 ). Jump up ^ Lee, Thomas. `` Is Ted Cruz a ' natural born Citizen '? Not if you 're a constitutional originalist '', Los Angeles Times ( January 10, 2016 ). Jump up ^ Han, William. `` Beyond Presidential Eligibility : The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship '', Drake Law Review, Vol. 58, No. 2, 2010, p. 462. Jump up ^ Pryor, Jill A. `` The Natural - Born Citizen Clause and Presidential Eligibility : An Approach for Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty ''. 97 Yale Law Journal 881, 889 ( 1988 ) http://yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/pryor_note.pdf ; Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - Madison Debates - June 18 ''. avalon.law.yale.edu. Jump up ^ 3 M. Farrand, The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, at 619. Jump up ^ 3 Farrand, at 629. Jump up ^ `` Columbia Digital Library Collections ''. wwwapp.cc.columbia.edu. Jump up ^ Heard, Alexander ; Nelson, Michael ( 1987 ). Presidential Selection, Duke University Press. p. 123. Retrieved April 24, 2011. ( the word born is underlined in the quoted letter ) Jump up ^ Han, William. `` Beyond Presidential Eligibility : The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship '', Drake Law Review, Vol. 58, No. 2, 2010, pp. 462 -- 463. Jump up ^ Palazzolo, Joe ( September 4, 2012 ). `` The Other Democratic Candidate ''. The Wall Street Journal. ^ Jump up to : Kasindorf, Martin ( December 2, 2004 ). `` Should the Constitution be amended for Arnold? ''. USA Today. ^ Jump up to : `` President Kissinger? ''. Time. March 4, 1974. Jump up ^ Blackstone, Commentaries, Vol. II, Ch. 10, 1803. Jump up ^ Farrand, Max. `` Charles Pinckney in the United States Senate ''. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Vol 3. Retrieved October 8, 2012. Jump up ^ Amar, Akhil ( March -- April 2004 ). `` NATURAL BORN KILLJOY Why the Constitution wo n't let immigrants run for president, and why that should change ''. Legal Affairs. Retrieved July 16, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875 ''. rs6.loc.gov. Jump up ^ Congressional Globe 37.2 ( 1862 ), p. 1639. Jump up ^ Congressional Globe 39.1 ( 1866 ) p. 1291. Stated again during a House debate in 1872 ; cf. Congressional Globe 42.2 ( 1872 ), p. 2791. Jump up ^ 10 Opinions of the U.S. Atty. Gen. ( pages ) 382 -- 413, and separately as Opinion of Attorney General Bates on Citizenship ( 1863, Washington, DC, Govt. Printing Office ) 27 pages. Jump up ^ `` Citizenship of children born in the United States of alien parents '', 10 Op. US Atty - Gen. 328. Jump up ^ Letter from Marcy to Mason, June 6, 1854, quoted from the manuscript, reprinted ( with the emphasis shown ) in John Bassett Moore, A Digest of International Law ( of the United States ), vol. 3, sec. 373, pp. 276 -- 277 ( US House of Representatives, 56th Congress, 2d Session, Document no. 551 ; Washington, DC, Govt. Printing Office, 1906 ). Jump up ^ His first name is not given in the Opinion itself but is found in the correspondence seeking the opinion, in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States ( US House of Representatives, 44th Congress, 1st Session, December 6, 1875 ) Exec. Doct. 1, part 1, page 563. Jump up ^ Steinkauler 's Case, 15 Opinions of the US Attorneys - General 15 at 17 -- 18 ( June 26, 1875 ). Jump up ^ van Dyne, Frederick, Citizenship of the United States ( 1904, Rochester, NY, Lawyers Co-operative Publ'g Co. ) pp. 3 -- 12. With regard to the last sentence in the quotation, van Dyne discusses some peripheral court decisions, none dealing with conventional U.S. citizenship, but with the nationality of the child of a foreigner and a member of an independent American Indian tribe whose members were not ordinarily regarded as U.S. citizens. Jump up ^ NY Chanc. Ct., November 5, 1844 ; 1 Sandf.Ch. 583, 3 NY Leg. Obs. 236, 7 NY Ch. Ann. 443, 1844 WL 4804, 1844 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 1. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sandf. at 656, Leg. Obs. at 246 -- 247 Jump up ^ Sandf. at 663, Leg. Obs. at 250 Jump up ^ `` The Federal reporter : with key - number annotations... Permanent ed... v. 21. '' HathiTrust. Jump up ^ Fed at 909, Sawyer at 359 -- 360 Jump up ^ U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) 169 U.S. 649, 42 L. Ed. 890, 18 S. Ct. 456. ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Similarly, in a 1999 Circuit Court decision, the U.S. - born children of two non-citizen parents were spoken of as `` natural born citizens ''. Mustata v. US Dept. of Justice ( 6th Cir. 1999 ) 179 F. 3d 1017 at 1019. ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Perkins v. Elg ( 1939 ) 307 U.S. 325 at 329, 83 L. Ed. 1320 at 1324, 59 S. Ct. 884 at 888. ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Perkins v. Elg ( D.C. Cir. 1938 ) 69 U.S. App. D.C. 175, 99 F. 2d 408 ''. ^ Jump up to : Maskell, Jack ( January 11, 2016 ). `` Qualifications for President and the `` Natural Born '' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement ``. Congressional Research Service. Jump up ^ `` Zimmer v Acheson, 191 F. 2d 209 ( 10th Cir. 1951 ) ''. Jump up ^ `` Montana v. Kennedy, 366 U.S. 308 ( 1961 ) ''. Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana ( 2009 ), Appeals Court Decision, 11120903 Jump up ^ Nolos v. Holder ( 5th Cir. 2010 ) 611 F. 3d 279, 62 ALR - Fed. 2d 777, ( 5 ) ; also Sean Morrison, Foreign in a Domestic Sense : American Samoa and the Last U.S. Nationals, 41 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 71 ( fall 2013 ) ( 6 ). Jump up ^ Rawle, William ( 1825 ). A View of the Constitution of the United States of America. Philadelphia, Carey & Lea. pp. 80 -- 81. ISBN 978 - 1144771858. Jump up ^ James F. Wilson in : Congressional Globe, House of Representatives, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Washington 1866, p. 1117. Jump up ^ Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393, 476 ( 1857 ). Jump up ^ Book 1, § 212 Jump up ^ United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649, 708 ( 1898 ). Jump up ^ Joseph Story ( 1840 ). A familiar exposition of the Constitution of the United States : containing a brief commentary on every clause, explaining the true nature, reasons, and objects thereof : designed for the use of school libraries and general readers : with an appendix, containing important public documents, illustrative of the Constitution. Marsh, Capen, Lyon and Webb. pp. 167 § 269 -- 271. Jump up ^ Joseph Story ( 1834 ). The constitutional class book : being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools. Hilliard, Gray & Company. pp. 115 § 190. Jump up ^ Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ). Jump up ^ A.P. Morse, `` Natural - Born Citizen of the United States : Eligibility for the Office of President '', Albany Law Journal, vol. 66 ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Jump up ^ `` Presidential Elections in the United States : A Primer '' ( PDF ). Congressional Research Service. April 17, 2000. Retrieved January 8, 2010. Jump up ^ `` 41131059 MoC Memo What to Tell Your Constituents in Answer to Obama Eligibility - United States Nationality Law - United States Constitution ''. Scribd. Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam ( July 11, 2008 ). `` A Citizen, but ' Natural Born '? ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Chin, Gabriel J. ( 2008 ), `` Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President : Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship '', 107 Mich. L. Rev. First Impressions 1 Jump up ^ White, G. Edward ( August 20, 2009 ). `` Re-examining the Constitution 's Presidential Eligibility Clause ''. University of Virginia School of Law. Retrieved February 27, 2012. ^ Jump up to : McManamon, Mary ( 2015 ), `` The Natural Born Citizens Clause as Originally Understood '', 64 Catholic University Law Review 317 Jump up ^ McManamon, Mary Brigid ( January 12, 2016 ). `` Law professor : Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president ''. Washington Post. Retrieved January 15, 2016. Jump up ^ Elhauge, Einer ( January 20, 2016 ). `` Opinion : Cruz not really ' natural born citizen ' ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Retrieved January 21, 2016. Jump up ^ Clinton, Robert ( January 27, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz Is Not A ' Natural Born ' Citizen ''. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved January 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Posner, Eric ( February 8, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President ''. Slate. ^ Jump up to : Wachtler, Sol ( February 13, 2016 ). `` Constitutional history shows Cruz ineligible for White House ''. Newsday. Jump up ^ Vlahoplus, John ( April 5, 2017 ). On the Meaning of `` Considered as Natural Born ''. Wake Forest L. Rev. Online. Jump up ^ Solum, Lawrence B. ( 2008 ), `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' Archived February 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., 107 Mich. L. Rev. First Impressions 22 Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Solum, `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '', revised draft version, April 18, 2010 ( SSRN ), p. 1, n. 3. However, other passages of his revised draft still imply U.S. citizenship of both parents ; cf. i.a. pp. 3, 9, 11. ^ Jump up to : Leary, Alex ( October 20, 2011 ). `` Birthers say Marco Rubio is not eligible to be president ''. Tampa Bay Times. Jump up ^ Kornhaber, Spencer ( September 22, 2010 ). `` Chapman Constitutional Scholar Rebuffs Orly Taitz 's Overtures ''. OC Weekly. Jump up ^ Chin, Gabriel ( April 20, 2011 ). `` Who 's really eligible to be president? ''. CNN. Jump up ^ Volokh, Eugene ( November 18, 2009 ). `` Indiana Court of Appeals Rejects Claim That ' Because His Father Was a Citizen of the United Kingdom, President Obama Is Not a Natural Born Citizen and Therefore Constitutionally Ineligible to Assume the Office of the President ' ''. The Volokh Conspiracy. Retrieved May 3, 2011. Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana, 916 NE 2d 678 ( Ind. Ct. of Appeals November 12, 2009 ). Jump up ^ Rathgeber, Bob ( September 20, 2010 ). `` Exclusive : Now, ' birthers ' have eye on Marco Rubio ''. News - Press. ^ Jump up to : E.g. see Robinson v. Bowen, 567 F. Supp. 2d 1144 ( N.D. Cal. 2008 ) ; Hollander v. McCain, 2008 WL 2853250 ( D.N.H. 2008 ) ; Berg v. Obama, 08 - 04083 ( E.D. Pa. 2008 ). Jump up ^ See 3 U.S.C. ch. 1. ^ Jump up to : Carl Hulse ( February 28, 2008 ). `` McCain 's Canal Zone Birth Prompts Queries About Whether That Rules Him Out ''. The New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Spiro, Peter. `` McCain 's Citizenship and Constitutional Method '', Michigan Law Review, Volume 107, p. 208 ( 2008 ). ^ Jump up to : `` Who Can Be President? '', Voice of America News ( July 29, 2008 ). Archived February 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Reeves, Thomas C. `` The Mystery of Chester Alan Arthur 's Birthplace '', Vermont History 38, Montpelier : Vermont Historical Society, p. 295 Jump up ^ DeGregorio, William A. The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents, Random House : 1993, pp. 307 -- 08, ISBN 0 - 517 - 08244 - 6 Jump up ^ Thomas C. Reeves, Gentleman Boss. The Life and Times of Chester Alan Arthur ( Newtown 1991 ), p. 5. Jump up ^ Hinman, Arthur P. ( 1884 ). How a British Subject became President of the United States. Jump up ^ `` Is Mr. Schürmann eligible? '', New York Tribune, October 2, 1896, in : Anonymous ( ed. ), The Presidential Campaign of 1896. A Scrap - Book Chronicle, New York 1925 : Funk & Wagnalls, p. 130 sq. ( Note : The year of publication is given as 1888, though the election was eight years later. However, the author 's introduction is dated 1925. ) Jump up ^ Breckinridge Long ( 1916 ), `` Is Mr. Charles Evans Hughes a ' Natural Born Citizen ' within the Meaning of the Constitution? '', Chicago Legal News vol. 49, pp. 146 -- 148 ( December 7, 1916 ). It does not appear that this issue was raised before the election day, which may indicate that the majority of voters or of legal authorities felt it was not an impediment to Hughes 's eligibility. Jump up ^ Lipsky, Seth ( 2009 ). The Citizen 's Constitution : An Annotated Guide. ( Basic Books ). p. 126. ^ Jump up to : Heard, Alexander and Nelson, Michael ( 1987 ). Presidential Selection. ( Duke University Press ) p. 127. Jump up ^ Ken Rudin ( July 9, 1998 ). `` Citizen McCain 's Panama Problem? ''. Washington Post. Jump up ^ Powell, Stewart ( August 14, 1976 ). `` Weicker May Not Be Eligible to Serve in High Position '', Nashua Telegraph. United Press International. Jump up ^ S. Res. 511 : A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain, III, is a natural - born citizen., U.S. Senate, April 30, 2008, OpenCongress. Retrieved April 13, 2011 Jump up ^ `` John McCain Biography '', Biography.com. Retrieved April 13, 2011 ^ Jump up to : Dobbs, Michael ( May 20, 2008 ). `` John McCain 's Birthplace ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved April 13, 2011. Jump up ^ Parish, Matt ( 2010 ), `` How Old Is John McCain? '', Politics Daily, AOL. Retrieved April 13, 2011 Jump up ^ `` Profile : John McCain ''. Online NewsHour. PBS. July 1, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2011. Jump up ^ Fagan, Kevin ( September 21, 2008 ). `` McCain : A profile in courage and adaptation ''. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 13, 2011. Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Hollander v. McCain et al, Justia Dockets & Filings Jump up ^ Dr. Conspiracy ( April 24, 2010 ), `` John McCain 's fake birth certificate '', Obama Conspiracy Theories. Retrieved April 13, 2011 Jump up ^ Dobbs, Michael ( May 2, 2008 ), `` McCain 's Birth Abroad Stirs Legal Debate : His Eligibility for Presidency Is Questioned '', The Washington Post Jump up ^ Article II of Convention Between the United States and the Republic of Panama states : ``... the cities of Panama and Colon and the harbors adjacent to said cities, which are included within the boundaries of the zone above described, shall not be included within this grant ''. Jump up ^ A book written by the U.S. Navy includes the same reference : Bakenhus, Reuben Edwin ; Knapp, Harry Shepard ; Johnson, Emory Richard ( 1915 ). The Panama Canal : Comprising Its History and Construction, and Its Relation to the Navy, International Law and Commerce. J. Wiley & sons, Incorporated. p. 192. Jump up ^ This map clearly shows Colon is not part of the Canal Zone. Colon Hospital can be seen on the map at the North end of the island. ( Source : http://www.serve.com/~CZBrats/ ) Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual 7 FAM 1110 Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship by Birth in the United States ''. United States Department of State. Retrieved December 13, 2015. 7 FAM 1113 ( c ) ( 1 ) : `` Despite widespread popular belief, U.S. military installations abroad and U.S. diplomatic facilities are not part of the United States within the meaning of the 14th Amendment. A child born on the premises of such a facility is not subject to U.S. jurisdiction and does not acquire U.S. citizenship by reason of birth. '' Jump up ^ `` Lawyers Conclude McCain Is `` Natural Born '', CBS News, Associated Press, March 28, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008. Jump up ^ S. Res. 511 : A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain, III, is a natural - born citizen ; sponsors : Sen. Claire McCaskill, Sen. Barack Obama et al. ; page S2951 notes Chairman Patrick Leahy as agreeing to Secretary Michael Chertoff 's `` assumption and understanding '' that a citizen is a natural - born citizen, if he or she was `` born of American parents ''. Jump up ^ Cf. William Alsup, Robinson v. Bowen : Order denying preliminary injunction and dismissing action, September 16, 2008, p. 2 ; Alsup ruled that McCain was either a natural - born citizen by birth under 8 U.S.C. § 1401c or retroactively under 8 U.S.C. § 1403 ( a ). ( See also : `` Judge says McCain is a ' natural - born citizen ' ''. Associated Press. September 18, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2008., and `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship ''. U.S. Constitution Online. Retrieved November 25, 2008. ) Jump up ^ Chin, Gabriel J. ( 2008 ), `` Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President : Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship '', Michigan Law Review First Impressions, Vol. 107, No. 1, ( Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper No. 08 - 14 ) Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual 7 FAM 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions ''. United States Department of State. Retrieved December 13, 2015. Jump up ^ SCOTUS 401 U.S. 815, 828 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship ''. U.S. Constitution Online. Retrieved June 7, 2009 Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Solum, `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '', Michigan Law Review : First Impressions 107, September 2008 Archived February 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., p. 30. Jump up ^ `` Is John McCain a natural - born citizen? '' Snopes.com, July 23, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Kenyan Citizenship? ''. FactCheck.org. September 3, 2009. Retrieved September 14, 2013. Jump up ^ `` British nationality by virtue of citizenship ''. British Nationality Act 1948. Her Majesty 's Government. Retrieved September 14, 2013. Jump up ^ `` UK and Colonies ''. Home Office. Jump up ^ `` The Truth About Barack 's Birth Certificate ( archived web cache ) ''. Fight the Smears ( Obama for America ). Archived from the original on March 9, 2011. ( Retrieved March 9, 2011 ), quoting in excerpts from : `` Does Barack Obama have Kenyan citizenship? ''. FactCheck.org ( Annenberg Foundation ). August 29, 2008. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. ; see also : `` Obama hits back at Internet slanders ''. Agence France - Presse. June 12, 2008. ; in a written oath to the State of Arizona, Obama further stated that he is a natural - born citizen ( cf. Candidate Nomination Paper, State of Arizona, November 30, 2007 ). Jump up ^ Leo C. Donofrio v. Nina Mitchell Wells ( SCOTUS 08A407 ) and Cort Wrotnowski v. Susan Bysiewicz ( SCOTUS 08A469 ) Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana ( Ind. App., 12 NOV 2009 ), Appeals Court Decision, 11120903 Jump up ^ Farrar v. Obama ( Office of State Administrative Hearings State of Georgia 2012 ). Text Jump up ^ Tisdale v. Obama ( United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia 2012 ). Text Jump up ^ Statement by Dr. Chiyome Fukino, Department of Health, October 31, 2008 Jump up ^ `` Hawaii reasserts Obama ' natural - born ' citizen '', MSNBC, July 28, 2009 Jump up ^ Hanna, Maddie ( November 18, 2011 ). `` ' Birther ' bid to derail Obama blocked ''. Concord Monitor. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Jump up ^ Velasco, Eric ( January 9, 2012 ). `` Suit to keep President Barack Obama off Alabama primary ballots dismissed by Jefferson County judge ''. Alabama : al.com. Jump up ^ Allen v. Obama ( Arizona Superior Court, Pima County February 24, 2012 ). Text Jump up ^ Secretary of State Kemp Issues Final Decision on Challenge to President Barack Obama 's Eligibility and Qualifications, ( February 7, 2012 ), Press Office of the Georgia Secretary of State. Jump up ^ Martin, Jonathan ; Haberman, Maggie ( March 22, 2015 ). `` Ted Cruz Hopes Early Campaign Entry Will Focus Voters ' Attention ''. The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cruz, Rafael Edward ( Ted ), ( 1970 -- ) ''. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ Jump up to : Chin, Gabriel ( August 13, 2013 ). `` Opinion : Ted Cruz can be president, probably ''. CNN. Jump up ^ Gillman, Todd ( December 28, 2013 ). `` Ted Cruz says he 's hired lawyers to renounce Canadian citizenship ''. Dallas Morning News. Retrieved December 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Gillman, Todd ( June 10, 2014 ). `` No, Canada : Sen. Ted Cruz has formally shed his dual citizenship ''. The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved June 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Blake, Aaron ( August 19, 2013 ). `` Cruz Will Renounce Canadian Citizenship ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved August 20, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Barnes, Robert ( March 12, 2015 ). `` Legal experts : Cruz 's Canadian birth wo n't keep him out of the Oval Office ''. Washington Post. ^ Jump up to : Neal Katyal ; Paul Clement ( March 11, 2015 ). `` On the Meaning of ' Natural Born Citizen ' ''. Harvard Law Review. Jump up ^ Chemerinsky, Erwin ( January 13, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz is eligible to be president ''. Orange County Register. Jump up ^ Spiro, Peter ( March 22, 2015 ). `` Is Ted Cruz a ' Natural Born Citizen '? ''. Opinio Juris., Jump up ^ Amar, Akhil ( January 13, 2016 ). `` Why Ted Cruz is eligible to be president ''. CNN. ^ Jump up to : Barnett, Randy ( February 6, 2016 ). `` Tribe v. Balkin on whether Ted Cruz is a `` natural born citizen '' ``. Washington Post. Jump up ^ Garner, Bryan ( January 14, 2016 ). `` Memorandum : Is Ted Cruz Eligible for the Presidency? ''. The Atlantic. Jump up ^ Adler, Jonathan ( January 7, 2016 ). `` Yes, Ted Cruz is a ' natural born citizen ' ''. Washington Post. Jump up ^ Jacobs, Ben ( January 10, 2016 ). `` Harvard scholar : Ted Cruz 's citizenship, eligibility for president ' unsettled ' ''. The Guardian. Jump up ^ Sunstein, Cass ( January 12, 2016 ). `` Is Cruz ' Natural Born '? Well... Maybe ''. Bloomberg View. Jump up ^ McManamon, Mary Brigid ( January 12, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president ''. Washington Post. Jump up ^ Elhauge, Einer ( January 20, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz is not eligible to run for president : A Harvard law professor close - reads the Constitution ''. Salon. Jump up ^ Clinton, Robert ( January 27, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz Is n't a ' Natural Born ' Citizen : According to the Constitution, because Sen. Ted Cruz was not born in the United States, he is not eligible to run for president ''. U.S. News & World Report. Jump up ^ Posner, Eric ( February 8, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President ''. Slate. ^ Jump up to : Adler, Jonathan ( April 9, 2016 ). `` Law professor runs for president in order to challenge Ted Cruz 's eligibility ''. Washington Post. Jump up ^ `` Grayson : I 'll File A Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz If He 's The Nominee ''. FOX News. November 25, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Nelson, Steven ( March 24, 2015 ). `` Ted Cruz Inherits ' Birthers ' With Presidential Bid ''. U.S. News & World Report. Jump up ^ Koplowitz, Howard ( March 26, 2015 ). `` Birther 2.0 : Can Ted Cruz Run For President? ' He 's Even Worse Than Obama, ' Citizenship Skeptic Says ''. International Business Times. Jump up ^ `` Trump, Cruz clash over eligibility, ' New York values ' at GOP debate ''. Fox News. January 15, 2016. Jump up ^ Weigel, David ( January 13, 2016 ). `` Huckabee joins the Republicans with questions about Cruz 's eligibility ''. ABC News. Jump up ^ Brody, Ben ( January 12, 2016 ). `` Few Colleagues Defend Cruz as White House Eligibility Is Questioned ''. Bloomberg News. Jump up ^ Mielke, Brad ( November 13, 2015 ). `` Some Voters Trying to Kick Ted Cruz and Bernie Sanders Off NH Ballot ''. ABC News. ^ Jump up to : Tuohy, Dan ( November 24, 2015 ). `` BLC upholds Sanders, Trump on primary ballots ''. Union Leader. ^ Jump up to : Blaisdell, Eric ( January 1, 2016 ). `` Vermonter tries to keep names off presidential ballot ''. Rutland Herald. Archived from the original on February 19, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Leary, Alex ( January 14, 2016 ). `` Marco Rubio seeks to dismiss court challenge to his eligibility to be president ''. Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on February 19, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Sherman, Amy ( March 4, 2016 ). `` Broward judge tosses case seeking to remove Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz from Florida ballot ''. Miami Herald. Jump up ^ Calkins, Laurel Brubaker ( January 14, 2016 ). `` Cruz 's ' Natural - Born Citizen ' Status Tested in Birther Suit ''. Bloomberg News. Jump up ^ Koh, Elizabeth ( February 23, 2016 ). `` Cruz asks judge to dismiss Texas lawsuit on presidential eligibility ''. The Dallas Morning News. Jump up ^ Banks, Gabrielle ( April 13, 2016 ). `` Judge tosses birther lawsuit against Ted Cruz ''. Houston Chronicle. Jump up ^ Ben Winslow and Max Roth ( January 26, 2016 ). `` Utah man suing Ted Cruz claiming he 's not a natural - born citizen ''. KSTU. Jump up ^ Koh, Elizabeth ( March 21, 2016 ). `` Utah judge dismisses 5th challenge this month to Cruz 's presidential eligibility ''. The Dallas Morning News. ^ Jump up to : Kopan, Tal ( January 15, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz not the only one with a birther challenge ''. CNN. Jump up ^ Gregory, John ( January 8, 2016 ). `` Cruz 's Birthplace Challenged in Illinois ''. WBGZ. ^ Jump up to : Farias, Cristian ( February 2, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz Is A ' Natural Born Citizen, ' Board Of Election Finds ''. CNN. Jump up ^ Schleifer, Theodore ( February 18, 2016 ). `` Case against Ted Cruz 's eligibility to be heard in Illinois on Friday ''. CNN. Jump up ^ Ortiz, Fiona ( March 1, 2016 ). `` Illinois judge dismisses Cruz eligibility complaint ''. Reuters. Jump up ^ Delano, Jon ( February 24, 2016 ). `` Pa. Attorney Challenging Ted Cruz 's Right To Run In State 's Republican Primary ''. KDKA - TV. Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 25, 2016 ). `` Kasich, Cruz ballot paperwork challenged in Pennsylvania ''. WPXI. Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 11, 2016 ). `` Cruz 's citizenship case may go to Pennsylvania Supreme Court ''. WHTM - TV. Jump up ^ Passarella, Gina ( March 21, 2016 ). `` Appeal of Cruz 's Ballot Eligibility Fast - Tracked ''. The Legal Intelligencer. Jump up ^ Koh, Elizabeth ( March 31, 2016 ). `` Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirms Cruz 's eligibility to be president ''. The Dallas Morning News. ^ Jump up to : Lanning, Curt ( February 8, 2016 ). `` Lawsuit : Remove Cruz and Rubio from Ark. Ballot ''. KARK - TV. ^ Jump up to : Manley, Marci ( February 29, 2016 ). `` Judge Dismisses Suit Requesting Cruz, Rubio Be Deemed Ineligible for Presidential Election ''. KARK - TV. Jump up ^ Koplowitz, Howard ( February 5, 2016 ). `` Alabama residents ' lawsuit claims Ted Cruz ineligible to run for president ''. The Birmingham News. ^ Jump up to : Cook, Tony ( February 16, 2016 ). `` Cruz, Rubio presidential candidacies face citizenship challenges in Indiana ''. The Indianapolis Star. ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( February 19, 2016 ). `` Cruz, Rubio remain eligible for Indiana presidential ballots ''. Indianapolis Business Journal. Jump up ^ Ross, Barbara ( February 18, 2016 ). `` New Yorkers seek court order to keep Ted Cruz off the ballot in state Republican presidential primaries because he was born in Canada ''. Daily News ( New York ). ^ Jump up to : Seiler, Casey ( February 18, 2016 ). `` State BOE receives flurry of ' natural - born ' objections to Rubio, Cruz ''. Times Union. Jump up ^ Seiler, Casey ( March 7, 2016 ). `` Challenge to Cruz 's ' natural born ' status dismissed due to blown deadlines ''. Times Union. ^ Jump up to : Pinciaro, Joseph ( March 15, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz ballot eligibility challenged in federal court by Calverton man ''. Suffolk Times. Jump up ^ Terkel, Amanda ( April 13, 2016 ). `` New Jersey Judge Rejects Birther Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz ''. Huffington Post. Jump up ^ Merda, Chad ( February 3, 2016 ). `` Illinois election board : Ted Cruz is a natural - born citizen ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Chicago, Illinois. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016. The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth, '' the board said. It pointed out that Cruz `` did not have to take any steps to go through a naturalization process at some point after birth '' and therefore `` further discussion on this issue is unnecessary. Jump up ^ Katie Glueck and Shane Goldmacher ( May 3, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz drops out of presidential race ''. Politico. Jump up ^ Ashley Parker and Alan Rappeport ( April 13, 2015 ). `` Marco Rubio Announces 2016 Presidential Bid ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Fernandez, Manny ( January 24, 2015 ). `` Bobby Jindal Announces Run for President ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Tom LoBianco and Jeff Zeleny ( November 17, 2015 ). `` Bobby Jindal announces he is ending presidential campaign ''. CNN. Jump up ^ Peters, Jeremy ( March 15, 2016 ). `` Marco Rubio Suspends His Presidential Campaign ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Smith, Emily ( October 18, 2013 ). `` Arnold lobbies for White House run ''. New York Post. Retrieved October 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Blake, Aaron ( October 18, 2013 ). `` Schwarzenegger denies he 's aiming for president ''. Washington Post. External links ( edit ) John Yinger, Essay on the Presidential Eligibility clause and on the origins and interpretation of natural born citizen. Jill A. Pryor, `` The Natural Born Citizen Clause and the Presidential Eligibility Clause ; Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty '', Yale Law Journal, Vol. 97, 1988, pp. 881 -- 899. Sarah P. Herlihy, `` Amending the Natural Born Citizen Requirement : Globalization as the Impetus and the Obstacle '', Chicago - Kent Law Review, Vol. 81, 2006, pp. 275 -- 300. Lawrence Friedman, `` An Idea Whose Time has Come - The Curious History, Uncertain Effect, and Need for Amendment of the ' Natural Born Citizen ' Requirement for the Presidency '', St. Louis Univ. Law Journal, Vol. 52, 2007, pp. 137 -- 150. U.S. Constitution Online, Constitutional Topic : Citizenship. Presidential Eligibility Constitution Society ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&oldid=834314896 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution United States nationality law Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use mdy dates from January 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Magyar Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018, at 01 : 39. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Natural-born-citizen clause", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&amp;oldid=834314896" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "5159697025257500939" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Samuel Prescott - wikipedia Samuel Prescott For other people named Samuel Prescott, see Samuel Prescott ( disambiguation ). Samuel Prescott August 19, 1751 Concord, Massachusetts, British America between November 23, 1776 and December 26, 1777 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Occupation Surgeon, Express courier Samuel Prescott ( August 19, 1751 -- c. 1777 ) was a Massachusetts Patriot during the American Revolutionary War. He is best remembered for his role in Paul Revere 's `` midnight ride '' to warn the townspeople of Concord of the impending British army move to capture guns and gunpowder kept there at the beginning of the American Revolution. He was the only participant in the ride to reach Concord. Contents 1 Early life 2 The Ride 3 Prescott 's life following `` The Ride '' 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources Early Life ( edit ) Samuel Prescott 's uncle Jonathan Prescott Dr. Samuel Prescott was born August 19, 1751. He lived in colonial Concord, Massachusetts, among his large extended family. ( His uncle was Jonathan Prescott. ) Much of this history was probably passed on to the family by his grand uncle Samuel Prescott, who knew many of the early Prescotts, and was even old enough to remember the first ancestor of the Concord branch of the family, John Prescott, founder of Lancaster, Massachusetts. Indeed, the Prescotts and their extended family played an important and often heroic role in colonial history. These include settling Concord, fighting in colonial wars, and negotiating for the ransom of Mary Rowlandson. Prescott followed in the footsteps of his older brother Benjamin and apprenticed under his father, Abel Prescott, for about seven years. He appears to have kept an extremely low profile during pre-revolutionary times as well as afterward, as best can be attained. He did open a practice in Concord, just before or after which time he began to court Lydia Mulliken, daughter of a well - respected Lexington clockmaker who had died in 1767. During the latter part of his apprenticeship or shortly after he began his medical practice, he became an active member in the patriot movement. There is strong circumstantial evidence that he was an express courier for the Sons of Liberty and the Committees of Correspondence, and that he was an important liaison between the Concord Defense Committee and John Hancock and other leaders of the patriots. The ride ( edit ) On the evening of April 18, 1775, Paul Revere and William Dawes were dispatched by Joseph Warren to warn the countryside that the British were coming. Prescott was in Lexington at the time to visit with his fiancée, Lydia Mulliken. He was also there to report on Concord 's readiness, its status in hiding supplies and munitions from the British, and its success in moving cannon to Groton lest it fall into British hands. The British wanted the military stores at Concord and had hoped to capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock in the process. When Prescott left Lexington, it was about 1 a.m. the next morning, April 19. On his way back to Concord he met Paul Revere and William Dawes, who had just left Lexington shortly before him and were also on their way to Concord -- to warn the town that the Redcoats were on the march. When the three continued on to Hartwell 's tavern in the lower bounds of Lincoln, they were cut off by four British horseman who were part of a larger scouting party sent out the preceding evening. Revere was captured but both Prescott and Dawes succeeded in making a run for it. Prescott did so with a show of artful horsemanship and knowledge of the forest. Finally losing his pursuers, he circled about and headed quickly to Concord, carrying Revere 's warning to his townsmen. Dawes also escaped from his pursuers, but it was after a close chase, a frantic ruse on his part, and a bit of luck. Once he was safe, he considered circling around the patrol and racing on to Concord much as Prescott had, but he heard the Concord town house bell and knew Prescott had made it there, and so he continued on his special mission, for he was only assigned to accompany Revere to Concord. Prescott, meanwhile, continued west to warn Acton, Massachusetts while his brother Abel Prescott, Jr. rode south to warn Sudbury and Framingham. By this time, countless riders were also dispatched from other towns to spread the warning -- while bells and cannon were rung or fired to punctuate the danger at hand. Because of the `` midnight '' rides of Revere, Dawes, Prescott, and many other expresses ( couriers ), minutemen and militia everywhere were on the ready, many marching to Concord to effectively engage the British Army at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Prescott was there to witness the Battle of Concord, then tried to beat the British back to Lexington to see Lydia Mulliken and her family and to help with the wounded. He remained at Lexington as a volunteer surgeon for about two weeks, then seems to have disappeared into the war. A National Park Service map showing the route of the initial Patriot messengers including Prescott ( purple trail ) Prescott 's Life following `` the ride '' ( edit ) There is evidence that Prescott went on to serve as a surgeon in the Continental Army, a tradition that he joined the crew of a New England privateer, and a report that he was in prison in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he may have died between November 23, 1776 and December 26 ( 1777? ). There is also circumstantial evidence that he served in some medical support capacity out of Fort Ticonderoga during the invasion attempts against Canada and until about the time of Benedict Arnold 's failed attempts against Sir Guy Carleton on Lake Champlain. Legacy ( edit ) Prescott 's ride is re-enacted every Patriots ' Day eve ( observed ) in the Town of Acton. The re-enactment begins in East Acton, continues through Acton Center, and ends at Liberty Tree Farm, where once was the home of a minuteman named Simon Hunt. The distance is approximately five miles ( 8 km ). There are also re-enactments on Patriots ' Day ( usually the third Monday of April ) of the rides of William Dawes and Paul Revere, to commemorate the famous `` midnight '' ride that began in the evening hours of April 18 and continued on April 19. Prescott 's ride is re-enacted every year at midnight April 18 -- 19 at Concord 's First Parish Church. The re-enactment is preceded by a Patriots ' Ball. The Minute Men march with fife and drum leading the attendees from the armory to the church. The Captain of the Concord Minute Men reads a message handed him by `` Prescott '' on horseback. A memorial plaque to Prescott is at his former home in Concord, Massachusetts. See also ( edit ) Liberty 's Kids Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Selesky, H.E., & Boatner, M.M. ( 2006 ). Encyclopedia of the American Revolution : Library of military history ( 2nd ed. ). Detroit : Charles Scribner 's, p. 625. Jump up ^ Caes, 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Marvin, 38 -- 47 Jump up ^ Caes, 34, wherein regarding Rowlandson the reference is to John Hoar, father of the second wife of Capt. Jonathan Prescott ( d. 1721 ). Captain Jonathan was Samuel Prescott 's great grandfather. Jump up ^ `` The Tale of Two Families Joined by Love, Shattered by War ''. Concord Magazine. D. Michael Ryan. Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2009. Jump up ^ Caes, 206 Jump up ^ Prescott, 66 Jump up ^ Wheildon, 7 Jump up ^ Dawes, 89, but this is taken, as cited in his book, from Revere 's deposition for Reverend Jerry Belknap, founder of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Revere actually produced three versions of the deposition, two in 1775 and one in 1798, but they are not contradictory though they are of varying lengths. Jump up ^ Dawes, 119 Jump up ^ Caes, 248 -- 253 Jump up ^ There is only hearsay of the privateering, and Caes provides other alternatives, beginning with the Battles of Breed 's and Bunker Hills at which he lists a number of Samuel 's relatives ( some through marriage ) who fought there. Jump up ^ Speculations of which appear in Legend Jump up ^ Samuel Prescott at Find a Grave Sources ( edit ) Caes, Charles J. ( 2009 ). Legend of the Third Horseman : Life and Times of Dr. Samuel Prescott, the Man Who Finished the Midnight Ride of Paul Revere. Bloomington, IND : Xlibris. The Man Who Finished The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere and William Dawes Dawes, C. Burr ( 1975 ). William Dawes : First Rider for Revolution. Newark, Ohio : History Gardens Press. Prescott, William MD. ( 1872 ). The Prescott Memorial or Genealogical Memoir of the Prescott Families In America. Ashville, N.C. : Ward Press ( 1983 ). Wheildon, William C. ( 1885 ). New Chapter in the History of the Concord Fight : Groton Minute - Men at the North Bridge, April 18 -- 19, 1775. Boston : Lee & Shepard. Marvin, Abijah P. ( 1879 ). History of the Town of Lancaster, Massachusetts : from first settlement to the present time 1643 -- 1879. The Town of Lancaster, Massachusetts. WorldCat Identities LCCN : n2011079210 SNAC : w6904g72 VIAF : 202983259 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Prescott&oldid=852325889 '' Categories : 1751 births 1777 deaths American Revolutionary War deaths American surgeons People from Concord, Massachusetts People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution Physicians in the American Revolution Hidden categories : Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018, at 05 : 08 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Samuel Prescott", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Samuel_Prescott&amp;oldid=852325889" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Samuel Prescott - wikipedia Samuel Prescott For other people named Samuel Prescott, see Samuel Prescott ( disambiguation ). Samuel Prescott August 19, 1751 Concord, Massachusetts, British America between November 23, 1776 and December 26, 1777 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Occupation Surgeon, Express courier Samuel Prescott ( August 19, 1751 -- c. 1777 ) was a Massachusetts Patriot during the American Revolutionary War. He is best remembered for his role in Paul Revere 's `` midnight ride '' to warn the townspeople of Concord of the impending British army move to capture guns and gunpowder kept there at the beginning of the American Revolution. He was the only participant in the ride to reach Concord. Contents 1 Early life 2 The Ride 3 Prescott 's life following `` The Ride '' 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources Early Life ( edit ) Samuel Prescott 's uncle" ], "id": [ "5988233679513630839" ], "short_answers": [ "Samuel Prescott" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Alone ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Alone ( TV series ) Alone Genre Reality Survival Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 55 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Russ McCarroll Zachary Behr Gretchen Palek Nathaniel Lukas Shawn Witt Zachary Green Ryan Pender David George Brent Montgomery Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Leftfield Pictures Distributor History Channel Release Original network History Original release June 18, 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) -- present Alone is an American reality television series on the History channel. The first, second and fourth seasons were filmed on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and the third near Nahuel Huapi National Park in Patagonia, Argentina. It follows the self - documented daily struggles of 10 individuals ( 7 paired teams in season 4 ) as they survive in the wilderness for as long as possible using a limited amount of survival equipment. With the exception of medical check - ins, the participants are isolated from each other and all other humans. They may `` tap out '' at any time, or be removed due to failing a medical check - in. The contestant ( or team in Season 4 ) who remains the longest wins a grand prize of $500,000. The series premiered on June 18, 2015. On August 19, before the finale of season 1, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season, which would begin production in the fall of 2015 on Vancouver Island, Canada. Season 2 premiered on April 21, 2016. Season 3 was filmed in the second quarter of 2016 in Patagonia, Argentina and premiered on December 8. One day before the season 3 premiere, History announced that casting had begun for season 4. In January 2017, a Danish version of the series premiered with the name Alone in the Wilderness ( Danish : Alene i vildmarken ) on DR3. It featured ten contestants and was filmed in northern Norway. Participants chose 12 items from a list of 18. In the fall of 2017, a Norwegian version aired with 10 contestants spread around a lake with fish. It was near the tree line, so the few, small, mostly birch trees left few land resources. The last contestant tapped out after a little more than a month. The fifth season premiered on June 7, 2018. Contents 1 Format and rules 1.1 General rules - all seasons 1.2 Season 4 1.3 Season 5 2 Reception 3 Episodes 4 Series overview 4.1 Season 1 4.1. 1 Location 4.1. 2 Contestants 4.2 Season 2 4.2. 1 Location 4.2. 2 Contestants 4.3 Season 3 4.3. 1 Location 4.3. 2 Contestants 4.4 Season 4 4.4. 1 Location 4.4. 2 Contestants 4.5 Season 5 4.5. 1 Location 4.5. 2 Contestants 5 References 6 External links Format and rules ( edit ) General rules - all seasons ( edit ) Contestants are dropped off in remote areas of Northern Vancouver Island ( seasons 1 - 2, 4 ), Patagonia ( season 3 ) and Northern Mongolia ( season 5 ), far enough apart to ensure that they will not come in contact with one another. The process begins in mid to late autumn ; this adds time pressure to the survival experience as the approaching winter causes temperatures to drop and food to become scarce. Although terrains may differ in each contestant 's location, the drop - off zones are assessed in advance to ensure a similar distribution of local resources is available to each contestant. Contestants each select 10 items of survival gear from a pre-approved list of 40, and are issued a kit of standard equipment, clothing and first aid / emergency supplies. They are also given a set of cameras to document their daily experiences and emotions. Attempting to live in the wild for as long as possible, the contestants must find food, build shelters, and endure extreme isolation and psychological distress. Contestants who wish to withdraw from the competition for any reason ( referred to as `` tapping out '' ) may signal a rescue crew using a provided satellite telephone. In addition, medical professionals conduct periodic health checks on the contestants and may, at their discretion, disqualify and evacuate anyone they feel is unable to continue participating safely. The last remaining contestant wins a $500,000 cash prize. Contestants are warned that the show might last for up to a year. Season 4 ( edit ) Season 4 was also filmed in Northern Vancouver Island but included a team dynamic. Fourteen contestants, consisting of seven family - member pairs, were individually dropped off in remote areas of Northern Vancouver Island. The two members of each team chose 10 items of survival gear to be equally divided between them. The team chose one member to be taken to a campsite ; the other began approximately 10 mi ( 16.09 km ) away and was required to hike to the site, using only a compass and bearing to find the way. Either member may tap out at any time, but doing so removed both of them from the competition ; in addition, if either member of a team was medically evacuated, both were disqualified. The last remaining team won the $500,000 prize. Season 5 ( edit ) Season 5 contestants were selected from non-winning contestants from Seasons 1 through 4. The rules were otherwise similar to Seasons 1 through 3. Reception ( edit ) The series received positive reviews in its first season and outstanding reviews for its third season, and earned a respectable 2.5 million total viewers, placing it in the top three new nonfictional cable series of 2015. Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Alone episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 11 June 18, 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) August 27, 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 27 ) 13 April 21, 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) July 14, 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 10 December 8, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 08 ) February 9, 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 11 June 15, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) August 17, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 5 10 June 14, 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) August 16, 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 16 ) Series overview ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season premiered on June 18, 2015. It was won by Alan Kay, who lost over 60 pounds during the course of the season. His staple foods were limpets and seaweed. He also consumed mussels, crab, fish and slugs. Lucas Miller enjoyed his time on the show and was selected based on his work as a wilderness therapist. His most difficult experience with the show was making honest confessions to the camera. Sam Larson described his time on the show as `` playing in the woods ''. He set a goal for himself to last 50 days. After he reached his goal, a large storm hit the island, which Larson described as being larger than any he had seen and prompting his decision to leave the island. Larson said that the loneliness and solitude took the most time to adjust to, and that his preparation for the show mostly consisted of mental preparation. Location ( edit ) Quatsino Location of Quatsino in British Columbia The season was shot in Quatsino Territory, located near Port Hardy, British Columbia. Quatsino is a small hamlet of 91 people located on Quatsino Sound in Northern Vancouver Island, Canada, only accessible by boat or float plane. Its nearest neighbour is Coal Harbour, to the east, about 20 minutes away by boat, and Port Alice, to the south, about 40 minutes away by boat. The largest town in the region, Port Hardy, is located about an hour northeast by boat and vehicle. Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref. Alan Kay 40 Male Blairsville, Georgia United States Winner - 56 days Sam Larson 22 Male Lincoln, Nebraska United States 55 days Mitch Mitchell 34 Male Bellingham, Massachusetts United States 43 days Lucas Miller 32 Male Quasqueton, Iowa United States 39 days Dustin Feher 37 Male Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania United States 8 days Brant McGee 44 Male Albemarle, North Carolina United States 6 days Wayne Russell 46 Male Saint John, New Brunswick Canada 4 days Joe Robinet 31 Male Windsor, Ontario Canada 4 days Chris Weatherman 41 Male Umatilla, Florida United States 2 days Josh Chavez 31 Male Jackson, Ohio United States 1 day Season 2 ( edit ) Season 2 began on April 21, 2016. The season had 13 one - hour episodes. Location ( edit ) Quatsino Location of Quatsino in British Columbia The second season was also set on Vancouver Island, in Quatsino Territory, located near Port Hardy, British Columbia. Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref. David McIntyre 50 Male Kentwood, Michigan United States Winner - 66 days Larry Roberts 44 Male Rush City, Minnesota United States 64 days Jose Martinez Amoedo 45 Male Santa Pola, Valencia Spain 59 days Nicole Apelian 45 Female Portland, Oregon United States 57 days Justin Vititoe 35 Male Augusta, Georgia United States 35 days Randy Champagne 28 Male Flagstaff, Arizona & Boulder, Utah United States 21 days Mike Lowe 55 Male Lewis, Colorado United States 21 days Tracy Wilson 44 Female Aiken, South Carolina United States 8 days Mary Kate Green 36 Female Homer, Alaska United States 7 days ( medically evacuated ) Desmond White 37 Male Coolidge, Arizona United States ~ 5 hours Season 3 ( edit ) The third season premiered on December 8, 2016. The winner, Zachary Fowler, had lost 70 lbs ( a third of his starting body weight ) before the end of his stay. The person who stayed the second - longest, Carleigh Fairchild, was pulled out because, at 101 lbs, she had lost nearly 30 % of her starting body weight and had a BMI of 16.8. Participants were automatically `` pulled '' at a BMI of 17 or less. The fourth longest stayer, Dave Nessia, was pulled out when, due to inadequate caloric intake, his systolic pressure barely exceeded his diastolic pressure ( 80 / 60 mmHg ), putting him in danger of death due to inadequate perfusion of the internal organs. Location ( edit ) Location of Lakes Soberania, Montes and Escondido in Patagonia, Argentina The third season was set in Patagonia, Argentina, in South America. The contestants were spread across multiple lakes in the foothills of the Andes mountain range. Unlike in seasons 1 and 2, which were located on the Pacific Ocean, season 3 's food resources were mostly limited to brook and rainbow trout, forage, small birds, and the possibility of wild boar. Contestants also were at a disadvantage because they had no access to the flotsam and jetsam that washes up on the Pacific Coast. They also had no salt source. The weather in Patagonia is comparable to that of Vancouver Island, with rainfall averaging 78 inches a year. However, unlike Vancouver Island, snowfall is extremely common in the winter. Predators in Patagonia include wild boar and puma. Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref. Zachary Fowler 36 Male Appleton, Maine United States Winner - 87 days Carleigh Fairchild 28 Female Edna Bay, Alaska United States 86 days ( medically evacuated ) Megan Hanacek 41 Female Port McNeill, British Columbia Canada 78 days Dave Nessia 49 Male Salt Lake City, Utah United States 73 days ( medically evacuated ) Callie North 27 Female Lopez Island, Washington United States 72 days Greg Ovens 53 Male Canal Flats, British Columbia Canada 51 days Dan Wowak 34 Male Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania United States 51 days Britt Ahart 40 Male Mantua, Ohio United States 35 days Zachary Gault 22 Male Caledon, Ontario Canada 8 days ( medically evacuated ) Jim Shields 37 Male Langhorne, Pennsylvania United States 3 days Season 4 ( edit ) Officially titled `` Alone : Lost & Found '', the fourth season premiered on June 8, 2017. Location ( edit ) Quatsino Location of Quatsino in British Columbia The fourth season was again set on Vancouver Island, in Quatsino Territory, located near Port Hardy, British Columbia. Contestants ( edit ) Team Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref. Baird ( brothers ) Jim Baird * 35 Male Toronto, Ontario Canada Linked up - day 10 Winners - 75 days Ted Baird 32 Male Toronto, Ontario Canada Brockdorff ( father / son ) Pete Brockdorff † 61 Male Poolesville, Maryland United States Linked up - day 9 Tap out - 74 days ( medically evacuated ) Sam Brockdorff * 26 Male Poolesville, Maryland United States Whipple ( husband / wife ) Brooke Whipple † 45 Female Fox, Alaska United States Linked up - day 9 Tap out - 49 days Dave Whipple * 40 Male Fox, Alaska United States Wilkes ( brothers ) Chris Wilkes † 44 Male Hattiesburg, Mississippi United States Linked up - day 8 Tap out - 14 days Brody Wilkes * 33 Male Kentwood, Louisiana United States Bosdell ( brothers ) Shannon Bosdell † 44 Male Wrangell, Alaska United States 5 days ( medically evacuated ) Jesse Bosdell * 31 Male Skowhegan, Maine United States Ribar ( father / son ) Alex Ribar * 48 Male Montville, Maine United States 2 days Logan Ribar † 19 Male Liberty, Maine United States Richardson ( brothers ) Brad Richardson * 23 Male Fox Lake, Illinois United States 1 day ( medically evacuated ) Josh Richardson † 19 Male Fox Lake, Illinois United States * hiking team member ( other team member sets up camp ) † team member who tapped out Season 5 ( edit ) Officially titled `` Alone : Redemption '', Season 5 premiered on June 14, 2018. The 10 contestants are non-winners selected from the previous 4 seasons of Alone. Location ( edit ) Location of Khonin Nuga valley in Selenge Province, Mongolia Location of Mongolia ( green ) The fifth season was set in Northern Mongolia in Asia. The series was filmed in Khonin Nuga near the city of Züünkharaa, Selenge aimag. `` Khonin Nuga '' is a valley located close to the Khentii Mountains of Northern Mongolia, one of the country 's unique and still largely untouched places. Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Gender Hometown Country Original Season Status Ref. Sam Larson 24 Male Lincoln, Nebraska United States Winner - 60 days Britt Ahart 41 Male Mantua, Ohio United States 56 days Larry Roberts 46 Male Rush City, Minnesota United States 41 days Dave Nessia 50 Male Salt Lake City, Utah United States 36 days Randy Champagne 31 Male Boulder, Utah United States 35 days Brooke Whipple 45 Female Fox, Alaska United States 28 days Jesse Bosdell 32 Male Skowhegan, Maine United States 24 days ( medically evacuated ) Nicole Apelian 47 Female Raymond, Washington United States 9 days ( medically evacuated ) Brad Richardson 24 Male Fox Lake, Illinois United States 7 days Carleigh Fairchild 30 Female Anchorage, Alaska United States 5 days ( medically evacuated ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patrick Hipes. `` History 's ' Alone ' Survivalist Series Renewed For Season 2 ''. Deadline. Retrieved 16 April 2016. Jump up ^ https://premieredate.tv/tv-series/2434-when-will-alone-season-2-premiere-release-date.html Jump up ^ Dr.dk `` Dr3 er alene i vildmarken. '' Retrieved 8 January 2017 Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - alone on history ''. The Futon Critic. Retrieved May 19, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Alone Full Episodes, Video & More HISTORY ''. history.com. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19. Jump up ^ https://morethanjustsurviving.com/alone-season-1-survival-gear/ Jump up ^ `` History Channel Looks for `` Alone '' Contestants Season 2 - LiveOutdoors ``. LiveOutdoors. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19. Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes. `` History Leaves 10 Survivalists ' Alone ' For Summer ''. Deadline. Retrieved 16 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Meet the Man Who Lost 60 Lbs. in the Wild, Eating ' Slugs Sporadically ' ''. PEOPLE.com. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Maui resident Lucas Miller talks about his experience on The History Channel 's reality show ' Alone ' ''. MauiTime. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19. Jump up ^ photo, Abby Korinek Courtesy. `` Lincoln survivalist talks about experience on History Channel 's ' Alone ' ''. Daily Nebraskan. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19. Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard. `` ALONE Winner Alan Kay Speaks One - on - One with TVRuckus! ''. TVRuckus. Retrieved April 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Who Won History Channel 's ' Alone ' Survival Competition? ( Spoiler ) - DaysTune ''. DaysTune. Retrieved April 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard. `` ALONE on History : Alan & Sam Remain on Day 43, Mitch & Lucas Tap Out ''. TVRuckus. Retrieved April 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard. `` ALONE Recap : Brant McGee Heads Back to Albemarle, NC After Only Six Days ''. TVRuckus. Retrieved April 16, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Mechele R. Dillard. `` ALONE Cast Dwindling Fast as ' Hey, Bear! ' Does Not Work for Wayne Russell ''. TVRuckus. Retrieved April 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard. `` ALONE Recap : Spirits Falling Fast Among Eight Who Remain on Vancouver Island ''. TVRuckus. Retrieved April 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard. `` ALONE Recap : Josh Chavez First to Tap - Out, Nine ' Survivalists ' Remain on Vancouver Island ''. TVRuckus. Retrieved April 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` History Channel 's Alone Season 2 Begins April ''. Yibada. 2016 - 03 - 27. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19. ^ Jump up to : `` Alone - Bios ''. Retrieved December 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Alone Listings ''. The Futon Critic. December 9, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Alone Season 3 by Jim Thode ''. PBase. 12 Dec 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Alone Cast ''. Retrieved December 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Alone Listings ''. The Futon Critic. Retrieved June 8, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Alone Cast ''. Retrieved June 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` New season of ' Alone ' TV series set in Mongolia ''. Retrieved 26 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Student Internship Report ''. ^ Jump up to : `` Alone Cast ''. Retrieved May 25, 2018. External links ( edit ) Official website History original programming Current Alone American Pickers American Restoration Ancient Aliens Counting Cars The Curse of Oak Island Forged in Fire Hunting Hitler Ice Road Truckers In Search of... Knife or Death Knightfall Mountain Men Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour Pawn Stars Swamp People Truck Night in America Vikings Former 20th Century with Mike Wallace Appalachian Outlaws Alaska Off - Road Warriors America Unearthed American Eats Ancient Discoveries Ancients Behaving Badly Around the World in 80 Ways Ax Men Barbarians Battle 360 ° Battlefield Detectives Battles BC Big Easy Motors Big Rig Bounty Hunters Big Shrimpin ' Billion Dollar Wreck Boneyard Brad Meltzer 's Decoded Breaking Vegas Cajun Pawn Stars Cities of the Underworld Civil War Combat Clash of the Gods The Conquerors Conquest The Crusades : Crescent and the Cross Decisive Battles Declassified Decoding the Past Deep Sea Detectives Digging for the Truth Dogfights Down East Dickering Engineering an Empire Evolve Expedition Africa Extreme Trains Food Tech Full Metal Jousting Gangland Gangland Undercover Great Minds with Dan Harmon Greatest Tank Battles God, Guns & Automobiles Great Lake Warriors Hairy Bikers Haunted History The History of Sex History 's Business History 's Lost & Found History 's Mysteries How the Earth Was Made How the States Got Their Shapes Human Weapon Ice Pilots NWT Join or Die with Craig Ferguson Jurassic Fight Club Last Stand of the 300 The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man Life After People The Lost Evidence Lost in Transmission Lost Worlds MadHouse Mail Call Man, Moment, Machine Mega Disasters Mega Movers Military Blunders Modern Marvels MonsterQuest Monumental Challenge The Most Mounted in Alaska MysteryQuest Nostradamus Effect Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy Patton 360 ° Pawnography Prehistoric Megastorms The Presidents Reel to Real Rome : Rise and Fall of an Empire Save Our History Shark Wranglers Shootout Shockwave Six Sliced The States Stan Lee 's Superhumans Surviving History Tactical to Practical Tales of the Gun That 's Impossible Top Gear Top Guns Top Shot Tougher In Alaska UFO Files UFO Hunters United Stats of America The Universe Warriors Weird U.S. Wild West Tech The XY Factor Upcoming Project Blue Book The Commanders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alone_(TV_series)&oldid=864636444 '' Categories : History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs Survival skills media 2015 American television series debuts English - language television programs 2010s American television series Hidden categories : Articles containing Danish - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018, at 14 : 15 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Alone (TV series)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Alone_(TV_series)&amp;oldid=864636444" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "2 days Josh Chavez 31 Male Jackson, Ohio United States 1 day Season 2 ( edit ) Season 2 began on April 21, 2016. The season had 13 one - hour episodes. Location ( edit ) Quatsino Location of Quatsino in British Columbia The second season was also set on Vancouver Island, in Quatsino Territory, located near Port Hardy, British Columbia. Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref. David McIntyre 50 Male Kentwood, Michigan United States Winner - 66 days Larry Roberts 44 Male Rush City, Minnesota United States 64 days Jose Martinez Amoedo 45 Male Santa Pola, Valencia Spain 59 days Nicole Apelian 45 Female Portland, Oregon United States 57 days Justin Vititoe 35 Male Augusta, Georgia United States" ], "id": [ "6980207851920928943" ], "short_answers": [ "David McIntyre" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Asset - wikipedia Asset This article is about the finance definition. For other uses, see Asset ( disambiguation ). Part of a series on Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( show ) Audit Budget Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( show ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( show ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( show ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( show ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( show ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( show ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( show ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( show ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value and that is held by a company to produce positive economic value is an asset. Simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash ( although cash itself is also considered an asset ). The balance sheet of a firm records the monetary value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business. One can classify assets into two major asset classes : tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets. Current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are nonphysical resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, and financial assets, including such items as accounts receivable, bonds and stocks. Contents 1 Formal definition 2 Characteristics 2.1 Accounting 2.2 Current assets 2.3 Long - term investments 2.4 Fixed assets 2.5 Intangible assets 2.6 Tangible assets 2.7 Comparison : current assets, liquid assets and absolute liquid assets 3 See also 4 References Formal definition ( edit ) An asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity ( Framework Par 49a ). Characteristics ( edit ) One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board. The following is a quotation from the IFRS Framework : `` An asset is a resource controlled by the enterprise as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the enterprise. '' This means that : The probable present benefit involve a capacity, singly or in combination with other assets, in the case of profit oriented enterprises, to contribute directly or indirectly to future net cash flows, and, in the case of nonprofit organizations, to provide services ; The entity can control access to the benefit ; The transaction or event giving rise to the entity 's right to, or control of, the benefit has already occurred. Employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Framework 's definition of an asset. Resources that are expected to yield benefits only for a short time can also be considered not to be assets, for example in the USA the 12 month rule excludes items with a useful life of less than a year. Similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. There is a growing analytical interest in assets and asset forms in other social sciences too, especially in terms of how a variety of things ( e.g. personality, personal data, ecosystems, etc. ) can be turned into an asset. Accounting ( edit ) In the financial accounting sense of the term, it is not necessary to be able to legally enforce the asset 's benefit for qualifying a resource as being an asset, provided the entity can control its use by other means. The accounting equation is the mathematical structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owner 's equity : Assets = Liabilities + Capital ( which for a corporation equals owner 's equity ) Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a company 's balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles ( GAAP ), which vary from country to country. Assets can be divided into e.g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools. These monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc., of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets ( edit ) Main article : Current asset Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle ( whichever is longer ), without disturbing the normal operations of a business. These assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets : Cash and cash equivalents -- it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, and negotiable instruments ( e.g., money orders, cheque, bank drafts ). Short - term investments -- include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short - term price differences ( trading securities ). Receivables -- usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts. Inventory -- trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the balance sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value, whichever is lower. This is known as the `` lower of cost or market '' rule. Prepaid expenses -- these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed ( common examples are insurance or office supplies ). See also adjusting entries. Marketable securities : Securities that can be converted into cash quickly at a reasonable price. The phrase net current assets ( also called working capital ) is often used and refers to the total of current assets less the total of current liabilities. Long - term investments ( edit ) Often referred to simply as `` investments ''. Long - term investments are to be held for many years and are not intended to be disposed of in the near future. This group usually consists of three types of investments : Investments in securities such as bonds, common stock, or long - term notes. Investments in fixed assets not used in operations ( e.g., land held for sale ). Investments in special funds ( e.g. sinking funds or pension funds ). Different forms of insurance may also be treated as long term investments. Fixed assets ( edit ) Main article : Fixed asset Also referred to as PPE ( property, plant, and equipment ), these are purchased for continued and long - term use in earning profit in a business. This group includes as an asset land, buildings, machinery, furniture, tools, IT equipment, e.g., laptops, and certain wasting resources e.g., timberland and minerals. They are written off against profits over their anticipated life by charging depreciation expenses ( with exception of land assets ). Accumulated depreciation is shown in the face of the balance sheet or in the notes. An asset is an important factor in a balance sheet. These are also called capital assets in management accounting. Intangible assets ( edit ) Main article : Intangible asset Intangible assets lack of physical substance and usually are very hard to evaluate. They include patents, copyrights, franchises, goodwill, trademarks, trade names, etc. These assets are ( according to US GAAP ) amortized to expense over 5 to 40 years with the exception of goodwill. Websites are treated differently in different countries and may fall under either tangible or intangible assets. Tangible assets ( edit ) Tangible assets are those that have a physical substance, such as currencies, buildings, real estate, vehicles, inventories, equipment, art collections, precious metals, rare - earth metals, Industrial metals, and crops. Depreciation is applied to tangible assets when those assets have an anticipated lifespan of more than one year. This process of depreciation is used instead of allocating the entire expense to one year. Tangible assets such as art, furniture, stamps, gold, wine, toys and books have become recognized as an asset class in their own right and many high - net - worth individuals will seek to include these tangible assets as part of their overall asset portfolio. This has created a need for tangible asset managers. Comparison : current assets, liquid assets and absolute liquid assets ( edit ) Current assets Liquid assets Absolute liquid assets Stocks Prepaid expenses Bills receivable Bills receivable Cash in hand Cash in hand Cash in hand Cash at bank Cash at bank Cash at bank Accrued incomes Accrued incomes Accrued incomes Loans and advances ( short term ) Loans and advances ( short term ) Loans and advances ( short term ) Trade investments ( short term ) Trade investments ( short term ) Trade investments ( short term ) See also ( edit ) Trading account assets References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan, Arthur ; Sheffrin, Steven M. ( 2003 ). Economics : Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 272. ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3. Jump up ^ J.G. Siegel, N. Dauber & J.K. Shim, The Vest Pocket CPA, Wiley, 2005. There are different methods of assessing the monetary value of the assets recorded on the Balance Sheet. In some cases, the Historical Cost is used ; such that the value of the asset when it was bought in the past is used as the monetary value. In other instances, the present fair market value of the asset is used to determine the value shown on the balance sheet. Jump up ^ J. Downes, J.E. Goodman, Dictionary of Finance & Investment Terms, Barron 's Financial Guides, 2003 ^ Jump up to : J. Downes, J.E. Goodman, Dictionary of Finance & Investment Terms, Barron 's Financial Guides, 2003 ; and J.G. Siegel, N. Dauber & J.K. Shim, The Vest Pocket CPA, Wiley, 2005. Jump up ^ IFRS for SMEs. London : IASB ( International Accounting Standards Board ). 2015. p. 14. ISBN 978 - 0 - 409 - 04813 - 1. Jump up ^ `` IFRS ''. Iasb.org. Retrieved 8 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` IFRS '' ( PDF ). Iasb.org. Retrieved 8 October 2017. Jump up ^ Birch, Kean ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ). `` Rethinking value in the bio-economy : Finance, assetization and the management of value ''. Science, Technology, & Human Values. 42 ( 3 ) : 460 -- 490. doi : 10.1177 / 0162243916661633. Jump up ^ Intermediate Accounting, Kieso, et. al Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Downes, John ; Goodman, Jordan Elliot. Finance and Investment Handbook, Sixth Edition, Barron 's Educational Series, Inc., 2003. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asset&oldid=849654950 '' Categories : Asset Accounting terminology Finance Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018, at 13 : 04 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Asset", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Asset&amp;oldid=849654950" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "3180710271723748375" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Medical University of Vienna - wikipedia Medical University of Vienna Medical University of Vienna Medizinische Universität Wien Type Public Established 12 march 1365, 1 january 2004 Rector Markus Müller Administrative staff around 6,000 Students around 8,000 Location Vienna, Austria Campus Urban Nobel Laureates 7 ( University of Vienna : 15 ) Colors Blue and White Nickname MedUni Wien Website www.meduniwien.ac.at Data as of 2016 The Medical University of Vienna ( German : Medizinische Universität Wien ) is a public university located in Vienna, Austria. It is the direct successor to the faculty of medicine at the University of Vienna, founded in 1365 by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria. As one of the oldest medical schools in the world, it is the oldest in the German - speaking countries, and was the second medical faculty in the Holy Roman Empire, after the Charles University of Prague. The Medical University of Vienna is the largest medical organisation in Austria, as well as one of the top - level research institutions in Europe and provides Europe 's largest hospital, the Vienna General Hospital, with all of its medical staff. It consists of 31 university clinics and clinical institutes, and 12 medical - theoretical departments, which perform around 48,000 operations each year. The Vienna General Hospital has about 100,000 patients treated as inpatients and 605,000 treated as outpatients each year. There have been seven Nobel prize laureates affiliated with the medical faculty, and fifteen in total with the University of Vienna. These include Robert Bárány, Julius Wagner - Jauregg and Karl Landsteiner, the discoverer of the ABO blood type system and the Rhesus factor. Sigmund Freud qualified as a doctor at the medical faculty and worked as a doctor and lecturer at the General Hospital, carrying out research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy. In the 2014 -- 15 Times Higher Education Rankings, the Medical University of Vienna is listed among the top 15 medical schools in Europe and 49th in the world. ( Clinical, Pre-Clinical and Health ). In 2016, there were 6,093 applicants for 660 places in medicine proper and 80 in dentistry, which corresponds to an admission rate of about 12.14 %. Admission is based upon ranking in an admission test called `` MedAT '', which is carried out every summer in conjunction with the three other public medical schools of Austria : the Medical University of Graz, the Medical University of Innsbruck and the Medical Faculty at the Johannes Kepler University Linz. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.1. 1 From the middle ages to the Age of Enlightenment 1.1. 2 At the height of the Austro -- Hungarian Empire 1.1. 3 During the Second World War 1.1. 4 After the Second World War 1.1. 5 From the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Vienna to the Medical University of Vienna 2 Faculty and Alumni 2.1 Faculty 2.1. 1 Nobel Prize recipients 2.1. 2 Notable Faculty 3 Studies 4 Museum 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Founding ( edit ) Department of studies, Medical University of Vienna. View of Vienna, Austria at dusk from the roof of the Vienna General Hospital ( AKH Wien ). From the middle ages to the Age of enlightenment ( edit ) As the founding member of the Alma mater Rudolfina ( University of Vienna ) founded in 1365, the medical faculty was already widely renowned in medieval times as an authority in medicine. Faculty records from as far back as 1399 document its mediation in disputes between barber surgeons, midwives, and local landowners. During the reign of Maria Theresia, Viennese medicine first attained international significance. The Habsburg Monarch summoned the Dutch physician, Gerard van Swieten, to Vienna. He in turn laid the foundation for the Vienna Medical School and paved the way for other leading figures. Anton de Haen, Maximilian Stoll, Lorenz Gasser, Anton von Störck, and the discoverer of the percussion technique, Leopold Auenbrugger, all taught and conducted research in the imperial city. Based on longstanding traditions, what now is referred to as `` bedside teaching '' also became the paradigmatic educational method during this period. When the Vienna General Hospital opened in 1784, physicians acquired a new facility that gradually developed into the most important research center. During the 19th century, the `` Second Viennese Medical School '' emerged with the contributions of physicians such as Karl Rokitansky, Josef Skoda, Ferdinand von Hebra and Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis. Basic medical science expanded and specialization advanced. Furthermore, the first dermatology, eye, as well as otolaryngology clinics in the world were founded in Vienna. The Pathological -- Anatomical Institute in 1898. At the height of the austro -- hungarian Empire ( edit ) At the beginning of the 20th century, Viennese Medicine belonged to the first class internationally. Clemens von Pirquet defined the concepts of `` allergy '' and `` serum sickness, '' Ernst Peter Pick conducted significant experiments on the chemical specificity of immunological reactions, and the Vienna School of Dentistry ( founded by Bernhard Gotlieb ) reached its zenith in the 1920s. All four Nobel Prizes, which were granted to ( former ) Viennese physicians during the next decades Robert Bárány ( 1914 ), Julius Wagner - Jauregg ( 1927 ), Karl Landsteiner ( 1930 ), and Otto Loewi ( 1936 ) ), were the result of work undertaken at this time. The excellent tradition and research extended well into the First Austrian Republic. Under the auspices of the Medical Association of Vienna, which was founded in Vienna, well - received postgraduate courses for doctors worldwide were organized into the 1930s. During the second world war ( edit ) With the annexation of Austria by National Socialist Germany on 13 March 1938 the darkest phase in Viennese medicine began. More than half of the University medical instructors, mostly those of Jewish descent, and 65 % of Viennese physicians were dismissed. Many renowned researchers, physicians, and students were forced to emigrate or died in concentration camps and under other tragic circumstances. After the second world war ( edit ) In the aftermath of World War II difficult years lay ahead of the University. The past glory had faded considerably. Moreover, 75 % of all university medical instructors had to be dismissed because of their moderate to heavy involvement with the National Socialist regime. They were gradually replaced by a newly trained generation of educators. This double rupture in Viennese Medicine, which occurred in just a few years, caused repercussions that lasted for long after the war. From the faculty of medicine of the University of Vienna to the medical University of Vienna ( edit ) The Medical University of Vienna was the University of Vienna 's faculty of medicine during 639 years before becoming a wholly independent university. After the independence of the medical faculty as an independent institution the newly founded pure medical university could reposition itself in international research and regain international recognition. For example, in the fields of bionic reconstruction, some notable results could be achieved. A British soldier who lost his arm during the Afghanistan war received a bionic reconstruction at the department of surgery of the Vienna General Hospital. Furthermore, the Vienna General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna are the largest centre for lung transplantation in Europe and the second - largest lung transplantation centre worldwide after the University of Pittsburgh. Up until 2009, over 1,000 lung transplants had been performed and currently about 100 transplantations are carried out per year. The Medical University of Vienna is the reference center of Siemens for the seven Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner `` MAGNETOM 7T ''. Founded in 2003, the High Field MR Centre ( HFMR ) acts today as a core research facility for the Medical University of Vienna. It combines basic research and development of methods with a strong focus on applications in neuroscience, musculoskeletal research, oncology and metabolism. The declared goal is to validate the potential of ultra-high field ( UHF ) MRI in clinical applications. Faculty and alumni ( edit ) The Medical University of Vienna, through its history as the University of Vienna 's Faculty of Medicine, has a long history of teaching and research. Some of the personalities having taught and learned at the institution are included in the following lists. Faculty ( edit ) Nobel Prize recipients ( edit ) Name Year Nobel Prize in Awarded for Field Róbert Bárány 1914 Physiology or Medicine `` his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus '' Otorhinolaryngology Julius Wagner - Jauregg 1927 Physiology or Medicine `` his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica '' Neurophysiology Hans Fischer 1930 Chemistry `` for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin '' Natural products chemistry, Organic chemistry Karl Landsteiner 1930 Physiology or Medicine `` his discovery of human blood groups '' Hematology Otto Loewi 1936 Physiology or Medicine `` their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses '' -- jointly awarded with Sir Henry Hallett Dale Neurophysiology Richard Kuhn 1938 Chemistry `` his work on carotenoids and vitamins '' Natural products chemistry, Organic chemistry Max Perutz 1962 Chemistry `` their studies of the structures of globular proteins '' -- awarded jointly with John Cowdery Kendrew Biochemistry, Structural Chemistry Notable faculty ( edit ) Name Lived Fields Known for Gerard van Swieten 1700 -- 1772 Medicine being court physician to Empress Maria Theresia Anton de Haen 1704 -- 1776 Medicine being one of the first physicians to make routine use of the thermometer in medicine, and perceived that temperature was a valuable indication of illness and health Maximilian Stoll 1742 -- 1787 Medicine Leopold Auenbrugger 1722 -- 1809 Medicine invented percussion as a diagnostic technique, because of the strength of this discovery considered one of the founders of modern medicine Anton von Störck 1731 -- 1803 Medicine his clinical research of various herbs, and their associated toxicity and medicinal properties. His studies are considered to be the pioneering work of experimental pharmacology and his method can be regarded as forming a blueprint for the clinical trials of modern medicine Johann Peter Frank 1745 -- 1821 Hygiene, Public health being credited as the first physician to describe clinical differences between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus, also credited as one of the first thinkers of public Hygiene and of a social medical oriented health service Johann Lucas Boër 1751 -- 1835 Gynaecology, Obstetrics established the field of obstetrics as an independent specialty Georg Joseph Beer 1763 -- 1821 Ophthalmology introducing a flap operation for treatment of cataracts ( Beer 's operation ), as well as popularizing the instrument used to perform the surgery ( Beer 's knife ) Carl von Rokitansky 1804 -- 1878 physician, pathologist, humanist philosopher and liberal politician Rokitansky 's name is associated with the following diseases / morphologic features of disease : Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome Müllerian agenesis ( aka `` Mayer - Rokitansky - Küster - Hauser syndrome '' ) Rokitansky 's diverticulum Rokitansky 's triad ( pulmonary stenosis ) Rokitansky - Aschoff sinuses ( in the gallbladder ) Rokitansky - Cushing ulcer Rokitansky - Maude Abbott syndrome Von Rokitansky 's syndrome Rokitansky nodule -- teratomas Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries ( levo - Transposition of the great arteries ) Theodor Billroth 1829 -- 1894 founding father of modern abdominal surgery, amateur musician first esophagectomy ( 1871 ), first laryngectomy ( 1873 ), and most famously, the first successful gastrectomy ( 1881 ) for gastric cancer, first describer of the Billroth II - operation ( still in use today ) Sigmund Freud 1856 -- 1939 neurologist, founder of psychoanalysis creation of the field of psychoanalysis Oskar Hirsch 1877 -- 1965 otolaryngologist pioneered transphenoidal surgery for pituitary gland surgery, together with Harvey Cushing laid the foundation for modern transsphenoidal surgery Viktor Frankl 1905 -- 1997 neurologist and psychiatrist, Holocaust survivor founding the field logotherapy, which is a form of existential analysis, the `` Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy '' Studies ( edit ) Currently, there are five eligible programmes : Medicine Dentistry Medicine and dentistry both are of a duration of six years and require higher education entrance qualification. In Austria and Switzerland this would correspond to a Matura, in Germany the Abitur or similar qualifications from other EU countries. Language of instruction is German, but usually students are expected to be able to be fluent in English. A diploma thesis is required to graduate and can be written in German or English. The courses of study lead to the degree of `` Dr. med. univ. '' for medical doctors and `` Dr. med. dent. '' for dentists, which correspond to MD in the United States or MBBS or MBChB in the United Kingdom. Graduates have the right to move freely within the European Union and to start a specialty training. Medical informatics Medical informatics is a master 's degree and requires a bachelor 's degree ( Bologna Process ) for application. Programme of Applied medical science PhD Applied medical science and PhD both are postdoc programmes i.e. require a medical degree or similar. For students of the university, possibility is given to start the PhD - programme during the medical programme. Museum ( edit ) The early - classicistic Josephinum was built in 1785 under Joseph II of Austria. It now houses the museum for anatomical wax models and, along with the Florentine Library, is among the largest in Europe. The Museum of the Medical University is mainly housed in the `` Josephinum '', designed and built in 1783 - 1785 to house the medical - surgical academy. The building includes a six - room collection of 1,192 wax anatomical and obstrectical models made in Florence by Clemente Susini under the supervision of Paolo Mascagni between 1784 and 1788. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Largest and longest - standing medical research institution in Austria ''. Medical University of Vienna. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Facts & Figures ''. Medical University of Vienna. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914 -- Robert Bárány ''. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927 -- Julius Wagner - Jauregg ''. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930 -- Karl Landsteiner ''. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ Landsteiner K ( 1900 ). `` Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe ''. Zentralblatt Bakteriologie. 27 : 357 -- 62. Jump up ^ Noel Sheehy, Alexandra Forsythe ( 2013 ). `` Sigmund Freud ''. Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology. Routledge. ISBN 1134704933. Jump up ^ Eric R. Kandel The Age of Insight : The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present. New York : Random House 2012, pp. 45 - 46. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 universities for Clinical, pre-clinical and health 2014 - 15 ''. Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Gemeinsame Aufnahmetests zum Medizinstudium in Österreich : Insgesamt 12.160 InteressentInnen nahmen teil ''. Medical University of Vienna. Retrieved July 17, 2016. Jump up ^ `` History of the Medical University of Vienna ''. Medical University of Vienna. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ `` History of the Medical University of Vienna ''. Medical University of Vienna. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 universities for Clinical, pre-clinical and health 2013 - 14 ''. Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Soldier Andrew Garthwaite moves bionic arm by thoughts ''. BBC. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ `` MedUni Wien und AKH Wien bauen internationale Top - Position für die Versorgung mit bionischen Hi - Tech - Prothesen aus '' ( PDF ). Department of surgery, Medical University of Vienna. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ `` 20 Years of Lung Transplantation in Austria ''. European Heart and Lung Transplant Federation. Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 02. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Medical University of Vienna MAGNETOM 7T Siemens International Reference Center ''. Siemens Healthcare. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ Liu, James K. ; Cohen - Gadol, Aaron A. ; Laws, Edward R. ; Cole, Chad D. ; Kan, Peter ; Couldwell, William T. ( 2005 - 12 - 01 ). `` Harvey Cushing and Oskar Hirsch : early forefathers of modern transsphenoidal surgery ''. Journal of Neurosurgery. 103 ( 6 ) : 1096 -- 1104. doi : 10.3171 / jns. 2005.103. 6.1096. ISSN 0022 - 3085. PMID 16381201. Jump up ^ `` Cultural heritage ''. Medical University of Vienna. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Museum of the Medical University ''. WienTourismus. Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10. External links ( edit ) Medical University of Vienna hide Universities and colleges in Austria Public Universities Alpen - Adria - Universität Klagenfurt Danube University Krems Graz University of Technology University of Graz Johannes Kepler University Linz University of Innsbruck Montanuniversität Leoben University of Salzburg University of Vienna TU Wien University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna University of Economics and Business Public art schools Academy of Fine Arts Vienna Mozarteum University Salzburg University of Music and Performing Arts Graz University of Art and Design Linz University of Applied Arts Vienna University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna Public medical schools Medical University of Graz Medical University of Innsbruck Medical University of Vienna Private Universities Anton Bruckner Private University Danube Private University Catholic Private University Linz Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences ( de ) MODUL University Vienna Music and Arts University of the City of Vienna New Design University Paracelsus Medical University Private University Seeburg Castle Sigmund Freud University Vienna UMIT - Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology Webster University Vienna See also : List of universities in Austria Coordinates : 48 ° 13 ′ 12 '' N 16 ° 21 ′ 05 '' E  /  48.22000 ° N 16.35139 ° E  / 48.22000 ; 16.35139 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_University_of_Vienna&oldid=846805554 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Alsergrund Universities and colleges in Vienna Healthcare in Vienna Medical schools in Austria Educational institutions established in 2004 Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Instances of Infobox university using image size Interlanguage link template link number Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Dansk Deutsch Français Հայերեն Italiano Қазақша Русский Türkçe Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2018, at 00 : 45 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Medical University of Vienna", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Medical_University_of_Vienna&amp;oldid=846805554" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "3207991659779431934" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves - wikipedia Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves Jump to : navigation, search `` Prince of Thieves '' redirects here. For other uses, see Prince of Thieves ( disambiguation ). Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves Theatrical release poster Directed by Kevin Reynolds Produced by Pen Densham Richard Barton Lewis John Watson Screenplay by Pen Densham John Watson Story by Pen Densham Starring Kevin Costner Morgan Freeman Christian Slater Alan Rickman Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio Music by Michael Kamen Cinematography Douglas Milsome Edited by Peter Boyle Production company Morgan Creek Distributed by Warner Bros. Release date June 14, 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 143 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $48 million Box office $390.5 million Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves is a 1991 American romantic action adventure film, based on the English folk tale of Robin Hood which originated in the 15th century. The film was directed by Kevin Reynolds. The film 's principal cast includes Kevin Costner as Robin Hood, Morgan Freeman as Azeem, Christian Slater as Will Scarlet, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Maid Marian, and Alan Rickman as the Sheriff of Nottingham. The film grossed over $390 million worldwide, ranking as the second - highest - grossing film of 1991. For his role as George, Sheriff of Nottingham, Rickman received the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. The film 's theme song, `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '', by Bryan Adams, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song and won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Reception 5.2 Box office 6 Adaptations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Robin of Locksley -- an English nobleman who joined Richard the Lionheart, King of England in the Third Crusade -- is imprisoned in Jerusalem along with his comrade, Peter Dubois. Facing the amputation of Peter 's hand by the Ayyubid prison guards, Robin escapes with Peter, saving the life of a Moor named Azeem in the process. Robin, Peter, and Azeem escape through a sewer and into an alley, but Peter is shot and mortally wounded by an archer. Before making his last stand against the approaching guards, Peter has Robin swear to protect his sister, Marian. Robin returns to England with Azeem, who has vowed to accompany him until Azeem 's life - debt to Robin is repaid. In England, with King Richard away in France, the cruel Sheriff of Nottingham rules over the land, aided by his cousin Guy of Gisbourne, the witch Mortianna, and the corrupt Bishop of Hereford. At Locksley Castle, Robin 's father, who is loyal to King Richard, is killed by the Sheriff 's men after refusing to join them. Robin returns to England to find his father dead, his home in ruins, and the Sheriff and his men oppressing the people. After telling Marian of Peter 's demise, and while fleeing the Sheriff 's forces afterwards, Robin and Azeem encounter a band of outlaws hiding in Sherwood Forest, led by Little John. Among the band is Will Scarlet, who holds a belligerent grudge against Robin. Robin assumes command of the group, training them to defend themselves and fight against Nottingham. They rob soldiers and convoys that pass through the forest, then distribute the stolen wealth among the poor. One of their early targets is Friar Tuck, who subsequently joins these Merry Men. Marian begins to sympathize with the band and renders Robin any aid she can muster. Robin 's successes infuriate the Sheriff, who increases the mistreatment of the people, resulting in greater local support for Robin Hood. The Sheriff kills Gisbourne for his failure to prevent the looting of several convoys, and hires Celtic warriors from Scotland to assist his forces in assaulting the hideout. The Sheriff manages to locate the outlaws ' hideout and launches an attack, destroying the refuge and capturing most of the outlaws. With the Bishop 's help, the Sherrif has Marian confined when she tries to summon help from France. To consolidate his claim to the throne, the Sheriff proposes to Marian ( who is Richard 's cousin ), claiming that if she accepts, he will spare the lives of the captured outlaws. Nevertheless, several of the rebels are due to be executed by hanging as part of the wedding celebration. Among the captured is Will Scarlet, who makes a deal with the Sheriff to find and kill Robin in exchange for his freedom. Will meets up with Robin and a handful of his aides who survived the Celt 's assault. Will informs Robin of the Sheriff 's plans to marry Marian and execute Robin 's men. Will continues to display anger against Robin, which motivates Robin to question why Will hates him so much. Will then reveals himself to be Robin 's younger illegitimate half - brother ; Will 's mother was a peasant woman with whom Robin 's father took comfort after Robin 's mother died. Robin 's anger toward his father caused him to separate from her and leave Will fatherless. Despite his anger, Robin is overjoyed to learn that he has a brother, and reconciles with Will. On the day of the wedding and hangings, Robin and his men infiltrate Nottingham Castle, freeing the prisoners. Although Robin 's band originally planned to free their friends and retreat, Azeem reveals himself and his willingness to fight the Sheriff, inciting the peasants to revolt. After a fierce fight, Robin kills the Sheriff, but is attacked by Mortianna with a spear. Azeem slays Mortianna, fulfilling his life - debt to Robin. Tuck kills the Bishop by burdening him with treasure and throwing him out a window. Robin and Marian profess their love for each other and are married in the forest. Their wedding is briefly interrupted by King Richard, who blesses the marriage and thanks Robin for his deeds. Cast ( edit ) Kevin Costner as Robin Hood ( Robin of Locksley ) Morgan Freeman as Azeem Christian Slater as Will Scarlet Alan Rickman as George, Sheriff of Nottingham Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Marian Dubois Geraldine McEwan as Mortianna Mike McShane as Friar Tuck Brian Blessed as Lord Locksley Michael Wincott as Guy of Gisborne Nick Brimble as Little John Harold Innocent as the Bishop of Hereford Walter Sparrow as Duncan Daniel Newman as Wulf Sean Connery ( uncredited ) as King Richard Jack Wild as Much the miller 's son Daniel Peacock as Bull Production ( edit ) Sycamore Gap at Hadrian 's Wall, today known as the `` Robin Hood Tree '' Rickman turned down the role of the sheriff twice before he was told he could have carte blanche with his interpretation of the character. On the DVD commentary for ITV 's Robin of Sherwood television series, which ran from 1983 to 1986, writer and creator Richard Carpenter explains that the stunt coordinator from the Robin of Sherwood series, Terry Walsh, was hired to do stunt work for Prince of Thieves. While on set, Walsh noticed a Saracen assassin character named Nasir was in the film. That character was a creation of Carpenter and is exclusive to the Robin of Sherwood series. Once the creators of Prince of Thieves realized a potential for copyright infringement, they changed the character 's name from Nasir to Azeem. Carpenter also explains that Costner and others involved in Prince of Thieves have admitted to watching Robin of Sherwood as inspiration for their film. Filming ( edit ) Principal exteriors were shot on location in the United Kingdom. A second unit filmed the medieval walls and towers of the Cité de Carcassonne in the town of Carcassonne in Aude, France, for the portrayal of Nottingham and its castle. Locksley Castle was Wardour Castle in Wiltshire -- restored in an early shot using a matte painting. Marian 's manor was filmed at Hulne Priory in Northumberland. Scenes set in Sherwood Forest were filmed throughout England : Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire was used for the outlaws ' encampment, Aysgarth Falls in Yorkshire for the fight scene between Robin and Little John, and Hardraw Force in North Yorkshire was the location where Marian sees Robin bathing. Sycamore Gap on Hadrian 's Wall was used for the scene when Robin first confronts the sheriff 's men. Chalk cliffs at Seven Sisters, Sussex were used as the locale for Robin 's return to England from the Crusades. Interior scenes were completed at Shepperton Studios in Surrey. Soundtrack ( edit ) The original music score was composed, orchestrated and conducted by Michael Kamen. An excerpt from the main title music was subsequently used as the logo music for Morgan Creek, and has been used by Walt Disney Home Video in intros for trailers on DVD / Blu - ray. Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( Original Soundtrack ) Film score by Michael Kamen Released July 2, 1991 Length 60 : 22 Label Morgan Creek Productions `` Overture / A Prisoner of the Crusades '' ( 8 : 27 ) `` Sir Guy of Gisborne / The Escape to Sherwood '' ( 7 : 27 ) `` Little John / The Band in the Forest '' ( 4 : 52 ) `` The Sheriff and His Witch '' ( 6 : 03 ) `` Maid Marian '' ( 2 : 57 ) `` Training / Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves '' ( 5 : 15 ) `` Marian at the Waterfall '' ( 5 : 34 ) `` The Abduction / The Final Battle at the Gallows '' ( 9 : 53 ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams ( 6 : 33 ) `` Wild Times '' -- Jeff Lynne ( 3 : 12 ) Release ( edit ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves was submitted for classification from the British Board of Film Classification and required 14 seconds to be cut from the film to obtain a PG rating. Reception ( edit ) Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert praised Freeman 's performance as well as Rickman 's, but ultimately decried the film as a whole, giving it two stars and stating, `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves is a murky, unfocused, violent, and depressing version of the classic story... The most depressing thing about the movie is that children will attend it expecting to have a good time. '' The New York Times gave the film a negative review, with Vincent Canby writing that the movie is `` a mess, a big, long, joyless reconstruction of the Robin Hood legend that comes out firmly for civil rights, feminism, religious freedom, and economic opportunity for all. '' The Los Angeles Times found the movie unsatisfactory, as well. Costner was criticised for not attempting an English accent. Lanre Bakare, writing in The Guardian, calls Rickman 's Sheriff, for which he won a BAFTA, a `` genuinely great performance ''. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 53 critics to give the film a score of 49 %. Prince of Thieves was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards : Kevin Costner won the Worst Actor award for his performance as Robin Hood, while Christian Slater received a nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performances in this film and Mobsters, but lost to Dan Aykroyd for Nothing but Trouble. In 2005, the American Film Institute nominated this film for AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores. Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed $25 million in its opening weekend and $18.3 million in its second. The film eventually made $390,493,908 at the global box office, making it the second - highest grossing film of 1991, immediately behind Terminator 2 : Judgment Day. It enjoyed the second - best opening for a nonsequel, at the time. Adaptations ( edit ) A tie - in video game of the same name was released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy. Developed by Sculptured Software Inc. and Bits Studios, respectively, and published by Virgin Games, Inc., it was featured as the cover game for the July 1991 issue of Nintendo Power magazine. A toy line was released by Kenner, consisting of action figures and playsets. Notably, all but one of the figures were slightly modified from Kenner 's well known Super Powers line, while Friar Tuck, as well as the vehicles and playset, were modified from Star Wars : Return of the Jedi toys. See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Princess of Thieves -- 2001 television movie Robin Hood -- English folk tale Robin Hood : Men in Tights -- 1993 parody film Robin Hood -- 1991 British film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Easton, Nina J. ( 1990 - 07 - 24 ). `` Costner May Put Morgan Creek Ahead of Robin Hood Pack ''. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02. ^ Jump up to : `` ROBIN HOOD - PRINCE OF THIEVES ( PG ) ( CUT ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. July 4, 1991. Retrieved January 19, 2016. Jump up ^ Billington, Michael ( March 18, 1991 ). `` Robin Hood Freshens Up A Film Legend ''. Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved March 22, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. 1991 - 10 - 17. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29. Jump up ^ `` 1992 Grammy Awards ''. metrolyrics.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved January 1, 2009. Jump up ^ Dowd, Maureen ( 1991 - 06 - 09 ). `` FILM ; Hollywood 's Superhunk Heads for Nottingham ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ Leydon, Joe ( 1991 - 06 - 09 ). `` Robin Hood ' and the uncertain science of hype ''. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ Sycamore Gap, a section of the wall between two crests just east of Milecastle 39, is locally known as the `` Robin Hood Tree '' for its use in the 1991 film Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ). ^ Jump up to : Pearce, Garth ; Green, Simon ( 1991 ). Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves. Bdd Promotional Book Co. pp. 22 -- 34. ISBN 9780792456339. Jump up ^ Else, David & Sandra Bardwell, Belinda Dixon, Peter Dragicevich ( 2007 ). Lonely Planet : Walking in Britain. Lonely Planet. p. 224. ISBN 978 - 1 - 7410 - 4202 - 3. Jump up ^ Pirani, Adam ( May 1991 ). `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ''. Starlog. p. 40. Jump up ^ David Victor ( August 30, 2012 ). `` Studio Logo Music ''. Retrieved November 25, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Film Score Monthly ''. July 10, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ''. Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent ( 1991 - 06 - 14 ). `` A Polite Robin Hood In a Legend Recast ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 21. Jump up ^ Turan, Kenneth ( 1991 - 06 - 14 ). `` ' Robin ' : Medieval Dash, New Age Muddle ''. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ Easton, Nina J. ( 1991 - 06 - 23 ). `` A look inside Hollywood and the movies ''. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ Bakare, Lanre. `` My guilty pleasure -- Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves '', The Guardian, March 26, 2014 Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10. Jump up ^ Wilson, John ( 2005 ). The Official Razzie Movie Guide : Enjoying the Best of Hollywood 's Worst. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0 - 446 - 69334 - 0. Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood prince of summer flicks with $18.3 million weekend ''. Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ Fox, David J. ( 1991 - 06 - 25 ). `` Robin Hood Still Riding Ahead of Box Office Pack ''. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ Fox, David J. ( 1991 - 06 - 18 ). `` ' Robin ' Hits Impressive Box Office Bull 's - Eye ''. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Can ' Robin Hood ' Keep Up Its Box - office Momentum? ''. Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ Tilden, Gail, ed. ( July 1991 ). Nintendo Power. Vol 26. ISSN 1041 - 9551. Jump up ^ Salvatore, Ron. `` The recycling of the Force - Starwars ''. The Star Wars Collectors Archive. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves on IMDb Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves at the TCM Movie Database Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves at Box Office Mojo Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves at Rotten Tomatoes `` The Battle of Sherwood Forest '', a 1991 Entertainment Weekly cover story about the film 's tumultuous production. Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves Transcript Robin Hood Characters Robin Hood Maid Marian Merry Men Much the Miller 's Son Little John Friar Tuck Alan - a-Dale Will Scarlet Will Stutely Gilbert Whitehand Arthur a Bland David of Doncaster The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield Sheriff of Nottingham Guy of Gisbourne Prince John Bishop of Hereford Richard at the Lee King Richard Settings Sherwood Forest Nottingham Loxley Barnsdale Wentbridge Screen Film Robin Hood ( 1912 ) Robin Hood ( 1922 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) The Bandit of Sherwood Forest ( 1946 ) The Prince of Thieves ( 1948 ) The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men ( 1952 ) The Men of Sherwood Forest ( 1954 ) Sword of Sherwood Forest ( 1960 ) A Challenge for Robin Hood ( 1967 ) The Scalawag Bunch ( 1971 ) Wolfshead : The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Arrows of Robin Hood ( 1975 ) Robin and Marian ( 1976 ) Aaj Ka Robin Hood ( 1988 ) O Mistério de Robin Hood ( 1990 ) Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) Robin Hood ( 2018 ) TV Robin Hood ( 1953 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1955 ) The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1968 ) The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1975 ) Robin of Sherwood ( 1984 ) The New Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1997 ) Robin Hood ( 2006 ) Animated Robin Hood Makes Good ( 1939 ) Rabbit Hood ( 1949 ) Robin Hood Daffy ( 1958 ) Robin Hoodwinked ( 1958 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) Robin Hood ( 1990 ) Young Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Parody When Things Were Rotten ( 1975 ) The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1984 ) Maid Marian and Her Merry Men ( 1989 ) Robin Hood : Men in Tights ( 1993 ) Alternate settings Mexicali Rose ( 1939 film ) Robin and the 7 Hoods ( 1964 film ) Naan Sigappu Manithan ( 1985 Tamil film ) Nyayam Meere Cheppali ( 1985 Telugu film ) Catch Me Now ( 2008 Chinese TV series ) Alyas Robin Hood ( 2016 Philippines TV series ) Popular culture Robin Hood ( Disney character ) Robin Hood ( Once Upon a Time character ) Robin Hood ( DC Comics character ) Child ballads 8 : Erlinton 102 : Willie and Earl Richard 's Daughter 103 : Rose the Red and White Lily 115 : Robyn and Gandeleyn 117 : A Gest of Robyn Hode 118 : Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne 119 : Robin Hood and the Monk 120 : Robin Hood 's Death 121 : Robin Hood and the Potter 123 : Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar 124 : The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield 126 : Robin Hood and the Tanner 127 : Robin Hood and the Tinker 128 : Robin Hood Newly Revived 129 : Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon 130 : Robin Hood and the Scotchman 131 : Robin Hood and the Ranger 132 : The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood 136 : Robin Hood 's Delight 138 : Robin Hood and Allan - a-Dale 139 : Robin Hood 's Progress to Nottingham 140 : Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires 141 : Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly 142 : Little John a Begging 143 : Robin Hood and the Bishop 144 : Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford 145 : Robin Hood and Queen Katherine 146 : Robin Hood 's Chase 147 : Robin Hood 's Golden Prize 148 : The Noble Fisherman 149 : The Noble Fisherman 151 : The King 's Disguise, and Friendship with Robin Hood 152 : Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow 153 : Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight 154 : A True Tale of Robin Hood Stage / theatre The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington ( 1598 and 1601 plays ) The Merrie Men of Sherwood Forest ( 1871 operetta ) Robin Hood ( 1890 opera ) The Foresters ( 1892 play ) Twang!! ( 1965 musical parody ) Robin Hood ( 1934 opera ) Robin Hood ( 1998 ballet ) Robin des Bois ( 2013 musical ) Video games Robin of the Wood ( 1985 ) The Curse of Sherwood ( 1987 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Conquests of the Longbow : The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : The Legend of Sherwood ( 2002 ) Robin Hood : Defender of the Crown ( 2003 ) Volume ( 2015 ) Literature Ivanhoe ( 1819 ) Maid Marian ( 1822 ) The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1883 ) Bows against the Barons ( 1934 ) The Once and Future King ( 1958 ) The Outlaws of Sherwood ( 1988 ) Through a Dark Mist ( 1991 ) Lady of the Forest ( 1992 ) In the Shadow of Midnight ( 1994 ) The Last Arrow ( 1997 ) Lady of Sherwood ( 1999 ) Ronin Hood of the 47 Samurai ( 2005 ) King Raven Trilogy ( 2006 ) Music Legend ( 1984 soundtrack ) Robin Hood ( 2006 soundtrack ) Robin Hood -- czwarta strzała ( 1997 ) `` Love '' ( song ) `` Not in Nottingham '' ( song ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( song ) The Tale of Gamelyn Alan Dale Outlaw ( 2009 ) Holy Warrior ( 2010 ) King 's Man ( 2011 ) Warlord ( 2012 ) Grail Knight ( 2013 ) The Iron Castle ( 2014 ) The King 's Assassin ( 2015 ) The Death of Robin Hood ( 2016 ) Related Miss Robin Hood Son of the Guardsman The Son of Robin Hood The Bandit of Sherwood Forest Princess of Thieves Robin Hood Morality Test `` Robot of Sherwood '' `` Robin Good and His Not - So - Merry Men '' Once Upon a Time Films directed by Kevin Reynolds Fandango ( 1985 ) The Beast ( 1988 ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) Rapa - Nui ( 1994 ) Waterworld ( 1995 ) One Eight Seven ( 1997 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) Hatfields & McCoys ( 2012 ) Risen ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Hood:_Prince_of_Thieves&oldid=840860443 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s action films 1990s adventure films 1990s romantic drama films 1991 soundtracks American action adventure films American action films American adventure films American romantic drama films American films Crusades films Films scored by Michael Kamen Films directed by Kevin Reynolds Films set in Jerusalem Films set in Kent Films set in Cumbria Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in East Sussex Films shot in France Films shot in Hampshire Films shot in North Yorkshire Films shot in Northumberland Films shot in Wiltshire Michael Kamen albums Morgan Creek Productions films Robin Hood films Films shot at Shepperton Studios Warner Bros. films Films adapted into video games Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018, at 17 : 16. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Robin_Hood:_Prince_of_Thieves&amp;oldid=840860443" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "720433015373422896" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Client ( computing ) - wikipedia Client ( computing ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A computer network diagram of client computers communicating with a server computer via the Internet A client is a piece of computer hardware or software that accesses a service made available by a server. The server is often ( but not always ) on another computer system, in which case the client accesses the service by way of a network. The term applies to the role that programs or devices play in the client -- server model. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Types 2.1 Thick 2.2 Thin 2.3 Hybrid 3 References Overview ( edit ) A client is a computer or a program that, as part of its operation, relies on sending a request to another program or a computer hardware or software that accesses a service made available by a server ( which may or may not be located on another computer ). For example, web browsers are clients that connect to web servers and retrieve web pages for display. Email clients retrieve email from mail servers. Online chat uses a variety of clients, which vary depending on the chat protocol being used. Multiplayer video games or online video games may run as a client on each computer. The term `` client '' may also be applied to computers or devices that run the client software or users that use the client software. A client is part of a client -- server model, which is still used today. Clients and servers may be computer programs run on the same machine and connect via inter-process communication techniques. Combined with Internet sockets, programs may connect to a service operating on a possibly remote system through the Internet protocol suite. Servers wait for potential clients to initiate connections that they may accept. The term was first applied to devices that were not capable of running their own stand - alone programs, but could interact with remote computers via a network. These computer terminals were clients of the time - sharing mainframe computer. Types ( edit ) Client types and their features Relies on local storage Relies on local CPU Fat client Yes Yes Hybrid client No Yes Thin client No No In one classification, client computers and devices are either thick clients, thin clients, or hybrid clients. Thick ( edit ) Main article : Thick client A Thick client, also known as a rich client or fat client, is a client that performs the bulk of any data processing operations itself, and does not necessarily rely on the server. The personal computer is a common example of a fat client, because of its relatively large set of features and capabilities and its light reliance upon a server. For example, a computer running an Art program ( such as Krita or Sketchup ) that ultimately shares the result of its work on a network is a thick client. A computer that runs almost entirely as a standalone machine save to send or receive files via a network is by standard called a workstation. Thin ( edit ) Main article : Thin client A thin client A thin client is a minimal sort of client. Thin clients use the resources of the host computer. A thin client generally only presents processed data provided by an application server, which performs the bulk of any required data processing. A device using web application ( such as Office Web Apps ) is a thin client. Hybrid ( edit ) A hybrid client is a mixture of the above two client models. Similar to a fat client, it processes locally, but relies on the server for storing persistent data. This approach offers features from both the fat client ( multimedia support, high performance ) and the thin client ( high manageability, flexibility ). A device running an online version of the video game Diablo III is an example of hybrid client. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sadoski, Darleen. Client / Server Software Architectures -- An Overview, Software Technology Roadmap, 1997 - 08 - 02. Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 16. Peer - to - peer file sharing Networks, protocols Centralized Advanced Direct Connect Audiogalaxy CuteMX OpenNap Soribada Soulseek Decentralized Advanced Direct Connect Ares BitTorrent DAT eDonkey FastTrack Freenet GNUnet Gnutella Gnutella2 I2P IPFS Kad OpenFT Perfect Dark RetroShare Share ( P2P ) Tribler Winny Zeronet Historic Direct Connect Entropy Kazaa Morpheus Overnet Napster Scour WASTE WinMX Comparisons of clients Advanced Direct Connect BitTorrent Direct Connect eDonkey Gnutella Gnutella2 Hyperlinks eD2k Magnet Metalink Uses Broadcatching Segmented file transfer Music download Image sharing Disk sharing Peercasting Web hosting ( freesite ) Legal aspects Concepts Privacy Friend - to - friend Darknet Open Music Model Anonymous P2P Private P2P Internal technologies DHT NAT traversal PEX Protocol Encryption SHA - 1 Super-seeding Merkle tree Tracker μTP UDP hole punching News aggregators Client software Standalone Akregator BlogBridge FeedDemon Feedreader Flipboard Genieo Google Currents Google News Liferea NetNewsWire NewsAccess Newsbeuter NewsFire QuiteRSS RSS Bandit RSSOwl Seesmic WebFetch Web browsers AOL Explorer Avant Browser Basilisk Camino iCab Flock Internet Explorer K - Meleon Kazehakase Maxthon Firefox GNOME Web Netscape Browser Netscape Navigator 9 OmniWeb Opera Pale Moon Safari SeaMonkey Shiira Sleipnir Tencent Traveler Vivaldi Waterfox Email clients Apple Mail Claws Mail Gnus IBM Notes Microsoft Outlook Mozilla Thunderbird Netscape Messenger 9 Opera Mail Pegasus Mail The Bat! Windows Live Mail Zimbra Web browser plugins Cooliris Sage Web apps or mobile apps Bloglines CommaFeed Cheetah News Daylife Digg Reader Drupal Feedbin Feedly FriendFeed Google News Google Reader iGoogle dotCMS Imooty.eu Magnolia My Yahoo! News360 NewsBlur Newsknowledge Netvibes Pageflakes Planet Pulse Rojo.com Prismatic Spokeo The Old Reader Tiny Tiny RSS TweetDeck WebGUI Windows Live Personalized Experience winnowTag Media aggregators Podcatcher Adobe Media Player Akregator Amarok Flock iTunes Juice MediaMonkey Miro Rhythmbox Songbird Winamp Zune RSS + BitTorrent BitLord BitTorrent 6 Deluge Miro Opera Mail qBittorrent TorrentFlux Tribler μTorrent Vuze Related articles Comparison of feed aggregators History of Media aggregation RSS enclosure Italics indicate discontinued software. Download managers Client software for downloading computer files Microsoft Windows Freeware CryptLoad FlashGet Free Download Manager Free Studio Freemake Video Downloader Microsoft Download Manager Orbit Downloader Xunlei Shareware DownloadStudio Download Accelerator Plus GetRight Go! Zilla Internet Download Accelerator Internet Download Manager Unix - like KGet Multi-platform cURL DownThemAll! FlashGot JDownloader Wget Related articles Comparison of download managers Download acceleration Metalink Segmented file transfer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Client_(computing)&oldid=844165126 '' Categories : Clients ( computing ) Peer - to - peer computing Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Олык марий Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018, at 02 : 14. About Wikipedia", "title": "Client (computing)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Client_(computing)&amp;oldid=844165126" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "14297197452062137864" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "United States Forces Japan - Wikipedia United States Forces Japan United States Forces Japan 在 日 米 軍 USFJ Country Japan United States Size 50,000 ( approx. ) Headquarters Yokota Air Base, Fussa, Western Tokyo Nickname ( s ) USFJ The United States Forces Japan ( USFJ ) ( 在 日 米 軍, Zainichi Beigun ) is an active subordinate unified command of the United States Indo - Pacific Command ( USINDOPACOM ). It was activated at Fuchū Air Station, Tokyo, Japan on 1 July 1957 to replace the Far East Command ( FEC ). USFJ is commanded by the Commander, U.S. Forces, Japan ( COMUSJAPAN ). COMUSJAPAN is also the Commander, Fifth Air Force. At present, USFJ is headquartered at Yokota Air Base, Tokyo, Japan. COMUSJAPAN, plans, directs and supervises the execution of missions and responsibilities assigned by the Commander, U.S. Indo - Pacific Command ( COMUSINDOPACOM ). He establishes and implements policies to accomplish the mission of the United States Armed Forces in Japan. He is responsible for developing plans for the defense of Japan, and he must be prepared if contingencies arise, to assume operational control of assigned and attached U.S. forces for the execution of those plans. COMUSJAPAN supports the Security Treaty and administers the Status of Forces Agreement ( SOFA ) between the United States and Japan. He is responsible for coordinating various matters of interest with the service commanders in Japan. These include matters affecting US - Japan relationships among and between Department of Defense ( DOD ) agencies ; DOD agencies and the U.S. Ambassador to Japan ; and DOD agencies and the Government of Japan ( GOJ ). Under the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, the United States is obliged to protect Japan in close cooperation with the Japan Self - Defense Forces for maritime defense, ballistic missile defense, domestic air control, communications security ( COMSEC ) and disaster response operations. Contents 1 History 2 U.S. presence debate 2.1 U.S. presence on Okinawa 2.2 Survey among Japanese and Okinawans 2.3 Status of forces agreement 2.4 U.S. service member behavior 2.5 Crime issues 2.6 Osprey deployment in Okinawa 3 Facilities 3.1 List of current facilities 3.2 List of former facilities 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) JGSDF soldiers at Camp Kinser United States Forces helped Japanese in Operation Tomodachi following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami After the Japanese surrender in the end of World War II in Asia, the United States Armed Forces assumed administrative authority in Japan. The Japanese Imperial Army and Navy were decommissioned, and the U.S. Armed Forces took control of their military bases until the new government could be formed and positioned to reestablish authority. Allied forces planned to demilitarize Japan, and new government adopted the Constitution of Japan with a no - armed - force clause in 1947. After the Korean War began in 1950, Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan and the Japanese government established the paramilitary `` National Police Reserve '', which was later developed into the Japan Ground Self - Defense Force ( JGSDF ). In 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco was signed by the allied countries and Japan, which restored its formal sovereignty. At the same time, the U.S. and Japan signed the Japan - America Security Alliance. By this treaty, USFJ is responsible for the defense of Japan. As part of this agreement, the Japanese government requested that the U.S. military bases remain in Japan, and agreed to provide funds and various interests specified in the Status of Forces Agreement. At the expiration of the treaty, the United States and Japan signed the new Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan. The status of the United States Forces Japan was defined in the U.S. -- Japan Status of Forces Agreement. This treaty is still in effect, and it forms the basis of Japan 's foreign policy. In the Vietnam War, the US military bases in Japan, especially those in Okinawa Prefecture, were used as important strategic and logistic bases. In 1970, the Koza riot occurred against the US military presence in Okinawa. The USAF strategic bombers were deployed in the bases in Okinawa, which was still administered by the U.S. government. Before the 1972 reversion of the island to Japanese administration, it has been speculated but never confirmed that up to 1,200 nuclear weapons may have been stored at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa in the 1960s. As of 2013, there are approximately 50,000 U.S. military personnel stationed in Japan, along with approximately 40,000 dependents of military personnel and another 5,500 American civilians employed there by the United States Department of Defense. The United States Seventh Fleet is based in Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture. The 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force ( III MEF ) is based in Okinawa. 130 USAF fighters are stationed in the Misawa Air Base and Kadena Air Base. The Japanese government paid ¥ 217 billion ( US $2.0 billion ) in 2007 as annual host - nation support called Omoiyari Yosan ( 思いやり 予算, sympathy budget or compassion budget ). As of the 2011 budget, such payment was no longer to be referred to as Omoiyari Yosan or sympathy budget. Japan compensates 75 percent of U.S. basing costs -- $4.4 billion. The U.S. government employs over 8,000 Master Labor Contract ( MLC ) / Indirect Hire Agreement ( IHA ) workers on Okinawa ( per the Labor Management Organization ) not including Okinawan contract workers. Immediately after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, 9,720 dependents of United States military and government civilian employees in Japan evacuated the country, mainly to the United States. The relocation of the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma to Henoko had been resolved in December 2013 with the signing of the landfill agreement by the governor of Okinawa. Under the terms of the U.S. - Japan agreement 5,000 U.S. Marines should have been relocated to Guam and 4,000 U.S. Marines to other Pacific locations such as Hawaii or Australia, while some 10,000 Marines were to remain on Okinawa. No timetable for the Marines redeployment had been announced, but The Washington Post reported that U.S. Marines would leave Okinawa as soon as suitable facilities on Guam and elsewhere were ready. The relocation move was expected to cost 8.6 billion US Dollars and includes a $3.1 bn cash commitment from Japan for the move to Guam as well as for developing joint training ranges on Guam and on Tinian and Pagan in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Certain parcels of land on Okinawa which have been leased for use by the American military were supposed to be turned back to Japanese control via a long - term phased return process according to the agreement. These returns have been ongoing since 1972. However, as of July 2016, the situation has not been settled. Further information : Relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma In May 2014, in a strategic shift by the United States to Asia and the Pacific, it was revealed the US was deploying two unarmed Global Hawk long - distance surveillance drones to Japan for surveillance missions over China and North Korea. U.S. presence debate ( edit ) Do they need bases in Henoko or Futenma? Are they unnecessary? Even aside from this discussion, security is changing. -- Former Japan Minister of Defense Fumio Kyuma U.S. presence on Okinawa ( edit ) See also : Okinawa Prefecture § U.S. military controversy Okinawa makes up only 0.6 percent of the nation 's land area ; yet, approximately 62 % of U.S. bases in Japan ( exclusive use only ) are in Okinawa. Survey among Japanese and Okinawans ( edit ) While, in 2002, 73.4 % of Japanese citizens appreciate the mutual security treaty with the U.S. and the presence of the USFJ, part of the population demands a reduction in the number of U.S. military bases in Okinawa. In May 2010, a survey of the Okinawan people conducted by the Mainichi Shimbun and the Ryūkyū Shimpō, found that 71 % of Okinawans surveyed thought that the presence of Marines on Okinawa was not necessary ( 15 % said it was necessary. ). Asked what they thought about 62 % of United States Forces Japan bases ( exclusive use ) being concentrated in Okinawa, 50 % said that the number should be reduced, 41 % said that the bases should be removed. Asked about the US - Japan security treaty, 55 % said it should be changed to a peace treaty, 14 % said it should be abolished and 7 % said it should be maintained. Many of the bases, such as Yokota Air Base, Naval Air Facility Atsugi and Kadena Air Base, are located in the vicinity of residential districts, and local citizens have complained about excessive aircraft noise. The 2014 poll by Ryūkyū Shimpō found that 80 % of surveyed Okinawans want the Marine Corps Air Station Futenma moved out of the prefecture. On 25 June 2018 residents of the island of Okinawa have rallied against the construction of a new airfield intended for the US military base in the United States. The activists, armed with placards and banners, went to sea on seventy boats and ships. The posters read : `` Do not build a base '' and `` Stop throwing gravel ''. Protesters urged the Japanese authorities to stop the expansion of the US military presence on the island. Some of the boats went to the guarded construction site, where they came across the Coast Guard patrol vessels. Some activists were arrested for invading a prohibited zone. Status of Forces Agreement ( edit ) There is also debate over the Status of Forces Agreement due to the fact that it covers a variety of administrative technicalities blending the systems which control how certain situations are handled between the U.S. 's and Japan 's legal framework. U.S. Service member behavior ( edit ) Between 1972 and 2009, U.S. servicemen committed 5,634 criminal offenses, including 25 murders, 385 burglaries, 25 arsons, 127 rapes, 306 assaults and 2,827 thefts. Yet, per Marine Corps Installations Pacific data, U.S. service members are convicted of far fewer crimes than local Okinawans. According to the U.S. - Japan Status of Forces Agreement, when U.S. personnel crimes are committed both off - duty and off - base, they should always be prosecuted under the Japanese law. On 12 February 2008, the National Police Agency ( of Japan ) or NPA, released its annual criminal statistics that included activity within the Okinawan prefecture. These findings held American troops were only convicted of 53 crimes per 10,000 U.S. male servicemen, while Okinawan males were convicted of 366 crimes per 10,000. The crime rate found a U.S. serviceman in Okinawa to be 86 % less likely to convicted of a crime by the Japanese government than an Okinawan male. Crime issues ( edit ) See also : Yumiko - chan incident, 1995 Okinawa rape incident, and Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident GIs in Special Comfort Facility Association during occupation of Japan. At the beginning of the occupation of Japan, in 1945, many U.S. soldiers participated in the Special Comfort Facility Association. The Japanese government recruited 55,000 women to work providing sexual services to US military personnel. The Association was closed by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. In more recent history, `` crimes ranging from rape to assault and hit - and - run accidents by U.S. military personnel, dependents and civilians have long sparked protests in the prefecture, '' stated The Japan Times. `` A series of horrific crimes by present and former U.S. military personnel stationed on Okinawa has triggered dramatic moves to try to reduce the American presence on the island and in Japan as a whole, '' commented The Daily Beast in 2009. In 1995, the abduction and rape of a 12 - year - old Okinawan schoolgirl by two U.S. marines and one U.S. sailor led to demands for the removal of all U.S. military bases in Japan. Other controversial incidents include helicopter crashes, the Girard incident, the Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident, the death of Kinjo family and the death of Yuki Uema. In February 2008, a 38 - year - old U.S. Marine based on Okinawa was arrested in connection with the reported rape of a 14 - year - old Okinawan girl. This triggered waves of protest against American military presence in Okinawa and led to tight restrictions on off - base activities. Although the accuser withdrew her charges the U.S. military court - martialed the suspect and sentenced him to 4 years in prison under the stricter rules of the military justice system. U.S. Forces Japan designated 22 February as a Day of Reflection for all U.S. military facilities in Japan, and established the Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Task Force in an effort to prevent similar incidents. In November 2009, Staff Sgt. Clyde `` Drew '' Gunn, a U.S. Army soldier stationed at Torii Station was involved in a hit - and - run accident of a pedestrian in Yomitan Village on Okinawa. Later, in April 2010, the soldier was charged with failing to render aid and vehicular manslaughter. Staff Sgt. Gunn, of Ocean Springs, Mississippi, was eventually sentenced to 2 years and 8 months in jail on 15 October 2010. In 2013, two U.S. military personnel, Seaman Christopher Browning, of Athens, Texas, and Petty Officer 3rd Class Skyler Dozierwalker, of Muskogee, Oklahoma, were found guilty by the Naha District Court of raping and robbing a woman in her 20s in a parking lot in October. Both admitted committing the crime. The case outraged many Okinawans, a number of whom have long complained of military - related crime on their island, which hosts thousands of U.S. troops. It also sparked tougher restrictions for all 50,000 U.S. military personnel in Japan, including a curfew and drinking restrictions. On 13 May 2013, in a very controversial statement, Toru Hashimoto, co-leader of the Japan Restoration Association said to a senior American military official at the Marine Corps base in Okinawa `` We ca n't control the sexual energy of these brave marines. '' and told United States soldiers should make more use of the local adult entertainment industry to reduce sexual crimes against local women. Hashimoto also told the necessity of former Japanese Army comfort women and of prostitutes for the US military in other countries such as Korea. In June 2016, after a civilian worker at the base was charged with murdering a Japanese woman, tens of thousands of people protested in Okinawa. Organizers estimated turnout at 65,000 people, which would be the largest anti-base protests in Okinawa since 1995. In November 2017, an intoxicated US service member was arrested following a vehicle crash on the Japanese island of Okinawa that killed the other driver. Osprey deployment in Okinawa ( edit ) In October 2012, twelve MV - 22 Ospreys were transferred to the US Marine Corps Air Station Futenma to replace aging Vietnam - era Boeing Vertol CH - 46 Sea Knight helicopters in Okinawa. In October 2013, an additional 12 Ospreys arrived, again to replace CH - 46 Sea Knights, increasing the number of Ospreys to 24. Japanese Defence Minister Satoshi Morimoto explained the Osprey aircraft is safe adding that two recent accidents were ' caused by human factors '. Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda also stated that the Japanese government was convinced of the MV - 22 's safety. Various incidents involving V - 22 Ospreys have occurred in Okinawa. On 5 April, 2018, it was announced that the US Air Force is to officially deploy CV - 22 Osprey aircraft at its Yokota Air Base on the outskirts of Tokyo in a few months. The deployment would be the first of Ospreys in Japan other than in Okinawa, where the US Marines have already deployed their version of the aircraft, known as the MV - 22s. On 25 April, 2018 two US Air Force Osprey MV - 22, deployed at US Marine Corps Air Station Futenma on the Okinawa island, made an emergency landing at the Amami Airport on the nearby island in Kagoshima Prefecture. US Ospreys have experienced numerous mishaps in recent years, prompting Japanese officials to call for revision of certain provisions of the US - Japan Status of Forces Agreement ( SOFA ), which outlines the rights and privileges of foreign military personnel present in the country. ( 5 ) Facilities ( edit ) List of current facilities ( edit ) U.S. military bases in Japan U.S. military facilities in Okinawa The USFJ headquarters is at Yokota Air Base, about 30 km west of central Tokyo. The U.S. military installations in Japan and their managing branches are as follows : Branch ( MilDep ) USFJ Facilities Admin Code Name of Installation Primary Purpose ( Actual ) Location Air Force FAC 1054 Camp Chitose ( Chitose III, Chitose Administration Annex ) Communications Chitose, Hokkaido FAC 2001 Misawa Air Base Air Base Misawa, Aomori FAC 3013 Yokota Air Base Air Base Fussa, Tokyo FAC 3016 Fuchu Communications Station Communications Fuchu, Tokyo FAC 3019 Tama Service Annex ( Tama Hills Recreation Center ) Recreation Inagi, Tokyo FAC 3048 Camp Asaka ( South Camp Drake AFN Transmitter Site ) Barracks ( Broadcasting ) Wako, Saitama FAC 3049 Tokorozawa Communications Station ( Tokorozawa Transmitter Site ) Communications Tokorozawa, Saitama FAC 3056 Owada Communication Site Communications Niiza, Saitama FAC 3162 Yugi Communication Site Communications Hachioji, Tokyo FAC 4100 Sofu Communication Site Communications Iwakuni, Yamaguchi FAC 5001 Itazuke Auxiliary Airfield Air Cargo Terminal Hakata - ku, Fukuoka FAC 5073 Sefurisan Liaison Annex ( Seburiyama Communications Station ) Communications Kanzaki, Saga FAC 5091 Tsushima Communication Site Communications Tsushima, Nagasaki FAC 6004 Okuma Rest Center Recreation Kunigami, Okinawa FAC 6006 Yaedake Communication Site Communications Motobu, Okinawa FAC 6022 Kadena Ammunition Storage Area Storage Onna, Okinawa FAC 6037 Kadena Air Base Air Base Kadena, Okinawa FAC 6077 Tori Shima Range Training Kumejima, Okinawa FAC 6078 Idesuna Jima Range Training Tonaki, Okinawa FAC 6080 Kume Jima Range Training Kumejima, Okinawa Army FAC 2070 Shariki Communication Site Communications Tsugaru, Aomori FAC 3004 Akasaka Press Center ( Hardy Barracks ) Office Minato, Tokyo FAC 3067 Yokohama North Dock Port Facility Yokohama, Kanagawa FAC 3079 Camp Zama Office Zama, Kanagawa FAC 3084 Sagami General Depot Logistics Sagamihara, Kanagawa FAC 3102 Sagamihara Housing Area Housing Sagamihara, Kanagawa FAC 4078 Akizuki Ammunition Depot Storage Etajima, Hiroshima FAC 4083 Kawakami Ammunition Depot Storage Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima FAC 4084 Hiro Ammunition Depot Storage Kure, Hiroshima FAC 4152 Kure Pier No. 6 Port Facility Kure, Hiroshima FAC 4611 Haigamine Communication Site Communications Kure, Hiroshima FAC 6007 Gesaji Communication Site Communications Higashi, Okinawa FAC 6036 Torii Communications Station ( Torii Station ) Communications Yomitan, Okinawa FAC 6064 Naha Port Port Facility Naha, Okinawa FAC 6076 Army POL Depots Storage Uruma, Okinawa Navy FAC 2006 Hachinohe POL Depot Storage Hachinohe, Aomori FAC 2012 Misawa ATG Range ( R130, Draughon Range ) Training Misawa, Aomori FAC 3033 Kisarazu Auxiliary Landing Field Air Facility Kisarazu, Chiba FAC 3066 Negishi Dependent Housing Area ( Naval Housing Annex Negishi ) Housing Yokohama, Kanagawa FAC 3083 Naval Air Facility Atsugi Air Facility Ayase, Kanagawa FAC 3087 Ikego Housing Area and Navy Annex Housing Zushi, Kanagawa FAC 3090 Azuma Storage Area Storage Yokosuka, Kanagawa FAC 3096 Kamiseya Communications Station - returned to Japanese Gov 2015 ( Naval Support Facility Kamiseya - returned to Japanese Gov 2015 ) Communications ( Housing ) Yokohama, Kanagawa FAC 3097 Fukaya Communication Site ( Naval Transmitter Station Totsuka ) Communications Yokohama, Kanagawa FAC 3099 United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka Port Facility Yokosuka, Kanagawa FAC 3117 Urago Ammunition Depot Storage Yokosuka, Kanagawa FAC 3144 Tsurumi POL Depot Storage Yokohama, Kanagawa FAC 3181 Iwo Jima Communication Site Communications ( Training ) Ogasawara, Tokyo FAC 3185 New Sanno U.S. Forces Center Recreation Minato, Tokyo FAC 5029 United States Fleet Activities Sasebo Port Facility Sasebo, Nagasaki FAC 5030 Sasebo Dry Dock Area Port Facility Sasebo, Nagasaki FAC 5032 Akasaki POL Depot Storage Sasebo, Nagasaki FAC 5033 Sasebo Ammunition Supply Point Storage Sasebo, Nagasaki FAC 5036 Iorizaki POL Depot Storage Sasebo, Nagasaki FAC 5039 Yokose POL Depot Storage Saikai, Nagasaki FAC 5050 Harioshima Ammunition Storage Area Storage Sasebo, Nagasaki FAC 5086 Tategami Basin Port Area Port Facility Sasebo, Nagasaki FAC 5118 Sakibe Navy Annex Hangar Sasebo, Nagasaki FAC 5119 Hario Dependent Housing Area ( Hario Family Housing Area ) Housing Sasebo, Nagasaki FAC 6028 Tengan Pier Port Facility Uruma, Okinawa FAC 6032 Camp Shields Barracks Okinawa, Okinawa FAC 6046 Awase Communications Station Communications Okinawa, Okinawa FAC 6048 White Beach Area Port Facility Uruma, Okinawa FAC 6084 Kobi Sho Range Training Ishigaki, Okinawa FAC 6085 Sekibi Sho Range Training Ishigaki, Okinawa FAC 6088 Oki Daito Jima Range Training Kitadaito, Okinawa Marine Corps FAC 3127 Camp Fuji Barracks Gotenba, Shizuoka FAC 3154 Numazu Training Area Training Numazu, Shizuoka FAC 4092 Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni Air Station Iwakuni, Yamaguchi FAC 6001 Northern Training Area ( Incl. Camp Gonsalves ) Training Kunigami, Okinawa FAC 6005 Ie Jima Auxiliary Airfield Training Ie, Okinawa FAC 6009 Camp Schwab Training Nago, Okinawa FAC 6010 Henoko Ordnance Ammunition Depot Storage Nago, Okinawa FAC 6011 Camp Hansen Training Kin, Okinawa FAC 6019 Kin Red Beach Training Area Training Kin, Okinawa FAC 6020 Kin Blue Beach Training Area Training Kin, Okinawa FAC 6029 Camp Courtney Barracks Uruma, Okinawa FAC 6031 Camp McTureous Barracks Uruma, Okinawa FAC 6043 Camp Kuwae ( Camp Lester ) Medical Facility Chatan, Okinawa FAC 6044 Camp Zukeran ( Camp Foster ) Barracks Chatan, Okinawa FAC 6051 Marine Corps Air Station Futenma Air Station Ginowan, Okinawa FAC 6056 Makiminato Service Area ( Camp Kinser ) Logistics Urasoe, Okinawa FAC 6082 Tsuken Jima Training Area Training Uruma, Okinawa Camp Smedley D. Butler, Okinawa Prefecture, Yamaguchi Prefectures. ( Although these camps are dispersed throughout Okinawa and the rest of Japan they are all under the heading of Camp Smedley D. Butler ) : Camp McTureous, Okinawa Prefecture Camp Courtney, Okinawa Prefecture Camp Foster, Okinawa Prefecture Camp Kinser, Okinawa Prefecture Camp Hansen, Okinawa Prefecture Camp Schwab, Okinawa Prefecture Camp Gonsalves ( Jungle Warfare Training Center ), Okinawa Prefecture Kin Blue Beach Training Area, Okinawa Prefecture Kin Red Beach Training Area, Okinawa Prefecture Higashionna Ammunition Storage Point II Henoko Ordnance Ammunition Depot Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, Okinawa Prefecture ( return after the MCAS Futenma relocates to Camp Schwab ) Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni Camp Fuji, Shizuoka Prefecture Numazu Training Area, Shizuoka Prefecture Ie Jima Auxiliary Airfield, Okinawa Prefecture Tsuken Jima Training Area, Okinawa Prefecture JSDF - USFJ Joint Use Facilities and Areas Temporary use facilities and areas are as follows : USFJ Facilities Admin Code Name of Installation Primary Purpose Location FAC 1066 Camp Higashi Chitose ( JGSDF ) Training Chitose, Hokkaido FAC 1067 Hokkaido Chitose Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Chitose, Hokkaido FAC 1068 Chitose Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Chitose, Hokkaido FAC 1069 Betsukai Yausubetsu Large Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Betsukai, Hokkaido FAC 1070 Camp Kushiro ( JGSDF ) Barracks Kushiro, Hokkaido FAC 1071 Camp Shikaoi ( JGSDF ) Training Shikaoi, Hokkaido FAC 1072 Kamifurano Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Kamifurano, Hokkaido FAC 1073 Camp Sapporo ( JGSDF ) Training Sapporo, Hokkaido FAC 1074 Shikaoi Shikaribetsu Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Shikaoi, Hokkaido FAC 1075 Camp Obihiro ( JGSDF ) Training Obihiro, Hokkaido FAC 1076 Asahikawa Chikabumidai Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Asahikawa, Hokkaido FAC 1077 Camp Okadama ( JGSDF ) Recreation Sapporo, Hokkaido FAC 1078 Nayoro Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Nayoro, Hokkaido FAC 1079 Takikawa Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Takikawa, Hokkaido FAC 1080 Bihoro Training Area ( JGSDF ) Training Bihoro, Hokkaido FAC 1081 Kutchan Takamine Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Kutchan, Hokkaido FAC 1082 Engaru Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Engaru, Hokkaido FAC 2062 Camp Sendai ( JGSDF ) Training Sendai, Miyagi FAC 2063 Camp Hachinohe ( JGSDF ) Barracks Hachinohe, Aomori FAC 2064 Iwate Iwatesan Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Takizawa, Iwate FAC 2065 Taiwa Ojojihara Large Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Taiwa, Miyagi FAC 2066 Kasuminome Airfield ( JGSDF ) Airfield Sendai, Miyagi FAC 2067 Aomori Kotani Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Aomori, Aomori FAC 2068 Hirosaki Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Hirosaki, Aomori FAC 2069 Jinmachi Otakane Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Murayama, Yamagata FAC 3104 Nagasaka Rifle Range ( JGSDF ) Training Yokosuka, Kanagawa FAC 3183 Fuji Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi Gotenba, Shizuoka FAC 3184 Camp Takigahara ( JGSDF ) Training Gotenba, Shizuoka FAC 3186 Takada Sekiyama Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Joetsu, Niigata FAC 3187 Hyakuri Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Omitama, Ibaraki FAC 3188 Soumagahara Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Shinto, Gunma FAC 3189 Camp Asaka ( JGSDF ) Training Asaka, Saitama FAC 4161 Komatsu Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Komatsu, Ishikawa FAC 4162 1st Service School ( JMSDF ) Training Etajima, Hiroshima FAC 4163 Haramura Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima FAC 4164 Imazu Aibano Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Takashima, Shiga FAC 4165 Gifu Air Base ( JASDF ) Recreation Kakamigahara, Gifu FAC 4166 Camp Itami ( JGSDF ) Training Itami, Hyogo FAC 4167 Nihonbara Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Nagi, Okayama FAC 4168 Miho Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Sakaiminato, Tottori FAC 5115 Nyutabaru Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Shintomi, Miyazaki FAC 5117 Sakibe Rifle Range ( JMSDF ) Training Sasebo, Nagasaki FAC 5120 Hijudai - Jumonjibaru Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Yufu, Oita Beppu, Oita FAC 5121 Tsuiki Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Chikujo, Fukuoka FAC 5122 Omura Air Base ( JMSDF ) Recreation Omura, Nagasaki FAC 5123 Oyanohara - Kirishima Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Yamato, Kumamoto Ebino, Miyazaki FAC 5124 Camp Kita Kumamoto ( JGSDF ) Training Kumamoto, Kumamoto FAC 5125 Camp Kengun ( JGSDF ) Training Kumamoto, Kumamoto FAC 6181 Ukibaru Jima Training Area Training Uruma, Okinawa In Okinawa, U.S. military installations occupy about 10.4 percent of the total land usage. Approximately 74.7 percent of all the U.S. military facilities in Japan are located on the island of Okinawa. List of former facilities ( edit ) The United States has returned some facilities to Japanese control. Some are used as military bases of the JSDF ; others have become civilian airports or government offices ; many are factories, office buildings or residential developments in the private sector. Due to the Special Actions Committee on Okinawa, more land in Okinawa is in the process of being returned. These areas include -- Camp Kuwae ( also known as Camp Lester ), MCAS Futenma, areas within Camp Zukeran ( also known as Camp Foster ), about 9,900 acres ( 40 km ) of the Northern Training Area, Aha Training Area, Gimbaru Training Area ( also known as Camp Gonsalves ), small portion of the Makiminato Service Area ( also known as Camp Kinser ), and Naha Port. Army : Army Composite Service Group Area ( later, Chinen Service Area ), Nanjō, Okinawa Army STRATCOM Warehouse ( later, Urasoe Warehouse ), Urasoe, Okinawa Bluff Area ( later, Yamate Dependent Housing Area ), Yokohama, Kanagawa Bolo Point Auxiliary Airfield ( later, Trainfire Range ), Yomitan, Okinawa Bolo Point Army Annex, Yomitan, Okinawa Camp Bender, Ōta, Gunma Camp Boone, Ginowan, Okinawa Camp Burness, Chūō, Tokyo Camp Chickamauga, 19th Infantry, Beppu, Oita Camp Chigasaki, Chigasaki, Kanagawa Camp Chitose Annex ( Chitose I, II ), Chitose, Hokkaido Camp Coe, Yokohama, Kanagawa Camp Crawford, Sapporo, Hokkaido Camp Drake, Asaka, Saitama Camp Drew, Ōizumi, Gunma Camp Eta Jima, Etajima, Hiroshima Camp Fowler, Sendai, Miyagi Camp Fuchinobe ( Office Japan, NSAPACREP ), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Camp Hakata, Higashi - ku, Fukuoka Camp Hardy, Ginoza, Okinawa Camp Haugen, Hachinohe, Aomori Camp Katakai, Kujūkuri, Chiba Camp King ( later, Omiya Ordnance Sub Depot ), Omiya, Saitama Camp Kokura, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka Camp Kubasaki ( later, Kubasaki School Area ), ( Nakagusuku, Okinawa ) Camp Loper, Tagajō, Miyagi Camp McGill, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Camp McNair, Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi Camp Mercy, Ginowan, Okinawa Camp Moore, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Camp Mower 34th Infantry, Sasebo, Nagasaki Camp Nara, Nara, Nara Camp Ojima, Ōta, Gunma Camp Otsu, Ōtsu, Shiga Camp Palmer, Funabashi, Chiba Camp Schimmelpfennig, Sendai, Miyagi Camp Stilwell, Maebashi, Gunma Camp Weir, Shinto, Gunma Camp Whittington, Kumagaya, Saitama Camp Wood, 21st Infantry, Kumamoto Camp Younghans, Higashine, Yamagata Chibana Army Annex ( later, Chibana Site ), Okinawa, Okinawa Chinen Army Annex ( later, Chinen Site ), Chinen, Okinawa Chuo Kogyo ( later, Niikura Warehouse Area ), Wako, Saitama Deputy Division Engineer Office, Urasoe, Okinawa Division School Center, Kokura Etchujima Warehouse, Koto, Tokyo Funaoka Ammunition Depot, Shibata, Miyagi Hachinohe LST Barge Landing Area, Hachinohe, Aomori Hakata Transportation Office, Hakata - ku, Fukuoka Hamby Auxiliary Airfield, Chatan, Okinawa Hosono Ammunition Depot, Seika, Kyoto Iribaru ( Nishihara ) Army Annex, Uruma, Okinawa Ishikawa Army Annex, Uruma, Okinawa Japan Logistical Command ( Yokohama Customs House ), Yokohama, Kanagawa Jefferson Heights, Chiyoda, Tokyo Kanagawa Milk Plant, Yokohama, Kanagawa Kashiji Army Annex, Chatan, Okinawa Kishine Barracks, Yokohama, Kanagawa Kobe Pier No. 6, Kobe, Hyogo Kobe Port Building, Kobe, Hyogo Koza Radio Relay Annex ( later, Koza Communication Site ), Okinawa, Okinawa Kure Barge Landing Area, Kure, Hiroshima Lincoln Center, Chiyoda, Tokyo Moji Port, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka Nagoya Procurement ( Purchasing and Contracting ) Office, Nagoya, Aichi Naha Army Annex ( later, Naha Site ), Naha, Okinawa Naha Service Center, Naha, Okinawa Namihira Army Annex, Yomitan, Okinawa Negishi Racetrack Area, Yokohama, Kanagawa Okinawa Regional Exchange Cold Storage ( later, Naha Cold Storage ), Naha, Okinawa Okinawa Regional Exchange Dry Storage Warehouse ( later, Makiminato Warehouse ), Urasoe, Okinawa Onna Point Army Annex ( later, Onna Site ), Onna, Okinawa Oppama Ordnance Depot, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Ota Koizumi Airfield ( Patton Field Air Drop Range ), Oizumi, Gunma Palace Heights, Chiyoda, Tokyo Pershing Heights ( Headquarters, U.S. Far East Command / United Nations Command ), Shinjuku, Tokyo Sakuradani Rifle Range, Chikushino, Fukuoka Sanno Hotel Officer 's Quarter, Chiyoda, Tokyo Shikotsuko Training Area, Chitose, Hokkaido Shinzato Communication Site, Nanjo, Okinawa South Ammunition Storage Annex ( later, South Ammunition Storage Area ), Yaese, Okinawa Sunabe Army Annex, Chatan, Okinawa Tana Ammunition Depot, Yokohama, Kanagawa Tairagawa ( Deragawa ) Communication Site, Uruma, Okinawa Tengan Communication Site, Uruma, Okinawa Tokyo Army Hospital, Chūō, Tokyo Tokyo Quartermaster Depot, Minato, Tokyo Tokyo Ordnance Depot ( later, Camp Oji ), Kita, Tokyo U.S. Army Medical Center, Sagamihara, Kanagawa U.S. Army Printing and Publication Center, Far East, Kawasaki, Kanagawa U.S. Army Procurement Agency, Japan, Yokohama, Kanagawa Yokohama Center Pier ( MSTS - FE ), Yokohama, Kanagawa Yokohama Engineering Depot, Yokohama, Kanagawa Yokohama Motor Command, Yokohama, Kanagawa Yokohama Ordnance Depot, Yokohama, Kanagawa Yokohama POL Depot, Yokohama, Kanagawa Yokohama Servicemen Club, Yokohama, Kanagawa Yokohama Signal Supply Depot, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Yokohama Signal Maintenance Depot ( JLC Air Strip ), Yokohama, Kanagawa Yokohama South Pier, Yokohama, Kanagawa Yomitan Army Annex, Yomitan, Okinawa Zama Rifle Range, Sagamihara, Kanagawa Zukeran Propagation Annex ( later, Communication Site ), Chatan, Okinawa Navy : Haiki ( Sasebo ) Rifle Range, Sasebo, Nagasaki Inanba Shima Gunnery Firing Range, Mikurajima, Tokyo Kinugasa Ammunition Depot, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Koshiba POL Depot, Yokohama, Kanagawa Ominato Communication Site, Ominato, Aomori Omura Rifle Range, Omura, Nagasaki Makiminato Service Area Annex, Urasoe, Okinawa Minamitorishima Communication Site, Ogasawara, Tokyo Nagahama Rifle Range, Kure, Hiroshima Nagai Dependent Housing Area ( Admiralty Heights ), Yokosuka, Kanagawa Nagiridani Dependent Housing Area, Sasebo, Nagasaki Naval Air Facility Naha, Naha, Okinawa Naval Air Facility Oppama, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Navy EM Club, Yokosuka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Niigata Sekiya Communication Site, Chuo - ku, Niigata Shinyamashita Dependent Housing Area ( Bayside Court ), Yokohama, Kanagawa Sobe Communication Site ( NSGA Hanza ), Yomitan, Okinawa Tokachibuto Communication Site, Urahoro, Hokkaido Tomioka Storage Area, Yokohama, Kanagawa Tsujido Maneuver Area, Chigasaki, Kanagawa Yokohama Bakery, Yokohama, Kanagawa Yokohama Beach ( Honmoku ) Dependent Housing Area, Yokohama, Kanagawa Yokohama Chapel Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa Yokohama Cold Storage, Yokohama, Kanagawa Yokosuka Naval Pier, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Yosami Communication Site, Kariya, Aichi Air Force : Ashiya Air Base ( later, ATG Range ), Ashiya, Fukuoka Asoiwayama Liaison Annex, Tobetsu, Hokkaido Brady Air Base ( later, Gannosu Air Station ), Higashi - ku, Fukuoka Chiran Communication Site, Chiran, Kagoshima Chitose Air Base, Chitose, Hokkaido Daikanyama Communication Site, Yugawara, Kanagawa Fuchu Air Station ( Headquarters, USFJ / Fifth Air Force, 1957 -- 1974 ), Fuchu, Tokyo Funabashi Communication Site, Funabashi, Chiba Grant Heights Dependent Housing Area, Nerima, Tokyo Green Park Housing Annex, Musashino, Tokyo Hachinohe Small Arms Range, Hachinohe, Aomori Hamura School Annex, Hamura, Tokyo Haneda Air Base ( later, Postal Service Annex ), Ota, Tokyo Hanshin Auxiliary Airfield, Yao, Osaka Hirao Communication Site, Chuo - ku, Fukuoka Itami Air Base, Itami, Hyogo Itazuke Administration Annex ( Kasugabaru DHA ), Kasuga, Fukuoka Itazuke Air Base, Hakata - ku, Fukuoka Johnson Air Base ( later, Air Station, Family Housing Annex ), Iruma, Saitama Kadena Dependent Housing Area, Yomitan, Okinawa Kanto Mura Dependent Housing Area and Auxiliary Airfield, Chofu, Tokyo Kasatoriyama Radar Site, Tsu, Mie Kashiwa Communication Site ( Camp Tomlinson ), Kashiwa, Chiba Komaki ( Nagoya ) Air Base, Komaki, Aichi Kozoji Ammunition Depot, Kasugai, Aichi Kume Jima Air Station, Kumejima, Okinawa Kushimoto Radar Site, Kushimoto, Wakayama Miho Air Base, Sakaiminato, Tottori Mineoka Liaison Annex, Minamiboso, Chiba Mito ATG Range, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki Miyako Jima Air Station, Miyakojima, Okinawa Miyako Jima VORTAC Site, Miyakojima, Okinawa Moriyama Air Station, Nagoya, Aichi Naha Air Base, Naha, Okinawa Naha Air Force / Navy Annex, Naha, Okinawa Najima Warehouse Area, Higashi - ku, Fukuoka Niigata Air Base, Niigata, Niigata Ofuna Warehouse, Yokohama, Kanagawa Oshima Communication Center, Oshima, Tokyo Rokko Communication Site, Kobe, Hyogo Senaha Communications Station, Yomitan, Okinawa ( returned to the Japanese government in September 2006 ) Sendai Kunimi Communication Site, Sendai, Miyagi Showa ( later, Akishima ) Dependent Housing Area, Akishima, Tokyo Shiroi Air Base, Kashiwa, Chiba Sunabe Warehouse, Chatan, Okinawa Tachikawa Air Base, Tachikawa, Tokyo Tokyo Communication Site ( NTTPC Central Telephone Exchange ), Chūō, Tokyo Wajima Liaison Annex, Wajima, Ishikawa Wajiro Water Supply Site, Higashi - ku, Fukuoka Wakkanai Air Station, Wakkanai, Hokkaido Washington Heights Dependent Housing Area, Shibuya, Tokyo Yamada Ammunition Depot, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka Yokawame Communication Site, Misawa, Aomori Yozadake Air Station, Itoman, Okinawa Marines : Aha Training Area, Kunigami, Okinawa Camp Gifu, Kakamigahara, Gifu Camp Hauge, Uruma, Okinawa Camp Okubo, Uji, Kyoto Camp Shinodayama, Izumi, Osaka Gimbaru Training Area, Kin, Okinawa Ihajo Kanko Hotel, Uruma, Okinawa Makiminato Housing Area, Naha, Okinawa Onna Communication Site, Onna, Okinawa Awase Golf Course, Okinawa Prefecture ( returned to the Japanese government in April 2010 ) Yaka Rest Center, Kin, Okinawa Yomitan Auxiliary Airfield, Yomitan, Okinawa ( returned to the Japanese government in 2006, parachute drop training ended in March 2001 ) See also ( edit ) United States Forces Korea ( USFK ) United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Operation Tomodachi Bell Boeing V - 22 Osprey References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 疑惑 が 晴れる の は いつか, Okinawa Times, 16 May 1999 ^ Jump up to : Yoshida, Reiji, `` Basics of the U.S. military presence '', Japan Times, 25 March 2008, p. 3. Jump up ^ 思いやり 予算 8 億 円 減 で 日 米 合意 、 光熱 水 料 を 3 年間 で, Yomiuri Shinbun, 12 December 2007 Jump up ^ PRESS RELEASE U.S. and Japan Sign Alliance Support Agreement Archived 27 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine., The embassy of the United States in Japan Jump up ^ http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/01/22/national/host-nation-deal-inked-not-sympathy-budget/#.WAOBmCRbTGs Jump up ^ Zeynalov, Mahir ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ). `` Defending Allies : Here is how much US Gains from Policing World ''. The Globe Post. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Purpose and Duties ''. Labor Management Organization. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10. Jump up ^ Tritten, Travis J., `` Evacuation from Japan a vacation? Not so much '', Stars and Stripes, 31 May 2011. ^ Jump up to : Seales, Rebecca ( 27 April 2012 ). `` End of an era : U.S. cuts back presence in Okinawa as 9,000 Marines prepare to move out ''. Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 27 April 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` US agrees to Okinawa troop redeployment ''. Al Jazeera. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012. Jump up ^ Shanker, Thom ( 26 April 2012 ). `` U.S. Agrees to Reduce Size of Force on Okinawa ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 27 April 2012. ^ Jump up to : Greg Jaffe and Emily Heil ( 27 April 2012 ). `` U.S. comes to agreement with Japan to move 9,000 Marines off Okinawa ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` Okinawa deal between US and Japan to move marines ''. BBC. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` U.S., Japan unveil revised plan for Okinawa ''. The Asahi Shimbun. 27 April 2012. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012. Jump up ^ Quintana, Miguel ( 28 April 2012 ). `` Japan Welcomes US Base Agreement ''. Voice of America. Retrieved 28 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` Advanced US drones deployed in Japan to keep watch on China, North Korea ''. The Japan News.Net. Retrieved 31 May 2014. Jump up ^ http://english.ryukyushimpo.jp/2018/02/16/28494/ Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 4 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine., Okinawa Prefectural Government Jump up ^ http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201606290073.html Jump up ^ `` 自衛隊 ・ 防衛 問題 に関する 世論 調査 ''. The Cabinet Office of Japan. 2002. Archived from the original on 22 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Japanese protest against US base ''. BBC News. 8 November 2009. Jump up ^ `` 毎日 世論 調査 : 辺野古 移設 に 反対 84 % 沖縄 県民 対象 ''. Megalodon.jp. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10. Jump up ^ 基地 騒音 の 問題 Archived 4 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine., Yamato City Jump up ^ 横田 基地 における 騒音 防止 対策 の 徹底 について ( 要請 ) Archived 24 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine., Tokyo Metropolitan Government Jump up ^ 嘉手納 町 の 概要 Archived 30 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine., Kadena Town Jump up ^ Isabel Reynolds ; Takashi Hirokawa ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ). `` Opponent of U.S. Base Wins Okinawa Vote in Setback for Abe ''. Bloomberg. Retrieved 9 February 2017. Jump up ^ Template : Https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/06/25/national/protest-held-sea-okinawa-land-reclamation-work-u-s-marine-corps-futenma-base/ Jump up ^ `` New Okinawa minister says Japan - U.S. SOFA should be ' re-examined ' after Osprey crash ''. The Japan Times Online. 2017 - 08 - 09. ISSN 0447 - 5763. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14. Jump up ^ Hearst, David ( 2011 - 03 - 07 ). `` Second battle of Okinawa looms as China 's naval ambition grows ''. the Guardian. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20. Jump up ^ ( 2 ), Ethos Data Jump up ^ ( 3 ), SOFA Agreement Jump up ^ `` 在 日 米 軍 ・ 沖縄 駐留 米 軍 の 犯罪 率 を 考える - 駄犬 日誌 ''. D.hatena.ne.jp. 2008 - 02 - 14. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10. ^ Jump up to : KRISTOF, NICHOLAS ( 1995 - 10 - 27 ). `` Fearing G.I. Occupiers, Japan Urgesd Women Into Brothels ''. New York Times. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14. Jump up ^ http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/06/26/national/crime-legal/u-s-civilian-arrested-fresh-okinawa-dui-case-man-injured/#.V54kfSOLTZs Jump up ^ http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/06/08/the-suitcase-murder-tearing-the-u-s-and-japan-apart.html Jump up ^ Lah, Kyung ( 10 February 2008 ). `` U.S. Marine accused of raping teen in Okinawa ''. CNN. Jump up ^ `` Japanese protest against US base ''. Al Jazeera. 23 March 2008. Jump up ^ `` Curfew for US troops in Okinawa ''. BBC. 20 February 2008. Jump up ^ http://www.newser.com/story/27674/okinawa-marine-gets-4-years-for-teen-sex-abuse.html Jump up ^ U.S. imposes curfew on Okinawa forces, The Japan Times, 21 February 2008 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ David Allen. `` U.S. soldier sentenced to Japanese jail for hit - and - run on Okinawa - News ''. Stripes. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10. Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy sailors convicted in Okinawa rape ''. USA Today. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19. ^ Jump up to : Tabuchi, Hiroko ( 13 May 2013 ). `` Women Forced Into WWII Brothels Served Necessary Role, Osaka Mayor Says ''. New York Times. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14. Jump up ^ Ben Westcott, Japanese woman 's murder provokes protests against U.S. bases in Okinawa, CNN ( June 20, 2016 ). Jump up ^ Jonathan Soble, At Okinawa Protest, Thousands Call for Removal of U.S. Bases, New York Times ( June 19, 2016 ). Jump up ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/19/asia/okinawa-american-drunk-driver/ Jump up ^ 英語 学習 サイト. `` 社説 英語 の ニュース The Japan Times ST オンライン ― 英字 新聞 社 ジャパン タイムズ の 英語 学習 サイト ''. st.japantimes.co.jp ( in Japanese ). Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14. Jump up ^ `` US Osprey military aircraft begin Okinawa base move ''. BBC News. 1 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Osprey - The Japan Times ''. The Japan Times. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14. Jump up ^ https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20180405_30/ ^ Jump up to : A Soldier in Kyushu, By Capt. William B. Koons, 1 October 1947 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Forces Japan. United States Forces Japan U.S. Naval Forces Japan U.S. Forces, Japan ( GlobalSecurity.org ) Overseas Presence : Issues Involved in Reducing the Impact of the U.S. Military Presence on Okinawa, GAO, March 1998 U.S. Military Issues in Okinawa LMO Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Forces_Japan&oldid=855462814 '' Categories : United States military in Japan Japan -- United States relations United States Armed Forces in Okinawa Prefecture Commands of the United States Armed Forces Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2012 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use American English from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018, at 13 : 41 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "United States Forces Japan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=United_States_Forces_Japan&amp;oldid=855462814" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "United States Forces Japan - Wikipedia United States Forces Japan United States Forces Japan 在 日 米 軍 USFJ Country Japan United States Size 50,000 ( approx. ) Headquarters Yokota Air Base, Fussa, Western Tokyo Nickname ( s ) USFJ The United States Forces Japan ( USFJ ) ( 在 日 米 軍, Zainichi Beigun ) is an active subordinate unified command of the United States Indo - Pacific Command ( USINDOPACOM ). It was activated at Fuchū Air Station, Tokyo, Japan on 1 July 1957 to replace the Far East Command ( FEC ). USFJ is commanded by the Commander, U.S. Forces, Japan ( COMUSJAPAN ). COMUSJAPAN is also the Commander, Fifth Air Force. At present, USFJ is headquartered at Yokota Air Base, Tokyo, Japan. COMUSJAPAN, plans, directs and supervises the execution of missions" ], "id": [ "14849633117477475771" ], "short_answers": [ "Yokota Air Base, Fussa, Western Tokyo" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation, search `` SCOTUS '' redirects here. For other uses, see SCOTUS ( disambiguation ). Supreme Court of the United States Established March 4, 1789 ( 228 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Country United States Location Washington, D.C., United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W  /  38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W  / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W  /  38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W  / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Composition method Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Authorized by United States Constitution Judge term length Life tenure No. of positions 9, by statute Website www.supremecourt.gov Chief Justice of the United States Currently John G. Roberts Since September 29, 2005 This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789, it has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution, but it may act only within the context of a case, in which it has jurisdiction. The Court may decide cases having political overtones but does not have power to decide nonjusticiable political questions, and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government. According to federal statute, the Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Once appointed, justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign, retire, or are removed after impeachment ( though no justice has ever been removed ). In modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and it is worth noting that while a far greater number of cases in recent history have been decided unanimously, decisions in cases of the highest profile have often come down to just one single vote, thereby exposing the justices ' ideological beliefs that track with those philosophical or political categories. The Court meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court is sometimes colloquially referred to as SCOTUS ( Supreme Court of the United States ) similar to and in line with other acronyms such as POTUS ( President of the United States ). Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Earliest beginnings to Marshall 1.2 From Taney to Taft 1.3 The New Deal era 1.4 Warren and Burger 1.5 Rehnquist and Roberts 2 Composition 2.1 Size of the Court 2.2 Appointment and confirmation 2.2. 1 Recess appointments 2.3 Tenure 3 Membership 3.1 Current justices 3.2 Court demographics 3.3 Retired justices 3.4 Seniority and seating 3.5 Salary 3.6 Judicial leanings 4 Facilities 5 Jurisdiction 5.1 Justices as Circuit Justices 6 Process 6.1 Case selection 6.2 Oral argument 6.3 Supreme Court bar 6.4 Decision 6.5 Published opinions 6.5. 1 Citations to published opinions 7 Institutional powers and constraints 8 Law clerks 8.1 Politicization of the Court 9 Criticism 9.1 Judicial activism 9.2 Failing to protect individual rights 9.3 Supreme Court has too much power 9.4 Courts are poor check on executive power 9.5 Federal versus state power 9.6 Secretive proceedings 9.7 Judicial interference in political disputes 9.8 Not choosing enough cases to review 9.9 Lifetime tenure 9.10 Accepting gifts 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court of the United States The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789. Its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court was the only court specifically established by the Constitution while all other federal courts were created by Congress. Congress is also responsible for conferring the title of `` justice '' to its members, who are known to scold lawyers for inaccurately referring to them as `` judge '', even though it is the term used in the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2, 1790 with six judges where only five of its six initial positions were filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session : `` ( T ) he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street, a few steps from Federal Hall. Symbolically, the moment was pregnant with promise for the republic, this birth of a new national institution whose future power, admittedly, still existed only in the eyes and minds of just a few visionary Americans. Impressively bewigged and swathed in their robes of office, Chief Justice John Jay and three associate justices -- William Cushing of Massachusetts, James Wilson of Pennsylvania, and John Blair of Virginia -- sat augustly before a throng of spectators and waited for something to happen. Nothing did. They had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, and everyone went home. '' The sixth member, James Iredell, was not confirmed until May 12, 1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two - thirds ( voting four to two ). However, Congress has always allowed less than the Court 's full membership to make decisions, starting with a quorum of four justices in 1789. Earliest beginnings to Marshall ( edit ) Main articles : Jay Court, Rutledge Court, Ellsworth Court, and Marshall Court Under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth ( 1789 -- 1801 ), the Court heard few cases ; its first decision was West v. Barnes ( 1791 ), a case involving a procedural issue. The Court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige, a situation not helped by the highest - profile case of the era, Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ), which was reversed within two years by the adoption of the Eleventh Amendment. Chief Justice Marshall The Court 's power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 35 ). Under Marshall, the Court established the power of judicial review over acts of Congress, including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the Constitution ( Marbury v. Madison ) and made several important constitutional rulings giving shape and substance to the balance of power between the federal government and the states ( prominently, Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee, McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden ). The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshall 's tenure, although beyond the Court 's control, the impeachment and acquittal of Justice Samuel Chase in 1804 -- 05 helped cement the principle of judicial independence. From Taney to Taft ( edit ) Main articles : Taney Court, Chase Court, Waite Court, Fuller Court, White Court, and Taft Court The Taney Court ( 1836 -- 64 ) made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Sill, which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear, it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts ( 1864 -- 1910 ) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of substantive due process ( Lochner v. New York ; Adair v. United States ). Under the White and Taft Courts ( 1910 -- 30 ), the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment had incorporated some guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states ( Gitlow v. New York ), grappled with the new antitrust statutes ( Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States ), upheld the constitutionality of military conscription ( Selective Draft Law Cases ) and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee ( Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ). The New Deal era ( edit ) Main articles : Hughes Court, Stone Court, and Vinson Court During the Hughes, Stone, and Vinson Courts ( 1930 -- 53 ), the Court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and changed its interpretation of the Constitution, giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal ( most prominently West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, Wickard v. Filburn, United States v. Darby and United States v. Butler ). During World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens ( Korematsu v. United States ) and the mandatory pledge of allegiance ( Minersville School District v. Gobitis ). Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated ( West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ), and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend. Warren and Burger ( edit ) Main articles : Warren Court and Burger Court The Warren Court ( 1953 -- 69 ) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection ( Brown v. Board of Education, Bolling v. Sharpe and Green v. County School Bd. ) and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote ( Reynolds v. Sims ). It created a general right to privacy ( Griswold v. Connecticut ), limited the role of religion in public school ( most prominently Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ), incorporated most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the States -- prominently Mapp v. Ohio ( the exclusionary rule ) and Gideon v. Wainwright ( right to appointed counsel ), -- and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police ( Miranda v. Arizona ) ; At the same time, however, the Court limited defamation suits by public figures ( New York Times v. Sullivan ) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories. The Burger Court ( 1969 -- 86 ) marked a conservative shift. It also expanded Griswold 's right to privacy to strike down abortion laws ( Roe v. Wade ), but divided deeply on affirmative action ( Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ) and campaign finance regulation ( Buckley v. Valeo ), and dithered on the death penalty, ruling first that most applications were defective ( Furman v. Georgia ), then that the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional ( Gregg v. Georgia ). Rehnquist and Roberts ( edit ) Main articles : Rehnquist Court and Roberts Court The Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) was noted for its revival of judicial enforcement of federalism, emphasizing the limits of the Constitution 's affirmative grants of power ( United States v. Lopez ) and the force of its restrictions on those powers ( Seminole Tribe v. Florida, City of Boerne v. Flores ). It struck down single - sex state schools as a violation of equal protection ( United States v. Virginia ), laws against sodomy as violations of substantive due process ( Lawrence v. Texas ), and the line item veto ( Clinton v. New York ), but upheld school vouchers ( Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ) and reaffirmed Roe 's restrictions on abortion laws ( Planned Parenthood v. Casey ). The Court 's decision in Bush v. Gore, which ended the electoral recount during the presidential election of 2000, was especially controversial. The Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) is regarded by some as more conservative than the Rehnquist Court. Some of its major rulings have concerned federal preemption ( Wyeth v. Levine ), civil procedure ( Twombly - Iqbal ), abortion ( Gonzales v. Carhart ), climate change ( Massachusetts v. EPA ), same - sex marriage ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ) and the Bill of Rights, notably in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( First Amendment ), Heller - McDonald ( Second Amendment ) and Baze v. Rees ( Eighth Amendment ). Composition ( edit ) Size of the Court ( edit ) Article III of the United States Constitution does not specify the number of justices. The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six `` judges ''. Although an 1801 act would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy, an 1802 act promptly negated the 1801 act, legally restoring the court 's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred. As the nation 's boundaries grew, Congress added justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits : seven in 1807, nine in 1837, and ten in 1863. In 1866, at the behest of Chief Justice Chase, Congress passed an act providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced, which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition. Consequently, one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867. In 1869, however, the Circuit Judges Act returned the number of justices to nine, where it has since remained. President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937. His proposal envisioned appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement, up to a maximum bench of 15 justices. The proposal was ostensibly to ease the burden of the docket on elderly judges, but the actual purpose was widely understood as an effort to `` pack '' the Court with justices who would support Roosevelt 's New Deal. The plan, usually called the `` court - packing plan '', failed in Congress. Nevertheless, the Court 's balance began to shift within months when Justice van Devanter retired and was replaced by Senator Hugo Black. By the end of 1941, Roosevelt had appointed seven justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice. Appointment and confirmation ( edit ) Main article : Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States The Roberts Court ( April 2017 -- present ). Front row ( left to right ) : Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Anthony Kennedy, John Roberts ( Chief Justice ), Clarence Thomas, and Stephen Breyer. Back row ( left to right ) : Elena Kagan, Samuel A. Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, and Neil Gorsuch. The U.S. Constitution states that the President `` shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Judges of the Supreme Court. '' Most presidents nominate candidates who broadly share their ideological views, although a justice 's decisions may end up being contrary to a president 's expectations. Because the Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice, a president may nominate anyone to serve, subject to Senate confirmation. In modern times, the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups, which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group 's views. The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive, negative or neutral report. The committee 's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent. The first nominee to appear before the committee was Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925, who sought to quell concerns about his links to Wall Street, and the modern practice of questioning began with John Marshall Harlan II in 1955. Once the committee reports out the nomination, the full Senate considers it. Rejections are relatively uncommon ; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees, most recently Robert Bork, nominated by President Ronald Reagan in 1987. Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative vote in committee to block a nomination, prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by filibuster once debate had begun in the full Senate. President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee. It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas 's ethics. President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second. Unlike the Fortas filibuster, however, only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination, citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy, and the Republican majority 's prior refusal to take up President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy. This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations. Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate. A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs, typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee ; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006. The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination, which expires at the end of the session. For example, President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November, 1954 was not acted on by the Senate ; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955, and Harlan was confirmed two months later. Most recently, as previously noted, the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland ; the nomination expired in January 2017, and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch. Once the Senate confirms a nomination, the president must prepare and sign a commission, to which the Seal of the Department of Justice must be affixed, before the new justice can take office. The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date, not the confirmation or swearing - in date. Before 1981, the approval process of justices was usually rapid. From the Truman through Nixon administrations, justices were typically approved within one month. From the Reagan administration to the present, however, the process has taken much longer. Some believe this is because Congress sees justices as playing a more political role than in the past. According to the Congressional Research Service, the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days ( 2.2 months ), while the median is 71 days ( or 2.3 months ). Recess appointments ( edit ) When the Senate is in recess, a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies. Recess appointees hold office only until the end of the next Senate session ( less than two years ). The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving ; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments, only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed. No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has made a recess appointment to the Court, and the practice has become rare and controversial even in lower federal courts. In 1960, after Eisenhower had made three such appointments, the Senate passed a `` sense of the Senate '' resolution that recess appointments to the Court should only be made in `` unusual circumstances. '' Such resolutions are not legally binding but are an expression of Congress 's views in the hope of guiding executive action. The 2014 Supreme Court ruling in National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning limited the ability of the President to make recess appointments ( including appointments to the Supreme Court ), ruling that the Senate decides when the Senate is in session ( or in recess ). Justice Breyer writing for the Court, stated, `` We hold that, for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause, the Senate is in session when it says it is, provided that, under its own rules, it retains the capacity to transact Senate business. '' This ruling allows the Senate to prevent recess appointments through the use of pro-forma sessions. Tenure ( edit ) The Constitution provides that justices `` shall hold their offices during good behavior '' ( unless appointed during a Senate recess ). The term `` good behavior '' is understood to mean justices may serve for the remainder of their lives, unless they are impeached and convicted by Congress, resign, or retire. Only one justice has been impeached by the House of Representatives ( Samuel Chase, March 1804 ), but he was acquitted in the Senate ( March 1805 ). Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently ( for example, William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice, in 1953 and again in 1970 ; and Abe Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969 ), but they did not reach a vote in the House. No mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury, but unable ( or unwilling ) to resign. Because justices have indefinite tenure, timing of vacancies can be unpredictable. Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession, as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. and William Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II, who retired within a week of each other. Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations, such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer 's nomination in 1994 to succeed Harry Blackmun and the nomination of John Roberts in 2005 to fill the seat of Sandra Day O'Connor ( though Roberts ' nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted for the role of Chief Justice after Rehnquist died ). Despite the variability, all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice. William Henry Harrison died a month after taking office, though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term. Likewise, Zachary Taylor died 16 months after taking office, but his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term. Andrew Johnson, who became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the size of the Court. Jimmy Carter is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice. Somewhat similarly, presidents James Monroe, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and George W. Bush each served a full term without an opportunity to appoint a justice, but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office. No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment. Three presidents have appointed justices who together served more than a century. Andrew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Membership ( edit ) See also : List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Current justices ( edit ) The court is currently filled with nine justices. The most recent justice to join to the court was Neil Gorsuch, who was nominated by President Donald Trump on January 31, 2017, and confirmed on April 7, 2017, by the Senate. Name Date of birth Appointed by Senate confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day / Length of service Previous positions Succeeded Roberts, John John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) 000000001955 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27, 1955 Buffalo, New York Bush, George W. George W. Bush 78 -- 22 50 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29, 2005 12 years, 2 months Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) ; Principal Deputy Solicitor General ( 1989 -- 1993 ) ; Associate Counsel to the President ( 1982 -- 1986 ) William Rehnquist Kennedy, Anthony Anthony Kennedy 000000001936 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23, 1936 Sacramento, California Reagan, Ronald Ronald Reagan 97 -- 0 51 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 000000001988 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18, 1988 29 years, 10 months Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( 1975 -- 1988 ) ; Private practice ( 1963 -- 1975 ) Lewis Powell Thomas, Clarence Clarence Thomas 000000001948 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23, 1948 Pin Point, Georgia Bush, George H.W. George H.W. Bush 52 -- 48 43 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 000000001991 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23, 1991 26 years, 1 month Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ; Chairman, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 1982 -- 1990 ) ; Assistant Attorney General in Missouri under State Attorney General John Danforth ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Thurgood Marshall Ginsburg, Ruth Bader Ruth Bader Ginsburg 000000001933 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15, 1933 Brooklyn, New York Clinton, Bill Bill Clinton 96 -- 3 60 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 000000001993 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10, 1993 24 years, 4 months Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1980 -- 1993 ) ; General Counsel, American Civil Liberties Union ( 1973 -- 1980 ) Byron White Breyer, Stephen Stephen Breyer 000000001938 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15, 1938 San Francisco, California 87 -- 9 55 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 000000001994 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3, 1994 23 years, 4 months Chief Judge, Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 -- 1994 ) ; Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Harry Blackmun Alito, Samuel Samuel Alito 000000001950 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1, 1950 Trenton, New Jersey George W. Bush 58 -- 42 55 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31, 2006 11 years, 10 months Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( 1990 -- 2006 ) ; U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey ( 1987 -- 1990 ) ; Deputy Assistant Attorney General ( 1985 -- 1987 ) ; Assistant to the Solicitor General ( 1981 -- 1985 ) Sandra Day O'Connor Sotomayor, Sonia Sonia Sotomayor 000000001954 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25, 1954 The Bronx, New York Obama, Barack Barack Obama 68 -- 31 55 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 000000002009 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8, 2009 8 years, 4 months Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1998 -- 2009 ) ; District Judge, District Court for the Southern District of New York ( 1992 -- 1998 ) David Souter Kagan, Elena Elena Kagan 000000001960 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28, 1960 Manhattan, New York 63 -- 37 50 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7, 2010 7 years, 4 months Solicitor General of the United States ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ; Dean of Harvard Law School ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ; Associate White House Counsel ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; John Paul Stevens Gorsuch, Neil Neil Gorsuch 000000001967 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29, 1967 Denver, Colorado Trump, Donald Donald Trump 54 -- 45 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10, 2017 8 months and 8 days Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( 2006 -- 2017 ) ; Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General and Acting Associate Attorney General ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ; Antonin Scalia Court demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States The Court currently has six male and three female justices. Among the nine justices, there is one African - American ( Justice Thomas ) and one Hispanic ( Justice Sotomayor ). Two of the justices were born to at least one immigrant parent : Justice Alito 's parents were born in Italy, and Justice Ginsburg 's father was born in Russia. At least five justices are Roman Catholics and three are Jewish ; it is unclear whether Neil Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian. The average age is 67 years and 4 months. Every current justice has an Ivy League background. Four justices are from the state of New York, two from California, one from New Jersey, one from Georgia, and one from Colorado. In the 19th century, every justice was a man of European descent ( usually Northern European ), and almost always Protestant. Concerns about diversity focused on geography, to represent all regions of the country, rather than religious, ethnic, or gender diversity. Most justices have been Protestants, including 36 Episcopalians, 19 Presbyterians, 10 Unitarians, 5 Methodists, and 3 Baptists. The first Catholic justice was Roger Taney in 1836, and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice, Louis Brandeis. Several Catholic and Jewish justices have since been appointed, and in recent years the situation has reversed. The Court currently has at least five Catholic justices. Racial, ethnic, and gender diversity began to increase in the late 20th century. Thurgood Marshall became the first African American justice in 1967. Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice in 1981. Marshall was succeeded by African - American Clarence Thomas in 1991. O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993. After O'Connor's retirement Ginsburg was joined in 2009 by Sonia Sotomayor, the first Hispanic and Latina justice ; and in 2010 by Elena Kagan, for a total of four female justices in the Court 's history. There have been six foreign - born justices in the Court 's history : James Wilson ( 1789 -- 1798 ), born in Caskardy, Scotland ; James Iredell ( 1790 -- 1799 ), born in Lewes, England ; William Paterson ( 1793 -- 1806 ), born in County Antrim, Ireland ; David Brewer ( 1889 -- 1910 ), born in Smyrna, Turkey ; George Sutherland ( 1922 -- 1939 ), born in Buckinghamshire, England ; and Felix Frankfurter ( 1939 -- 1962 ), born in Vienna, Austria. Retired justices ( edit ) There are currently three living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States : John Paul Stevens, Sandra Day O'Connor and David Souter. As retired justices, they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court, but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal courts, usually the United States Courts of Appeals. Such assignments are formally made by the Chief Justice, on request of the chief judge of the lower court and with the consent of the retired justice. In recent years, Justice O'Connor has sat with several Courts of Appeals around the country, and Justice Souter has frequently sat on the First Circuit, the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court. The status of a retired justice is analogous to that of a circuit or district court judge who has taken senior status, and eligibility of a supreme court justice to assume retired status ( rather than simply resign from the bench ) is governed by the same age and service criteria. In recent times, justices tend to strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench with personal, institutional, ideological, partisan and sometimes even political factors playing a role. The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down. The desire to maximize the Court 's strength and legitimacy through one retirement at a time, when the Court is in recess, and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health. Finally, especially in recent decades, many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a philosophically compatible president holding office, to ensure that a like - minded successor would be appointed. Name Date of birth Appointed by Retired under Confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day Date of retirement Length of service John Paul Stevens 000000001920 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20, 1920 Chicago, Illinois Gerald Ford Barack Obama 98 -- 0 55 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 December 19, 1975 June 29, 2010 34 years, 6 months and 10 days Sandra Day O'Connor 000000001930 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26, 1930 El Paso, Texas Ronald Reagan George W. Bush 99 -- 0 51 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 September 25, 1981 January 31, 2006 24 years, 4 months and 6 days David Souter 000000001939 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17, 1939 Melrose, Massachusetts George H.W. Bush Barack Obama 90 -- 9 51 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 000000001990 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9, 1990 June 29, 2009 18 years, 8 months and 20 days Seniority and seating ( edit ) Many of the internal operations of the Court are organized by seniority of justices ; the chief justice is considered the most senior member of the court, regardless of the length of his or her service. The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service. The interior of the United States Supreme Court During Court sessions, the justices sit according to seniority, with the Chief Justice in the center, and the Associate Justices on alternating sides, with the most senior Associate Justice on the Chief Justice 's immediate right, and the most junior Associate Justice seated on the left farthest away from the Chief Justice. Therefore, the current court sits as follows from left to right, from the perspective of those facing the Court : Kagan, Alito, Ginsburg, Kennedy ( most senior Associate Justice ), Roberts ( Chief Justice ), Thomas, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Gorsuch. In the official yearly Court photograph, justices are arranged similarly, with the five most senior members sitting in the front row in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( The most recent photograph includes Ginsburg, Kennedy, Roberts, Thomas, Breyer ), and the four most junior justices standing behind them, again in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( Kagan, Alito, Sotomayor, Gorsuch ). In the justices ' private conferences, current practice is for them to speak and vote in order of seniority to begin with the chief justice first and end with the most junior associate justice. The most junior associate justice in these conferences is charged with any menial tasks the justices may require as they convene alone, such as answering the door of their conference room, serving beverages and transmitting orders of the court to the clerk. Justice Joseph Story served the longest as junior justice, from February 3, 1812, to September 1, 1823, for a total of 4,228 days. Justice Stephen Breyer follows very closely behind serving from August 3, 1994, to January 31, 2006, for a total of 4,199 days. Justice Elena Kagan comes in at a distant third serving from August 6, 2010, to April 10, 2017, for a total of 2439 days. Salary ( edit ) Main article : Federal judge salaries in the United States As of 2017, associate justices are paid $251,800 and the chief justice $263,300. Article III, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution prohibits Congress from reducing the pay for incumbent justices. Once a justice meets age and service requirements, the justice may retire. Judicial pensions are based on the same formula used for federal employees, but a justice 's pension, as with other federal courts judges, can never be less than their salary at the time of retirement. Judicial leanings ( edit ) See also : Ideological leanings of U.S. Supreme Court justices Although justices are nominated by the president in power, justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties, as is accepted practice in the legislative and executive branches. Jurists are, however, informally categorized in legal and political circles as being judicial conservatives, moderates, or liberals. Such leanings, however, generally refer to legal outlook rather than a political or legislative one. The nominations of justices are endorsed by individual politicians in the legislative branch who vote their approval or disapproval of the nominated justice. Following the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch in 2017, the Court consists of five justices appointed by Republican presidents and four appointed by Democratic presidents. It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice Roberts and associate justices Thomas and Alito ( appointed by Republican presidents ) comprise the Court 's conservative wing. Justices Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor and Kagan ( appointed by Democratic presidents ) comprise the Court 's liberal wing. Justice Kennedy ( appointed by President Reagan ) is generally considered `` a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals '', and up until Justice Scalia 's death, he was often the swing vote that determined the outcome of cases divided between the conservative and liberal wings. Gorsuch had a track record as a reliably conservative judge in the 10th circuit. Tom Goldstein argued in an article in SCOTUSblog in 2010, that the popular view of the Supreme Court as sharply divided along ideological lines and each side pushing an agenda at every turn is `` in significant part a caricature designed to fit certain preconceptions. '' He pointed out that in the 2009 term, almost half the cases were decided unanimously, and only about 20 % were decided by a 5 - to - 4 vote. Barely one in ten cases involved the narrow liberal / conservative divide ( fewer if the cases where Sotomayor recused herself are not included ). He also pointed to several cases that defied the popular conception of the ideological lines of the Court. Goldstein further argued that the large number of pro-criminal - defendant summary dismissals ( usually cases where the justices decide that the lower courts significantly misapplied precedent and reverse the case without briefing or argument ) were an illustration that the conservative justices had not been aggressively ideological. Likewise, Goldstein stated that the critique that the liberal justices are more likely to invalidate acts of Congress, show inadequate deference to the political process, and be disrespectful of precedent, also lacked merit : Thomas has most often called for overruling prior precedent ( even if long standing ) that he views as having been wrongly decided, and during the 2009 term Scalia and Thomas voted most often to invalidate legislation. According to statistics compiled by SCOTUSblog, in the twelve terms from 2000 to 2011, an average of 19 of the opinions on major issues ( 22 % ) were decided by a 5 -- 4 vote, with an average of 70 % of those split opinions decided by a Court divided along the traditionally perceived ideological lines ( about 15 % of all opinions issued ). Over that period, the conservative bloc has been in the majority about 62 % of the time that the Court has divided along ideological lines, which represents about 44 % of all the 5 -- 4 decisions. In the October 2010 term, the Court decided 86 cases, including 75 signed opinions and 5 summary reversals ( where the Court reverses a lower court without arguments and without issuing an opinion on the case ). Four were decided with unsigned opinions, two cases affirmed by an equally divided Court, and two cases were dismissed as improvidently granted. Justice Kagan recused herself from 26 of the cases due to her prior role as United States Solicitor General. Of the 80 cases, 38 ( about 48 %, the highest percentage since the October 2005 term ) were decided unanimously ( 9 -- 0 or 8 -- 0 ), and 16 decisions were made by a 5 -- 4 vote ( about 20 %, compared to 18 % in the October 2009 term, and 29 % in the October 2008 term ). However, in fourteen of the sixteen 5 -- 4 decisions, the Court divided along the traditional ideological lines ( with Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan on the liberal side, and Roberts, Scalia, Thomas, and Alito on the conservative, and Kennedy providing the `` swing vote '' ). This represents 87 % of those 16 cases, the highest rate in the past 10 years. The conservative bloc, joined by Kennedy, formed the majority in 63 % of the 5 -- 4 decisions, the highest cohesion rate of that bloc in the Roberts court. In the October 2011 term, the Court decided 75 cases. Of these, 33 ( 44 % ) were decided unanimously, and 15 ( 20 %, the same percentage as in the previous term ) were decided by a vote of 5 -- 4. Of the latter 15, the Court divided along the perceived ideological lines 10 times with Justice Kennedy joining the conservative justices ( Roberts, Scalia, Thomas and Alito ) five times and with the liberal justices ( Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor and Kagan ) five times. In the October 2012 term, the Court decided 78 cases. Five of them were decided in unsigned opinions. 38 out of the 78 decisions ( representing 49 % of the decisions ) were unanimous in judgement, with 24 decisions being completely unanimous ( a single opinion with every justice that participated joining it ). This was the largest percentage of unanimous decisions that the Court had in ten years, since the October 2002 term ( when 51 % of the decisions handed down were unanimous ). The Court split 5 -- 4 in 23 cases ( 29 % of the total ) ; of these, 16 broke down along the traditionally perceived ideological lines, with Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia, Thomas, and Alito on one side, Justices Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor and Kagan on the other, and Justice Kennedy holding the balance. Of these 16 cases, Justice Kennedy sided with the conservatives on 10 cases, and with the liberals on 6. Three cases were decided by an interesting alignment of justices, with Chief Justice Roberts joined by Justices Kennedy, Thomas, Breyer and Alito in the majority, with Justices Scalia, Ginsburg, Sotomayor, and Kagan in the minority. The greatest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Kagan, who agreed on 72 of the 75 ( 96 % ) cases, in which both voted ; the lowest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Alito, who agreed only on 45 out of 77 ( 54 % ) cases, in which they both participated. Justice Kennedy was in the majority of 5 -- 4 decisions on 20 out of 24 ( 83 % ) cases, and in 71 of 78 ( 91 % ) cases during the term, in line with his position as the `` swing vote '' of the Court. Facilities ( edit ) The present U.S. Supreme Court building as viewed from the front From the 1860s until the 1930s, the court sat in the Old Senate Chamber of the U.S. Capitol. Main article : United States Supreme Court Building The Supreme Court first met on February 1, 1790, at the Merchants ' Exchange Building in New York City. When Philadelphia became the capital, the Court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in Old City Hall from 1791 until 1800. After the government moved to Washington, D.C., the Court occupied various spaces in the United States Capitol building until 1935, when it moved into its own purpose - built home. The four - story building was designed by Cass Gilbert in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol and Library of Congress, and is clad in marble. The building includes the courtroom, justices ' chambers, an extensive law library, various meeting spaces, and auxiliary services including a gymnasium. The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Architect of the Capitol, but maintains its own police force separate from the Capitol Police. Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue, the building is open to the public from 9 am to 4 : 30 pm weekdays but closed on weekends and holidays. Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied. There is a cafeteria, a gift shop, exhibits, and a half - hour informational film. When the Court is not in session, lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9 : 30 am to 3 : 30 pm and reservations are not necessary. When the Court is in session the public may attend oral arguments, which are held twice each morning ( and sometimes afternoons ) on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays in two - week intervals from October through late April, with breaks during December and February. Visitors are seated on a first - come first - served basis. One estimate is there are about 250 seats available. The number of open seats varies from case to case ; for important cases, some visitors arrive the day before and wait through the night. From mid-May until the end of June, the court releases orders and opinions beginning at 10 am, and these 15 to 30 - minute sessions are open to the public on a similar basis. Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions. Jurisdiction ( edit ) Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison, in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court 's appellate jurisdiction. The Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over cases between two or more states, but may decline to hear such cases. It also possesses original, but not exclusive, jurisdiction to hear `` all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors, other public ministers, consuls, or vice consuls of foreign states are parties ; all controversies between the United States and a State ; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens. '' In 1906, the Court asserted its original jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for contempt of court in United States v. Shipp. The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the Court 's history. The contempt proceeding arose from the lynching of Ed Johnson in Chattanooga, Tennessee the evening after Justice John Marshall Harlan granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal. Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob -- aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded -- and hung from a bridge, after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson 's body reading : `` To Justice Harlan. Come get your nigger now. '' The local sheriff, John Shipp, cited the Supreme Court 's intervention as the rationale for the lynching. The Court appointed its deputy clerk as special master to preside over the trial in Chattanooga with closing arguments made in Washington before the Supreme Court justices, who found nine individuals guilty of contempt, sentencing three to 90 days in jail and the rest to 60 days in jail. In all other cases, however, the Court has only appellate jurisdiction, including the ability to issue writs of mandamus and writs of prohibition to lower courts. It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely ; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal. In practice, the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the Court are disputes between two or more states. The Court 's appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals from federal courts of appeal ( through certiorari, certiorari before judgment, and certified questions ), the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces ( through certiorari ), the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ( through certiorari ), the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands ( through certiorari ), the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ( through certiorari ), and `` final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had '' ( through certiorari ). In the last case, an appeal may be made to the Supreme Court from a lower state court if the state 's highest court declined to hear an appeal or lacks jurisdiction to hear an appeal. For example, a decision rendered by one of the Florida District Courts of Appeal can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if ( a ) the Supreme Court of Florida declined to grant certiorari, e.g. Florida Star v. B.J.F., or ( b ) the district court of appeal issued a per curiam decision simply affirming the lower court 's decision without discussing the merits of the case, since the Supreme Court of Florida lacks jurisdiction to hear appeals of such decisions. The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts, rather than just federal courts, was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the Court 's history, by its rulings in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee ( 1816 ) and Cohens v. Virginia ( 1821 ). The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions, although there are several devices that permit so - called `` collateral review '' of state cases. It has to be noted that this `` collateral review '' often only applies to individuals on death row and not through the regular judicial system. Since Article Three of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal courts may only entertain `` cases '' or `` controversies '', the Supreme Court can not decide cases that are moot and it does not render advisory opinions, as the supreme courts of some states may do. For example, in DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312 ( 1974 ), the Court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit, and a decision from the Court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered. However, the Court recognizes some circumstances where it is appropriate to hear a case that is seemingly moot. If an issue is `` capable of repetition yet evading review '', the Court will address it even though the party before the Court would not himself be made whole by a favorable result. In Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ), and other abortion cases, the Court addresses the merits of claims pressed by pregnant women seeking abortions even if they are no longer pregnant because it takes longer than the typical human gestation period to appeal a case through the lower courts to the Supreme Court. Another mootness exception is voluntary cessation of unlawful conduct, in which the Court considers the probability of recurrence and plaintiff 's need for relief. Justices as circuit justices ( edit ) The United States is divided into thirteen circuit courts of appeals, each of which is assigned a `` circuit justice '' from the Supreme Court. Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic, its meaning has changed through time. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789, each justice was required to `` ride circuit '', or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges. This practice encountered opposition from many justices, who cited the difficulty of travel. Moreover, there was a potential for a conflict of interest on the Court if a justice had previously decided the same case while riding circuit. Circuit riding was abolished in 1891. Today, the circuit justice for each circuit is responsible for dealing with certain types of applications that, under the Court 's rules, may be addressed by a single justice. These include applications for emergency stays ( including stays of execution in death - penalty cases ) and injunctions pursuant to the All Writs Act arising from cases within that circuit, as well as routine requests such as requests for extensions of time. In the past, circuit justices also sometimes ruled on motions for bail in criminal cases, writs of habeas corpus, and applications for writs of error granting permission to appeal. Ordinarily, a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it `` granted '' or `` denied '' or entering a standard form of order. However, the justice may elect to write an opinion -- referred to as an in - chambers opinion -- in such matters if he or she wishes. A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the Court of Appeals of that circuit, but over the past hundred years, this has rarely occurred. A circuit justice sitting with the Court of Appeals has seniority over the chief judge of the circuit. The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit, the Fourth Circuit ( which includes Maryland and Virginia, the states surrounding the District of Columbia ), and since it was established, the Federal Circuit. Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits. As of June 27, 2017, the allotment of the justices among the circuits is : Circuit Justice District of Columbia Circuit Chief Justice Roberts First Circuit Justice Breyer Second Circuit Justice Ginsburg Third Circuit Justice Alito Fourth Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Fifth Circuit Justice Alito Sixth Circuit Justice Kagan Seventh Circuit Justice Kagan Eighth Circuit Justice Gorsuch Ninth Circuit Justice Kennedy Tenth Circuit Justice Sotomayor Eleventh Circuit Justice Thomas Federal Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Four of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges : Chief Justice Roberts ( D.C. Circuit ), Justice Breyer ( First Circuit ), Justice Alito ( Third Circuit ), and Justice Kennedy ( Ninth Circuit ). Process ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October, and continues until June or early July of the following year. Each term consists of alternating periods of around two weeks known as `` sittings '' and `` recesses. '' Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings ; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses. Case selection ( edit ) Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of certiorari, commonly referred to as `` cert ''. The Court may review any case in the federal courts of appeals `` by writ of certiorari granted upon the petition of any party to any civil or criminal case. '' Court may only review `` final judgments rendered by the highest court of a state in which a decision could be had '' if those judgments involve a question of federal statutory or constitutional law. The party that appealed to the Court is the petitioner and the non-mover is the respondent. All case names before the Court are styled petitioner v. respondent, regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court. For example, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual, as in State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda. If the defendant is convicted, and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the state supreme court, when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes Miranda v. Arizona. There are situations where the Court has original jurisdiction, such as when two states have a dispute against each other, or when there is a dispute between the United States and a state. In such instances, a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly. Examples of such cases include United States v. Texas, a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas, and Virginia v. Tennessee, a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court, and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval. Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of Georgia v. Brailsford, parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a jury determine issues of fact. Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in New Jersey v. Delaware, and water rights between riparian states upstream of navigable waters in Kansas v. Colorado. A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called a conference. A conference is a private meeting of the nine Justices by themselves ; the public and the Justices ' clerks are excluded. The rule of four permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of certiorari. If it is granted, the case proceeds to the briefing stage ; otherwise, the case ends. Except in death penalty cases and other cases in which the Court orders briefing from the respondent, the respondent may, but is not required to, file a response to the cert petition. The court grants a petition for cert only for `` compelling reasons '', spelled out in the court 's Rule 10. Such reasons include : Resolving a conflict in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal Constitution Correcting an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings Resolving an important question of federal law, or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the Court. When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different federal circuit courts of appeals, lawyers call this situation a `` circuit split. '' If the court votes to deny a cert petition, as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it, it does so typically without comment. A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case, and the decision of the lower court stands as the final ruling in the case. To manage the high volume of cert petitions received by the Court each year ( of the more than 7,000 petitions the Court receives each year, it will usually request briefing and hear oral argument in 100 or fewer ), the Court employs an internal case management tool known as the `` cert pool. '' Currently, all justices except for Justices Alito and Gorsuch participate in the cert pool. Oral argument ( edit ) When the Court grants a cert petition, the case is set for oral argument. Both parties will file briefs on the merits of the case, as distinct from the reasons they may have argued for granting or denying the cert petition. With the consent of the parties or approval of the Court, amici curiae, or `` friends of the court '', may also file briefs. The Court holds two - week oral argument sessions each month from October through April. Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument ( the Court may choose to give more time, though this is rare ), and during that time, the Justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions. The petitioner gives the first presentation, and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent 's arguments after the respondent has concluded. Amici curiae may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees. The Court advises counsel to assume that the Justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case. Supreme Court Bar ( edit ) In order to plead before the court, an attorney must first be admitted to the court 's bar. Approximately 4,000 lawyers join the bar each year. The bar contains an estimated 230,000 members. In reality, pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys. The rest join for a one - time fee of $200, earning the court about $750,000 annually. Attorneys can be admitted as either individuals or as groups. The group admission is held before the current justices of the Supreme Court, wherein the Chief Justice approves a motion to admit the new attorneys. Lawyers commonly apply for the cosmetic value of a certificate to display in their office or on their resume. They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument. Members of the Supreme Court Bar are also granted access to the collections of the Supreme Court Library. Decision ( edit ) At the conclusion of oral argument, the case is submitted for decision. Cases are decided by majority vote of the Justices. It is the Court 's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular Term by the end of that Term. Within that Term, however, the Court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument. At the conclusion of oral argument, the Justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied, and the most senior Justice in the majority assigns the initial draft of the Court 's opinion to a Justice on his or her side. Drafts of the Court 's opinion, as well as any concurring or dissenting opinions, circulate among the Justices until the Court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case. Since recording devices are banned inside the courtroom of the United States Supreme Court Building, the delivery of the decision to the media is done via paper copies and is known as the Running of the Interns. It is possible that, through recusals or vacancies, the Court divides evenly on a case. If that occurs, then the decision of the court below is affirmed, but does not establish binding precedent. In effect, it results in a return to the status quo ante. For a case to be heard, there must be a quorum of at least six justices. If a quorum is not available to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case can not be heard and determined in the next term, then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been evenly divided. For cases brought to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court, the Chief Justice may order the case remanded to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there. This has only occurred once in U.S. history, in the case of United States v. Alcoa ( 1945 ). Published opinions ( edit ) The Court 's opinions are published in three stages. First, a slip opinion is made available on the Court 's web site and through other outlets. Next, several opinions and lists of the court 's orders are bound together in paperback form, called a preliminary print of United States Reports, the official series of books in which the final version of the Court 's opinions appears. About a year after the preliminary prints are issued, a final bound volume of U.S. Reports is issued. The individual volumes of U.S. Reports are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports -- or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations -- to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily. As of the beginning of October Term 2016, there are : 564 final bound volumes of U.S. Reports, covering cases through the end of October Term 2010, which ended on September 28, 2011. 16 volumes ' worth of opinions available in slip opinion form ( volumes 565 -- 580 ) As of March 2012, the U.S. Reports have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions, covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012. This figure does not reflect the number of cases the Court has taken up, as several cases can be addressed by a single opinion ( see, for example, Parents v. Seattle, where Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education was also decided in the same opinion ; by a similar logic, Miranda v. Arizona actually decided not only Miranda but also three other cases : Vignera v. New York, Westover v. United States, and California v. Stewart ). A more unusual example is The Telephone Cases, which comprise a single set of interlinked opinions that take up the entire 126th volume of the U.S. Reports. Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial, parallel reporters : Supreme Court Reporter, published by West ( now a part of Thomson Reuters ), and United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers ' Edition ( simply known as Lawyers ' Edition ), published by LexisNexis. In court documents, legal periodicals and other legal media, case citations generally contain cites from each of the three reporters ; for example, citation to Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission is presented as Citizens United v. Federal Election Com'n, 585 U.S. 50, 130 S. Ct. 876, 175 L. Ed. 2d 753 ( 2010 ), with `` S. Ct. '' representing the Supreme Court Reporter, and `` L. Ed. '' representing the Lawyers ' Edition. Citations to published opinions ( edit ) Main article : Case citation § Supreme Court of the United States Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases, in the form `` vol U.S. page, pin ( year ) '', where vol is the volume number, page is the page number on which the opinion begins, and year is the year in which the case was decided. Optionally, pin is used to `` pinpoint '' to a specific page number within the opinion. For instance, the citation for Roe v. Wade is 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ), which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of U.S. Reports. For opinions or orders that have not yet been published in the preliminary print, the volume and page numbers may be replaced with `` ___ ''. Institutional powers and constraints ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The Federal court system and the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution received little attention in the debates over the drafting and ratification of the Constitution. The power of judicial review, in fact, is nowhere mentioned in it. Over the ensuing years, the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way. Nevertheless, the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well - established precedent. Many of the Founding Fathers accepted the notion of judicial review ; in Federalist No. 78, Alexander Hamilton wrote : `` A Constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body. If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two, that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of course, to be preferred ; or, in other words, the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute. '' The Supreme Court firmly established its power to declare laws unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ), consummating the American system of checks and balances. In explaining the power of judicial review, Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts, part of the duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. His contention was not that the Court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements, but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary, as well as the other branches of government, to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution. Since the founding of the republic, there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the democratic ideals of egalitarianism, self - government, self - determination and freedom of conscience. At one pole are those who view the Federal Judiciary and especially the Supreme Court as being `` the most separated and least checked of all branches of government. '' Indeed, federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure `` during good behavior '', and their pay may `` not be diminished '' while they hold their position ( Section 1 of Article Three ). Though subject to the process of impeachment, only one Justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court Justice has been removed from office. At the other pole are those who view the judiciary as the least dangerous branch, with little ability to resist the exhortations of the other branches of government. The Supreme Court, it is noted, can not directly enforce its rulings ; instead, it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments. One notable instance of nonacquiescence came in 1832, when the state of Georgia ignored the Supreme Court 's decision in Worcester v. Georgia. President Andrew Jackson, who sided with the Georgia courts, is supposed to have remarked, `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it! '' ; however, this alleged quotation has been disputed. Some state governments in the South also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment Brown v. Board of Education. More recently, many feared that President Nixon would refuse to comply with the Court 's order in United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) to surrender the Watergate tapes. Nixon, however, ultimately complied with the Supreme Court 's ruling. Supreme Court decisions can be ( and have been ) purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment, which has happened on five occasions : Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) -- overturned by the Eleventh Amendment ( 1795 ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) -- overturned by the Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) and the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. ( 1895 ) -- overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment ( 1913 ) Minor v. Happersett ( 1875 ) -- overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) -- overturned by the Twenty - sixth Amendment ( 1971 ) When the Court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution, simple legislative action can reverse the decisions ( for example, in 2009 Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter act, superseding the limitations given in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. in 2007 ). Also, the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration : lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations, as do law enforcement officials. In addition, the other two branches can restrain the Court through other mechanisms. Congress can increase the number of justices, giving the President power to influence future decisions by appointments ( as in Roosevelt 's Court Packing Plan discussed above ). Congress can pass legislation that restricts the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and other federal courts over certain topics and cases : this is suggested by language in Section 2 of Article Three, where the appellate jurisdiction is granted `` with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. '' The Court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction case ex parte McCardle ( 1869 ), though it rejected Congress ' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in United States v. Klein ( 1871 ). On the other hand, through its power of judicial review, the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government ; for example, in United States v. Curtiss - Wright Export Corp. ( 1936 ), Dames & Moore v. Regan ( 1981 ), and notably in Goldwater v. Carter ( 1979 ), ( where it effectively gave the Presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress or the Senate ). The Court 's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority, as in Humphrey 's Executor v. United States ( 1935 ), the Steel Seizure Case ( 1952 ), and United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ). Law clerks ( edit ) See also : Law clerk and List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Each Supreme Court justice hires several law Clerks to review petitions for writ of certiorari, research them, prepare bench memorandums, and draft opinions. Associate justices are allowed four clerks. The chief justice is allowed five clerks, but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year, and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four. Generally, law clerks serve a term of one to two years. The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice Horace Gray in 1882. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. and Louis Brandeis were the first Supreme Court justices to use recent law school graduates as clerks, rather than hiring a `` stenographer - secretary ''. Most law clerks are recent law school graduates. The first female clerk was Lucile Lomen, hired in 1944 by Justice William O. Douglas. The first African - American, William T. Coleman, Jr., was hired in 1948 by Justice Felix Frankfurter. A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools, especially Harvard, Yale, the University of Chicago, Columbia, and Stanford. From 1882 to 1940, 62 % of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School. Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the law review or a member of the moot court board. By the mid-1970s, clerking previously for a judge in a federal court of appeals had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice. Seven Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices : Byron White for Frederick M. Vinson, John Paul Stevens for Wiley Rutledge, William H. Rehnquist for Robert H. Jackson, Stephen Breyer for Arthur Goldberg, John G. Roberts, Jr. for William H. Rehnquist, Elena Kagan for Thurgood Marshall and Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and Anthony Kennedy. Gorsuch is the first justice to serve alongside a justice for whom he or she clerked. Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals : John G. Roberts, Jr. for Judge Henry Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Justice Samuel Alito for Judge Leonard I. Garth of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, Elena Kagan for Judge Abner J. Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and Neil Gorsuch for Judge David B. Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Politicization of the Court ( edit ) Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft. `` Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s '', according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of Vanderbilt University Law School. `` As law has moved closer to mere politics, political affiliations have naturally and predictably become proxies for the different political agendas that have been pressed in and through the courts '', former federal court of appeals judge J. Michael Luttig said. David J. Garrow, professor of history at the University of Cambridge, stated that the Court had thus begun to mirror the political branches of government. `` We are getting a composition of the clerk workforce that is getting to be like the House of Representatives '', Professor Garrow said. `` Each side is putting forward only ideological purists. '' According to the Vanderbilt Law Review study, this politicized hiring trend reinforces the impression that the Supreme Court is `` a superlegislature responding to ideological arguments rather than a legal institution responding to concerns grounded in the rule of law. '' A poll conducted in June 2012 by The New York Times and CBS News showed just 44 % of Americans approve of the job the Supreme Court is doing. Three - quarters said justices ' decisions are sometimes influenced by their political or personal views. Criticism ( edit ) The court has been the object of criticisms on a range of issues. Among them : Judicial activism ( edit ) The Supreme Court has been criticized for not keeping within Constitutional bounds by engaging in judicial activism, rather than merely interpreting law and exercising judicial restraint. Claims of judicial activism are not confined to any particular ideology. An often cited example of conservative judicial activism is the 1905 decision in Lochner v. New York, which has been criticized by many prominent thinkers, including Robert Bork, Justice Antonin Scalia, and Chief Justice John Roberts, and which was reversed in the 1930s. An often cited example of liberal judicial activism is Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ), which legalized abortion in part on the basis of the `` right to privacy '' inferred from the Fourteenth Amendment, a reasoning that some critics argued was circuitous. Legal scholars, justices, and presidential candidates have criticized the Roe decision. The progressive Brown v. Board of Education decision has been criticized by conservatives such as Patrick Buchanan and former presidential contender Barry Goldwater. More recently, Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was criticized for expanding upon the precedent in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) that the First Amendment applies to corporations. Lincoln warned, referring to the Dred Scott decision, that if government policy became `` irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court... the people will have ceased to be their own rulers. '' Former justice Thurgood Marshall justified judicial activism with these words : `` You do what you think is right and let the law catch up. '' During different historical periods, the Court has leaned in different directions. Critics from both sides complain that activist - judges abandon the Constitution and substitute their own views instead. Critics include writers such as Andrew Napolitano, Phyllis Schlafly, Mark R. Levin, Mark I. Sutherland, and James MacGregor Burns. Past presidents from both parties have attacked judicial activism, including Franklin D. Roosevelt, Richard Nixon, and Ronald Reagan. Failed Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork wrote : `` What judges have wrought is a coup d'état, -- slow - moving and genteel, but a coup d'état nonetheless. '' Senator Al Franken quipped that when politicians talk about judicial activism, `` their definition of an activist judge is one who votes differently than they would like. '' One law professor claimed in a 1978 article that the Supreme Court is in some respects `` certainly a legislative body. '' Failing to protect individual rights ( edit ) Court decisions have been criticized for failing to protect individual rights : the Dred Scott ( 1857 ) decision upheld slavery ; Plessy v Ferguson ( 1896 ) upheld segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal ; Kelo v. City of New London ( 2005 ) was criticized by prominent politicians, including New Jersey governor Jon Corzine, as undermining property rights. Some critics suggest the 2009 bench with a conservative majority has `` become increasingly hostile to voters '' by siding with Indiana 's voter identification laws which tend to `` disenfranchise large numbers of people without driver 's licenses, especially poor and minority voters '', according to one report. Senator Al Franken criticized the Court for `` eroding individual rights. '' However, others argue that the Court is too protective of some individual rights, particularly those of people accused of crimes or in detention. For example, Chief Justice Warren Burger was an outspoken critic of the exclusionary rule, and Justice Scalia criticized the Court 's decision in Boumediene v. Bush for being too protective of the rights of Guantanamo detainees, on the grounds that habeas corpus was `` limited '' to sovereign territory. Supreme Court has too much power ( edit ) This criticism is related to complaints about judicial activism. George Will wrote that the Court has an `` increasingly central role in American governance. '' It was criticized for intervening in bankruptcy proceedings regarding ailing carmaker Chrysler Corporation in 2009. A reporter wrote that `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's intervention in the Chrysler bankruptcy '' left open the `` possibility of further judicial review '' but argued overall that the intervention was a proper use of Supreme Court power to check the executive branch. Warren E. Burger, before becoming Chief Justice, argued that since the Supreme Court has such `` unreviewable power '' it is likely to `` self - indulge itself '' and unlikely to `` engage in dispassionate analysis ''. Larry Sabato wrote `` excessive authority has accrued to the federal courts, especially the Supreme Court. '' Courts are poor check on executive power ( edit ) British constitutional scholar Adam Tomkins sees flaws in the American system of having courts ( and specifically the Supreme Court ) act as checks on the Executive and Legislative branches ; he argues that because the courts must wait, sometimes for years, for cases to navigate their way through the system, their ability to restrain other branches is severely weakened. In contrast, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany for example, can directly declare a law unconstitutional upon request. Federal versus state power ( edit ) There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power. While Framers such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton argued in The Federalist Papers that their then - proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments, others argue that expansive federal power is good and consistent with the Framers ' wishes. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution explicitly grants `` powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. '' The Supreme Court has been criticized for giving the federal government too much power to interfere with state authority. One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the Commerce Clause by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce, but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce ; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce. For example, the Commerce Clause was used by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act, thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin, Texas, despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines ; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005. Chief Justice John Marshall asserted Congress 's power over interstate commerce was `` complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations, other than are prescribed in the Constitution. '' Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is `` quite broad. '' Modern day theorist Robert B. Reich suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today. Advocates of states ' rights such as constitutional scholar Kevin Gutzman have also criticized the Court, saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority. Justice Brandeis, in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference, suggested that states should be laboratories of democracy. One critic wrote `` the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state, not federal, law. '' However, others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends `` protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level. '' Secretive proceedings ( edit ) The Court has been criticized for keeping its deliberations hidden from public view. According to a review of Jeffrey Toobin 's expose The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court ; `` Its inner workings are difficult for reporters to cover, like a closed `` cartel '', only revealing itself through `` public events and printed releases, with nothing about its inner workings ''. The reviewer writes : `` few ( reporters ) dig deeply into court affairs. It all works very neatly ; the only ones hurt are the American people, who know little about nine individuals with enormous power over their lives. '' Larry Sabato complains about the Court 's `` insularity. '' A Fairleigh Dickinson University poll conducted in 2010 found that 61 % of American voters agreed that televising Court hearings would `` be good for democracy '', and 50 % of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised. In recent years, many justices have appeared on television, written books and made public statements to journalists. In a 2009 interview on C - SPAN, journalists Joan Biskupic ( of USA Today ) and Lyle Denniston ( of SCOTUSblog ) argued that the Court is a `` very open '' institution with only the justices ' private conferences inaccessible to others. In October 2010, the Court began the practice of posting on its website recordings and transcripts of oral arguments on the Friday after they occur. Judicial interference in political disputes ( edit ) Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the Court into the political arena, and deciding questions that are the purview of the other two branches of government. The Bush v. Gore decision, in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election and effectively chose George W. Bush over Al Gore, has been criticized extensively, particularly by liberals. Another example are Court decisions on apportionment and re-districting : in Baker v. Carr, the court decided it could rule on apportionment questions ; Justice Frankfurter in a `` scathing dissent '' argued against the court wading into so - called political questions. Not choosing enough cases to review ( edit ) Senator Arlen Specter said the Court should `` decide more cases ''. On the other hand, although Justice Scalia acknowledged in a 2009 interview that the number of cases that the Court hears now is smaller today than when he first joined the Supreme Court, he also stated that he has not changed his standards for deciding whether to review a case, nor does he believe his colleagues have changed their standards. He attributed the high volume of cases in the late 1980s, at least in part, to an earlier flurry of new federal legislation that was making its way through the courts. Lifetime tenure ( edit ) Critic Larry Sabato wrote : `` The insularity of lifetime tenure, combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service on the bench, produces senior judges representing the views of past generations better than views of the current day. '' Sanford Levinson has been critical of justices who stayed in office despite medical deterioration based on longevity. James MacGregor Burns stated lifelong tenure has `` produced a critical time lag, with the Supreme Court institutionally almost always behind the times. '' Proposals to solve these problems include term limits for justices, as proposed by Levinson and Sabato as well as a mandatory retirement age proposed by Richard Epstein, among others. However, others suggest lifetime tenure brings substantial benefits, such as impartiality and freedom from political pressure. Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 78 wrote `` nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office. '' Accepting gifts ( edit ) The 21st century has seen increased scrutiny of justices accepting expensive gifts and travel. All of the members of the Roberts Court have accepted travel or gifts. In 2012, Justice Sonia Sotomayor received $1.9 million in advances from her publisher Knopf Doubleday. Justice Scalia and others took dozens of expensive trips to exotic locations paid for by private donors. Private events sponsored by partisan groups that are attended by both the justices and those who have an interest in their decisions have raised concerns about access and inappropriate communications. Stephen Spaulding, the legal director at Common Cause, said : `` There are fair questions raised by some of these trips about their commitment to being impartial. '' See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of the United States portal Government of the United States portal Law portal Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates Federal judicial appointment history List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition by seat by time in office List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of United States Chief Justices by time in office Lists of United States Supreme Court cases Oyez Project Segal -- Cover score Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Landmark Supreme Court decisions ( selection ) Marbury v. Madison ( 1803, judicial review ) McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819, implied powers ) Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824, interstate commerce ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857, slavery ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896, separate but equal treatment of races ) Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954, school segregation of races ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962, state - sponsored prayers in public schools ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963, Bible readings and recitation of the Lord 's prayer in U.S. public schools ) Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963, right to an attorney ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965, privacy in marriage ) Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966, rights of those detained by police ) In re Gault ( 1967, rights of juvenile suspects ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967, interracial marriage ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971, religious activities in public schools ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971, freedom of the press ) Eisenstadt v. Baird ( 1972, privacy for unmarried people ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973, abortion ) Miller v. California ( 1973, obscenity ) United States v. Nixon ( 1974, executive privilege ) Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976, campaign finance ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986, sodomy ) Bush v. Gore ( 2000, presidential election ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003, sodomy, privacy ) District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008, gun rights ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010, campaign finance ) United States v. Windsor ( 2013, same - sex marriage ) Shelby County v. Holder ( 2013, voting rights ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015, same - sex marriage ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson, Gary ; Seidman, Guy ( 2001 ). `` When Did the Constitution Become Law? ''. Notre Dame Law Review. 77 : 1 -- 37. Jump up ^ `` The Court as an Institution -- Supreme Court of the United States ''. www.supremecourt.gov. Retrieved February 1, 2017. Jump up ^ Safire, William, `` On language : POTUS and FLOTUS, '' New York Times, October 12, 1997. Retrieved August 27, 2013. Jump up ^ Johnson, Barnabas. Almanac of the Federal Judiciary, p. 25 ( Aspen Law & Business, 1988 ). Jump up ^ `` A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court '' ( PDF ). United States Supreme Court. Retrieved December 31, 2009. Jump up ^ Bordewich, Fergus ( 2016 ). The First Congress : How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government. Simon & Schuster. p. 195. ISBN 1451691939. Jump up ^ Shugerman, Jed. `` A Six - Three Rule : Reviving Consensus and Deference on the Supreme Court '', Georgia Law Review, Vol. 37, p. 893 ( 2002 -- 03 ). Jump up ^ Irons, Peter. A People 's History of the Supreme Court, p. 101 ( Penguin 2006 ). Jump up ^ Ashmore, Anne ( August 2006 ). `` Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments, United States Reports volumes 2 -- 107 ( 1791 -- 82 ) '' ( PDF ). Library, Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved April 26, 2009. Jump up ^ Scott Douglas Gerber ( editor ) ( 1998 ). `` Seriatim : The Supreme Court Before John Marshall ''. New York University Press. ISBN 0 - 8147 - 3114 - 7. Retrieved October 31, 2009. ( page 3 ) Finally many scholars cite the absence of a separate Supreme Court building as evidence that the early Court lacked prestige. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning, John F. ( 2004 ). `` The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts ''. Yale Law Journal. 113 ( 8 ) : 1663 -- 1750. doi : 10.2307 / 4135780. Jump up ^ Epps, Garrett ( October 24, 2004 ). `` Do n't Do It, Justices ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 31, 2009. The court 's prestige has been hard - won. In the early 1800s, Chief Justice John Marshall made the court respected Jump up ^ The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case Ware v. Hylton, ( 1796 ), wherein it overturned a state law that conflicted with a treaty between the United States and Great Britain. Jump up ^ Rosen, Jeffrey ( July 5, 2009 ). `` Black Robe Politics '' ( book review of Packing the Court by James MacGregor Burns ). The Washington Post. Retrieved October 31, 2009. From the beginning, Burns continues, the Court has established its `` supremacy '' over the president and Congress because of Chief Justice John Marshall 's `` brilliant political coup '' in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) : asserting a power to strike down unconstitutional laws. Jump up ^ `` The People 's Vote : 100 Documents that Shaped America -- Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) ''. U.S. News & World Report. 2003. Archived from the original on September 20, 2003. Retrieved October 31, 2009. With his decision in Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review, an important addition to the system of `` checks and balances '' created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful... A Law repugnant to the Constitution is void. Jump up ^ Sloan, Cliff ; McKean, David ( February 21, 2009 ). `` Why Marbury V. Madison Still Matters ''. Newsweek. Retrieved October 31, 2009. More than 200 years after the high court ruled, the decision in that landmark case continues to resonate. Jump up ^ `` The Constitution In Law : Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court '' ( PDF ). The New York Times. February 27, 1893. Retrieved October 31, 2009. The decision... in Martin vs. Hunter 's Lessee is the authority on which lawyers and Judges have rested the doctrine that where there is in question, in the highest court of a State, and decided adversely to the validity of a State statute... such claim is reviewable by the Supreme Court... Jump up ^ Justices Ginsburg, Stevens, Souter, Breyer ( December 13, 2000 ). `` Dissenting opinions in Bush v. Gore ''. USA Today. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Rarely has this Court rejected outright an interpretation of state law by a state high court... The Virginia court refused to obey this Court 's Fairfax 's Devisee mandate to enter judgment for the British subject 's successor in interest. That refusal led to the Court 's pathmarking decision in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304 ( 1816 ). CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Decisions of the Supreme Court -- Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred an Eleven Years '' ( PDF ). The New York Times. February 3, 1901. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Very important also was the decision in Martin vs. Hunter 's lessee, in which the court asserted its authority to overrule, within certain limits, the decisions of the highest State courts. ^ Jump up to : `` The Supreme Quiz ''. The Washington Post. October 2, 2000. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2009. According to the Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, Marshall 's most important innovation was to persuade the other justices to stop seriatim opinions -- each issuing one -- so that the court could speak in a single voice. Since the mid-1940s, however, there 's been a significant increase in individual `` concurring '' and `` dissenting '' opinions. Jump up ^ Slater, Dan ( April 18, 2008 ). `` Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty : A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 31, 2009. The first Chief Justice, John Marshall set out to do away with seriatim opinions -- a practice originating in England in which each appellate judge writes an opinion in ruling on a single case. ( You may have read old tort cases in law school with such opinions ). Marshall sought to do away with this practice to help build the Court into a coequal branch. Jump up ^ Suddath, Claire ( December 19, 2008 ). `` A Brief History Of Impeachment ''. Time. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Congress tried the process again in 1804, when it voted to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on charges of bad conduct. As a judge, Chase was overzealous and notoriously unfair... But Chase never committed a crime -- he was just incredibly bad at his job. The Senate acquitted him on every count. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda ( April 10, 1996 ). `` Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings, Defending Judicial Independence ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2009. the 1805 Senate trial of Justice Samuel Chase, who had been impeached by the House of Representatives... This decision by the Senate was enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by Article III '' of the Constitution, Chief Justice Rehnquist said Jump up ^ Edward Keynes ; with Randall K. Miller ( 1989 ). `` The Court vs. Congress : Prayer, Busing, and Abortion ''. Duke University Press. Retrieved October 31, 2009. ( page 115 )... Grier maintained that Congress has plenary power to limit the federal courts ' jurisdiction. Jump up ^ Ifill, Sherrilyn A. ( May 27, 2009 ). `` Sotomayor 's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race, Gender Nonsense ''. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved October 31, 2009. But his decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford doomed thousands of black slaves and freedmen to a stateless existence within the United States until the passage of the 14th Amendment. Justice Taney 's coldly self - fulfilling statement in Dred Scott, that blacks had `` no rights which the white man ( was ) bound to respect '', has ensured his place in history -- not as a brilliant jurist, but as among the most insensitive Jump up ^ Irons, Peter ( 2006 ). A People 's History of the Supreme Court : The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution. United States : Penguin Books. pp. 176 -- 177. ISBN 0 - 14 - 303738 - 2. The rhetorical battle that followed the Dred Scott decision, as we know, later erupted into the gunfire and bloodshed of the Civil War ( p. 176 )... his opinion ( Taney 's ) touched off an explosive reaction on both sides of the slavery issue... ( p. 177 ) Jump up ^ `` Liberty of Contract? ''. Exploring Constitutional Conflicts. October 31, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2009. The term `` substantive due process '' is often used to describe the approach first used in Lochner -- the finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In the 1960s, long after the Court repudiated its Lochner line of cases, substantive due process became the basis for protecting personal rights such as the right of privacy, the right to maintain intimate family relationships. Jump up ^ `` Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161 ''. Cornell University Law School. 1908. Retrieved October 31, 2009. No. 293 Argued : October 29, 30, 1907 -- - Decided : January 27, 1908 Jump up ^ Bodenhamer, David J. ; James W. Ely ( 1993 ). The Bill of Rights in modern America. Bloomington, Indiana : Indiana University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35159 - 3.... of what eventually became the ' incorporation doctrine, ' by which various federal Bill of Rights guarantees were held to be implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment due process or equal protection. Jump up ^ White, Edward Douglass. `` Opinion for the Court, Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366 ''. Finally, as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation, as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people, can be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment, we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement. Jump up ^ Siegan, Bernard H. ( 1987 ). The Supreme Court 's Constitution. Transaction Publishers. p. 146. ISBN 978 - 0 - 88738 - 671 - 8. Retrieved October 31, 2009. In the 1923 case of Adkins v. Children 's Hospital, the court invalidated a classification based on gender as inconsistent with the substantive due process requirements of the fifth amendment. At issue was congressional legislation providing for the fixing of minimum wages for women and minors in the District of Columbia. ( p. 146 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic, Joan ( March 29, 2005 ). `` Supreme Court gets makeover ''. USA Today. Retrieved October 31, 2009. The building is getting its first renovation since its completion in 1935. Jump up ^ Justice Roberts ( September 21, 2005 ). `` Responses of Judge John G. Roberts, Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 31, 2009. I agree that West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish correctly overruled Adkins. Lochner era cases -- Adkins in particular -- evince an expansive view of the judicial role inconsistent with what I believe to be the appropriately more limited vision of the Framers. Jump up ^ Lipsky, Seth ( October 22, 2009 ). `` All the News That 's Fit to Subsidize ''. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 31, 2009. He was a farmer in Ohio... during the 1930s, when subsidies were brought in for farmers. With subsidies came restrictions on how much wheat one could grow -- even, Filburn learned in a landmark Supreme Court case, Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ), wheat grown on his modest farm. Jump up ^ Cohen, Adam ( December 14, 2004 ). `` What 's New in the Legal World? A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Some prominent states ' rights conservatives were asking the court to overturn Wickard v. Filburn, a landmark ruling that laid out an expansive view of Congress 's power to legislate in the public interest. Supporters of states ' rights have always blamed Wickard... for paving the way for strong federal action... Jump up ^ United Press International ( September 25, 1971 ). `` Justice Black Dies at 85 ; Served on Court 34 Years ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Justice Black developed his controversial theory, first stated in a lengthy, scholarly dissent in 1947, that the due process clause applied the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states. Jump up ^ `` 100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) ''. U.S. News & World Report. May 17, 1954. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2009. On May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. State - sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional. This historic decision marked the end of the `` separate but equal ''... and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement... Jump up ^ `` Essay : In defense of privacy ''. Time. July 15, 1966. Retrieved October 31, 2009. The biggest legal milestone in this field was last year 's Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut, which overthrew the state 's law against the use of contraceptives as an invasion of marital privacy, and for the first time declared the `` right of privacy '' to be derived from the Constitution itself. Jump up ^ Gibbs, Nancy ( December 9, 1991 ). `` America 's Holy War ''. Time. Retrieved October 31, 2009. In the landmark 1962 case Engel v. Vitale, the high court threw out a brief nondenominational prayer composed by state officials that was recommended for use in New York State schools. `` It is no part of the business of government '', ruled the court, `` to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite. '' Jump up ^ Mattox, William R., Jr ; Trinko, Katrina ( August 17, 2009 ). `` Teach the Bible? Of course ''. USA Today. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Public schools need not proselytize -- indeed, must not -- in teaching students about the Good Book... In Abington School District v. Schempp, decided in 1963, the Supreme Court stated that `` study of the Bible or of religion, when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education '', was permissible under the First Amendment. Jump up ^ `` The Law : The Retroactivity Riddle ''. Time Magazine. June 18, 1965. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Last week, in a 7 to 2 decision, the court refused for the first time to give retroactive effect to a great Bill of Rights decision -- Mapp v. Ohio ( 1961 ). Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court : Now Comes the Sixth Amendment ''. Time. April 16, 1965. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Sixth Amendment 's right to counsel ( Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963 ).... the court said flatly in 1904 : ' The Sixth Amendment does not apply to proceedings in state criminal courts. '' But in the light of Gideon... ruled Black, statements ' generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to states can no longer be regarded as law. ' Jump up ^ `` Guilt and Mr. Meese ''. The New York Times. January 31, 1987. Retrieved October 31, 2009. 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision. That 's the famous decision that made confessions inadmissible as evidence unless an accused person has been warned by police of the right to silence and to a lawyer, and waived it. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2016. Jump up ^ Earl M. Maltz, The Coming of the Nixon Court : The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law ( University Press of Kansas ; 2016 ) Jump up ^ O'Connor, Karen ( January 22, 2009 ). `` Roe v. Wade : On Anniversary, Abortion Is out of the Spotlight ''. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved October 31, 2009. The shocker, however, came in 1973, when the Court, by a vote of 7 to 2, relied on Griswold 's basic underpinnings to rule that a Texas law prohibiting abortions in most situations was unconstitutional, invalidating the laws of most states. Relying on a woman 's right to privacy... Jump up ^ `` Bakke Wins, Quotas Lose ''. Time. July 10, 1978. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Split almost exactly down the middle, the Supreme Court last week offered a Solomonic compromise. It said that rigid quotas based solely on race were forbidden, but it also said that race might legitimately be an element in judging students for admission to universities. It thus approved the principle of ' affirmative action '... Jump up ^ `` Time to Rethink Buckley v. Valeo ''. The New York Times. November 12, 1998. Retrieved October 31, 2009... Buckley v. Valeo. The nation 's political system has suffered ever since from that decision, which held that mandatory limits on campaign spending unconstitutionally limit free speech. The decision did much to promote the explosive growth of campaign contributions from special interests and to enhance the advantage incumbents enjoy over underfunded challengers. ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( June 29, 1972 ). `` Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist 's Key Decisions ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Furman v. Georgia... Rehnquist dissents from the Supreme Court conclusion that many state laws on capital punishment are capricious and arbitrary and therefore unconstitutional. Jump up ^ History of the Court, in Hall, Ely Jr., Grossman, and Wiecek ( eds ) The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ `` A Supreme Revelation ''. The Wall Street Journal. April 19, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Thirty - two years ago, Justice John Paul Stevens sided with the majority in a famous `` never mind '' ruling by the Supreme Court. Gregg v. Georgia, in 1976, overturned Furman v. Georgia, which had declared the death penalty unconstitutional only four years earlier. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda ( January 8, 2009 ). `` The Chief Justice on the Spot ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2009. The federalism issue at the core of the new case grows out of a series of cases from 1997 to 2003 in which the Rehnquist court applied a new level of scrutiny to Congressional action enforcing the guarantees of the Reconstruction amendments. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda ( September 4, 2005 ). `` William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of Supreme Court, Is Dead at 80 ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2009. United States v. Lopez in 1995 raised the stakes in the debate over federal authority even higher. The decision declared unconstitutional a Federal law, the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990, that made it a federal crime to carry a gun within 1,000 feet of a school. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda ( June 12, 2005 ). `` The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States ' Rights Legacy ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Intrastate activity that was not essentially economic was beyond Congress 's reach under the Commerce Clause, Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote for the 5 - to - 4 majority in United States v. Morrison. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda ( March 22, 2005 ). `` Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2009. His ( Rehnquist 's ) reference was to a landmark 1997 decision, City of Boerne v. Flores, in which the court ruled that the predecessor to the current law, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, exceeded Congress 's authority and was unconstitutional as applied to the states. Jump up ^ Amar, Vikram David ( July 27, 2005 ). `` Casing John Roberts ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2009. SEMINOLE TRIBE v. FLORIDA ( 1996 ) In this seemingly technical 11th Amendment dispute about whether states can be sued in federal courts, Justice O'Connor joined four others to override Congress 's will and protect state prerogatives, even though the text of the Constitution contradicts this result. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda ( April 1, 1999 ). `` Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2009. The argument in this case, Alden v. Maine, No. 98 - 436, proceeded on several levels simultaneously. On the surface... On a deeper level, the argument was a continuation of the Court 's struggle over an even more basic issue : the Government 's substantive authority over the states. Jump up ^ Lindenberger, Michael A. `` The Court 's Gay Rights Legacy ''. Time. Retrieved October 31, 2009. The decision in the Lawrence v. Texas case overturned convictions against two Houston men, whom police had arrested after busting into their home and finding them engaged in sex. And for the first time in their lives, thousands of gay men and women who lived in states where sodomy had been illegal were free to be gay without being criminals. Jump up ^ Justice Sotomayor ( July 16, 2009 ). `` Retire the ' Ginsburg rule ' -- The ' Roe ' recital ''. USA Today. Archived from the original on August 22, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2009. The court 's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey reaffirmed the court holding of Roe. That is the precedent of the court and settled, in terms of the holding of the court. Jump up ^ Kamiya, Gary ( July 4, 2001 ). `` Against the Law ''. Salon. Retrieved November 21, 2012... the remedy was far more harmful than the problem. By stopping the recount, the high court clearly denied many thousands of voters who cast legal votes, as defined by established Florida law, their constitutional right to have their votes counted.... It can not be a legitimate use of law to disenfranchise legal voters when recourse is available.... Jump up ^ Krauthammer, Charles ( December 18, 2000 ). `` The Winner in Bush v. Gore? ''. Time. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Re-enter the Rehnquist court. Amid the chaos, somebody had to play Daddy.... the Supreme Court eschewed subtlety this time and bluntly stopped the Florida Supreme Court in its tracks -- and stayed its willfulness. By, mind you,... Jump up ^ Babington, Charles ; Baker, Peter ( September 30, 2005 ). `` Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 1, 2009. John Glover Roberts Jr. was sworn in yesterday as the 17th chief justice of the United States, enabling President Bush to put his stamp on the Supreme Court for decades to come, even as he prepares to name a second nominee to the nine - member court. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda ( July 1, 2007 ). `` In Steps Big and Small, Supreme Court Moved Right ''. The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2009. It was the Supreme Court that conservatives had long yearned for and that liberals feared... This was a more conservative court, sometimes muscularly so, sometimes more tentatively, its majority sometimes differing on methodology but agreeing on the outcome in cases big and small. Jump up ^ Savage, Charlie ( July 14, 2009 ). `` Respecting Precedent, or Settled Law, Unless It 's Not Settled ''. The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2009. Gonzales v. Carhart -- in which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld a federal ban on the late - term abortion procedure opponents call `` partial birth abortion '' -- to be settled law. Jump up ^ `` A Bad Day for Democracy ''. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 22, 2010. Jump up ^ Barnes, Robert ( October 1, 2009 ). `` Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 1, 2009. The landmark 2008 decision to strike down the District of Columbia 's ban on handgun possession was the first time the court had said the amendment grants an individual right to own a gun for self - defense. But the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller... Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda ( April 18, 2008 ). `` Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment ''. The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2009. His renunciation of capital punishment in the lethal injection case, Baze v. Rees, was likewise low key and undramatic. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda ( June 26, 2008 ). `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape ''. The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2009. The death penalty is unconstitutional as a punishment for the rape of a child, a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday... The 5 - to - 4 decision overturned death penalty laws in Louisiana and five other states. Jump up ^ Federal Judiciary Act ( 1789 ), National Archives and Records Administration, retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44 Jump up ^ Mintz, S. ( 2007 ). `` The New Deal in Decline ''. Digital History. University of Houston. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved October 27, 2009. Jump up ^ Hodak, George ( 2007 ). `` February 5, 1937 : FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan ''. ABAjournal.com. American Bar Association. Retrieved January 29, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Justices, Number of '', in Hall, Ely Jr., Grossman, and Wiecek ( editors ), The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press 1992, ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ See Article Two of the United States Constitution. Jump up ^ `` United States Senate. `` Nominations '' ``. Jump up ^ Jim Brunner ( 24 March 2017 ). `` Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court ''. The Seattle Times. Retrieved 9 April 2017. In a statement Friday morning, Murray cited Republicans ' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama 's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland, a similarly well - qualified jurist -- and went on to lambaste President Trump 's conduct in his first few months in office. (... ) And Murray added she 's `` deeply troubled '' by Gorsuch 's `` extreme conservative perspective on women 's health, '' citing his `` inability '' to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade, the landmark abortion - legalization decision, and his comments about the `` Hobby Lobby '' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth - control coverage. Jump up ^ McCaskill, Claire ( 31 March 2017 ). `` Gorsuch : Good for corporations, bad for working people ''. Medium. Retrieved 9 April 2017. I can not support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations. He is evasive, but his body of work is n't. Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child, he has shown a stunning lack of humanity. And he has been an activist -- for example, writing a dissent on a case that had been settled, in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination. Jump up ^ Schallhorn, Kaitlyn ( 23 March 2017 ). `` Schumer : Democrats will filibuster SCOTUS nominee Neil Gorsuch ''. TheBlaze. Retrieved 7 April 2017. Schumer added that Gorsuch 's record shows he has a `` deep - seated conservative ideology '' and `` groomed by the Federalist Society, '' a conservative nonprofit legal organization. Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( 6 April 2017 ). `` Senate Republicans Deploy ' Nuclear Option ' to Clear Path for Gorsuch ''. The New York Times. After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump 's nominee, Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority. Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations, Present - 1789 ''. United States Senate. Retrieved 8 April 2017. Jump up ^ See 5 U.S.C. § 2902. Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 4. If two justices are commissioned on the same date, then the oldest one has precedence. Jump up ^ Balkin, Jack M. `` The passionate intensity of the confirmation process ''. Jurist. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved February 13, 2008. Jump up ^ `` The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much, Much Higher ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 14, 2016. Jump up ^ McMillion, Barry J. ( October 19, 2015 ). `` Supreme Court Appointment Process : Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote '' ( PDF ). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved February 14, 2016. Jump up ^ Hall, Kermit L., ed. ( 1992 ). `` Appendix Two ''. Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press. pp. 965 -- 971. ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6. Jump up ^ See, e.g., Evans v. Stephens, 387 F. 3d 1220 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ), which concerned the recess appointment of William Pryor. Concurring in denial of certiorari, Justice Stevens observed that the case involved `` the first such appointment of an Article III judge in nearly a half century '' 544 U.S. 942 ( 2005 ) ( Stevens, J., concurring in denial of cert ) ( internal quotation marks deleted ). ^ Jump up to : Fisher, Louis ( September 5, 2001 ). `` Recess Appointments of Federal Judges '' ( PDF ). CRSN Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service. The Library of Congress. RL31112 : 16. Retrieved August 6, 2010. Resolved, That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court, the nominee who may be involved, the litigants before the Court, nor indeed the people of the United States, and that such appointments, therefore, should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court 's business. Jump up ^ The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37, mainly along party lines ; Democrats supported the resolution 48 -- 4, and Republicans opposed it 33 -- 0. Jump up ^ `` National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al '' ( PDF ). pp. 34, 35. In the opinion for the Court, Breyer states `` In our view, however, the pro forma sessions count as sessions, not as periods of recess. We hold that, for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause, the Senate is in session when it says it is, provided that, under its own rules, it retains the capacity to transact Senate business. The Senate met that standard here. '' Later, the opinion states : `` For these reasons, we conclude that we must give great weight to the Senate 's own determination of when it is and when it is not in session. But our deference to the Senate can not be absolute. When the Senate is without the capacity to act, under its own rules, it is not in session even if it so declares. '' Jump up ^ `` Obama Wo n't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week ''. NPR. Retrieved January 25, 2017. Jump up ^ `` How the Federal Courts Are Organized : Can a federal judge be fired? ''. Federal Judicial Center. fjc.gov. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved March 18, 2012. Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Judiciary : Impeachments of Federal Judges ''. Federal Judicial Center fjc.gov. Retrieved March 18, 2012. Jump up ^ Appel, Jacob M. ( August 22, 2009 ). `` Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Ali, Ambreen ( June 16, 2010 ). `` How Presidents Influence the Court ''. Congress.org. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010. Jump up ^ Walthr, Matthew ( April 21, 2014 ). `` Sam Alito : A Civil Man ''. The American Spectator. Retrieved 15 June 2017 -- via The ANNOTICO Reports. Jump up ^ DeMarco, Megan ( February 14, 2008 ). `` Growing up Italian in Jersey : Alito reflects on ethnic heritage ''. The Times. Trenton, New Jersey. Retrieved 15 June 2017. Jump up ^ Halberstam, Malvina ( 1 March 2009 ). `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg ''. Jewish Women : A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Jewish Women 's Archive. Retrieved 15 June 2017. ^ Jump up to : Neil Gorsuch was raised Catholic, but attends an Episcopalian church. It is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant. Burke, Daniel ( March 22, 2017 ). `` What is Neil Gorsuch 's religion? It 's complicated ''. CNN. Springer said she does n't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian. `` I have no evidence that Judge Gorsuch considers himself an Episcopalian, and likewise no evidence that he does not. '' Gorsuch 's younger brother, J.J., said he too has `` no idea how he would fill out a form. He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent, but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years. '' Jump up ^ Baker, Peter ( August 7, 2010 ). `` Kagan Is Sworn in as the Fourth Woman, and 112th Justice, on the Supreme Court ''. The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2010. Jump up ^ Mark Sherman, Is Supreme Court in need of regional diversity? ( May 1, 2010 ). Jump up ^ O'Brien, David M. ( 2003 ). Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 6th ed. ). W.W. Norton & Company. p. 46. ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4. Jump up ^ `` Religion of the Supreme Court ''. adherents.com. January 31, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2010. Jump up ^ Segal, Jeffrey A. ; Spaeth, Harold J. ( 2002 ). The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 183. ISBN 0 - 521 - 78971 - 0. Jump up ^ Schumacher, Alvin. `` Roger B. Taney ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 May 2017. He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court. ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) ''. Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2017. Jump up ^ de Vogue, Ariane ( October 22, 2016 ). `` Clarence Thomas ' Supreme Court legacy ''. CNN. Retrieved 3 May 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` The Four Justices ''. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2017. Jump up ^ David N. Atkinson, Leaving the Bench ( University Press of Kansas 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0946 - 6 Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda ( September 9, 2010 ). `` An Invisible Chief Justice ''. The New York Times. Retrieved September 9, 2010. Had ( O'Connor ) anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term, she told me after his death, she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies. (... ) Her reason for leaving was that her husband, suffering from Alzheimer 's disease, needed her care at home. Jump up ^ Ward, Artemus ( 2003 ). Deciding to Leave : The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court. SUNY Press. p. 358. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5651 - 4. One byproduct of the increased ( retirement benefit ) provisions ( in 1954 ), however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president. The most recent departures have been partisan, some more blatantly than others, and have bolstered arguments to reform the process. A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute. ( 1 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Stolzenberg, Ross M. ; Lindgren, James ( May 2010 ). `` Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices ''. Demography. 47 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 298. doi : 10.1353 / dem. 0.0100. PMC 3000028. PMID 20608097. If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court, and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four - year presidential term, then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions are not met. Jump up ^ See for example Sandra Day O'Connor : How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice, by Joan Biskupic, Harper Collins, 2005, p. 105. Also Rookie on the Bench : The Role of the Junior Justice by Clare Cushman, Journal of Supreme Court History 32 no. 3 ( 2008 ), pp. 282 -- 296. Jump up ^ `` Breyer Just Missed Record as Junior Justice ''. Retrieved January 11, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation ''. United States Courts. Retrieved May 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Lane, Charles ( January 31, 2006 ). `` Kennedy Seen as The Next Justice In Court 's Middle ''. The Washington Post. If, as many expect, Alito forms a four - vote conservative bloc with Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas, that would leave Justice Anthony M. Kennedy -- a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals on gay rights, the death penalty and abortion -- as the court 's least predictable member. Jump up ^ Toobin, Jeffrey ( 2007 ). The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court. Doubleday. ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1. Jump up ^ `` End - of - Term Statistical Analysis -- October Term 2011 '' ( PDF ). Supreme Court of the United States Blog ( SCOTUSblog ). June 30, 2012. Justice Kennedy is, for the fourth consecutive Term, the Justice most likely to appear in the majority. Jump up ^ See also SCOTUSblog 's Stat Pack : Bhatia, Kedar ( June 30, 2012 ). `` Final October Term 2011 Stat Pack and Summary Memo ''. Jump up ^ Mears, Bill ( March 20, 2017 ). `` Take a look through Neil Gorsuch 's judicial record ''. Fox News. A Fox News analysis of that record -- including some 3,000 rulings he has been involved with -- reveals a solid, predictable conservative philosophy, something President Trump surely was attuned to when he nominated him to fill the open ninth seat. The record in many ways mirrors the late Justice Antonin Scalia 's approach to constitutional and statutory interpretation. Jump up ^ Goldstein, Tom ( June 30, 2010 ). `` Everything you read about the Supreme Court is wrong ( except here, maybe ) ''. SCOTUSblog. Retrieved July 7, 2010. Jump up ^ Among the examples mentioned by Goldstein for the 2009 term were : Dolan v. United States, which interpreted judges ' prerogatives broadly, typically a `` conservative '' result. The majority consisted of the five junior Justices : Thomas, Ginsburg, Breyer, Alito, and Sotomayor. Magwood v. Patterson, which expanded habeas corpus petitions, a `` liberal '' result, in an opinion by Thomas, joined by Stevens, Scalia, Breyer, and Sotomayor. Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates v. Allstate Insurance Co., which yielded a pro-plaintiff result in an opinion by Scalia joined by Roberts, Stevens, Thomas, and Sotomayor. Goldstein notes that in the 2009 term, the justice most consistently pro-government was Alito, and not the commonly perceived `` arch - conservatives '' Scalia and Thomas. ^ Jump up to : `` October 2011 Term, Five to Four Decisions '' ( PDF ). SCOTUSblog. June 30, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Final October 2010 Stat Pack available ''. SCOTUSblog. June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011. Jump up ^ `` End of Term statistical analysis -- October 2010 '' ( PDF ). SCOTUSblog. July 1, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Cases by Vote Split '' ( PDF ). SCOTUSblog. June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement -- Highs and Lows '' ( PDF ). SCOTUSblog. June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement '' ( PDF ). SCOTUSblog. June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Frequency in the majority '' ( PDF ). SCOTUSblog. June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Five - to - Four cases '' ( PDF ). SCOTUSblog. June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011. Jump up ^ `` October 2011 term, Cases by votes split '' ( PDF ). SCOTUSblog. June 30, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2012. Jump up ^ `` October 22011 term, Strength of the Majority '' ( PDF ). SCOTUSblog. June 30, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2012. Jump up ^ Bhatia, Kedar ( June 29, 2013 ). `` October Term 2012 summary memo ''. SCOTUSblog. Retrieved June 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Final October Term 2012 Stat Pack '' ( PDF ). SCOTUSblog. June 27, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Plan Your Trip ( quote :) `` In mid-May, after the oral argument portion of the Term has concluded, the Court takes the Bench Mondays at 10AM for the release of orders and opinions. '' ``. US Senator John McCain. October 24, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Visiting the Court ''. Supreme Court of the United States. March 18, 2010. Retrieved March 19, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Visiting - Capitol - Hill ''. docstoc. October 24, 2009. Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2009. Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works ''. The Supreme Court Historical Society. October 24, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2014. Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( a ) Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam ( March 21, 2016 ). `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 27 April 2017. Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( b ) Jump up ^ United States v. Shipp, 203 U.S. 563 ( Supreme Court of the United States 1906 ). ^ Jump up to : Curriden, Mark ( June 2, 2009 ). `` A Supreme Case of Contempt ''. ABA Journal. American Bar Association. Retrieved 27 April 2017. On May 28, ( U.S. Attorney General William ) Moody did something unprecedented, then and now. He filed a petition charging Sheriff Shipp, six deputies and 19 leaders of the lynch mob with contempt of the Supreme Court. The justices unanimously approved the petition and agreed to retain original jurisdiction in the matter... May 24, 1909, stands out in the annals of the U.S. Supreme Court. On that day, the court announced a verdict after holding the first and only criminal trial in its history. ^ Jump up to : Hindley, Meredith ( November 2014 ). `` Chattanooga versus the Supreme Court : The Strange Case of Ed Johnson ''. Humanities. National Endowment for the Humanities. 35 ( 6 ). Retrieved 27 April 2017. United States v. Shipp stands out in the history of the Supreme Court as an anomaly. It remains the only time the Court has conducted a criminal trial. Jump up ^ Linder, Douglas. `` United States v. Shipp ( U.S. Supreme Court, 1909 ) ''. Famous Trials. Retrieved 27 April 2017. Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1259 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1258 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1260 ^ Jump up to : 28 U.S.C. § 1257 Jump up ^ Brannock, Steven ; Weinzierl, Sarah ( 2003 ). `` Confronting a PCA : Finding a Path Around a Brick Wall '' ( PDF ). Stetson Law Review. XXXII : 368 -- 369, 387 -- 390. Retrieved 27 April 2017. Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 306 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Gutman, Jeffrey. `` Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys : 3.3 Mootness ''. Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys. Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law. Retrieved 27 April 2017. Jump up ^ Allotment Order dated June 27, 2017. Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1257 ; see also Adequate and independent state grounds Jump up ^ James, Robert A. ( 1998 ). `` Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials '' ( PDF ). The Green Bag. 2d. 1 ( 4 ) : 378. Retrieved February 5, 2013. Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1872 See Georgia v. Brailsford, 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ), in which the Court conducted a jury trial. Jump up ^ Mauro, Tony ( October 21, 2005 ). `` Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool ''. Legal Times. Retrieved October 31, 2007. Jump up ^ Mauro, Tony ( July 4, 2006 ). `` Justice Alito Joins Cert Pool Party ''. Legal Times. Retrieved October 31, 2007. Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam ( September 25, 2008 ). `` A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom : The ' Cert. Pool ' ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2008. Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam ( May 1, 2017 ). `` Gorsuch, in sign of independence, is out of Supreme Court 's clerical pool ''. The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2017. Jump up ^ For example, the arguments on the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act took place over three days and lasted over six hours, covering several issues ; the arguments for Bush v. Gore were 90 minutes long ; oral arguments in United States v. Nixon lasted three hours ; and the Pentagon papers case was given a two - hour argument. Christy, Andrew ( November 15, 2011 ). `` ' Obamacare ' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever ''. NPR. Retrieved March 31, 2011. The longest modern - day oral arguments were in the case of California v. Arizona, in which oral arguments lasted over sixteen hours over four days in 1962. Bobic, Igor ( March 26, 2012 ). `` Oral arguments on health reform longest in 45 years ''. Talking Points Memo. Retrieved January 31, 2014. Jump up ^ Glazer, Eric M. ; Zachary, Michael ( February 1997 ). `` Joining the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court ''. Volume LXXI, No. 2. Florida Bar Journal. p. 63. Retrieved February 3, 2014. Jump up ^ Gresko, Jessica ( March 24, 2013 ). `` For lawyers, the Supreme Court bar is vanity trip ''. Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 2A. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works ; Library Support ''. The Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved February 3, 2014. Jump up ^ See generally, Tushnet, Mark, ed. ( 2008 ) I Dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases, Malaysia : Beacon Press, pp. 256, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0036 - 6 Jump up ^ Kessler, Robert. `` Why Are n't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again? ''. The Atlantic. Retrieved March 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Johnson, Benny. `` The 2016 Running of the Interns ''. Independent Journal Review. Retrieved March 24, 2017. Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2109 Jump up ^ Pepall, Lynne ; Richards, Daniel L. ; Norman, George ( 1999 ). Industrial Organization : Contemporary Theory and Practice. Cincinnati : South - Western College Publishing. pp. 11 -- 12. Jump up ^ `` Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term, 2010 '' ( PDF ). United States Reports. Washington D.C. : Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States. 564. October 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Sliplists ''. Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved May 15, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide ''. law.georgetown.edu. Georgetown Law Library. Retrieved August 22, 2012. Jump up ^ `` How to Cite Cases : U.S. Supreme Court Decisions ''. lib.guides.umd.edu. University of Maryland University Libraries. Retrieved August 22, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Hall, Kermit L. ; McGuire, Kevin T., eds. ( 2005 ). Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch. New York City : Oxford University Press. pp. 117 -- 118. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1. Jump up ^ Mendelson, Wallace ( 1992 ). `` Separation of Powers ''. In Hall, Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 775. ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6. Jump up ^ The American Conflict by Horace Greeley ( 1873 ), p. 106 ; also in The Life of Andrew Jackson ( 2001 ) by Robert Vincent Remini Jump up ^ Vile, John R. ( 1992 ). `` Court curbing ''. In Hall, Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 202. ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Peppers, Todd C. ( 2006 ). Courtiers of the Marble Palace : The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk. Stanford University Press. pp. 195, 1, 20, 22, and 22 -- 24 respectively. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5382 - 1. Jump up ^ Weiden, David ; Ward, Artemus ( 2006 ). Sorcerers ' Apprentices : 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court. NYU Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9404 - 3. Jump up ^ Chace, James ( 2007 ). Acheson : The Secretary of State Who Created the American World. New York City : Simon & Schuster ( published 1998 ). p. 44. ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80843 - 7. Jump up ^ List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States ^ Jump up to : Liptak, Adam ( September 7, 2010 ). `` Polarization of Supreme Court Is Reflected in Justices ' Clerks ''. The New York Times. Retrieved September 7, 2010. Jump up ^ William E. Nelson ; Harvey Rishikof ; I. Scott Messinger ; Michael Jo ( November 2009 ). `` The Liberal Tradition of the Supreme Court Clerkship : Its Rise, Fall, and Reincarnation? '' ( PDF ). Vanderbilt Law Review. p. 1749. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 27, 2010. Retrieved September 7, 2010. Jump up ^ Liptak and Kopicki, The New York Times, June 7, 2012 Approval Rating for Justices Hits Just 44 % in New Poll ^ Jump up to : See for example `` Judicial activism '' in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, edited by Kermit Hall ; article written by Gary McDowell Jump up ^ Root, Damon W. ( September 21, 2009 ). `` Lochner and Liberty ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Bernstein, David. Only One Place of Redress : African Americans, Labor Regulations, and the Courts from Reconstruction to the New Deal, p. 100 ( Duke University Press, 2001 ) : `` The Court also directly overturned Lochner by adding that it is no ' longer open to question that it is within the legislative power to fix maximum hours. ' '' Jump up ^ Dorf, Michael and Morrison, Trevor. Constitutional Law, p. 18 ( Oxford University Press, 2010 ). Jump up ^ Patrick, John. The Supreme Court of the United States : A Student Companion, p. 362 ( Oxford University Press, 2006 ). Jump up ^ Steinfels, Peter ( May 22, 2005 ). `` ' A Church That Can and Cannot Change ' : Dogma ''. The New York Times : Books. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Savage, David G. ( October 23, 2008 ). `` Roe vs. Wade? Bush vs. Gore? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions? ''. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2009. a lack of judicial authority to enter an inherently political question that had previously been left to the states Jump up ^ Lewis, Neil A. ( September 19, 2002 ). `` Judicial Nominee Says His Views Will Not Sway Him on the Bench ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2009. he has written scathingly of Roe v. Wade Jump up ^ `` Election Guide 2008 : The Issues : Abortion ''. The New York Times. 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Buchanan, Pat ( July 6, 2005 ). `` The judges war : an issue of power ''. Townhall.com. Retrieved October 23, 2009. The Brown decision of 1954, desegregating the schools of 17 states and the District of Columbia, awakened the nation to the court 's new claim to power. Jump up ^ Clymer, Adam ( May 29, 1998 ). `` Barry Goldwater, Conservative and Individualist, Dies at 89 ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Stone, Geoffrey R. ( March 26, 2012 ). `` Citizens United and conservative judicial activism '' ( PDF ). University of Illinois Law Review. University of Illinois. 2012 ( 2 ) : 485 -- 500. Jump up ^ Lincoln, Abraham ( March 4, 1861 ). `` First Inaugural Address ''. National Center. Retrieved October 23, 2009. At the same time, the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court, the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers, having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal. Jump up ^ Will, George F. ( May 27, 2009 ). `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Thurgood Marshall quote taken from the Stanford Law Review, summer 1992 Jump up ^ Irons, Peter. A People 's History of the Supreme Court. London : Penguin, 1999. ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam ( January 31, 2009 ). `` To Nudge, Shift or Shove the Supreme Court Left ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Every judge who 's been appointed to the court since Lewis Powell... in 1971... has been more conservative than his or her predecessor Jump up ^ Babington, Charles ( April 5, 2005 ). `` Senator Links Violence to ' Political ' Decisions ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam ( February 2, 2006 ). `` A Court Remade in the Reagan Era 's Image ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Savage, David G. ( July 13, 2008 ). `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Andrew P. Napolitano ( February 17, 2005 ). `` No Defense ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Edsall, Thomas B. ; Fletcher, Michael A. ( September 5, 2005 ). `` Again, Right Voices Concern About Gonzales ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Lane, Charles ( March 20, 2005 ). `` Conservative 's Book on Supreme Court Is a Bestseller ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Mark I. Sutherland ; Dave Meyer ; William J. Federer ; Alan Keyes ; Ed Meese ; Phyllis Schlafly ; Howard Phillips ; Alan E. Sears ; Ben DuPre ; Rev. Rick Scarborough ; David C. Gibbs III ; Mathew D. Staver ; Don Feder ; Herbert W. Titus ( 2005 ). Judicial Tyranny : The New Kings of America. St. Louis, Missouri : Amerisearch Inc. p. 242. ISBN 0 - 9753455 - 6 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Kakutani, Michiko ( July 6, 2009 ). `` Appointees Who Really Govern America ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 27, 2009. Jump up ^ Emily Bazelon ( July 6, 2009 ). `` The Supreme Court on Trial : James MacGregor Burns takes aim at the bench ''. Slate. Retrieved October 27, 2009. Jump up ^ Special keynote address by President Ronald Reagan, November 1988, at the second annual lawyers convention of the Federalist Society, Washington, D.C. Jump up ^ Stuart Taylor Jr. ( October 15, 1987 ). `` Reagan Points to a Critic, Who Points Out It Is n't So ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Kelley Beaucar Vlahos ( September 11, 2003 ). `` Judge Bork : Judicial Activism Is Going Global ''. Fox News. Retrieved October 23, 2009. What judges have wrought is a coup d'état -- slow moving and genteel, but a coup d'état nonetheless. ^ Jump up to : Naftali Bendavid ( July 13, 2009 ). `` Franken : ' An Incredible Honor to Be Here ' ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Hazard, Geoffrey C. Jr. ( 1978 -- 79 ). `` Supreme Court as a Legislature ''. 64. Cornell L. Rev. : 1. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Jump up ^ William Safire ( April 24, 2005 ). `` Dog Whistle ''. New York Times Magazine. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23, 2008 ). `` Roe vs. Wade? Bush vs. Gore? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions? ''. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Laura Mansnerus ( October 16, 2005 ). `` Diminished Eminence In a Changed Domain ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Ronald Smothers ( October 16, 2005 ). `` In Long Branch, No Olive Branches ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( January 15, 2008 ). `` Editorial Observer -- A Supreme Court Reversal : Abandoning the Rights of Voters ''. New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( July 13, 2008 ). `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 30, 2009. This suggests that the right of habeas corpus was not limited to English subjects... protects people who are captured... at Guantanamo... Wrong, Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in dissent. He said English history showed that the writ of habeas corpus was limited to sovereign English territory Jump up ^ George F. Will ( May 27, 2009 ). `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2009. ^ Jump up to : James Taranto ( June 9, 2009 ). `` Speaking Ruth to Power ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Woodward, Bob ; Scott Armstrong ( 1979 ). The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court. United States of America : Simon & Schuster. p. 541. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9. A court which is final and unreviewable needs more careful scrutiny than any other ^ Jump up to : Larry Sabato ( September 26, 2007 ). `` It 's Time to Reshape the Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Christopher Moore ( November 1, 2008 ). `` Our Canadian Republic -- Do we display too much deference to authority... or not enough? ''. Literary Review of Canada. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Tomkins, Adam ( 2002 ). `` In Defence of the Political Constitution ''. United Kingdom : 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157. Bush v. Gore Jump up ^ Madison, James ( 1789 ). `` The Federalist Papers / No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered ''. Wikisource. Retrieved October 24, 2009. the States will retain, under the proposed Constitution, a very extensive portion of active sovereignty Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( aka Publius ) ( 1789 ). `` Federalist No. 28 ''. Independent Journal. Retrieved October 24, 2009. Power being almost always the rival of power ; the General Government will at all times stand ready to check the usurpations of the state government ; and these will have the same disposition toward the General Government. Jump up ^ Madison, James ( January 25, 1788 ). `` The Federalist ''. Independent Journal ( 44 ( quote : 8th para ) ). Retrieved October 27, 2009. seems well calculated at once to secure to the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports, and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this discretion. Jump up ^ Madison, James ( February 16, 1788 ). `` The Federalist No. 56 ( quote : 6th para ) ''. Independent Journal. Retrieved October 27, 2009. In every State there have been made, and must continue to be made, regulations on this subject which will, in many cases, leave little more to be done by the federal legislature, than to review the different laws, and reduce them in one general act. Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( December 14, 1787 ). `` The Federalist No. 22 ( quote : 4th para ) ''. New York Packet. Retrieved October 27, 2009. The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States, contrary to the true spirit of the Union, have, in different instances, given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others, and it is to be feared that examples of this nature, if not restrained by a national control, would be multiplied and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the Confederacy. Jump up ^ Madison, James ( January 22, 1788 ). `` The Federalist Papers ''. New York Packet. Retrieved October 27, 2009. The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of Confederation, which render the provision obscure and contradictory. The power is there restrained to Indians, not members of any of the States, and is not to violate or infringe the legislative right of any State within its own limits. Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 1998 ). `` The Bill of Rights -- Creation and Reconstruction ''. The New York Times : Books. Retrieved October 24, 2009. many lawyers embrace a tradition that views state governments as the quintessential threat to individual and minority rights, and federal officials -- especially federal courts -- as the special guardians of those rights. Jump up ^ Scott Gold ( June 14, 2005 ). `` Justices Swat Down Texans ' Effort to Weaken Species Protection Law ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 24, 2012. Purcell filed a $60 - million lawsuit against the U.S. government in 1999, arguing that cave bugs could not be regulated through the commerce clause because they had no commercial value and did not cross state lines. ' I 'm disappointed, ' Purcell said. ^ Jump up to : Robert B. Reich ( September 13, 1987 ). `` The Commerce Clause ; The Expanding Economic Vista ''. New York Times Magazine. Retrieved October 27, 2009. Jump up ^ FDCH e-Media ( January 10, 2006 ). `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 30, 2009. I do n't think there 's any question at this point in our history that Congress ' power under the commerce clause is quite broad, and I think that reflects a number of things, including the way in which our economy and our society has developed and all of the foreign and interstate activity that takes place -- Samuel Alito Jump up ^ Cohen, Adam ( December 7, 2003 ). `` Editorial Observer ; Brandeis 's Views on States ' Rights, and Ice - Making, Have New Relevance ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2009. But Brandeis 's dissent contains one of the most famous formulations in American law : that the states should be free to serve as laboratories of democracy Jump up ^ Graglia, Lino ( July 19, 2005 ). `` Altering 14th Amendment would curb court 's activist tendencies ''. University of Texas School of Law. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Hornberger, Jacob C. ( October 30, 2009 ). `` Freedom and the Fourteenth Amendment ''. The Future of Freedom Foundation. Retrieved October 30, 2009. Fourteenth Amendment. Some argue that it is detrimental to the cause of freedom because it expands the power of the federal government. Others contend that the amendment expands the ambit of individual liberty. I fall among those who believe that the Fourteenth Amendment has been a positive force for freedom. Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24, 2008 ). `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling ''. Reuters. Retrieved October 23, 2009. The nine - member Supreme Court conducts its deliberations in secret and the justices traditionally wo n't discuss pending cases in public ^ Jump up to : Margolick, David ( September 23, 2007 ). `` Meet the Supremes ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Beat reporters and academics initially denounced the court 's involvement in that case, its hastiness to enter the political thicket and the half - baked and strained decision that resulted. Jump up ^ `` Public Says Televising Court Is Good for Democracy ''. PublicMind.fdu.edu. March 9, 2010. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Jump up ^ Mauro, Tony ( March 9, 2010 ). `` Poll Shows Public Support for Cameras at the High Court ''. The National Law Journal. Retrieved December 18, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` C - SPAN Supreme Court Week ''. CSPAN. October 4, 2009. Retrieved October 25, 2009. Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24, 2008 ). `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling ''. Reuters. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Scalia was interviewed for the CBS News show `` 60 Minutes Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23, 2008 ). `` Roe vs. Wade? Bush vs. Gore? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions? ''. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2009. UC Berkeley law professor Goodwin Liu described the decision as ' utterly lacking in any legal principle '' and added that the court was `` remarkably unashamed to say so explicitly. ' Jump up ^ McConnell, Michael W. ( June 1, 2001 ). `` Two - and - a-Half Cheers for Bush v Gore ''. University of Chicago Law Review. Retrieved February 16, 2016. Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( Senator Kohl ) ( July 14, 2009 ). `` Key Excerpt : Sotomayor on Bush v. Gore ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Many critics saw the Bush v. Gore decision as an example of the judiciary improperly injecting itself into a political dispute '' Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( Opinion section ) ( March 21, 2004 ). `` Justice Rehnquist Writes on Hayes vs. Tilden, With His Mind on Bush v. Gore ''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2009. The Bush v. Gore majority, made up of Mr. Rehnquist and his fellow conservatives, interpreted the equal protection clause in a sweeping way they had not before, and have not since. And they stated that the interpretation was ' limited to the present circumstances, ' words that suggest a raw exercise of power, not legal analysis. Jump up ^ Kevin McNamara ( letter to the editor ) ( June 3, 2009 ). `` Letters -- Supreme Court Activism? ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2009. Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( January 13, 2006 ). `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 28, 2009... Baker v. Carr, the reapportionment case. We heard Justice Frankfurter who delivered a scathing dissent in that... Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( September 10, 2007 ). `` New Focus on the Effects of Life Tenure ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 10, 2009. Jump up ^ Levinson, Sanford ( February 9, 2009 ). `` Supreme court prognosis -- Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's surgery for pancreatic cancer highlights why US supreme court justices should n't serve life terms ''. The Guardian. Manchester. Retrieved October 10, 2009. Jump up ^ See also Arthur D. Hellman, `` Reining in the Supreme Court : Are Term Limits the Answer? '', in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington, eds., Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press, 2006 ), p. 291. Jump up ^ Richard Epstein, `` Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices '', in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington, eds., Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press, 2006 ), p. 415. Jump up ^ Brian Opeskin, Models of Judicial Tenure : Reconsidering Life Limits, Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges, Oxford J Legal Studies 2015 35 : 627 -- 663. Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( June 14, 1788 ). `` The Federalist No. 78 ''. Independent Journal. Retrieved October 28, 2009. and that as nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office, this quality may therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its constitution, and, in a great measure, as the citadel of the public justice and the public security. Jump up ^ O'Brien, Reity ( June 20, 2014 ). `` Justice Obscured : Supreme court justices earn quarter - million in cash on the side ''. Center for Public Integrity. ^ Jump up to : Lipton, Eric ( February 26, 2016 ). `` Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Berman, Mark ; Markon, Jerry ( February 17, 2016 ). `` Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort ''. The Washington Post. Bibliography ( edit ) Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States, 5 vols., Detroit ( etc. ) : Macmillan Reference USA, 2008 The Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States ( 2013 ed. ) ( PDF ). Biskupic, Joan and Elder Witt. ( 1997 ). Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court. Washington, D.C. : Congressional Quarterly. ISBN 1 - 56802 - 130 - 5 Hall, Kermit L., ed. ( 1992 ). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6. Hall, Kermit L. ; McGuire, Kevin T., eds. ( 2005 ). Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch. New York, New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1. Harvard Law Review Assn., ( 2000 ). The Bluebook : A Uniform System of Citation, 17th ed. ( 18th ed., 2005. ISBN 978 - 600 - 01 - 4329 - 9 ) Irons, Peter. ( 1999 ). A People 's History of the Supreme Court. New York : Viking Press. ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4. Rehnquist, William. ( 1987 ). The Supreme Court. New York : Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0 - 375 - 40943 - 2. Skifos, Catherine Hetos. ( 1976 ). `` The Supreme Court Gets a Home '', Supreme Court Historical Society 1976 Yearbook. ( in 1990, renamed The Journal of Supreme Court History ( ISSN 1059 - 4329 ) ) Warren, Charles. ( 1924 ). The Supreme Court in United States History. ( 3 volumes ). Boston : Little, Brown and Co. Woodward, Bob and Armstrong, Scott. The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court ( 1979 ). ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9. Supreme Court Historical Society. `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ). Retrieved February 13, 2008. Further reading ( edit ) Abraham, Henry J. ( 1992 ). Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 1st ed. ). New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3. Beard, Charles A. ( 1912 ). The Supreme Court and the Constitution. New York : Macmillan Company. Reprinted Dover Publications, 2006. ISBN 0 - 486 - 44779 - 0. Corley, Pamela C. ; Steigerwalt, Amy ; Ward, Artemus. ( 2013 ). The Puzzle of Unanimity : Consensus on the United States Supreme Court. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 8472 - 6. Cushman, Barry. ( 1998 ). Rethinking the New Deal Court. Oxford University Press. Cushman, Clare ( 2001 ). The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies, 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed. ). ( Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books ). ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3. Frank, John P. ( 1995 ). Friedman, Leon ; Israel, Fred L., eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3. Garner, Bryan A. ( 2004 ). Black 's Law Dictionary. Deluxe 8th ed. Thomson West. ISBN 0 - 314 - 15199 - 0. Greenburg, Jan Crawford, Jan. ( 2007 ). Supreme Conflict : The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court. New York : Penguin Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 101 - 1. Martin, Fenton S. ; Goehlert, Robert U. ( 1990 ). The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography. Washington, D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3. McCloskey, Robert G. ( 2005 ). The American Supreme Court. 4th ed. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0 - 226 - 55682 - 4. O'Brien, David M. ( 2008 ). Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed. ). New York : W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4. Spaeth, Harold J. ( 1979 ). Supreme Court Policy Making : Explanation and Prediction ( 3rd ed. ). New York : W.H. Freeman & Co Ltd. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 1012 - 7. Toobin, Jeffrey. The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court. Doubleday, 2007. ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1. Urofsky, Melvin and Finkelman, Paul. ( 2001 ). A March of Liberty : A Constitutional History of the United States. 2 vols. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 512637 - 8 & ISBN 0 - 19 - 512635 - 1. Urofsky, Melvin I. ( 1994 ). The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary. New York : Garland Publishing. p. 590. ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1. Supreme Court Historical Society. `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ). Retrieved February 13, 2008. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of the United States. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Supreme Court of the United States Wikisource has original text related to this article : Supreme Court of the United States Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Supreme Court of the United States '' dated 2006 - 08 - 05, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website Supreme Court decisions from World Legal Information Institution ( contains no advertisements ) Supreme Court Collection from the Legal Information Institute Supreme Court Opinions from FindLaw U.S. Supreme Court Decisions ( v. 1 + ) from Justia, Oyez and U.S. Court Forms Supreme Court Records and Briefs from Cornell Law Library Milestone Cases in Supreme Court History from InfoPlease Supreme Court Nominations, present - 1789 Scales of Justice : The History of Supreme Court Nominations -- Radio program explores history of appointments and confirmations Supreme Court Historical Society Complete / Searchable 1991 -- 2004 Opinions and Orders The Supreme Court Database A research database with information about cases from 1946 to 2011 The Oyez Project -- audio recordings of oral arguments `` U.S. Supreme Court collected news and commentary ''. The New York Times. U.S. Supreme Court collected news and commentary at The Washington Post C - SPAN 's The Supreme Court : Home to America 's Highest Court Supreme Court Briefs Hosted by the American Bar Association Works by Supreme Court of the United States at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Supreme Court of the United States at Internet Archive Works by Supreme Court of the United States at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Decisions Procedures History Supreme Court Building Old City Hall, Philadelphia 1791 -- 1800 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1819 -- 1860 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1860 -- 1935 Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No Vacancies All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education succession timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings Court functionaries Clerk Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Other countries Law Portal Links to related articles Supreme Courts of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Supreme Court of the United States The Roberts Court Chief Justice : J. Roberts ( 2005 -- present ) 2010 -- 2016 : A. Scalia A. Kennedy C. Thomas R.B. Ginsburg S. Breyer S. Alito S. Sotomayor E. Kagan History of the Supreme Court of the United States by Chief Justice Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ; cases ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ; cases ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ; cases ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ; cases ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ; cases ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ; cases ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ; cases ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ; cases ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ; cases ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ; cases ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ; cases ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ; cases ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ; cases ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ; cases ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ; cases ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ; cases ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ; cases ) Highest judicial bodies in the United States Federal court Supreme Court of the United States 1st Cir. 2nd Cir. 3rd Cir. 4th Cir. 5th Cir. 6th Cir. 7th Cir. 8th Cir. 9th Cir. 10th Cir. 11th Cir. DC Cir. Fed. Cir. Armed Forces State supreme courts Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma ( Civil ) ( Criminal ) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas ( Civil ) ( Criminal ) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territorial supreme courts American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Obsolete Panama Canal Zone Philippine Islands Complete list Courts of the United States ( Federal and state, all levels ) United States Military Judicial Authority Military justice Law of the United States Authority United States Constitution, Article I Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ ) Standards Manual for Courts - Martial Convening authority ( court - martial ) Judge Advocate General 's Corps ( JAG ) Army Judge Advocate General 's Corps, Army ( Army JAG ) Marine Corps Marine Corps Judge Advocate Division Navy Judge Advocate General 's Corps, Navy ( Navy JAG ) Air Force Judge Advocate General 's Corps, Air Force Coast Guard Coast Guard Legal Division Non-judicial punishment UCMJ Article 15 Military tribunals in the United States Court systems Trial Courts - martial Guantanamo military commissions Appeal Army Court of Criminal Appeals Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals Navy - Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals Court of Military Commission Review Discretionary review Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces Supreme Court Law of the United States Constitutional law Federalism Separation of powers Civil rights Courts of the United States Federal courts Supreme ( SCOTUS ) Appeals District ( list ) Bankruptcy Claims International Trade Tax State courts State supreme Education Law school Law School Admission Test Admission to the bar United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Congress House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judiciary Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=815925358 '' Categories : Supreme Court of the United States Constitutional courts National supreme courts 1789 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2011 Use mdy dates from March 2017 Coordinates not on Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Ænglisc Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017, at 03 : 00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Supreme Court of the United States", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&amp;oldid=815925358" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ", notably in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( First Amendment ), Heller - McDonald ( Second Amendment ) and Baze v. Rees ( Eighth Amendment ). Composition ( edit ) Size of the Court ( edit ) Article III of the United States Constitution does not specify the number of justices. The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six `` judges ''. Although an 1801 act would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy, an 1802 act promptly negated the 1801 act, legally restoring the court 's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred. As the nation 's boundaries grew, Congress added justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits : seven in 1807, nine in 1837, and ten in 1863. In 1866, at the behest of Chief Justice Chase, Congress passed an act providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced, which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition. Consequently, one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867. In 1869, however, the Circuit Judges Act returned the number of justices to nine, where it has since remained. President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937. His proposal envisioned appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent" ], "id": [ "270379207734256453" ], "short_answers": [ "Congress" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Tom Ellis ( actor ) - wikipedia Tom Ellis ( actor ) Tom Ellis Tom Ellis at 2015 San Diego Comic - Con Thomas John Ellis ( 1978 - 11 - 17 ) 17 November 1978 ( age 39 ) Cardiff, Wales Residence Los Angeles, California, U.S. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Nationality United Kingdom Alma mater Royal Conservatoire of Scotland Spouse ( s ) Tamzin Outhwaite ( m. 2006 ; div. 2014 ) Children Thomas John Ellis ( born 17 November 1978 ), better known as Tom Ellis, is a Welsh actor. He is best known for playing Gary Preston in the sitcom Miranda ( 2009 -- 2015 ) and Lucifer Morningstar in the television series Lucifer ( 2016 -- ). Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Ellis was born in Cardiff, the son of Marilyn Jean ( Hooper ) and Christopher John Ellis. His father, sister and uncle are all Baptist ministers, with his uncle, Robert Ellis, being principal of Regent 's Park College, Oxford, which his father also attended. Ellis attended High Storrs School in Sheffield during his education and was a French horn player in the City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra. Tom went on to study BA Dramatic Studies at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, which was previously named Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama ( RSAMD ). Career ( edit ) Other notable roles include Gary Preston in a hit TV show Miranda aired on BBC co-side with Miranda Hart from November 9, 2009 to January 1, 2015, Justyn in Channel 4 's No Angels and Thomas Milligan in the series three finale of the BBC One science - fiction television programme Doctor Who. In July and August 2009, Ellis starred in ITV comedy drama Monday Monday with Fay Ripley. He was also cast as Detective Inspector Bland in Agatha Christie 's Poirot. Ellis was the star of the USA network series Rush, playing a Hollywood physician. In February 2015, it was announced that Ellis was cast as Lucifer Morningstar in the Fox Television drama Lucifer, based on the comic with the same name, which premiered on 25 January 2016. Personal life ( edit ) In 2005, Estelle Morgan, Ellis ' ex-girlfriend, gave birth to Ellis ' first daughter, Nora. Ellis was married to actress Tamzin Outhwaite from 2006 to 2014. On 25 June 2008, she gave birth to their first daughter, Florence Elsie. On 20 December 2008, the pair appeared on the ITV gameshow All Star Mr & Mrs Christmas Special. Their second daughter, Marnie Mae, was born on 2 August 2012. On 29 August 2013, a spokesperson for the couple stated that they had separated, and the following month Outhwaite filed for divorce. As of 2018, Ellis is engaged to television producer Meaghan Oppenheimer. Filmography ( edit ) Film and television roles Year Title Role Notes The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby John Browdie High Heels and Low Lifes Police Officer Buffalo Soldiers Squash 2001 -- 02 Nice Guy Eddie Frank Bennett 2003 Pollyanna Timothy I 'll Be There Ivor Messiah III : The Promise Dr. Phillip Ryder Vera Drake Police Officer 2005 Much Ado About Nothing Claudio Midsomer Murders Lee Smeeton Episode : `` Midsomer Rhapsody '' Waking the Dead Harry Taylor Episode : `` Straw Dog '' 2005 -- 06 No Angels Justyn 2006 EastEnders Dr. Oliver Cousins The Catherine Tate Show Detective Sergeant Sam Speed 2007 Suburban Shootout P.C. Haines Doctor Who Tom Milligan Episode : `` Last of the Time Lords '' The Catherine Tate Christmas Show Detective Sergeant Sam Speed 2008 Trial & Retribution Nick Fisher Miss Conception Zak Harley Street Dr Ross Jarvis Episode : `` Episode 4 '' The Passion Apostle Philip / Philip 2009 Monday Monday Steven 2009 -- 15 Miranda Gary Preston Dappers Marco Merlin Cenred Accused Neil 2011 The Fades Mark Etches Sugartown Max Burr 2012 Gates Mark Pearson The Secret of Crickley Hall Gabe Caleigh 2013 Walking Stories Jarrod Short film Agatha Christie 's Poirot Detective Inspector Bland Episode : `` Dead Man 's Folly '' Once Upon a Time Robin Hood Episode : `` Lacey '' 2014 Rush Dr. William Rush Lead role ; 10 episodes 2015 The Strain Rob Bradley Episode : `` Identity '' 2016 -- present Lucifer Lucifer Morningstar Lead role 2018 Family Guy Oscar Wilde ( voice ) Episode : `` V Is For Mystery '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Famous family trees : Tom Ellis ''. 23 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` BBC Website on Miranda ''. Jump up ^ Hibberd, James ( February 22, 2013 ). `` Hollywood Insider : What 's Going on Behind the Scenes : TV 's Pilot Season Goes ( Very ) High - Concept ''. Entertainment Weekly. New York : Time Inc. : 26. Jump up ^ `` Tom Ellis, The Fades, Pulling, and Miranda, Gothica ( TV 2013 ) ''. Dread Central. Retrieved March 18, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Lucifer -- Tom Ellis Gets His Horns ''. Dread Central. Retrieved March 18, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Tamzin Outhwaite ' files for divorce from Tom Ellis, citing adultery ' '', Express, 10 September 2013. Jump up ^ ( No author. ) `` Tamzin Outhwaite ' Divorcing ' Tom Ellis After He Reportedly Admits Cheating With One - Night Stand '', Huffington Post UK, 9 October 2013. Jump up ^ Kelby McNally. `` ' We 're all moving forward ' Tom Ellis speaks out about Tamzin Outhwaite split '', Express, 19 September 2013. Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich, Matt ( July 26, 2018 ). `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Five - 0, Legends, Lucifer, Supernatural, NCIS, S.W.A.T., Nashville Finale and More ''. TVLine. Retrieved July 26, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Listings - FAMILY GUY on FOX - TheFutonCritic.com ''. www.thefutoncritic.com. External links ( edit ) Tom Ellis on IMDb GND : 1061394867 ISNI : 0000 0004 6470 5421 LCCN : no2015002583 VIAF : 311618208 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Ellis_(actor)&oldid=854207705 '' Categories : 1978 births 21st - century Welsh male actors British male film actors British male soap opera actors British male television actors Living people People educated at High Storrs School People from Cardiff British expatriates in Canada Alumni of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018, at 17 : 44 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Tom Ellis (actor)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Tom_Ellis_(actor)&amp;oldid=854207705" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "actor ) - wikipedia Tom Ellis ( actor ) Tom Ellis Tom Ellis at 2015 San Diego Comic - Con Thomas John Ellis ( 1978 - 11 - 17 ) 17 November 1978 ( age 39 ) Cardiff, Wales Residence Los Angeles, California, U.S. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Nationality United Kingdom Alma mater Royal Conservatoire of Scotland Spouse ( s ) Tamzin Outhwaite ( m. 2006 ; div. 2014 ) Children Thomas John Ellis ( born 17 November 1978 ), better known as Tom Ellis, is a Welsh actor. He is best known for playing Gary Preston in the sitcom Miranda ( 2009 -- 2015 ) and Lucifer Morningstar in the television series Lucifer ( 2016 -- ). Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Ellis was born in Cardiff, the son of Marilyn Jean ( Hooper ) and Christopher John Ellis. His father, sister and uncle are all Baptist ministers, with his uncle, Robert Ellis, being principal" ], "id": [ "4568212507333827460" ], "short_answers": [ "Thomas John Ellis" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Darth Maul - wikipedia Darth Maul Maul Star Wars character Ray Park as Darth Maul in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace. First appearance Star Wars : The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Ray Park Voiced by Peter Serafinowicz ( Episode I ) Samuel Witwer ( The Clone Wars, Rebels, Battlefront II ( 2017 ) and Solo : A Star Wars Story ) Other : Gregg Berger ( Star Wars : Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( video game ) ) David W. Collins ( Elite Squadron ) Stephen Stanton ( Battlefront II ( 2005 ) ) Jess Harnell ( Star Wars : Demolition, Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds and Star Wars : Racer Revenge ) Lee Tockar ( Droid Tales ) Information Species Dathomirian Zabrak Gender Male Occupation Sith apprentice, Crime lord Affiliation Order of the Lords of the Sith Shadow Collective Crimson Dawn Family Savage Opress ( brother ) Mother Talzin ( mother ) Homeworld Dathomir Maul is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. Trained as Darth Sidious 's first apprentice, he serves as a Sith Lord and a master of wielding a double - bladed lightsaber. He first appears in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( portrayed by Ray Park and voiced by Peter Serafinowicz ). Despite his apparent demise in that film at the hands of Obi - Wan Kenobi, he would later return in the Star Wars : The Clone Wars animated television series, and would go on to make further appearances in the Star Wars Rebels series and the 2018 film Solo : A Star Wars Story, all voiced by Sam Witwer. Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Concept and creation 1.2 Portrayal 2 Appearances 2.1 Films 2.1. 1 The Phantom Menace 2.1. 2 Solo : A Star Wars Story 2.2 Animated series 2.2. 1 The Clone Wars 2.2. 2 Rebels 2.3 Comics 2.3. 1 Darth Maul 2.3. 2 Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir 2.4 Novels 2.4. 1 Ahsoka 2.5 Legends / Non-canonical 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Concept and creation ( edit ) After getting frustrated with a drawing of production designer Gavin Bocquet, Iain McCaig started covering it in tape. Both he and Lucas liked the result, described as `` a kind of Rorschach pattern ''. The final drawing had McCaig 's own face, with the skin removed, and some Rorschach experimentation ( dropping ink onto paper, folding it in half then opening ). Darth Maul 's head originally had feathers, based on prayer totems, but the Creature Effects crew led by Nick Dudman interpreted those feathers as horns, modifying his features into those common in popular depictions of the devil. His clothing was also modified, from a tight body suit with a muscle pattern to the Sith robe based on samurai pleats, because the lightsaber battles involved much jumping, spinning, running, and rolling. Another concept had Maul a masked figure, something that could rival Darth Vader, while the senatorial characters would sport painted and tattooed faces. It was later decided to apply the painted and tattooed faces to Maul rather than the senator. Portrayal ( edit ) Darth Maul was physically portrayed by actor and martial artist Ray Park in The Phantom Menace. The character was voiced by comedian / voice actor / director Peter Serafinowicz in The Phantom Menace and Lego videogame adaptation of the prequel trilogy ; while Samuel Witwer performed the character 's voice in the animated series The Clone Wars, Rebels, and in the live action movie Solo : A Star Wars Story. Actors Gregg Berger, Jess Harnell, Stephen Stanton, Clint Bajakian, and David W. Collins have all voiced him in Legends adaptations and minor appearances. Appearances ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars canon Films ( edit ) The Phantom Menace ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace Introduced in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace, Darth Maul is ordered by Darth Sidious to capture Queen Padmé Amidala. On Tatooine, Maul fights Qui - Gon Jinn while approaching the Queen 's starship. While Anakin Skywalker ( the future Darth Vader ) gets on board, Qui - Gon engages Maul in a lightsaber duel, but the Jedi Master escapes. Eventually, Maul fights Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan Kenobi simultaneously. Maul duels Qui - Gon and eventually kills him. Although Obi - Wan is almost knocked down into a shaft, he uses the Force to propel himself out of the pit, and equips himself with Qui - Gon 's lightsaber to bisect Maul, seemingly killing him, after which the two separated pieces of Maul 's body fall into the shaft. Solo : a Star Wars story ( edit ) Main article : Solo : A Star Wars Story Ray Park reprises his role from The Phantom Menace as Darth Maul, with Sam Witwer providing the voice, reprising his role from the animated series, The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels. Maul is revealed to be the master of the crime syndicate Crimson Dawn that crime lord Dryden Vos answers to. Qi'ra tells Maul that Vos and his men were killed by Tobias Beckett and his accomplices, but neglects to name Han Solo and Chewbacca. Maul commands her to meet with him on Dathomir and warns her that they will work more closely from now on, igniting his lightsaber. Animated series ( edit ) The Clone Wars ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 TV series ) Darth Maul appears in the fourth and fifth seasons of the animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars. In the third season, Darth Maul 's origins are elaborated upon : he is portrayed as a warrior of the Nightbrother clan on the planet Dathomir inhabited by the dominant Nightsister witchcraft society led by Mother Talzin. Maul 's tattoos are described as the markings of a warrior ( in contrast to earlier sources which identify his body art as Sith markings ). Talzin has Savage Opress find his long - lost brother. In the fourth season, Darth Maul is revealed to be alive, having survived his presumed death at Obi - Wan Kenobi 's hands. Having ended up on the junkyard planet Lotho Minor via a dumpster craft, Maul has suffered from amnesia since Obi - Wan defeated him. Opress finds Maul and brings him to the devastated Dathomir, where Talzin restores Maul 's mind and gives him robotic legs. Maul and Opress set about a plan to exact revenge on Obi - Wan. Maul proceeds to attack a village on planet Raydonia as his first attempt on Obi - Wan 's life, only to be thwarted due to Asajj Ventress 's unexpected appearance to collect a bounty on Opress. Maul and Opress overpower Obi - Wan and Ventress, but Maul lets them go upon realizing that the Jedi know of his existence, deciding to await another opportunity. In the fifth season, Maul takes Opress as his apprentice, and begins building a criminal empire. Needing followers, they travel to Florrum and manage to convince Weequay pirate Jiro and his crew to join them and betray their leader Hondo Ohnaka. Maul 's pirates attack Hondo 's loyal forces, and Maul once again duels Obi - Wan while Opress fights and kills Jedi Master Adi Gallia. Obi - Wan and Hondo forces retreat and regroup inside Hondo 's compound. Maul 's forces eventually break in and Obi - Wan draws the two brothers away from the pirates, engaging them in a two - on - one duel while the pirate factions fight elsewhere in the compound. Obi - Wan, though outnumbered, cuts off Opress 's arm and forces the Sith Lords to retreat. Meanwhile, Honda wins back his crew by `` persuading '' them under threat of heavy artillery. Obi - Wan blows off one of Maul 's robotic legs and badly damages Maul 's ship. Maul and Opress manage to escape, but get stuck in dead space due to the damage to their ship. After several days, they are found close to death by the Death Watch Mandalorian warriors, led by Pre Vizsla, who gives Maul a new set of legs and Opress a new mechanical arm. Maul offers Vizsla the chance to reclaim Mandalore by recruiting the Black Sun and Pyke crime families and Jabba the Hutt 's minions to create the criminal syndicate named The Shadow Collective. From there, Maul engineers Vizsla 's rise to power : he orders his henchmen to attack Mandalore so the Death Watch can arrest them and appear as heroes to the denizens who have long lived under Duchess Satine Kryze 's pacifist rule. Vizsla betrays Maul, imprisoning both Savage and him. Easily breaking free, Maul challenges Vizsla to a duel to take over the Death Watch and Mandalore ; he succeeds in killing Vizsla and then claims his former co-conspirator's darksaber. He wins the loyalty of most Death Watch members, but Bo Katan retreats along with those loyal to their previous leader. Maul then puts the disgraced former prime minister Almec, whom Satine had imprisoned for corruption, in power as a puppet leader, solidifying his control over Mandalore. Maul then anticipates Satine being broken out of prison and her attempt to contact the Jedi Council as part of his plan to get Obi - Wan to Mandalore. Once Obi - Wan arrives and attempts to rescue Satine, Maul captures him and exacts revenge on the Jedi by murdering Satine right in front of him, hoping to make the Jedi suffer as much as he once did. Obi - Wan is later freed by the Night Owl rebels ( Bo Katan 's Death Watch faction ) who request Republic aid. Maul senses Darth Sidious arriving on Mandalore. Although impressed with his former apprentice 's survival, Sidious declares Maul a rival and uses the Force to push and choke him and Opress. He then engages them both in lightsaber combat, fatally injuring Opress. After Opress dies from his wounds, Sidious reminds Maul of the Rule of Two, and tells him that he has been replaced. Enraged, Maul pulls out both his lightsaber and darksaber and proceeds to fight Sidious on equal ground, but Sidious ultimately defeats him. Maul pleads for mercy, but Sidious ignores him and tortures him with blasts of Force lightning. Sidious reveals that he has no intention of killing Maul, remarking that he has other uses for his former apprentice. Rebels ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars Rebels An older Maul appears in the season 2 finale of Star Wars Rebels. Tracked by an Inquisitor named the Eighth Brother, Maul is stranded on the ancient Sith world of Malachor, where he is discovered by series protagonist Ezra Bridger among the ruins. Introducing himself as `` Old Master '' and seeking revenge against Sidious, Maul leads Ezra into an ancient Sith temple, where they discover a holocron that Maul claims can give them the knowledge needed to defeat the Sith. After recovering it, the two find Ezra 's master Kanan Jarrus and former Jedi Ahsoka Tano locked in battle with the Eighth Brother. They also find the Fifth Brother and the Seventh Sister, who have been pursuing the Rebels for some time. Maul -- having cast aside the title of Darth -- then reveals a new lightsaber disguised as a walking stick and joins the Jedi in battling their enemies. After the Inquisitors retreat, Maul wins the Jedi 's trust by denouncing the Sith, and tells them that he can not defeat Darth Vader on his own. Working together, he and the Jedi ascend towards the top of the Sith temple and successfully defeat the three Inquisitors. It is then that Maul reveals his intention to take Ezra as his apprentice, having already tricked him into activating the temple. After blinding Kanan, Maul briefly duels Ahsoka before facing Kanan again, only to be knocked off the temple 's edge. However, he survives the fall and escapes Malachor in the Eighth Brother 's TIE Fighter. Months after the events on Malachor, Maul once again reveals himself to the Jedi as he takes the Ghost 's crew hostage. He threatens to kill them unless Kanan and Ezra bring both the Sith and Jedi holocrons to him. Despite an attempt by the Rebels to escape, Maul successfully recaptures them and takes them to a remote base in the Outer Rim where he awaits the arrival of the Jedi. After they arrive, the holocrons are hazardously united allowing Ezra and Maul to see visions of their desires : Ezra sees images of a way to destroy the Sith, images including `` twin suns '', while Maul sees a vision of his own. Kanan begs Ezra to look away before he sees something he does n't want to while Maul tells him to ignore Kanan and keep looking. Ezra heeds his master 's words and breaks off the connection, which causes a great explosion. Maul escapes in the confusion, uttering, `` He lives. '' Maul reappears after finding the Rebellion 's secret base. He tells Ezra that because the connection was severed, they got bits and pieces of each other 's visions. With the holocrons destroyed from the events of their previous meeting, Maul discovered another way to get the information he needed. With Ezra he travels to Dathomir, former home of the Night Sisters, and recreates one of their spells to temporarily meld his and Ezra 's minds. After the spell is completed Ezra, who was still looking for a way to destroy the Sith, and Maul realize they are both looking for Obi - Wan Kenobi. In the episode `` Twin Suns '', Maul is shown lost on Tatooine. He decides to use Ezra to lure Obi - Wan out of hiding. During their confrontation, Maul deduces that Obi - Wan is not only hiding, but is protecting someone. In a swift duel, Obi - Wan fatally wounds Maul. As he lies dying in Obi - Wan 's arms, Maul asks if the person he is protecting is the Chosen One, and Obi - Wan replies `` he is ''. Maul declares that this `` Chosen One '' will avenge them, and dies. Comics ( edit ) Darth Maul ( edit ) In 2017, Marvel released Star Wars : Darth Maul a 5 - issue prequel series centered on Darth Maul before the events of The Phantom Menace. Darth Maul : son of Dathomir ( edit ) Main article : Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir Dark Horse Comics produced Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir based on the scripts and storyboards of an unproduced 4 - episode story arc intended for The Clone Wars Season 6. After killing Savage Opress, Darth Sidious takes Maul to a Separatist prison, where Count Dooku tortures him for information about the Shadow Collective. Prime Minister Almec arranges Maul 's escape and the latter then heads back to Zanbar to command the Death Watch army. However, he is followed there by General Grievous and his droids, who then battle with Maul and the Mandalorians. While they put up a fierce fight, Maul and his minions are ultimately overwhelmed by the droids. During the battle, Maul tears through the droid ranks and attacks Grievous, but is overpowered and forced to retreat. Afterwards, Maul confers with Mother Talzin ( revealed to be his biological mother ) and plots to draw out Sidious by capturing Dooku and General Grievous. The scheme works, and Talzin is able to restore herself to her physical form, but she sacrifices herself to save Maul. Although Maul escapes with a company of loyal Mandalorians, the Shadow Collective has fallen apart due to the conflict with Sidious, as the Hutts, Pykes, and Black Sun have all abandoned Maul. Novels ( edit ) Ahsoka ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : Ahsoka In flashbacks during the novel Star Wars : Ahsoka, it is revealed that during the final days of the Clone Wars, Maul and his forces were besieged on Mandalore by an army of clone troopers led by Ahsoka Tano and Captain Rex. During the siege, Maul confronts and duels Ahsoka, and though he proves to be the stronger fighter, the former Jedi outwits him and traps him in a ray shield. However, before Maul can be taken into official custody, Order 66 is enacted and the clone troopers following Ahsoka turn on her, with the exception of Rex. With Rex 's life in peril, Ahsoka abandons the chance of killing Maul, allowing the former Sith to escape once again. This battle was originally intended to be depicted in the series finale of The Clone Wars had the series not been prematurely cancelled -- Anakin and Obi - Wan were dispatched to Mandalore with Ahsoka, but were immediately called back to Coruscant to rescue Chancellor Palpatine, thus leading into the opening sequence of Revenge of the Sith. Legends / non-canonical ( edit ) With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014. As portrayed in the novel Darth Plagueis, the titular Sith Lord sends his apprentice, Darth Sidious, to the Force - rich world of Dathomir. A Dathomiri witch, or Night - sister, senses Sidious ' power in the Force and approaches him. She assumes he is a Jedi and begs him to take her Zabrak infant son. She realizes Sidious is not a Jedi, and explains how she is trying to save her son from a Nightsister named Talzin, who killed Maul 's father. It is implied that Maul has a twin brother and that Talzin is only aware of one child. Sidious realizes the infant is strong in the Force, and would become a threat if found by the Jedi. Concealing the existence of his own master, Sidious raises Maul to believe that he is a Sith apprentice, but he actually intends him to be an expendable -- albeit useful -- minion rather than an heir. Maul himself acknowledges his shortcomings, such as his limited understanding of politics, even as he tries to become a true Sith. As portrayed in the novel Darth Maul : Shadow Hunter, Maul was raised by Sidious for as long as he can remember. He then trains Maul as a Sith, marking his body with Sith tattoos. Maul initially goes on several missions of terror for his master, killing politicians, crime bosses, merchants and warlords. Several sources depict Maul returning from the dead in several different forms. The story `` Resurrection '' from Star Wars Tales 9 depicts a cult creating a duplicate of Maul as a replacement for Darth Vader, only for Vader to kill him. The story `` Phantom Menaces '' in Star Wars Tales # 17 ( set after Return of the Jedi ) depicts Luke Skywalker visiting Maul 's home planet of Iridonia in an ambassadorial capacity, where he faces a `` solid state hologram '' of Maul projected from Maul 's salvaged brain as part of a scientist 's attempt to recreate Maul as Iridonia 's `` champion ''. Luke recognizes the disruption that Maul 's existence is causing in the Force, and shuts down the life - support systems keeping the brain alive. In 2005, Dark Horse Comics published Star Wars : Visionaries, a compilation of comic art short stories. One story `` Old Wounds '', considered to be non-canonical to Star Wars lore, depicts Maul, now with longer horns on his head, surviving his bisection at Obi - Wan 's hands, replacing his missing bottom half with cybernetic legs, similar to those of General Grievous. He then follows Obi - Wan throughout the galaxy, finally tracking him down on Tatooine a few years after the events of Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith. Maul taunts Obi - Wan, saying that after he kills him, he will take a toddler - aged Luke Skywalker to his master, Emperor Palpatine. Maul plans to kill Darth Vader, and resume his rightful place at Palpatine 's side as his apprentice. He ignites his new double - bladed lightsaber, and engages Obi - Wan in a lightsaber duel, but Obi - Wan again bests him in combat, cutting off his opponent 's horns. The Sith Lord is killed, unexpectedly, by a blaster bolt to the head from Owen Lars. Obi - Wan thanks Owen, and says he will take Maul 's body into the desert and burn it so he can never come back. In early 2012, a young adult novel entitled Star Wars : The Wrath of Darth Maul was released by Scholastic. In the 2014 novel, Star Wars : Maul : Lockdown, set before The Phantom Menace, Darth Maul is sent into an infamous galactic prison. Maul is also featured prominently in comic series starting in this period, Star Wars : The Clone Wars : The Sith Hunters & Darth Maul : Death Sentence. Set in the period of the Clone Wars around the various episodes that featured Maul, Sith Hunters and Death Sentence detail his and Savage Opress ' journey across the galaxy as they seek vengeance on the Jedi. In popular culture ( edit ) Since the release of The Phantom Menace, Darth Maul has proven to be a popular character. IGN named Darth Maul the 16th greatest Star Wars character, noting, `` Of the countless characters to walk in and out of the Star Wars saga, none looks or acts more badass than Darth Maul. '' Darth Maul - related merchandise was popular among Hasbro Star Wars toy lines, with plastic recreations of his double bladed lightsaber and various action figures in his likeness developed. Darth Maul has been the focal point of the toy marketing campaign surrounding the 2012 re-release of The Phantom Menace, being featured on the packaging for the toy line. In December 2017, an 8 - year - old Ontario boy went viral on the Internet with a video of him pretending to be Darth Maul and displaying his martial arts skills. References ( edit ) Star Wars portal 1990s portal Jump up ^ `` Maul, Darth ''. Star wars Databank. Lucasfilm. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Designing a Sith Lord ''. Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 07. Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ Moyers, Bill ( 1999 - 04 - 26 ). `` Of Myth And Men ''. Time Magazine. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20. ^ Jump up to : Designing a Sith Lord Archived June 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Wetmore, Jr., Kevin J. ( 10 August 2017 ). The Empire Triumphant : Race, Religion and Rebellion in the Star Wars Films. McFarland & Company. p. 127. ISBN 9781476611716. Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Jump up ^ Simpson, George ( 24 May 2018 ). `` Solo 2 : How two MAJOR Star Wars villains are set up for the inevitable sequel ''. Daily Express. Express Newspapers. Retrieved 24 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Solo : A Star Wars Story Ending Explained ''. GamesRadar. May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2018. Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 TV series ) Jump up ^ Valby, Karen. `` Entertainment Weekly -- Darth Maul Lives! ''. Insidetv.ew.com. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 13. Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : Rebels ' resurrects a familiar old foe ''. Ew.com. Retrieved 10 November 2017. Jump up ^ Juba, Joe ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ). `` Darth Maul To Star In New Star Wars Comic Book - News ''. www.GameInformer.com. Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19. Jump up ^ Hood, Bryan ( December 15, 2015 ). `` Why Disney Blew Up More Than 30 Years of Star Wars Canon ''. Bloomberg. Retrieved November 29, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page ''. StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line ''. StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Darth Maul - # 16 ''. Ign.com. Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 29. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Crafts and Creativity - StarWars.com ''. StarWars.com. Retrieved 10 November 2017. Jump up ^ http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/eight-year-old-karate-kid-goes-viral-with-darth-maul-skills-1.3711625 External links ( edit ) Darth Maul in the StarWars.com Databank Darth Maul on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki Darth Maul on IMDb hide Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Groups Militaries Clone trooper Stormtrooper Droid Army Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker Solo Music Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Species A -- E Bantha Droid Ewok F -- J Hutt K -- O P -- T Sarlacc Tusken Raiders U -- Z Wookiee List of creatures Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Spacecraft Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Book Portal Portals Access related topics 1990s portal Fictional characters portal Star Wars portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darth_Maul&oldid=846617377 '' Categories : Extraterrestrial superheroes Extraterrestrial supervillains Fantasy film characters Fantasy television characters Fictional amputees Fictional assassins Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Fictional crime bosses Fictional cyborgs Fictional mass murderers Fictional telekinetics Male characters in film Revived fictional characters Sith Star Wars characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Interlingua Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018, at 21 : 31 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Darth Maul", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Darth_Maul&amp;oldid=846617377" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "17051048234806707625" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of wealthiest historical figures - wikipedia List of wealthiest historical figures Jump to : navigation, search Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John D. Rockefeller is often considered the wealthiest person in modern history. The list of the wealthiest historical figures gathers published estimates as to the ( inflation - adjusted ) net - worth and fortunes of the wealthiest historical figures in comparison. Due to problems arising from different definitions of wealth, ways of measuring it, various economic models throughout history, as well as multiple other reasons -- this article discusses the wealthiest people in the following separate historical periods : Antiquity, Middle Ages and modern period. Accordingly -- because of the previously mentioned difficulties -- it is not possible to determine the single richest person in all of history. For the modern period, wealth can be measured more or less objectively via inflation adjustment, e.g. comparing the nominal GDP of the United States of the respective periods, and then converting it into contemporary United States dollars. For the medieval and ancient history, comparison of wealth becomes more problematic, on one hand due to the inaccuracy or unreliability of records, on the other due to the difficulty of comparing a pre-industrial economy to a modern one, and especially in the presence of absolute monarchy, where an entire kingdom or empire is considered the ruler 's personal property ( this is also an issue in early modern to modern period, e.g. Davidson ( 2015 ) lists Joseph Stalin among The 10 Richest People of All Time for his `` complete control of a nation with 9.6 % of global GDP '' ). Excluding monarchs and autocrats, the wealthiest private individual in the history of capitalism is variously identified as Jakob Fugger ( died 1525 ), of the early modern Fugger family of merchants and bankers, and early 20th - century American entrepreneurs Andrew Carnegie ( died 1919 ) and John D. Rockefeller ( died 1937 ). Frequently, one of these few people is considered to be the richest person of all time, depending on source. While the Rothschild family rose to the status of the wealthiest family of bankers in the 19th century, their wealth was distributed among a number of family members, preventing them from appearing among the wealthiest individuals. The richest among the Rothschilds was the head of its English branch -- Nathan Mayer Rothschild -- the richest person of his time. Bernstein and Swan in All the Money in the World ( 2008 ) mention the top three richest Americans ever -- all tycoons of the Gilded Age -- respectively : John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie and Cornelius Vanderbilt ; Henry Ford was ranked only 12th. According to Close ( 2016 ), the wealthiest woman in the history of capitalism, excluding monarchs, is L'Oréal heiress Liliane Bettencourt, whose net worth was at $40.7 billion in 2015. Including monarchs, he mentions Empress Wu for Antiquity, Isabella of Castile for Middle Ages, and Catherine the Great for modern history. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early modern to modern period 2 Middle Ages 3 Antiquity 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Early modern to modern period ( edit ) Listed individuals are thought to have had a net worth of at least the equivalent of 100 billion United States dollars. Therefore, it excludes figures such as Andrew W. Mellon, Richard B. Mellon, Stephen Van Rensselaer, A.T. Stewart, Heshen, J.P. Morgan, and others. Name Photograph / Portrait Lifetime Net worth ( billion 2010 USD ) Description Jakob Fugger 1459 -- 1525 ( 66 years ) 400 German merchant, mining entrepreneur and banker. He expanded Fugger family 's assets by making their operations European wide. At one point, Fugger & family had an almost monopolistic hold on the European copper market. At his death, Jakob Fugger bequeathed to his nephew Anton Fugger company assets totaling 2,032,652 guilders. Referred to as `` Fugger the Rich ''. John D. Rockefeller 1839 -- 1937 ( 97 years ) 336 On September 29, 1916, Rockefeller became the first person ever to reach a nominal personal fortune of US $1 billion ( equivalent to US $16 billion in 2016 ). Rockefeller amassed his fortune from the Standard Oil company, of which he was a founder, chairman and major shareholder. By the time of his death in 1937, estimates place his net worth in the range of US $300 billion to US $400 billion in adjusted dollars for the late 2000s ( decade ). When considering the real value of his wealth, Rockefeller is widely held to have been the wealthiest American, as well as the richest person in modern history. Andrew Carnegie 1835 -- 1919 ( 84 years ) 310 Carnegie founded the Carnegie Steel Company, which was the most extensive integrated iron and steel operations in the United States ; in 1901, Carnegie sold his company for US $480 million to J.P. Morgan, who then merged his company into U.S. Steel. Capitalized at US $1.4 billion at the time, U.S. Steel was the first billion dollar company in the world. In his final years, Carnegie 's net worth was US $475 million, but by the time of his death in 1919 he had donated most of his wealth to charities and other philanthropic endeavors and had only US $30 million left to his personal fortune. Carnegie 's hundreds of millions accounted for about 0.60 % of the U.S. annual GDP and has a real value estimated at about US $75 billion adjusted for the late 2000s ( decade ). Nicholas II of Russia 1868 -- 1918 ( 50 years ) 250 - 300 Emperor of All Russia from 1894 to 1917. Estimates of the wealth of Nicholas II remain wildly speculative. As emperor, and an autocrat, the resources under Nicholas II 's command were virtually incalculable. However, the vast majority of this was officially owned by the State as Crown property. From this, supplemented by an annuity from the Treasury, he derived an annual income of 24 million roubles, from which he had to fund staff, the upkeep of imperial palaces and imperial theatres, annuities for the royal family, pensions, bequests, and other outgoings. `` Before the end of the year, the Tsar was usually penniless ; sometimes he reached this embarrassing state by autumn. '' According to the Grand Marshall of the Court, Count Paul Benckendorff, his personal wealth only amounted to between 12.5 and 17.5 million roubles. Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII 1886 -- 1967 ( 81 years ) 210 The last Nizam of Hyderabad State in British India. Regarded as the wealthiest person in the world during his lifetime, his portrait was on the cover of Time magazine in 1937. As a semi-autonomous monarch, he had his own mint, printing his own currency, the Hyderabadi rupee, and had a private treasury that was said to contain £ 100m in gold and silver bullion, and a further £ 400m of jewels ( in 2008 terms ). Among them was the Jacob Diamond, valued at some £ 50m ( in 2008 terms ), and used by the Nizam as a paperweight. Henry Ford 1863 -- 1947 ( 84 years ) 188 -- 199 Henry Ford was an American automotive engineer, entrepreneur, and founder of the Ford Motor Company. Through his designing of the Model T Ford and employing the assembly line means of rapid production, he was able to lower the base price of his product in order to reach a wider market. As production increased, Ford further reduced prices and increased salaries to reduce worker turnover. This resulted in a rapid increase in output, with Ford production rising from roughly 18,000 cars in 1909 to over 1 million cars in 1920. Despite Ford stating that his focus was increasing Ford Motor Company 's benefit to society and to its employees, even at one point being sued by the Dodge brothers based on this premise, his company was massively profitable. His highest earnings were recorded at age 57 and he died at the age of 83 in 1947 at a net worth of US $188.1 billion ( inflation - adjusted value in 2008 dollars ). John Jacob Astor 1763 -- 1848 ( 85 years ) 120 -- 138 American businessman, merchant, opium smuggler, fur trader, and investor. In 1801, Astor 's nominal wealth was some US $250,000, and by the time of his death in 1848 his fortune had grown to US $20 million, making him America 's first multi-millionaire. Cornelius Vanderbilt 1794 -- 1877 ( 83 years ) 105 -- 205 American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping. Stephen Girard 1750 -- 1831 ( 81 years ) 105 -- 120 French - born American banker. Before becoming a banker, he was a merchant and owned a fleet of trading ships. William Henry Vanderbilt 1821 -- 1885 ( 64 years ) 52 - 239 Railroad owner. Inherited much of his wealth from his father, Cornelius Vanderbilt, who initiated the Vanderbilt family 's involvement in railroad and shipping business. He doubled his father 's fortune, to an amount estimated between $52 billion and $239 billion. Middle Ages ( edit ) Absolute rulers or conquerors are sometimes listed for the territory they controlled rather than for their immediate personal wealth ( Davidson ( 2015 ) for TIME.com listed Akbar I, Genghis Khan and Emperor Shenzong of Song for their imperial possessions, while Alan Rufus is listed for his immediate possessions within the feudal system of Norman England ). Name Photograph / Portrait Lifetime Description Musa I of Mali c. 1280 -- c. 1337 Mansa Musa, or Musa I of Mali is considered one of the richest men in history. Musa was the tenth emperor of the Mali Empire, one of the prosperous Sahelian kingdoms that developed along the Saharan slave trade routes in the later medieval period. Mansa Musa made his fortune by exploiting his country 's salt and gold production. Musa is said to have brought several tonnes of gold to Mecca when he made a pilgrimage there in 1324. Reported as being inconceivably rich by contemporaries, `` There 's really no way to put an accurate number on his wealth. '' William the Conqueror d. 1087 William the Conqueror became personally enormously wealthy from spoils of war during the Norman Conquest of England. Basil II 958 -- 1025 Byzantine emperor from 960 to 1025 at the time of the Eastern Roman Empire 's greatest medieval territorial extent, also a time of considerable prosperity for the Empire. Alan Rufus c. 1040 -- 1093 Alan Rufus, 1st Lord of Richmond, was a relative and companion of William the Conqueror ( Duke William II of Normandy ) during the Norman Conquest of England. By 1086 he had become one of the richest and most powerful men of England. William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey d. 1088 Fought alongside William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings and was rewarded with considerable land holdings in England. Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel c. 1306 -- 1376 English nobleman and admiral. Succeeded to the Earldom of Surrey in 1347. John of Gaunt 1340 -- 1399 Third son of King Edward III of England. Duke of Lancaster. Owned land in almost every county in England, with a household comparable to that of a monarch. Antiquity ( edit ) Marcus Licinius Crassus is held to be the wealthiest person in Roman history, as he had a personal net worth equal to the treasury of Rome. For Classical Antiquity, even more than for the High Middle Ages, the definition of personal wealth becomes difficult to compare with the modern period ; especially in the case of divine kings, where an entire empire might be considered the personal property of a deified emperor. Name Lifetime Description Marcus Licinius Crassus c. 115 BC -- 53 BC Crassus inherited a fortune of 7 million sesterces after the death of his father in 87 BC. After several years of exile, Crassus was able to rebuild his family fortune by seizing the property of executed convicts for himself. Crassus also expanded his wealth by trading in slaves and by purchasing whole neighborhoods of Rome as they burned, for drastically less than market value. Crassus was known in Rome as Dives, meaning `` The Rich ''. It is believed that Crassus expanded his personal fortune to 170 million sesterces, while Pliny the Elder surmised his fortune to be valued even higher, at 200 million sesterces. This would place Crassus 's net worth equal to the total annual budget of the Roman treasury. Crassus has often been listed among the `` wealthiest individuals in history '', although depending on the estimate of the `` adjusted value '' of a Roman sesterce, his net worth may also be placed in the range of US $200 million to US $20 billion. Augustus Caesar 63 BC -- 19 August 14 AD Listed by Time Magazine with `` $4.6 trillion '' because he `` personally owned all of Egypt ''. Croesus died c. 546 BC The name of Croesus, a historical king of Lydia, was proverbial for wealth already in antiquity ; this is probably due to his being the first ruler to issue true gold coins with a standardised purity for general circulation and not necessarily for his personal wealth. See also ( edit ) Forbes list of billionaires List of richest Americans in history List of wealthiest organizations List of wealthiest families List of wealthiest animals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Rockefellers : The Legacy Of History 's Richest Man, Forbes 2014 Jump up ^ Guinness World Records claims John D. Rockefeller was the richest person. ^ Jump up to : Jacob Davidson, time.com The 10 Richest People of All Time, 30 July 2015 ^ Jump up to : Daniel Eckert, So wurde Jakob Fugger zum reichsten Menschen der Historie ( `` This is how Jakob Fugger became the wealthiest person in history '' ), Die Welt, 6 June 2016 ( in German ). `` Auf heutige Verhältnisse hochgerechnet läge das Vermögen des Bauernenkels bei unglaublichen 400 Milliarden Dollar ( 354 Milliarden Euro ). In die Nähe dieses Wertes kamen nur die Rothschilds, die in ihrer Glanzzeit im 19. Jahrhundert die mächtigste Bankiersfamilie der Welt waren '' ( `` Adjusted to current - day conditions, the net worth of the farmer 's grandson would be close to astonishing 400 billion dollars ( 354 billion Euro ). Only the Rothschild family, at their peak in the 19th century the most powerful family of bankers, came close to such a figure. '' Jump up ^ listed at 372 billion US $2014 by Jacob Davidson, time.com The 10 Richest People of All Time, 30 July 2015 : `` Rockefeller gets all the press, but Andrew Carnegie may be the richest American of all time. The Scottish immigrant sold his company, U.S. Steel, to J.P. Morgan for $480 million in 1901. That sum equates to about slightly over 2.1 % of U.S. GDP at the time, giving Carnegie economic power equivalent to $372 billion in 2014. '' Jump up ^ GDP : A Brief but Affectionate History p. 65 Jump up ^ All the Money in the World ( 2008 ) by Bernstein and Swan, p. 17 `` Introduction '' Jump up ^ Kerry Close, The 10 Richest Women of All Time, time.com, 1 February 2016. Bettencourt ranks at # 6 in this list, after five ancient rulers and monarchs of the Middle Ages and early modern period. Jump up ^ Kerry Close, The 10 Richest Women of All Time, time.com. Empress Wu ranks at # 1 in this list, Catherine the Great at # 3, and Isabella of Castile at # 5. Jump up ^ Peter Geffcken : Fugger -- Geschichte einer Familie : `` Die Handelsherren mit dem Dreizack ''. In : DAMALS 7 / 2004 Jump up ^ `` Anton Fugger ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Jump up ^ Thomas, Ryland ; Williamson, Samuel H. ( 2018 ). `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then? ''. MeasuringWorth. Retrieved January 5, 2018. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series. ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 15 July 2007 ). `` The Wealthiest Americans Ever ''. New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Richest Americans in History ''. Forbes. 24 August 1998. Retrieved 22 December 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` The richest Americans ''. Forbes. Archived from the original on September 16, 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009. Jump up ^ `` The Rockefellers ''. PBS. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29. Jump up ^ `` The Richest Americans ''. Fortune magazine. Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 16. Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17. Jump up ^ `` The Wealthiest Americans Ever ''. The New York Times. July 15, 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17. Jump up ^ `` The Men Who Built America : Andrew Carnegie ''. History.com. ^ Jump up to : Massie, Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra, New York, Atheneum, 1967, p64 Jump up ^ Clarke, William The Lost Fortune of the Tsars, St. Martin 's Griffin ; Reprint edition, 1996, p101. Jump up ^ `` The Nizam of Hyderabad ''. Time. Jump up ^ McCaffrey, Julie ( 3 February 2012 ). `` Exclusive : The last Nizam of Hyderabad was so rich he had a £ 50m diamond paperweight. '' Mirror.co.uk. London. Jump up ^ Bedi, Rahul ( 12 April 2008 ). `` India finally settles £ 1million Nizam dispute ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. Jump up ^ `` Exhibitions at National Museum of India, New Delhi ( India ) ''. 2 April 2009. Jump up ^ Shah, Tahir. `` Alan the Red, the Brit who makes Bill Gates a pauper. '' Times Online. The Sunday Times. 7 October 2007. Web. 19 9ay 2010. Jump up ^ Hargreaves, Steve. `` The richest Americans in history ''. Jump up ^ Fortune Magazine 's `` richest Americans '' Archived 2009 - 09 - 13 at the Wayback Machine... Fortune estimated his wealth at death at $105,000,000, or 1 / 87 of the nation 's GDP. Jump up ^ Hargreaves, Steve. `` The richest Americans in history ''. ^ Jump up to : Gus Lubin, business insider The 20 Richest People Of All Time, 2 September 2010 Jump up ^ Hargreaves, Steve. `` The richest Americans in history ''. ^ Jump up to : `` William Henry Vanderbilt ''. www.newnetherlandinstitute.org. Jump up ^ `` Meet Mansa Musa I of Mali -- the richest human being in all history ''. 2012 - 10 - 16. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17. Jump up ^ `` 10 Richest People of All Time ''. 2016 - 09 - 04. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17. Jump up ^ Jacob Davidson. `` The 10 Richest People of All Time ''. CNNMoney... ^ Jump up to : `` Estimate from historian William Rubenstein via The Times, converted to dollars at average rate since ' 07 ( 1 : 1.7 ) and adjusted for inflation. '' The 20 Richest People Of All Time, 4 September 2010. `` Although he became a monarch, we 're counting the spoils of war before he took the throne, based on what he gave out to his sons Odo and Robert. '' `` he left the equivalent of $229.5 billion to his sons. '' Jump up ^ The Domesday Book : England 's Heritage Then and Now, ed. Thomas Hinde ( UK : Coombe Books, 1996 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Sumption, Divided Houses : The Hundred Years War III ( London : Faber & Faber, 2009 ), p. 9. ^ Jump up to : Wallechinsky, David & Irving Wallace. `` Richest People in History Ancient Roman Crassus ''. Trivia - Library. The People 's Almanac. 1975 -- 1981. Web. 23 December 2009. Jump up ^ `` Often named as the richest man ever, a more accurate conversion of sesterce would put his modern figure between $200 million and $20 billion. '' Peter L. Bernstein. The 20 Richest People Of All Time Further reading ( edit ) Philip Beresford, William D. Rubinstein, The Richest of the Rich : The Wealthiest 250 People in Britain since 1066, Harriman House, 2011. Michael Klepper, Robert Gunther, The Wealthy 100 : From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates -- A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present, Citadel Press, 1996. Lists of people by net worth By citizenship Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada China ( PRC ) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mexico Monaco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Philippines Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan ( ROC ) Thailand Turkey Uganda Ukraine UAE United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam By region Arab League South Asia South East Asia Africa World Forbes lists 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Forbes 400 In history List of wealthiest historical figures List of richest Americans in history Other Bloomberg Billionaires Index Forbes Fictional 15 Financial Review Rich List ( Australia ) Hurun Muslims Royals Sunday Times Rich List ( UK ) Women Wealthiest Americans ( 1957 ) By alumni Extreme Wealth Concepts Billionaires Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High - net - worth individual UHNWI Millionaires National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Lists of people Female billionaires ‎ Wealthiest Americans Richest royals Wealthiest families Wealthiest historical figures Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization Wealthiest organizations Other lists Cities by number of billionaires Countries by number of billionaires Most expensive things Wealthiest animals See also Business magnate Business oligarch Philanthropy The Giving Pledge The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche Religion and poverty Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wealthiest_historical_figures&oldid=839337633 '' Categories : History - related lists Lists of people by wealth Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Gagauz Português Română Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018, at 19 : 45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of wealthiest historical figures", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_wealthiest_historical_figures&amp;oldid=839337633" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "12278748817632727401" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Liverpool F.C. in European Football - wikipedia Liverpool F.C. in European Football Liverpool F.C. in European football The European Champion Clubs ' Cup trophy won by Liverpool for a fifth time in 2005 Club Liverpool F.C. Most appearance Jamie Carragher ( 150 ) Top scorer Steven Gerrard ( 41 ) First entry 1964 -- 65 European Cup Latest entry 2018 -- 19 UEFA Champions League Titles Champions League 5 ( show ) 1977 1978 1981 1984 2005 Europa League 3 ( show ) 1973 1976 2001 Cup Winners ' Cup 0 Super Cup 3 ( show ) 1977 2001 2005 Liverpool Football Club, an English professional association football club, is Britain 's most successful team in Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) competitions. Since 1964, they have won eleven European trophies : the UEFA Champions League ( formerly known as the European Cup ) five times, the UEFA Europa League ( formerly known as the UEFA Cup ) three times, and the UEFA Super Cup three times. Qualification for European competitions is determined by a team 's success in its domestic league and cup competitions from the previous season. Liverpool competed in European competitions for 21 consecutive seasons until the 1985 European Cup Final, the occasion of the Heysel Stadium disaster, following which the club was banned from European competitions for six seasons. Since being readmitted in 1991, they have qualified for the Champions League ( the successor to the European Cup ) nine times and the Europa League ( the successor to the Uefa Cup ) nine times. As a result of their victory in the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final, Liverpool won the European Champion Clubs ' Cup trophy outright, and were awarded a multiple winner badge. Liverpool 's total of three UEFA Cup wins has been bettered only by Sevilla, who have won the competition five times. They have also won the UEFA Super Cup on three occasions, a total only Milan and Barcelona ( five titles each ) have bettered. Bob Paisley is the club 's most successful manager in Europe, with five trophies. Liverpool 's biggest - margin win in Europe is an 11 -- 0 victory over Strømsgodset in the 1974 -- 75 European Cup Winners ' Cup. In European competitions, Jamie Carragher holds the club record for the most appearances, with 150, and Steven Gerrard is the club 's record goalscorer, with 41 goals. Contents 1 Background 2 History 2.1 First steps in Europe -- the Shankly years ( 1965 -- 74 ) 2.2 European domination -- the Paisley years ( 1974 -- 83 ) 2.3 Triumph and tragedy -- the Fagan years ( 1983 -- 85 ) 2.4 Return to Europe ( 1991 -- 2004 ) 2.5 Renewed European success -- the Benítez years ( 2004 -- 10 ) 2.6 Decline and Resurgence ( 2010 -- present ) 3 Records 3.1 By season 3.2 By competition 3.3 By country 4 Honours 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links Background ( edit ) Further information on the origins of European football : European Cup and UEFA Champions League history Club competitions between teams from different European countries can trace their origins as far back as 1897, when the Challenge Cup was created for clubs in the Austro - Hungarian Empire, who did not meet under normal circumstances. The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, named after entrepreneur and sportsman Thomas Lipton, was established in 1909 and was contested between clubs from Italy, Great Britain, Germany and Switzerland ; the competition lasted for two years. The earliest attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe was made by Swiss club FC Servette. Founded in 1930, the Coupe des Nations featured clubs of ten major European football leagues and was deemed a success. Due to financial reasons, the competition was abandoned. The first continental competition organised by UEFA was the European Cup in 1955. Conceived by Gabriel Hanot, the editor of L'Équipe, as a competition for winners of the European national football leagues, it is considered the most prestigious European football competition. When the European Cup was first played, Liverpool were in the Second Division, following relegation from the First Division after the 1953 -- 54 season, and thus were ineligible for the competition. During their time in the Second Division, two further competitions were created : the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup. Established in 1955, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was later re-branded as the UEFA Cup when it came under the auspices of UEFA in 1971. Since the 2009 -- 10 season, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League. The UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup was inaugurated in 1960 for the winners of domestic cup competitions. In 1962 Liverpool were promoted to the First Division. Two years later, they won the Football League championship, thus making their European debut in the 1964 -- 65 European Cup. In the following years, further European competitions were inaugurated. The first, the UEFA Super Cup, was originally a match played between the winners of the European Cup and the Cup Winners ' Cup. First established in 1973, it changed formats in 2000 ; since then, it has been contested between the winners of the Champions League ( formerly the European Cup ) and the Europa League ( formerly the UEFA Cup ), following the Cup Winners ' Cup amalgamation into the latter. The Intercontinental Cup was a competition for the winners of the European Cup ( later, the UEFA Champions League ) and the South American equivalent, the Copa Libertadores. Established in 1960, the Intercontinental Cup was jointly organised by UEFA and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ). It ran until 2004, when the FIFA Club World Cup, which includes the winners of all six confederations ' regional championships replaced it. History ( edit ) First steps in Europe -- the Shankly years ( 1965 -- 74 ) ( edit ) Statue of Bill Shankly outside Anfield. Shankly was the first Liverpool manager to win a European trophy. Bill Shankly began managing Liverpool in 1959, and it was under him that the team first competed in European competition in 1964 -- 65, qualifying for the European Cup by winning the First Division championship the previous season. The club 's first opponents were Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur of Iceland, who they played in the preliminary round. Liverpool won 11 -- 1 on aggregate. The next round, against Belgian club Anderlecht, was the first time in Liverpool 's history that they wore their now common all - red strip. The decision was made to change from red shirts, white shorts and socks by Shankly, who wanted his players to make more of a psychological impact on opponents. They beat Anderlecht and progressed to the semi-finals, where they met Italian team Internazionale. Before the first leg at Anfield, Shankly asked two injured players to parade the FA Cup, which Liverpool had won the previous week, to intimidate the Italians. The team won the match 3 -- 1, but Inter won the second leg 3 -- 0, securing a 4 -- 3 aggregate victory. The second leg was controversial ; Shankly described it as `` a war ''. He felt that the referee, Jose Maria Ortiz de Mendibel, had shown bias towards Internazionale, and the Liverpool players felt cheated by his decisions. The club 's 1964 -- 65 FA Cup victory ensured qualification for the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup the following season, and in that competition, they reached their first European final. Borussia Dortmund, Liverpool 's opponents, employed counter-attacking tactics that had paid dividends in previous rounds and did so again, with the West Germans beating Liverpool 2 -- 1 after extra time. Liverpool face Petrolul in the first round of the 1966 -- 67 European Cup. In the next four seasons, they competed in the European Cup and Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, but failed to progress past the third round in either competition. A tie against Dutch team Ajax during the 1966 -- 67 European Cup was to prove pivotal in the history of Liverpool in European competition. Ajax beat Liverpool 7 -- 3 on aggregate. However, the style of football that Ajax played -- a patient passing game, inspired by Johann Cruyff -- convinced Shankly that Liverpool had to replicate this style to be successful in Europe. Liverpool reached the semi-finals of the 1970 -- 71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, losing 1 -- 0 on aggregate to Leeds United. They competed in the 1971 -- 72 European Cup Winners ' Cup, despite losing the 1971 FA Cup Final, as the FA Cup winners, Arsenal, had also qualified for the European Cup by winning the league championship. Liverpool were eliminated in the second round by Bayern Munich of Germany, losing 3 -- 1 on aggregate. The changes made to Liverpool 's tactics came to fruition during the 1972 -- 73 UEFA Cup. The club reached their second European final, where they faced Borussia Mönchengladbach of Germany. Liverpool won the first leg 3 -- 0 as a result of two goals from Kevin Keegan and one from Larry Lloyd. Victory in this first leg meant Liverpool only needed to avoid losing by three or more goals in order to win the final. This influenced their tactics -- The Times reported that Liverpool employed a `` holding action '' against the `` attacking Germans ''. The tactics worked, allowing Mönchengladbach only two goals, granting Liverpool a 3 -- 2 aggregate victory. Liverpool also won the First Division championship that season, and as a result qualified for the 1973 -- 74 European Cup, where they were eliminated in the second round by Red Star Belgrade of Yugoslavia. At the end of that season, Shankly retired. European domination -- the Paisley years ( 1974 -- 83 ) ( edit ) Shankly was succeeded by his assistant, Bob Paisley, in 1974. Liverpool competed in the Cup Winners ' Cup during Paisley 's first season and defeated Strømsgodset of Norway 11 -- 0 at Anfield. This remains the club 's largest margin of victory in all matches. They lost in the next round to Hungarian side Ferencváros on the away goals rule. In 1975 -- 76 the club entered the UEFA Cup after a second - place finish in the First Division. Victories over Hibernian ( Scotland ), Real Sociedad ( Spain ), Śląsk Wrocław ( Poland ), Dynamo Dresden ( East Germany ) and Barcelona ( Spain ) took Liverpool to their third European final. Crucial to their progress was goalkeeper Ray Clemence, who made two important penalty saves against Hibernian and Dresden, saving Liverpool from elimination on the away goals rule on both occasions. Their opponents in the final were Club Brugge of Belgium. Liverpool recovered from a two - goal deficit to win the first leg at Anfield 3 -- 2, with Ray Kennedy, Jimmy Case, and Keegan scoring a goal each in a span of six minutes. A 1 -- 1 draw at the Jan Breydel Stadion in Bruges meant Liverpool won 4 -- 3 on aggregate, earning their second UEFA Cup. The Paisley Gateway is a tribute to former manager Bob Paisley, who won a record three European Cups -- and three European trophies in successive seasons -- as Liverpool manager. As the 1975 -- 76 league champions, the club entered the 1976 -- 77 European Cup. They defeated Crusaders of Northern Ireland and Trabzonspor of Turkey to reach the quarter - finals, where they faced the runners - up from the previous season, Saint - Étienne. The French team won the first leg 1 -- 0. The second leg at Anfield began well for Liverpool when Keegan scored in the first two minutes. Saint - Étienne equalised to make the score 2 -- 1 on aggregate in their favour. Kennedy scored for Liverpool, but the away goals rule meant they still needed another goal to win the tie. With six minutes remaining, David Fairclough was brought on to replace John Toshack ; he immediately scored in front of the Kop, ensuring a 3 -- 2 aggregate victory for Liverpool. In the semi-finals, they defeated FC Zürich of Switzerland 6 -- 1 on aggregate to reach the final, where they met their opponents from the 1973 UEFA Cup Final, Borussia Mönchengladbach. The final was held in Rome, four days after the club had lost the 1977 FA Cup Final to Manchester United. Before the match, Paisley announced that striker Toshack would be fit to start. However, he was not named in the matchday squad. This change upset the Germans ' game plan and allowed Keegan to torment his marker, Berti Vogts. Liverpool won 3 -- 1 to become European champions for the first time. By winning the European Cup, they qualified for the European Super Cup and played the winners of the Cup Winners ' Cup, German team Hamburg, who had just signed Keegan. Liverpool won the tie 7 -- 1 on aggregate. Liverpool entered the 1977 -- 78 European Cup as champions and received a bye in the first round. They defeated Dynamo Dresden and Portuguese team Benfica in the second round and quarter - finals, respectively. In the semi-final, the club again met Borussia Mönchengladbach, who won the first leg 2 -- 1. Liverpool won the second leg 3 -- 0, progressing to a second successive European Cup final, this time against Club Brugge at Wembley Stadium in London. In the final Kenny Dalglish, who had been signed to replace Keegan, scored the winning goal after receiving the ball from a Graeme Souness pass. The 1 -- 0 victory meant Liverpool became the first British team to retain the European Cup. They faced Anderlecht in the 1978 European Super Cup, but failed to retain the trophy, losing 4 -- 3 on aggregate against the Belgian side. Liverpool were eliminated in the first round of the 1978 -- 79 European Cup by English champions Nottingham Forest. Nottingham Forest won the tie 2 -- 0 on aggregate, and went on to win the competition. Liverpool entered the 1979 -- 80 European Cup as English champions but were again eliminated in the first round, this time beaten 4 -- 2 on aggregate by Dinamo Tbilisi of the Soviet Union. Liverpool participated in the 1980 -- 81 European Cup as English league champions, defeating Finnish champions Oulun Palloseura, Scottish club Aberdeen and CSKA Sofia of Bulgaria to qualify for the semi-finals, where they faced three - time champions Bayern Munich. The first leg at Anfield finished goalless. In the second leg at the Olympiastadion in Munich, Ray Kennedy scored in the 83rd minute and, although the German side equalised, Liverpool went through to the final on the away goals rule. They faced Spanish side Real Madrid in the final, held at the Parc des Princes in Paris. Alan Kennedy scored the only goal to give Liverpool a 1 -- 0 victory, which secured the club 's -- and Paisley 's -- third European Cup. As champions of Europe, Liverpool competed in the Intercontinental Cup against South American champions Flamengo of Brazil. Liverpool lost the match 3 -- 0. The club 's defence of the European Cup in 1981 -- 82 was ended by CSKA Sofia in the quarter - finals. Another quarter - final exit occurred in the 1982 -- 83 European Cup when Polish club Widzew Łódź eliminated Liverpool 4 -- 3 on aggregate. Paisley retired as manager at the end of the season and was succeeded by his assistant, Joe Fagan. Triumph and tragedy -- the Fagan years ( 1983 -- 85 ) ( edit ) Replicas of the four European Cups Liverpool won from 1977 to 1984 on display in the club 's museum Liverpool entered the 1983 -- 84 European Cup as league champions for the fourth time in five seasons. Victories over Odense of Denmark and Spanish champions Athletic Bilbao brought Liverpool to face Portuguese champions Benfica in the quarter - finals. Liverpool won the first leg at Anfield 1 -- 0. In the second leg, their tactic of withdrawing Dalglish into midfield put Benfica 's game plan into disarray, leading to a 4 -- 1 match victory and a 5 -- 1 aggregate victory. Their opponents in the semi-finals were Dinamo București of Romania. The tie proved a brutal encounter, characterised by Souness breaking the jaw of the Bucharest captain Lică Movilă, and was won 3 -- 1 on aggregate by Liverpool. Fagan 's first season in charge of Liverpool had been a successful one. When they reached their fourth European Cup final, they had already won the Football League Cup and the league championship ; victory in the European final against Italian side Roma would complete an unprecedented treble. The final was played at Rome 's Stadio Olimpico, and Liverpool went ahead in the 13th minute when Phil Neal scored, though Roma equalised towards the end of the first half. The score remained the same throughout full and extra time ; Liverpool won the subsequent penalty shoot - out, with Alan Kennedy scoring the winning penalty after goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar had put off Francesco Graziani, causing him to place his penalty over the crossbar. After the game, gangs of Roma fans assaulted Liverpool supporters travelling back to their hotels. Success in the European Cup entitled Liverpool to compete in the 1984 Intercontinental Cup. However, they were unable to beat the winners of the Copa Libertadores, Independiente of Argentina, who claimed a 1 -- 0 victory. Liverpool entered the 1984 -- 85 European Cup as champions, and once again progressed to the final, where their opponents were Juventus of Italy. They aimed to win their fifth European Cup and keep the trophy. The 1985 European Cup Final was held at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels. The choice of venue had been criticised due to the dilapidated state of the stadium, and the club tried to persuade UEFA to change the venue. Before the kick - off, Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters and charged the Juventus fans. The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse, killing 39 people and injuring hundreds more. Despite calls for an abandonment, the match was played, as it was felt that further trouble would be caused otherwise. Juventus won the match 1 -- 0 ; Michel Platini scored from the penalty spot to give Juventus their first European Cup. UEFA laid the blame for the incident solely on the Liverpool fans : the official UEFA observer stated, `` Only the English fans were responsible. Of that there is no doubt ''. Three days after the final, UEFA banned all English clubs from European competition for an indefinite period. Liverpool were initially given an additional three - year ban. Fagan retired after the 1984 -- 85 season and was succeeded by Dalglish, who took over as player - manager. The ban on English clubs in European competitions ultimately lasted for five years, and even when the ban was lifted in 1990, Liverpool were not re-admitted ; they had to serve an extra year. The ban prevented them qualifying for the European Cup in 1986 ( as league champions and FA Cup winners ), the UEFA Cup in 1987 ( as league runners - up ), the European Cup in 1988 ( as league champions ), the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1989 ( as FA Cup winners ) and the European Cup in 1990 ( as league champions ). Return to Europe ( 1991 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Liverpool were allowed to return to European competition in the 1991 -- 92 season, a year later than other English clubs. They qualified for the UEFA Cup as runners - up in the English league. Their manager by this stage was Graeme Souness, who had taken over towards the end of the previous season following Dalglish 's resignation. Their first match, in the UEFA Cup, was against Finnish side Kuusyi Lahti, which they won 6 -- 1. A 6 -- 2 aggregate victory set up a tie against Auxerre of France in the second round who they beat 3 -- 2 on aggregate. The club defeated Swarovski Tirol of Austria in the third round 6 -- 0 on aggregate before losing to Genoa ( Italy ) 4 -- 1 over two legs in the quarter finals. Liverpool 's victory over Sunderland in the 1992 FA Cup Final qualified them for the 1992 -- 93 European Cup Winners ' Cup, but this campaign was short - lived, as they were eliminated in the second round by Russian side Spartak Moscow. Liverpool finished no higher than sixth in the Premier League during the next two seasons, thus failing to qualify for European competition. In the 1995 -- 96 season, they entered the UEFA Cup, but again progressed no further than the second round, this time losing to Brøndby of Denmark. Paris SG halted Liverpool 's progress at the semi-final stage of the 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup. As runners - up to League champions Manchester United in the 1996 FA Cup Final, Liverpool were able to compete in the 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup. This proved the club 's most successful campaign since their return to European competition, as they reached the semi-finals, where they were eliminated 3 -- 2 on aggregate by Paris Saint -- Germain. In the next two seasons, Liverpool played in the UEFA Cup but were eliminated at an early stage of the competition, by Strasbourg and Celta de Vigo, respectively. A seventh - place finish in the 1998 -- 99 FA Premier League meant the club did not qualify for Europe in 1999 -- 2000. Having finished fourth in the 1999 -- 2000 FA Premier League, Liverpool qualified for the 2000 -- 01 UEFA Cup. Their victory in this competition marked a third win for a club. The entire season was the club 's most successful since the 1983 -- 84 season, as they won a cup treble consisting of the UEFA Cup, the FA Cup and the League Cup. Their opponents in the final in Dortmund were Alavés of Spain. The match was tied at 4 -- 4 in extra time when Alavés defender Delfí Geli scored an own goal to give Liverpool victory on the golden goal rule. The performance of Gary McAllister, whose free - kick resulted in the winning goal, was praised as `` outstanding '' by Trevor Brooking. This was the club 's first European trophy since their European Cup victory in 1984. As UEFA Cup winners, Liverpool played in the 2001 UEFA Super Cup against Champions League winners Bayern Munich and won 3 -- 2. In the 2001 -- 02 season, Liverpool returned to the European Cup, now called the UEFA Champions League, for the first time since the Heysel disaster. A 2 -- 0 victory over Roma in the second group stage meant they progressed to the quarter - finals. They faced German club Bayer Leverkusen and won the first leg 1 -- 0. The outlook for the second leg appeared to be to Liverpool 's advantage, as their counter-attacking style of play had served them well during away matches throughout the season ; however, they lost the second leg 4 -- 2 and were eliminated 4 -- 3 on aggregate. A second - place finish in the 2001 -- 02 FA Premier League entitled Liverpool to participate in the Champions League for a second successive season, but they only finished third in their group and were eliminated from the competition. The third - place finish meant they entered the 2002 -- 03 UEFA Cup. Liverpool beat Dutch team Vitesse Arnhem and Auxerre to set up an all - British tie with Scottish team Celtic. A 1 -- 1 draw in the first leg meant Liverpool would progress to the semi-finals if they did not concede a goal in the second leg at Anfield. However, Celtic scored before half - time and again in the second half to win 3 -- 1 on aggregate. Liverpool entered the UEFA Cup for the 2003 -- 04 season, after Chelsea beat them on the final day of the previous league season to claim the fourth place needed to qualify for the Champions League. Liverpool were eliminated in the fourth round by eventual runners - up Marseille of France. At the end of the season, manager Gérard Houllier was replaced by Rafael Benítez. Renewed European success -- the Benítez years ( 2004 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Fans in the Kop hold a mosaic during the match with Juventus, 6 April 2005. Amicizia means `` friendship '' in Italian. Liverpool had finished fourth in the 2003 -- 04 season, which qualified them to compete in the Champions League in the 2004 -- 05 season. A poor start in the group stages, with two losses in their first five games, had the club facing elimination. A 3 -- 1 victory over Greek side Olympiacos, however, eventually ensured their passage to the knock - out rounds. Liverpool beat Bayer Leverkusen and Juventus to reach the semi-finals, and progressed to the final after they beat Chelsea 1 -- 0 on aggregate ; the goal scored by Luis García was referred to as a `` ghost goal '' by Chelsea manager José Mourinho, as it was unclear whether the ball crossed the goal line. Liverpool 's performances in Europe contrasted strongly with their league form, where they struggled to finish in the top - four and thus ensure qualification for the next Champions League season. Liverpool faced six - time European champions Milan in the final at the Atatürk Stadium in Istanbul on 25 May 2005. Trailing 3 -- 0 at half - time, they scored three goals in a six - minute spell in the second half to level the score at 3 -- 3. There were no goals during extra time, so the match was decided by a penalty shoot - out. With the shoot - out score at 3 -- 2, Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek saved Andriy Shevchenko 's penalty to give Liverpool victory. The nature of Liverpool 's comeback victory has led to the match being referred to as the `` miracle of Istanbul. '' As this was the club 's fifth European Cup victory, Liverpool were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs ' Cup permanently, and a new trophy was commissioned for the following year 's competition. The victory also entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2005 UEFA Super Cup at Stade Louis II, Monaco in August. They defeated UEFA Cup winners CSKA Moscow of Russia 3 -- 1 ( aet. ) to win their third Super Cup. Their success in the Champions League meant Liverpool also qualified for the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship, where they lost 1 -- 0 in the final to Brazilian team São Paulo. A fifth - place finish in the Premier League in 2004 -- 05 meant Liverpool were not guaranteed entry into the Champions League, and faced the prospect of not being able to defend their European title. UEFA eventually ruled that they would be allowed to do so, but would be required to start in the first qualifying round, with no country protection, meaning they could face a team from England in the group stages. This turned out to be the case -- Liverpool advanced through three qualifying rounds and were drawn with Chelsea in the group stages. They progressed from their group as winners but were beaten by Benfica in the first knock - out round. In the 2006 -- 07 Champions League, Liverpool progressed from the group stages and beat holders Barcelona, PSV and Chelsea to face Milan in a rematch of the 2005 final. The Liverpool team, which contained only five players from the 2005 final, enjoyed more possession than in 2005, but two goals from Filippo Inzaghi gave Milan their seventh European Cup in a 2 -- 1 win. Liverpool lining up at Arsenal in the quarter - finals of the 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League Liverpool were eliminated from the 2007 -- 08 Champions League in the semi-finals by Chelsea, who they had beaten in the semi-finals in 2005 and 2007. A fourth - place finish in the 2007 -- 08 Premier League secured their entry into the 2008 -- 09 Champions League. Liverpool reached the quarter - finals and again faced Chelsea, but lost 7 -- 5 on aggregate. A second - place finish in the 2008 -- 09 Premier League entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League, but their campaign was short - lived ; they finished third in their group, and were eliminated from the competition. They entered the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Europa League, progressing to the semi-finals, where they were eliminated by eventual winners Atlético Madrid of Spain on the away goals rule after the tie finished 2 -- 2 on aggregate. Decline and resurgence ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) Jürgen Klopp managing Liverpool in a 2015 -- 16 UEFA Europa League match against FC Augsburg. Rafael Benítez left the club at the end of the 2009 -- 10 season and was replaced by Roy Hodgson. A seventh - place finish in the 2009 -- 10 Premier League meant Liverpool would be competing in the 2010 -- 11 Europa League. They beat Rabotnički of Macedonia and Trabzonspor of Turkey to progress to the group stage, where Liverpool were drawn alongside Napoli, FC Utrecht and Steaua București. They won two games and drew four to finish top of their group with ten points and progress to the round of 32. They were drawn against Sparta Prague in the next round. Before the tie was played, however, Hodgson was replaced by former manager Kenny Dalglish, who initially served as a caretaker manager. A 1 -- 0 aggregate victory ensured progression to the round of 16, in which Liverpool lost 1 -- 0 on aggregate to eventual runners - up Braga. A sixth - place finish in the 2010 -- 11 Premier League meant the club failed to qualify for European competition for the first time since 1999. On the following season, victory in the League Cup final ensured Liverpool a place in the 2012 -- 13 Europa League. Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase of the 2012 -- 13 Europa League after winning their group at the group stage, but were eliminated from the competition at the round of 32 by Zenit Saint Petersburg on the away goals rule after a 0 -- 2 loss away and a 3 -- 1 win at home. A seventh - place finish in the 2012 -- 13 Premier League and a failure to secure qualification via domestic cups meant Liverpool failed to qualify for any European competition in the 2013 -- 14 season. A second - placed finish in the 2013 -- 14 Premier League, ensured Liverpool qualified for the group stage of the 2014 -- 15 Champions League. One win out of six in the group stage meant they were eliminated and entered into the knockout phase of the 2014 -- 15 Europa League. The campaign was short - lived, as Liverpool eliminated by Beşiktaş in the round of 32. Finishing sixth in the 2014 -- 15 Premier League qualified Liverpool directly to the group stage of the 2015 -- 16 Europa League, where they faced Sion, Bordeaux and for the first time, Russian side Rubin Kazan. During the group stage, manager Brendan Rodgers was replaced by Jürgen Klopp. After winning the group, Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase, beating FC Augsburg in the round of 32 before facing bitter rivals Manchester United in the round of 16, the two clubs ' first meeting in Europe. Liverpool defeated them 3 -- 1 on aggregate and victory led to a quarter - final tie with Klopp 's former team Borussia Dortmund. After a 1 -- 1 draw in the first leg at Signal Iduna Park, Dortmund went 3 -- 1 up in the return leg at Anfield with 33 minutes remaining, requiring Liverpool to score three goals due to the Away goals rule. Goals from Philippe Coutinho, Mamadou Sakho and a last minute winner from Dejan Lovren, however, saw Liverpool complete the comeback and qualify for their first European semi-final since 2010. There they faced Villarreal, completing a second comeback after overturning a 1 -- 0 defeat in the first leg at El Madrigal to qualify for the final with a 3 -- 1 aggregate win. Liverpool played Sevilla in the final at St. Jakob - Park, Basel, on 18 May, losing 3 -- 1. A 4th - place finish in the 2016 -- 17 Premier League qualified Liverpool for the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League and a return to Europe 's premier club tournament for only the second time in 8 years during the 2010s. On 17 October 2017, Liverpool won 7 - 0 away to Maribor in the third round of matches of the group stage of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League. The win was a record away win for Liverpool in European competitions and also the biggest away win by an English team in the history of the European Cup. After qualifying top of their group, they proceeded to defeat Porto 5 - 0 at the Estadio de Dragao, before holding them to a 0 - 0 draw on the return leg, then defeated domestic rivals Manchester City 3 - 0 and 2 - 1, and in the semi-finals, defeated Roma 5 - 2 at Anfield, before a 4 - 2 loss led to a 7 - 6 aggregate win, taking them to the final, against holders Real Madrid. Liverpool lost the final by 3 - 1 but finished 4th in the 2017 -- 18 Premier League to qualify for the 2018 -- 19 UEFA Champions League. Records ( edit ) Main article : List of Liverpool F.C. statistics and records Jamie Carragher 's 150 European appearances -- including the pictured 2006 clash with Benfica -- is a club record. Most appearances in European competition : Jamie Carragher, 150 Most goals in European competition : Steven Gerrard, 41 First European match : Liverpool 6 -- 0 Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur, European Cup, first round, 17 August 1964 First goal scored in Europe : Gordon Wallace, against KR Reykjavik Biggest win : Liverpool 11 -- 0 Strømsgodset, in the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup, 17 September 1974 Biggest defeat : Liverpool 1 -- 5 Ajax, in the European Cup, 7 December 1966 Highest European home attendance : 55,104, against Barcelona in the 1975 -- 76 UEFA Cup, 14 April 1976 Lowest European home attendance : 12,021 against Dundalk in the 1982 -- 83 European Cup By season ( edit ) Key P = Played W = Games won D = Games drawn L = Games lost F = Goals for A = Goals against GD = Goal difference Grp = Group stage R1 = First round R2 = Second round R3 = Third round R4 = Fourth round R16 = Round of 16 R32 = Round of 32 QF = Quarter - final SF = Semi-final Key to colours : Gold Winners Silver Runners - up Liverpool F.C. record in European football by season Season Competition Round 1964 -- 65 European Cup 9 5 18 5 SF 1965 -- 66 European Cup Winners ' Cup 9 5 12 6 Runners - up 1966 -- 67 European Cup 6 8 R2 1967 -- 68 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 6 0 13 5 R3 1968 -- 69 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 0 R1 1969 -- 70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 0 17 R2 1970 -- 71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 10 5 13 SF 1971 -- 72 European Cup Winners ' Cup 5 R2 1972 -- 73 UEFA Cup 12 8 17 6 Winners 1973 -- 74 European Cup 5 5 R2 1974 -- 75 European Cup Winners ' Cup 0 12 R2 1975 -- 76 UEFA Cup 12 8 25 8 Winners 1976 -- 77 European Cup 9 7 0 22 5 Winners 1977 European Super Cup 0 7 Winners 1977 -- 78 European Cup 7 5 0 17 7 Winners 1978 European Super Cup 0 Runners - up 1978 -- 79 European Cup 0 0 R1 1979 -- 80 European Cup 0 R1 1980 -- 81 European Cup 9 6 0 24 Winners 1981 Intercontinental Cup 0 0 0 Runners - up 1981 -- 82 European Cup 6 14 6 QF 1982 -- 83 European Cup 6 0 13 6 QF 1983 -- 84 European Cup 9 7 0 16 Winners 1984 European Super Cup 0 0 0 Runners - up 1984 Intercontinental Cup 0 0 0 Runners - up 1984 -- 85 European Cup 9 6 18 5 Runners - up 1991 -- 92 UEFA Cup 8 0 16 8 QF 1992 -- 93 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 0 10 8 R2 1995 -- 96 UEFA Cup R2 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 8 6 18 9 SF 1997 -- 98 UEFA Cup 5 R2 1998 -- 99 UEFA Cup 6 11 5 R3 2000 -- 01 UEFA Cup 13 8 19 9 Winners 2001 UEFA Super Cup 0 0 Winners 2001 -- 02 UEFA Champions League 14 5 7 14 11 QF 2002 -- 03 UEFA Champions League 6 12 8 Grp 2002 -- 03 UEFA Cup 6 6 QF 2003 -- 04 UEFA Cup 8 14 7 R4 2004 -- 05 UEFA Champions League 15 8 14 11 Winners 2005 UEFA Super Cup 0 0 Winners 2005 FIFA Club World Cup 0 Runners - up 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League 14 8 20 7 R16 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League 15 8 23 12 Runners - up 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League 14 8 34 11 SF 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League 12 7 22 12 QF 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League 6 5 7 Grp 2009 -- 10 UEFA Europa League 8 5 0 14 8 SF 2010 -- 11 UEFA Europa League 14 7 6 16 5 R16 2012 -- 13 UEFA Europa League 12 7 20 13 R32 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League 6 5 9 Grp 2014 -- 15 UEFA Europa League 0 R32 2015 -- 16 UEFA Europa League 15 6 7 19 13 Runners - up 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League 15 9 47 19 Runners - up 2018 -- 19 UEFA Champions League 0 7 By competition ( edit ) Liverpool F.C. record in European football by competition Competition European Cup / UEFA Champions League 199 113 43 43 376 175 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 29 16 5 8 57 29 UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League 124 66 34 24 186 94 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 22 12 6 46 15 UEFA Super Cup 7 16 10 Intercontinental Cup 0 0 0 FIFA Club World Cup 0 Total 385 212 87 86 684 328 By country ( edit ) Liverpool F.C. record in Continental football by country Country Pld GD Win % Argentina 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 − 1 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Austria 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 10 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Belarus 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Belgium 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 13 07001769200000000000 ♠ 76.92 Brazil 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 − 4 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Bulgaria 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 + 10 07001700000000000000 ♠ 70.00 Costa Rica 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 3 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Cyprus 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 6 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Czech Republic 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 3 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Denmark 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 5 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 England 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 + 4 07001318200000000000 ♠ 31.82 Finland 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 36 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 France 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 + 19 07001592600000000000 ♠ 59.26 Germany 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 + 39 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Georgia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 − 2 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Greece 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 13 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Hungary 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 3 07001400000000000000 ♠ 40.00 Iceland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 10 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Ireland 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 18 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Israel 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Italy 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 − 1 07001357100000000000 ♠ 35.71 Lithuania 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Luxembourg 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 2 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Macedonia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Netherlands 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 + 10 07001571400000000000 ♠ 57.14 Northern Ireland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 7 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Norway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 15 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Poland 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 8 07001833300000000000 ♠ 83.33 Portugal 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 + 17 07001454500000000000 ♠ 45.45 Romania 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 15 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Russia 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 + 13 07001538500000000000 ♠ 53.85 Scotland 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 9 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Serbia 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 2 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Slovakia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 8 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Slovenia 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 13 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Spain 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 + 6 07001375000000000000 ♠ 37.50 Sweden 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 3 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Switzerland 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 + 11 07001461500000000000 ♠ 46.15 Turkey 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 + 11 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Ukraine 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Wales 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 6 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Honours ( edit ) Liverpool F.C. honours in European competition Honour No. Years European Cup / UEFA Champions League 5 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005 UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League 1973, 1976, 2001 UEFA Super Cup 1977, 2001, 2005 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The table excludes former nations such as East Germany and the Soviet Union. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wearmouth, Rachel ( 1 September 2008 ). `` BBC films story of World Cup winners ''. The Northern Echo. Darlington. Retrieved 26 May 2012. Jump up ^ Nemzeti Sport, 9 July 1930, p. 3. Jump up ^ Moore 2000, p. 217. Jump up ^ `` Football 's premier club competition ''. Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ). Retrieved 25 December 2011. Jump up ^ Kelly 1988, pp. 50 -- 51. ^ Jump up to : Moore 2000, p. 220. Jump up ^ `` Uefa Cup given new name in revamp ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 26 September 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Club competition winners do battle ''. Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ). Retrieved 2 September 2011. Jump up ^ `` Competition format ''. Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ). 13 July 2005. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2011. Jump up ^ Kelly 1988, p. 67. Jump up ^ `` Reds sport all - red kit for first time ''. Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011. Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992, p. 18. Jump up ^ Lacey, David ( 5 May 1965 ). `` From the archive : Liverpool 3 -- 1 Internazionale ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 June 2011. ^ Jump up to : Hodgson, Guy ( 3 March 1999 ). `` Football : History not on United 's side -- European Cup quarter - final : Italian clubs have usually had the upper hand on some pulsating nights of action ''. The Independent. London. Retrieved 6 June 2011. Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992, p. 20. Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991, p. 67. Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992, pp. 52 -- 57. Jump up ^ Kelly 1988, p. 78. Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992, p. 48. Jump up ^ Kelly 1988, p. 95. Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992, pp. 62 -- 63. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Survive Test Of Character ''. The Times. London. 24 May 1973. p. 10. Jump up ^ Kelly 1988, p. 105. Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991, p. 39. Jump up ^ Graham 1985, p. 44. Jump up ^ `` Matches ''. Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2010. Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991, p. 180. Jump up ^ Kelly 1988, p. 118. Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992, p. 103. Jump up ^ Lacey, David ( 26 May 2007 ). `` Technocrat to blame for Athens anti-climax ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 June 2011. Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991, p. 186. Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992, p. 130. Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992, p. 131. Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991, p. 188. Jump up ^ `` 1978 : Anderlecht back on top ''. Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ). Retrieved 3 June 2011. Jump up ^ Kelly 1988, p. 133. Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991, p. 189. Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992, p. 154. Jump up ^ `` Toyota Cup 1981 ''. Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ). Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2011. Jump up ^ Kelly 1988, p. 154. Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992, pp. 163 -- 164. Jump up ^ Graham 1985, p. 53. Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992, p. 164. ^ Jump up to : Hale & Ponting 1992, p. 166. Jump up ^ Graham 1985, p. 54. Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992, p. 169. Jump up ^ Keith, John ( 5 April 2005 ). `` Heysel remembered : the horror of a tragedy waiting to happen ''. The Independent. London. Retrieved 26 January 2012. Jump up ^ Bobrowsky, Josef ; José Gorgazzi, Osvaldo ( 13 February 2005 ). `` Intercontinental Club Cup 1984 ''. Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ). Retrieved 25 November 2011. Jump up ^ `` Fagan steps down after Heysel tragedy ''. Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2012. Jump up ^ Graham 1985, p. 55. Jump up ^ Coslett, Paul ( 1 April 2008 ). `` Heysel Disaster ''. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 May 2011. ^ Jump up to : Hale & Ponting 1992, p. 189. Jump up ^ Hanley, James ( 2 April 2005 ). `` English fans were responsible. No doubt ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool legend Fagan dies ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2 July 2001. Retrieved 27 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Manager : Kenny Dalglish ''. This Is Anfield. Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06. Jump up ^ Murray, Scott ( 8 October 2008 ). `` On Second Thoughts : Graeme Souness ''. The guardian. Retrieved 9 August 2015. Jump up ^ Brierley, Stephen ( 19 September 1991 ). `` Saunders spells end for Finnish ''. The Guardian. London. p. 16. Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992, p. 204. Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992, p. 206. Jump up ^ Ross, James M. ( 13 November 2006 ). `` Cup Winners ' Cup 1992 -- 93 ''. Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ). Retrieved 1 September 2011. Jump up ^ Stokkermans, Karel ( 15 January 2010 ). `` UEFA Cup 1995 -- 96 ''. Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ). Retrieved 1 September 2011. Jump up ^ `` 1996 / 97 : Ronaldo spot on for Barça ''. Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ). 14 May 1997. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Brave words, brave hearts and insufficient rewards ''. Liverpool Echo. Liverpool. 5 November 1997. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool suffer Spanish inquisition ''. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 24 November 1998. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Jump up ^ RSSSF ( 20 December 1999 ). `` England 1998 / 99 ''. Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 5 Alaves 4 ''. UEFA.com. 16 May 2001. Archived from the original on 7 August 2001. Retrieved 5 August 2015. CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Brooking, Trevor ( 17 May 2001 ). `` McAllister the man ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` Dortmund delight as Reds win thriller ''. Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` 2001 : Owen keeps Reds rolling ''. Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ). 1 September 2001. Archived from the original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool reach last eight ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 20 March 2002. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool gain upper hand ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 3 April 2002. Retrieved 5 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool suffer Euro woe ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 9 April 2002. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ McCarra, Kevin ( 13 November 2002 ). `` Liverpool revival comes too late ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Celtic brush aside Liverpool ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 20 March 2003. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ Brodkin, Jon ( 12 May 2003 ). `` Ranieri 's men finally show their mettle ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool appoint Benitez ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 16 June 2004. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` The world according to Mourinho ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 31 October 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2010. Jump up ^ McCarra, Kevin ( 14 April 2005 ). `` Liverpool set up Chelsea clash ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` AC Milan 3 -- 3 Liverpool ( aet ) ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 25 May 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2010. Jump up ^ Wilson, Paul ; Oliver, Brian ; Mochlinski, Kaz ( 29 May 2005 ). `` The miracle of Istanbul ''. The Observer. London. Retrieved 22 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Regulations for the UEFA Champions League 2006 -- 07 '' ( PDF ). Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ). p. 11. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2006. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 -- 1 CSKA Moscow ( aet ) ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 26 August 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Sao Paulo 1 -- 0 Liverpool ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 18 December 2005. Retrieved 30 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool get in Champions League ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 10 June 2005. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 0 -- 2 Benfica ( agg 0 -- 3 ) ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 8 March 2006. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 1 -- 0 Chelsea ( Agg : 1 -- 1 ) ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1 May 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ Harrold, Michael ( 23 May 2007 ). `` Inzaghi inspires Milan to glory ''. Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ). Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2011. Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil ( 23 May 2007 ). `` AC Milan 2 -- 1 Liverpool ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ McCarra, Kevin ( 14 April 2009 ). `` Lampard double sees off gallant Liverpool ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ McCarra, Kevin ( 30 April 2010 ). `` Liverpool 's hopes of silverware ended by Atlético Madrid 's Diego Forlán ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 31 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Roy Hodgson leaves Fulham to become Liverpool manager ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Group Stage ''. Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ). 7 May 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Roy Hodgson exits and Kenny Dalglish takes over ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 8 January 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011. Jump up ^ Sanghera, Mandeep ( 17 March 2011 ). `` Liverpool 0 -- 0 Braga ( agg 0 -- 1 ) ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 10 May 2011. Jump up ^ McVay, David ( 22 May 2011 ). `` Aston Villa 1 Liverpool 0 : match report ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 28 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` European qualification : The permutations ''. Premier League. 26 April 2012. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool fall short against Zenit despite Luis Suárez free - kick goals ''. Guardian. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` Champions League draw : Liverpool face Real Madrid, while Manchester City are drawn in group of death ''. Daily Telegraph. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014. Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil ( 9 December 2014 ). `` Liverpool 1 -- 1 Basel ''. BBC Sport. Retrieved 23 May 2015. Jump up ^ Whalley, Mike ( 26 February 2015 ). `` Besiktas 1 -- 0 Liverpool ''. BBC Sport. Retrieved 23 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 UEFA Europa League : Group B ''. UEFA.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool FC Confirm Juergen Klopp appointment ''. Liverpoolfc.com. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 UEFA Europa League : Liverpool edge out Augsburg ''. UEFA.com. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Manchester United draw Liverpool in the Europa League ''. BBC Sport. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016. Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil ( 17 March 2016 ). `` Manchester United 1 - 1 Liverpool ''. BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ). Retrieved 7 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool manager Jurgen Klopp faces Dortmund reunion in Europa League ''. BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ). 18 March 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016. Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil ( 14 April 2016 ). `` Liverpool 4 - 3 Borussia Dortmund ( 5 - 4 agg. ) ''. BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ). Retrieved 7 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 UEFA Europa League Semi Final - Semi Final 1 First Leg ''. UEFA.com. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 UEFA Europa League Semi Final - Semi Final 1 Second Leg ''. UEFA.com. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Roberto Firmino and Mohamed Salah lead Liverpool rout of Maribor ''. Guardian. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Maribor 0 Liverpool 7 ''. BBC Sport. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 3 Liverpool 1 : as it happened ''. Guardian. 26 May 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Jamie Carragher ''. LFC History. Retrieved 10 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard ''. LFC History. Retrieved 10 May 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Matches ''. Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011. Jump up ^ Platt, Mark ( 11 September 2010 ). `` Reds first ever Euro tie ''. Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool ''. Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ). Retrieved 12 February 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Attendances ''. Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 1 -- 1 Barcelona ''. UEFA. Retrieved 7 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool in Europe -- Season by Season ''. LFC History. Retrieved 2 August 2012. Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991, p. 218. Jump up ^ `` Fixtures and results ''. Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ). Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012. Jump up ^ `` Competition Stats ''. LFC History. Retrieved 25 October 2018. Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Head - To - Head ''. Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012. Bibliography ( edit ) Graham, Matthew ( 1985 ). Liverpool. Twickenham : Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd. ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 50254 - 8. Hale, Steve ; Ponting, Ivan ( 1992 ). Liverpool in Europe. Enfield : Guinness. ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 569 - 5. Kelly, Stephen F. ( 1988 ). The Official Illustrated History of Liverpool FC : You 'll Never Walk Alone. London : Queen Anne Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 356 - 19594 - 0. Liversedge, Stan ( 1991 ). Liverpool : The Official Centenary History. London : Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd. ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 57308 - 1. Moore, Glenn ( 2000 ). The Concise Encyclopedia of World Football. London : Parragon. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7525 - 4466 - 3. External links ( edit ) English football portal Merseyside portal Official Liverpool FC website Official UEFA site Liverpool Football Club Honours Managers Seasons Records and statistics Reserves & Academy Current season History 1892 -- 1959 1959 -- 85 1985 -- present Europe Founding Fathers of Merseyside Football Home stadium Anfield Training ground Melwood The Academy Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Rivalries League record by opponent Merseyside derby Manchester United rivalry Tragedies Heysel disaster Hillsborough disaster Supporters Reclaim The Kop Spirit of Shankly Media LFC TV Being : Liverpool Liverpool ( video game ) Well Red magazine Books 43 Years with the Same Bird Red or Dead Films Fifteen Minutes That Shook the World One Night in Istanbul Will Songs `` Anfield Rap '' `` The Fields of Anfield Road '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Related articles 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League qualification A.F.C. Liverpool The Boot Room Fenway Sports Group Liverpool F.C. Women Respect 4 All Spice Boys Spion Kop Superleague Formula team 1915 British football betting scandal Book WikiProject English football clubs in international competitions Arsenal Aston Villa Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Burnley Chelsea Coventry City Crystal Palace Derby County Everton Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Leicester City Liverpool London XI Manchester City Manchester United Middlesbrough Millwall Newcastle United Norwich City Nottingham Forest Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Stoke City Sunderland Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Wigan Athletic Wolverhampton Wanderers English clubs in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League List of football matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_F.C._in_European_football&oldid=865746094 '' Categories : English football clubs in European football Liverpool F.C. Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Use British English from September 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018, at 21 : 35 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Liverpool F.C. in European football", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Liverpool_F.C._in_European_football&amp;oldid=865746094" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "13860320607462378172" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "You 'll Never Make Love in This Town Again - wikipedia You 'll Never Make Love in This Town Again Jump to : navigation, search You 'll Never Make Love In This Town Again is a book published in January 1996 which describes the stories of three prostitutes and one actress about their sexual encounters with various Hollywood celebrities. The sisters Robin Greer and Liza Greer are contributors along with Linda Hammond and Alexandra D. Datig, identified in the book as `` Tiffany ''. The book generated extensive notoriety and sales, and was also the subject of a low - budget documentary. The book was the subject of several reported lawsuits. On 1 March 1996 the woman referred to as `` Tiffany '' sued the publisher Dove Books, and its executive, Michael Viner. The action was dismissed by the Superior Court on October 23, 1996, but on July 15, 1999, it was reinstated and remanded for further proceedings by the California Court of Appeal ( Second District ). In its published opinion, the court noted that `` it appears that defense counsel violated several state wide rules of court and local rules, and that these violations resulted in unnecessary litigation and cost to plaintiff and her attorney in time and money, '' and instructed the Superior Court to consider sanctions against defendants and their attorneys. Linda Hammond sued Viner for sexual harassment. The suit was dropped. In another case, Viner sued Hollywood madam Heidi Fleiss for slander, based on statements Fleiss made on a radio talk show about Viner and authors of the book. In 2000 a jury ruled in Fleiss 's favor. In another case, one of the authors claimed that she had been forced unfairly to agree to reduced royalties under her contract with the publisher, and she won a jury verdict in her favor. There were two sequels Once More With Feeling : You 'll Never Make Love in This Town Again Again was published in 1996. It told the stories of prostitute Michelle ( who appears on the cover ), prostitute Lisa, and graphic artist Sophie, among others. Hooking Up : You 'll Never Make Love in This Town Again Again, appeared in 2006. It told the tales of prostitute Olivia, porn publicist Carly Milne, and prostitute Amanda. Books ( edit ) You 'll Never Make Love In This Town Again by Robin Greer et al., Dove Books, Beverly Hills, CA ( 1995 ). ISBN 0 - 7871 - 0404 - 3 Once More With Feeling : You 'll Never Make Love in This Town Again Again by Michelle, Lisa et al. Dove Books, Beverly Hills, CA ( 1996 ). ISBN 0 - 7871 - 1035 - 3 Hooking Up : You 'll Never Make Love in This Town Again Again by Olivia et al., Phoenix Books ( October 2006 ) ISBN 1 - 59777 - 504 - 5 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan, `` ' You 'll Never Make Love... ' Now a Tell - All Documentary '', Los Angeles Times, October 18, 1996. Jump up ^ Josh Getlin, `` Titillating Tell - All Triggers a Tawdry Tinseltown Tiff '', Los Angeles Times, April 16, 2006. Jump up ^ Datig v. Dove Books, 73 Cal. App. 4th 964, 983 ( 1999 ). Jump up ^ David Robb, `` Fleiss Cleared Of Slander In Viner 's Lawsuit '', The Hollywood Reporter, August 28, 2000. Jump up ^ `` Make Love Not Law '', Los Angeles Times, January 11, 1998. Jump up ^ http://carlymilne.com/ Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/1597775428 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/0787110361 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/1597775045/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ll_Never_Make_Love_in_This_Town_Again&oldid=801318855 '' Categories : 1996 books Books about prostitution Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017, at 00 : 04. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "You'll Never Make Love in This Town Again", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=You%27ll_Never_Make_Love_in_This_Town_Again&amp;oldid=801318855" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "3126700819799770089" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Urban heat island - wikipedia Urban heat island Tokyo, an example of an urban heat island. Normal temperatures of Tokyo go up more than those of the surrounding area. An urban heat island ( UHI ) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak. UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter. The main cause of the urban heat island effect is from the modification of land surfaces. Waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor. As a population center grows, it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature. The less - used term heat island refers to any area, populated or not, which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area. Monthly rainfall is greater downwind of cities, partially due to the UHI. Increases in heat within urban centers increases the length of growing seasons, and decreases the occurrence of weak tornadoes. The UHI decreases air quality by increasing the production of pollutants such as ozone, and decreases water quality as warmer waters flow into area streams and put stress on their ecosystems. Not all cities have a distinct urban heat island. Mitigation of the urban heat island effect can be accomplished through the use of green roofs and the use of lighter - colored surfaces in urban areas, which reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat. There are concerns raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming. Research on China indicates that urban heat island effect contributes to climate warming by about 30 %. On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that the urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends. Many studies reveal increases in the severity of the effect with the progress of climate change. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Causes 3 Diurnal behavior 4 Seasonal behavior 5 Prediction 6 Impact on animals 7 Other impacts on weather and climate 8 Health effects 8.1 Inequality of tree canopy cover 9 Impact on nearby water bodies 10 Impact on energy usage 11 Mitigation 12 Mitigation policies, measures and other strategies 12.1 AB32 scoping plan 13 Implementation of policies 14 AB32 and urban heat islands 15 EPA Compendium of Strategies 16 Incentives 17 Weatherization 18 Outreach and education 19 Tree protection ordinances 20 Co-benefits of mitigation strategies 20.1 Trees and gardens aid mental health 20.2 Tree planting as empowerment and community building 20.3 Green roofs as food production 20.4 Green roofs and wildlife biodiversity 20.5 Urban forests and a cleaner atmosphere 20.6 Green building programs 21 Cost analysis 22 Global warming 23 Urban cold island 24 See also 25 References 26 Further reading 27 External links History ( edit ) The phenomenon was first investigated and described by Luke Howard in the 1810s, although he was not the one to name the phenomenon. Causes ( edit ) Thermal ( top ) and vegetation ( bottom ) locations around New York City via infrared satellite imagery. A comparison of the images shows that where vegetation is dense, temperatures are cooler. There are several causes of an urban heat island ( UHI ) ; for example, dark surfaces absorb significantly more solar radiation, which causes urban concentrations of roads and buildings to heat more than suburban and rural areas during the day ; materials commonly used in urban areas for pavement and roofs, such as concrete and asphalt, have significantly different thermal bulk properties ( including heat capacity and thermal conductivity ) and surface radiative properties ( albedo and emissivity ) than the surrounding rural areas. This causes a change in the energy budget of the urban area, often leading to higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas. Another major reason is the lack of evapotranspiration ( for example, through lack of vegetation ) in urban areas. The U.S. Forest Service found in 2018 that cities in the United States are losing 36 million trees each year. With a decreased amount of vegetation, cities also lose the shade and cooling effect of trees, and the removal of carbon dioxide. Other causes of a UHI are due to geometric effects. The tall buildings within many urban areas provide multiple surfaces for the reflection and absorption of sunlight, increasing the efficiency with which urban areas are heated. This is called the `` urban canyon effect ''. Another effect of buildings is the blocking of wind, which also inhibits cooling by convection and prevents pollutants from dissipating. Waste heat from automobiles, air conditioning, industry, and other sources also contributes to the UHI. High levels of pollution in urban areas can also increase the UHI, as many forms of pollution change the radiative properties of the atmosphere. As UHI raises the temperature of cities, it also increases the concentration of ozone, a greenhouse gas whose production accelerates with an increase in temperature. Some cities exhibit a heat island effect, largest at night. Seasonally, UHI shows up both in summer and winter. The typical temperature difference is several degrees between the center of the city and surrounding fields. The difference in temperature between an inner city and its surrounding suburbs is frequently mentioned in weather reports, as in `` 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) downtown, 64 ° F ( 18 ° C ) in the suburbs ''. `` The annual mean air temperature of a city with 1 million people or more can be 1.8 -- 5.4 ° F ( 1.0 -- 3.0 ° C ) warmer than its surroundings. In the evening, the difference can be as high as 22 ° F ( 12 ° C ). '' The UHI can be defined as either the air temperature difference ( the canopy UHI ) or the surface temperature difference ( surface UHI ) between the urban and the rural area. These two show slightly different diurnal and seasonal variability and have different causes Diurnal behavior ( edit ) The IPCC stated that `` it is well - known that compared to non-urban areas urban heat islands raise night - time temperatures more than daytime temperatures. '' For example, Barcelona, Spain is 0.2 ° C ( 0.4 ° F ) cooler for daily maxima and 2.9 ° C ( 5.2 ° F ) warmer for minima than a nearby rural station. A description of the very first report of the UHI by Luke Howard in the late 1810s said that the urban center of London was warmer at night than the surrounding countryside by 3.7 ° F ( 2.1 ° C ). Though the warmer air temperature within the UHI is generally most apparent at night, urban heat islands exhibit significant and somewhat paradoxical diurnal behavior. The air temperature difference between the UHI and the surrounding environment is large at night and small during the day. The opposite is true for skin temperatures of the urban landscape within the UHI. Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are free of clouds, urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation. Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas. By virtue of their high heat capacities, urban surfaces act as a giant reservoir of heat energy. For example, concrete can hold roughly 2,000 times as much heat as an equivalent volume of air. As a result, the large daytime surface temperature within the UHI is easily seen via thermal remote sensing. As is often the case with daytime heating, this warming also has the effect of generating convective winds within the urban boundary layer. It is theorized that, due to the atmospheric mixing that results, the air temperature perturbation within the UHI is generally minimal or nonexistent during the day, though the surface temperatures can reach extremely high levels. At night, the situation reverses. The absence of solar heating causes the atmospheric convection to decrease, and the urban boundary layer begins to stabilize. If enough stabilization occurs, an inversion layer is formed. This traps urban air near the surface, and keeping surface air warm from the still - warm urban surfaces, forming the nighttime warmer air temperatures within the UHI. Other than the heat retention properties of urban areas, the nighttime maximum in urban canyons could also be due to the blocking of `` sky view '' during cooling : surfaces lose heat at night principally by radiation to the comparatively cool sky, and this is blocked by the buildings in an urban area. Radiative cooling is more dominant when wind speed is low and the sky is cloudless, and indeed the UHI is found to be largest at night in these conditions. Seasonal behavior ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The urban heat island temperature difference is not only usually larger at night than during the day, but also larger in winter than in summer. This is particularly so in regions where snow is pervasive, as cities generally retain snow for much shorter time periods than the surrounding countryside ( due to higher capacity to retain heat, as well as human - activity such as plowing ). This decreases the albedo of the city and thereby magnifies the heating effect. Higher wind speeds in rural areas, particularly in winter, can also function to make them cooler than urban areas. Regions with distinct wet and dry seasons will exhibit a larger urban heat island effect during the dry season. The thermal time constant of moist soil is much higher than that of dry soil. As a result, moist rural soils will cool slower than dry rural soils and act to minimize the nocturnal temperature difference between urban and rural regions. Prediction ( edit ) If a city or town has a good system of taking weather observations the UHI can be measured directly. An alternative is to use a complex simulation of the location to calculate the UHI, or to use an approximate empirical method. Such models allow the UHI to be included in estimates of future temperatures rises within cities due to climate change. Leonard O. Myrup published the first comprehensive numerical treatment to predict the effects of the urban heat island ( UHI ) in 1969. His paper surveys UHI and criticizes then - existing theories as being excessively qualitative. A general purpose, numerical energy budget model is described and applied to the urban atmosphere. Calculations for several special cases as well as a sensitivity analysis are presented. The model is found to predict the correct order of magnitude of the urban temperature excess. The heat island effect is found to be the net result of several competing physical processes. In general, reduced evaporation in the city center and the thermal properties of the city building and paving materials are the dominant parameters. It is suggested that such a model could be used in engineering calculations to improve the climate of existing and future cities. Impact on animals ( edit ) Ant colonies in urban heat islands have an increased heat tolerance at no cost to cold tolerance. Species that are good at colonizing can utilize conditions provided by urban heat islands to thrive in regions outside of their normal range. Examples of this include grey - headed flying fox ( Pteropus poliocephalus ) and the common house gecko ( Hemidactylus frenatus ). Grey - headed flying foxes, found in Melbourne, Australia, colonized urban habitats following increase in temperatures there. Increased temperatures, causing warmer winter conditions, made the city more similar in climate to the more northerly wildland habitat of the species. With attempts to mitigate and manage urban heat islands, temperature changes and availability of food and water are reduced. With temperate climates, urban heat islands will extend the growing season, therefore altering breeding strategies of inhabiting species. This can be seen the best in the effects that urban heat islands have on water temperature. With the temperature of the nearby buildings sometimes reaching over 50 degrees different from the near - surface air temperature, precipitation will warm rapidly, causing runoff into nearby streams, lakes and rivers ( or other bodies of water ) to provide excessive thermal pollution. The increase in the thermal pollution has the ability to increase water temperature by 20 to 30 degrees. This increase will cause the fish species inhabiting the body of water to undergo thermal stress and shock due to the rapid change in temperature to their climate. Urban heat islands caused by cities have altered the natural selection process. Selective pressures like temporal variation in food, predation and water are relaxed causing for a new set of selective forces to roll out. For example, within urban habitats, insects are more abundant than in rural areas. Insects are ectotherms. This means that they depend on the temperature of the environment to control their body temperature, making for the warmer climates of the city perfect for their ability to thrive. A study done in Raleigh, North Carolina conducted on Parthenolecanium quercifex ( oak scales ), showed that this particular species preferred warmer climates and were therefore found in higher abundance in the urban habitats than on oak trees in rural habitats. Over time of living in urban habitats, they have adapted to thrive in warmer climates than in cooler. The presence of non-native species is heavily dependent on the amount of human activity. An example of this can be seen in the populations of cliff swallows seen taking nests under the eaves of homes in urban habitats. They make their homes using the shelter provided by the humans in the upper regions of homes, allowing for an influx in their populations due to added protection and reduced predator numbers. Other impacts on weather and climate ( edit ) Aside from the effect on temperature, UHIs can produce secondary effects on local meteorology, including the altering of local wind patterns, the development of clouds and fog, the humidity, and the rates of precipitation. The extra heat provided by the UHI leads to greater upward motion, which can induce additional shower and thunderstorm activity. In addition, the UHI creates during the day a local low pressure area where relatively moist air from its rural surroundings converges, possibly leading to more favorable conditions for cloud formation. Rainfall rates downwind of cities are increased between 48 % and 116 %. Partly as a result of this warming, monthly rainfall is about 28 % greater between 20 miles ( 32 km ) to 40 miles ( 64 km ) downwind of cities, compared with upwind. Some cities show a total precipitation increase of 51 %. Research has been done in a few areas suggesting that metropolitan areas are less susceptible to weak tornadoes due to the turbulent mixing caused by the warmth of the urban heat island. Using satellite images, researchers discovered that city climates have a noticeable influence on plant growing seasons up to 10 kilometers ( 6.2 miles ) away from a city 's edges. Growing seasons in 70 cities in eastern North America were about 15 days longer in urban areas compared to rural areas outside of a city 's influence. Health effects ( edit ) Image of Atlanta, Georgia, showing temperature distribution, with blue showing cool temperatures, red warm, and hot areas appear white. UHIs have the potential to directly influence the health and welfare of urban residents. Within the United States alone, an average of 1,000 people die each year due to extreme heat. As UHIs are characterized by increased temperature, they can potentially increase the magnitude and duration of heat waves within cities. Research has found that the mortality rate during a heat wave increases exponentially with the maximum temperature, an effect that is exacerbated by the UHI. The nighttime effect of UHIs can be particularly harmful during a heat wave, as it deprives urban residents of the cool relief found in rural areas during the night. Research in the United States suggests that the relationship between extreme temperature and mortality varies by location. Heat is more likely to increase the risk of mortality in cities in the northern part of the country than in the southern regions of the country. For example, when Chicago, Denver, or New York experience unusually hot summertime temperatures, elevated levels of illness and death are predicted. In contrast, parts of the country that are mild to hot year - round have a lower public health risk from excessive heat. Research shows that residents of southern cities, such as Miami, Tampa, Los Angeles, and Phoenix, tend to be acclimated to hot weather conditions and therefore less vulnerable to heat related deaths. However, as a whole, people in the United States appear to be adapting to hotter temperatures further north each decade. However, this might be due to better infrastructure, more modern building design, and better public awareness. Increased temperatures have been reported to cause heat stroke, heat exhaustion, heat syncope, and heat cramps. Some studies have also looked at how severe heat stroke can lead to permanent damage to organ systems. This damage can increase the risk of early mortality because the damage can cause severe impairment in organ function. Other complications of heat stroke include respiratory distress syndrome in adults and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Some researchers have noted that any compromise to the human body 's ability to thermoregulate would in theory increase risk of mortality. This includes illnesses that may affect a person 's mobility, awareness, or behavior. Researchers have noted that individuals with cognitive health issues ( e.g. depression, dementia, Parkinson 's disease ) are more at risk when faced with high temperatures and `` need to take extra care '' as cognitive performance has been shown to be differentially affected by heat. People with diabetes, are overweight, have sleep deprivation, or have cardiovascular / cerebrovascular conditions should avoid too much heat exposure. Some common medications that have an effect on thermoregulation can also increase the risk of mortality. Specific examples include anticholinergics, diuretics, phenotiazines and barbiturates. Not only health, but heat can also affect behavior. A U.S. study suggests that heat can make people more irritable and aggressive, noting that violent crimes increased by 4.58 out of 100,000 for every one degree increase in temperature. A researcher found that high UHI intensity correlates with increased concentrations of air pollutants that gathered at night, which can affect the next day 's air quality. These pollutants include volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. The production of these pollutants combined with the higher temperatures in UHIs can quicken the production of ozone. Ozone at surface level is considered to be a harmful pollutant. Studies suggest that increased temperatures in UHIs can increase polluted days but also note that other factors ( e.g. air pressure, cloud cover, wind speed ) can also have an effect on pollution. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that it `` is difficult to make valid projections of heat - related illness and death under varying climate change scenarios '' and that `` heat -- related deaths are preventable, as evidenced by the decline of all - cause mortality during heat events over the past 35 years ''. However, some studies suggest the possibility that health impacts from UHIs are disproportionate because the impacts can be unevenly distributed based on a variety of factors ( e.g. age, ethnicity and socioeconomic status ). This raises the possibility of health impacts from UHIs being an environmental justice issue. Inequality of tree canopy cover ( edit ) Relationship between neighborhood income and tree canopy cover In recent years, researchers have discovered a strong correlation between neighborhood income and tree canopy cover. In 2010, researchers at Auburn University and University of Southern California found that the presence of trees are `` highly responsive to changes in ( neighborhood ) income. '' Low - income neighborhoods tend to have significantly fewer trees than neighborhoods with higher incomes. They described this unequal distribution of trees as a demand for `` luxury, '' rather than `` necessity. '' According to the study, `` for every 1 percent increase in per capita income, demand for forest cover increased by 1.76 percent. But when income dropped by the same amount, demand decreased by 1.26 percent. '' Trees are a necessary feature in combating the urban heat island effect because they reduce air temperatures by 10 ° F or 5.5 ° C, and surface temperatures by up to 20 - 45 ° F or 11 - 25 ° C. Researchers hypothesized that less - well - off neighborhoods do not have the financial resources to plant and maintain trees. Affluent neighborhoods can afford more trees, on `` both public and private property. '' Part of this is also that wealthier homeowners and communities can afford more land, which can be kept open as green space, whereas poorer ones are often rentals, where landowners try to maximize their profit by putting as much density as possible on their land. Additionally, many blogging sites overlay satellite imagery provided by Google Maps and census data to confirm or debunk the aforementioned research. Impact on nearby water bodies ( edit ) UHIs also impair water quality. Hot pavement and rooftop surfaces transfer their excess heat to stormwater, which then drains into storm sewers and raises water temperatures as it is released into streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes. Additionally, increased urban water body temperatures lead to a decrease in diversity in the water. In August 2001, rains over Cedar Rapids, Iowa, led to a 10.5 C ( 18.9 F ) rise in the nearby stream within one hour, which led to a fish kill. Since the temperature of the rain was comparatively cool, it could be attributed to the hot pavement of the city. Similar events have been documented across the American Midwest, as well as Oregon and California. Rapid temperature changes can be stressful to aquatic ecosystems. Permeable pavements may mitigate these effects by percolating water through the pavement into subsurface storage areas where it can be dissipate through absorption and evaporation. Impact on energy usage ( edit ) Images of Salt Lake City, Utah, show positive correlation between white reflective roofs and cooler temperatures. Image A depicts an aerial view of Salt Lake City, Utah, site of 865,000 - square - foot ( 80,400 m ) white reflective roof. Image B is a thermal infrared image of same area, showing hot ( red and yellow ) and cool ( green and blue ) spots. The reflective vinyl roof, not absorbing solar radiation, is shown in blue surrounded by other hot spots. Another consequence of urban heat islands is the increased energy required for air conditioning and refrigeration in cities that are in comparatively hot climates. The Heat Island Group estimates that the heat island effect costs Los Angeles about US $ 100 million per year in energy. Conversely, those that are in cold climates such as Moscow, Russia would have less demand for heating. However, through the implementation of heat island reduction strategies, significant annual net energy savings have been calculated for northern locations such as Chicago, Salt Lake City, and Toronto. Mitigation ( edit ) Green roof of City Hall in Chicago, Illinois. The temperature difference between urban areas and the surrounding suburban or rural areas can be as much as 5 ° C ( 9.0 ° F ). Nearly 40 percent of that increase is due to the prevalence of dark roofs, with the remainder coming from dark - colored pavement and the declining presence of vegetation. The heat island effect can be counteracted slightly by using white or reflective materials to build houses, roofs, pavements, and roads, thus increasing the overall albedo of the city. Relative to remedying the other sources of the problem, replacing dark roofing requires the least amount of investment for the most immediate return. A cool roof made from a reflective material such as vinyl reflects at least 75 percent of the sun 's rays, and emit at least 70 percent of the solar radiation absorbed by the building envelope. Asphalt built - up roofs ( BUR ), by comparison, reflect 6 percent to 26 percent of solar radiation. Using light - colored concrete has proven effective in reflecting up to 50 % more light than asphalt and reducing ambient temperature. A low albedo value, characteristic of black asphalt, absorbs a large percentage of solar heat creating warmer near - surface temperatures. Paving with light - colored concrete, in addition to replacing asphalt with light - colored concrete, communities may be able to lower average temperatures. However, research into the interaction between reflective pavements and buildings has found that, unless the nearby buildings are fitted with reflective glass, solar radiation reflected off light - colored pavements can increase building temperatures, increasing air conditioning demands. A second option is to increase the amount of well - watered vegetation. These two options can be combined with the implementation of green roofs. Green roofs are excellent insulators during the warm weather months and the plants cool the surrounding environment. Air quality is improved as the plants absorb carbon dioxide with concomitant production of oxygen. The city of New York determined that the cooling potential per area was highest for street trees, followed by living roofs, light covered surface, and open space planting. From the standpoint of cost effectiveness, light surfaces, light roofs, and curbside planting have lower costs per temperature reduction. A hypothetical `` cool communities '' program in Los Angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 ° C ( 5 ° F ) after planting ten million trees, reroofing five million homes, and painting one - quarter of the roads at an estimated cost of US $1 billion, giving estimated annual benefits of US $170 million from reduced air - conditioning costs and US $360 million in smog related health savings. Mitigation strategies include : White roofs : Painting rooftops white has become a common strategy to reduce the heat island effect. In cities, there are many dark colored surfaces that absorb the heat of the sun in turn lowering the albedo of the city. White rooftops allow high solar reflectance and high solar emittance, increasing the albedo of the city or area the effect is occurring. Green roofs : Green roofs are another method of decreasing the urban heat island effect. Green roofery is the practice of having vegetation on a roof ; such as having trees or a garden. The plants that are on the roof increase the albedo and decreases the urban heat island effect. This method has been studied and criticized for the fact that green roofs are affected by climatic conditions, green roof variables are hard to measure, and are very complex systems Planting trees in cities : Planting trees around the city can be another way of increasing albedo and decreasing the urban heat island effect. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and provide shade. It is recommended to plant deciduous trees because they can provide many benefits such as more shade in the summer and not blocking warmth of winter Green parking lots : Green parking lots use surfaces other than asphalt and vegetation to limit the impact urban heat island effect. Mitigation policies, Measures and other strategies ( edit ) Ab32 scoping plan ( edit ) AB32 required the California Air Resources Board to create a scoping plan. This plan is California 's approach on how to carry out their goal of combatting climate change by reducing greenhouse emissions by 2020 to levels from the 1990s. The scoping plan had four primary programs, advanced clean cars, cap and trade, renewables portfolio standard and low - carbon fuel standard all geared toward increased energy efficiency. The plan has main strategies to reduce green house gases such as having monetary incentives, regulations and voluntary actions. Every five years the scoping plan is updated. The advanced clean car rules program was made to reduce tail pipe emissions. The Air Resources Board approved the program to control emissions for newer models from the year 2017 to 2025. Some of their goals by 2025 are to have more environmentally superior cars to be available in different models and different types of cars. New automobiles will emit 34 percent fewer global warming gases and 75 percent fewer smog - forming emissions. And if fully implemented consumers can save an average of $6,000 over the life of the car. The renewable portfolio standard mandates to increase renewable energy from a variety of sources such as solar power and wind. Investor - owned utilities, community choice aggregators and electric service providers are required to increase procurement to 33 % by 2020. Low carbon fuel standards is administered by the California Air Resources Board and attempts to make wider choice of cleaner fuels to Californians. Producers of petroleum - based fuels are required to reduce the carbon intensity of their products to 10 percent in 2020. Cap and trade is designed to reduce the effects of climate change by setting a cap on greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. The cap will decline approximately three percent each year in 2013. The trading will create incentives to reduce the effects of climate change in California communities by reducing greenhouse gases through investments in clean technologies. Clean Air Act The EPA has initiated several air quality requirements that help reduce ground - level ozone that leads to urban heat islands. In the Clean Air Act, one of the EPA 's chief policies, there are certain regulations that are put in place to ensure the state 's emissions stay below a certain level. Included in the Clean Air Act, all states must set forth a State Implementation Plan ( SIP ) which is designed to guarantee all states meet a central air quality standard. State implementation plans and policies The Emerging and Voluntary Measures Policy allows a state to add unconventional forms of heat island mitigation. This can include removing pollution after it has already been emitted into air, water, or soil. These measures are not implemented into law, but they do make it possible for certain parties to voluntarily become more efficient. The purpose of this policy is for all polluting sources to follow by example and use the most successful forms of mitigation. The Guidance on State Implementation Plan Credits for Emissions Reductions from Electric - Sector Energy Efficiency or Renewable Energy Measures is an educational tool for states to create an up - to - date and well - organized SIP. It allows states to include plans that meet the guidelines or plans that exceed expectations. Based on the success of their SIP, some states can have their plans incorporated into other SIPs. The Bundled Measures Policy authorizes different factions within the state to collaborate on mitigation projects. This policy takes a more of a community - based approach by adding several groups for the purpose of multiple perspectives and inventive approaches. The Bundled Measures Policy is one method that generates co-benefits for both parties. In example, if a partaking business were to add cool roofs, there will be a reduction in greenhouse gases which is beneficial for the environment as well as the need for excess energy which is beneficial for the business. Implementation of policies ( edit ) The Seattle Green Factor, a multifaceted system for urban landscaping, has seen much success in the mitigation of urban heat islands. The program focuses on areas that are prone to high pollution, such as business districts. There are strict guidelines for any new construction that exceeds roughly 20 parking spaces, and this platform helps developers physically see their levels of pollution while trying different methods of construction to figure out the most effective course of action. Seattle has correspondingly produced a `` score sheet '' for cities to use in their city planning. Ab32 and urban heat islands ( edit ) Urban heat islands increase demand for energy consumption during the summer when temperatures rise. As a result of increased energy consumption, there is an increase in air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. This policy focuses on lowering greenhouse emissions, which contributes to lowering the heat island effect. EPA Compendium of Strategies ( edit ) This compendium focuses on a variety of issues dealing with urban heat islands. They describe how urban heat islands are created, who is affected, and how people can make a difference to reduce temperature. It also shows examples of policies and voluntary actions by state and local governments to reduce the effect of urban heat islands Incentives ( edit ) Sacramento Municipal Utility District ( SMUD ) and the Sacramento Tree Foundation have partnered to provide the city of Sacramento shade trees for free. The program allows citizens to receive trees from four to seven feet tall. They also give them fertilizer, and delivery, all at no cost. They encourage citizens to plant their trees to benefit their home by reducing air conditioning costs. Approximately more than 450,000 shade trees have been planted in the Sacramento area. The Eco-Roof Incentive Program : In Canada, grants are distributed throughout Toronto for installing green and cool roofs on residential and commercial buildings. This will reduce usage of energy and lower green house gas emissions. Tree vitalize : This program is a partnership with multiple entities that focuses on helping restore tree cover in the city, it also educates citizens about the positive effects of trees on climate change and the urban heat island effect. And another goal they have is to build capacity among local governments to understand, protect and restore their urban trees. Because there is a need for educating citizens about the maintenance of trees, Treevitalize provides nine hours of classroom and field training to community residents. The classes cover a variety of topics such as tree identification, pruning, tree biology, and proper species selection. Weatherization ( edit ) U.S. Department of Energy Weatherization Assistance Program helps low income recipients by covering their heating bills and helping the families to make their homes energy efficient. In addition, this program allows states to also use the funds to install cooling efficiency measures such as shading devices. Outreach and education ( edit ) Tree Utah : a statewide non-profit organization is dedicated to educating communities about the environmental and social benefits provided by trees. They are also committed to planting thousands of trees throughout the state of Utah. The Lawrence Hall of Science at UC Berkeley has a high - school level course called Global Systems Science. The course focuses on a variety of topics including climate change and the greenhouse effect. Tree Protection ordinances ( edit ) A variety of local governments have implemented tree and landscape ordinances, which will help communities by providing shade during summer. Tree protection is an ordinance that does not allow someone to prune or remove trees without a city permit. An example is the city of Glendale, California : Through the Indigenous Tree Ordinance, the city of Glendale protects the following species of trees, the California sycamore, the coast live oak, mesa oak, valley oak, scrub oak, California bay. Anyone who is planning on removing or trimming the trees has to obtain an indigenous tree permit. Within the permit they have to provide detailed information about the number of trees affected, trunk diameter and the health of the tree itself. They also have to submit photographs of the site, and a site plan sketch. Another example is the city of Berkeley, California. The tree protection ordinance prohibits the removal of coast live oak trees and any excessive pruning that can cause harm to the tree is also prohibited. The only exception is if the tree is poses a danger to life or limb and danger to the property. The city of Visalia, California, has implemented a street tree ordinance intended to promote and regulate the planting, maintenance, and protection of street trees within the city. Their ordinance does not allow street trees to be altered, pruned or removed. Street trees are also protected during construction. Co-benefits of mitigation strategies ( edit ) Trees and gardens aid mental health ( edit ) A large percentage of people who live in urban areas have access to parks and gardens in their areas, which are probably the only connections they have with nature. A study shows that having contact with nature helps promote our health and well - being. People who had access to gardens or parks were found to be healthier than those who did not. Another study done investigating whether or not the viewing of natural scenery may influence the recoveries of people from undergoing surgeries, found that people who had a window with a scenic view had shorter postoperative hospital stays and fewer negative comments from nurses. Tree planting as Empowerment and community building ( edit ) Los Angeles TreePeople, is an example of how tree planting can empower a community. Tree people provides the opportunity for people to come together, build capacity, community pride and the opportunity to collaborate and network with each other. Green roofs as food production ( edit ) Growing food on rooftops could be an option for fast growing communities. Popular plants grown for food include, chives, oregano and lavender these plants are suitable for green roofs because they are evolutionarily equipped for Mediterranean climate. Green roofs and wildlife biodiversity ( edit ) Green roofs are important for wildlife because they allow organisms to inhabit the new garden. To maximize opportunities to attract wildlife to a green roof, one must aid the garden to be as diverse as possible in the plants that are added. By planting a wide array of plants, different kinds of invertebrate species will be able to colonize, they will be provided with foraging sources and habitat opportunities. Urban Forests and a cleaner atmosphere ( edit ) Trees provide benefits such as absorbing carbon dioxide, and other pollutants. Trees also provide shade and reduce ozone emissions from vehicles. By having many trees, we can cool the city heat by approximately 10 degrees to 20 degrees, which will help reducing ozone and helping communities that are mostly affected by the effects of climate change and urban heat islands. Green building programs ( edit ) Voluntary green building programs have been promoting the mitigation of the heat island effect for years. For example, one of the ways for a site to earn points under the US Green Building Council 's ( USGBC ) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) Green Building Rating System is to take action that reduces heat islands, minimizing impacts on microclimates and human and wildlife habitats. Credits associated with reflective roofing or planted roofs can help a building achieve LEED certification. Buildings also receive credits by providing shade. Similarly, The Green Building Initiative ( GBI ) 's Green Globes program awards points to sites that take measures to decrease a building 's energy consumption and reduce the heat island effect. As many as 10 points may be awarded to sites with roof coverage from vegetation, highly reflective materials, or a combination of the two. Cost analysis ( edit ) Every year in the U.S. 15 % of energy goes towards the air conditioning of buildings in these urban heat islands. According to Rosenfeld et al., `` the air conditioning demand has risen 10 % within the last 40 years. '' Home and business owners alike can benefit from building a cool community. A decrease in energy usage directly correlates to cost efficiency. Areas with substantial vegetation and reflective surface materials used for roofs of houses, pavement, and roads are proven to be more effective and cost efficient. In a case study of the Los Angeles Basin, simulations showed that even when trees are not strategically placed in these urban heat islands, they can still aid in minimization of pollutants and energy reduction. It is estimated that with this wide - scale implementation, the city of Los Angeles can annually save $100 M with most of the savings coming from cool roofs, lighter colored pavement, and the planting of trees. With a citywide implementation, added benefits from the lowering smog - level would result in at least one billion dollars of saving per year. The cost efficiency of green roofs is quite high because of several reasons. According to Carter, `` A conventional roof is estimated to be $83.78 / m while a green roof was estimated at $158.82 / m. '' For one, green roofs have over double the lifespan of a conventional roof, effectively decelerating the amount of roof replacements every year. In addition to roof - life, green roofs add stormwater management reducing fees for utilities. The cost for green roofs is more in the beginning, but over a period of time, their efficiency provides financial as well as health benefits. In Capital E Analysis ' conclusions of the financial benefits of green buildings, it was determined that green roofs successfully lowered energy usage and raised health benefits. For every square foot of green roof used in one study the savings amounted to $5.80 energy-wise. There were also savings seen in the emissions, water, and maintenance categories. Overall, the savings amounted to $52.90 - $71.30 on average while the cost of going green totaled - $3.00 - $5.00. Global warming ( edit ) Because some parts of some cities may be hotter than their surroundings, concerns have been raised that the effects of urban sprawl might be misinterpreted as an increase in global temperature. Such effects are removed by homogenization from the raw climate record by comparing urban stations with surrounding stations. While the `` heat island '' warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record. For example, urban and rural trends are very similar. The Third Assessment Report from the IPCC says : However, over the Northern Hemisphere land areas where urban heat islands are most apparent, both the trends of lower - tropospheric temperature and surface air temperature show no significant differences. In fact, the lower - tropospheric temperatures warm at a slightly greater rate over North America ( about 0.28 ° C / decade using satellite data ) than do the surface temperatures ( 0.27 ° C / decade ), although again the difference is not statistically significant. Ground temperature measurements, like most weather observations, are logged by location. Their siting predates the massive sprawl, roadbuilding programs, and high - and medium - rise expansions which contribute to the UHI. More importantly, station logs allow sites in question to be filtered easily from data sets. Doing so, the presence of heat islands is visible, but overall trends change in magnitude, not direction. The effects of the urban heat island may be overstated. One study stated, `` Contrary to generally accepted wisdom, no statistically significant impact of urbanization could be found in annual temperatures. '' This was done by using satellite - based night - light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series ( with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher in elevation, and thus cooler, than urban areas ). If its conclusion is accepted, then it is necessary to `` unravel the mystery of how a global temperature time series created partly from urban in situ stations could show no contamination from urban warming. '' The main conclusion is that microscale and local - scale impacts dominate the mesoscale impact of the urban heat island. Many sections of towns may be warmer than rural sites, but surface weather observations are likely to be made in park `` cool islands. '' Not all cities show a warming relative to their rural surroundings. After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42 percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer. One reason is that urban areas are heterogeneous, and weather stations are often sited in `` cool islands '' -- parks, for example -- within urban areas. Studies in 2004 and 2006 attempted to test the urban heat island theory, by comparing temperature readings taken on calm nights with those taken on windy nights. If the urban heat island theory is correct then instruments should have recorded a bigger temperature rise for calm nights than for windy ones, because wind blows excess heat away from cities and away from the measuring instruments. There was no difference between the calm and windy nights, and one study said that `` we show that, globally, temperatures over land have risen as much on windy nights as on calm nights, indicating that the observed overall warming is not a consequence of urban development. '' A view often held by those who reject the evidence for global warming is that much of the temperature increase seen in land based thermometers could be due to an increase in urbanization and the siting of measurement stations in urban areas. For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface - temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend ( for 1979 -- 2002 ) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied -- which had already been processed to remove the ( modeled ) UHI contribution. Critics of this paper, including Gavin A. Schmidt, have said the results can be explained away as an artifact of spatial autocorrelation. McKittrick and Nicolas Nierenberg stated further that `` the evidence for contamination of climatic data is robust across numerous data sets. '' The preliminary results of an independent assessment carried out by the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature group, and made available to the public in October 2011, found that among other scientific concerns raised by skeptics, the urban heat island effect did not bias the results obtained by NOAA, the Hadley Centre and NASA 's GISS. The Berkeley Earth group also confirmed that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by 0.911 ° C, and their results closely matched those obtained from earlier studies. Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report from the IPCC states the following. Studies that have looked at hemispheric and global scales conclude that any urban - related trend is an order of magnitude smaller than decadal and longer time - scale trends evident in the series ( e.g., Jones et al., 1990 ; Peterson et al., 1999 ). This result could partly be attributed to the omission from the gridded data set of a small number of sites ( < 1 % ) with clear urban - related warming trends. In a worldwide set of about 270 stations, Parker ( 2004, 2006 ) noted that warming trends in night minimum temperatures over the period 1950 to 2000 were not enhanced on calm nights, which would be the time most likely to be affected by urban warming. Thus, the global land warming trend discussed is very unlikely to be influenced significantly by increasing urbanisation ( Parker, 2006 )... Accordingly, this assessment adds the same level of urban warming uncertainty as in the TAR : 0.006 ° C per decade since 1900 for land, and 0.002 ° C per decade since 1900 for blended land with ocean, as ocean UHI is zero. A 2014 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America looks at the potential of large - scale urban adaptation to counteract the effects of long - term global climate change. The researchers calculate that without any adaptive urban design, by 2100 the expansion of existing U.S. cities into regional megalopolises could raise near - surface temperatures between 1 and 2 degrees Celsius over large regions, `` a significant fraction of the 21st - century greenhouse gas - induced climate change simulated by global climate models. '' Large - scale adaptive design could completely offset this increase, however. For example, the temperature increase in California was calculated to be as high as 1.31 degrees Celsius, but a 100 % deployment of `` cool roofs '' would result in a temperature drop of 1.47 degrees Celsius -- more than the increase. Urban cold island ( edit ) Ironically, the same urban area that is hotter in the day, can be colder than surrounding rural areas at ground level at night, leading to a new term urban cold island. Snow cover for example in rural areas, insulates plants. This was an unexpected discovery when studying the response of plants to urban environments. See also ( edit ) Anthropogenic heat Cool roof Urban climatology Urban dust dome Urban reforestation Urban thermal plume References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Solecki, William D. ; Rosenzweig, Cynthia ; Parshall, Lily ; Pope, Greg ; Clark, Maria ; Cox, Jennifer ; Wiencke, Mary ( 2005 ). `` Mitigation of the heat island effect in urban New Jersey ''. Global Environmental Change Part B : Environmental Hazards. 6 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 49. doi : 10.1016 / j. hazards. 2004.12. 002. Jump up ^ United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Reducing Urban Heat Islands : Compendium of Strategies - Urban Heat Island Basics. By EPA. N.p. : n.p., n.d. Print ^ Jump up to : Li, Y. ; Zhao, X. ( 2012 ). `` An empirical study of the impact of human activity on long - term temperature change in China : A perspective from energy consumption ''. Journal of Geophysical Research. 117. Bibcode : 2012JGRD... 11717117L. doi : 10.1029 / 2012JD018132. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ). `` Urban Heat Island ''. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19. Jump up ^ Huang, Q. ; Lu, Y. ( 2015 ). `` The Effect of Urban Heat Island on Climate Warming in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration in China ''. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 12 ( 8 ) : 8773 -- 8789. doi : 10.3390 / ijerph120808773. Jump up ^ Z. - C. Zhao ( 2011 ) Impacts of urbanization on climate change, 10,000 Scientific Difficult Problems : Earth Science ( in Chinese ), 10,000 scientific difficult problems Earth Science Committee Eds, 2011, Science Press, pp. 843 -- 846 Jump up ^ Peterson, T.C. ; Gallo, K.P. ; Lawrimore, J. ; Owen, T.W. ; Huang, A. ; McKittrick, D.A. ( 1999 ). `` Global rural temperature trends ''. Geophysical Research Letters. 26 ( 3 ) : 329 -- 332. Bibcode : 1999GeoRL... 26... 329P. doi : 10.1029 / 1998GL900322. Jump up ^ Sachindra, D.A., Ng, A.W.M., Muthukumaran, S., & Perera, B.J.C. ( 2015 ). Impact of Climate Change on Urban Heat Island Effect and Extreme Temperatures : A Case Study. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society... Jump up ^ Luke Howard, The climate of London, deduced from Meteorological observations, made at different places in the neighbourhood of the metropolis, 2 vol., London, 1818 - 20 ^ Jump up to : T.R. Oke ( 1982 ). `` The energetic basis of the urban heat island ''. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 108 ( 455 ) : 1 -- 24. Bibcode : 1982QJRMS. 108... 1O. doi : 10.1002 / qj. 49710845502. Jump up ^ Larsson, Naomi ( 10 May 2018 ). `` US cities losing 36 million trees a year, researchers find ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 May 2018. Jump up ^ Santos, Fabiane. Trees -- the Natural Air Conditioners. Scientific Scribbles. The University of Melbourne, 23 Aug. 2013. Web. 27 Sept. 2013. < http://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/sciencecommunication/2013/08/23/trees-the-natural-air-conditioners/ >. Jump up ^ United States. NASA. Air Pollution Prevention Through Urban Heat Island Mitigation : An Update on the Urban Heat Island Pilot Project. By Virginia Gorsevski, Haider Taha, Dale Quattrochi, and Jeff Luvall. N.p. : n.p., n.d. Print. Jump up ^ Sailor, D.J. ( 2011 ). `` A review of methods for estimating anthropogenic heat and moisture emissions in the urban environment ''. International Journal of Climatology. 31 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 199. Bibcode : 2011IJCli... 31... 189S. doi : 10.1002 / joc. 2106. Jump up ^ Chen, F. ; Kusaka, H. ; Bornstein, R. ; Ching, J. ; Grimmond, C.S.B. ; Grossman - Clarke, S. ; Loridan, T. ; Manning, K.W. ; Martilli, A. ; Miao, S. ; Sailor, D. ; Salamanca, F.P. ; Taha, H. ; Tewari, M. ; Wang, X. ; Wyszogrodzki, A.A. ; Zhang, C. ( 2011 ). `` The integrated WRF / urban modelling system : Development, evaluation, and applications to urban environmental problems ''. International Journal of Climatology. 31 ( 2 ) : 273. Bibcode : 2011IJCli... 31... 273C. doi : 10.1002 / joc. 2158. Jump up ^ Union of Concerned Scientists. `` Rising Temperatures, Worsening Ozone Pollution. '' Climate Change and Your Health ( 2011 ) : n. pag. Print. Jump up ^ Imyunku ( 2009 ). `` Learning About Urban Heat Islands ''. Pusan National University. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 18. Jump up ^ Hinkel, Kenneth M. ( March 2003 ). `` Barrow Urban Heat Island Study ''. Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02. Jump up ^ United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Heat Island Effect. By EPA. N.p., 29 August 2013. Web. 31 August 2015. < http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/about/index.htm >. Jump up ^ T. Chakraborty ; C. Sarangi ; S.N. Tripathi ( 2017 ). `` Understanding Diurnality and Inter-Seasonality of a Sub-tropical Urban Heat Island ''. Boundary - Layer Meteorology. 163 ( 2 ) : 287 -- 309. Bibcode : 2017BoLMe. 163... 287C. doi : 10.1007 / s10546 - 016 - 0223 - 0. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : IPCC ( 2001 ). `` Climate Change 2001 : The Scientific Basis. Chapter 2.2 How Much is the World Warming? ''. Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 12. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 18. Jump up ^ M. Carmen Moreno - garcia ( 1993 - 10 - 28 ). `` Intensity and form of the urban heat island in barcelona ''. International Journal of Climatology. 14 ( 6 ) : 705 -- 710. Bibcode : 1994IJCli... 14... 705M. doi : 10.1002 / joc. 3370140609. Jump up ^ Keith C. Heidorn ( 2009 ). `` Luke Howard : The Man Who Named The Clouds ''. Islandnet.com. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 18. Jump up ^ M. Roth ; T.R. Oke & W.J. Emery ( 1989 ). `` Satellite - derived urban heat islands from three coastal cities and the utilization of such data in urban climatology ''. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 10 ( 11 ) : 1699 -- 1720. Bibcode : 1989IJRS... 10.1699 R. doi : 10.1080 / 01431168908904002. Jump up ^ H. - Y. Lee ( 1993 ). `` An application of NOAA AVHRR thermal data to the study or urban heat islands ''. Atmospheric Environment. 27B : 1 -- 13. Bibcode : 1993AtmEB... 27... 1L. doi : 10.1016 / 0957 - 1272 ( 93 ) 90041 - 4. Jump up ^ I. Camilloni & V. Barros ( 1997 ). `` On the urban heat island effect dependence on temperature trends ''. Climatic Change. 37 ( 4 ) : 665 -- 681. doi : 10.1023 / A : 1005341523032. Jump up ^ C.J.G. ( Jon ) Morris ( 2006 - 07 - 09 ). `` Urban Heat Islands and Climate Change - Melbourne, Australia ''. University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Archived from the original on March 10, 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 18. Jump up ^ Swaid, Hanna ( 1991 ). `` NOCTURNAL VARIATION OF AIR - SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS FOR TYPICAL URBAN AND RURAL SURFACES ''. ScienceDirect. 25 : 333 -- 341. Bibcode : 1991AtmEB... 25... 333S. doi : 10.1016 / 0957 - 1272 ( 91 ) 90005 - Y. Retrieved 7 December 2017. Jump up ^ Imamura, I.R. `` Role of soil moisture in the determination of urban heat island intensity in different climate regimes '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 7 December 2017. Jump up ^ Steeneveld, G.J. ( 2011 ). `` Quantifying urban heat island effects and human comfort for cities of variable size and urban morphology in the Netherlands ''. Journal of Geophysical Research. 116 : D20129. Bibcode : 2011JGRD... 11620129S. doi : 10.1029 / 2011JD015988. Jump up ^ Kershaw, T.J. ; Sanderson, M. ; Coley, D. ; Eames, M. ( 2010 ). `` Estimation of the urban heat island for UK climate change projections ''. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology. 31 ( 3 ) : 251 -- 263. doi : 10.1177 / 0143624410365033. Jump up ^ Theeuwes, N.E. ; Steeneveld, G.J. ; Ronda, R.J. ; Holtslag, A.A.M. ( 2017 ). `` A diagnostic equation for the daily maximum urban heat island effect for cities in northwestern Europe ''. International Journal of Climatology. 37 : 443 -- 454. Bibcode : 2017IJCli... 37... 443T. doi : 10.1002 / joc. 4717. Jump up ^ Myrup, Leonard O. ( 1969 ). `` A Numerical Model of the Urban Heat Island ''. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 8 : 908 -- 918. Bibcode : 1969JApMe... 8... 908M. doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0450 ( 1969 ) 008 < 0908 : ANMOTU > 2.0.CO ; 2. Jump up ^ Michael J. Angilletta Jr mail, Robbie S. Wilson, Amanda C. Niehaus, Michael W. Sears, Carlos A. Navas, Pedro L. Ribeiro ( February 2007 ). `` Urban Physiology : City Ants Possess High Heat Tolerance ''. PLoS ONE. 2 : e258. Bibcode : 2007PLoSO... 2... 258A. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0000258. PMC 1797824. PMID 17327918. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Shochat, Eyal ; Warren, Paige S. ; Faeth, Stanley H. ; Mclntyre, Nancy E. ; Hope, Diane ( April 2006 ). `` From Patterns to Emerging Processes in Mechanistic Urban Ecology ''. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 21 : 3. doi : 10.1016 / j. tree. 2005.11. 019. Jump up ^ Shochat, Eyal ; Warren, Paige S. ; Faeth, Stanley H. ; Mclntyre, Nancy E. ; Hope, Diane ( April 2006 ). `` From Patterns to Emerging Processes in Mechanistic Urban Ecology ''. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 21 : 3. doi : 10.1016 / j. tree. 2005.11. 019. Jump up ^ `` Islands in the Sun ''. Institute on the Environment. University of Minnesota. Jump up ^ Shochat, Eyal ; Warren, Paige S. ; Faeth, Stanley H. ; Mclntyre, Nancy E. ; Hope, Diane ( April 2006 ). `` From Patterns to Emerging Processes in Mechanistic Urban Ecology ''. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 21 : 4. doi : 10.1016 / j. tree. 2005.11. 019. Jump up ^ Tang, Teri. `` Where are the Insects? ''. School of Life Sciences. Arizona State University. Retrieved 19 October 2014. Jump up ^ McDonnell, Mark J. ( 1997 ). `` Ecosystem processes along an urban - to - rural gradient ''. Urban ecosystems. 1 : 26. Jump up ^ Arizona Board of Regents ( 2006 ). `` Urban Climate -- Climate Study and UHI via the Internet Wayback Machine ''. Arizona State University. Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 23. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02. Jump up ^ Chiel C. van Heerwaarden & J. Vilà - Guerau de Arellano ( 2008 ). `` Relative humidity as an indicator for cloud formation over heterogeneous land surfaces ''. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 65 ( 10 ) : 3263 -- 3277. Bibcode : 2008JAtS... 65.3263 V. doi : 10.1175 / 2008JAS2591. 1. Jump up ^ Fuchs, Dale ( 2005 - 06 - 28 ). `` Spain goes hi - tech to beat drought ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02. Jump up ^ Goddard Space Flight Center ( 2002 - 06 - 18 ). `` NASA Satellite Confirms Urban Heat Islands Increase Rainfall Around Cities ''. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Myths and Misconceptions about Tornadoes ''. Tornado Project. 1999. Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 14. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 24. Jump up ^ Gretchen Cook - Anderson ( 2004 - 06 - 29 ). `` Urban Heat Islands Make Cities Greener ''. NASA. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02. Jump up ^ S.A. Changnon, Jr. ; K.E. Kunkel & B.C. Reinke ( 1996 ). `` Impacts and responses to the 1995 heat wave : A call to action ''. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 77 ( 7 ) : 1497 -- 1506. Bibcode : 1996BAMS... 77.1497 C. doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0477 ( 1996 ) 077 < 1497 : IARTTH > 2.0.CO ; 2. Jump up ^ R.W. Buechley ; J. Van Bruggen & L.E. Trippi ( 1972 ). `` Heat island = death island? ''. Environmental Research. 5 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 92. Bibcode : 1972ER... 5... 85B. doi : 10.1016 / 0013 - 9351 ( 72 ) 90022 - 9. PMID 5032927. Jump up ^ J.F. Clarke ( 1972 ). `` Some effects of the urban structure on heat mortality ''. Environmental Research. 5 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 104. Bibcode : 1972ER... 5... 93C. doi : 10.1016 / 0013 - 9351 ( 72 ) 90023 - 0. PMID 5032928. Jump up ^ Robert E. Davis ; Paul C. Knappenberger ; Patrick J. Michaels & Wendy M. Novicoff ( November 2003 ). `` Changing heat - related mortality in the United States ''. Environmental Health Perspectives. 111 ( 14 ) : 1712 -- 1718. doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 6336. PMC 1241712. PMID 14594620. ^ Jump up to : Kovats, R. Sari ; Hajat, Shakoor ( April 2008 ). `` Heat Stress and Public Health : A Critical Review ''. Annual Review of Public Health. 29 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 55. doi : 10.1146 / annurev. publhealth. 29.020907. 090843. ^ Jump up to : Koppe, Christina ; Sari Kovats ; Gerd Jendritzky ; Bettina Menne ( 2004 ). `` Heat - waves : risks and responses ''. Health and Global Environmental Change Series. 2. Jump up ^ Hancock, P.A. ; Vasmatzidis, I. ( January 2003 ). `` Research Article ''. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 19 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 372. doi : 10.1080 / 0265673021000054630. ^ Jump up to : `` Assessment of International Urban Heat Island Research '' ( PDF ). U.S. Department of Energy Report. Navigant Consulting. Retrieved 30 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Heat - Related Morbidity and Mortality ''. U.S. Center for Disease Control. USA Government. Retrieved 30 April 2014. Jump up ^ Díaz, J. ; Jordán, A. ; García, R. ; López, C. ; Alberdi, J. ; Hernández, E. ; Otero, A. ( 1 February 2014 ). `` Heat waves in Madrid 1986 -- 1997 : effects on the health of the elderly ''. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 75 ( 3 ) : 163 -- 170. doi : 10.1007 / s00420 - 001 - 0290 - 4. Jump up ^ Harlan, Sharon L. ; Brazel, Anthony J. ; Prashad, Lela ; Stefanov, William L. ; Larsen, Larissa ( December 2006 ). `` Neighborhood microclimates and vulnerability to heat stress ''. Social Science & Medicine. 63 ( 11 ) : 2847 -- 2863. doi : 10.1016 / j. socscimed. 2006.07. 030. Jump up ^ Zhu, Pengyu ; Zhang Yaoqui ( 2008 ). `` Demand for Urban Forests in United States Cities ''. Landscape and Urban Planning. 84 : 293 -- 300. doi : 10.1016 / j. landurbplan. 2007.09. 005. Retrieved 7 May 2014. ^ Jump up to : De Chant, Tim. `` Urban Trees Reveal Income Inequality ''. Per Square Mile. Retrieved 7 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` Top 22 Benefits of Trees ''. Tree People. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Trees and Vegetation ''. EPA.gov. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ Chant, Tim. `` Urban Trees reveal income inequality ''. Per Square Mile. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Save Mount Sutro Forest ''. Retrieved 22 July 2016. Jump up ^ NYS DEC. `` Streams Tributary to Onondaga Lake Biological Assessment. '' Dec.ny.gov. N.p., 2008. Web. 12 September 2013. Jump up ^ Paul A. Tipler & Gene Mosca ( 2007 ). Physics for Scientists and Engineers. Macmillan. p. 686. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 0124 - 7. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Urban Climate -- Climate Study and UHI ''. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2009 - 02 - 09. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Cool Pavement Report '' ( PDF ). Environmental Protection Agency. June 2005. pp. 21, 43. Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15. Jump up ^ Sheng - chieh Chang ( 2000 - 06 - 23 ). `` Energy Use ''. Environmental Energies Technology Division. Archived from the original on March 11, 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Aging and Weathering of Cool Roofing Membranes '' ( PDF ). Cool Roofing Symposium. 2005 - 08 - 23. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16. Jump up ^ Albers, R.A.W., Bosch, P.R., Blocken, B., Van Den Dobbelsteen, A.A.J.F., Van Hove, L.W.A., Spit, T.J.M.,... & Rovers, V. ( 2015 ). Overview of challenges and achievements in the Climate Adaptation of Cities and in the Climate Proof Cities program. Building and environment, 83, 1 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive Cool Roof Guide from the Vinyl Roofing Division of the Chemical Fabrics and Film Association ''. Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Cool Pavement Report '' ( PDF ). Environmental Protection Agency. June 2005. p. 14. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ Al Gore ; A. Steffen ( 2008 ). World Changing : A User 's Guide for the 21st Century. New York : Abrams. p. 258. Jump up ^ Yaghoobian, N. ; Kleissl, J. ( 2012 ). `` Effect of reflective pavements on building energy use ''. Urban Climate. 2 : 25. doi : 10.1016 / j. uclim. 2012.09. 002. Jump up ^ Yang, Jiachuan ; Wang, Zhihua ; Kaloush, Kamil E. ( October 2013 ), Unintended Consequences : A Research Synthesis Examining the Use of Reflective Pavements to Mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect ( PDF ), Tempe, Arizona : NCE SMART Innovations, retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ `` Green ( Planted ) Roofs ''. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07. Jump up ^ New York City Regional Heat Island Initiative ( October 2006 ). `` Mitigating New York City 's Heat Island With Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces '' ( PDF ). New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. p. ii. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 18. Jump up ^ Arthur Rosenfeld ; Joseph Romm ; Hashem Akbari ; Alana Lloyd ( February -- March 1997 ). `` Painting the Town White -- and Green ''. MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 14. Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29. ^ Jump up to : Zinzi, M., and S. Agnoli. `` Cool and green roofs. An energy and comfort comparison between passive cooling and mitigation urban heat island techniques for residential buildings in the Mediterranean region. '' Energy and Buildings. 55. ( 2012 ) : 66 - 76. Print. Jump up ^ Rosenfield, Arthur, Joseph Romm, Hashem Akbari, and Alana Lloyd. `` Painting the Town White -- and Green. '' MIT Technology Review. N.p., 14 07 1997. Web. 25 Feb 2014. Jump up ^ AB 32 Scoping Plan. '' Scoping Plan. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. < http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scopingplan.htm >. Jump up ^ `` California 's Advanced Clean Cars Program. '' Advanced Clean Cars. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. < http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/consumer_info/advanced_clean_cars/consumer_acc.htm >. Jump up ^ `` California Renewables Portfolio Standard ( RPS ). '' California Publics Utilities Commission. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. < http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/Renewables/ >. Jump up ^ `` Low Carbon Fuel Standard. '' Low Carbon Fuel Standard. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. < http://www.energy.ca.gov/low_carbon_fuel_standard/ >. Jump up ^ `` Cap - and - Trade Program. '' Air Resources Board. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. < http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm >. ^ Jump up to : `` Reducing Urban Heat Islands : Compendium of Strategies Heat Island Effect US EPA. '' EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. < http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/resources/pdf/ActivitiesCompendium.pdf >. Jump up ^ `` Roadmap for Incorporating Energy Efficiency / Renewable Energy Policies and Programs into State and Tribal Implementation Plans. '' US EPA. '' EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, July 2012 n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. Jump up ^ `` Incorporating Emerging And Voluntary Measures In A State Implementation Plan ( SIP ). `` EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, September 2004. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. < http://www.epa.gov/ttn/caaa/t1/memoranda/evm_ievm_g.pdf > Jump up ^ `` Page, Stephen, `` Guidance on Incorporating Bundled Measures in a State Implementation Plan. '' EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 16 Aug. 2005 Web. 12 Apr. 2014. < http://www.epa.gov/ttn/caaa/t1/memoranda/10885guideibminsip.pdf > Jump up ^ AB 32 Scoping Plan. '' Scoping Plan. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. < http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scopingplan.htm >. Jump up ^ `` Reducing Urban Heat Islands : Compendium of Strategies Heat Island Effect US EPA. '' EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. < http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/resources/compendium.htm >. Jump up ^ `` SMUD. '' SMUD Video Player. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. < https://www.smud.org/en/video/cc-single-rebranded.html?bclid=38536226001&bctid=20363808001 >. Jump up ^ Ecoroof Incentive Program. '' Live Green Toronto, n.d. Web. < http://www.greenroofs.org/resources/EcoRoofBrochure_Email_2013.pdf >. ^ Jump up to : `` TreeVitalize. '' TreeVitalize. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. Jump up ^ `` About. '' TreeUtah. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. Jump up ^ `` Global Systems Science. '' Global Systems Science. N.p., 2012. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. Jump up ^ `` Indigenous Tree Program. '' City of Glendale, CA :. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. < http://www.glendaleca.gov/government/city-departments/public-works/indigenous-tree-program >. Jump up ^ `` Tree Protection Program - City of Berkeley, CA. '' Planning and Development - City of Berkeley, CA. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. < http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Planning_and_Development/Home/Tree_Protection_Program.aspx >. Jump up ^ `` City of Visalia - Street Tree Ordinance. '' Street Tree Ordinance. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. < http://www.ci.visalia.ca.us/depts/parks_n_recreation/urban_forestry/street_tree_ordinance.asp >. Jump up ^ Maller, C. `` Healthy Nature Healthy People : ' contact with Nature ' as an Upstream Health Promotion Intervention for Populations. '' Health Promotion International 21.1 ( 2005 ) : 45 - 54. Print. Jump up ^ Ulrich, R ( 1984 ). `` View through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery ''. Science. 224 ( 4647 ) : 420 -- 21. Bibcode : 1984Sci... 224... 420U. doi : 10.1126 / science. 6143402. Jump up ^ Wilmsen, Carl. Partnerships for Empowerment : Participatory Research for Community - based Natural Resource Management. London : Earthscan, 2008. Print. ^ Jump up to : Dunnett, Nigel. Small Green Roofs : Low - tech Options for Greener Living. Portland, Or. : Timber, 2011. Print. Jump up ^ Hilltop Arboretum. `` Nature the Changing Climate and You : Act Locally! '' 5.4 ( 2007 ). Web. < http://hilltop.lsu.edu/hilltop/hilltop.nsf/$Content/Newsletters/$file/07winter.pdf > Jump up ^ McPherson, Gregory, James Simpson, Paula Peper, Shelley Gardner, Kelaine Vargas, Scott Maco, and Qingfu Xiao. `` Coastal Plain Community Tree Guide : Benefits, Costs, and Strategic Planting ''. USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. ( 2006 ). Web. Jump up ^ `` Voluntary Green Building Programs ''. Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 21. Jump up ^ `` LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major Renovations Rating System ''. US Green Building Council. November 2008. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Green Globes ''. Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 21. Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 27. ^ Jump up to : Rosenfeld, Arthur H., et al. `` Cool communities : strategies for heat island mitigation and smog reduction. '' Energy and Buildings 28.1 ( 1998 ) : 51 - 62. Jump up ^ Carter, Timothy ; Keeler, Andrew ( 2008 ). `` Life - cycle cost -- benefit analysis of extensive vegetated roof systems ''. Journal of environmental management. 87 ( 3 ) : 350 -- 363. doi : 10.1016 / j. jenvman. 2007.01. 024. Jump up ^ Kats, Gregory. Green building costs and financial benefits. Boston, MA : Massachusetts Technology Collaborative, 2003. Jump up ^ T.C. Peterson ( 2003 ). `` Assessment of Urban Versus Rural In Situ Surface Temperatures in the Contiguous United States : No Difference Found '' ( PDF ). Journal of Climate. 16 ( 18 ) : 2941 -- 2959. Bibcode : 2003JCli... 16.2941 P. doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0442 ( 2003 ) 016 < 2941 : AOUVRI > 2.0.CO ; 2. Jump up ^ J. Hansen ; R. Ruedy ; M. Sato ; M. Imhoff ; W. Lawrence ; D. Easterling ; T. Peterson & T. Karl ( 2001 ). `` A closer look at United States and global surface temperature change ''. Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 : 239 -- 247. Bibcode : 2001JGR... 10623947H. doi : 10.1029 / 2001JD000354. Jump up ^ D.E. Parker ( 2004 ). `` Climate : Large - scale warming is not urban ''. Nature. 432 ( 7015 ) : 290. Bibcode : 2004Natur. 432... 290P. doi : 10.1038 / 432290a. PMID 15549087. Jump up ^ David E. Parker ( 2006 ). `` A demonstration that large - scale warming is not urban '' ( PDF ). Journal of Climate. 19 ( 12 ) : 2882 -- 2895. Bibcode : 2006JCli... 19.2882 P. doi : 10.1175 / JCLI3730. 1. Jump up ^ Parker, David E. ( 2004 ). `` Large - scale warming is not urban '' ( PDF ). Nature. 432 ( 7015 ) : 290 -- 290. Bibcode : 2004Natur. 432... 290P. doi : 10.1038 / 432290a. PMID 15549087. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02. ^ Jump up to : Black, Richard ( 2004 - 11 - 18 ). `` Climate change sceptics ' wrong ' ''. BBC News. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02. Jump up ^ McKitrick, R.R. ; Michaels, P.J. ( 2007 ). `` Quantifying the influence of anthropogenic surface processes and inhomogeneities on gridded global climate data '' ( PDF ). J. Geophys. Res. 112 : D24S09. Bibcode : 2007JGRD... 11224S09M. doi : 10.1029 / 2007JD008465. Jump up ^ Non-technical summary of M&M 2007 by McKitrick Jump up ^ Schmidt, G.A. ( 2009 ). `` Spurious correlations between recent warming and indices of local economic activity ''. International Journal of Climatology. 29 ( 14 ) : 2041 -- 2048. Bibcode : 2009IJCli... 29.2041 S. doi : 10.1002 / joc. 1831. Jump up ^ Ross McKitrick ; Nicolas Nierenberg ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ). `` Socioeconomic patterns in climate data ''. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement. 35 ( 3 ) : 149 -- 175. doi : 10.3233 / JEM - 2010 - 0336... Also see ( 1 ) for a non-technical summary, and comments on the publication delay. Jump up ^ Jeff Tollefson ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ). `` Different method, same result : global warming is real ''. Nature News. doi : 10.1038 / news. 2011.607. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Cooling the Warming Debate : Major New Analysis Confirms That Global Warming Is Real ''. Science Daily. 2011 - 10 - 21. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22. Jump up ^ Ian Sample ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ). `` Global warming study finds no grounds for climate sceptics ' concerns ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22. Jump up ^ Richard Black ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ). `` Global warming ' confirmed ' by independent study ''. BBC News. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Climate change : The heat is on ''. The Economist. 2011 - 10 - 22. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22. Jump up ^ Kevin E. Trenberth ; Philip D. Jones ; Peter Ambenje ; Roxana Bojariu ; David Easterling ; Albert Klein Tank ; David Parker ; Fatemeh Rahimzadeh ; James A. Renwick ; Matilde Rusticucci ; Brian Soden & Panmao Zhai ( 2007 ). `` IPCC Fourth Assessment Report - Chapter 3 - Observations : Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change '' ( PDF ). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. p. 244. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27. Jump up ^ Georgescu, Matei ; Morefield, Philip E. ; Bierwagen, Britta G. ; Weaver, Christopher P. ( 2014 ). `` Urban Adaptation Can Roll Back Warming of Emerging Megapolitan Regions ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 : 2909 -- 2914. Bibcode : 2014PNAS... 111.2909 G. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1322280111. PMC 3939866. PMID 24516126. Lay summary -- JournalistsResource.org. Jump up ^ http://phys.org/news/2016-12-urban-cold-islands-evolution-cities.html Further reading ( edit ) Arnfield, A. John ( 1 January 2003 ). `` Two decades of urban climate research : a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island ''. International Journal of Climatology. 23 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 26. Bibcode : 2003IJCli... 23... 1A. doi : 10.1002 / joc. 859. Gartland, Lisa ( 2008 ). Heat islands : understanding and mitigating heat in urban areas. London : Earthscan. ISBN 9781844072507. P.D. Jones ; P.Y. Groisman ; M. Coughlan ; N. Plummer ; W. - C. Wang ; T.R. Karl ( 1990 ). `` Assessment of urbanization effects in time series of surface air temperature over land ''. Nature. 347 ( 6289 ) : 169 -- 172. Bibcode : 1990Natur. 347... 169J. doi : 10.1038 / 347169a0. Helmut E. Landsberg ( 1981 ). The Urban Climate. New York : Academic Press. ISBN 0 - 12 - 435960 - 4. J. Khodakarami ; M. Hatami ( 2016 ). Heat Island : A New Variable In Architecture and Urbanism. Tehran, In Persian : Fekreno Book. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urban heat islands. Land - Surface Air Temperature - from the IPCC Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group The Surface Temperature Record and the Urban Heat Island From RealClimate.org Urban Heat Island research group - NSF project, Department of Geography, Indiana State University UrbanHeatIslands.com - Urban Heat islands in Canada and the world Cool Roof and Pavement Toolkit Global Cool Cities Alliance Global warming and climate change Temperatures Brightness temperature Effective temperature Geologic record Hiatus Historical climatology Instrumental record Paleoclimatology Paleotempestology Proxy data Record of the past 1,000 years Satellite measurements Causes Anthropogenic Attribution of recent climate change Aviation Biofuel Black carbon Carbon dioxide Deforestation Earth 's energy budget Earth 's radiation balance Ecocide Fossil fuel Global dimming Global warming potential Greenhouse effect ( Infrared window ) Greenhouse gases ( Halocarbons ) Land use, land - use change and forestry Radiative forcing Tropospheric ozone Urban heat island Natural Albedo Bond events Climate oscillations Climate sensitivity Cloud forcing Cosmic rays Feedbacks Glaciation Global cooling Milankovitch cycles Ocean variability AMO ENSO IOD PDO Orbital forcing Solar variation Volcanism Models Global climate model History History of climate change science Atmospheric thermodynamics Svante Arrhenius James Hansen Charles David Keeling Opinion and climate change Environmental ethics Media coverage of climate change Public opinion on climate change ( Popular culture ) Scientific opinion on climate change Scientists opposing the mainstream assessment Climate change denial Global warming conspiracy theory By country & region ( Africa Arctic Argentina Australia Bangladesh Belgium Canada China Europe European Union Finland Grenada Japan Luxembourg New Zealand Norway Russia Scotland South Korea Sweden Tuvalu United Kingdom United States ) Politics Clean Power Plan Climate change denial ( Manufactured controversy ) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) March for Science People 's Climate March United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC / FCCC ) Global climate regime Potential effects and issues General Abrupt climate change Anoxic event Arctic dipole anomaly Arctic haze Arctic methane release Climate change and agriculture Climate change and ecosystems Climate change and gender Climate change and poverty Current sea level rise Drought Economics of global warming Effect on plant biodiversity Effects on health Effects on humans Effects on marine mammals Environmental migrant Extinction risk from global warming Fisheries and climate change Forest dieback Industry and society Iris hypothesis Megadrought Ocean acidification Ozone depletion Physical impacts Polar stratospheric cloud Regime shift Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Runaway climate change Season creep Shutdown of thermohaline circulation By country Australia South Asia India Nepal United States Mitigation Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism Joint Implementation Bali Road Map 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference Governmental European Climate Change Programme G8 Climate Change Roundtable United Kingdom Climate Change Programme Paris Agreement United States withdrawal Regional climate change initiatives in the United States List of climate change initiatives Emissions reduction Carbon credit Carbon - neutral fuel Carbon offset Carbon tax Emissions trading Fossil - fuel phase - out Carbon - free energy Carbon capture and storage Efficient energy use Low - carbon economy Nuclear power Renewable energy Personal Individual action on climate change Simple living Other Carbon dioxide removal Carbon sink Climate change mitigation scenarios Climate engineering Individual and political action on climate change Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation Reforestation Urban reforestation Climate Action Plan Climate action Proposed adaptations Strategies Damming glacial lakes Desalination Drought tolerance Irrigation investment Rainwater storage Sustainable development Weather modification Programmes Avoiding dangerous climate change Land allocation decision support system Glossary of climate change Index of climate change articles Category : Climate change Category : Global warming Portal : Global warming LCCN : sh85141317 NDL : 00971643 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_heat_island&oldid=846018860 '' Categories : Climate change science Climate forcing Urbanization Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018, at 18 : 53 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Urban heat island", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Urban_heat_island&amp;oldid=846018860" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "11422040019108656401" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Coat of arms of South Africa - Wikipedia Coat of arms of South Africa Coat of arms of the Republic of South Africa Details Armiger Republic of South Africa Adopted 27 April 2000 Crest A Knobkierie and a Spear, a Protea flower, a Secretary bird with its wings expanded and a rising sun Escutcheon Or, representations of two San human figures of red ochre, statant respectant, the hands of the innermost arms clasped, with upper arms, inner wrist, waist and knee bands Argent, and a narrow border of red ochre Supporters Elephant tusks and ears of wheat Motto ǃke e : ǀxarra ǁke `` Diverse People Unite '' in Xam Part of a series on the Culture of South Africa History People Languages ( show ) Afrikaans English Ndebele Northern Sotho Sotho Swazi Tswana Tsonga Venda Xhosa Zulu Cuisine Festivals ( show ) Public holidays Religion Art Literature ( show ) Writers Poets Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Musicians Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms South Africa portal In 2006, the State Herald of South Africa, Themba Mabaso, and the Deputy Herald, Marcel van Rossum, donned a tabard with the emble of the republic at the XXVIIth International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences in St Andrews, Scotland The present coat of arms of South Africa was introduced on Freedom Day 27 April 2000. It replaced the earlier national arms, which had been in use since 1910. The motto ǃke e : ǀxarra ǁke is written in the Khoisan language of the ǀXam people and translates literally to `` diverse people unite ''. The previous motto, in Latin, was Ex Unitate Vires, translated as `` From unity, strength ''. Contents 1 History 2 Blazon 3 The oval shape of foundation 4 The oval shape of ascendance 5 1910 arms 5.1 Evolution 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The design process was initiated when, in 1999, the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology requested ideas for the new coat - of - arms from the public. A brief was then prepared based on the ideas received, along with input from the Cabinet. The Government Communication and Information System then approached Design South Africa to brief ten of the top designers. Three designers were chosen to present their concepts to the Cabinet. Iaan Bekker 's design was chosen. The new arms were introduced on Freedom Day, 27 April 2000. The change reflected the government 's aim to highlight the democratic change in South Africa and a new sense of patriotism. The coat of arms is a series of elements organised in distinct symmetric egg - like or oval shapes placed on top of one another. The completed structure of the coat of arms combines the lower and higher oval shape in a symbol of infinity. The path that connects the lower edge of the scroll, through the lines of the tusks, with the horizon above and the sun rising at the top, forms the shape of the cosmic egg from which the secretary bird rises. In the symbolic sense, this is the implied rebirth of the spirit of the great and heroic nation of South Africa. The coat of arms is also a central part of the Seal of the Republic, traditionally considered to be the highest emblem of the State. Absolute authority is given to every document with an impression of the Seal of the Republic on it, as this means that it has been approved by the President of South Africa. Since 1997, however, the use of the Seal of the Republic has not actually been required by the Constitution, but it continues to be used. Blazon ( edit ) The official blazon of the arms is : Or, representations of two San human figures of red ochre, statant respectant, the hands of the innermost arms clasped, with upper arm, inner wrist, waist and knee bands Argent, and a narrow border of red ochre ; the shield ensigned of a spear and knobkierie in saltire, Sable. Thereabove a demi - secretary bird displayed Or, charged on the breast with a stylised representation of a protea flower with outer petals Vert, inner petals Or and seeded of nine triangles conjoined in three rows, the upper triangle Gules, the second row Vert, Or inverted and Vert, and the third row Vert, Or inverted, Sable, Or inverted and Vert. Above the head of the secretary bird an arc of seven rays facetted Or and Orange, the two outer rays conjoined to the elevated wings. Upon a riband Vert, the motto! KE E : / XARRA / / KE in letters Argent. Issuant from the ends of the riband two pairs of elephant tusks curving inwards, the tips conjoined to the wings of the secretary bird, Or, therewithin and flanking the shields, two ears of wheat Brunatré. The oval shape of foundation ( edit ) The first element is the motto, in a green semicircle. Completing the semicircle are two symmetrically placed pairs of elephant tusks pointing upwards. Within the oval shape formed by the tusks are two symmetrical ears of wheat, that in turn frame a centrally placed gold shield. The shape of the shield makes reference to the drum, and contains two human figures from Khoisan rock art. The figures are depicted facing one another in greeting and in unity. Above the shield are a spear and a knobkierie, crossed in a single unit. These elements are arranged harmoniously to give focus to the shield and complete the lower oval shape of foundation. The motto The motto is :! ke e : / xarra / / ke, written in the Khoisan language of the / Xam people, literally meaning `` diverse people unite ''. It addresses each individual effort to harness the unity between thought and action. On a collective scale it calls for the nation to unite in a common sense of belonging and national pride - unity in diversity. The ears of wheat An emblem of fertility, it also symbolises the idea of germination, growth and the feasible development of any potential. It relates to the nourishment of the people and signifies : the agricultural aspects of the Earth. Elephant tusks Elephants symbolise wisdom, strength, moderation and eternity. The shield It has a dual function as a vehicle for the display of identity and of spiritual defence. It contains the primary symbol of our nation. The human figures The figures are depicted in an attitude of greeting, symbolising unity. This also represents the beginning of the individual 's transformation into the greater sense of : belonging to the nation and by extension, collective humanity. The spear and knobkierie A dual symbol of defence and authority, they in turn represent the powerful legs of the secretary bird. The spear and knobkierie are lying down, symbolising peace. The oval shape of ascendance ( edit ) Immediately above the oval shape of foundation, is the visual centre of the coat of arms, a protea. The petals of the protea are rendered in a triangular pattern reminiscent of the crafts of Africa. The secretary bird is placed above the protea and the flower forms the chest of the bird. The secretary bird stands with its wings uplifted in a regal and uprising gesture. The distinctive head feathers of the secretary bird crown a strong and vigilant head. The rising sun above the horizon is placed between the wings of the secretary bird and completes the oval shape of ascendance. The combination of the upper and lower oval shapes intersect to form an unbroken infinite course, and the great harmony between the basic elements result in a dynamic, elegant and thoroughly distinctive design. Yet it clearly retains the stability, gravity and immediacy that a coat of arms demands. The King protea The protea is an emblem of the beauty of our land and the flowering of our potential as a nation in pursuit of the African Renaissance. The protea symbolises the holistic : integration of forces that grow from the Earth and are nurtured from above. The most popular colours of Africa have been assigned to the protea -- green, gold, red and black. The secretary bird The secretary bird is characterised in flight, the natural consequence of growth and speed. It is the equivalent of the lion on Earth. A powerful bird whose legs - depicted as the : spear and knobkierie - serve it well in its hunt for snakes, symbolising protection of the nation against its enemies. It is a messenger of the heavens and conducts its grace upon the Earth. In this sense it is a symbol of divine majesty. Its uplifted wings are an emblem of the ascendance of our nation, while simultaneously offering us its protection. It is : depicted in gold, which clearly symbolises its association with the sun and the highest power. The rising sun An emblem of brightness, splendour and the supreme principle of the nature of energy. It symbolises the promise of rebirth, the active faculties of reflection, knowledge, good judgement and willpower. It is the symbol of the source of life, of light and the ultimate wholeness of humanity. 1910 arms ( edit ) The first coat of arms was granted by King George V by Royal Warrant on 17 September 1910. This was a few months after the formation of the Union of South Africa. It was a combination of symbols representing the four provinces ( formerly colonies ) that made up the Union. The first quarter is the figure of Hope, representing the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope. The two wildebeests of the second quarter represent the Colony of Natal. The orange tree in the third quarter was used as the symbol of the Orange Free State Republic. The wagon in the fourth quarter represented the Transvaal. The supporters are taken from the arms of the Orange River Colony and the Cape Colony. The lion holds four rods, bound together, symbolising the unification of the four former colonies. The motto, Ex Unitate Vires was officially translated as `` Union is Strength '' until 1961, and thereafter as `` Unity is Strength ''. Evolution ( edit ) Main article : Coat of arms of South Africa ( 1910 -- 2000 ) Three official renditions of the arms were used. The original rendition ( 1910 ) was the only version used until 1930, and it continued to be used as the rank badge of warrant officers in the South African Defence Force and South African National Defence Force until 2002. The second version, painted in 1930 and known as the `` ordinary coat of arms '', and the third version, painted in 1932 and known as the `` embellished coat of arms '', were both used until 2000. 1910 1930 1932 See also ( edit ) South Africa portal Heraldry portal South African heraldry Coat of arms of the Orange Free State Coat of arms of the Cape Colony Coat of arms of Natal Coat of arms of the Transvaal Coat of arms of the Orange River Colony References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brownell, F.G. ( 1993 ). National and Provincial Symbols Jump up ^ Government Gazette no 21131 ( 28 April 2000 ) Jump up ^ Government Gazette no 58 ( 15 November 1910 ) External links ( edit ) South Africa Heraldry History Past and present Coats of arms and emblems of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa&oldid=851588623 '' Categories : National coats of arms National symbols of South Africa South African heraldry Coats of arms with tusks Coats of arms with spears Coats of arms with wheat Coats of arms with birds Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 Use South African English from July 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Articles containing / Xam - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018, at 09 : 18 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Coat of arms of South Africa", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa&amp;oldid=851588623" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "shape of foundation 4 The oval shape of ascendance 5 1910 arms 5.1 Evolution 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The design process was initiated when, in 1999, the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology requested ideas for the new coat - of - arms from the public. A brief was then prepared based on the ideas received, along with input from the Cabinet. The Government Communication and Information System then approached Design South Africa to brief ten of the top designers. Three designers were chosen to present their concepts to the Cabinet. Iaan Bekker 's design was chosen. The new arms were introduced on Freedom Day, 27 April 2000. The change reflected the government 's aim to highlight the democratic change in South Africa and a new sense of patriotism. The coat of arms is a series of elements organised in distinct symmetric egg - like or oval shapes placed on top of one another. The completed structure of the coat of arms combines the lower and higher oval shape in a symbol of infinity. The path that connects the lower edge of the scroll, through the lines of the tusks, with the horizon above and the sun rising at the top, forms the shape of the cosmic egg" ], "id": [ "4259660462680601315" ], "short_answers": [ "Iaan Bekker" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Gail McIntyre - wikipedia Gail McIntyre Gail McIntyre Coronation Street character Portrayed by Helen Worth Duration 1974 -- First appearance Episode 1412 29 July 1974 Introduced by H.V. Kershaw Book appearances Coronation Street : The Complete Saga Norman Bates with a Briefcase : The story of Richard Hillman Spin - off appearances East Street ( 2010 ) Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Gail Potter Gail Tilsley Gail Platt Gail McIntyre Gail Hillman Gail Rodwell Occupation Receptionist Cleaner Waitress Factory Worker Newsagent Home 8 Coronation Street ( 1991 - 33 Hammond Road ( 1985 - 1991 ) 5 Buxton Close ( 1980 - 1983 ) 5 Coronation Street ( 1979 - 1980, 1983 - 1985 ) 11 Coronation Street ( 1976 - 1979 ) 15a Coronation Street ( 1975 - 1976 ) show Family Father Ted Page Mother Audrey Roberts Stepfather Alf Roberts Half - brothers Stephen Reid Husband Brian Tilsley ( 1979 -- 1987, 1988 -- 1989 ) Martin Platt ( 1991 -- 2001 ) Richard Hillman ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Joe McIntyre ( 2010 ) Michael Rodwell ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Sons Nick Tilsley David Platt Daughters Sarah Platt Stepdaughters Tina McIntyre Grandsons Billy Platt Harry Platt Max Turner ( step ) Granddaughters Bethany Platt Lily Platt Grandfathers Robert Potter Grandmothers Nancy Potter Gail Rodwell ( also Potter, Tilsley, Platt, Hillman and McIntyre ) is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, Coronation Street. Portrayed by Helen Worth, the character first appeared on - screen on 29 July 1974. As of 2018, Gail has been on the show for 44 years, which currently makes her the third longest - running character on the show after Ken Barlow and Rita Tanner. Gail is the daughter of Audrey Roberts ( Sue Nicholls ) and Ted Page ( Michael Byrne ) and is the mother of Nick Tilsley ( Ben Price ), Sarah Platt ( Tina O'Brien ) and David Platt ( Jack P. Shepherd ) and has featured in some of the most controversial and high - profile storylines in the soap involving her family and her number of relationships -- jointly with Steve McDonald, she is the soap 's most married character, having been married six times. Gail 's storylines include her marriage to Brian Tilsley ( Christopher Quinten ) ; her vicious feud with her mother - in - law Ivy Tilsley ( Lynne Perrie ) ; coping when Brian is killed in a knife attack ; marrying the much younger Martin Platt ( Sean Wilson ) ; coping when her teenage daughter Sarah falls pregnant at the age of 13 ; divorcing Martin and marrying serial killer Richard Hillman ( Brian Capron ) ; being kidnapped with Sarah, David and her granddaughter Bethany Platt ( Emily Walton / Lucy Fallon ) by Richard and being driven into the canal by him ; her feud with Eileen Grimshaw ( Sue Cleaver ) after her son Todd ( Bruno Langley ) comes out as gay while dating Sarah ; throwing David out after he hides drugs in Bethany 's toys ; being pushed down the stairs by David after he discovers that she took Tina McIntyre ( Michelle Keegan ) to a private abortion clinic to terminate a pregnancy fathered by David, marrying Tina 's father Joe McIntyre ( Reece Dinsdale ) ; being imprisoned for Joe 's murder when his plan to fake his own death goes wrong ; a feud with David 's wife Kylie Turner ( Paula Lane ) ; coping with the secret that Kylie slept with Nick and that her unborn baby may not be David 's ; marrying the burglar who robbed her home, Michael Rodwell ( Les Dennis ) ; keeping the secret that Andy Carver ( Oliver Farnworth ) is not actually Michael 's son but an impostor ; trying to help David come to terms with Kylie 's death ; and locking David in the cellar of the Bistro after discovering that he is going to kill Kylie 's murderer. Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Casting 3 Development 3.1 Background 3.2 Feud with Eileen Grimshaw 3.3 Relationships 3.3. 1 Joe McIntyre 3.3. 2 Michael Rodwell 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Storylines ( edit ) Gail Potter is a friend of Tricia Hopkins ( Kathy Jones ) and a boss. She is first seen when she tells Ray Langton ( Neville Buswell ) that Tricia fancies him. In April 1975, Gail discovers that the man her mother was living with - Frank Peterson - is n't her father as she thought. Angry, Gail leaves home, moving into the shop flat with her co-worker / former schoolfriend, Tricia. Gail is plagued by nuisance telephone calls and when phone engineer, John Lane, turns up one evening to catch the culprit, Gail realises that it is him. Luckily, Emily Bishop ( Eileen Derbyshire ) sees him go in, her suspicions aroused, and the police are called. After the warehouse they work in burns down, Gail and Tricia work in the Corner Shop, but when Renee Bradshaw ( Madge Hindle ) buys the shop and flat in June 1976, the girls are evicted. Tricia leaves Weatherfield and Elsie Tanner ( Pat Phoenix ) returns, fortunately for Gail as Elsie ensures that she can stay in the flat. Elsie and Gail find work at Sylvia 's Separates and move into No 11. She loses her virginity to Roy Thornley, but discovers that he is married and Gail is cited in a messy divorce. In December 1976, Sylvia 's Separates is taken over by Mike Baldwin ( Johnny Briggs ) and renamed the Western Front. Elsie is moved from boutique manager to factory supervisor and Gail is promoted to manager with Suzie Birchall ( Cheryl Murray ), working for her. In early 1977, Suzie joins Elsie and Gail at No 11, and the three women become one of the programme 's most popular groups. In November 1978, Mike Baldwin closes down the Western Front, but things look up for Gail in December when Brian Tilsley ( Christopher Quinten ) gatecrashes a party at Elsie 's and asks her out. In January 1979, Gail gets a job working with Emily Bishop in Dawson 's Cafe. By April, Brian and Gail are engaged, beginning a long feud between Gail and Brian 's mother, Ivy ( Lynne Perrie ), and saw the arrival of Gail 's mother, Audrey Potter ( Sue Nicholls ). Brian and Gail are married that November and move in with Brian 's parents at number five. Gail and Brian move to a one - bedroomed house at 5 Buxton Close in August 1980 and on New Year 's Eve, their son, Nicky ( Warren Jackson ) is born. The Tilsleys ' marriage never seems wholly secure, especially with narcissistic Brian being given free rein by his doting mother, and soon hits a rocky spot. Gail is propositioned by Brian 's friend, Colin Jackson, and Brian is dazzled by customer Glenda Fox. In January 1982, Brian 's boss, Ron Sykes, announces that he is selling the business and emigrating to the Persian Gulf. Faced with the choice of working away or redundancy, Brian goes to work in Qatar. Gail makes friends with neighbour, Jackie Moffatt, but bored at home on her own, asks Jackie to look after Nicky while she works part - time in Jim Sedgewick 's café ( she had briefly worked there when it first opened in 1980 ), now run by Jim 's ex-wife, Alma Sedgewick, ( Amanda Barrie ). Brian announces that he is staying in the Gulf, extending his contract by two months. Lonely, Gail agrees to go for a drink with truck driver, Les Charlton, ( Graham Fellows ) but Nicky goes missing and is eventually found in the newly rebuilt number seven. A distressed Gail thinks about giving up her job and loses interest in Les. Unfortunately, Les 's last visit coincides with Brian 's return and he makes it very clear to Les that he is not welcome. Brian decides not to return to Qatar and admits having `` had a drink '' with a nurse and Gail realizes that his friendship with her was a lot closer than he is admitting. In August 1982, using the money he made in Qatar, Brian opens a garage in partnership with Ron Sykes and for a while, the Tilsleys are happy. In March 1983, things seem to be going so well that Brian takes out a bank loan and buys Ron Sykes 's share of the garage. However, there is a change in fortunes - Brian 's father, Bert ( Peter Dudley ), is seriously injured while overinflating a tyre at the garage and dies soon afterwards, and the business starts losing money - forcing Brian to put it up for sale. He is talked out of selling by Gail and Mike Baldwin, deciding to sell the house in Buxton Close instead, and move back in with Ivy. The Tilsleys ' marriage now begins to crumble as living under the same roof irritates Ivy and Gail and when in August 1984, Gail is offered the job of manageress at Jim 's Cafe, she takes it - annoying Brian and Ivy. A couple of months later, there is more friction when Brian finds that Audrey 's latest boyfriend, George Hepworth ( Richard Moore ), made a pass at Gail. By April 1985, Gail has had enough and leaves Brian, moving her and Nicky into a bedsit. This finally makes Brian get a council house so Gail and Nicky move in there with him. Early in 1986, Brian 's Australian cousin, Ian Latimer ( Michael Loney ) visits and stays with Ivy. Soon he and Gail are having an affair. Gail admits this to Brian on learning that she is pregnant and does n't know who is the father. Blood tests show that Sarah - Louise ( Lynsay & Leah King ), who is born in January 1987, can not be Ian 's but Brian never really bonds with Sarah - Louise, and moves in with his new girlfriend, Liz Turnbull ( Catriona A Elliott ). Soon after, Brian divorces Gail. Gail starts dating Jeff Singleton ( Jonathan Barlow ), and Brian does n't like the idea of him being a stand - in father. After Brian 's abortive attempt to kidnap Nicky, Brian and Gail reconcile and he moves back into Hammond Road, and they remarry in February 1988. However, Gail realises that she married too young and Brian 's old - fashioned attitudes about wives mean that the marriage will never work so they separate again but continue living under the same roof. Eventually, Gail asks for another divorce after a massive row one evening in February 1989. Brian 's attempt to find other female company that same evening results in him stabbed to death outside a nightclub. Alma returns to Weatherfield from Spain late in 1988, and in June 1989, offers Gail a 40 % partnership in Jim 's Café, which she accepts. Martin Platt ( Sean Wilson ) has been working at the café since 1985. To Gail 's surprise, she finds herself attracted to Martin, who is 10 years younger than her. Martin comforts Gail when she is upset about recent events and a few kisses leads to them ending up in bed together. Much against Ivy and Audrey 's wishes, Martin moves in with Gail and the children and she soon becomes pregnant. Feeling that she ca n't cope with three children and does n't want Martin to be tied down too young, she decides to have an abortion. Martin catches her just as her train pulls out of the station and persuades her not to go ahead so David ( Thomas Ormson ) is born on Christmas Day 1990. Gail and Martin marry in September 1991 and in December, Martin buys number eight and the Platt family move in. Gail 's emotional trials are far from over. When Martin studies to become a nurse, Carmel Finnan ( Catherine Cusack ), a fellow student, stays with them in late 1992 and becomes besotted with Martin. Gail angrily throws her out after Carmel tells Gail that she is too old for Martin but she returns a few weeks later, claiming she 's expecting Martin 's baby, and tries to kidnap David. This causes a fight between her and Gail and Carmel falls down the stairs. At hospital, it is found that she is n't pregnant and her grandfather arrives, explaining her mental history. During 1994, tensions build as Nicky refuses to acknowledge Martin as a `` father '', causing problems for Martin and Gail. Depressed after Christmas celebrations at work, Martin sleeps with Cathy Power, ( Theresa Brindley ) and is caught kissing her Audrey 's husband, Alf Roberts, ( Bryan Mosley ). Alf and Martin agree to keep it between them but when Audrey finds out, Martin confesses everything to Gail. Gail takes the betrayal very badly, and although they continue to live together, she and Martin barely speak but reconcile after a family holiday in North Wales. However, tensions with Nick ( as he now wants to be called ) grow and are aggravated by Ivy 's death in August 1995. She leaves most of her estate to Nick - providing he changes his name back to Tilsley. Months of wrangling and bad feeling ensue, with Gail, Martin, Nick and Don Brennan ( Geoffrey Hinsliff ), Ivy 's second husband, constantly arguing. In January 1996, Gail settles the row by getting Don to pay Nick £ 12,000 for the house. Soon after, Gail meets her half - brother, Stephen Reid ( Todd Boyce ) when he visits Weatherfield. Later in 1996, Martin and Gail 's marriage is strained, due to conflict between Nick and Martin so Stephen invites them to Canada for a holiday and Nick decides to go to school there, using the money Don paid him for Ivy 's house. Roy Cropper ( David Neilson ) begins working in the café with Gail when Alma wants to spend less time there and eventually, Alma sells her share in the café to Roy after she and Gail fall out over Stephen 's decision to cancel his contract with Mike. Gail and Roy get on very well and things tick over as usual. Roy even gives Gail and Martin a weekend trip to Paris from vouchers he has saved. In 1997, Don is in prison after attacking Mike and Alma but is diagnosed with terminal cancer and asks to see Gail to make amends for the trouble he caused since Ivy 's death. Don leaves hospital, attacks Mike and crashes Alma 's car into the viaduct, killing himself. Nick ( now played by Adam Rickett ) returns for the funeral and starts dating Leanne Battersby ( Jane Danson ), part of a loud, obnoxious family now living in number five. Gail is furious when Nick and Leanne elope to Scotland in January 1998. Brian 's murderer, Darren Whately, is released from prison on parole and Nick persuades Leanne to write to him so he starts stalking her. Gail urges Nick to report him to the police when things get out of control and Darren is returned to prison. Leanne and Nick are shocked to learn that Leanne is pregnant, something Gail disapproves of, and their marriage ends after Nick pressures her to have an abortion and tell people that she miscarried. Nick returns to Canada, much to Gail 's delight that he is no longer with Leanne, behaviour very similar to her former mother - in - law, Ivy. Gail tires of her responsibility of the café and sells her share to Roy and his new girlfriend Hayley Patterson ( Julie Hesmondhalgh ), but continues to work there. The café relocates in 1999 to a new development on Victoria Street and is renamed Roy 's Rolls. 1999 also sees Gail and Martin 's marriage get into serious trouble after Gail demands Martin have a vasectomy after she has a pregnancy scare and does n't want any more children. Martin refuses and Gail 's unreasonable behaviour and anger pushes Martin to become good friends with another nurse, Rebecca Hopkins ( Jill Halfpenny ). They initially bond over troublesome spouses but soon begin an affair that lasts into 2000. Martin plans on leaving Gail for Rebecca, but this is put on hold when they discover that Sarah ( now played by Tina O'Brien ), now 13, is refusing to eat and being sick. Fearing that she is developing an eating disorder, Gail takes her to the doctors and learns that Sarah is five months pregnant and gives birth to Bethany ( Emily & Amy Walton ) in June 2000. Sarah struggles with motherhood and Gail quits her job so she can look after Bethany while Sarah is at school and enjoy being a teenager occasionally. The truth about Martin 's affair comes out soon after the baby 's birth and Gail is devastated. She tries to keep the family together but it does n't work as Gail kept on taking her frustration out on Sarah, accusing her of being a bad mother which caused her to run away and to move into the Croppers ' flat. Gail felt very guilty after Sarah returned home. She breaks down and tells Martin she wants a divorce. Martin leaves in October 2000, and he and Gail divorce in early 2001. Soon after Martin leaves, Gail gets a job as a receptionist in the newly built medical centre. The character of Gail then becomes central to one of the soap 's most high - profile plot lines in which episodes would go on to get viewing figures more than 17 million. At first, Gail grows closer to her good friend Alma 's cousin, Richard Hillman ( Brian Capron ), a financial advisor, after Alma 's death. Smooth - talking Richard whisks Gail off her feet, and they marry in 2002. Little does she know that her apparently perfect husband, due to financial difficulties after proposals for a bail hostel to be built near apartments he had developed causes them not to sell, has become a serial killer to inherit money, murdering several Weatherfield residents and tries to kill others including Gail 's mother, Audrey. When Audrey begins to suspect Richard, she tries to warn Gail but Gail believes Audrey is suffering from dementia as Richard made everyone, including Audrey at first believe through the use of secret mind games. This leads to a row and Gail cuts off contact with Audrey when she continues to call Richard a murderer, much to Audrey 's heartache. Also, while Gail was still oblivious to Richard 's actions, Sarah was involved in a serious car crash with then boyfriend, Aidan Critchley ( Dean Ashton ), after he steals Ken Barlow 's ( William Roache ) car. Aidan escapes from the wreckage, leaving Sarah for dead. Fortunately she makes a full recovery but never forgives Aiden for what he did. When Gail begins to suspect that her husband is more than he seems, she confronts him with her suspicions and Richard admits everything to her in a special two - hander episode broadcast on 24 February 2003, admitting he killed Maxine Peacock ( Tracy Shaw ) and his ex-wife Patricia ( Annabelle Apsion ). He also reveals that he tried to kill Emily, Audrey, and left Rovers ' landlord Duggie Ferguson ( John Bowe ) to die, all for his financial benefit. Gail also discovers Richard is a serial con - artist. Absolutely horrified, Gail brands him `` Norman Bates With A Briefcase '' and throws him out before giving a statement to the police about Richard 's confessions. Gail also reconciles with Audrey and just as Gail starts to rebuild her life, Richard returns in March 2003. He takes Gail, Sarah, David ( now played by Jack P. Shepherd ) and Bethany hostage and attempts to gas them in the garage but people notice the noise from the garage so he drives them all into the canal. Gail, Sarah, David and Bethany survive but Richard drowns. Gail later finds out that she faces financial ruin, due to Richard 's actions and could lose her house. Vera Duckworth ( Elizabeth Dawn ) accuses her of being in league with Richard, as she and her husband Jack ( Bill Tarmey ) also face financial instability as Richard was their financial advisor. However, Audrey saves the day by using her life savings to buy the house for Gail and her family but Gail 's troubles continue. There is soon conflict with Sarah when Sarah and Bethany move into a flat with Todd Grimshaw ( Bruno Langley ). Gail calls Social Services, hoping to get Bethany returned to her so Sarah will have to return too. When this does n't work, Gail and Sarah have no contact for several months. Sarah becomes pregnant again and she and Todd get engaged, further angering Gail, just like her relationship with her former mother - in - law Ivy. However, Todd admits to Sarah that he is gay so they break up and Sarah & Bethany move out, returning to live with Gail. When Sarah tells Gail what has happened, the fight between Gail and Eileen ( Sue Cleaver ), Todd 's mother, turns physical as Gail is furious at the position Todd has left Sarah in, 16 years old and 7 months pregnant with her 2nd child. Unfortunately Sarah is rushed to hospital with a placental abruption and needs an emergency caesarean. She survives but baby Billy is very ill and dies the day after he is born. Gail also does her best to come between Nick and his new girlfriend, Maria Sutherland ( Samia Ghadie ), believing that Maria will break Nick 's heart again as she emigrated with him to Canada briefly once before but returned alone, as she was n't happy there. They eventually do break up, and despite being very cold with each other for several months, Gail comforts Maria when she is devastated that Nick leaves to start a new job in Nottingham. In 2005, Gail begins a relationship with chiropodist Phil Nail ( Clive Russell ), much to David 's annoyance and he constantly tries to come between them. From early 2006, Gail receives cards from her late husband Richard, unnerving her so much that she becomes reliant on sleeping pills and drink. She contacts the police and thinks that new boyfriend, Phil, is responsible and this causes Phil and David to argue, resulting in him and Gail breaking up and Phil leaving. Her relationship with David is strained to the point of breakdown when she realizes that he is sending the cards. She takes him to the police to close the case but does n't press charges. Gail forgives David and believes that she can keep him in line, only to find that he is not going to school. On Christmas Day 2006, David unveils Ivy Brennan 's diary, revealing Gail 's planned abortion and he also exposes Audrey 's affair with Bill Webster ( Peter Armitage ). David runs away from home when Gail tells him she wants him to start paying rent, but returns with the police after claiming that Gail is abusing him. The final straw is when Bethany swallows an ecstasy tablet that was hidden in her doll 's head by David in September 2007. Bethany is rushed to intensive care, and following an ultimatum from Sarah, Gail makes David move out and orders him not to attend Sarah 's wedding to Jason Grimshaw ( Ryan Thomas ). As revenge, David writes a suicide note and leaves it on the kitchen table for Gail to find the day before the wedding. However, Sarah finds it first and believing it to be another attention - seeking stunt, she puts it in the bin. The next day, David sees his family celebrating the wedding, despite the suicide note. To prove his point, he drives his car into the same part of the canal that Richard had driven them all into four years earlier. A distraught Gail waits for hours for news on whether he is alive or dead, and when he eventually turns up at the house, Gail swears to him that she will never let the situation get so out of hand again. Her relationship with Sarah becomes strained when it is revealed that Sarah was aware of the suicide note when in fact he had n't intended on killing himself at all, just ruin Sarah 's wedding. She began to blamed herself, how her son David becomes evil since his father Martin left the town, and wish that she and Martin never divorce. Gail 's half brother Stephen comes to stay for Christmas and offers David a job in Milan which he accepts. However, as revenge for spoiling her wedding day, Sarah plants ecstasy tablets in his drawer at Audrey 's salon and when Audrey finds them, Gail insists that David is not to go to Milan. Sarah is offered the job instead and plans on leaving with Jason and Bethany. However, she joyfully tells Jason what she did at the airport and disgusted with her, Jason returns to Weatherfield alone and tells Gail what really happened. In March 2008, David 's new girlfriend Tina McIntyre ( Michelle Keegan ) tells Gail that she is pregnant with David 's baby. Believing that neither of them are ready for parenthood, Gail offers to pay for Tina to have an abortion and to keep it from David, which Tina accepts. However, David soon finds out and is angry with Gail. He goes to pack his bags and Gail begs him not to go and tries to explain her reasons, but David does n't want to know and pushes her away from him. Unfortunately, she is at the top of the stairs and has a terrible fall resulting in her being hospitalised and suffering from short - term amnesia. Gail eventually remembers who pushed her but forgives David believing she pushed him to it. However, believing that he should be punished for nearly killing his mother, he begins smashing up windows in the street resulting in him spending several weeks in prison. Ted Page ( Michael Byrne ), Gail 's long lost father, gets in touch with Audrey. Gail finds out and is angry that she was not told. However, she arranges to meet Ted after he discovers he has a daughter, 3 grandchildren and 1 great - grandchild. Gail takes a shine to Tina 's father, Joe McIntyre ( Reece Dinsdale ), and they start dating. Joe later proposes to Gail on a boat he renovated. However, Gail is unaware that Joe is deeply in debt, as his business has collapsed and is frequently visited by a debt collector. Gail marries Joe in January 2010 despite his debt. While Gail and Joe are on holiday the next month, Joe tries to fake his own death for the life insurance money. He tells Gail, who is horrified, and asks him to go to the police but they argue on the boat and Joe falls, spraining his wrist. The fight is witnessed by another couple. Joe eventually manages to push Gail back on to the dock and he sets sail. Shortly afterwards, Joe is knocked from the boat and drowns but Gail thinks he has gone ahead with his plan so she calls David and tells him about Joe 's plan and they agree to tell people that Joe has got a job in the Lake District, thinking he will return. They take Joe 's boat in from the lake and go home. Gail is devastated when Joe 's body is found. However, the police find many inconsistencies in her story, especially when the couple from the lakes come forward as witnesses. She is arrested during Joe 's wake for his murder and later charged after an indignant Tina tells the police that Gail intends to visit her daughter in Milan and that she asked Tina to lie to them. Consequently, Gail is denied bail and her trial is scheduled for three months later. Gail fears the worst, especially when former neighbour Tracy Barlow ( Kate Ford ) makes a false testimony against her claiming that Gail admitted in their prison cell to killing Joe with a rolling pin, but is relieved when she is found not guilty. Gail learns that David is engaged to Kylie Turner ( Paula Lane ) and is against the marriage. Once David and Kylie are married Gail later warms to the marriage and allows them both to continue living with her. Gail and Audrey bump into Audrey 's ex-boyfriend, professional con artist, Lewis Archer ( Nigel Havers ). They report him to the police but he is not charged and returns to Weatherfield, much to Audrey 's horror. They reconcile, much to Gail 's disgust, and live happily together. Lewis also gets a job at Nick 's Bistro. However, Gail is sure that sooner or later Lewis will hurt Audrey so she plots with Gloria Price ( Sue Johnston ) to get proof that Lewis is really in love with Audrey. Audrey, however, finds out about this and does n't stop them so when Lewis realizes that she knew, he leaves her. Wanting revenge, he later fools Gail into falling in love with him and they plan to remortgage her house and buy a hotel business in Italy. After telling her family this, and with Audrey and David disgusted, Lewis ( by text ) instructs Gail to turn on the DVD of ' Italian for Lovers ' which David does. To the family 's horror, Lewis has hacked her bank account, taken the money and left the country. Gail meets a man named Michael Rodwell ( Les Dennis ), who turns up at her house pretending to be a gas man, who has come to the house to look at the `` gas leak ''. He is revealed as a burglar and pushes Gail, causing her to fall over, and Kylie chases him out of the street, but he gets into his van and drives off. Gail starts to become anxious when she is home alone due to the burglary and is helped by her son David, Kylie and Audrey. However, Gail and Michael gradually grow close as Gail helps him to rebuild his life and she begins to stick up for him in front of David and Kylie. Eventually, Michael moves in with her. In January 2015, Michael proposes to Gail, however she is taken aback by the proposal and Michael is scared that he had rushed into things and that she would leave him. However that evening at the bistro, Gail turns the tables and proposes to Michael. The celebrations are cut short when Michael collapses and is rushed to Weatherfield General. He later discovers he will require open heart surgery. When Sarah returns to Weatherfield in March 2015, she meets Michael but rudely refers to him as the ' burglar ' before shaking hands. Gail and Michael are eventually married in April 2015. However, in June 2015 after Michael receives a photo album from his former wife Susan detailing the life of their son Gavin, it is revealed to Michael that Andy Carver has been posing as his son and the real Gavin is dead. Michael is horrified to learn that Gail ( as well as David and Andy 's girlfriend Steph ) knew about the fake identity and aided Andy in keeping the lie secret. Michael walks out on Gail. Unable to forgive her, Michael later demands a divorce and moves in with his new friend Eileen Grimshaw. Later Michael tells Gail that he and Eileen shared a kiss and Gail and Eileen end up fighting in the street. In July, Gail is upset when Michael and Eileen begin a relationship. Gail stands by David and Kylie when Max 's biological father, Callum Logan ( Sean Ward ), begins terrorising the family, as he wants custody of Max. Gail tries to co-operate with Callum 's own mother, Marion, but the mediation sessions between him and David end in failure, worsening the situation as time goes on. After Max says he saw Callum and some other gangsters beating up Jason, Gail forces him out of the house when he stops by for one of his impromptu visits, only for Max to tell Callum he `` wishes he was dead '', leading to Callum chasing Max into the road. Max is then hit by Nick in a van. Thankfully, he recovers. Gail 's hatred for Callum reaches new heights when he has thugs raid Audrey 's salon. Following this, Callum suddenly disappears, and Gail assumes he has decided to leave the family alone from now on. In September 2015, as uncertainty grows about the future living situation at No. 8, Gail and David agree to convert the garage into a `` granny annexe '' for Gail to live in. After it is finished, Gail discovers there is damp underneath the floor. This eventually dissipates, but Gail begins to notice David, Kylie, and Sarah acting out of the ordinary. She passes it off, and officially moves into the annexe. However, in January 2016, Gail tells David and Kylie she wants underfloor heating for her annexe. She gets Jason to take a look at it, but David, frustrated, stops him from doing so, raising Gail 's evermore suspicions about her son 's temperament. In 2016, it was revealed that there was a decomposed body in the manhole underneath Gail 's annexe after a car crash involving Tyrone Dobbs ( Alan Halsall ) and Fiz Stape ( Jennie McAlpine ). The body was later revealed as Callum, who was missing for a couple of months. Gail considered her family responsible for the murder but looked passed it after it was later said that Jason 's father, Tony Stewart ( Terence Maynard ) was `` guilty '' of murdering him. Gail 's daughter Sarah began experiencing mental issues after believing that Callum was n't dead and was still on the run and coming to kill her. Billy Mayhew 's ( Daniel Brocklebank ) brother Lee ended up kidnapping Sarah before she went into hospital, telling her that Callum is indeed `` alive ''. Sarah angers him by pushing him into a table, injuring him. Lee pushes her, looking like he is going to rape her and then Gail 's son David kicks open the door and saves her from him. Sarah then goes into hospital leaving her newborn baby Harry with Gail 's daughter in - law, Kylie. Michael also later reconciles with Gail after splitting with Eileen, and moves back into No 8. In July 2016, Gail 's son David and his wife Kylie agreed to leave Weatherfield and move to Barbados with Kylie 's half sister Becky McDonald. This was cancelled because of the sudden death of Kylie after she was stabbed by Clayton Hibbs after protecting Gemma Winter ( Dolly Rose - Campbelle ). Gail and her family grieved following this especially David, Max and Lily. This memories bring Gail back from her first husband Brian when he was stabbed thirty years ago. In October 2016, Gail was horrified by David as he tried to kill Clayton and himself by crashing into his police van with his car full of petrol and by lighting a flame. Gail later found a suicide video, by David, stating that he did n't want to upset the kids but was doing this for Kylie. Gail 's method for preventing David from suicide was by trapping him in the Bistro 's wine cellar during the trial. David later escaped the cellar and ended up crashing into Gary Windass ( Mikey North ) and his own daughter, Lily. They both survived but soon after the explosion, Gary 's mother Anna Windass ( Debbie Rush ) got caught up in flames after she fell into a petrol puddle and ended up receiving serious burns to the legs. Gail understood to not ask further questions to David as he felt terrible about it all. In November 2016, Michael is found dead after Pat Phelan ( Connor McIntyre ) allowed him to die of a heart attack. Gail is devastated, and she and Eileen put aside their differences for Michael 's funeral. Michael is cremated off screen, and Gail scatters his ashes into a pond near to where they were planning to renew their vows. In January 2017, Gail 's granddaughter Bethany, begins dating an older man called Nathan Curtis ( Christopher Harper ) who ended up only being with her to exploit her and groom her. At the same time, David becomes involved with new girl, Shona Ramsey ( Julia Goulding ), who was also involved with Nathan. In May 2017, Gail begins pairing up David and fellow hairdresser Maria Connor ( Samia Ghadie ) after believing that they had feelings for each other and were the `` perfect match ''. David and Maria find out about Gail 's plans and agree to mess with her. They pretend to be engaged and in love and later take it to the next level and pretend that Maria is pregnant with David 's baby. Audrey discovers that they are lying to them and tells Gail. Gail pretends to organise the wedding plans and David tells her that it was all a joke. In June 2017, Gail discovers that Bethany has been involved in a sex ring and is horrified. After believing that Nathan does n't really love her, Bethany leaves him and gets him arrested. Gail 's precious son Nick decides to leave Weatherfield for good because he has nothing left in Weatherfield. They have a touching moment together. Gail 's son David and Shona get closer and share a kiss in hospital together. This annoys Gail because she knows that Shona is the mother of Kylie 's killer Clayton. She warns Shona to stay away and even offers her £ 600 to make her move away. Shona ends up telling David the truth and she leaves Weatherfield after being upset by David. David finds out that Gail knew about everything and kicks her out of his house, but eventually lets her back in. In 2018 Gail finds out Pat phelan watched Michael die. Casting ( edit ) Actress Helen Worth was cast as Gail Potter in 1974. The role of Gail was initially intended to be very minor, a friend of the more established character Tricia Hopkins ( Kathy Jones ), who was introduced as part of a new family. The Hopkins family made little impact on the show, and, after they were written out, Gail went on to become one of the most popular and high - profile characters in the history of the series. Although Worth was 23 at the time of her casting, the character of Gail was supposed to be 16 when she first appeared. Development ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The character of Gail was first portrayed as a teenager who liked to have fun with her best friends, first Tricia, then later Suzie Birchall. However, following her first marriage to mechanic Brian Tilsley her storylines have seen her constantly suffer many blows and misery. She has had five husbands, three children, and four grandchildren, although her grandson died in infancy. Her storylines have seen her feuding with a domineering mother - in - law, deal with affairs, three divorces, being widowed three times, deal with traumas from each of her children, marry a serial killer who in turn tried to kill her and her family, and even been imprisoned to await a murder trial after being falsely accused of murdering her fourth husband. Throughout each of these ordeals, her personality altered from laid back to a bitter, miserable, whiny and bossy woman, a clone of her former mother - in - law Ivy Tilsley. She has been known to interfere in her children 's lives as family is important to her and she did n't come from a stable family background. Her mother gave birth to her at 18 because she thought it would help her get the baby back that she had been forced to give up for adoption two years previously. Gail 's father was never told about her and as a result, she was mostly brought up by her grandmother or to fend for herself while her mother went out with a string of men. This caused Gail to become a headstrong, independent young woman. However, she always swore that her own children would have a proper family life, living with both their parents. However this has n't worked out and she has been left with repeated failed marriages and being a single mother to her children. She interferes in her children 's lives, thinking she is helping and knows what 's best, causing many arguments in the process and feuding with whoever gets involved with her children, just like her own relationship with Ivy. Particularly after marrying a serial killer and putting her children 's lives in danger, Gail 's interfering has increased immensely. Actress Helen Worth has stated that she loves Gail 's storylines as the many traumas give her great opportunities as an actress. Feud with Eileen Grimshaw ( edit ) Just like her relationship and feud with her former mother - in - law Ivy Tilsley, the character 's feud with Eileen Grimshaw portrayed by Sue Cleaver has become a popular feud. The characters have a long history of catfights and insults between them, animosity that stems from the acrimonious break - up of Gail 's daughter Sarah - Louise ( Tina O'Brien ) and Eileen 's son, Todd ( Bruno Langley ). In one famous scene, Gail flings herself at Eileen after being soundly slapped and told to `` Go home, Gail! '' Despite this, various things, including the 2010 tram crash, have caused them to put aside their differences. Gail and her arch - enemy Eileen Grimshaw, portrayed by Sue Cleaver, brawl in the street ( 2004 ). Cleaver who plays Eileen has commented, `` Eileen 's relationship with Gail is horrendous (... ) I love all the scraps in the street with Gail. Helen Worth ( Gail ) and I love doing all that - we have such a laugh with the abusive comments we make for each other. The constant battle is fun. It 's a love - hate relationship. '' Worth has suggested that Gail probably thinks she is `` a little better than Eileen ''. Jenny Platt, who played Violet Wilson between 2004 and 2008 has noted that `` Gail 's found her nemesis in Eileen, but it 's so stupid because actually they are so similar. They are both single mums looking out for their kids. '' Gail and Eileen continue to feud, clashing in the Rovers on Gail 's hen night to Michael in 2015. In June 2015, they ended up fighting in the street again after Gail discovered Eileen had kissed her estranged husband Michael Rodwell. Relationships ( edit ) Joe McIntyre ( edit ) In 2008, Gail began a relationship with Joe McIntyre portrayed by Reece Dinsdale. The relationship was rocky just like most of other Gail 's relationships but the two characters later went on to marry. Conclusion to the storyline and ending of the relationship resulting in Joe 's death. In November 2009, The Sun reported Joe would decide to disappear on a boating holiday in the Lake District after experiencing a debt crisis which begins to spiral out of control, in a surprise twist, Joe ends up losing his life for real when a sail pole knocks him unconscious and into freezing cold water before he can carry out his plan in full. The plot mirrored real - life case of fraudster John Darwin, who faked his own death while out canoeing before turning up alive five years later in December 2007. A source said : `` It 's a copycat storyline of Darwin 's insurance scam. Corrie bosses have decided that Joe will meet a watery end. He decides to fake his own death to avoid his crippling debt problems and leave wife Gail with the proceeds from his life insurance. '' Speaking of how Joe compared to Gail 's other husband, Helen Worth said ; `` On paper, Joe looks quite normal! He 's like any other normal man with problems and they 're getting on top of him. Gail will share those problems. Like she says, when Gail marries him, Joe 's problems become her problems and that 's the way it should be. That sums their relationship up, really. She 'll do anything for him because Gail ca n't let her dream go. To realise that he 's the wrong man would spell the end of her dream, so she 's not going to do it. '' In 2009, Worth revealed in an interview with the Daily Mirror that she thought Coronation Street bosses were going to write the character out of the soap as an upcoming storyline would see her on trial for murder : `` At the time I was genuinely anxious as to whether it was the end of the road for me and Coronation Street... I was n't shocked, because it can happen to an actor at any time. But I was very pleased when I found out that whatever happens at Gail 's trial, I will be staying in the show. '' Michael Rodwell ( edit ) Les Dennis ( pictured ) played the role of Michael Rodwell from 2014 to 2016. In January 2014, it was announced that Les Dennis has joined the cast of Coronation Street as Michael Rodwell. In February 2014, it was revealed that Michael Rodwell was being lined up as a love interest for Gail. The Mirror reported that Michael will arrive in Weatherfield and burgle Gail 's house. However, Michael will then turn up again in the summer to try to make amends with Gail as part of a restorative justice storyline. The restorative justice scheme involves people who have admitted crimes meeting their victims or making amends by doing some sort of remedial work. Worth revealed that Gail would sacrifice everything for her relationship with Michael particular her relationship with son Nick Tilsley ( Ben Price ) who would disapprove of the relationship. Speaking of the scenes, Worth explained : `` Nick comes back to the house and spies Gail and Michael in the garden, enjoying a bottle of wine and kissing. It completely pushes him over the edge and as he leaves, he spots Michael 's ice cream van and vandalises it. `` Gail is absolutely devastated and completely humiliated - she knows full well who is behind it. Gail confronts Nick about it and he admits to it and tells her it 's because he saw them kissing in the garden. '' Reception ( edit ) In June 2012, the Daily Mail 's Jaci Stephen praised Worth and Gail, saying `` The character has been through the mill with husbands -- one murdered, one dull, one a serial killer and one a kitchen - fitter - cum - fraudster -- and Worth has handled every plot with aplomb. She also has great comic timing, and Gail 's incompetence in the Bistro is now making for terrific scenes with Nick. '' On 25 May 2014, Worth won `` Outstanding Achievement Award '' at The British Soap Awards 2014 for her portrayal of Gail over the last 40 years. On 9 June 2014, a 30 - minute documentary entitled `` Gail & Me : 40 Years on Coronation Street '' was aired at 20 : 00 dedicated to Worth 's 40 years on the soap. In the show, Worth was reunited with past actors Brian Capron ( Richard Hillman ) and Amanda Barrie ( Alma Halliwell ), and spoke out about Gail 's most controversial storylines. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gail Rodwell ''. ITV.com. ITV plc. 5 December 2011. ^ Jump up to : Daran Little ( 2004 ). `` Gail Platt ''. Corrie.Net. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Street drama hits ratings high ''. BBC News. 25 February 2003. Retrieved 3 May 2010. Jump up ^ Cox, Emma ( 11 March 2008 ). `` David Platt OAPs keep hitting me ''. The Sun. London. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2008. Jump up ^ `` Corrie bosses plan Canoe Man - style plot ''. Digital Spy. 2009 - 11 - 30. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Helen Worth ( Gail Platt, Corrie ) ''. Digital Spy. 2010 - 01 - 02. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street : Helen Worth thought Gail Platt had been Written Out! ''. Primetime : Unreality TV. 6 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Corrie pictures : Les Dennis joins show ''. Digital Spy. 2014 - 03 - 18. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04. Jump up ^ Coronation Street : Gail McIntyre for romance with Les Dennis character? Jump up ^ `` Corrie : Gail sacrifices Michael romance ''. Digital Spy. 2014 - 07 - 22. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04. Jump up ^ Stephen, Jaci ( 15 June 2012 ). `` Soap watch : The ultimate insight into the week 's soaps ''. Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers. Retrieved 16 June 2012. Jump up ^ Dainty, Sophie ( 25 May 2014 ). `` British Soap Awards 2014 - winners in full ''. Digital Spy. ( Hearst Magazines UK ). Retrieved 25 May 2014. External links ( edit ) Gail Rodwell at itv.com ( 1 ) Coronation Street characters hide Present and future characters Ken Barlow Rita Sullivan Peter Barlow Gail McIntyre Tracy Barlow Audrey Roberts Nick Tilsley Kevin Webster Jenny Bradley Sally Webster Sarah Platt Jim McDonald Liz McDonald Steve McDonald Rosie Webster David Platt Norris Cole Sophie Webster Roy Cropper Leanne Battersby Toyah Battersby Tyrone Dobbs Dev Alahan Eileen Grimshaw Maria Connor Kirk Sutherland Bethany Platt Adam Barlow Fiz Brown Simon Barlow Sean Tully Chesney Brown Amy Barlow Michelle Connor Ryan Connor Carla Connor Gary Windass Mary Taylor Lewis Archer Izzy Armstrong Faye Windass Eva Price Beth Tinker Tim Metcalfe Past characters Sunita Alahan Christine Appleby Shirley Armitage Katy Armstrong Owen Armstrong Danny Baldwin Frankie Baldwin Jamie Baldwin Mike Baldwin Deirdre Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Susan Barlow Des Barnes Natalie Barnes Janice Battersby Les Battersby Cilla Battersby - Brown Sheila Birtles Emily Bishop Natasha Blakeman Alan Bradley Renee Bradshaw Teresa Bryant Julie Carp Casey Carswell Matt Carter Paul Clayton Liam Connor Paul Connor Kelly Crabtree Hayley Cropper Trevor Dean Marcus Dent Jackie Dobbs Molly Dobbs Rob Donovan Jack Duckworth Terry Duckworth Tommy Duckworth Vera Duckworth Fred Elliott Anne Foster Frank Foster Alec Gilroy Tony Gordon Cheryl Gray Jason Grimshaw Todd Grimshaw Alma Halliwell Richard Hillman Charlotte Hoyle Blanche Hunt Mel Hutchwright Amber Kalirai Ray Langton Bet Lynch Tara Mandal Ciaran McCarthy Becky McDonald Karen McDonald Joe McIntyre Tina McIntyre Darryl Morton Jerry Morton Kayleigh Morton Mel Morton Lloyd Mullaney Karl Munro Hilda Ogden Stan Ogden Ashley Peacock Claire Peacock Pat Phelan Kylie Platt Martin Platt Sian Powers Stella Price Graeme Proctor Mark Redman Alf Roberts Maya Sharma Ena Sharples Kirsty Soames John Stape Jed Stone Candice Stowe Luke Strong Charlie Stubbs Percy Sugden Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Ivy Tilsley Vernon Tomlin Shelley Unwin Annie Walker Curly Watts Raquel Watts Bill Webster Betty Williams Violet Wilson Derek Wilton Mavis Wilton Anna Windass Eddie Windass Eddie Yeats Original characters David Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Ken Barlow Minnie Caldwell Ivan Cheveski Linda Cheveski Christine Hardman May Hardman Esther Hayes Harry Hewitt Lucille Hewitt Florrie Lindley Martha Longhurst Emily Nugent Concepta Riley Ena Sharples Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Annie Walker Jack Walker Lists of characters 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gail_McIntyre&oldid=846167073 '' Categories : Coronation Street characters Fictional characters introduced in 1974 Fictional receptionists Fictional waiting staff Fictional bartenders Fictional victims of kidnapping Fictional hackers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from August 2015 Use British English from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018, at 20 : 14. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Gail McIntyre", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Gail_McIntyre&amp;oldid=846167073" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "17144512437879889774" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Election Commission of India 's Model code of Conduct - wikipedia Election Commission of India 's Model code of Conduct Jump to : navigation, search This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia. Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text. ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Election Commission of India 's Model Code of Conduct is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India for conduct of political parties and candidates during elections mainly with respect to speeches, polling day, polling booths, election manifestos, processions and general conduct. These set of norms has been evolved with the consensus of political parties who have consented to abide by the principles embodied in the said code in its letter and spirit. The Model Code of Conduct comes into force immediately on announcement of the election schedule by the commission for the need of ensuring free and fair elections. Much of it is designed to avert communal clashes and corrupt practices. For example, politicians should not make hate speeches, putting one community against another or make promises about new projects that may sway a voter. For the 2014 general election the code came into force on 5 March 2014 when the Commission announced the dates and remains in force till the end of the electoral process. `` The Model Code of Conduct is crucial to make sure a level playing field among various contenders in the poll fray, '' said the Chief Election Commissioner V.S. Sampath at the press conference. Main points ( edit ) The main points of the code are : Government bodies are not to participate in any new recruitment process during the electoral process. The contesting candidates and the campaigners must respect the home life of their rivals and should not disturb them by holding road shows or demonstrations in front of their houses. The code tells the candidates to keep it. The election campaign rallies and road shows must not hinder the road traffic. Candidates are asked to refrain from distributing liquor to voters. It is a widely known fact in India that during election campaigning, liquor may be distributed to the voters. The election code in force hinders the government or running party leaders from launching new welfare programmes like construction of roads, provision of drinking water facilities etc. or any ribbon - cutting ceremonies. The code instructs that public spaces like meeting grounds, helipads, government guest houses and bungalows should be equally shared among the contesting candidates. These public spaces should not be monopolised by a few candidates. Any candidate or political party shall not use any place of worship for election propaganda. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/MCC-ENGLISH_28022014.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/541909/20140305/lok-sabha-election-2014-model-code-conduct.htm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Election_Commission_of_India%27s_Model_Code_of_Conduct&oldid=829357661 '' Categories : Elections in India Election Commission of India Hidden categories : Articles with too few wikilinks from April 2014 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 8 March 2018, at 03 : 31. About Wikipedia", "title": "Election Commission of India's Model Code of Conduct", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Election_Commission_of_India%27s_Model_Code_of_Conduct&amp;oldid=829357661" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ". Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text. ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Election Commission of India 's Model Code of Conduct is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India for conduct of political parties and candidates during elections mainly with respect to speeches, polling day, polling booths, election manifestos, processions and general conduct. These set of norms has been evolved with the consensus of political parties who have consented to abide by the principles embodied in the said code in its letter and spirit. The Model Code of Conduct comes into force immediately on announcement of the election schedule by the commission for the need of ensuring free and fair elections. Much of it is designed to avert communal clashes and corrupt practices. For example, politicians should not make hate speeches, putting one community against another or make promises about new projects that may sway a voter. For the 2014 general election the code came into force on 5 March 2014 when the Commission announced the dates and remains in force till the end of the electoral process. `` The Model Code of Conduct is crucial to make sure a level playing field among various contenders in the poll fray, '' said the Chief Election Commissioner V.S. Sampath at the press conference. Main points ( edit" ], "id": [ "3667316688995750555" ], "short_answers": [ "immediately on announcement of the election schedule by the commission" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Dolan Twins - wikipedia The Dolan Twins The Dolan Twins Ethan Dolan Grayson Dolan ( 1999 - 12 - 16 ) December 16, 1999 ( age 18 ) Nationality American Occupation Comedian YouTube information Years active 2014 -- present Subscribers 5,265,019 ( April 6, 2018 ) Total views 711,101,857 ( April 6, 2018 ) Associated acts Logan Paul Play buttons 100,000 subscribers 1,000,000 subscribers Ethan and Grayson Dolan ( born December 16, 1999 ), collectively known as The Dolan Twins, are an American comedy duo who rose to prominence in May 2013 on the video sharing application Vine. They are currently signed to AwesomenessTV, and have been since 2015. The twins are from the Long Valley section of Washington Township, Morris County, New Jersey. On December 19, 2017 they published a video, highlighting what type of twins they are. In the video Ethan Dolan expressed doubt that they were identical twins, in truth they are. Since their beginnings, the duo has accumulated over 6.4 million followers on Vine and 4.4 million subscribers on YouTube, and embarked on a world tour titled the `` 4OU '' Tour in 2016. The duo was also involved in a Twitter ad campaign for the social network 's new stickers feature. At the 2016 Teen Choice Awards, the duo won the awards for Choice Web Star : Male and Choice YouTuber. On March 27, 2018 it was reported that the two would be taking a step back from YouTube, through a video on their channel entitled Bye For Now. In the video they state that this is to re-evaluate themselves creatively and focus on their lives outside of YouTube. Contents 1 Work Outside of YouTube 2 Controversy 2.1 Fans 3 Awards and nominations 4 References Work outside of YouTube MTV 's Total Request Live reboot added the Dolan twins to the shows lineup as correspondents, and provide on - air hosting duties across platforms. It was announced in August 2018 that the twins had directed a music video for the Australian alt - pop group Cub Sport. Controversy In September 2017, they claimed that the Jake Paul 's version of their origins, seen in his memoir You Gotta Want It was not exactly the truth. In his book, Jake Paul claimed that the twins were only popular now because he featured them on his channel. They disputed this statement during an interview with fellow vlogger Caspar Lee, instead stating that Jake and Logan Paul `` showed them the ropes ''. During a London Fan - Meet - Up in November 2017, miscommunication, large crowds, and delays caused the Hyde Park meetup to be a disaster. One mother claimed thousands of young fans had already arrived before the event was to start, causing chaos when the event was canceled 15 minutes before it was to start. Afterwards the twins used Twitter to express their sorrow that the event was cancelled and asked for fans to be respectful and safe. Fans In October 2017, a fan called to attention through Twitter concerns about hateful and at times racist language from some fans that were being aimed at others. In some occasions it seemed to appear that entire accounts on Twitter and other social media sites, were created to harass people of color in the fan base. In response to reported actions of other fans, the original user who brought forward the concerns ; @ blck_goddess, revived the hashtag # dolanpoc to `` highlight the POC in the dolan fandom... '' Awards and nominations Year Nominated Award Result 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Web Star : Male Won Choice YouTuber Won 2017 Choice Comedian Won Choice Web Star : Male Nominated Choice YouTuber Nominated Choice Comedy Web Star Nominated References Jump up ^ `` The Dolan Twins Talk YouTube Videos, Tour and More ''. Extra. Retrieved 1 August 2016. Jump up ^ Nickoloff, Anne. `` Youtube sensations Dolan Twins perform short show at House Of Blues ''. Cleveland.com. Retrieved 1 August 2016. Jump up ^ Morgan, Emily. `` Dolan Twins : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know ''. Heavy.com. Retrieved 1 August 2016. Jump up ^ Brouwer, Bree. `` AwesomenessTV Signs Comedy Sketch Channel The Dolan Twins ''. Tubefilter. Retrieved 1 August 2016. Jump up ^ Harper, Kathleen. `` Dolan Twins : 5 Things To Know About YouTube Hotties ''. Hollywood Life. Retrieved 1 August 2016. Jump up ^ Whitehouse, Beth. `` YouTube 's Dolan Twins : 10 things you need to know '', Newsday, June 8, 2016. Accessed March 1, 2017. `` ' We 're from a country town called Long Valley, ' Ethan says of New Jersey. '' Jump up ^ Dolan Twins ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ), FINDING OUT IF WE 'RE REAL TWINS, retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 Jump up ^ Weiss, Geoff. `` 16 - Year - Old Dolan Twins Will Kick Off Worldwide ' 4OU ' Tour This Summer ''. Tubefilter. Retrieved 1 August 2016. Jump up ^ Weiss, Geoff. `` Twitter Teams With Dolan Twins, Andrea Russett, And Todrick Hall For Video Ad Campaign ''. Tubefilter. Retrieved 1 August 2016. Jump up ^ Shilliday, Beth. `` Dolan Twins Brought To Tears Over Teen Choice Win -- So Sweet ''. Hollywood Life. Retrieved 1 August 2016. Jump up ^ Dolan Twins ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ), Bye For Now, retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 Jump up ^ Gemmill, Allie. `` The Dolan Twins Are Taking a Break from YouTube ''. Teen Vogue. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21. Jump up ^ `` MTV 's ' TRL ' Taps YouTube Stars the Dolan Twins as Correspondents ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21. Jump up ^ `` The Dolan Twins to Direct Upcoming Music Video ''. BOP and Tiger Beat. 2018 - 08 - 27. Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28. Jump up ^ Wiest, Brianna. `` The Dolan Twins Say Jake Paul LIED About Starting Their Careers ''. Teen Vogue. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Dolan Twins forced to cancel Hyde Park meet - up due to Remembrance Day ''. Mail Online. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21. ^ Jump up to : Bergado, Gabe. `` Dolan Twins Fans Are Addressing a Huge Race Problem on Social Media ''. Teen Vogue. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21. Jump up ^ `` ari on Twitter ''. Twitter. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dolan_Twins&oldid=856858687 '' Categories : Internet celebrities American YouTubers American comedy duos 1999 births Living people YouTube channels People from Washington Township, Morris County, New Jersey Twin people from the United States Identical twins Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Dansk Deutsch Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018, at 00 : 04 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "The Dolan Twins", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Dolan_Twins&amp;oldid=856858687" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "10226643530027598033" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]